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5. itara vyanjanagaLu
5.1 munnOTa
hindina adyAyadalli kannaDadalli embudannu vivarisalAgittu.
taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadallidda yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive
mUladrAviDadallidda itara vyanjanagaLu, endare nAlku mUguligaLu (ma, na, Na, Ya), ondu hoDeyuli (ra), eraDu pakkaduligaLu (la, La) mattu mUru taDeyilladuligaLu (ya, va, Za) kannaDadalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAguvudu.
5.2 mUguligaLu
mUladrAviDadalli ma, na, Na mattu YagaLemba nAlku mUguli gaLidduvu. ivugaLalli NakAravannu biTTu uLida mUru mUguligaLu (ma, na mattu YagaLu) mUladrAviDa padagaLa modalaneya vyanjanavAgi baraballuvAgidduvu mattu YakAravannu biTTu uLida mUru mUguligaLu (ma, na, NagaLu) eraDaneya vyanjanavAgi baraballuvAgidduvu. padagaLa eraDaneya vyanjanavAgi baruva mUguligaLu otte rUpadalli mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU baraballuvAgidduvu.
idallade, I nAlku mUguligaLU taDeyuligaLa modalu baraballuvAgidduvu. Adare I sannivESadalli kakAra, RakAra mattu
takAragaLa eduru nakAra mAtra baralu sAdyaviddu, adakke A taDeyuligaLadE Ada jAgagaLalli unTAguva mUru bEre bEre uccAraNegaLidduvu. uLida mUguligaLalli makAra pakAradeduru, NakAra TakAradeduru mattu YakAra cakAradeduru mAtra baraballu vAgidduvu.
5.2.1 padagaLa modalina mUguligaLu
mUladrAviDadalli padagaLa modalige baraballa ma, na mattu YagaLalli ma mattu nagaLu kannaDadalli heccu badalAgade hAgeyE uLidive. YakAra mAtra nakAravAgi badalAgide.
(1) makAra mattu nakAragaLu kannaDadalli heccu badalAgade hAgeyE uLidiveyumbudakke udAharaNeyAgi mara, mAtu, mIru, muccu, mEle, mEyu; nAnu, nIru, nungu, nODu modalAda padagaLannu koDabahudu.
(2) padagaLa modalige baruttidda YakAra kannaDadalli nakAravAgi badalAgide mAtravalla, adara anantara bandidda A emba svaravU kelavu padagaLalli E emba svaravAgi badalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, YakAravannu mattu adara anantara bandiruva A emba svaravannu heccineDegaLallU badalAyisade uLisikonDiruva malayALa padagaLondige keLage koTTiruva kannaDada padagaLannu hOlisi nODa bahudu.
(ka) YakAra nakAravAgiruvudu
kannaDa
naraLu
nARu
nimiru, niguru
malayALa YARu Yimir (tamiLu)
nEgilu
YeGGOL
(ca) A svara E svaravAgiruvudu
kannaDa
nENu
nEsaR nElu
nEraLe
nEgilu
malayALa YAyiRu YAlu YARal YAYcal (tamiLu)
(3) karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli mUladrAviDa YakAra kelavu padagaLalli uLidukonDide. I oLanuDiya YaGGu illavE YaLi ‘naggu’, YANu ‘garigariyAgilladiru (happaLa)’, YONa ‘ganDu emmekaru’, YONi ‘heNNu emmekaru’, YOLi ‘lOLe’ padagaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.
padagaLannu adu
tuLuvininda illavE malayALadinda eravalAgi paDediralU sAdyavide. yAkendare, narambu ‘nara’, narakku ‘naraLu’, nakkuruLu ‘erehuLa’, nEgilu, nENu, nElu ‘nEtADu’, nAru, nerige ‘nirige’ modalAda bEre halavu havyaka kannaDa padagaLalli mUladrAviDada YakAra nakAravAgiyE kANisikoLLuttade.
(4) padagaLa modalige bandidda nakAra kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli bidduhOgide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu (ka) bEre drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLondige illavE (ca) kannaDadavE Ada bEre padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.
itara drAviDa nuDigaLu
kannaDa
avuDu ‘keLaduTi’’ tamiLu: namuTu araL ‘hedarike’’
pAjri: nar tamiLu: nIndu
kannaDa
egaru ‘Eru’’
kannaDa
nIru
I badalAvaNe heccina drAviDa nuDigaLallU kANisuttideyAda kAraNa, adu mUladrAviDadallEnE naDedirabEkendu kalpisalAgide. Adare, ivattu adu bEre bEre drAviDa nuDigaLa bEre bEre padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli modalige bandidda nakAra kannaDadalli uLidide Adare bEre kelavu drAviDa nuDigaLalli bidduhOgide.
kannaDa
ninne nillu
nInu
nettaru
bEre drAviDa nuDigaLu nAyki: aDga- malayALa: innale kOlAmi: il- tuLu: I, gadaba: In nAyki: ettur
5.2.2 svaragaLa naDuvina otte mUguligaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDa bErugaLa eraDaneya vyanjanavAgi na, ma mattu NagaLu mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu. hAgAgi, eraDu svaragaLa naDuveyU I mUru mUguligaLu
mAtra otte baraballuvAgidduvu.
rUpadalli illavE immaDi
rUpadalli
otte rUpadalli banda I mUru mUguligaLalli nakAra mattu NakAragaLu kannaDadalli heccineDegaLallU badalAgade uLidive. baraha kannaDada mane, kanasu, Ane, jinugu; haNige, beNe, taNi, padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLAgi koDabahudu.
modalAda
(1) Adare, eraDu svaragaLa naDuve banda makAra heccina pada gaLallU vakAravAgi badalAgide. haLegannaDadallEnE kelavu padagaLalli makAraviruva mattu adara badalu vakAra bandiruva eraDu rItiya rUpagaLannU kANabahudu.
makAraviruva rUpa amunku tAmare
temar ‘kaTTe, daDa’’
timir ‘kampina dravya’’
samanisu
vakAraviruva rUpa avunku tAvare tevar savanisu
idallade,
modalige
makAravidda
svaradalli konegoLLuva padada anantara bandAga, avugaLa makAra vakAravAguvantaha ondu aniyamitavAda sErikeya niyamavU haLegannaDada kAladallittu.
