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4. taDeyuligaLu
4.1 munnOTa
kannaDada caritreyalli mUladrAviDa svaragaLa eNike mattu uccAraNegaLalli heccina badalAvaNegaLEnU naDedillavembudannu nAvu hindina adyAyadalli nODiruvevu. kelavu viSiSTavAda mattu jAgagaLalli sannivESagaLalli badalAvaNegaLAgive, aSTe (kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLu idakke apavAdagaLu).
svaragaLa udda
mAtra
Adare, mUladrAviDadallidda vyanjanagaLa eNike mattu kannaDada badalAvaNegaLindAgi, kannaDadalli
uccAraNegaLeraDarallU caritreyalli mUladrAviDadallidda ippattondu vyanjanagaLAgive.
halavAru badalAvaNegaLu
vyanjanagaLu
hadinAru
naDedive.
vidvAmsaru mUladrAviDakke kalpisikonDiruva vyanjanagaLannu
keLage sUcisida hAge paTTimADabahudu.
mUladrAviDa vyanjanagaLu
taDeyuli pa mUguli
pakkaduli
hoDeyuli taDeyilladuli
mUladrAviDada I vyanjanagaLalli pa, ta, ca, ka; ma, na, Ya; va, ya emba ombattu vyanjanagaLu mAtra padagaLalli modalige baraballuvAgidduvu.
YakAravannu biTTu itara ellA vyanjanagaLU eraDu svaragaLa naDuve baraballuvAgidduvu; avugaLalli taDeyuligaLu mattu mUguligaLu otte rUpadalli mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU (endare ottakSarada rUpadallU) baraballuvAgidduvu.
uLida vyanjanagaLalli ra-ZagaLannu biTTu itara vyanjanagaLu otte rUpadalli mattu immaDi rUpadalli baraballuvAgidduvu; ra- ZagaLu mAtra immaDi rUpadalli baruttiralilla.
taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUgulige A taDeyuligaLa jAgadallEnE naDeyuvantaha uccAraNeyittu. Adare I ondu modalina) jAgavannu horatupaDisi itara (taDeyuligaLa jAgagaLalli illavE immaDi rUpadalli ma, na, Na mattu YagaLu mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu. hAgAgi, mUladrAviDakke ma, na, Na mattu YagaLemba I nAlku mUguligaLannu kalpisikonDare sAkAguttade.
haLe tamiLinalli eraDu rItiya nakAragaLu baLakeyallidduvu; ivugaLalli ondakke takArada jAgadalli mattu innondakke RakArada jAgadalli uccAraNeyittu. udAharaNegAgi, verin ‘bennu’ padadalli takArada jAgadalli uccAravAguva nakAravide mattu varin ‘bandare’ padadalli RakArada jAgadalli uccAravAguva nakAravide. Adare I vyatyAsavannu mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyillavendu tOruttade.
malayALadallU I eraDu rItiya
mUguligaLu baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, ennAl ‘Adare’ padadalli baruva
immaDi nakArakke takArada jAgadalli uccAraNeyide mattu ennAl ‘nanninda’ padadalli baruva immaDi nakArakke RakArada jAgadalli modalinadu mUladrAviDada *nta illavE *nRdinda bandide mattu eraDaneyadu *nnadinda bandide (subrahmaNyam 1983:380 nODi).
uccAraNeyide.
ivugaLalli
mUguligaLa anantara baruva taDeyuligaLu otte illavE
immaDi rUpadalliralu sAdyavittu.
taDeyuligaLannu biTTu uLida ellA vyanjanagaLU padada kone
yalli baraballuvAgidduvu.
mUladrAviDadalli RakAra ondu taDeyuliyAgittu endu
vAdisuvudakke halavu kAraNagaLive:
(1) itara taDeyuligaLa hAge adu mUguligaLa anantara otte rUpadalli illavE immaDi rUpadalli baraballudAgittu (*tOnRu ‘tOru’, *kanRRay ‘kante’);
(2) svaragaLa naDuveyU adu otte illavE immaDi rUpadalli baraballudAgittu (ARu ‘taNi’, *mARRu ‘mAtu’).
(3) ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli I RakAra halavu sannivESagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. taDeyuliyAgiyE udAharaNegAgi, mUguligaLa modalu bandidda I RakAra giDDa svarada anantara kannaDadalli dakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade (onRu > ondu); svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi RakAravU giDDasvarada anantara tta embudAgi kANisikoLLuttade (*puRRam > hutta).
mUladrAviDada I hadinAru vyanjanagaLu kannaDadalli ippa ttondu vyanjanagaLAgi oDedukonDudu hEge embudannu mattu
bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLindAgi avugaLa baLakeyalli entaha vyatyAsagaLella unTAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli mattu mundina (aydanE) adyAyadalli vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAguvudu.
4.1.1 taDeyuligaLu
ondu vyanjanavannu uccarisuvAga bAyiya mUlaka hora hOguva usirannu bAyiyoLage ellAdarU ondu kaDe pUrti mUlakavE) biDalAguttadeyAdare, adannu ‘taDeyuli’ endu kareyabahudu; pa, ta, ca, Ra, Ta, ka embavu mUladrAviDadalli baruttidda intaha taDeyuligaLu.
(bAyiya
anantara
taDedu
ivugaLa uccAraNe mUladrAviDadalli rItiyalli naDeyuttiddirabEkendu kalpisalAgide.
keLage vivarisida
(1) tuTigaLeraDannu oTTige taruva mUlaka uccarisuva pa;
(2) nAligeya tudiyannu hallugaLa himbadiyalli nillisuva
mUlaka uccarisuva ta;
(3) nAligeya tudiyannu adakkinta innU svalpa himbadiyalli
nillisuva mUlaka uccarisuva Ra;
(4) nAlageya mundiruva (endare adara tudiya hindiruva) cappaTe bAgavannu allE mElgaDeyiruva anguLige tAgisuva mUlaka uccarisuva ca;
(5) nAlageya tudiyannu maDaci adara aDibAgavannu anguLige
tAgisuva mUlaka uccarisuva Ta; mattu
(6) nAligeya himbAgavannu allE mElgaDeyiruva medu
anguLige tAgisuva mUlaka uccarisuva ka.
I ellA taDeyuligaLigU koraLisida mattu koraLisada
uccAraNegaLidduvu (4.1.2 nODi).
mUladrAviDadallidda I Aru taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli hattu taDeyuligaLAgi oDedukonDive. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mUla drAviDadalli artabEdavannu sUcisadiddantaha koraLisada (pa, ta, ca, Ta, ka) mattu koraLisida (ba, da, ja, Da, ga) taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kannaDadalli artabEdavannu sUcisuva hAgAgide.
idallade, mUladrAviDada taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegoLagAgive. adarallidda Ra emba taDeyuli haLegannaDadalli heccineDegaLallU rakArada hAgidda, Adare uccAraNe yalli adakkinta bErAgidda, ondu ‘hoDeyuli’yAgi badalAgide; anantara hosagannaDadalli adu uccAraNeyalli rakAravE Agide.
Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, kelavu sannivESagaLalli (eraDu svaragaLa naDuve immaDi rUpadalli bandiddAga illavE ondu mUguliya modalu bandiddAga) adu haLegannaDadallEnE takAra illavE dakAravAgiyU badalAgide. mUladrAviDada cakAra kannaDadalli heccineDegaLallU sakAravAgi badalAgide; Adare kelavu padagaLalli adu cakAravAgiyE uLidide illavE jakAravAgi badalAgide.
mUladrAviDada taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu, adarindAgi avu yAva padagaLallella baruttave emba viSayadalli mUladrAviDa mattu kannaDagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLu tOribaruttave.
