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8. kriyArUpagaLu
8.1 munnOTa
vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAguva kriyArUpagaLannu vAkyada koneyalli baruvavu mattu naDuve baruvavu embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu. mADuttAne, mADida, hOgu, barali modalA davu vAkyada koneyalli baraballa kriyArUpagaLu; mADi, mADalu, mADuva, mADidare modalAdavu vAkyada naDuve baraballa kriyArUpagaLu.
8.1.1 vAkyada koneya kriyArUpagaLu
mUladrAviDadalli mukyavAgi tiLisuva vAkyagaLu mattu kelasavannu mADisikoLLuva vAkyagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLiddira bEku. kannaDadallU intahavE eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLive.
udAharaNegAgi, avanu manege hOguttAne embudu ondu tiLisuva vAkya mattu avanu manege hOgali embudu ondu kelasavannu mADisikoLLuva vAkya. I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa koneyallU kriyArUpagaLu baruttiddu avugaLa naDuve kelavu mukyavAda vyatyAsagaLannu kalpisalAgide.
(1) tiLisuva vAkyagaLa koneyalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDu oTTu gaLiruva kriyArUpagaLu baruttave. I eraDu oTTugaLalli naDeyaliruva) naDediruva modalaneyadu samayavannu sUcisuttade mattu eraDaneyadu kelasada Aguga illavE mADuganu mAtina ADuganE, kELuganE illavE itararE
(illavE
kelasa
embudannu sUcisuttade. kannaDada tiLisuva vAkyagaLa koneyallU intaha eraDu oTTugaLiruva kriyArUpagaLu baLakeyAguttave.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada taLLide kriyArUpadalli taLLu kriyA padada anantara hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d ‘samaya’ oTTu bandide mattu adara anantara taLLuva kelasavannu mADidavanu vAkyada ADuga embudannu sUcisuva e ‘ADuga’ oTTu bandide.
ondu kelasa naDedide illavE naDeyalide embudannu tiLisuva badalu, ondu kelasa naDedilla illavE naDeyuvudilla embudannu tiLisabEkiddalli samayada oTTina jAgadalli allagaLeyuva *A oTTannu baLasalAguttittu.
intaha allagaLeyuva kriyArUpa haLegannaDadalli uLidide (piDiyam ‘(avanu) hiDiyuvudilla’), Adare hosagannaDada halavu oLanuDigaLalli (mattu baraha kannaDadalli) uLidilla.
(2) kelasavannu mADisuva vAkyagaLa koneyalli kriyApadavu orvacanadalli yAva oTTannU sErisikoLLade hAgeyE baruttade. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada avanigondu pustaka koDu vAkya mADisikoLLuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttiddu, adara kelasavannu koneyalli koDu kriyApada yAva oTTannU sErisikoLLade hAgeyE bandide.
halavacanadalli mAtra kriyApadadondige vacanavannu sUcisu vudakkAgi kELuganannu sUcisuva halavacanada ADuga oTTu baruttade. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada nIvu manege hOgi vAkyada koneyalli hOgu kriyApadadondige halavacanavannu sUcisuva i oTTu bandide.
8.1.2 vAkyada naDuvina kriyArUpagaLu
vAkyagaLa naDuve baruva kriyArUpagaLalli kriyA-guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballa ‘jODisuva’ rUpagaLu mattu nAma-guNa padagaLa jAgadalli baraballa ‘sambandisuva’ rUpagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiyavugaLannu kANabahudu. jODisuva rUpagaLalli samayavannu sUcisuva oTTu mAtra bandiruttade; Adare sambandisuva rUpagaLalli sambandavannu sUcisuva a oTTU bandiruttade (12.2-3 nODi).
I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLu mAtravallade, Sarattannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLu mattu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballa kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu embudAgi bEre eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLU vAkyada naDuve baLakeyAgaballuvAgidduvu.
mUladrAviDadalli I bEre bEre rItiya kriyArUpagaLa oLa racane hEgiddirabahudu mattu avu kannaDada caritreyalli hEge badalAgirabahudu embudannu I adyAyadalli (mattu munde ombattu mattu hanneraDanE adyAyagaLalli) vivarisalAguvudu.
8.2 samayada oTTugaLu
mUladrAviDakke mundina samaya mattu hindina samaya sUcisuvantaha embudAgi eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLallU oTTugaLannu intahavE eraDu rItiya samayada oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDada eraDu vAkyagaLannu
samayagaLannu kannaDada
kalpisikoLLalAgide.
pariSIlisabahudu.
(1ka) nAnu mumbayige hOguttEne. (1ca) nAnu mumbayige hOde.
(1ka) vAkyadalli hOguttEne kriyArUpa bandiddu, adu A vAkyavannADida samayada anantara naDeyaliruva (endare ‘mundina’ samayada) kelasavannu sUcisuttade; idakke badalu (1ca) vAkyadalli hOde kriyArUpa bandiddu, adu A vAkyavannADida samayakkinta modalE naDeda (endare ‘hindina’ samayada) kelasavannu sUcisuttade.
mundina samayada kriyArUpakke ondu vAkyavannADiruva samayada anantara jaraguva kelasavannu mAtravallade, rUDiyalli jaruguva kelasavannu sUcisuva artavU ide. idannu keLage koTTiruva (1Ta) vAkyadalli kANabahudu.
(1Ta) nAnu angaDige dinAlU enTu
hOguttEne.
(1Ta) vAkyavu rAju angaDige hOguva kelasa A vAkyava nnADida samayada anantara naDeyuttadeyundEnU sUcisuttilla; idakke badalu vAkyada ADuganu (nAnu) (rUDiyalli) angaDige hOguva samaya yAvudu embudannu mAtravE sUcisuttade. (A vAkyavannADiruva divasa Ata angaDige hOgadiralU sAdyavide).
8.2.1 hindina samayada oTTu
mUladrAviDadalli hindina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *nta oTTina baLakeyAguttiddirabEku. idakke mUladrAviDadallEnE bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli *nta, *t, *c mattu *k emba rUpagaLidduvendu kalpisabEkAguttade. Adare I rUpagaLu baruva sannivESagaLu entahavu embudannu niScitavAgi hELalu innU sAdyavAgilla.
mUladrAviDada ondu kavalAda tenkudrAviDadalli I oTTina svarUpa hEgiddirabahudemba viSaya heccu spaSTavAgide. adaralli I oTTige kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara *nta emba rUpa mattu bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara *t emba rUpa embudAgi eraDu mukya rUpagaLidduvendu hELabahudu. idallade, sErikeya niyamagaLa mUlaka bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu adaralli naDediruvudannu kalpisikoLLabahudu.
