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7. kriyApadagaLa oLaracane
7.1 munnOTa
mUladrAviDada kriyApadagaLalli ondu bEru mAtra bandiralu sAdyavittu mattu A bErina anantara halavu rItiya oTTugaLU bandiralu sAdyavittu.
kannaDadallU intahadE paristitiyannu kANabahudu. nil, uN, key modalAda kriyApadagaLalli ondu bEru mAtra baLakeyAgide. Adare beLe, tiLi, toDagu, bevaru modalAda kriyApadagaLalli ondu bEru mAtravallade ondu illavE eraDu oTTugaLU baLakeyAgive.
I rIti bErugaLondige oTTugaLU bandiruva kriyApadagaLa adyAyadalli
embudannu
oLaracaneyuntahadu pariSIlisalAgide.
vyatyAsada AdArada
7.2 Aguvike mattu mADuvike
mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLa racaneyannu heccina vidvAmsarU sakarmaka-akarmaka mEle vivarisalu prayatnisiddAre. I vyatyAsa kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva kelasagaLalli eSTu mandi vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu (illavE avugaLa gumpugaLu) toDagikonDive (ondu illavE jAsti) emba viSayada mEle avalambiside.
ondu kelasadalli toDagikonDiruvudu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu mAtravE AgideyAdare, A kelasavannu sUcisuva
kriyApadavannu ‘akarmaka’vendu kareyalAguttade mattu adaralli ondakkinta jAsti vyakti illavE vastugaLu toDagikonDiveyAdare, antaha kriyApadavannu ‘sakarmaka’vendu kareyalAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, bILu kriyApadavu sUcisuva kelasadalli obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu mAtravE toDagikonDiraballudu; hAgAgi, bILu kriyApada akarmaka. Adare, kollu kriyApadavu sUcisuva kelasadalli kolluva vyakti mattu koleyAguva vyakti (illavE prANi) embudAgi kaDimeyundare eraDu vyakti illavE prANigaLAdarU toDagikonDirabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, kollu kriyApada sakarmaka (halavacanadalli baruva pada halavu vyakti illavE vastugaLannu sUcisuvudAdarU, adu avugaLa ondu gumpannu sUcisuva kAraNa, adannU illi ‘ondu’ embudAgi parigaNisalAguttade).
mUladrAviDa vyAkaraNagaLalli mAtravallade heccina drAviDa nuDigaLa vyAkaraNagaLallU kriyApadagaLa racaneyannu I sakarmaka- akarmaka vyatyAsada mElEnE vivarisalAgide.
Adare, nijakkU idu samskruta, lyATin, ingliS modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan nuDigaLa kriyApadagaLannu vivarisuvalli anukUlavAgiruvantaha vyatyAsavAgideyallade, drAviDa nuDigaLa kriyApadagaLannu vivarisuvalli anukUlavAdantaha vyatyAsavalla. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kelasadalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa eNikegintalU kelasada svarUpakkEnE drAviDa nuDigaLalli heccina beleyide.
udAharaNegAgi, tamiLu mattu kannaDa kriyApadagaLa kuritu
naDesida eraDu samSOdanegaLannu illi pariSIlisabahudu.
7.2.1 tamiLinalli kelasada pariNAma
tamiLinalli ondu kelasada pariNAma adannu mADida vyaktiya mEle AgideyE illavE bErobba vyaktiya mEle (illavE bEre prANi illavE vastuvina mEle) AgideyE emba viSayada mEle adara kriyApadagaLannu vingaDisuvudu avaSya embudAgi paramaSivam avaru tOrisikoTTiddAre (paramaSivam 1979).
tamiLinalli idakkAgi eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLannu illavE kriyArUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, vaLay ‘suttuvari’ kriyApadakke ‘suttuvaridu’ emba artavannu koDuva vaLayntu mattu vaLayttu emba eraDu kriyArUpagaLive.
avugaLalli modalaneyadu suttuvariyuva kelasada pariNAma suttuvariyuva vyaktigaLa (gumpina) mEle naDeyuttadeyumbudannu vyaktigaLu sUcisuttade suttuvaridiruvantaha vyaktiya mEle naDeyuttadeyumbudannu sUcisuttade.
eraDaneyadu
mattu
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva eraDu tamiLu vAkyagaLa
naDuvina vyatyAsavannu gamanisabahudu.
(1ka) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayntukonTArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridaru’ (1ca) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayttukonTArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridaru’
mElina eraDu vAkyagaLU ‘sakarmaka’ vAkyagaLE. yAkendare averaDarallU naTikay mattu racikarkaL emba vyakti hAgU vyaktigaLa gumpannu sUcisuva eraDu nAmapadagaLu bandive. Adare
tamiLinalli I eraDu vAkyagaLa naDuve artadalli mattu baLakeyalli vyatyAsavide. (kannaDadalli I vyatyAsavannu nEravAgi sUcisaballa kriyArUpagaLilla).
(1ka) vAkyadalli vaLay ‘suttuvari’ kriyApada vaLayntu emba rUpadalli bandiddu, adu naTiya abimAnigaLige EnAyitu embudannu tiLisuttade; Adare (1ca) vAkyadalli adE kriyApada vaLayttu emba rUpadalli bandiddu, adu naTige Akeya abimAnigaLu Enu mADidaru embudannu sUcisuttade.
I kAraNakkAgi, abimAnigaLige bEre EnAyitu embudannu sUcisuva kriyArUpavannu (1ka) vAkyada anantara baLasalu sAdyavideyallade (1ca) vAkyada anantara baLasalu sAdyavAgadu.
(2ka) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayntukoNTu ATinArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridu kuNidaru’
(2ca) *racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayttukoNTu ATinArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridu kuNidaru’
(2ca) vAkyadalli abimAnigaLige bEre EnAyitu embudannu sUcisuva ATinArkaL kriyArUpavannu avaru naTige Enu mADidaru embudannu tiLisuva vaLayttukoNTu kriyArUpada anantara baLasalAgideyAda kAraNa, A vAkya vyAkaraNada maTTige sariyalla. (illi ondu vAkya vyAkaraNada maTTige sariyalla embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nakSatra cihne(*)yannu baLasalAgide).
idE rItiyalli abimAnigaLu naTige bEre Enu mADidaru embudannu sUcisuva kriyArUpavondannu avaru naTige Enu mADidaru embudannu tiLisuva (1ca) vAkyada anantara baLasalu
sAdyavideyallade abimAnigaLige EnAyitu embudannu tiLisuva (1ka) vAkyada anantara baLasalu sAdyavAgadu.