4.1.2 koraLisida mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLu
mUladrAviDadalli taDeyuligaLige ‘koraLisida’ uccAraNe mattu ‘koraLisada’ uccAraNe embudAgi eraDu rItiya uccAraNe gaLidduvu; koraLisida uccAraNeyalli avugaLondige ganTalinalli naDeyuva adiruvikeyU sEriruttade; koraLisada uccAraNeyalli I adiruvike sEriruvudilla. Adare, mUladrAviDa taDeyuligaLa uccAraNeyallidda I sUcisuva vyatyAsakke kelasavittendu vAdisalu yAva AdAravU dorakuvudilla.
naDuvina artavyatyAsavannu
padagaLa
hAgAgi, eraDu svaragaLa naDuve bandAga, illavE mUguli gaLa (manaNaYagaLa) anantara otteyAgi bandAga taDeyuligaLannu koraLisida vyanjanagaLAgi mattu itara sandarbagaLalli koraLisada vyanjanagaLAgi mUladrAviDadalli uccarisalAguttittu embudAgi kalpisabEkAgide.
naDeda halavAru badalAvaNegaLa kannaDada taDeyuligaLa pariNAmavAgi, naDuvidda I uccAraNeya vyatyAsakke artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva bele bandide.
koraLisida mattu
caritreyalli
koraLisada
udAharaNegAgi, katte mattu gadde emba eraDu padagaLa naDu viruva arta vyatyAsavannu avugaLalli baruva taDeyuligaLu koraLisada ka-ta rUpadalliveyE illavE koraLisida ga-da kannaDadalli rUpadalliveyE emba sUcisalAguttade. Adare padagaLu *kaZutay rUpadalliddirabEku (uccAraNeyalli *kaZuday mattu *kaZaday).
vyatyAsada mUladrAviDadalli I
*kaZatay emba
mUlaka
mattu
ivugaLalli modalaneya pada kannaDadalli katte embudAgi badalAgide. endare, ZakArada anantara bandidda ukAra biddu
hOgide mattu idarinda unTAda Zda ottakSara koraLisada tta embudAgi badalAgide. idallade, padada koneya *ay embudu ekAravAgi badalAgide.
idakke badalu eraDaneya pada gadde embudAgi badalAgide. endare, ZakArada anantara bandidda akAra bidduhOgide mattu idarinda unTAda Zda ottakSara koraLisida dda embudAgi badalAgide. idallade, padada modalina kakAravU koraLisida gakAravAgi badalAgide mattu padada koneya ay embudu ekAravAgi badalAgide.
taDeyuligaLa koraLisuvikeya maTTige kannaDadalli naDeda intaha badalAvaNegaLella heccina maTTige aniyamitavAdavugaLu. avugaLa svarUpa entahadu embudannu keLagina vibAgagaLalli (bEre bEre sandarbagaLalli) vivarisalAgide.
mattu
nAlku
4.2 padagaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDa padagaLalli modalige ka, ca, mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu; Ra mattu TagaLu A jAgadalli baruttiralilla.
idallade, I taDeyuligaLu padagaLa modalige koraLisada rUpadalli mAtra baLakeyAguttidduvu. adare kannaDa padagaLalli modalige avu koraLisada rUpadalli mAtravallade koraLisida rUpadallU baraballuvu.
taDeyuligaLu
I viSayadalli kannaDada (mattu itara drAviDa nuDigaLa) pada gaLu halavu rItiya aniScitategaLigoLagAgive. haLetamiLu nuDi mAtra idakke apavAdavendu hELabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada kelavu padagaLa modalige baruva taDeyuligaLu avugaLa ellA rUpagaLallU koraLisida rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttave.
ganDu, ganDa, ganDasu, ganDike, ganDiga jARu, jARike ’jAruvike’, jARa (jAruguppe) daTTa ‘dappa’, daDDa, daDAli ‘dappa hengasu’, danDi
‘doDDadu’
innu kelavu padagaLu avugaLa onderaDu rUpagaLalli mAtra modaligiruva taDeyuliyannu koraLisida rUpakke badalAyisive; uLida rUpagaLalli adannu koraLisada rUpadallE uLisikonDive. (I sandarbadalli cakAra kannaDadalli cakAravAgi uLidirabahudu illavE sakAravAgi badalAgirabahudu).
gIru, gITu, gIcu; kIRu, kiRuku
guZi; koZave, kuZi jari, jarugu, jaggu; sari, saraku jambu; cAcu, cApu; sAgu
Adare, kannaDada heccina padagaLallU avugaLa modaligidda koraLisada
padarUpagaLallU
taDeyuligaLu taDeyuligaLAgiyE uLidive.
koLe, koLaku, koLace, kocce taDe, taDa, taDavu, taDeta pogaZ, pogaZka, pogaZta
I badalAvaNeya aniyamitateyindAgi, padagaLa modalige kANisuva koraLisida mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke kannaDadalli artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva hoNe sikkide. padajODiyalli idannu
katte-gadde
koTTiruva
mEle
kuri-guri
modalAda
mAtravallade, toTTi-doDDi, kuttu-guddu, taNi-daNi, kanDa- ganDa, capparisu-jabbarisu, sari-jari, taTTi-daTTi, paNa-baNave, pardu-bardu, padajODigaLallU kANabahudu. haLeya
drAviDa nuDigaLallU naDediruva I badalAvaNeya hinde entaha halavu niyamavide embudannu prayatnagaLannu mADiruvarAdarU heccina prayOjanavAgilla.
tamiLondannu biTTu uLida ellA
tiLiyalu vidvAmsaru
kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, I padagaLa eraDaneya mattu anantarada ulikantegaLalli baruva koraLisida taDeyuligaLindAgi mattu itara koraLisida vyanjanagaLindAgi avugaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLalli I badalAvaNe naDediralu sAdyavide.
idallade, drAviDa kuTumbakke sEradiruva itara nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLalli koraLisada mattu koraLisida taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva padagaLalli I mUladrAviDadinda banda beleyiruvudu badalAvaNe naDeyalu innondu kAraNavAgirabahudu.
I badalAvaNeyindAgi, mUladrAviDa padagaLa modaligidda kakAravu kakAra mattu gakAragaLAgiyU, cakAravu cakAra (illavE sakAra) mattu jakAragaLAgiyU, takAravu takAra mattu dakAra gaLAgiyU, pakAravu pakAra mattu bakAragaLAgiyU kannaDadalli oDedukonDive.
kannaDa
malayALa: kuDukh:
ca>ca canda
tamiLu:
ca>ja jARu
tamiLu:
ta>ta tiddu
ta>da diNNe
pa>pa pacce
pa>ba buruDe
malayALa: tuLu:
tamiLu:
telugu:
tiruttu
paccay puRRe
Adare, kannaDa padagaLa modaligidda bakAra mEle sUcisida hAge mUladrAviDada pakAradinda bandiruvudu kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra; heccinavugaLallU adu mUladrAviDada vakAradinda nODaliruvevu.
bandideyumbudannu
munde
padagaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLu kannaDada caritreyalli bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu avannu keLagina vibAgagaLalli vivarisalAgide.
4.2.1 pakAra hakAravAgiruvudu mattu bidduhOgiruvudu
padagaLa modaligidda pakAra hosagannaDadalli hakAravAgi badalA gide mattu ivattina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli bidduhOgide. pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe sumAru hattanE SatamAnadalli suruvAgittu embudAgi kannaDa SAsanagaLannu pariSIlisidAga tiLiyuttade.
ombattanE
mAtravE kANisuttade; Adare hattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli pakArada badalu hakAravannu tOrisuva kelavu padagaLu kANasiguttave.
SAsanagaLalli
SatamAnada
pakAra
anantarada SAsanagaLalli intaha padagaLa eNike jAstiyAguttA hOguttade mattu hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnakkAguvAga
modalige pakAra bandiruva padagaLu kaDimeyAguttA hOgi anantara avu pUrti illavAgibiDuttave (narasimhayya 1941,
I badalAvaNe sAhityaracaneyalli, adarallU padyagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva padagaLalli sariyAgi kanDubaruvudu hadimUru-hadinAlkanE SatamAnada anantara mAtra. mAtinalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu barahavannu talapalu svalpa samaya bEkAguttadeyumbudE idakke kAraNa. SAsanagaLa baraha mAtige heccu hattira iruva kAraNa, adaralli badalAvaNegaLu modalu kANisikoLLuttave.
haLegannaDa padagaLa modaligidda pakAra I rIti hakAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu hosagannaDada nUrAru padagaLalli kANabahudu. keLagina kelavu padagaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.
haLegannaDa pAl puli
hosagannaDa haNNu hAlu hIru huli
haLegannaDa percu pEZ
pogaZ pO
hosagannaDa hUvu heccu hELu hogaLu hOgu
idallade, padagaLa modaligidda pakArada badalige banda hakAravu hadimUranE SatamAnada SAsanavondarallEnE kelavu ‘hOdaru’) biddu ‘hOgu’, Odar padagaLalli hOgiruvudu kanDu baruttade. Adare, anantarada SAsanagaLalli mattu ivattina barahada kannaDadalli I hakAra uLidukonDide. ivattina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli mAtra idu pUrti bidduhOgide.