(1) taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara I oTTu *nta emba rUpadallE baruttiddirabEku mattu adu sEridAga, I kriyApadagaLa koneyalli uccAraNegAgi baruttidda ukAra ikAravAgi badalAguttiddirabEku.
kannaDadalli mElina kriyApadagaLondige baruva I oTTina nakAra bidduhOgi, adara anantarada t vyanjana d emba rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade. idakke badalu, tamiLu, malayALa, koDagu, toda modalAda itara tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli adara takAra bidduhOgi, n mAtra uLididdu, I oTTu n emba rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade. I eraDu rItiya nuDigaLallU kriyApadada koneyalli uccAraNegAgi bandidda ukAra ikAravAgi badalAgide.
kriyApada tUgu (<tUnGku) nambu
aDagu (<aDaGku) aDagide(n) aTaGkanEn amuku (<*amukku) amukide(n) amukkinEn
kannaDa
tUgide(n) nambide (n) kaTTide(n)
tamiLu ATinEn tUGkanEn nampinEn kaTTinEn
I ikAravU mUladrAviDadalli hindina samayada oTTina amSavAgirabEkendu heccina vidvAmsarU vAdisuttAre. Adare idu sariyendu nanage tOruvudilla.
illi nAvu mukyavAgi gamanisabEkAgiruva amSavEnendare, I rIti ikAra kANisuvudu taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva mattu uccAraNegAgi koneyalli ukAravannu paDediruva kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLalli mAtra. I ikArada anantaravU *nta oTTina amSagaLu bEre bEre nuDigaLalli bEre bEre rUpagaLalli kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, avannu mAtravE hindina samayada oTTina rUpagaLendu parigaNisidare sAku.
I samayada oTTina anantara orvacanadalli manuSyEtararannu sUcisuva tu oTTu bandAga adakke (samayada oTTige) kannaDadalli sonne rUpavide (ADitu, tUgitu, nambitu).
idallade, I kriyApadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLalli tamiLu mattu kannaDa nuDigaLeraDarallU hindina samayada oTTige sonne rUpavide (endare adara nakAra mattu takAragaLeraDU biddu hOgive); Adare kriyApadada koneyalli uccAraNegAgi banda ukAra ikAravAgi badalAgiddu, A rUpadallE uLidide.
kannaDa
amuki
tamiLu tUGka nampi amukki
taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli giDDa svaraviruva mattu giDDa svarada anantara otte taDeyuliyiruva koDu, biDu, nagu, sigu, peR(u) modalAdavugaLu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLu. ivugaLa anantara banda hindina samayada *nta oTTu kannaDadalli T, k mattu t emba rUpagaLallide.
idallade, I kriyApadagaLa koneyulli uccAraNegAgi bandidda ukAra bidduhOgi, adara hindiruva taDeyuli koraLisada T, k mattu t rUpagaLalli uLidide.
tamiLinalliyU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide. Adare, RakArada anantara I oTTina takAra RakAravAgide. (kannaDadallU modalige intahadE badalAvaNe naDedirabahudu; Adare RR tta embudAgi embudu anantara kannaDada caritreyalli badalAgiruva kAraNa (4.4.4 nODi), mEle vivarisidantaha niyama kannaDadallide.
kriyApada nagu koDu
heru (<peRu)
teru (<teRu)
kannaDa
nakke koTTe
hette
tamiLu nakkEn iTTEn koTTEn peRRIn teRRIn
I kriyApadagaLa jODisuva rUpadalli hindina samayada oTTu bidduhOgilla (endare, adakke sonne rUpavilla). idakke badalu, A oTTina anantara uccAraNegAgi ukAravondu sErikonDide.
kannaDa
nakku
koTTu
hettu
tamiLu nakku koTTu peRRu
(2) kriyApadagaLa koneya akAra kannaDadalli ekAravAgide. intaha eraDu ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLa anantara bandidda hindina samayada *nta oTTu tamiLinalli badalAgade uLidide; Adare kannaDadalli nakAravannu kaLedukonDu d rUpakke badalAgide.
kriyApada naDe (<naTa)
toRa (<toRa) teRa (<teRa)
kaRa (<kaRa)
kannaDa
naDede
toRade teRade
kaRade
tamiLu naTantEn
tuRantEn tiRantEn kiTantEn kaRantEn
tamiLinalli ekAra-okAragaLu, avugaLa anantara oTTina akAra bandiruvalli, ikAra-ukAragaLAgi badalAgiruva kAraNa (2.2.1 nODi), *toRa, *teRa mattu *keTa kriyApadagaLu tuRa, tiRa mattu kiTa rUpadalli kANisuttave. keLage (3)nE vibAgadalli koTTiruva kriyApadagaLallU intahadE badalAvaNe tamiLinalli naDedide.
(3) *ay embudaralli konegoLLuttidda eraDu ulikante gaLiruva kriyApadagaLU kannaDadalli ekAradalli konegoLLuttave (tamiLu: uTay kannaDa: oDe, tamiLu: kuZay kannaDa: koLe).
ivugaLa anantara baruva hindina samayada *nta oTTige tamiLi nalli eraDu rUpagaLive: avugaLa anantara mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu bandiruvalli (7.5.2 nODi) adu nakAravannu kaLedukonDu t rUpadalli uLidide; mADuvikeya t oTTu baradiruvalli adu nta rUpadallE uLidide.
Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa kannaDadalli uLidilla (havyaka mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLu idakke apavAdagaLu 7.5.3-4 nODi). hAgAgi, intaha kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hindina samayada nta oTTige kannaDadalli d emba rUpavE ide (adara anantara tu ADuga oTTu bandiruvalli mAtra adakke sonne rUpavide mattu kriyApadada koneyallondu ikAra kANisikoLLuttade (neneyitu). idu kannaDadalli mAtra naDeda badalAvaNe).
kannaDa
tamiLu
Aguvike/mADuvike
Aguvike
mADuvike
nenede naneyitu
uTayntatu iRayntatu ninayntatu taTayntatu nanayntatu
uTayttEn iRayttEn ninayttEn taTayttEn nanayttEn
(4) ikAra mattu ukAragaLalli konegoLLuva mattu eraDu ulikantegaLiruva halavu kriyApadagaLa anantara, hAgU yakAra, rakAra illavE ZakAragaLalli konegoLLuva mattu ondu illavE eraDu ulikantegaLiruva halavu kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hindina samayada nta oTTige tamiLinalli eraDeraDu rUpagaLive. avugaLa anantara mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu bandideyAdare
adakke t rUpavide mattu mADuvikeya t oTTu bAradiruvalli nta rUpavide.
mEle sUcisida hAge, kannaDadalli I Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa uLidilla (havyaka mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLu idakke apavAdagaLu). hAgAgi, intaha kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hindina samayada oTTige kannaDadalli d rUpavE ide (illU A oTTina anantara tu ADuga oTTu bandiruvalli adakke sonne rUpavide mattu kriyApadagaLa anantara ikAravondu bandide (biriyitu)).
kannaDa
tamiLu
Aguvike/mADuvike
Aguvike
mADuvike
biriyitu
muriyitu, muride
virintatu
muRintatu iruntEn
virittEn murittEn iruttEn
nOyu, mIyu, bEyu, taru mattu baru emba aydu kriyApadagaLa anantara mAtra hindina samayada oTTu kannaDadalli nda(<*nta) rUpadallE uLidide. Adare I oTTu sEriruvalli kriyApadagaLa eraDaneya ulikante bidduhOgide.
kriyApada nOyu
kannaDa
nonde
tamiLu nontEn vantEn tantEn
(5) nakAra illavE NakAragaLalli konegoLLuva ondu uli kanteya kriyApadagaLa anantara hindina samayada oTTige tenku drAviDadalli *t emba rUpaviddirabEku. kannaDadalli idu nakArada
anantara d embudAgi mattu NakArada anantara D embudAgi kANisikoLLuttade.
kriyApadagaLu
hindina samayada rUpa
(6) lakAra illavE LakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara hindina samayada oTTu tenkudrAviDadalli yAva rUpa dalliddirabahudembudu innU spaSTavAgilla. lakAra mattu LakAragaLu kelavu sErikeya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiruvudu I aspaSTatege ondu kAraNa. I badalAvaNegaLu aniyamitavAgi kANisuvudu innondu kAraNa.
udAharaNegAgi, l+nta embudu nR endAguvudu mattu L+nta embudu NTa endAguvudu intaha ondu badalAvaNe. kannaDada nindu (nil) mattu konDu (koL) kriyArUpagaLalli I badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu (kannaDada nindu embudu tenkudrAviDada *ninRu embudarinda bandide (4.5(1) nODi); tamiLinalli idu ninRu rUpadallE ide).