(3ka) *racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayntukoNTu aTittArkaL naTiyannu
suttuvaridu
‘abimAnigaLu hoDedaru’’
(3ca) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayttukoNTu aTittArkaL naTiyannu
suttuvaridu
‘abimAnigaLu hoDedaru’’
(3ka) vAkya vyAkaraNada maTTige tappAgalu adaralli abimAni gaLige EnAyitu embudannu sUcisuva vaLayntukoNTu kriyA rUpada anantara vAkyada koneyalli avaru naTige bEre Enu mADidaru embudannu tiLisuva aTittArkaL kriyArUpavannu baLasidudE kAraNa.
mEle sUcisida hAge, heccina vayyAkaraNigaLU tamiLina halavu kriyApadagaLalli mattu kelavu kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsavendu varNisiddAre. Adare I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLallU eraDeraDu nAmapadagaLa baLake yAgideyAda kAraNa mattu avugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLa eNikeya mEle avalambisillavAda kAraNa, adannu akarmaka-sakarmaka vyatyAsavendu kareyuvudu sariyalla embudAgi paramaSivam vAdisiddAre.
6.2.2 kannaDadalli Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa
kannaDadalli intahadE ondu vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi isu oTTannu baLasalAguttade. idannU vayyAkaraNigaLu akarmaka-sakarmaka
vyatyAsavendE karediddAre. Adare kannaDada maTTigU idu sariyalla. yAkendare, kannaDadallU vAkyagaLu sUcisuva kelasagaLalli eSTu mandi toDagikonDiruvaremba viSayakkintalU A kelasagaLu AguvikegaLE illavE mADuvikegaLE emba viSayakkEnE heccina prAmukyateyannu koDuva avaSyakateyide.
sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsaviruva nuDigaLalli akarmaka kriyApada gaLannu sakarmaka kriyApadagaLannAgi mADuva vidAnakkinta kannaDadalli kriyApadakke isu oTTannu sErisuva vidAna halavu viSayagaLalli bErAgide. idannu sUcisuvantaha nAlku viSayagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
(1) isu oTTina mUlaka kannaDadalli obba vyakti mAtra toDagikonDiruva akarmaka kriyApadagaLannu mAtravallade ibbaru vastu) vyaktigaLu vyakti toDagikonDiruva ‘sakarmaka’ kriyApadagaLannU badalAyisalu sAdyavide.
(illavE obba
mattu ondu
(4ka) rAju ODida (4ca) hari rAjuvannu ODisida
(5ka) rAju haNNu tinda (5ca) hari rAjuvige haNNu tinnisida
(5ka)dalli bandiruva tinnu kriyApada akarmakavalla, sakarmaka; yAkendare, adarondige eraDu nAmapadagaLu (rAju mattu haNNu) baLakeyAgive. hIgiddarU, adakke isu oTTannu sErisalu sAdya embudannu (5ca)dalli kANabahudu.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli I isu oTTina kelasa akarmaka kriyApadavannu sakarmakavAgi mADuvudalla; ondu kelasada
mEle obba vyaktigiruva hiDitavannu tappisi adannu innobba vyaktige koDuvudE adara kelasa. mEle (ka) vAkyagaLalli ondu kelasada mEle rAjuvigidda hiDitavannu (ca) vAkyagaLalli tappisi, A hiDitavannu harige koDalAgide.
(2) kannaDadalli koLLu embudara baLakeyU idE rItiyalli sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsagaLiruva nuDigaLalliruva hAge bariya sakarmaka kriyApadagaLige mAtra sImitavAgilla. obbanE vyakti toDagikonDiruva kriyApadagaLondigU adannu baLasalu sAdyavide. ondu kelasa pUrti adannu naDesuva vyaktiya hiDitadallide mattu adu Atana hitakkAgiyE naDedide embudannu sUcisuvudE adara kelasa.
(6ka) magu nintide (6ca) magu nintukonDide
(7ka) hari rAjuvannu dUrida (7ca) rAju tannannE dUrikonDa
vAkya (6)ralli bandiruva nillu kriyApada akarmaka mattu (7)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva dUru kriyApada sakarmaka. Adare kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLondigU koLLu embudannu baLasalu sAdyavide (nintukonDide, dUrikonDa). takkudAdudalla embudu kannaDakke sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsa idarindalU siddavAguttade.
(3) bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeda kriyApadagaLannu kannaDadalli baLasuvudakkAgi Agu mattu mADu emba eraDu kriyApadagaLannu avugaLondige sErisi baLasalu sAdyavide. udAharaNegAgi, ingliSna avTAgu, bavlAgu, avTumADu,
bavlamADu modalAda eravalugaLannu gamanisabahudu. illi akarmaka-sakarmaka vyatyAsakkintalU Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavE mukyavAgide.
(4) kannaDadalli eraDu vAkyagaLannu mADi, mADuttA, mADalu mattu mADade emba nAlku rItiya jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka jODisi hELalu sAdyavide.
(8ka) rAju UTa mADi nammondige mAtanADida. (8ca) rAju UTa mADuttA nammondige mAtanADida. (8Ta) rAju UTa mADalu nammallige banda. (8ta) rAju UTa mADade nammallige banda.
eraDu vAkyagaLannu I rIti jODisabEkiddalli avu mADu vikegaLE illavE AguvikegaLE embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakate yide. yAkendare, mADuvikegaLannu (endare obba vyaktiya hiDitadalliruva kelasagaLannu) sUcisuva eraDu vAkyagaLannu intaha jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka jODisabEkiddalli averaDannu mADuva vyakti obbanE Agiruva avaSyakateyide.
(9ka) rAju tarakAri tandu aDuge mADida. (9ca) *rAju tarakAri tandu jAnaki aDuge mADidaLu.
tarakAri taruvudu mattu aDuge mADuvudu emba I eraDu kelasagaLU mADuvikegaLAda kAraNa, avannu tandu kriyArUpada mUlaka jODisabEkiddalli averaDannU obbanE vyakti mADiruva avaSyakateyide. I kAraNakkAgi (9ca) vAkya sariyAdudalla.
eraDu kelasagaLU AguvikegaLAdalli illavE ondu mADuvike mattu innondu Aguvike endiruvalli mAtra I rIti bEre bEre vyaktigaLu kelasagaLannu jODisi hELalu sAdyavide.
toDagikonDiruva
(10ka) jOrAgi gALi bIsi taragelegaLella oLage banduvu. (10ca) nAvu iSTu bEga bandu avaLige tondareyAyitu.