udAharaNegAgi, baLLAri mattu nanjanagUDina okkaligara mAti nalli idu pUrti bidduhOgide. gulbargadallU kelavu pradESagaLalli bidduhOgide. karAvaLiya kannaDadalli idu heccineDegaLallU uLidideyAdarU hAlakki kannaDadalli vikalpavAgi bidduhOgide. I badalAvaNegaLannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu (upAdyAya
baraha nanjanagUDu baLLAri haLLi hAlu huli hUvu U hedaru hola hOgu
vAgu
gulbarga haLLi huli hUva hedru hvala hOgu
I badalAvaNe kannaDada yAva oLanuDigaLalli naDedide mattu yAva oLanuDigaLalli naDedilla embudinnU sariyAgi gottAgilla. maysUru jilleyannu idu eraDAgi oDeyuttade. udAharaNe gAgi, ke. Ar. nagara, periyApaTTaNa mattu huNasUrina arevASi jAgadalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla; Adare huNasUrina uLida are vASi jAgadalli mattu maysUrina itara tAlUkugaLalli naDedide.
nanjanagUDina okkaligara mAtinalli hakAra bidduhOgide; Adare, brAhmaNara mAtinalli bidduhOgilla. idarinda I
badalAvaNege sAmAjika mEreyU ideyundu tiLiyuttade (baT 1967 nODi).
gulbarga jilleyannU I badalAvaNe eraDAgi oDeyuttade. Adare yAva rItiyalli adu I jilleyannu oDeyuttade embudannu tiLiyalu innU samSOdanegaLu naDeyabEkAgide.
4.2.2 cakArada badalAvaNegaLu
padagaLa modaligidda cakAravu kannaDada caritreyalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgide. itara taDeyuligaLa hAge cakAravU cakAra mattu jakAragaLAgi oDedideyumbudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu.
(1) Adare I rIti adu oDediruvudu kelavu padagaLalli
mAtra; heccina padagaLallU adu sakAravAgi badalAgide.
kannaDa
saTTuga
sappe sAru
sikku
sInu
suttu
sEru
sOru
tamiLu caTTuka cappay cIntu cuRRu cOr
tamiLinallU padagaLa modalige bandiruva cakAra indina
kelavu oLanuDigaLalli SakAra illavE sakAravAgi badalAgide.
kannaDadalli kANisuva I cakArada badalAvaNegU (elli adu cakAra illavE jakAravAgi badalAgide mattu elli sakAravAgide embudakkU) ondu niScitavAda niyamavannu kanDuhiDiyalu idu varegU sAdyavAgilla.
cakAradinda suruvAguva ellA padagaLU modalige sakAra vAgi badalAgiddu, hAge sakAravAda anantara, adakkinta hindina oLanuDiyinda cakAraviruva kelavu padagaLu eravalAgi bandira bahudu, mattu avugaLalli kelavu padagaLa modala cakAra jakAra vAgirabahudu.
innu kelavu padagaLannu suruvinalli cakAravannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva telugu modalAda nerehoreya drAviDa nuDigaLinda kannaDa eravalAgi paDedirabahudu.
tamiLu, malayALa,
kannaDa
cillaRa
cUpu ‘nOTa’’ celuvu
cokka ‘sogasu’’ jOLa
telugu: candamu tamiLu: cillaRay telugu: cUpu telugu: celuvu tamiLu: cokkam tamiLu: cOLam
(2) karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli baraha kannaDada sakAra
cakAravAgi kANisuttade. soligara kannaDadalliyU hIgeyE.
baraha
sAsive
hAlakki
cAcami ceDLu
soliga cAcave
sappu
sAru
coppu
coppu
(3) mUladrAviDa padagaLa modaligidda cakAra kannaDadalli innondu badalAvaNegU oLagAgide; adEnendare, kannaDada halavu padagaLalli adu aniyamitavAgi bidduhOgide. kannaDadalli mAtra vallade, tamiLu, malayALa, telugu modalAda itara tenku drAviDa nuDigaLallU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide.
kelavu padagaLa modaligidda cakAra I rIti avugaLa ellA rUpagaLallU bidduhOgideyAdare, bEre kelavu padagaLa kelavu keLage rUpagaLalli mAtra bidduhOgide. udAharaNegAgi, koTTiruva padagaLige kannaDadalli cakAra biddu hOgiruva rUpagaLu mAtravallade bidduhOgadiruva rUpagaLU ive.
cakAra biddiruvudu amaru ‘oTTu sEru’’
igaru ‘ciguru’
anuvu ‘savndarya’’
Iru ‘hEnina tatti’’ ugi ‘horageLe’’ uZal ‘suttu’’
cakAra uLidiruvudu samanisu ‘odagu’’ ciguru cannAgi sIru suZi
tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLa kelavu padagaLa ellA rUpagaLallU A padagaLa modaligidda cakAra bidduhOgide. hAgAgi, intaha padagaLa modalige cakAravittembudu kannaDadavE Ada (illavE
tenkudrAviDada) gottAguvudilla.
padagaLannu
mAtravE
gamanisidAga
Adare, naDu mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLalli I rIti padagaLa modaligidda cakAra bidduhOgiralillavAda kAraNa, mEle sUcisidantaha kannaDa padagaLannu naDu mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLalliruva padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, avugaLa modalige mUla drAviDadalli cakAra ittu mattu adu kannaDadalli bidduhOgide emba sangati gottAguttade.
naDu mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLu
kannaDa
aydu
iruLu
Iyu ‘koDu’’ uppu
avalakki
kOlAmi: kOlAmi: kOlAmi: nAyki:
cEdu sArung cirum cup cavali ‘oraLu’’ sAnikul sEru sIntel
(4) padagaLa modaligidda cakAra kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli takAravAgi badalAgide. I badalAvaNeyU kannaDada caritreyalli bahaLa aniyamitavAgi kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra kANisu ttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLige modalige cakAraviruva rUpagaLu mAtravallade takAraviruva rUpagaLU ive.
cakAraviruva rUpagaLu
sadaku, sade ‘hoDe’’
sappu, soppu
suZi, suZivu, suZuhu cappaLisu, cappALe
takAraviruva rUpagaLu
tadaku, tade toppalu tuZi, tuZisu, toZasu tappaLisu
anantara
(5) dAravADa, gulbarga, baLLAri modalAda kannaDada baDagu oLanuDigaLalli padagaLa modalige baruva cakAra mattu jakAragaLige avugaLa uccAraNegaLive. ivugaLa anantara hinmElina (u, U) mattu hinnaDuvina svaragaLu bandAga, ivakke hallina uccAraNeyide mattu itara svaragaLu bandAga, anguLina uccAraNeyide (hirEmaTa 1961).
svaragaLannavalambisi
baruva
(ka) hallina uccAraNe
baraha kannaDa cungu
cUru
jOru
(kha) anguLina uccAraNe
baraha kannaDa
dAravADa kannaDa tsungu tsUru dsUju
dsOru
dAravADa kannaDa
cakAra mattu jakAragaLalli kANisuva I oDeta padagaLa modalige mAtravallade, naDuveyU naDedide. idallade, I badalAvaNe kannaDada baDagu oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli mAtravallade, marATi, kelavu oLanuDigaLallU naDedide.
mattu oDiyAda
nuDigaLalli
telugu
(6) hoLEnarasIpura tAlUkinalliruva keLavargada janara mAtinalli padagaLa modalige bandidda cakAra mattu jakAragaLu avugaLa anantara munmElina (i, I) mattu munnaDuvina (e, E) svaragaLu bandAga kakAra mattu gakAragaLAgi badalAgiveyundu cidAnanda mUrti (1972, 1984) varadi mADiddAre.
barahada kannaDa
cennAgi
cELu
jiri ‘sAvirakAlu’’ jEnu
hoLEnarasIpura kennAgi kELu gEnu
I badalAvaNe niyamitavAdudalla. yAkendare, adakke cinna, ciluka, jiguTu, cikkaNNa modalAda halavu apavAdagaLive. arakalagUDinallU I badalAvaNe aparUpavAgi kelavu padagaLalli (cikki>kikki, cilaka>kilaka) kANisuttade.