Adare, I niyamakke kannaDadalli halavu apavAdagaLU ive. udAharaNegAgi, niltu (nittu), kaltu, geldu (geddu), kaLdu (kaddu), kELdu kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
8.2.2 mundina samayada oTTu
mundina samayada oTTige mUladrAviDadalli ppa, kka, tta, um mattu n emba rUpagaLiddirabEkendu kalpisalAgide (subrahmaNyam 1971 nODi).
(1) ivugaLalli mukyavAgi modalaneya ppa rUpavE haLegannaDadalli uLididdu, heccina kriyArUpagaLallU idu v embudAgi kANisuttade.
kriyApada
pEZ
naDugu
mundina samayada rUpa pELvan ‘hELuttAne’’
gelva ‘gelluva’’ anjuvir ‘hedaruttIri’’ biDuvuvu ‘biDuttave’ naDuguva
Adare, kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara mElina oTTige haLegannaDadalli p, ppa illavE b emba rUpagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu (vivaragaLige 8.3 nODi).
kriyApada
nODu esagu
toLagu
mundina samayada rUpa irpan ‘iruttAne’’ nOZpan ‘nODuttEne’’ esapan ‘ODisuttAne’ appar ‘AguttAre’ toLappa ‘hoLeyuva’’ timben ‘tinnuttEne’
koL
uNben ‘uNNuttEne’’ komben ‘tegedukoLLuttEne’’
(2) mUladrAviDada kka oTTina baLake haLegannaDada kELgum, puTTugum, irkum, mALkum modalAda padarUpagaLalli kANisu ttade. ivattina barahada kannaDadalli idu bEku mattu sAku emba eraDu rUpagaLalli mAtra uLidide.
mUladrAviDadalli mundina samayada I eraDu (ppa, kka) oTTugaLa naDuve entaha sambandavittu embudinnU spaSTavAgilla. haLegannaDadalli kum (gum) oTTina baLake ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararu naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli mAtra kANisuttade.
I oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLannu haLegannaDadalli mUru kAla gaLallU baLasalAguttittendu heccina vidvAmsarU hELuttAre. Adare kAvyagaLalli avugaLa baLakeyannu pariSIlisidAga mundina samayada kelasavannu tiLisuvalli A kelasa naDeyuva bagege Uheyannu sUcisabEkAgiruva sandarbagaLalli mAtravE avu baLakeyAguttaveyendu tOruttade.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabAratada baLakeyannu
gamanisabahudu.
bEDidoDe balada bariyuman IDADugum (1.100) ‘yAcisidare (karNanu) balapakkeyannu kattarisi esedAnu’
(2)nE vAkyadalli IDADugum kriyArUpa mundina samayadalli naDeyaliruva kelasada kuritu ADugana Uheyannu
sUcisuttadallade niScitavAgiyU munde naDeyaliruva kelasavannu sUcisuvudilla.
idallade, hindina samayada kelasagaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLake yAdAgalella, avu rUDiyallidda kelasagaLannu mAtravE sUcisuva hAge kANisuttade (baT 2005:210-13 nODi).
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabAratada kandapadyadalli kum (gum) oTTiruva mUru kriyArUpagaLu hindina samayavannu sUcisuvalli baLakeyAgive. Adare ivellavU subadre viraha ‘rUDiya’ tApadinda sUcisuva kelasagaLannu artadallE baLakeyAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu.
mADuttidda
nuDiyisi kELgum harigana paDemAtane mAtu tapopaDam mattamadam nuDiyisugum modalindA nuDi paRipaDe muLidu nODugum keLadiyaram (4.56)
I kum (gum) oTTinalliruva kakAra mAtravE mUladrAviDada mundina samayada kka oTTina munduvarikeyendu hELalu sAdyavide. hAgiddalli, adara anantara baruva um embudu ADuga mattu kELugarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisuva ‘ADuga’ oTTendu vAdisabahudu.
8.3 haLegannaDadalli samayada oTTugaLu
kannaDada heccina vidvAmsarU haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli da, dapa mattu va embudAgi mUru samayada oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttidduvu mattu ivakke anukramavAgi hindina (bUta), Igina (vartamAna) mattu mundina (baviSyat) kAlagaLannu sUcisuva artavittu embudAgi hELuttAre. Adare idu sariyalla.
yAkendare, nijakkU da mattu va emba eraDu samayada oTTugaLiginta bEreyAgiruva dapa emba oTTE haLegannaDadalli iralilla. kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu antaha dapa oTTu baLakeyAgide pELdapam embantaha yundu kriyArUpagaLu eraDeraDu kriyArUpagaLalli baLakeyAgiveyallade dapa emba oTTu baLakeyAgilla.
bandapam,
hELuva
udAharaNegAgi, bandapam embudaralli baru kriyApadada hindina samayada banda rUpa mattu Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada apam (<appam) rUpa embudAgi eraDu kriyArUpa gaLu sErikonDive. I viSaya paredappar ‘cadarihOguttAre’ embudaralli innaSTu spaSTavAgi kANisuttade. idaralli Agu kriyA padada mundina samayada rUpa appar embudAgiyE ide.
intaha baLakegaLalli
modalaneya
rUpadalli
(‘bUtakrudanta’
kiTTel avaru
nODi). Adare idU
kriyApada adara rUpadalli) (kiTTel sariyundu
hELuttAre
sambandisuva baLakeyAgideyundu tOruvudilla.
yAkendare, kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva (krudanta) rUpagaLannu A rIti innondu kriyApadadondige sErisi hELuva krama baLakeyallilla. nAmapadagaLa viSESaNagaLAgi mAtra avu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyAgaballuvallade, (krudantagaLu) viSESaNagaLAgi (illavE bEre rItiyalli kriyApadagaLondige nEravAgi sambandisi) baLakeyAgalAravu.