padagaLu
maRu + mAtu ini + mAtu
kaDu + maLe
maRuvAtu inivAtu kaDuvaLe
naTTe + mane
paZa + mAtu
biRu + maLe
naTTevane paZavAtu biRuvaLe
haLegannaDada padagaLalli badalAgade uLididda makAragaLalli keLagina
vakAravAgive embudannu
hosagannaDadalli
halavu udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
haLegannaDada makAra bemar
kimuZcu samaRu
tamar
cimuTu same
mAma
hosagannaDada vakAra bevaru kivucu savaru tavaru civuTu save mAva
idallade, haLegannaDa padagaLa koneyalli bandidda makArada anantara hosagannaDadalli ondu sEriddu, antaha makAragaLalli halavu hosagannaDadalli svaragaLa naDuvinadAgive; intaha makAragaLU hosagannaDadalli vakAravAgi badalAgive.
svara
haLegannaDada makAra nAm
nIm
kELuvem mADidem
hosagannaDada vakAra nAvu nIvu kELuvevu mADidevu
hosagannaDada padagaLalli svaragaLa naDuve makAra kANisuvudu aparUpa. amuku, uLume, gamana, kumuTu, kulume, kOmaTi, cimukisu, dumuku modalAda kelavu padagaLannu mAtra idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. ivu mElina badalAvaNe naDeda mEle haLeya oLanuDiyinda illavE bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLirabEku.
(2) karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve
banda NakAra nakAravAgide (AcArya 1967).
barahada kannaDa
eNisu
hAlakki kannaDa kAnu hane
intahadE
badalAvaNe
cAmarAjanagarada
kelavu oLanuDigaLallU naDedide. Adare illi NakAra nakAravAguva badalu, nakAra NakAravAgide. udAharaNegAgi, cAmarAja nagarada uppaligara kannaDadalli baraha kannaDada Ane embudu ANe endAgide (baT 1969 nODi).
5.2.3 svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi mUguligaLu
svaragaLa naDuve bandidda mUladrAviDada immaDi mUguligaLu (mma, nna mattu NNa) kannaDada halavu padagaLalli badalAgade uLidive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.
kannaDa
tamiLu
amma
summage kaNNi ‘hagga’’
amma cumma cinnam ‘cinnada nANya’’
(1) mUladrAviDadallEnE svaradalli modalAguva oTTu mUguligaLAguva mUguligaLu otte sEridAga immaDi badalAvaNeyondu naDedittu. hindina adyAyadalli (4.4.1ralli) vivarisidantaha immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAguva badalAvaNeyannu idu hOluttade.
otte mUguli
immaDi mUguli cimmu ‘horacellu’’ cimuku, cimukisu ammu ‘SaktanAgu’’ amagu ‘takkAgu’’ dimmi ‘ettarisida nela’’ temar ‘kaTTe’ eNNu ‘eNisu’
havyaka: uNungu cinivAra
haLegannaDa padagaLa koneyalli giDDa svarada anantara mattu Na mUguligaLu hosagannaDadalli bandidda na uccAraNegAgi ukAra mUguligaLAgi badalAgive (7.9 nODi). Adare ivE mUguligaLa anantara sEridAga, avu otte svaradalli mUguligaLAgiyE uLidive. I badalAvaNeyU mElina niyamavannE sUcisuttade.
modalAguva oTTu
sEridAga immaDi
haLegannaDa
hosagannaDa uNNu, uNi ‘uNNuvavanu’’ tinnu, tinisu ennu, enisu
(3) immaDi rUpadalli banda baraha kannaDada NakAra karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli nakAravAgide mattu idakke viruddavAgi, immaDi rUpadalli banda nakAra cAmarAjanagarada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli NakAravAgide. iveraDarallU na-NagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa illavAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.
baraha kannaDa beNNe
baraha kannaDa ninne
hAlakki kannaDa benne kannu
cAmarAjanagarada uppaligara kannaDa
5.2.4 taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUguligaLu
heccineDegaLallU taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUguligaLu kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidive. tenka, tengu; kante, anda, tondare; ancu, manju; anTu, nenTa, hinDu; tampu, tumbu modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.
I padagaLalli taDeyuligaLa modalu kANisuva sonnege mUla drAviDadallidda hAge A taDeyuligaLa jAgadallEnE unTAguva mUguligaLa uccAraNe kannaDadallU ide. I uccAraNeyannu sari yAgi sUcisabEkiddalli avannu teGka, teGgu; kante, anda, tondare; aYcu, maYju; aNTu, neNTa, hiNDu; tampu, tumbu embudAgi bareyabEku.
kannaDa barahadalli
modalu baruva mUguligaLannu A rIti bareyuva badalu, sonneya (anusvArada) mUlaka sUcisuva krama baLakeyallide. Adare idu kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva lipiya ondu viSESa guNa mAtra. uccAraNeyalli intaha padagaLallella bEre bEre mUguligaLE kANisuttave.
taDeyuligaLa
taDeyuligaLa
modalu banda
caritreyalli oLagAgive.
keLage vivarisidantaha
mUguligaLu
kannaDada kelavu badalAvaNegaLigU
(1) udda svarada anantara banda mUguli adara anantara taDeyuli bandiruvallella bidduhOgide. I badalAvaNe haLegannaDa kkintalU hindina kAladallEnE modalAgiddirabEku. yAkendare, intaha halavu padagaLalli tamiLinalli kANisuva mUguli haLegannaDa padagaLallU kANisuvudilla.
haLegannaDa bAgu bIgu nIgu
tamiLu vAGku vIGku nIGku
haLegannaDa kUdal mURu tORu
tamiLu kUntal mUnRu tOnRu
tODu bEDu
pUYcu tONTu vENTu
bEvu hAvu
vEmpu pAmpu Ompu
I rIti mUguli biddu hOda anantara uLida taDeyuligaLalli ka, ca, Ta mattu tagaLu kannaDadalli koraLisida taDeyuligaLAgi (ga, ja, Da mattu dagaLAgi) kANisikoLLuttave; Adare RakAra hoDeyuliyAgi (mattu anantara rakAravAgi) mattu pakAra vakAravAgi badalAgive embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
intaha bEre kelavu padagaLallidda mUguli hosagannaDadalli bidduhOgideyAdarU haLegannaDadalli uLidukonDide. I mUguli karAvaLiya kannaDada oLanuDigaLalliyU uLidukonDide embudannu keLage koTTiruva havyaka padagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
haLegannaDa mAnju sAndu
sEndu ‘- nAndu
havyaka kannaDa baraha kannaDa
mAju sAdu sEdu nAdu tUbu
nAndu
tUmbu
idallade, udda svaragaLa anantara mUguli mattu immaDi taDeyuligaLu bandiruvallU, kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli mUguli bidduhOgide; Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli uLidukonDide. I rIti mUguli uLidukonDiruva padagaLallU, adu hosagannaDa dalli bidduhOgide mattu havyaka kannaDadalli uLidukonDide.
intaha padagaLalli bandiruva immaDi taDeyuli kannaDadalli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi kANisikoLLuttade. tamiLinalli (mattu malayALadalli) I taDeyuli immaDi rUpadallE uLidideyAdarU, adara modaligidda mUguli biddu hOgide (4.5 nODi).