(10ka)dalli gALi bIsuvudu mattu oLage baruvudu embavu eraDU AguvikegaLu; mattu (10ca)dalli bEga baruvudu ondu mADuvike mattu tondareyAguvudu ondu Aguvike; I kAraNakkAgi, mElina eraDu jODaNegaLU sariyAgive (baT 2006 nODi). sakarmaka-akarmaka
mukyavAdudalla embudannu mattu Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa mukya embudannu tOrisikoDalu intaha innU halavu viSayagaLannu AdAravAgi koDabahudu (heccina vivaragaLige baT 1991 nODi).
kannaDadalli
vyatyAsa
7.2.3 mUladrAviDada vyatyAsa
mEle vivarisida kAraNagaLigAgi, sakarmaka-akarmaka artavyatyAsada badalu tamiLu mattu kannaDa nuDigaLalli kANisikoLLuva I eraDu rItiya artavyatyAsagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu illavE bErondu artavyatyAsavannu samAnavAgiruva averaDakkU mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
kelasada pariNAma Agugana illavE mADugana mEleyE naDedideyAdare adannu Aguvikeyundu mattu bErobba vyakti illavE vastuvina mEle naDedideyAdare adannu mADuvikeyundu sAdyavide. hAgAgi, mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLa kareyalu
racaneyannu illi sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsada mUlaka vivarisuva badalu Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsada mUlaka vivarisalAgide.
mUladrAviDadalli kriyAbErugaLEnE AguvikegaLannu illavE mADuvikegaLannu sUcisalu sAdyaviddu, I vyatyAsavannavalambisi avannu keLage sUcisida hAge eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu.
mADuvikegaLu AguvikegaLu *koTTa ‘hoDe’’ *pU ‘araLu’’
*kaL ‘kadi’’ *niR ‘tumbu’’ *kol ‘kollu’’ *mAR ‘badalu’’ *vIZ ‘bILu’’ *yAL ‘ALu’’ *coT ‘toTTikku’’ *vil ‘mAru’’ *kay ‘kahiyAgu’’ *pUN ‘uDu’’ *nI ‘uddavAgu’’
*nil ‘nillu’’ *koy ‘koyyu’’
I kriyAbErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi bEre kriyApadagaLannu racisuvallU ADuvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavE mahatvada pAtra vahisuttade embudannu keLagina vivaraNeyinda tiLiyabahudu.
7.3 kriyAbErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu
mUladrAviDa kriyAbErugaLannu avakke yAva oTTannU sErisade hAgeyE kriyApadagaLAgi baLasabahudittu. idallade avakke halavu hosa kriyApadagaLannu racisabahudittu.
padadoTTugaLannu
sErisiyU
hosa
7.3.1 a, i, u oTTugaLu
vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLa anantara a, i mattu kriyApadagaLannu tayArisabahudittu. Adare, I oTTugaLu yAva artadalli baruttiddirabahudu embudannu kalpisikoLLalu innU sAdyavAgilla. keLage koTTiruva kannaDa kriyApadagaLalli I mUru oTTugaLa
mUru oTTugaLannu
sErisi
baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
(ka) i oTTina baLake
nUl ‘nUlu mADu’
nURu ‘jajju’
pAr ‘ODu’
kUn ‘bAgu, kusi’
nuli ‘tirupu’’ nuRi ‘puDimADu’’ pari ‘ODu’’ kuni ‘bAgu, muduDu’’
(ca) u oTTina baLake
bIsu ‘bisADu’’
bisu ‘bisADu’’ agu ‘Agu’’
(Ta) a(y) oTTina baLake
nAn ‘oddemADu’’
nEr ‘oppu’’
tAL ‘tALmeyindiru’’
nane ‘oddeyAgu’’ nere ‘oTTu sEru’ taLe ‘tALu’
mEle (Ta) vibAgadalli koTTiruva kannaDa udAharaNegaLalli e oTTu kANisuvudAdarU adu mUla drAviDadalli *ay emba rUpadallE baruttittu (tamiLu: nanay, niRay) embudAgi kalpisikoLLalAgide.
7.3.2 taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLu
(ka) svaradalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLa anantara mattu (ca) vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLige, mEle sUcisida hAge, a, i, u oTTugaLannu sErisida anantara, taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva mUru rItiya oTTugaLu baraballuvembudAgi kalpisalAgide. I oTTugaLu kakAradalli, takAradalli illavE pakAradalli konegoLLaballuvAgidduvu.
I mUru rItiya oTTugaLallU taDeyuli otte rUpadalli (ku, tu, pu) illavE immaDi rUpadalli (kku, ttu, ppu) baraballudAgittu mattu adara modalu ondu mUguli baraballu dAgittu (nku, nkku, ntu, nttu, mpu, mppu) embudAgi kruSNamUrti (1997, 2003) vAdisiddAre. avara matadante, I oTTugaLu mUladrAviDadalli akarmaka-sakarmaka vyatyAsavannu mattu hindina samaya - mundina samaya vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva hAge sUcisuttiddirabEku.
akarmaka
sakarmaka
mundina samaya *mpa *nka
*mppa *nkka
hindina samaya *ntta
(1) Adare, keLage 7.5ralli sUcisida hAge, Aguvikeya kriyApadagaLinda mADuvikeya kriyApadagaLannu paDeyuvudakkAgi avakke mUladrAviDadalli t oTTannu sErisalAguttittemba kalpane sariyAdalli, mEle koTTiruva mADuvikeya oTTugaLella (ppa, *kka, *tta mattu *mppa, *nkka mattu *ntta) Aguvikeya
oTTugaLige (kruSNamUrtiyavara ‘akarmaka’’oTTugaLige) adE *t oTTannu sErisi paDeda rUpagaLallade svatantravAda oTTugaLalla embudAgi vAdisalu sAdyavide. I ellA oTTugaLallU (mattu ivugaLalli mAtravE) immaDi taDeyuligaLu bandiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu (p+t>ppa, mpa+t>mppa, ityAdi).
konegoLLuva
(2) mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi pakAradalli mattu oTTugaLu kakAradalli mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyalliddirabEkendu mEle koTTiruva kOSTakadalli sUcisalAgide. Adare, ivugaLa naDuve artadalli kalpisikoLLalu innU sAdyavAgilla.
vyatyAsavittu embudannu
(3) pakAra mattu kakAragaLalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLige mUla drAviDadalli modalige mundina samayavannu sUcisuva artaviddirabEku mattu takAradalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLige hindina samayavannu sUcisuva artaviddirabEku embudAgi kalpisikoLLalAgide. Adare I artavyatyAsavU ivattina nuDigaLalli uLidukonDilla. adara kelavu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu.
paLeyaLikegaLannu
mAtra
mattu
udAharaNegAgi,
hOgu kannaDada Agu kriyApadagaLalli kANisuva gakAra mUladrAviDadalli baruttidda samayada oTTina paLeyaLikeyumbudAgi hELalu mundina sAdyavide. yAkendare, adu mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLalli (Aguttade, Agali; hOguttade) kANisuttadallade hindina hOda, samayada hOyitu) samayavannu sUcisuva Agi mattu hOgi rUpagaLu idakke apavAdagaLu).