hAgAgi, mElina racanegaLannu bandan appan, paredar kriyApadagaLa
appar embantaha
racanegaLinda
hELikeyU
kanDubaruva
sariyallavendu
pampabAratadalli
nAmarUpadondige Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpavannu sErisi tayArisiruva racanegaLinda) paDeyabEkAguttade. bandapam, paredappar embantaha I racanegaLige haLegannaDadalli Igina (vartamAna) samayavannu sUcisuva artavittemba kannaDa tOruttade. vayyAkaraNigaLa udAharaNegAgi, kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu pariSIlisidAga, avakkU va (pa) oTTiruva barpam, nilvam embantaha kriyArUpagaLigU naDuve samayada sUcaneyalli yAva vyatyAsavU illadiruvudu spaSTavAguttade (vivaragaLige baT 2005:202 nODi). baruttAne hosagannaDadalli
mattu bandavanAguttAne emba eraDu rUpagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsavideyO antahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDadalli barpam mattu bandapam nAvu rUpagaLa kalpisikoLLabEkAguttade.
naDuveyU iddirabEkendu
ivattu karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli mattu nIlagiriya baDaga kannaDadalli haLegannaDada I ‘dapa’ rUpadinda bandirabahudAda kelasavannu kriyArUpavondu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttide (8.3.3-4) nODi.
samayada
mundina
mAtravE
idallade, oLanADina oLanuDigaLallU adu baLakeyalliddu, mundina samayadalli kelasavondu naDeyabahudu emba Uheya artavannu baLakeyAguttade. niScitavAgiyU mundina samayadalli naDeyaliruva kelasavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli utta oTTiruva rUpavannu baLasiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu (baruttAne, tinnuttAne).
koDuvudakkAgi
dapa kriyArUpagaLu oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgive. avugaLa eraDaneya angavAgidda appan embudu naDugannaDadalli ahan endu badalAgide mattu anantara adara hakAra bidduhOdudarindAgi Anu emba rUpavannu paDedide (bandapan > bandahan > bandAnu).
bandEnu, bandAru, bandALu
modalAda itara rUpagaLallU idE rItiyalli pakAra hakAravAgide mattu anantara bidduhOgide. I pakArada paLeyaLikeyAgi adara anantara bandidda svara ivattu uddasvaravAgi uLidukonDide.
naDugannaDa haLegannaDa bandahem bandapem bandapay bandahe
bandaham bandapam bandahaL bandapaL
dAravADa bandEnu bandAnu bandALu
samayagaLannu
I niyamakke baraha kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva iru kriyApadada rUpagaLu apavAdagaLAgiruva hAge kANisuttave. nijakkU I kriyApadakke baraha kannaDadalli mundina, Igina mattu hindina rUpagaLive sUcisaballa (iruttAne, iddAne, idda). ivugaLalli modalaneya iruttAne rUpa mattu mUraneya idda rUpagaLu itara kriyApadagaLa mundina mattu hindina samayada rUpagaLa hAge utta mattu d oTTugaLa sErikeyinda racitavAgive.
mUru
Adare Igina samayavannu sUcisuva iddAne rUpa haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallidda irdapan rUpadinda bandiruva hAge
kANisuttade (irdapan > irdahan > iddAne). Adare, I kriyArUpa mEle vivarisidantaha Uheyannu sUcisuva iddAnu rUpadinda bErAgideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. I rUpada koneyalli ekAravideyAdare, Uheyannu sUcisuva rUpada koneyalli ukAravide. I ukArada mUlavEnu embudu spaSTavAgilla.
kannaDada karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mattu baDaga kannaDadalli haLegannaDada va (pa) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLu uLidukonDive Adare oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli avu uLidilla.
kelasavondu niScitavAgiyU
Adare, I eraDu oLanuDigaLallU adakke kelasavondu munde naDeyabahudu emba Uheya arta mAtravE ide. mundina kAla naDeyabahudembudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baDaga kannaDadalli mattu karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ rUpavannu baLasiruvudu mattu karAvaLiya itara oLanuDigaLalli utta oTTiruva rUpavannu baLasiruvudu idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
8.3.1 hindina samayada oTTinalli badalAvaNegaLu
haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallidda hindina samayada oTTu kannaDada anantarada caritreyalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgide. I badalAvaNegaLalli halavakke kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLE (7.9 nODi) kAraNavendu hELalu sAdyavide.
(1) haLegannaDadalli r, R, l, L mattu Z vyanjanagaLalli konegoLLuttidda kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli ukAradalli kone goLLuvantAgide. I kAraNakkAgi ivugaLalli halavu kriyApadagaLa
hindina samayada rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLAgiruvudannu keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
kriyApada bedaR
kanal
kEL
bAZ
haLegannaDa pIrdan
bedardan kanaldan kELdan
bAZdan
hosagannaDa hIrida(nu) bedarida kanalida kELida bALida
Adare, I niyamakke apavAdavAgi halavu kriyApadagaLa hindina rUpagaLa rUpagaLu munduvarikegaLAgiyU uLidukonDive. ivugaLalli halavu haLegannaDadallEnE mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgidduvu.
samayada
haLegannaDa
kriyApada kuLir
kol
sal koL
haLegannaDa kuLitan bandan
tandan
geddan
kondan nindan
sandan
konDan
hosagannaDa kuLita
innu kelavu kriyArUpagaLu bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiruvudE mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi uLiyalu kAraNavirabEku. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada lta embudu udda
svarada anantara t embudAgi badalAgiruva kAraNa, keLagina kriyArUpagaLu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgive.
kriyApada nEl
sOl
nUl
haLegannaDa nEltan sOltan nUltan
hosagannaDa nEta sOta nUta
idE rItiyalli, (ka) giDDa svarada anantara banda Zta embudu tta endAdudu mattu (ca) rda, Zda mattu Lda embavugaLu dda endAdudu keLage koTTiruva kriyArUpagaLu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi uLiyalu kAraNavirabEku.
kriyApada (ka) aZ
bIZ
haLegannaDa aZtan
uZtan
kiZtan
irdan
eZdan
biZdan
kaLdan
hosagannaDa
(2) nakAra mattu NakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. ivu gaLalli svara bandideyAdare, ukAra mAtra sErikoLLuttade (sInu, Anu, kANu); (ca) giDDa svara bandideyAdare, avugaLa koneyallidda nakAra illavE NakAra immaDi rUpavannU paDeyuttade (tinnu, ennu, uNNu).
Adare, I eraDu badalAvaNegaLU I kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLa mEle yAva pariNAmavannU mADilla. avu haLegannaDadallidda rUpadallE uLidive. udda svarada anantara mUguli biddu hOguva ondu badalAvaNe mAtra illi naDedide.
kriyApada
haLegannaDa
hosagannaDa
Atu(konDa)
8.3.2 mundina samayada oTTinalli badalAvaNegaLu
haLegannaDadalli mundina samayada oTTige v, b mattu p emba mUru rUpagaLidduvembudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. (1) NakAra mattu nakAragaLalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara idakke b rUpavittu, mattu (2) rakAra, RakAra, ZakAra mattu nakAragaLalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara p rUpavittu. idallade, isu oTTinalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara mattu gu illavE Du ulikantegaLalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantaravU idakke p rUpavittu.
I rIti, p rUpa iruvalli kriyApadagaLa koneya isu mattu gu ulikantegaLu biddu hOguttave mattu Du embudu Z endAguttade (udAharaNegaLannu keLage (3)nE pArAda anantara koDalAgide).