(ka) mUguli haLegannaDadallU kANisadiruva padagaLu
kannaDa
Apu ‘taDe’’ tamiLu: Appu (<An-ppu) OTe huLi gOTu ‘oNa’’ tuLu: gOnTu (<kONTTu) tamiLu: tOTTi, tuLu: dOnTi
tuLu: OnTe puLi (<ONTTay) tamiLu: Otti, tuLu: Onti (<Ontti)
(ca) haLegannaDada mUguli hosagannaDadalli biddu hOgiruvudu
haLegannaDa nUnku
bEnTe
hOnta
hosagannaDa nUku
bETe
hOta
tamiLu
nUkku vETTam pOttu ‘ganDu miga’’ tOTTam vETTam
intaha kelavu padagaLalli bandiruva mUguli karAvaLiya keLagina
oLanuDigaLalli uLidideyumbudannu havyaka udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
kannaDada
haLegannaDa sAnku
nUnku
havyaka kannaDa baraha kannaDa sAnku
nUnku
sAku nUku
pInku
mOnTu
pIku tATu ‘taTTu’’ mOTu
I eraDu rItiya padagaLallU udda svaravannu giDDa svaravAgi badalAyisi, adara anantara bandiruva mUguliyannu uLisi konDiruva kelavu padagaLU kannaDadallive.
(ka) mUguliya anantara otte taDeyuli bandiruvalli
uddasvara tUmbu, tUbu gOju IDu ‘sErike’’
giDDasvara tumbu
(ca) mUguliya anantara immaDi taDeyuli bandiruvalli
uddasvara sOnku, sOku tEnku, tEku
gUnTa, gUTa
bEnTa, bETa
giDDasvara sonku tenku ‘tElu’’
(2) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara mUguli mattu padagaLalli
taDeyuligaLu oTTige bandiruvallU kANisidantahadE badalAvaNe kannaDadalli naDedide.
mElina
haLegannaDadallEnE intaha padagaLalli baruva mUguli biddu kANabahudu. keLagina udAharaNegaLalli hOgiruvudannu mUguliya anantarada otte koraLisida otte taDeyuliyAgi mattu immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi kannaDadalli badalAgide. idakke badalu, tamiLinalli otte taDeyuli mattu immaDi taDeyuligaLu badalAgade uLididdu, immaDi taDeyuliya modalu bandidda mUguli (ca) biddu hOgide.
taDeyuli
(ka) mUguli mattu otte taDeyuli bandiruvalli
kannaDa
beLagu
moZagu kavudi
kilubu
alubu
tamiLu
viLaGku
muZaGku kavanti cilumpu alampu
(ca) mUguli mattu immaDi taDeyuli bandiruvalli
tamiLu
kannaDa
amuku ‘ottu’’ alaku ‘alugisu’’ alakku (<alankku) nuRuku ‘jajju’ nuRukku (<nuRunkku)
amukku (<*amunkku)
hiduku ‘tikku’
pitukku (<*pitunkku)
bEre kelavu padagaLalli I mUguli haLegannaDadalli mattu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli uLidukonDideyAdarU hosagannaDa dalli bidduhOgide.
haLegannaDa marangaL alumbu kilumbu
kalanku
avunku murunTu surunTu
havyaka kannaDa baraha kannaDa marango alumbu kilumbu
maragaLu alubu kilubu
kalanku
avunku murunTu surunTu
kalaku avuku (amuku) muruTu suruTu
intaha padagaLalli modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara rakAra illavE ZakAra bandideyAdare, haLegannaDadallEnE eraDaneya giDDa svara biddu hOgiruvudu kANisuttade; ivugaLallU eraDaneya svarada anantara bandidda mUguli biddu hOgi, adara anantara bandidda taDeyuli rakAradondige (illavE ZakAradondige) sEri immaDi taDeyuliyAguttade (5.2.5 nODi).
kannaDa
kavru, kabru, kabbu kugru, kuggu
sukru, sukku
tidru, tiddu
tamiLu karumpu kuraGku curukku (<*curunkku) tiruntu
madru, maddu
kugru, kuggu
bidru, biddu
padru, haddu
maruntu kuraGku viruntu ’‘avutaNa’’ paruntu
(ca) gaZda, gadre, gadde puZiga, puggi kiZgu, kigru udru, uddu
kaZani (kaZantay) puZuGku kiZakku (kiZanku, *kiZankku) uZuntu
I badalAvaNege oLagAgada padagaLU haLegannaDadallive. endare, idondu aniyamita badalAvaNeya hAge kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
kannaDa
kurumbe soragu moZagu muZugu
tamiLu kurumpay curuGku muZaGku muZuGku
(3) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandiruva mUguli mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLa sErike baDaga kannaDadalli immaDi taDeyuliyAgi halavu padagaLalli badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
baraha kannaDa kankuLu hancu
mincu
baDaga kannaDa tekku kakkuve haccu miccu
nanTaru
naTTaru satte
padagaLalli
5.2.5 itara vyanjanagaLondige banda mUguligaLu
nEravAgi mUguligaLu mUladrAviDa taDeyuligaLondige mAtra baraballuvAgidduvallade itara vyanjanagaLondige baruttiralillavendu kalpisalAgide. mUguligaLalli konegoLLuva bEru illavE padagaLa anantara itara vyanjanagaLalli modalAguva oTTu illavE pada bandAga avugaLa naDuve ondu svara sErikoLLuvudE idakke kAraNa.
Adare, kannaDadalli I svara kelavu sannivESagaLalli biddu hOgiruvudannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada orme ‘omme’ (tamiLu: orumay) padadalli rakArada anantara bandidda ukAra bidduhOgide.
(1) intaha heccina padagaLallU mUguli mattu itara mUguliyAgiruvudannu
vyanjanagaLu oTTusEri immaDi kANabahudu.
(2) kannaDada aydu (tamiLu: ayntu) padadalli yakAra
mattu takAragaLa naDuve bandidda nakAra bidduhOgide.
(3) makAra vakAravAguvantaha sErikeya badalAvaNe haLe gannaDadalli lakArada anantaravU naDedide (mel + mAtu > melvAtu).