4.2.3 kakAra-gakAragaLu cakAra-jakAragaLAgiruvudu
maysUru jilleya ke. Ar. nagarada uttara bAgadalli (udA haraNegAgi, hosUru mattu sAligrAmagaLalli) mattu adara pakka dalliruva pradESagaLalli vAsisuva harijanara kannaDadalli kakAra mattu gakAragaLu avugaLa anantara mundina svaragaLAda i, I, e mattu EgaLu bandAga, cakAra mattu jakAragaLAgi badalAgive
(ka) kakAra cakAravAgiruvudu
barahada kannaDa
kIvu
kelasa
kELu
(kha) gakAra jakAravAgiruvudu barahada kannaDa
gellu
hosUru cIvu celasa cELu
hosUru jellu
I badalAvaNe maysUru jilleyalli mAtravallade, hAsana mattu cikkamagaLUrugaLallU kANisuttadeyundu cidAnanda mUrti (1972, 1984) varadi mADiddAre. akkapakkadalliruva hoLE narasIpura, cannarAya paTTaNa, arakalagODu, sakalESapura, mUDi gere mattu kruSNarAjapETe tAlUkugaLallU avaru I badalAvaNe naDediruvudannu gamanisiddAre.
avara abiprAyadante I badalAvaNe cannarAya paTTaNadalli brAhmaNarannu biTTu uLida ellA vagragaLa janara mAtinallU naDedide. Adare uLida tAlUkugaLalli idu keLavagrada janara mAtinalli mAtra kANisuttade.
sakalESapura pETeyalli I badalAvaNe padagaLa naDuve
bandiruva kakAra gakAragaLallU kANisuttade.
barahada kannaDa
kukke hoge
sakalESapura kucce hoje
intaha padagaLu cannarAyapaTTaNadallU kANisuttave; Adare alli padagaLa modalige baruva kakAra-gakAragaLalli kANisuvaSTu niyamitavAgi I badalAvaNe padagaLa naDuve baruva kakAra-gakAra gaLalli kANisuvudilla.
tamiLu mattu malayALa nuDigaLalli padagaLa modaligidda kakAra cakAravAguvantaha intahadE ondu badalAvaNe bahaLa hindeyE naDedittu. tamiLina atI hindina barahagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDediruvudu kANisuttade. idu munmElina mattu munnaDuvina svaragaLu anantara bandiddAga naDedidduvu, Adare avugaLa anantara maDacida vyanjanagaLu (Ta, Na, La, Za) bandiddAga naDediralilla.
kannaDada tenku oLanuDiyalli naDeda mElina badalAvaNe antahadE ittIceginadAdarU badalAvaNeyondannu malayALa modaligEnE pakkadalliddudu kAraNavAgiralu sAdyavide. Adare mEle sUcisida hAge kannaDa oLanuDiya badalAvaNe mattu malayALada badalAvaNegaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLive.
naDeyalu
naDesidda
heccina
svaragaLa
4.3 svaragaLa naDuvina otte taDeyuligaLu
taDeyuligaLige naDuve otteyAgi banda mUladrAviDadalli koraLisida uccAraNeyiddirabEku. kannaDadalli taDeyuligaLAgiyE uLidukonDive. hagalu, maga, sOge, kadiru, ode, uduru, hoDe, padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu. Adare I niyamakke
keLage vivarisida hAge
modalAda
koraLisida
maTTige
kelavu
apavAdagaLive.
4.3.1 pakAravu vakAra mattu hakAragaLAgiruvudu
(1) mUladrAviDada badalAvaNe: eraDu svaragaLa naDuve mUladrAviDadallEnE otte pakAra mattu otte vakAragaLa tOruttade. yAkendare, kannaDavE modalAda ivattina halavu drAviDa nuDigaLalli immaDi pakAra otte pakAravAgabEkidda halavu sannivESagaLalli otte pakArada badalu vakAra kANisikoLLuttade.
naDuve vyatyAsaviralillavendu
kannaDadalli I rIti eraDu
naDuve pakAra vakAravAgiruvudakke keLage koTTiruva kannaDaddE Ada padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. ivugaLalli pakAra immaDi
svaragaLa
rUpadalli bandAga pakAravAgi uLidide mattu otte rUpadalli bandAga bakAravAgade vakAravAgide.
immaDi rUpadalli kappu ‘muccu’
keppu ‘kivuDu’’ soppu, toppalu
otte rUpadalli
kavi, kavudi kivuDu toval ‘toppalu’’ tevaru ’‘ettarada udda kaTTe’
bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli immaDi rUpada ppa iddu, kannaDa dalli v iruva, mattu kannaDadalli ppa iddu itara nuDigaLalli v iruva padagaLU I badalAvaNege udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu.
kannaDadalli v
tavu ‘kaDimeyAgu’’ tappu, tavu
tamiLinalli ppa
kannaDadalli ppa
tappu
uppu
capparisu kuppaLisu
tamiLinalli v tavar uvaRu cavay ‘jagi’’ kovka ‘nege’’ (gOnDi)
haLetamiLina
kelavu
kriyArUpagaLalli otte
pakAra
uLidukonDide; Adare, kannaDadalli idu vakAravAgi kANisuttade.
haLetamiLu varupavan pADupa
kannaDa baruvavanu hADuvaru (hADuttAre)
caritreyalliyU
(2) kannaDadalli naDeda aniyamitavAda badalAvaNe: pakAra svaragaLa kannaDada vakAravAguva badalAvaNeyondu aniyamitavAgi naDedide. I badalAvaNege bEkAguva otte pakAra kannaDadallE naDedantaha mUladrAviDada pakAravAguva badalAvaNeyinda bandide.
naDuvina otte
immaDi
pakAra
svaragaLa naDuve baruva immaDi taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli udda svarada anantara illavE eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttave embudannu munde (4.4.1)ralli nODaliruvevu. I badalAvaNeya mUlaka doreta otte pakAra kannaDadalli aniyamitavAgi vakAravAgide.
nAvu
keLage koTTiruvantaha padagaLalli mattu padarUpagaLalli I
rIti pakAra vakAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
tamiLu Oppu
kannaDa
sOvu ‘ODisu’’ toDavu ‘modalu’’ toTuppu kAva ’‘kAyuva’’ kuDiva
kAppa piTippa kuTippa
Adare, keLage koTTiruvantaha padagaLalli I pakAra badalAgade uLidiruva kAraNa, idannondu aniyamita badalAvaNeyundu parigaNisabEkAgide.
kannaDa
tOpu
tamiLu cAppay tOppu
tApALa baLapa
barapa (baraha)
biLupu
muDipu
appu tAZppAL paLappam varayppu akappay veLuppu muTippu
kannaDadallEnE pakAra mattu vakAragaLeraDannU tOrisuva pada
gaLiruvudU I badalAvaNe aniyamitavembudannu sUcisuttade.
kannaDa
aZipu, aZivu erapu, eravu
kaRupu, kaRuvu
keDapu, keDavu
nenapu, nenavu
tamiLu aZippu irappu ‘bEDuvike’’ kaRuppu kiTappu ninayppu
pampabAratadalli pakAraviruva poLepu, paDepu, karupu, kApu modalAda padagaLannu mattu vakAraviruva aRivu, uZivu, aZavu, sAvu modalAda padagaLannu kANabahudu.
I rIti vakAravAgade uLida pakAra anantara hakAravAgide (keLage (4) nODi). intaha kelavu padagaLige pakAra, vakAra mattu hakAragaLiruva mUru mUru rUpagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu (salapu, salavu, salahu; tirupu, tiruvu, tiruhu; koDapu, koDavu, koDahu; keDapu, keDavu, keDahu).
(3) pakAra vakAravAguva sErikeya niyama:
pakAra vakAravAguva I badalAvaNe kannaDada ELanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli ondu sErikeya niyamavAgi kANisikoLLuttade. I niyamadante, svaradalli konegoLLuva padada anantara pakAradalli modalAguva pada bandAga, eraDaneya padada modala pakAra vakAravAgi badalAguttade (narasimhayya 1941:3 nODi).
eDeviDiyal
eDe + piDiyal eDe + poZalnADu eDevoZalnADu pOge + pOgi manju + pOl
pOgevOgi manjuvOl
haLegannaDada kAvyagaLallU sErikeya niyamavAgi svaragaLa naDuve banda pakAra vakAravAgiruvudannu keLage koTTiruva pampabAratada udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu (rAmacandra rAv
aDi + pajjeyam page + pADiyoL giLi + pinDina
oDa + puTTitu
poRa + poZaloL poRavoZaloL naccu + pOda
aDivajjeyam pagevADiyoL giLivinDina oDavuTTitu
naccuvOda
(4) otte pakAra hakAravAdudu: padagaLalli svaragaLa naDuve bandidda otte pakAra vakAravAguva mElina aniyamita badalAvaNe naDeda anantara A badalAvaNege oLagAgade uLididda otte pakAragaLu naDugannaDadalli hakAravAgi badalAgive.