(3) uLida kriyApadagaLa anantara adakke v rUpavittu. Adare, elli p illavE b rUpavittu mattu elli v rUpavittu embudannu tiLisuva niScitavAda niyamagaLilla.
kriyApadagaLa paTTiya mUlakavE idannu vivarisabEku. I ellA badalAvaNegaLigU kelavu udAharaNegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
p(b) rUpa
tOR kIZ nOn nODu
tOrpa nOnpa nOZpa
v rUpa
kuDu
pEZ bEDu
bIsu
kuDuva
pIrva pEZva aRiva bEDuva
aLeva bIsuva
I oTTina rUpagaLu naDugannaDadalli heccukaDime badalAgade uLidive. pakAra hakAravAguva ondu badalAvaNe mAtra ivugaLalli kelavu rUpagaLannu mArpaDisive. modalige I badalAvaNe immaDi pakAraviruva ippa>iha, bappa>baha, tappa>taha rUpagaLalli kANisikonDiddu anantara bELpa>bEha, pOpa> hOha rUpagaLallU kANisikonDide.
ivattina baraha kannaDadalli mundina samayada I v (p) oTTu kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva rUpadalli (ALuva, bILuva, sILuva) mAtra uLidide. kelavu viSiSTavAda barahagaLalli mAtra, adu vAkyada koneya kriyArUpagaLallU (mADuvenu, mADu varu) kANisikoLLuttade.
vAkyagaLa
koneyalli baLasuvudakkAgi I oTTiruva kriyArUpakke badalAgi baraha kannaDadalli utta emba bEreyE
ondu oTTiruva kriyArUpa baLakeyAguttade (mADuttAne, baruttEne, hOgu ttALe). idu eraDu kriyArUpagaLa jODaNeyinda siddavAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.
jODisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgiruva kriyArUpagaLu yAvuvu endu hELuvudu mAtra svalpa kaSTa. kiTTel avara matadante, Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu utta oTTinalli konegoLLuva mADutta, barutta, hOgutta modalAda jODisuva kriyArUpagaLondige rUpagaLannu nODi) tayArisalAgide.
mUlaka I
sErisuva
mundina
kriyApadada
ivugaLalli Agu
samayada (appen, appem, appan, appaL kriyArUpagaLu modalAduvu) Ene, Eve, Ane, ALe modalAda kuggisida rUpagaLalli bandiveyembudAgi avaru sUcisuttAre (kiTTel 1903: 133 nODi).
Adare illi samasyeyEnendare, mADuttum appen ‘mADuttA Aguvenu’ embantaha racane kannaDada maTTige aSTondu sariyAdudendu tOruvudilla
baraha kannaDada sambandisuva rUpagaLalli v(p) oTTu ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLa anantaravU v emba ondE rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade (emba sambandisuva kriyArUpa mAtra idakke apavAda; adaralli b rUpa uLidide). kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli naDeda halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLE (7.9 nODi) I rIti ivattina baraha kannaDadalli haLegannaDada mUru (v, p, b) rUpagaLa badalu v emba ondE rUpa uLidiralu kAraNavirabEku. keLagina udAharaNegaLu idannu spaSTapaDisuttave.
haLegannaDa kriyApada kriyArUpa
pO
bEva
kILpa
pOpa
hosagannaDa
kriyApada bEyu
tinnu
kILu
hOgu
kriyArUpa ALuva bEyuva tinnuva iruva kILuva hOguva
8.3.3 karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mundina samayada oTTu
mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDada mundina samayada oTTu karA vaLiya oLanuDigaLalli sambandisuva rUpagaLalli mAtravallade idallade, I kriyArUpagaLalli halavu rUpabEdagaLU uLidukonDive.
rUpagaLallU uLidukonDide. mundina
samayada oTTina
(1) udAharaNegAgi, havyaka
kannaDadalli I oTTige haLegannaDadalli kANisuva p, b mattu v emba mUru rUpagaLU ive.
haLegannaDa pOpen barpen
uNben
kANben
havyaka kannaDa hOpe bappe
gelven
pADuven naDeven
gelluve hADuve naDeve
Adare, I rUpagaLa baLakeyalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLU naDedive. kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLalli (kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli) naDedantaha halavu badalAvaNegaLu (7.9 nODi) havyakadallU naDediruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
haLegannaDadalli halavu kriyApadagaLa anantara baruttidda p rUpada badalu, havyakadalli v rUpa kANisuvudu intaha badalAvaNegaLalli mukyavAdudu.
haLegannaDa kIL - kILpen mADu - mAZpan nODu - nOZpan tarisu - taripen mADisu - mADippen mADusu - mADusuve tUgu - tUpen
havyaka kannaDa kILu - kILuve mADu - mADuve nODu - nODuve tarusu - tarusuve
tUgu - tUguve
havyaka kannaDadalli I kriyArUpagaLa artadallU badalAvaNe yAgide. mEle sUcisida hAge, avu mundina samayada sangati yondannu tiLisuva badalu, adara kuritAgi ADugana Uheyannu sUcisuttave. niScitavAgiyU ondu sangati mundina samayadalli jaragalide embudannu tiLisalu, ivakke badalu utta oTTiruva mADutte ‘mADuttEne’, tarusutte ‘tarisuttEne’ modalAda kriyArUpagaLannE havyaka kannaDavU baLasuttade.
idallade, havyaka kannaDadalli Uheyannu sUcisuva mElina kriyArUpagaLannu ADuga mattu kELugaru naDesaliruva kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtravE baLasalAguttade. itararu naDesaliruva
kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade.
oTTiruva
haLegannaDa An barpen Am barpem
nIm baprir
avan bapran
avar baprar
havyaka kannaDa Anu bappe engo bappeyoᵒ ningo bappi ave bakku avu bakku
mEle (8.2.2)ralli sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadallU kum (gum) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyalli I eraDu nirbandagaLidduvu; (ka) avu ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararu naDesuva kelasagaLannu mAtravE sUcisuttidduvu mattu (ca) mundina samayada kelasagaLa kuritAgi Uheyannu mAtravE sUcisuttidduvu.
hAgAgi, I oTTina maTTige havyaka kannaDa haLegannaDada kAladallidda baLakeyannE munduvariside. Aguga mattu kELugaru naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuvalli mAtra adu badalAvaNeyannu mADikonDide; mundina samayada kelasagaLannu sUcisuva v (p) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLannu antaha kelasagaLa kuritAgi Uheyannu sUcisabEkAgiruvalli mAtra baLasuvante adu avugaLa vyAptiyannu kaDime mADikonDide.
idallade, haLegannaDada hAge havyaka kannaDadallU kum (gum) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLu rUpadalli) hindina samayadalli rUDiyallidda kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyavannu gamanisa bahudu.
(4) avu puNelippaga umbale hOTelinge hOku
‘avaru puNeyalliddAga UTakke hOTelige hOguttiddaru’
mElina vAkyadalli hOku kriyArUpa hindina samayadalli rUDiyalli naDeyuttidda kelasavondannu sUcisuttade. Adare, v (p) oTTiruva hOpe ‘hOdEnu’, hOpi ‘hOdIri’ kriyA rUpagaLige I rIti hindina samayada (rUDiya) kelasagaLannu sUcisuva baLakeyilla.
I kAraNakkAgi, ADuga illavE kELuga naDesuttidda kelasagaLannu (avarondige itararannU sErisi hELiruva sandarbagaLalli) ku (gu) oTTiruva rUpagaLa mUlakavEnE hindina samayada rUDiya kelasagaLannu sUcisalAguttade.