5.2.6 padagaLa koneyalli banda mUguligaLu
padagaLa koneyalli banda mUguligaLu haLegannaDadalli hAgeyE uLididduvu, Adare munde ukAravondu sEri avu svaragaLa naDuvina mUguligaLAgive.
hosagannaDadalli avugaLa
(1) udda svarada anantara I rIti ukAra sEridAga NakAra- nakAragaLu badalAgade uLiyuttave. Adare makAra vakAravAgi bada lAguttade.
haLegannaDa nIn
mIn
nAm
nIm
hosagannaDa nInu mInu
nAvu nIvu
(2) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda NakAra- koneyavAgiddalli avugaLa anantara
nakAragaLu uccAraNeya ukAra sEridAga immaDi rUpakke badalAgive.
padagaLa
haLegannaDa
hosagannaDa haNNu heNNu
tinnu
pon
ben
honnu bennu ennu
(3) Adare itara giDDa svaragaLa anantara nakAra kelavu padagaLalli badalAgade uLidide mattu bEre kelavu padagaLalli (padarUpagaLalli) bidduhOgide (2.4.2 nODi).
haLegannaDa avan
banden
hosagannaDa avanu
5.3 hoDeyuli mattu pakkaduligaLu
mUladrAviDadalli rakAravemba ondu hoDeyuliyU lakAra mattu LakAragaLemba eraDu pakkaduligaLU (usirannu nAligeya pakkadalli biDuvudara vyanjanagaLU) baLakeyallidduvu. ivu mUrU padagaLa naDuve mattu koneyalli mAtravE baraballuvAgidduvu.
mUlaka siddavAguva
lakAra mattu LakAragaLu svaragaLa naDuve otte rUpadalli mAtra vallade immaDi rUpadallU baraballuvAgidduvu (ili, huli, alla, nelli; eLatu, aLiya, piLLe, kaLLa); Adare rakAra otte rUpadalli mAtra baraballudAgittu (mara, kari).
5.3.1 lakArada badalAvaNegaLu
heccina padagaLallU mUladrAviDada lakAra kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidukonDide. ili, tale, kAlu, kal ‘kallu’, pAl ‘hAlu’, nellikAyi modalAda udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.
padagaLannu
(1) lakArada anantara nakAra mattu takAragaLu bandiruvalli lakAra biddu hOgi takAra RakAravAguttade emba sErikeya niyama mUladrAviDadallittu. I RakAra kannaDadalli dakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade.
udAharaNegAgi, lakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara hindina samayavannu sUcisuva nta oTTu bandAga,
lakAra biddu RakAravAguttade kannaDadalli I RakAra dakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade.
hOguttade
nta oTTina
nODi).
mattu
kol
sal
nindu (tamiLu: ninRu) kondu (tamiLu: konRu) sandu (tamiLu: cenRu)
(2) rakAra illavE RakArada anantara banda haLegannaDada
lakAra hosagannaDadalli LakAravAgi badalAgide.
haLegannaDa beral
koral
paral
nERal
neRal
hosagannaDa beraLu koraLu oraLu haraLu
nEraLe neraLu
5.3.2 LakArada badalAvaNegaLu
heccina padagaLallU mUladrAviDada LakAra kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. aLavu, aLate, eLatu, caLi, beLaku, oLitu, tALu modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.
(1) Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli mUladrAviDa LakAra
aniyamitavAgi NakAravAgide.
tamiLu kuLam kELan nuLampu puLi kuLampu ‘gorasu’’
kannaDa
koLa, koNa geLeya, geNeya noLa, noNa
huLi, huNise
koLagu, koNagu mAL, mAN ‘taDe’’ mAL aLambe, aNabe
aLAmpu (malayALa) gALa, gANa ‘kokke’’ kALam (malayALa) noNe ‘nungu’
noL
(2) LakArada anantara TakAra (DakAra) bandiruvalli LakAra
niyamitavAgi NakAravAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade.
kannaDa
ginDu ‘civuTu’’ kuLike, konDi
kOL, konDe tenTu ‘gALisu’’
tamiLu
kiLLu koL kOL ‘cADi hELu’’ teLi ‘cimukisu’’
(3) mUladrAviDadallEnE LakArada anantara takAra bandAga LakAra NakAravAguva mattu takAra TakAravAguva sErikeya niyamavondu baLakeyalliddirabEku. idakke udAharaNeyAgi kannaDada koL kriyApadakkiruva hindina samayada konDu rUpavannu gamanisabahudu.
(4) kannaDada ivattina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli lakAra mattu vyatyAsa illavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, LakAragaLa karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli LakAra lakAravAgide (AcArya
naDuvina
baraha kannaDa teLu
haLaba
poLLu
beLLuLLi
koLalu
hAlakki kannaDa halaba
pollu beluli kollu
(5) baDaga kannaDadalli LakAra bidduhOgide mattu adara modalu mattu anantara bandidda svaragaLu oTTusEridudarindAgi
giDDasvaraviruvallU uddasvara kANisuttade. I LakAra mUladrAviDa ZakAradindalU LakAradinda bandirabahudu.
bandirabahudu
illavE
baraha kannaDa kaLa ‘kaNa’ kILu
dULu
baDaga kannaDa
eLe (nUlina)
jOLa
muLugu keLage
eLekaru
mUgu kIyu
bEre kelavu padagaLalli LakArada badalu yakAra illavE vakAra
bandiruvudannu kANabahudu (bAlakruSNan 1999).
baraha kannaDa suLi ’ hoLe huLi ’ moLe ‘moLake’’ bILu
sambaLa
kankuLu
baDaga kannaDa guyi suyi hoye huyi moye buy sambuva kakkuve
5.3.3 rakArada badalAvaNegaLu
(1) svaragaLa naDuvina rakAra kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODuvudara mUlaka idannu tiLiyabahudu.
kannaDa
haraLu
birudu
oraLu
tamiLu paral virutu kAram
(2) padagaLa koneyallidda rakAravU kannaDadalli badalAgade
uLidide (bemar, usir, bar, tar).
hosagannaDadalli intaha padagaLa anantara ukAravondu sErikonDiddu, adu svaragaLa naDuvina rakAravE Agide. ir-iru, bar-baru, tar-taru, toDar-toDaru, konar-konaru, tIr-tIru modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.