haLegannaDa aRupu
aZipu
eDapu
barapa
pOpa
naDugannaDa aruhu aZihu eDahu baraha hOha
idallade, haLegannaDadalli svaragaLa naDuve bandidda immaDi pakAra kelavu sannivESagaLalli otte pakAravAgi badalAgiddu, antaha hakAravAgi badalAgide. I pakAravU SAsanagaLallEnE badalAvaNeyannu hadimUranE kANabahudu (narasimhayya 1941).
naDugannaDadalli
SatamAnada
immaDi pakAra otte pakAra
bappa antappa
hakAra
idakkU modalu, endare hannondanE SatamAnada ondu naDahidar emba SAsanadallEnE rUpadallide; hattanE SatamAnada ondu SAsanadalli hOhan (< pOpan) emba padarUpa ide (narasimhayya 1941).
naDappidar embudu
kelavu padarUpagaLallidda intaha hakAra bidduhOgi, giDDa svarada badalu udda svara bandiruvudannu kannaDada kelavu (bandahan > (oLanADina) oLanuDigaLalli bandAnu, bandahen > bandEnu).
kANabahudu
hosagannaDadalli I svaragaLa naDuvina hakAra kelavu padagaLalli mAtra uLidide (baraha, keDahu, salahu); bEre kelavu padagaLalli adara badalu pakAraviruva rUpavE kANisuttade (nenapu, biLupu). hosagannaDa ivannu pakAra hakAravAda anantara haLegannaDadinda eravalAgi paDedirabEku.
4.3.2 cakAra sakAravAgiruvudu
mUladrAviDa padagaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve kANisikonDidda cakAra kannaDadalli jakAravAgi kANisikoLLuva badalu sakAravAgi (endare koraLisada ujjuliyAgi) kANisikoLLuttade.
kannaDa
hasivu
masaku
mAsu
bIsu
musu
mosaru
tamiLu macanku mAcu vIcu mucu mucar
svaragaLa
nuDigaLalli naDuvidda cakAra halavu drAviDa yakAravAgi badalAgiddu, mUladrAviDadallEnE intahadondu badalAvaNe naDedirabEkendu UhisalAgide. idallade, I yakAra anantara biddu hOgiruvudannU kelavu nuDigaLalli kANabahudu. kannaDadalli I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva kelavu padagaLive (payir (*pacir), puyyal, huyyal (tamiLu: pUcal)).
Adare, heccineDegaLallU svaragaLa naDuvina otte cakAravannu kannaDa sakAravAgiyE uLisikonDiruva kAraNa, adu I
viSayadalli mUladrAviDada tOrisuttadeyundu hELabahudu.
svarUpavannu heccu
sariyAgi
kannaDa
hesaru
pusi
mosaru kisur
tamiLu peyar uyiru poy mOr (<*moyar) ceyir ‘kOpisu’’
kannaDadalli ivattu svaragaLa naDuve kANisuva otte cakAra heccineDegaLallU mUladrAviDada immaDi cakAradinda bandide. uddasvarada anantara banda immaDi cakAra kannaDadalli otte cakAravAgi badalAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa (4.4.1 nODi).
kannaDa
Aca ‘SAla mara’’ kUcu ‘kamba’’
pIcu ‘cikka’’
pIcu ‘cimmu’
pUci ‘huLa’’
tamiLu kUccam pIcca (malayALa) pIccu pUcci
4.3.3 RakAra rakAravAgiruvudu
mUladrAviDada RakAra eraDu svaragaLa naDuve koraLisida vyanjanavAgiyE uLidide; haLegannaDada kAladalli adu rakArakkinta bErAgiruva hoDeyuliyAgi uccAraNeyallittendu hELalu avakASavide.
soligara kannaDadalli I taDeyuli ivattigU rakArakkinta bErA rakArada hoDeyuliyAgi uccAraNeyallide. giruva uccAraNeyalli nAlige hallina himbadiyalliruva anguLige ondu bAri hoDeyuvu dAdare, RakArada uccAraNeyalli halavu bAri hoDeyuttade (gurubasavE gavDa 1968).
soligara kannaDa
rakAraviruva pada RakAraviruva pada aRa ‘banDe’
iru ‘iru’’ iRu ‘iruve’’
URu ‘kAlUru’’ Uru ‘haLLi’’ kaRa ‘barahELu’’ teRa ‘bAgilu tere’’ tere ‘nIrina tere’
kare ‘kale’
baDagara kannaDadallU rakAra mattu RakAragaLa naDuvina I rUpadalli vyatyAsa uLidukonDide. idakke keLagina kelavu padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu (naTarAjan 1962).
hoDeyuligaLa
baDagara kannaDa
RakAraviruva pada maRi ‘karu’’
mURu ‘mUru’’ moRa ‘kEru’’
muRi ‘muri’
cERu ‘kesaru’
rakAraviruva pada nari ‘nari’’ mAru ‘ede’’ orala ‘oralu’’ puri ‘huriyakki’’ bEru ‘bEru’’
Adare, bAlakruSNan bareda baDaga vyAkaraNadalli (bAlakruSNan 1999) ra mattu RagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa baDagadalli aLidu hOgideyundu koDalAgide. avaru samSOdisida oLanuDi bEreyadirabahudu illavE avaru samSOdisida samayakke I vyatyAsa baDaga kannaDadalli illavAgirabahudu.
ivattu baLakeyalliruva kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLallella haLe gannaDada RakAra rakAravAgi badalAgide. RakAra mattu rakAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa I rIti illavAgiruvudannu keLage koTTiruva hosagannaDa padagaLalli kANabahudu.
mUladrAviDada rakAra haLegannaDa hosagannaDa
mUladrAviDada RakAra haLegannaDa hosagannaDa kaRa keRa teRa sARu
kare ‘hAlu kare’ kare
Uru ‘nillisu’ Uru Uru ‘haLLi’’
ere ‘huyyu’’
kere ‘nIrina kere’’ kere
tere ‘bAgilu tere’’ tere
sAru ‘kUgi hELu’’sAru
ere ‘erehuLa’’ kere ‘paracu’’ tere ‘kaDalina tere’’ sAru ‘samIpisu’’
kare ‘barahELu’’
kannaDada caritreyalli I rIti RakAra mattu rakAragaLu ondAgi SatamAnadalli rakAravAgatoDagidudu hadinAlku-hadinaydanE embudannu Agina kAlada SAsanagaLa AdArada mEle hELabahudu.
hadimUranE SatamAnada SAsanagaLallEnE kelavu padagaLalli RakArada badalu rakAra kANisatoDagide; anantarada SAsanagaLalli intaha padagaLa eNike heccAguttA hOgi, hattombattanE SatamAnada hottige ellA padagaLallU RakArada badalu rakAravE kANisuttade (narasimhayya 1941, gAy 1946).
4.3.4 TakArada badalAvaNegaLu
svaragaLa naDuvidda TakAra kannaDada heccina padagaLallU DakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. (1) I DakAra haLegannaDada kelavu padagaLalli aniyamitavAgi ZakAravAgiddu, hosagannaDadalli LakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade. nADiddu-nALiddu, aLavaDike-naDavaLike, EDisu-ELisu, poDapu-poLapu (hoLapu), tOLa (tamiLu: tONTan), toDaku-tuLuku padajODigaLalli I badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu. (2) DakAra ZakAravAguva sErikeya niyama:
padagaLa koneya ulikanteyalli baruva DakAra, adara anantara ondu taDeyuliyalli illavE mUguliyalli modalAguva oTTu illavE pada bandAga, adakkU adara anantarada oTTu illavE padakkU naDuviruva svara biddu hOgi, DakAra ZakAravAgi badalAguva sErikeya niyamavondu haLegannaDada kAladallittu.
modalAda
I niyama naDeyabEkiddalli DakAravu udda svarada anantara
barabEku illavE eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara barabEku.