(Ada, Ayitu; (Adare hindina
kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuvudilla.
kannaDada piZi kriyApadada artadallE pinDu, hinDu rUpa gaLU baLakeyalliruvudu mElina kalpanege innondu udAharaNe yAgaballudu. ivugaLalli kANisuva NDa oTTu mEle koTTiruva hindina samayada nta oTTina paLeyaLikeyirabEku. (ZakArada anantara banda nta embudu NDa endAgide). Adare I rUpagaLu kannaDadalli hindina samayakke sImitavAgilla.
vyatyAsavannU
(4) mUladrAviDadalli I oTTugaLu akarmaka-sakarmaka (Aguvike-mADuvike) koDuttiddirabEkembudAgi mElina kOSTakadalli sUcisalAgide. I vyatyAsa tamiLu, malayALa modalAda halavu tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli ivattigU uLidukonDide; Adare, kannaDadalli idu bahaLa maTTige aLidu hOgide (vivaragaLige 7.5.1 nODi).
7.3.3 oTTugaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu
mEle vivarisida taDeyuligaLu mAtravallade c, R mattu T taDeyuligaLU nuNucu, eDaRu, bedaRu, kadaDu, horaDu).
kANisikoLLuttave
kriyApadagaLalli
Adare, ivu mUladrAviDa bErugaLalli illavE oTTugaLalli bandiruva vyanjanagaLalli naDeda kelavu sErikeya badalAvaNegaLinda mUDibandiveyallade, mUladrAviDa oTTugaLallidda vyanjanagaLalla embudAgi kruSNamUrti (2003) vAdisiddAre.
kANisuva kriyApadagaLalli
T embudu LakAradondige takAra sEridAga naDeda badalAvaNeya pala embudannu keLagina udAharaNeyalli kANabahudu.
kannaDada
kannaDa
suruTu (*suruL-tu)
tamiLu curuL
teraTu ‘uruLu’’
teraL
7.4 Aguvikeya oTTugaLu
svaradalli konegoLLuva bErugaLa anantara mattu vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLige a, i, u oTTugaLannu sErisida anantara (7.3.1 nODi), avugaLondige la, La, ra, Za, va modalAguva oTTugaLU illavE baraballuvAgidduvu.
vyanjanagaLalli
mUladrAviDadalli mElina oTTugaLige sakarmaka kriyApadagaLannu mADuvikegaLannu akarmaka AguvikegaLannAgi) badalAyisuva kelasaviddirabEkendu kruSNamUrti (2003) vAdisiddAre.
kriyApadagaLannAgi
drAviDa nuDigaLalli intaha oTTugaLiruva kriyApadagaLalli hecci navU AguvikegaLAgiveyumbudu I Uhege ondu AdAra. udA haraNegAgi, kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli la, La, Za illavE ra oTTina sAmAnyavAgi ondu jAgadalli bandideyAdare, avu Aguvikeyannu sUcisuttave.
LakAraviruvavu tevaL ‘tevaLu’’ naraL ‘naraLu’’
lakAraviruvavu
saDil ‘saDilu’’ kaZal ‘kaLacu’
kaLal ‘uduru’’ uruL ‘uruLu’’ kaval ‘kavaloDe’’ kanal ‘siTTAgu’’ eZal ‘nEtADu’’
temaL ‘jAru’’ muguL ‘muccu’’ poraL ‘horaLu’’
ZakAraviruvavu
rakAraviruvavu
negaZ ‘vyaktavAgu’’ bidir ‘cellu, haraDu’’ tumuZ ‘beLagu’’ adir ‘naDugu’’ jaguZ ‘jAru’’ aguZ ‘muLugu’’ cigur ‘ciguru’’ podaZ ‘kANisu’’ maguZ ‘magucu’’ bemar ‘bevaru’’
pasur ‘hasurAgu’’
kuLir ‘caLiyAgu’’
mEle koTTiruva kannaDa kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva oTTinalli la, La, Za illavE ra vyanjanaviddu avellavU AguvikegaLannu sUcisuttave embudannu gamanisabahudu. intaha oTTugaLannu mADuvikeyannu sUcisuvantaha aval ‘onakeyinda kuTTu’, agaZ ‘age’, savaru ‘kattarisu’ embantaha kelavE kelavu mAtra kannaDadallive.
kriyApadagaLalli
paDediruva
idallade, baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLAda kuDuk mattu mAltO gaLalli mADuvikegaLannu AguvikegaLannAgi mADalu rakAraviruva oTTondu baLakeyallideyumbudu mElina kalpanege innondu AdAra. udAharaNegAgi, mAltO nuDiyalli idakkAgi r oTTannu baLasalAguttade.
mADuvike Eg ‘bILisu’’
asga ‘anTisu’
ey ‘kaTTu’
bAg ‘kere’
Aguvike Egra ‘bILu’’ asgra ‘anTu’’ eyra ‘kaTTikoLLu’’ bAgra ‘keredukoLLu’’
7.5 mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva *t oTTu
mUlatenkudrAviDadalli Aguvikeyannu sUcisuva kriyAbErugaLige *t oTTannu sErisi avu mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva hAge mADalu sAdyavittu. kannaDa (mattu tuLu, koraga) nuDigaLannu biTTu itara ellA tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLU I oTTannu bahaLa spaSTavAgi uLisikonDive.
udAharaNegAgi, tamiLina halavu kriyApadagaLige Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLannu rUpagaLiddu avugaLalli eraDaneya (mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva) rUpavannu modalaneyadakke t oTTannu sErisuvudara mUlaka paDeyalu sAdyavide.
sUcisuva eraDeraDu
(ka) I kriyApadagaLa koneya vyanjana k, T illavE R iddalli, mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu avugaLadE rUpa vannu paDeyuttade; (ca) n illavE l iddalli A vyanjana mattu oTTina takAra eraDU R rUpavannu paDeyuttave mattu (Ta) N illavE L iddalli eraDU T rUpavannu paDeyuttave; (ta) itara kriyApadagaLa anantara adu tta rUpadalli baruttade.
idallade, (pa) kriyApadagaLa koneya vyanjana ondu taDe yuliyAgiddu, adakke modalu mUguliyondu bandiddare, antaha kriyApadakke mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTannu sErisidAga taDeyuliya modalidda mUguli bidduhOguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva tamiLu kriyApadagaLa
Aguvike mattu mADuvikeya rUpagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.
Aguvike
pOku ‘hOgu’
mADuvike pOkku ‘hOgisu’’
ERu ‘Eru’
OTTu ‘ODisu’’ ERRu ‘Erisu’
(ca) tin ‘tinnu’
akal ‘haraDu’
tiRRu ‘tinnisu’ akaRRu ‘haraDisu’’
mAL ‘sAyu’
UTTu ‘uNisu’ mATTu ‘kollu’
(ta) alar ‘araLu’
alarttu ‘araLisu’’
(pa) iRaGku ‘iLi’’
irakku ‘iLisu’
INTu ‘oTTu sEru’’ ITTu ‘oTTu sErisu’’ poruntu ‘oppu’ tirumpu ‘tirugu’
poruttu ‘oppisu’ tiruppu ‘tirugisu’
7.5.1 kannaDadalli *t oTTina paLeyaLikegaLu
AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLAgi badalAyisuva I vidAna kannaDa dalli uLidilla. adara paLeyaLikegaLannu mAtra haLegannaDada kelavu kriyApada jODigaLalli kANabahudu.