(3) bErugaLa koneyallidda rakAra, adara anantara bandidda oTTina svara bidduhOdudarindAgi, halavu padagaLalli vyanjanada modalu baruvantAgide. intaha padagaLalli adu kannaDadalli eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgide. kelavu sannivESagaLalli adu biddu hOgide mattu bEre kelavu sannivESagaLalli adu adara anantara bandidda vyanjanada rUpavannE paDedide.
(ka) uddasvarada anantara banda rakAra haLegannaDadalli uLidu konDittu; Adare hosagannaDada kelavu padagaLalli bidduhOgide. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada bArcu pada hosagannaDadalli bAcu endAgide. hosagannaDada pApa padadallU rakAra bidduhOgide (pAra ‘cikka magu’).
Adare tIrpu, tIrmAna, ErpADu modalAda bEre kelavu
padagaLalli rakAra hosagannaDadallU bidduhOgade uLidide.
vyanjanadoDane
(ca) giDDasvarada anantara banda rakAra adara anantara bandidda vyanjana immaDi sErihOgi, A vyanjanavAguva hAge mADide. I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva kaccu SAsanadallEnE kANasiguttade.
(<karcu) pada hattanE
SatamAnada
hosagannaDa haLegannaDa bekku
berku
poddu
pordu
pergaDe
heggaDe
percu, peccu heccu
biccu
bircu
beccu
bercu
hemme
perme
mommaga gubbi
tamiLu veruku porutu per ‘doDDa’’ per ‘doDDa’ veru ‘hedarike’’ pIrumay marumagan kuruvi
(Ta) bidduhOgiruva svarada anantara immaDi taDeyuliyidda padagaLalli immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi bada
lAguttade mattu adarondige rakAra sEri hosagannaDadalli koraLisada immaDi taDeyuli uLiyuvante mADuttade.
haLegannaDa karku
sorku
hosagannaDa kakku
sokku
pappu
tamiLu parutti karukku urukku cerukku paruppu
(ta) biddu hOgiruva svarada anantara mUguli mattu otte taDeyuligaLidda padagaLalli mUguli bidduhOgide mattu rakAra bAki uLididda taDeyuliyondige sEri A taDeyuli immaDi yAguvante mADide.
hosagannaDa
tamiLu haLegannaDa paruntu pardu, paddu haddu
maruntu maddu
mardu
parampu habbu
parvu, parbu karumpu kabbu
karvu, karbu
maggulu maruGku oggu ‘baggu’’ oruGku kuraGku kuggu
kurgu
haLegannaDada surku ‘nerige kaTTu’ pada hosagannaDadalli sukku endAgide. tamiLinalli curukku padavide. Adare kannaDada pada mUladrAviDada *curunkku embudarinda bandirabEku.
kannaDadalli idu modalige *surunku endAgiddu anantara eraDaneya ukAra mattu mUguli biddu hOgi surku endAgide; anantara rakAradondige kakAra sEri sukku endAgide. I eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLannU mUladrAviDada rakAra mAtravallade RakAra illavE ZakAradinda banda rakAravU tOrisu ttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mElina eraDu badalAvaNegaLu kannaDadalli RakAra (4.3.4 nODi) mattu ZakAragaLu (5.4.3 nODi) rakAravAguva badalAvaNeya anantara naDedirabEku.
(ka) uddasvarada anantara RakAra bidduhOgiruvudu
kannaDa
tORu, tOcu gIRu, gIcu
tamiLu tORu
(ca) giDDa svarada anantara modalige RakAra rakAravAgi, anantara vyanjanadondige sEriruvudu
kannaDa
guRutu, gurtu, gottu koRa, korcu, koccu peR, heppu
teRapu, teppage
kiRi, kirdu, kittu hekku
muRuku, murku, mukku goRaTe, koTTe
tamiLu kuRi kuRay peRuku ‘mosaru’’ teRu ‘taDamADu’’ peRukku muRukku ‘hemme’’ kuRaTTa (malayALa)
(ta) giDDa svarada anantara ZakAra modalige rakAravAgi anantara vyanjanadondige sEriruvudu
kannaDa
tamiLu koZu ‘dappa’ tAZ
korbu, kobbu
gaZda, garde, gadde
taZgu, targu, taggu taZka, tarbu, tabbu baZdunku, bardunku, baduku vAZ piLke, hikke oZku, uggu ‘cellu’’
kaZtu, kattu kaZta, katte urdu, uddu
aLdu, addu puZiga, puggi, huggi
piZukkay oZuku kaZuttu kaZutay uZuntu aZuntu puZuGku
(4) giDDa svarada anantara vyanjanagaLa modalu baruttidda rakAra A vyanjanagaLa rUpavannE paDeyuttidda samayadalli rakAra+vyanjanagaLigU vyanjana+vyanjanagaLigU naDuvidda vyatyAsa illavAgittAda kAraNa, mUladrAviDadalli vyanjana+vyanjanagaLidda kelavu padagaLU kannaDadalli rakAra+vyanjanagaLiruva padagaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave.
haLegannaDa porkuZ, pokkuZ
markaL, makkaL ‘makkaLu’’ bargu, baggu ‘kUguvike’’
tamiLu pokkuL makkaL vakuLi
purgu, puggu ‘jamba’’
karcu, kaccu ‘kaDi’’ orpu, oppu kircu, kiccu
pukalvu kaccu oppu
mElina padagaLalli kANisuva rakAra mUladrAviDaddendu
hELalu bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli yAva AdAravU siguvudilla.
(5) mUru ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli eraDaneya svara biddu hOdudarindAgi (3.4.1 nODi) kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli rakAra+vyanjanagaLu mUDibandiddu, avu bEre halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. I badalAvaNegaLa svarUpavEnu mattu avu ellelli mattu yAva yAva tiLiyalu innaSTu naDedive embudannu oLanuDigaLalli samSOdanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.
intaha padagaLalli rDa embudu baLLAriyalli LDa endAgide, gulbargadalli DDa endAgide, hAlakki kannaDadalli yDa endAgide, mattu nanjanagUDinalli NDa endAgide embudannu I keLagina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu (upAdyAya 1976).
baLLAri gulbarga hAlakki nanjanagUDu
baraha kuruDa kuLDa kuDDa kuyDa kuNDa
karaDi kaLDi kaDDi kayDa –‘ buruDe buLDe buDDi –‘ buNDa horaDu vaLDu –‘ hoyDu vaNDu
5.4 taDeyillada vyanjanagaLu
mUladrAviDadalli yakAra, vakAra mattu ZakAragaLemba mUru mattu taDeyillada
vyanjanagaLidduvu. ivugaLalli
yakAra
vakAragaLannu ‘aresvara’gaLendu parigaNisalu sAdyavideyAdarU avugaLa baLake itara vyanjanagaLa baLakeya hAgeyE iruva kAraNa avannu vyanjanagaLendu parigaNisuvudE oLLeyadu.