DakAraviruva pada (ka) udda svarada anantara mADu
nODu mADu
bEDu
ZakAraviruva padarUpa
mAZpan ‘mADuttEne’’ nOZpUDe ‘nODuvudAdare’’ mAZgum ‘mADabahudu’’ kAZikacru ‘kADina benki’’ bEZkum ‘bEku’’
(ca) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara
bisuDu
bisuZpUDe ‘bisADuvudAdare’’ eraZkudure
4.3.5 kakAra bidduhOgiruvudu
eraDu svaragaLa naDuve bandidda kakAra (gakAra) kelavu padagaLalli bidduhOgi, adara modalu mattu anantara bandidda svaragaLu ondAgi uddasvara kANisuttade.
uddasvara giDDasvara
tOlu togalu tOTe togaTe
Iru ‘osaDu’’ mOre moga
siguLu ‘sILu’
sILu tigaDu ‘tikku’’
niguL ’neTTage nillu’’ nIL
Adare uLideDegaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuvina kakAra gakAra vAgiyE uLidide. idakke hoge, uguru, togalu, hagalu, hogaLu, magu, sigu, migu, bage modalAda padagaLannu udA haraNeyAgi koDabahudu.
kannaDada halavu padagaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve otte kakAra kANisuttiddu, idu mUladrAviDada immaDi kakAradinda bandide yumbudannu munde (4.4.1ralli) nODaliruvevu.
svaragaLa
naDuve bandidda immaDi
4.4 svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi taDeyuligaLu
taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadallEnE kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttidduvu; ivugaLalli kelavannu kannaDada padagaLigiruva padarUpagaLallU kANabahudu.
idallade, kannaDada caritreyallU svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi taDeyuligaLu halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. I badalAvaNegaLalli kelavu mElina badalAvaNegaLannu hOluttave. Adare bEre kelavu kannaDadavE Ada badalAvaNegaLu.
4.4.1 immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAgiruvudu
mUladrAviDadallEnE immaDi taDeyuligaLu kelavu sandarbagaLalli otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgiveyundu kalpisalAgide. I badalA vaNe hinde eraDanE adyAyadalli (2.3.1ralli) vivarisidantaha uddasvara giDDasvaravAguva badalAvaNeyannE hOluttade.
immaDi taDeyuligaLa anantara uccAraNegAgi sErisiruva ukAra bandideyAdare A taDeyuligaLu badalAgade uLiyuttave (kuTTu, muccu, kappu); Adare idakke badalu avugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva oTTu bandideyAdare, avu otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttave (kuTuku, mucuku, kavi). uccAraNegAgi banda ukAra intaha svaradalli modalAguva oTTu sEridAga bidduhOguttade.
kannaDadalli I vyanjanagaLu bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLige (otte cakAra sakAravAguvudu, otte pakAra vakAravAguvudu mattu otte RakAra adiruliyAguvudu) oLagAgive.
immaDi taDeyuligaLu avugaLa anantara vyanjanadalli moda lAguva oTTu bandAgalU badalAgade uLiyuttave; Adare antaha sandarbagaLalli avugaLondige uccAraNegAgi banda ukAra biddu hOgade uLidiruttade, illavE bEre rItiyalli badalAgiruttade (muccuge, kaTTaDa, bittige).
mUladrAviDadallEnE kANisikonDidda I badalAvaNe kriyA padagaLalli, guNapadagaLalli mattu mUru ulikantegaLiruva naDedide; Adare eraDu nAmapadagaLalli ulikantegaLiruva naDedide (subrahmaNyam 1983).
niyamitavAgi nAmapadagaLalli aniyamitavAgi
kriyApadagaLalli I badalAvaNe niyamitavAgi naDedideyumbu dannu keLage koTTiruva kannaDaddE Ada udAharaNegaLinda mattu tamiLu mattu kannaDa nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsadinda tiLiyabahudu.
immaDi taDeyuli nuggu ‘hisuku’’ kettu
kaTTu ‘ganTukaTTu’’ eTTu ‘muTTu’’ muccu ’
otte taDeyuli kedaku ‘age’’ kaDagu ‘gaTTiyAgu’’ eTaku ‘kaygu muTTu’’ musuR
kannaDa
tamiLu
attu ‘jODisu’’ aduku ‘jODisu’’ eRRu ‘cellu’’
koTTu ‘konDi’’
kuTuku ‘cuccu’’
ottakSaraviruva kriyApadagaLu ukAradalli mAtra konegoLLa balluvu mattu avugaLalli eraDu ulikantegaLu mAtra iraballuvu emba niyamavondu kannaDadallide (7.9 nODi). I niyamakke mElina badalAvaNe kriyApadagaLalli bahaLa niyamitavAgi naDediru vudE kAraNa.
nAmapadagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedide; Adare mUru uli kantegaLiruva padagaLalli kANisuvaSTu niyamitavAgi idu eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli kANisuvudilla. keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli I badalAvaNe naDediruvudannu kANabahudu.
(ka) mUru ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli
otte taDeyuli immaDi taDeyuli
pisuru ‘piccu’’ piccu ‘kaNNina koLe’’ musuku muccu
taDike ‘taTTi’’ taTTi ‘bidira cApe’’ toTTu ‘hani’’ taTaku ‘hani’ caTige ‘cikka maNNina pAtre’’ caTTi ‘maNNina pAtre’’ guDasu ‘uruTAdudu’’ guDDu ‘kaNNuguDDe’’ gudige ‘doNNe’’ guddu
kutta (<*kuRRa) ‘korate’’ koRate ‘korate’’ satte ‘koLe’’ beccage
pacce
sedage ‘kasakaDDi, koLe’’ bisilu hasuru
(ca) eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli
immaDi taDeyuli
bittu ‘bIja’’ kiTTu ‘muTTu’’
battu (<*vaRRu)
otte taDeyuli bede ‘bittuvike’’ kiDu, geDe ‘muTTuvike’’ baRa(gAla)
satte ‘koLe’’ mattu (<*maRRu)
sade ‘kasakaDDi, koLe’’ maRu(maduve)
mUladrAviDadallEnE naDedidda I badalAvaNe immaDi taDeyuligaLannu mAtravallade itara immaDi vyanjanagaLannU otte vyanjanagaLAgi badalAyiside (5.2.3 nODi). keLage koTTiruva padagaLu idakke udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu.
otte vyanjana
immaDi vyanjana
cimmu ‘horacellu’’ cimuku, cimukisu eNNu ‘eNisu’’ koLLu ‘hiDi’’
koLike
mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDada I badalAvaNe hinde eraDanE adyAyadalli (2.3.1ralli) vivarisida uddasvara giDDasvara vAguva badalAvaNeyannu hOluttade. I eraDu badalAvaNe tUkada gaLallU ulikantegaLu hagurada ulikantegaLAgi badalAguttave embudAgi iveraDu badalAvaNegaLannU oTTAgi vivarisalu sAdyavide.
svaradalli modalAguva oTTu
sEridAga
kannaDada caritreyalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuvidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu avannu keLage vivarisalAgide.
4.4.2 koraLisada mattu koraLisida immaDi taDeyuligaLAgi
eraDu svaragaLa naDuve immaDi rUpadalli bandidda taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadalli koraLisada rUpadallidduvu. kannaDadalli ivu
kelavu sandarbagaLalli A rUpadallE uLidive; Adare bEre kelavu sandarbagaLalli koraLisida taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgive.
I badalAvaNe tamiLinalli naDedillavAda kAraNa, kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisuvudara mUlaka idakke udAharaNegaLannu koDabahudu.
(ka) koraLisada rUpadalli uLidiruvudu tamiLu vikku muccu kuttu kuppay
kannaDa
bikku
muccu
kuttu
kuppe
(ca) koraLisida rUpakke badalAgiruvudu kannaDa
tamiLu ugga ‘haggada hiDi’’ ukkam accan poccay bojju
kuttal guddu
tippay koppari kobbari
kannaDadallEnE kelavu padagaLige koraLisada mattu koraLisida immaDi taDeyuligaLiruva eraDeraDu rUpagaLiruvudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
koraLisada rUpa
koraLisida rUpa
cakkane
guccu ‘kiridu’
toTTi ‘bAni’’
kuttu
muttu
hoppuLa
jaggane gujju guddu muddu bobbe
kannaDadalli I badalAvaNe naDediruvudu aniyamitavAgi endu hELabEkAguttade. yAkendare elli immaDi taDeyuli koraLisida taDeyuliyAgi badalAgide mattu elli badalAgilla embudakke ondu niyamavannu racisalu innU sAdyavAgilla.
4.4.3 udda svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu
uddasvarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgive mattu immaDi RakAra otte takAravAgide. kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga I viSaya spaSTavAguttade.
(ka) otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgiruvudu
tamiLu kannaDa
tUkkam pOka ‘aleyuvAta’’ pOkkan pUci ‘huLa’’
nOTa
pUcci nOTTam
pOTi
mOte
tOpu
pOTTi mOttay cAppay tOppu
(ca) immaDi RakAra otte takAravAgiruvudu
kannaDa
kItu ‘tuNuku’’ mAtu
tamiLu ERRam kIRRu mARRu (malayALa) pARRa (malayALa)
I taDeyuligaLa anantara bandidda svara uccAraNegAgi mAtra bandudAgiruvalli A koraLisidavugaLAgiyU taDeyuligaLu badalAgive. Adare, intaha sannivESadalli RRa embudu otte dakAravAguva badalu otte RakAravAgiyE uLidide.