Aguvike
aDagu ‘mareyAgu’’
amugu ‘ottihOgu’
tuRugu ‘otti tumbiru’’ aNungu ‘nASavAgu’
mADuvike aDaku ‘bacciTTukoLLu’’ amuku ‘ottu’ tuRuku ‘otti tumbisu’ aNunku ‘nASamADu’
kannaDada
idallade,
kriyApadagaLu
gu embudaralli konegoLLuvuvAdare avu AguvikegaLAgiruvudu heccu mattu ku embudaralli konegoLLuvuvAdare mADuvikegaLAgiruvudu heccu. ivugaLalli baruva gu mattu ku embavugaLu mUlatenkudrAviDada ku mattu *kku (<k+*t) embavugaLa (illavE *nku mattu nkku embavugaLa) kannaDa rUpagaLAgive embudannu idarindalU Uhisabahudu.
AguvikegaLu moZagu muZugu miRugu soragu naDugu
paZagu
koragu
jinugu
karagu
mADuvikegaLu tadaku kusuku peRuku (hekku) huDuku hisuku tuRuku siDuku
cimuku
idallade, kannaDada halavu nAmapadagaLalli mADuvikeyannu
sUcisuva kriyArUpa uLidukonDiruvudannu kANabahudu.
modalAda
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada tUgu-tUka, nARu-nAta, ADu- jODigaLalli mUladrAviDada Aguvikeya modalaneyadu rUpadinda (*tUnku, *nARu mattu *ATu embudarinda) bandirabEku mattu eraDaneyadu (nAmapada) mADuvikeya
kriyApada-nAmapada
(kriyApada)
rUpadinda (*tUnkku, *nARRu mattu *ATTu embudarinda) bandirabEku.
7.5.2 samayada oTTina anantara *t oTTina baLake
kannaDa (mattu tuLu) nuDigaLannu horatupaDisi itara tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva *t oTTu kelavu kriyApada gaLige nEravAgi sEruva badalu samayada oTTina anantara baruttade embudAgi vidvAmsaru kalpisikonDiddAre (subrahmaNyam 1971 nODi).
ikAradalli illavE y, r atavA Z vyanjanadalli kone goLLuva halavAru kriyApadagaLa kriyArUpagaLalli (mattu keTu ‘keDu’, viTu ‘biDu’, vaRu ‘huri’yantaha kelavu ukAradalli konegoLLuva mattu eraDu hagura ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLa kriyArUpagaLalli) intaha baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva hindina samayada tamiLu
kriyArUpagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.
Aguvike
kriyApada kuZay ‘koLe’’ kuZayntatu camay ‘same’’ camayntatu kuni ‘bAgu’’ kunintatu cari ‘jAru’’ carintatu
taRi ‘tunDAgu’ taRintatu cEr ‘sEru’ cErntatu tAZ ‘taggu’’ tAZntatu tOy ‘nene’’ tOyntatu
mADuvike
kuZayttEn camayttEn kunittEn carittEn taRittEn cErttEn tAZttEn tOyttEn
koTTiruva
kriyApadagaLige Aguvike
sUcisuva eraDeraDu hindina
mEle mattu samayada mADuvikegaLannu rUpagaLive. ivugaLalli Aguvikeyannu sUcisuva modalaneya kriyArUpadalli mattu mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva eraDaneya kriyArUpadalli tta samayada oTTu bandide.
samayada oTTu bandide
tamiLu
rUpavAgide
ivugaLalli modalaneya oTTu mUla tenkudrAviDada *nta tamiLinalli samayada oTTina badalAgade uLidide); oTTinondige mUlatenkudrAviDada mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva *t oTTu sEri Agiruva *ntta embudara tamiLu rUpavAgide (illi nakAra biddu hOgide - 7.5(pa) nODi).
eraDaneya
samayada
intahadE Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLallU kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, tamiLina utir ‘uduru’ kriyApadakke utirva ‘uduruva’ mattu utirppa ‘udurisuva’ emba eraDu mundina samayada rUpagaLive.
ivugaLalli modalaneyadu mundina samayada p oTTu v Adudarinda tayArAgide mattu eraDaneyadu mundina samayada p oTTinondige mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu sEri ppa Adudarinda tayArAgide.
7.5.3 baDaga kannaDadalli *t oTTu
kriyArUpagaLu
Aguvike
mattu
mADuvikegaLannu
sUcisuva kannaDadallU uLidukonDive.
udAharaNegAgi pariSIlisabahudu (emenO 1967).
keLage
koTTiruva
kriyArUpagaLannu
AguvikegaLu siguduttu ‘hariyitu’
hogadattu ‘hoge bantu’ iDudattu ‘oDeyitu’
agiduttu ‘biTTitu’ suladuttu ‘suliyitu’ nanade ‘oddeyAde’ sEde ‘sEride’
mADuvikegaLu
sigutte ‘haride’ hogatte‘hoge bariside’ iDutte ‘oDede’ agitte ‘biTTe’ sulatte ‘sulide’ nanatte ‘odde mADide’ sEtte ‘sEriside’
modalaneya
Aguvikeyannu
sUcisuvantaha
kriyArUpagaLalli *nta oTTu d
kAlannalli mUlatenkudrAviDada hindina koTTiruva samayada mattu rUpakke badalAgide mADuvikeyannu sUcisuvantaha eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva kriyArUpagaLalli adarondige mADuvikeya *t oTTu bandiddu averaDU sEriruva *ntta embudu tta rUpakke badalAgide.
Adare, idu baDaga nuDiyalli tenkudrAviDada uLikeyE illavE bEre tamiLu, toda modalAda tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLa samparkadinda beLedu (illavE eravalAgi) bandudE emba viSayadalli samSayavide. yAkendare, baDaga kannaDada bEre padagaLalli tamiLinalli naDeda I eraDaneya (*ntta > tta) badalAvaNe naDedilla.
Adare, kannaDadalli paLeyaLikeyAgi mAtravE uLidiruvantaha Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke (7.5.1 nODi) samanAda vyatyAsa baDaga kannaDada halavu kriyApadagaLalli
kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu (bAlakruSNan 1999).
mADuvike
Aguvike
alugu ‘allADu’’ aluku ‘allADisu’’ oNagu ‘oNagu’’ kulugu ‘allADu’’ mangu ‘mankAgu’’ makku ‘manku mADu’’ tirugu ‘tirugu’
oNaku ‘oNagisu’ kuluku ‘allADisu’’
Iku ‘iLisu’ tiruku ‘tirugisu’
idallade, bEre kelavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisuva kriyApadagaLU baDaga kannaDadalli Aguvike-mADuvike artavyatyAsa vannu sUcisaballudu.
mADuvike Aguvike
mAtu ‘badalAyisu’’ mAru ‘badalAgu’ nAtu ‘odde mADu’ nAnu ‘oddeyAgu’ ATu ‘allADisu’ ADu ‘allADu’ kUTu ‘sErisu’ kUDu ‘sEru’’
bUku ‘bILisu’’ bU ‘bILu’ suruLu ‘suttikoLLu’ suruTu ‘sundu’’
ivugaLalli kelavu kriyApadagaLu tamiLininda eravalAgi bandiralu sAdyavideyAdarU, kelavu mUladrAviDada vyatyAsavannu baDaga kannaDa uLisikonDideyumbudakke AdAravAgiralu sAdyavide.