(1) drAviDa nuDigaLu baLasuva lipigaLalli ay, avgaLemba eraDu svaragaLannu sUcisaballa svara cihnegaLive. Adare antaha svaragaLa iruvikeyannu mUladrAviDadalli illavE ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli kalpisikoLLalu yAva AdAravU illa (2.1.1 nODi). nijakkU avu akAradondige yakAra mattu vakAragaLu bandiruva eraDeraDu uligaLa sErikegaLu mAtra.
(2) mUladrAviDada *at, A ‘adu, A’, *cat, cA ‘sAyu’, *uN, UN ‘uNNu’, *tar, tA ‘koDu’ modalAda hattu-hanneraDu padagaLalli giDDa-udda svaravyatyAsa kANisuttiddu, idara mUlavEnembudannu vivarisalu sAdyavAgilla.
intaha svaraviruvallella hakAravemba innondu taDeyilladuli yU iddirabEkendu kruSNamUrti (1997, 2003) vAdisiddAre. I hakAravannu avaru ‘lArinjal’ (ganTalinalli unTAguva vyanjana) embudAgi karediddAre; haLetamiLinalli baLakeyallidda ‘Aydam’ emba vyanjana idE hakArada paLeyaLikeyirabEkendU avaru vAdisiddAre.
I vyanjana yakAra mattu vakAragaLa hAge ondu taDeyilladuliyAgiddu bErugaLa koneya vyanjanavAgi mAtra baruttiddirabEkendu avaru vAdisiddAre. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada adu, idu, udu padagaLu mUladrAviDadalli *ah-tu, *ih-tu, *uh-tu endiddirabEkendu avaru sUcisiddAre.
I vyanjanada anantara (ka) yAva oTTU bAradiddalli adu adara modalu bandidda svaradondige sEri A svara uddavAguva hAge mADuttade (A mane, I mara); (ca) koraLisida vyanjana bandideyAdare, lArinjal) (hakAra bidduhOguttade (adu, idu, avanu, ivanu); mattu (Ta) koraLisada vyanjana (taDeyuli) bandideyAdare adu (lArinjal) bidduhOgi, taDeyuli immaDiyAguttade (atta, itta) - embudAgi mUla drAviDakke kelavu niyamagaLannU avaru kalpisiddAre.
illavE
Adare, nijakkU I kalpita vyanjanadinda mUladrAviDada kelavE kelavu padagaLallidda mElina udda-giDDa svaravyatyAsavannu vivarisu vudaralli sahAyavEnU siguva hAge kANisuvudillavembudAgi subrahmaNyam (baralide) vAdisiddAre.
5.4.1 padagaLa modalige banda taDeyilladuligaLu
yakAra mattu vakAragaLemba eraDu taDeyilladuligaLu mAtra mUladrAviDadalli padagaLa modalige baraballuvAgidduvu. ZakAra vemba mUraneya taDeyilladuli padagaLa naDuve mattu koneyalli mAtra baraballudAgittu.
(1) yakAra: padagaLa modalina yakAra mUladrAviDadalli A emba svarada modalu mAtra baruttiddirabEkembudu sadyada kalpane yAgide. kannaDadalli idu bidduhOgideyumbudakke keLagina padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. haLeya tamiLinalli mAtra idu biddu hOgade uLidide.
kannaDa
haLeya tamiLu yAnay
Avan ‘yAru’
yAL yAn yAmay yAvan
Adare kannaDada yAru, yAke, yAva modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli I yakAra bidduhOgade uLidide. idallade Enu, Eke, EDu ‘varSa’ modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli yakAra biddu hOguvudarondige adara anantara bandidda udda A svara udda E svaravAgi badalAgide mattu I udda E svara bEre kelavu sannivESagaLalli (elli, endu, etta, emage, enna) tanna uddavannu kaLedukonDu giDDa e svaravAgide.
kannaDada oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli padagaLa modalige banda ekAra ya embudAgi badalAgiruvudarinda avugaLalli padagaLa modalige yakAra hosadAgi kANisikoLLuttade embudannu nAvu eraDanE adyAyadalli (2.2.3ralli) nODiruvevu (eDa > yaDa, ella > yalla).
(2) vakAra: mUladrAviDadalli padagaLa modaligidda vakAra tuTi dunDagillada svaragaLa (i, I, e, E mattu a, A embavugaLa) modalige mAtra baraballudAgittu. idu kannaDadalli bakAravAgi badalAgide.
SatamAnadalli
kannaDada caritreyalli I rIti vakAra bakAravAguva badalAvaNe vAdisalu Aru-ELanE SAsanagaLa adAravide. enTarinda hattanE SatamAnada varegina SAsanagaLalli intaha halavu padagaLige bakAraviruva rUpa mAtravallade vakAraviruva rUpavU kANisuttade.
modalAgirabEkendu
Adare tamiLu, telugu modalAda itara drAviDa nuDigaLalli vakAraviruva rUpagaLu mAtra ive (narasimhayya 1941, gAy
enTu-hattanE SatamAnada kannaDa vandu, bandu
vare, bare viTTa, biTTa viZda, biZda
tamiLu vantu varay
vakArada badalu bakArada baLake anantarada SatamAnagaLalli heccAguttA hOgi, padagaLa modalige vakAra illavE illavendu Aguvudannu kannaDada SAsanagaLalli kANabahudu.
kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli padagaLa modalige kANisuva bakAragaLalli heccinavU I rIti mUladrAviDa vakAradindalE bandiveyundu hELabahudu.
baraha kannaDa baDagu
bAgu
bIsu
beLaku
bEDu
tamiLu vaTaku varay vAnku vIcu viLakku vEnTu
Adare, kelavu padagaLalli avu mUladrAviDada pakAradindalU bandiralu sAdya embudakke kannaDada keLagina padagaLannu udAharaNe yAgi koDabahudu.
kannaDa
basaLe
bIDu
bUTATike bombe
bokke
tamiLu pacaLay pAnay puTTil pUTTakam pommay pokkay
5.4.2 padagaLa naDuvina yakAra mattu vakAragaLu
(1) yakAra: padagaLa naDuvina yakAra mUladrAviDadallEnE halavu padagaLalli cakAradondige sambandavannu tOrisuttiddira bEkendu kalpisalAgide. kannaDadallU kelavu padagaLige yakAravannu tOrisuva rUpadondige sakAravannu tOrisuva rUpavU kANisuttiddu, idu mUladrAviDadallidda ya-ca sambandada paLeyaLikeyirabEku.