(ka) koraLisida (otte) taDeyuliyAgi badalAgiruvudu
kannaDa
tUgu
nIgu
mUgu
kUDu ‘ondAgu’’ nIDu
tamiLu tAkku tUkku nIkku mUkku kUTTu nITTu
pUDu ‘jODisu’’ pUTTu
(ca) RRa embudu otte RakAravAgiruvudu
kannaDa
tORu
sARu
mARu
ARu ‘Sakti’’
tURu ‘suri’’
tamiLu tORRu cARRu mARRu ARRu ‘SaktanAgu’’ tURRi ‘cadarisu’’ kIRRu
mElina niyamakke apavAdavAgi kANisuva kelavu padagaLu kannaDadallive. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.
kannaDa
nAdini
tamiLu kAkkay tEkku nAttanAr
mElina kannaDa padagaLalli udda svarada anantara banda immaDi taDeyuli adara anantara banda svara oTTinadAgideyAdarU koraLisida otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgide. Adare kAge pada kAke rUpadallU ide. havyakadallU adu kAke rUpadallide.
4.4.4 giDDa svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu
(1) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli immaDi rUpadallE uLiyuttave. immaDi RakAra mAtra immaDi takAravAgi badalAguttade.
(ka) immaDi taDeyuligaLu badalAgadiruvudu
kannaDa
sikku
kaccu
kettu
tappu
majjige
koTTige
saTTuga
suttige
cappaTe
happaLa
tamiLu kaccu cettu tappu ukkaLam maccikay koTTikay caTTukam cuttika (malayALa) cappaTTay pappaTam, appaLam
(ca) immaDi RakAra immaDi takAravAgiruvudu
kannaDa
hutta
suttu
tuttu
mattu
muttige
tamiLu puRRe cuRRu tuRRu maRRu koRRi muRRikay
(2) Adare, eraDaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttave mattu immaDi cakAra sakAravAguttade.
(ka) immaDi taDeyuli otte taDeyuliyAgiruvudu
kannaDa
nambike
kammaTa
suruTu naDate
horatu aZipu ‘nASa’’ erapu ‘eravalu’’ sarapaLi
tamiLu nampikkay aTikkAy kampaTTam ciraTTay curuTTu ciRuttay naTattay puRatti aZippu
iRappu carappaLi
(ca) immaDi cakAra sakAravAgiruvudu
gorasu kaDasu ‘eLeya dana’’ kaTacci (malayALa)
kuraccay
otte pakAravAda immaDi pakAra anantara kannaDada caritreyalli aniyamitavAgi vakAra illavE hakAravAgi badalAguttade embu dannu nAvu mEle (4.3.1)ralli nODiruvevu.
I sannivESadalli immaDi RakAra otte RakAravAgalu sAdyavide; Adare idakke kannaDadalli udAharaNegaLu doretilla. padarUpadalli intaha badalAvaNe naDediruvudakke udAharaNegaLannu keLage (3)nE vibAgadalli koDalAgide.
udda svarada anantara immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuli haLegannaDada
badalAvaNe
nODi)
gaLAguva
samayakkintalU modalE naDedirabEku. Adare eraDaneya giDDa taDeyuligaLu otte svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLAguva haLegannaDada samayadallEnE naDediruva hAge kANisuttade.
badalAvaNe
mElina
yAkendare eraDu svaragaLa anantara immaDi taDeyuliyannu uLisikonDiruva nErittu, ballittu, padappu ‘hebbayake’ moda lAda padagaLu haLegannaDadallive. Adare I uLikeya harahu entahadembudu innU spaSTavAgilla.
guNapadagaLalli intaha ttu oTTiruva rUpa modalaneya uli kante muccida ulikanteyAgiddAga (endare, vyanjanadalli kone gonDiddAga) illavE adaralli udda svara bandiddAga mAtra kANisuttade (11.6 nODi).
(3) eraDu svaragaLa anantara banda immaDi taDeyuli padaracaneya oTTAgirade padarUpada oTTAgiddalli adu kannaDadalli koraLisida taDeyuliyAgi badalAguttade (subrahmaNyam 2004).
kannaDa
koLada
marada
hagege
tamiLu koLatta maratta enakku pakaykku tankaykku tEytta
I sannivESadalli immaDi pakAra otte bakAravAguva badalu vakAravAgide mattu immaDi RakAra otte dakAravAguva badalu otte RakAravAgide.
kannaDa
kuDiva
tamiLu kAppa kuTippa piTippa avaRRa
mElina niyamakke marakke, koLakke modalAda akAradalli (an embudaralli) konegoLLuva (mattu manuSyEtararannu sUcisuva) padagaLa vibakti rUpagaLu apavAdagaLAgi kANisuttave (subrahmaNyam 2004:134). yAkendare illi immaDi taDeyuli badalAgade uLidide.
4.4.5 havyakadalli giDDasvaragaLa anantara badalAvaNeyilla
eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuli karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. immaDi TakAra mAtra idakke apavAdavAgiddu, adu otte TakAravAgi badalAgide.
(ka) barahada kannaDa havyaka kannaDa
kaLacu
naDate
hurupu
kuDikke
kaLaccu
aLatte
naDatte
huruppu
tamiLu kuTukkay aTaykkAy aLattay naTattay
hoLapu
hoLappu
(ca) immaDi TakAra otte TakAravAgiruvudu barahada kannaDa havyaka kannaDa beraNi
suruTu
suruTu
tamiLu ciraTTay vaRaTTi curuTTu
uddasvarada anantara banda immaDi taDeyuligaLu havyakadallU otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgiveyumbudannu havyaka kannaDada tUka (tamiLu: tUkkam) ATa, hAte, mEpu modalAda padagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
idallade, eraDu
svaragaLa anantara banda immaDi taDeyuligaLu padaracaneya oTTinalli baruva badalu padarUpada oTTinalli bandiveyAdare, avu kannaDada hAge havyakadallU koraLisida otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgive.
havyakada marada, enage ‘nanage’, kaDida, hiDiva ‘hiDiyuva’ idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi
padarUpagaLannu
modalAda koDabahudu.
4.5 mUguliya anantarada taDeyuligaLu
mUladrAviDadalli mUguligaLa anantara avugaLadE jAgadalli uccAraNeyAguva taDeyuligaLu otteyAgi illavE immaDi rUpadalli baraballuvAgidduvu.
(1) ivugaLalli otteyAgi banda taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli taDeyuligaLAgi koraLisada
(mUladrAviDadallidda kANisuttave.
barahadalli
koraLisida
tamiLu
rUpadalliveyAdarU taDeyuligaLAgive.
uccAraNeyalli
koraLisida
kannaDa
pongu
nambu
tamiLu ponku nampu
mUladrAviDada RakAra mElina sannivESadalli RakAravAgi
uLiyade dakAravAgi badalAgide.
kannaDa
kundu
tamiLu onRu kanRu anRu panRi kunRu enRu
kannaDadalli
koraLisada otte
(2) mUguligaLa anantara immaDi rUpadalli bandidda taDeyuligaLAgi taDeyuligaLu badalAgive; RRa embudu mAtra ta embudAgi badalAgide. tamiLinalli immaDi rUpadalliruva taDeyuligaLu I rIti badalAgade uLidiveyAdarU avugaLa modalu bandidda mUguli bidduhOgide.
mUladrAviDa
*kalankku *mankku *tOnTTam
kannaDa
kalanku
manku
nanTa(ru)
tamiLu kalakku
makku tOTTam naTTAr
(ca) mUguliya anantarada immaDi RakAra otte takAravAgiru vudu
mUladrAviDa
*kanRRay
kannaDa
tamiLu kaRRay
naDeda
kannaDada
bErondu caritreyalli badalAvaNeyindAgi, I eraDu rItiya padagaLallU taDeyuliya modalidda mUguli kelavu sandarbagaLalli (mUguliya modalu uddasvaraviddAga illavE eraDu giDDasvaragaLiddAga) bidduhOgide. I badalAvaNeya kuritu heccina vivaragaLige (5.2.4) nODi.