7.5.4 havyaka kannaDadalli *t oTTu
havyaka kannaDadallU Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLannu sUcisuva kANisuttave. kelavu hindina kannaDada udAharaNegAgi, kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
samayada keLage
kriyArUpagaLu
koTTiruva
havyaka
Aguvike
muruttu ‘muriyitu’’ haruttu ‘hariyitu’ siguttu ‘sigiyitu’ kaDuttu ‘kaDiyitu’ iLuttu ‘iLiyitu’ hiDuttu ‘hiDiyitu’’
oDattu ‘oDeyitu’ taLattu ‘saveyitu’ marattu ‘mareta’
mADuvike murudattu ‘murida’’ harudattu ‘harida’ sigudattu ‘sigida’ kaDudattu ‘kaDida’ iLudattu ‘iLida’ hiDudattu ‘hiDida’’ oDadattu ‘oDeda’ taLadattu ‘saveda’ maradattu ‘mareta’’
havyaka
kannaDada
kriyArUpagaLannu
sandarbagaLalli adu
gavravArtadalli baLasabEkAdAga mAtra avugaLalli lingabEda sUcitavAguttade, mEle sUcisuva koTTiruvantaha Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavannu kriyArUpagaLu mAtra gavravArtavannu kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLa koneyallU ttu ADuga oTTu baLakeyAgide.
sUcitavAguvudilla.
sUcisadiruvalli
ivugaLalli modalaneya rUpavannu kriyApadakke hindina samayada ‘sonne’ oTTannu (mattu ttu ADuga oTTannu)
sErisuvudara mUlaka racisalAgide mattu adu ondu vastuvige EnAyitembudannu (endare Aguvikeyannu) tiLisuttade.
eraDaneya rUpavannu kriyApadakke hindina samayada d(a) oTTannu (mattu adara anantara ttu oTTannu) sErisuvudara mUlaka racisalAgide mattu adu obba vyakti Enu mADida embudannu (endare mADuvikeyannu) tiLisuttade.
I eraDu rItiya
vyatyAsa akarmaka-sakarmakagaLa
kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyuntahadu embudannu keLagina havyaka vAkyagaLu spaSTapaDisuttave. illi kANisuva naDuvinadu endu hELuvudakkintalU Aguvike-mADuvikegaLa naDuvinadu endu hELuvudE udAharaNeyinda nAmapadagaLa vAkyagaLallU ondakkinta baLakeyAgideyumbudannu gamanisabahudu.
koTTiruva keLage spaSTavAguttade. I eraDu
sari embudu
heccu
(11ka) aLage oDattu
’‘maDike oDeyitu’’ (11ca) kUsu aLageya oDadattu
’‘huDugi maDikeyannu oDedaLu’
(12ka) kUsinge pada marattu
‘‘huDugige pada maretitu’’
(12ca) kUsu padava maradattu
’‘huDugi padavannu maretaLu’’
I rItiya rUpavyatyAsa havyaka kannaDadalli ekArAnta mattu ikArAnta kriyApadagaLalli, adarallU ADuga-kELugarannu biTTu
itara vyaktigaLa kelasavannu sUcisuva mattu gavravArtavillada kriyA rUpagaLalli mAtravE kANisuttade.
subrahmaNyam (baralide) avara abiprAyadante, havyakada I rUpavyatyAsakkU tamiLu illavE baDaga kannaDadalli kANisuva rUpa vyatyAsakkU naDuve yAva sambandavU illa. havyakadalli kANisuva vyatyAsakke avaru koTTiruva hAge vivaraNeyannu odagisiddAre.
keLage
havyakada heccina kriyArUpagaLallU hindina samayada oTTige adara anantara baruva Aguga oTTannavalambisi eraDeraDu rUpagaLive; gavravavannu sUcisuva Aguga oTTu bandideyAdare adakke d rUpavide (mADide, hELide, baDude) mattu gavravavannu sUcisadiruva Aguga oTTu bandideyAdare sonne rUpavide (mADittu, hELittu, baDuttu).
gavravavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli baruva d oTTannu gavravavannu sUcisadiruva kriyArUpagaLallU baLasuva mUlaka havyaka kannaDa kelavu kriyApadagaLa maTTige Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavannu hosadAgi tayArisikonDirabEku; endare, havyaka kannaDada I vyatyAsa mUla tenkudrAviDadallidda Aguvike- mADuvike vyatyAsada paLeyaLikeyalla embudAgi subrahmaNyam vAdisuttAre.
Adare subrahmaNyam avara I vivaraNe ondu viSayadalli
tondare koDuvantahadAgide.
mEle (7.5.2ralli) sUcisida hAge, tamiLinalli mADuvike yannu sUcisuva t oTTu samayada oTTina anantara baruvudu mukyavAgi ikAradalli mattu ya, ra, Za vyanjanagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara mAtra.
ekAradalli
havyaka kannaDadallU mElina artavyatyAsavannu kANisuvalli antahadE nirbandavideyundu hELabahudu. adu ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli mAtra kANisuttade. ivugaLalli kriyApadagaLu mUladrAviDadalli *ay embudaralli konegoLLuttidduvAda kAraNa, avu tamiLina yakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLige samanAgive. (rakAra mattu ZakAradalli konegoLLuva mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLu havyakadalli ukAradalli konegoLLuva kAraNa antaha kriyApadagaLalli I vyatyAsa kANisuvudilla).
konegoLLuva
mEle koTTiruva subrahmaNyam avara vivaraNeyannu oppi konDalli, tamiLu mattu baDaga kannaDagaLalli mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu samayada oTTina anantara baruvudakkiruva nirbandavE havyakadalli mEle sUcisida Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa kANisikoLLuvudakkU yAke ide embudannu vivarisalu sAdyavAgadu.
hAgAgi, havyakadallU mElina vyatyAsa mADuvikeya oTTu samayada oTTina anantara bandudarindAgi mUDibandideyundu vAdisuva avaSyakateyide. keLage kANisida hAge A rIti vAdisalu ondu dAriyU ide.
hindina samayada nta oTTina anantara nEravAgi gavravavannu sUcisadiruva ttu oTTu bandAga adu havyakadalli sonne rUpa vannu paDedide mattu adarondige mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTU bandAga averaDara jODi (ntta embudu) d rUpa havyakadallU hELuva vannu tamiLinantahadE nirbanda yAke ide embudannu vivarisalu sAdyavide.
paDedide endu
mUlaka
7.6 mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva bEre oTTugaLu
*ipu mattu *icu emba bEre eraDu oTTugaLa mUlakavU mUladrAviDadalli AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLAgi badalAyisalu sAdyaviddirabEku. ivugaLalli modalinadu mundina samayada kriyApadagaLondige baruttiddirabEku mattu eraDaneyadu hindina samayada kriyApadagaLondige baruttiddirabEku. haLegannaDada kelavu kriyApadagaLalli I eraDu oTTugaLa baLakeyannU kANabahudu.