(5) nAvu puNelippaga umbale hOTelinge hOku
puNeyalliddAga UTakke
‘nAvu hOguttiddevu’
hOTelige
I viSayadalli havyaka kannaDa haLegannaDakkinta bErAgiruva hAge
kANisuttade.
mundina samayada kelasada kuritAgi Uheyannu sUcisuva I artadalli v (p) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLa baLake karAvaLiya bEre oLanuDigaLallU kANisuttade. Adare, I oLanuDigaLalli ADuga mattu kELugaru naDesaliruva kelasagaLannu mAtravallade itararu naDesaliruva kelasagaLannU I kriyArUpagaLa mUlakavE sUcisalAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, hAlakki kannaDadalli (AcArya 1967) kuDIve ‘kuDidEnu’, embantaha rUpagaLu mAtravallade, kuDIva ‘avanu
kuDidAnu’, baruva ‘avanu bandAnu’ embantaha rUpagaLU
(2) suLyada gavDa kannaDavU haLegannaDada v(p) oTTannu uLisi konDide mattu adannu aniScitavAgiruva mundina samayavannu sUcisuva artadalli baLasuttade (kuSAlappa gavDa 1970).
tin - timbo
kAN - kAmba
aLi - aLive
koDu - koDuve
‘(avanu) tindAnu’ ‘(nInu) nODabahudu’ ‘(nAnu) aLedEnu’ ‘(nAnu) koTTEnu’
niScitavAda mundina samayavannu illavE Igina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, baraha kannaDa illavE karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDada hAge, utta oTTannu baLasuva badalu gavDa kannaDa hindina samayada oTTinondige bErondu oTTannu baLasuttiruva hAge kANisuttade. idu haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ kriyArUpada illavE antaha bErondu rUpada munduvarikeyAgirabEku.
koDu
hOgu
hAru
koDu
koTTane ‘koDuttEne’ tandane, tanne ‘taruttEne’ hOdane, hOne ‘hOguttEne’ hAriya ‘hAruttI’ aLdiya ‘aLeyuttI’ attave ‘aLuttAre’ koTTade ‘koDuttade’
keLage 8.3.4ralli koTTiruva baDaga kannaDada mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLigU I karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDada kriyArUpagaLigU naDuviruva hOlikeyannu gamanisuvudu avaSya.
8.3.4 baDaga kannaDadalli samayada oTTugaLu
nIlagiriya baDagara kannaDa oLanuDiyalli hindina samayada kriyA rUpagaLu heccukaDime kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLalliruva hAgeyE keLage uLidukonDive. idakke koDalAgide.
kelavu udAharaNegaLannu
mADide
hOda
‘nInu mADide’’ ‘avanu hOda’’ ‘avanu edda’ ‘avanu banda’
Adare, mundina
sUcisuvudakkAgi baDaga samayavannu kannaDadalli haLegannaDada dapa oTTu munduvaridiruva hAge kANisuttade. endare, adaralli hindina samayada kriyArUpakke Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada kriyArUpavannu sErisi racisidantaha haLegannaDada kriyArUpavE mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttiruva hAge kANisuttade.
udAharaNegAgi, baDaga kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva kelavu mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu. ivu mEle 6.3.3ralli rUpagaLannu hOluttave.
koTTiruva
kannaDada
gavDa
naDadAra
mADina
‘avaru naDeyuttAre’ ‘avanu mADuttAne’
bandano
‘nIvu ujjuttIri’ ‘nAnu uLuttEne’ ‘nAvu baruttEve’ ‘nAnu ODuttEne’
idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttidda v (p) oTTiruva kriyArUpavU baDaga kannaDadalli uLidukonDide. Adare, karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDada hAge, adannu baDaga kannaDa ADuga mattu kELugaru naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtra baLasuttade. idallade, orvacanadallU adara baLakeyilla.
hOpO
aLibO
‘nIvu baruviri’ ‘nAvu (mattu nIvu) hOguvevu’ ‘nIvu aDige mADuviri’ ‘nAvu (mattu nIvu) nASavAguvevu’
8.3.5 sangatiyannu tiLisuva kriyApadagaLu
haLegannaDada heccina kriyApadagaLU ondu kelasavannu (Aguvike illavE mADuvikeyannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. I kAraNakkAgi avu hindina illavE mundina samayada oTTinondige (illavE allagaLeyuva oTTinondige - 8.4 nODi) baraballuvu. I niyamakke apavAdavAgi haLegannaDadalli oL ‘iru’, bal ‘tiLidiru’, al ‘alla’ embantaha sangatigaLannu tiLisuva kelavu kriyApadagaLive. ivu kelasagaLannu tiLisuvudillavAda kAraNa, avuga Londige samayada oTTugaLu baralAravu. hAgAgi, vAkyagaLa kone
yalli baLakeyAgaballa kriyArUpagaLalli avakke ADuga oTTugaLannu nEravAgi sErisalAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva oL kriyApadada haLegannaDa
kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
kELuga:
ganDasu:
hengasu:
orvacana
oLay
oLaL
halavacana oLevu oLavu
I kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva rUpadallU samayada oTTu kANisuvudilla (uLLa ‘iruva’, balla ‘tiLida’). I rUpagaLallU sambandisuva a oTTannu avakke nEravAgi sErisalAgide. alla kriyApadada sambandisuva allada rUpadalli d oTTu kANisuvu dAdarU adakke samayavannu sUcisuva artavilla.
hosagannaDadalli I kriyArUpagaLa kelavu paLeyaLikegaLu mAtra uLidive (uLLavaru, unTu, (mADa)balle). kUDupadada angavAgi baruva bal embudu mAtra ellA ADuga oTTugaLondigU baLakeyAguttade (mADaballa, hOgaballaru, tinnaballevu, kELaballiri, koDaballaLu).
I rIti, samayada oTTannu paDeyadiruva kriyApadagaLannu mUladrAviDakkU kalpisabEkAguttadeyE emba viSayavannu innU pariSIlisabEkAgide.
8.4 allagaLeyuva oTTu
mUladrAviDadallEnE samayada oTTige badalAgi A jAgadalli allagaLeyuva oTTannu irisuva mUlaka kelasa naDediruvudannu illavE naDeyaliruvudannu allagaLeyalu sAdyavittu. heccina drAviDa nuDigaLU I mUladrAviDa racaneyannu uLisikonDive.
tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli I allagaLeyuva oTTige eraDu rUpagaLive. (ka) ADuga illavE kELuga oTTugaLa modalu mattu (ca) itararalli manuSyarannu sUcisuva oTTugaLa modalu adu sonne rUpadallide mattu manuSyarallada itararannu sUcisuva oTTugaLa modalu adu A rUpadallide (tuLu nuDi idakke apavAda).
haLegannaDadalliyU adakke intahavE eraDu rUpagaLive. Adare, allagaLeyuva A oTTu mAtra a embudAgi (giDDasvaravAgi) badalAgide. nODem nODay nODam nODaL nODadu
nODevu nODir nODar nODavu
nODadu mattu nODavu kriyArUpagaLalli allagaLeyuva oTTu a rUpadallide (a+udu, a+uvu) mattu itara kriyArUpagaLalli sonne rUpadallide endu hELabahudu.