yakAraviruva rUpa Ey ‘hoDe’
oy ‘konDuhOgu’
kay ‘kahi’ say ‘nillu’
naya ‘nuNupu, midu’
bAyu ‘bAtukoLLu’
sakAraviruva rUpa ese ‘hoDe’’ osage ‘suddi tiLisuvike’’ kasuru ‘kaTuvAda’’ sasane ‘alugADade’’ nase ‘mettage’’ bAsuZi ‘bAsunDe’’
bEreyU halavu padagaLalli kannaDada sakAra tamiLina yakAravAgi kANisuttade. Adare illi kannaDa mUladrAviDada
cakAravannu (sakAra vAgi) uLisikonDiddu (4.3.2 nODi) tamiLu adannu yakAravAgi badalAyiside.
kannaDa
hesaru
basiRu
besa ‘mADuvike’’ hAsu
tamiLu peyar vayiRu viyam ‘appaNe’’ pAy
(2) vakAra: padagaLa naDuve kANisuva vakAra heccineDegaLallU mUladrAviDada pakAra, makAra illavE kakAradinda bandiruva hAge kANisuttade (4.3.1). ivugaLalli pakAra mattu vakAragaLa naDuvina sambanda mUladrAviDadallEnE iddirabEku.
haLegannaDada kAladalli pakAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLalli modalAguva padagaLu svaradalli modalAguva padagaLa anantara bandAga, avugaLa modalaneya vyanjana vakAravAguttadeyumba sErikeya kelavu jODupadagaLalli I niyamada paLeyaLikeyannu kANabahudu (4.3.1 nODi).
niyamavondittu.
hosagannaDadallU
5.4.3 ZakArada badalAvaNegaLu
mUladrAviDada ZakAra padagaLa naDuve illavE koneyalli baraballudAgittu. haLegannaDada heccina padagaLallU idu badalAgade uLidide. Adare ivattina baraha kannaDadalli ellU kANisuvudilla.
ZakAra mattu LakAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsada mUlaka arta vyatyAsavannu sUcisuva padajODigaLu haLegannaDadalli halaviddu,
A jODigaLella ivattina baraha kannaDadalli eraDu arta koDuva padagaLAgive.
mUladrAviDada ZakAra haLegannaDa hosagannaDa baZasu
uLi ‘uLiyu’’ uLi eLe ’‘eLedADu’’ eLe baLasu ’’
mUladrAviDada LakAra hosagannaDa haLegannaDa uLi ’‘kettuva uLi’ eLe ‘eLatu’’ baLasu ‘nEravallada’
baLasu
hosagannaDadalli mEle koTTiruva uLi, eLe mattu baLasu padagaLige eraDeraDu artagaLive; Adare haLegannaDadalli I artagaLannu sUcisalu uZi-uLi, eZa-eLe mattu baZasu- baLasu embudAgi eraDeraDu padagaLidduvu embudannu gamanisabahudu.
haLegannaDadallidda ZakAra kannaDadalli kANeyAgalu adara caritre yalli naDeda keLage koTTiruva mUru rItiya badalAvaNegaLu
(1) ZakArada anantara yAvudAdarondu vyanjana bandiruvalli A ZakAra rakAravAgi badalAgide mattu
(2) itara kaDegaLalli adu LakAravAgi badalAgide;
idallade,
kelavu
padagaLalli
aniyamitavAgi
NakAravAgiyU badalAgide.
(1) I mUru badalAvaNegaLalli, ZakAra rakAravAguvantaha modalaneya badalAvaNeyannu haLegannaDada kAvyagaLallEnE kANa bahudu.
vyanjanada modalu ZakAra rakAravAgiruvudu
haLegannaDa taZgu, targu kiZgu, kirgu poZtu, portu baZdunku, bardunku gaZda, garde kaLcu, karcu ‘toLe’’ kaZuvu
tamiLu tAZ kIZ poZutu vAZ
mUladrAviDada
ZakAradinda bandidda I
mUladrAviDada rakArada hAge hosagannaDadalli adara anantarada vyanjanadondige sEri immaDi vyanjanavAguttade embudannu mEle (5.3.3)ralli nODiruvevu.
(2) itareDegaLalli ZakAra LakAravAgideyumbudannu tOrisi koDalu haLegannaDa padagaLannu hosagannaDa padagaLondige hOlisa bEkAguttade. yAkendare, haLegannaDa barahagaLalli I badalAvaNe naDeda mElU ZakAravannu uLisikoLLuva prayatna mADalAgittu.
udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjanu tanna vyAkaraNadalli ZakAravannu yAva padagaLalli baLasabEku embudakke ondu paTTiyannE mADiddanu mattu A padagaLalli avugaLa badalu LakAravannu baLasuvudu tappu embudAgi sAriddanu. Adare, hosagannaDadalli idu baravaNigeyallU LakAradondige sErihOgide.
(ka) eraDu svaragaLa naDuve ZakAra LakAravAgiruvudu
haLegannaDa
hosagannaDa
koZave
kOZi
maZa
koLave kOLi maLe
(ca) padagaLa koneya ZakAra LakAravAgiruvudu
haLegannaDa bAZ
bIZ
kIZ
pAZ
uguZ pogaZ
hosagannaDa bALu bILu kILu hALu uguLu hogaLu
LakAravAgiruvudu
haLegannaDadalli padagaLa koneyalli bandidda ZakAra hosagannaDa mAtravallade, adara anantara ukAravondu sEruvudarindAgi adu svaragaLa naDuvina LakAravE Agide embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
ZakAravu (ka) rakAravAguva mattu (ca) LakAravAguva I eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLU haLegannaDadallEnE hattu- SAsanagaLa hannondanE AdArada mEle hELalu sAdyavAguttade (narasimhayya 1941 nODi).
naDedirabEkembudAgi
SatamAnadalli
adakkintalU modalu, enTu-ombattanE SatamAnada SAsana gaLallU ZakArada badalu LakAravannu tOrisuva bILadu, kELdu, EL, bILisi, puLu embantaha padagaLa baLakeyAgide.
hattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli ZakAra LakAravAgiruva pogaLal, aLivinge, baLikke embantaha padarUpagaLu mAtravallade ZakAra rakAravAgiruva akrarindam, nOprpara, pogatrtege, negaprpin embantaha padarUpagaLU kANisuttave
SatamAnada
hadinAlku-hadinaydanE
SAsanagaLa samayakkAguvAga I badalAvaNe konegonDittendu hELabahudu. yAkendare, A kAlada SAsanagaLalli hinde ZakAravidda ellA padagaLallU (ka) svaragaLa naDuve LakAra kANisuttade mattu (ca) vyanjanada modalu rakAra kANisuttade (narasimhayya 1941 nODi). idakke kelavu udAharaNegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
enTu-ombattanE SatamAna anantarada SatamAnagaLu
aZida ‘nASavAda’’ puZu ‘huLa’’
pogaZ ‘hogaLu’’
eZpattu ‘eppattu’’ gaZda ‘gadde’’
negaZda ‘hesarAnta’’
puLu pogaL
erpattu negarda
ivugaLalli vyanjanagaLa modalu rakAravAgiruva ZakAra anantara A vyanjanadondige sEri immaDi vyanjanavAgide (eppattu, gadde) (5.3.3 nODi).