I rIti mUguli biddu hOguva badalAvaNe kannaDadalli mUguligaLa anantara RakAra dakAravAguva badalAvaNeginta modalE sandarbagaLalli mUladrAviDa RakAra haLegannaDadalli dakAravAgi badalAgade RakAravAgiyE uLidide.
naDedirabEku. yAkendare, antaha
tamiLu
kannaDa
mURu ‘mUru’’ URu ‘nillisu’’ UnRu ‘ottu’’
mUnRu
tORu ‘tOru’’
tOnRu
(4) udda svarada anantara mUguliyondige pakAra bandiruvalli mEle sUcisida hAge mUguli bidduhOdAga, uLidukonDidda pakAra kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli vakAravAgi badalAgide.
kannaDa
hAvu
bEvu
Ovu ‘kAyu’’
kAvu ‘hiDi’’
tamiLu pAmpu vEmpu
kAmpu
Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli adu bakAravAgiyU badalA
kannaDa
nAmbu ‘saDilAgu’’
tUbu (havyaka: tUmbu)
tamiLu
nAmpu tUmpu
(5) kannaDada kelavu padagaLige (ka) mUguli mattu taDeyuli gaLiruva rUpa mattu (ca) immaDi taDeyuliyiruva rUpa kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDaddE Ada padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
rUpagaLiruvudu
eraDeraDu
mUguli mattu taDeyuli
immaDi taDeyuli
ingu ‘battu’’
gunguru sundu
ondu ‘sEru’’
kampu
dakku gugguru keccu
aTTu ‘sEru’’ pittil suttu gabbu
mUladrAviDadalli kelavu oTTugaLu sEridAga I rIti mUguli mattu taDeyuligaLa jODiya badalu, immaDi taDeyuli baruvantaha sErikeya niyamavondittendu kalpisalAgide. kannaDada mElina padagaLu A niyamada paLeyaLikegaLirabEku.
4.6 itara vyanjanagaLondige banda taDeyuligaLu
taDeyuligaLu itara vyanjanagaLondige bandiruvalli entaha badalAvaNegaLella naDedidduvu emba viSayadalli innaSTu samSOdanegaLu naDeyuva avaSyakateyide. mUladrAviDadallEnE kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDediddu avannu vivarisuvantaha kelavu sErikeya niyamagaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide. ivugaLalli keLagina niyamagaLige kannaDadalli udAharaNegaLannu koDalu sAdyavide.
(ka) lakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu R mattu nR endAguttave (mattu lakAra biddu hOgu
(ca) LakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu T mattu NTa endAguttave (mattu LakAra biddu hOguttade);
(Ta) nakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu R mattu nR endAguttave (mattu nR embudara modalina nakAra biddu hOguttade); mattu (ta) NakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu T mattu NTa endAguttave (mattu NTa embudara modalina NakAra bidduhOguttade).
I nAlku rItiya sErikeya niyamagaLigU udAharaNegaLannu kannaDada kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLalli kANabahudu.
kriyApada kol
hindina samaya
kondu
koL
konDu
tamiLu konRu ninRu
koNTu
enRu
4.6.1 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu
(1) haLegannaDadalli LakAra, ZakAra mattu rakAra (illavE RakAra)gaLa anantara baruva vyanjanagaLige eraDu rItiya uccAraNegaLidduvu. heccina padagaLallU avu svalpa maTTige uddavAgi uccAraNeyAguttidduvu.
Adare kelavu viSiSTavAda jAgagaLalli mattu padagaLalli avu giDDarUpadallE uccAraNeyAguttiddirabEku embudannu A kAlada vayyAkaraNigaLu koTTiruva hELikegaLinda Uhisabahudu. intaha giDDa uccAraNeyiruva vyanjanagaLige ‘Sitiladvitva’ emba hesaru rUDiyallide.
mUru
illavE
sAmAnyavAgi
vyanjanakantegaLannu
heccu ulikantegaLiruva mattu modalaneya eraDu ulikantegaLu haguravAgiruva padagaLalli mAtra I rIti Sitiladvitvavannu tOrisuva nAmapadagaLige halavacanada gaL oTTu illavE vibaktiya ge oTTu sEriruvalli (esaZgaL, esaZga, cigurgaL, cigurge), kriyArUpagaLalli (tegaZdam, tegaZva, nusuLgum, toDardam), mattu kelavu jODupadagaLalli (alardOraNam, bemarvani, kuLigrALi) intaha uccAraNeyittendu tOruttade.
kANabahudu.
Adare, mElina niyamakke apavAdavAgi, erde, bardilam embantaha kelavu padagaLallU Sitiladvitvavittu. hosagannaDadalli erde pada edde endAgade (keLage (2)nE vibAga nODi) ede endAgiruvudu idE kAraNakkirabahudu (Adare, kiTTel avaru edde rUpavannU koTTiddAre).
(2) kannaDada caritreyalli eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara taDeyuli bandiruva padagaLalli modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara rakAra illavE ZakAravideyAdalli, avugaLa eraDaneya giDDa svara biddu hOguva badalAvaNeyondu aniyamitavAgi naDedittu.
I badalAvaNeyindAgi rakAra illavE ZakAradondige taDe yuli baralu sAdyavAgiddu (pordu ‘hondu’ - tamiLu: porutu; kaZta ‘katte’ - tamiLu: kaZutay), avugaLalli (ka)
ZakAra rakAravAguva (taZgu > targu) mattu (ca) rakAra taDeyuliyondige sEri immaDi taDeyuliyAguva (pordu > poddu) badalAvaNegaLu naDedidduvu. I eraDaneya badalAvaNege ZakAradinda banda rakAravU oLagAgittu (targu > taggu).
intaha padagaLalli eraDaneya svarada anantara bandidda otte taDeyuli kannaDadalli koraLisida taDeyuliyAgi badalAguttade mattu immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAguttade (parti ‘hatti’ - tamiLu: parutti).
Adare, ivugaLalli modalaneya badalAvaNege poZtu (tamiLu: poZutu), kaZta (tamiLu: kaZutay), oZku mattu berku (tamiLu: veruku) padagaLalli takAra mattu kakAragaLu dakAra mattu gakAragaLAgilladiruvudu apavAdavAgi kANisuttade.
(3) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara mUguli mattu otte illavE immaDi taDeyuligaLu bandiruvantaha padagaLallU modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara rakAra illavE ZakAra bandideyAdare, eraDaneya svara aniyamitavAgi bidduhOguttade.
intaha padagaLalli rakAra illavE ZakArada anantara mUguli mattu otte illavE immaDi taDeyuligaLidduvAdalli, mUguli biddu hOguttade mattu idarindAgi, rakAra illavE ZakAragaLa anantara taDeyuligaLu baruvantAguttade.
intaha padagaLallU (ka) ZakAra rakAravAguttade (uZdu > urdu) mattu (ca) rakAra (mUladrAviDa rakAra mattu ZakAradinda banda rakAra) taDeyuliyondige sEri immaDi taDeyuli uLiyuvante mADuttade (pardu > paddu ‘haddu’ - tamiLu: paruntu; parti > hatti; urdu > uddu - tamiLu:
uZuntu). heccina vivaragaLige (5.2.5), (5.3.3) mattu (5.4.3) nODi.
(4) haLegannaDada kelavu padagaLalli DakArada anantara bEre taDeyuliyondu bandiruvalli adu ZakAravAgi badalAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. I badalAvaNe uddasvarada anantara illavE eraDu giDDasvaragaLa anantara mAtravE naDediruva hAge tOruttade (4.3.4 nODi).
svaragaLa naDuve
nODu mADu
bisuDu
taDeyuliya modalu nOZpUDe ‘nODuvudiddare’’ mAZgum ‘mADabahudu’’ kAZigacru ‘kADukiccu’’ bisuLpoDe ‘bisADuvudiddare’
I badalAvaNege avaSyaviruva sannivESa uLidillavAda kAraNa, heccina rUpagaLallU adu hosagannaDadalli munduvaridilla. Adare kelavu LakAravAgi jODupadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade (kALgiccu).
mAtra
4.7 tiruLu
mUladrAviDada taDeyuligaLu (ka, ta, Ra, Ta, ca, pa) kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.
bariya uccAraNeyalli mAtravE kANisuttidda (endare arta mattu kelasavilladidda) vyatyAsavannu koraLisuva taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kannaDadalli arta naDeda vyatyAsavannu
sUcisuvantAdudu I uligaLalli
koraLisada
sUcisuva
badalAvaNegaLalli mukyavAdudu. Adare I badalAvaNeya svarUpa entahadu embudanninnU spaSTavAgi vivarisalu sAdyavAgilla.
mUladrAviDa RakAra kannaDadalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLi goLagAgiddu tanna pratyEkateyannu kaLedukonDide. cakAra mattu pakAragaLU intahavE halavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddarU eravalugaLindAgi avu hosagannaDadalli ivattigU pratyEka taDeyuligaLAgi uLidukonDive.