haLegannaDada I allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLige mUru kAlada kelasagaLannU allagaLeyuva baLakeyittendu vidvAmsaru hELuttAre. Adare, I kriyArUpagaLa heccina baLakegaLallU avakke mundina kelasagaLannu allagaLeyuva artavE kANisuttade.
hindina
idallade,
kelasagaLannu sUcisuva allagaLeyabEkAdallella kriyArUpadadondige illa padada baLakeyE kANisuttade. idannu keLagina haLegannaDa vAkyadalli nODabahudu.
kelasagaLannu
samayada
(6) I kanneyan padmajan paDedan illa ‘I kanyeyannu padmajanu paDedilla’
mUladrAviDadalli I allagaLeyuva oTTige yAva rUpa iddirabahudu emba viSayadalli ommatavilla. adara baLakeyalli kANisuva kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu vivarisuvudakkAgi adakke a svaradondige ‘lArinjal’ vyanjana (5.4 nODi) sEriruva *ah rUpavannu kalpisikoLLabEkAguttadeyundu kruSNamUrti (2003: 348) vAdisiddAre.
I oTTannu paDediruva mattu vAkyada koneyalli baruva kriyArUpagaLu ivattina baraha kannaDadalli mattu oLanADina oLa nuDigaLalli uLidilla. Adare, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli avu uLididdu, mundina samayada kelasagaLannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi mAtravE baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.
(7ka) Anu avana manege hOge
‘nAnu avana manege hOgalikkilla’’
hindina samayada kelasavannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi havyaka samayada kriyArUpadondige ille
kannaDadallU hindina padavannE baLasalAguttade.
(7ca) Anu avana manege hOyidille ‘nAnu avana manege hOgalilla’’
hOyidille embudaralli hOyide ‘hOgiddEne’ kriyA rUpadondige ille ‘illa’ padavannu baLasalAgide. idallade, havyaka kannaDadalli mundina samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLa anantaravU ille padavannu baLasalu sAdyaviddu (battille ‘nAnu baruvudilla’, battaville ‘avaru baruvudilla’), adu allagaLeyuva oTTiruva mElina kriyArUpadinda artadalli bErAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu (hOge ‘hOgalikkilla’, hOvuttille ‘hOguvudilla’).
baDaga kannaDavU haLegannaDada I allagaLeyuva rUpavannu uLisikonDide (bara ‘avanu baralikkilla’, tina ‘tinnalikkilla’, ODa ‘ODalikkilla’). idallade, kriyApadagaLondige Ar embudannu sErisiyU adu allagaLeyuva rUpavannu paDeyaballudu (barAra ‘avanu baralikkilla’).
idallade, ille (ile) ‘illa’ padavannu baLasiyU baDaga kannaDadalli allagaLeyuva kUDupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdyavide ‘bandiralilla’, (bappile bappadille ‘bandiralikkilla’).
‘(avanu) baralikkilla’, bandadille
8.5 ADuga oTTugaLu
mUladrAviDa kriyArUpagaLalli samayada oTTina anantara ADuga oTTugaLu (kelasada Aguga illavE mADuganu ADuganE, kELuganE atavA itararE embudannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu)
baraballuvAgidduvu. I ‘ADuga’ oTTugaLa svarUpavEnembudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.
8.5.1 ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu
(1) ADuganannu sUcisuva oTTu mUladrAviDadalli *En emba rUpadalliddirabahudendu kalpisalAgide. haLegannaDadalli idara udda svara giDDavAgide (mAZpan, mADiden) mattu vikalpavAgi adara koneya nakAra bidduhOgide (mAZpa, mADide).
mUladrAviDadallEnE idakke (mattu kELuganannu, hAgU avaribbara bEre bEre kUDikegaLannu sUcisuva oTTugaLige) udda mattu giDDa svaragaLiruva eraDeraDu rUpagaLu (*En mattu *en) iddirabahudendu kelavara abiprAya.
(2) kELuganannu sUcisuva oTTu mUladrAviDadalli *Ay mattu *I emba eraDu rUpagaLalliddirabahudendu kalpisalAgide. haLegannaDadalli idu ay rUpadalli (uddasvara giDDavAgi) baLake yAguttade (mAZpay, mADiday).
(3) halavacanadalli iveraDakke mUru kUDikeya rUpagaLiddira bEku (10.2 nODi). idakkAgi mUladrAviDakke (ka) ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *em oTTu, (ca) kELuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *ir oTTu (modalige idu *im endE iddirabahudu) mattu (Ta) ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *am oTTu embudAgi mUru oTTugaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide.
(4) ivugaLalli modala eraDu oTTugaLu haLegannaDadalli badalAgade uLidive (mAZpam, mADidem; mAZipar, mADidir). Adare mUraneya oTTu kelavu kriyArUpagaLalli
uLidukonDide (mADuvam ‘mADONa’) mattu bEre kriyA kUDikeyannu rUpagaLalli adakkU ADuganondige itarara sUcisuva em oTTigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa aLiduhOgi, ellA sandarbagaLallU em embudE baLakege bandide.
udAharaNegAgi, pampabAratada keLagina baLakeyannu gamanisa
bahudu.
nAmellam onde garuDiyoL Odida mAnasarevu ‘nAvellarU ondE garaDiyalli kalita manuSyarAgiddEve’’
(8)nE vAkyadalli ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva nAm ADuga pada bandideyAdarU kriyApadada jAgadalli bandiruva nAmapadadondige am oTTu bandilla; adakke badalu em (<evu) oTTE bandide.
mattu
kELugarannu
8.5.2 itararannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu
itararannu sUcisabEkAdAga mUladrAviDadalli yAva rItiya oTTugaLu baLakeyalliddirabahudu emba viSayadalli vidvAmsaroLage ommatavilla. I oTTugaLalli bEre bEre drAviDa nuDigaLu bEre bEre rItiya lingabEdavannu tOrisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.
horatupaDisi
tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli manuSya mattu itara emba lingabEda vide. orvacanadalli mAtra manuSyaroLage ganDasu mattu hengasu emba heccina lingabEdavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDada kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
orvacana
halavacana
manuSya, ganDusu hengusu
hELuttAne hELuttALe hELuttade
hELuttAre hELuttave
idakke badalu, naDudrAviDa nuDigaLalli ganDusu (manuSya) mattu itara emba lingabEdavide (telugu idakke apavAda) mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLAda kuDuk, mAltOgaLalli mattu telugu nuDiyalli orvacanadalli mAtra ganDusu mattu itara emba bEdaviddu, halavacanadalli mattu itara emba lingabEdavide.
manuSya
I mUru rItiya lingabEdagaLu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli kANisikoLLalu mUladrAviDada entaha paristiti kAraNavirabahudu sUcisida hAge, I embudannu tiLiyabEkAgide. mEle viSayadalli vidvAmsaroLage ommatavilla. orvacanadalli (1) ganDusu *an mattu (2) itara *at emba bEdaviddu, halavacanadalli (1) ganDusu illavE manuSya *ar mattu (2) itara *av emba bEdaviddirabahudendu kelavara mata.
tenkudrAviDadalli hengasannu sUcisuvudakkAgi orvacanadalli *aL emba bEreyE ondu oTTu anantarada kAladalli baLakege bandirabEku.
haLegannaDadalli mUladrAviDada I ADuga oTTugaLu heccu badalAgade uLidive. manuSyarannu biTTu itararannu sUcisuva *at mattu *av oTTugaLu mAtra udu, tu, uvu embudAgi badalAgive.