(3) eraDu svaragaLa naDuve (illavE padada koneyalli) padagaLalli NakAravAgi kelavu
bandidda ZakAra
kannaDada
badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. idu kannaDadalli aniyamitavAgi naDeda ondu badalAvaNe.
I rIti badalAgiruva padagaLalli (ka) kelavakke ZakAravannu tOrisuva rUpa mattu NakAravannu tOrisuva rUpa embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLive; Adare (ca) bEre kelavakke NakAravannu tOrisuva rUpa mAtra ide. (illi kamsadoLage koTTiruva LakAraviruva rUpagaLu hosagannaDadavu.)
(ka) eraDu rUpagaLiruva padagaLu
hUNu
gaZa (gaLe) pUZu (hULu) muZugu (muLugu) muNugu tuZi (tuLi) noZavu (noLa) moZa (moLa)
moZakay geZasu
kuZi (guLi) noZa
puZa, puZu
moNakay geNasu kuNi, guNi nuNucu puNugu, punugu
(ca) NakAra mAtra iruva padagaLu
kannaDa
koNasu ‘eLatu’’ taNalu ‘kenDa’’
paN, haNNu’
kaNanju ‘ondu tUka’
tamiLu kuZa ‘mettage’’ taZal ‘suDu’’ paZam kaZaYcu
gaNNa ‘gaddeya tunDu’
guNpu ‘neravi’
kuNike ‘konDi’
taNal ‘kenDa’
maNaka ‘karu’’
mENi ‘nEgila tudi, mETi’’ mEZi
kaZani ‘gadde’ kuZu
kuZayccu taZay ‘bahaLa bisi’’ maZa ‘eLeya’
baLLAri, haDagali mattu hospETegaLalli doreta hannondanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli itara kaDegaLalli doreta SAsanagaLa ZakArakke badalAgi I rIti NakAra kANisuvudAda kAraNa, kannaDada baDagu illavE mUDu-baDagu oLanuDiyalli I Za>Na badalAvaNe naDedirabahudendu Uhisabahudu.
(4) kannaDada bEre kelavu padagaLalli mUladrAviDa ZakAra DakAravAgi kANisuttade; Adare I padagaLu kannaDakke telugininda eravalAgi bandavugaLirabahudu; yAkendare, teluginalli svaragaLa naDuvina ZakAra niyamitavAgi DakAravAgide.
tamiLu
kannaDa ILam kaZay gaDe, gaZa gATu ‘kAra’’ kAZ koDa ‘eLave’’ koZuntu kODu ‘aLuku’’ kOZay bODi ‘bOLu’’ pOZu
telugu koDuku ‘maga’’ kODADu bODi
haLegannaDada ZakAra DakAradindalU bandideyumbudannu mEle
(4.3.4)ralli nODiruvevu. (mattu
kannaDadalli bidduhOgiveyumbudannu mattu karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli
lakAravAgiveyembudannu mEle (5.3.2)ralli nODiruvevu.
LakAragaLu) baDaga
5.4.4 padagaLa koneya taDeyilladuligaLu
mUladrAviDa bErugaLa illavE padagaLa koneyalli vakAra kANisi koLLuvudu bahaLa aparUpa. Adare yakAra mattu ZakAragaLu sAkaSTu bErugaLalli mattu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave.
bErugaLa koneyallidda yakAra haLegannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. Adare hosagannaDadalli idu kelavu sannivESagaLalli badalAgide mattu bEre kelavu sannivESagaLalli badalAgade uLidide. udAharaNegAgi kay, key, mey modalAda giDDa svaraviruva nAmapadagaLa koneyalli adu badalAgade uLidide.
idE rItiyalli kELuganinda kelasavondannu mADisuvudakkAgi baLasuva koy, bay, huy modalAda giDDasvaraviruva kriyArUpagaLallU adu badalAgade uLidide.
uddasvaraviruva nAyi, bAyi, kAyi modalAda kelavu nAmapadagaLalli mattu kelasa mADisalu baLasuva Ayi, sAyi, kAyi modalAda kelavu kriyArUpagaLalli yakAra badalAgade uLidideyAdarU adara anantara ikAravondu kANisikoLLuttade. Adare, udda I svaraviruva mI, I padagaLalli yakAra biddu hOgide.
oTTugaLa koneyalli baruva yakAra kannaDadalli biddu hOgide mattu adara hindiruva akAra ekAravAgi badalAgide (3.6.1 nODi).
kannaDa
gaZale
koTTige
dOse
tamiLu kaZalay kaZutay pAray kuTukkay koTTikay tOcay
padagaLa koneyalli banda ZakAra hosagannaDadalli LakAravAgi
badalAgiruvudannu mEle 5.4.3ralli vivarisalAgide.
5.5 tiruLu
mUladrAviDada nAlku mUguligaLu (ma, na, Na, Ya), ondu hoDeyuli (ra), eraDu pakkaduligaLu (la, La), mattu mUru taDeyilladuligaLu (Za, ya, va) kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNe gaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.
mUguligaLalli YakAra kannaDadalli artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva tanna Saktiyannu kaLedukonDide; karAvaLiya kelavu oLanuDigaLu mUguligaLU mAtra idakke apavAdagaLAgive. uLida hosagannaDadalli mattu ivattina itara oLanuDigaLalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgive.
lakAra-LakAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kelavu oLanuDigaLalli illa vAgide mattu ZakAravU bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi hosagannaDadalli
illavAgide. vakAra bakAravAgiruvudu kannaDadalli naDeda innondu badalAvaNe.
kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli I vyanjanagaLu bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu, avugaLa svarUpa entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu innaSTu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.
samSOdanegaLannu