Aguvike
karagu
mADuvike
mundina samaya karagipar aLipar
gelipar
hindina samaya karagisidar aLisidar gelisidar
Adare hosagannaDadalli isu oTTannE ellA sandarbagaLallU
baLasalAguttade.
Aguvike
karagisu
gellu
mADuvike
mundina samaya keDisuttAre karagisuttAre
aLisuttAre gellisuttAre
hindina samaya keDisidaru karagisidaru aLisidaru gellisidaru
bEre
rUpagaLallU haLegannaDadallEnE cu oTTu AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLAgi
kriyApadagaLa
kelavu
badalAyisalu baLakeyAguttittu. idU kUDa mUladrAviDada *icu oTTina paLeyaLikeyAgirabEku.
Aguvike
uruL
tirugu
mADuvike agalcu tIrcu uruLcu tirucu
7.7 nAmabErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu
mUladrAviDadalli nAmabErugaLinda illavE nAmapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavittE embudinnU spaSTavAgilla. kannaDada kriyApadagaLannu kannaDaddE Ada nAmapadagaLondige illavE tamiLu modalAda itara drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga avugaLa oLaracaneyalli keLage sUcisida kelavu oTTugaLu baLakeyAgiruva hAge tOruttade.
nAmapada puZu ‘huLa’’
nUlu
kriyApada puZi ‘huLa hiDi’’ nuli ‘tirucu, nUlu tege’’
(2) ku\gu oTTu: nAmapada miDi ‘duguDa’
kU ‘kUgu’ maZa ‘masuku’
kriyApada miDuku ‘aLalu’’ kUgu maZgu, maggu ‘masukAgu’’
(3) cu oTTu:
nAmapada nAN ‘nAcuge’’ koral ‘uli’
tamiLu: veru ‘hedarike’ bercu ‘beccu’’
kriyApada nANcu ‘nAcu’ koralcu ‘uli mADu’
mElina oTTE su rUpadalli innU halavu padagaLalli
baLakeyAguttade.
nAmapada tunDu
hesaru
konDe ‘cADi’
nUlu
bOLu bayake
besa ‘appaNe’’
beppaLa ‘accari’
(4) mu oTTu: nAmapada AL ‘keccu’’
(5) l oTTu:
kriyApada tunDisu hesarisu kattarisu konDisu ‘cADi hELu’’ nUlisu ‘nUlu mADu’’ bOLisu
bayasu besasu ‘appaNe mADu’ beppaLisu ‘accaripaDu’
kriyApada aNmu ‘keccu tOrisu’
nAmapada maZa ‘masuku’
kriyApada maZal ‘masakAgu’’
mUladrAviDadallEnE halavu nAmapadagaLu mattu kriyApada gaLu ondE rUpadallidduvendu kalpisalAgide. kannaDadallU idakke halavu udAharaNegaLannu koDabahudu.
kriyAbEru higgu
nagu dUru
hADu
nAmapada higgu
nagu dUru hADu
mUlaka
Adare, intaha sandarbagaLallella kriyAbErugaLinda ‘sonne’ paDeyalAgideyundE nAmapadagaLannu kalpisikoLLalAguttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, nAmabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi kriyApadagaLannu paDeyuva vidAna drAviDa nuDigaLalli heccu baLakeyallilla; Adare, kriyAbErugaLige halavu rItiya oTTugaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmapadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavide (9.3 nODi)
7.8 guNabErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu
guNabErugaLige i oTTannu sErisi tayArisida kriyApadagaLu
kannaDadalli kelavive. bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLalli i oTTina anantara mUladrAviDada *tu oTTu bandiddu adu kannaDadalli cu rUpakke badalAgide.
guNabEru kriyApada taN ‘taNNage, tampu’’ taNi ‘taNNagAgu’, daNi ‘baLalu’ nasu ‘cikka, svalpa’’
nasi ‘taLe, cikkadAgu’’
pin ‘hinde’’
per ‘doDDa’’
pincu ‘hinde sari’’ percu, peccu ‘heccu’’
guNapadagaLinda isu oTTina mUlaka kriyApadagaLannu
racisuva kannaDada krama idE oTTina munduvarikeyAgirabahudu.
guNapada iduru
kampu
cokka
kriyApada idurisu kampisu ‘parimaLisu’’ aDDavisu sogayisu daTTaNisu paZasu
guNabErugaLige gu oTTannu sErisi racisiruva kriyApadagaLU
kelavive.
guNabEru kiZ ‘keLa, keLage’’ pin ‘hinde’ per ‘doDDa’’
oN-a ‘oNagida’’ oNagu ‘nIrAru’
kriyApada kiLgu ‘taggu’’ pingu ‘hinde sari’’ higgu ‘doDDadAgu, ubbu’
7.9 kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu
mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLu haLegannaDadalli heccu badalAgade uLidukonDive (haLetamiLu illavE haLegannaDadalli kANisuva rUpavembudAgi rUpavE
mUladrAviDada
heccukaDime
kalpisikonDiruvudE hosagannaDadalli avugaLa rUpa bahaLa maTTige badalAgide.
kAraNavirabahudu).
mUladrAviDada hAge haLegannaDadalli halavu AkAragaLalliruva kriyApadagaLidduvu; Adare hosagannaDadalli ukAra, ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva mUru rItiya kriyApadagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. adarallU, ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLallella eraDu hagura ulikantegaLu mAtra baraballuvu (nuDi, maDi, ari, hari; kare, tere, seLe, hoLe, bare).
itara ulikantegaLu (kaTTu, anju, tUgu) mattu eraDakkinta jAsti ulikantegaLu (oNagu, duDuku, appaLisu, mUdalisu) ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli mAtra baraballuvu.
keLage
sUcisida badalAvaNegaLindAgi, mUladrAviDadalli illavE haLegannaDadallidda halavAru bageya kriyApadagaLu I rIti hosagannaDadalli illavAgive.
idduvAdarU
(1) taDeyuligaLalli konegoLLuva halavu kriyApadagaLu koneyalli mUladrAviDadalli uccAraNegAgi ukAravondu baruttittembudannu nAvu hinde AranE adyAyadalli nODiruvevu. I ukAra hosagannaDallU uLidukonDide (iDu, kaTTu, sigu, hekku, hattu, appu).
avugaLa
(2) mUladrAviDadalli taDeyuliyAgidda RakAra kannaDadalli svaragaLa naDuve taDeyuliyAgi uLiyade hoDeyuli (illavE adiruli)yAgi badalAgideyAda nODi), RakAradalli kriyApadagaLa anantara halavu haLegannaDadalli uccAraNegAgi ukAra baruva avaSyakateyiralilla. hAgAgi avu vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva padagaLAgidduvu (tAR ‘oNagu’, AR ‘nandu’, uR ‘iru’ eZcaR ‘niddetiLi’).
konegoLLuva
Adare, hosagannaDadalli intaha kriyApadagaLella ukAradalli
konegoLLuvuvAgive (nAR > nAru, peR > heru).
(3) idallade, mUladrAviDadalli na, Na, ya, va, ra, la, La mattu ZagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLidduvu mattu ivella konegoLLuva haLegannaDadalli vyanjanagaLalli kriyApadagaLAgiyE uLididduvu; Adare hosagannaDadalli ivellavU svaradalli (ukAradalli) konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLAgi badalAgive.
I kriyApadagaLalli ondE ulikanteyiddu, adaralli giDDa svara bandideyAdare, adara koneya vyanjana hosagannaDadalli immaDi rUpavannu paDeyuttade. (rakAra illavE RakAradinda banda rakAra (bar > baru, teR > teru) mattu ZakAradinda banda LakAra (aZ > aLu) mAtra I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgive).
giDDa svara iruvalli haLegannaDa hosagannaDa tinnu koy koyyu gellu koLLu koL teR aZ aZu
udda svara iruvalli haLegannaDa hosagannaDa sIn sInu nOy nOyu sOl sOlu kELu kEL hIru nAR nAru bAZ bALu
(4) Adare, eraDu ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLalli giDDa svarada anantaravU lakAra mattu LakAragaLu otte rUpadallE uLidive.
haLegannaDa kanal
pogaL
tegaZ
hosagannaDa kanalu hogaLu tegaLu
(5) intaha kelavu kriyApadagaLa koneyalli uccAraNegAgi sErida ukAra avugaLa kriyArUpagaLallU uLidukonDiruva kAraNa, adu kriyApadada amSavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDa mattu hosagannaDagaLalli keLagina kriyApadagaLigiruva hindina samayada rUpagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu.
haLegannaDa bemar kanal bAZ kEL
pIrda
bemarda
kanalda
bAZda
kEZda
hosagannaDa hIru bevaru kanalu bALu kELu
bevarida kanalida bALida kELida
mEle koTTiruva hosagannaDa kriyApadagaLa koneyalli bandiruva ukAra bariya uccAraNegAgi bandudalla. yAkendare, avugaLa anantara hindina samayada d oTTu sEridAgalU I ukAra ikAravAgi badalAguttadallade bidduhOguvudilla.
(6) Adare bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa koneyalli adu bariya uccAraNegAgi sAdyavide. mAtravE bandudendu hELalu yAkendare, avugaLa anantara hindina samayada oTTu sEridAga I ukAra bidduhOguttade.
haLegannaDa
hosagannaDa
sOl
sAy
sOlta satta
tinnu
gellu
sOlu sAyu
sOta satta
haLegannaDada tin kriyApadada koneyalli ukAra sEri adu hosagannaDadalli tinnu endAgideyAdarU hindina samayada kriyArUpadalli tin emba rUpadallE uLidide. itara kriyApadagaLa koneya ukAravU hosagannaDada hindina samayada rUpagaLalli uLidillavembudannu gamanisabahudu.
(7) ondE ulikanteyiruva mattu svaradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hosagannaDadalli intaha ukAra sEri avu eraDu ulikanteya kriyApadagaLAgive. idallade, I ukArada modalu yakAravondu sEriruttade.
Adare, I ukAra mattu yakAragaLu bariya uccAraNegAgi sEridavugaLendu hELalu sAdyavide. yAkendare, I kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLalli averaDU uLiyuvudilla.
haLegannaDa mE
mEda
hosagannaDa
kAyu tEyu mEyu
mEda
(8) mElina badalAvaNegaLu mAtravallade, haLegannaDadallidda halavu rItiya vyanjanakantegaLu hosagannaDadalli illavAgive
(vivaragaLige badalAvaNegaLindAgiyU kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli illavAgive.
haLegannaDadallidda
nODi). I halavu rItiya
udAharaNegAgi, eraDu ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLa modalaneya ulikanteyalli uddasvaravideyAdalli adara anantara hosagannaDadalli ondu vyanjana mAtra baraballudu.
haLegannaDa bArcu
sOnku nUnku
mInTu
hosagannaDa bAcu sOku nUku mITu
giDDasvara
modalaneya ulikanteyalli
iruvallU hosagannaDadalli A svarada anantara immaDi vyanjana (kaTTu, tinnu, koyyu) illavE mUguliyondige banda taDeyuli (nungu, tumbu, anTu) mAtra baraballudallade itara vyanjanakantegaLu baralAravu.
haLegannaDa kaZku
kurgu
poNmu
hosagannaDa kakku kuggu hommu
mUru ulikantegaLiruva
haLegannaDadalli vyanjanakantegaLu baraballuvAgidduvu. Adare hosagannaDadalli ivella illavAgive.
padagaLallU
haLegannaDa baZdunku kalanku
murunTu palumbu
hosagannaDa baduku kalaku muruTu halubu
mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi kANisuva hosagannaDada kriyApadagaLella isu oTTinalli konegoLLuttave (niTTisu, Alisu, jankisu). idallade, jAsti ulikantegaLiruva mUrakkinta hosagannaDa kriyApadagaLella isu oTTinalli konegoLLuttave (appaLisu, kanavarisu, bEsarisu).
7.10 tiruLu
mUladrAviDada kriyApadagaLannu kriyAbErugaLinda illavE guNa bErugaLinda paDeyalu sAdyavittu; Adare nAmabErugaLindalU avannu paDeyalu sAdyavittE emba viSayadalli samSayavide.
kriyAbErugaLige t oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdyavittu mattu la, La, ra, Za, va illavE ya vyanjanagaLinda modalAguva oTTugaLannu sErisuva mUlaka mADuvikegaLannu AguvikegaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdyavittu. kannaDadalli I eraDu vidAnagaLU paLeyaLikegaLalli mAtra uLidukonDive.
Adare, I mUladrAviDa vidAnagaLige badalAgi kriyApadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisuvantaha tannadE Ada vidAnavannu kannaDa kalpisi
kriyApadagaLu
haLegannaDadalli
mUladrAviDada
heccu badalAgilla, Adare hosagannaDadalli avu halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. idarindAgi hosagannaDadalli kelavE mAtra kelavu baLakeyAguttave.
tOrisuva kriyApadagaLu
rUpabEdagaLannu