8.5.3 kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli ADuga oTTugaLu
kelasavannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLalli (1) ADuga mattu kELugara kUDike hAgU (2) ADuga mattu itarara kUDikegaLa naDuve mUladrAviDadallidda haLegannaDadalli uLidilla embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. oLanADina oLanuDigaLallU I vyatyAsa uLidilla.
vyatyAsa
mattu
(1) Adare, baDaga kannaDadalli idu uLidukonDide. ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli adu O oTTannu baLasuttade mattu kELuganannu horatupaDisi ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi iyo oTTannu baLasuttade (bAlakruSNan 1999).
(9ka) nanga bandO
‘nAvu (nAnu mattu nInu) bandevu’’
(9ca) enga bandeyo
‘nAvu (nAnu mattu avanu) bandevu’’
havyaka
karAvaLiya
vyatyAsa uLidukonDide; Adare adannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mElina eraDu oTTugaLannu baLasuva badalu, adaralli bEreyE ondu krama baLakege bandide.
kannaDadallU I
ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *em oTTu eyoᵒ rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade mattu ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi manuSyarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisalu baLasuva tu (du) oTTannE baLasalAguttade. hIge mADuvudara mUlaka, adaralli mElina mUru kUDikegaLa sUcisalu naDuviruva
kriyArUpadallU
vyatyAsavannu
sAdyavAguttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva havyaka vAkyagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
(10ka) engo hOvutteyoᵒ
‘nAvu (nAnu mattu avanu) hOguttEve’’
(10ca) ningo hOvutti
‘nIvu (nInu mattu avanu) hOguttIri’’
(10Ta) nAvu hOvuttu
‘nAvu (nAnu mattu nIvu) hOguttEve’’
(3) haLegannaDadallidda itara ADuga oTTugaLa rUpadallU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu ivattina kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli naDedive. en mattu an oTTugaLa koneya nakAra avugaLa munde bEre oTTu bAradiruvalli biddu hOgiruvudu intaha ondu badalAvaNe (banden >bande, bandan>banda). kELuganannu sUcisuva ay oTTina badalu i oTTu baLakege bandiruvudu mADidi, innondu pELiday>hELidi).
(mADiday>
badalAvaNe
idallade, ir embudu iri rUpakke mattu ar embudu
aru rUpakke badalAgive (bandir>bandiri, bandar>bandaru).
orvacanadalli itararannu sUcisuva *at oTTige haLegannaDa dallEnE halavu rUpagaLidduvu. heccineDegaLallU idakke udu rUpa vittu (irdudu, barpudu, koTTudu). Adare hindina samayada oTTu t illavE sonne rUpadalliruvalli adakke tu rUpavittu (mADittu, aDangittu, pOytu, biZdattu).
al ‘alla’ kriyApadada anantaravU tu rUpavittu (altu) mattu uL ‘iru’ kriyApadada anantara Tu rUpavittu
hosagannaDadalli idu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva oTTina anantara ellA kriyArUpagaLallU tu rUpadalli kANisuttade (biTTitu, tinditu, bareyitu, tiLiyitu, nungitu).
(4) itararannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli manuSyaru mattu itararu emba vyatyAsa tenkudrAviDadallittu mattu orvacanadalli mAtra manuSyaroLage ganDusu mattu hengusu emba vyatyAsavittu embudannu nAvu mEle (8.5.2)ralli nODiruvevu. I vyatyAsa haLegannaDadalli mattu oLanADina kannaDa nuDigaLalli uLidukonDide; Adare, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli bEreyE vyatyAsa baLakege
(ka) hAlakki kannaDadalli ganDasaru mattu itararu emba vyatyAsa
baLakege bandide (AcArya 1967).
mADida ‘avanu mADida’’ mADutu ‘avaLu mADidaLu, adu mADitu’’
(ca) havyaka kannaDadalli bErondu rItiya badalAvaNe naDedide. orvacanadalli mUru lingarUpagaLu uLidiveyAdarU mAtra modala eraDu kANisikoLLuttade. itara sandarbagaLallella mUraneya rUpavE baLakeyAguttade.
rUpagaLa baLake
gavravArtadalli
(11ka) ava ᵒ banda ᵒ
‘avanu banda’ (gavravArtadalli)
(11ca) ava banda
‘avaLu bandaLu’ (gavravArtadalli)
(11Ta) adu bantu
‘avanu banda, avaLu bandaLu, adu bantu’’
(11ka)dalli haLegannaDadallidda avan mattu bandan rUpagaLa koneya nakAra biddu hOgi adara hindina svara mUgisida svara vAgide; idakke badalu (11ca)dalli avaL mattu bandaL embavugaLallidda LakAra bidduhOgi adara hindina svara badalAgade uLidide. idarindAgi, I eraDu rUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa uLidukonDide.
halavacanadalli ellA
sandarbagaLallU ondE
rUpa baLakeyAguttade mattu itara kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli kANisuva manuSya-itara lingabEda havyakadalli illavAgide. idannu keLage koTTiruva (11ta) vAkyadalli kANabahudu.
(11ta) avu bandavu
‘avaru bandaru, avu banduvu’
gavravArtavannu sUcisabEkAdallU mElina (avu ‘avaru’)
rUpavE havyakadalli baLakeyAguttade.
(Ta) baDaga kannaDa I viSayadalli karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLannu hOluttade. mundina samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli adu orvacanadalli ganDasu (ana), hengasu (iya) mattu itara (ara) emba mUru oTTugaLannu baLasuttade. Adare halavacanadalli manuSyarannu sUcisuva Ara emba ondu oTTannu mAtra baLasuttade.
hindina
badalu,
samayavannu
sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli adu orvacanadallU manuSyarannu sUcisuva (a) mattu itararannu sUcisuva (a/itu) emba eraDu oTTugaLannu mAtra baLasuttade. idallade, havyakada hAge, itu oTTannu adu manuSyarannu (hengasarannu mattu ganDasarannu) sUcisabEkAgiruvallU baLasaballudu.
8.5.4 ADuga illavE kELuganannu sUcisuva innondu oTTu
mUladrAviDadalli vAkyada ADuga illavE kELuganu
(1) kelasada Aguga illavE koneyAgiddalli illavE
(2) kelasavannu vAkyada ADuganigAgi illavE kELuganigAgi
naDesuttiddalli
antaha kelasavannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLigU itara kriyArUpa gaLigU naDuve vyatyAsavittendu kelavaru vidvAmsaru vAdisiddAre (emenO 1945 nODi). naDudrAviDa vibAgakke sEruva kUyi nuDiyalli intaha vyatyAsa kANisuvudE idakke AdAra.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kUyi nuDiya kriyArUpa
gaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.
itararannu sUcisuvavu
ADuga-kELugarannu sUcisuvavu
sIi ’avarige koDuttEne’ sIne ’avanige koDuttALe’ ’avanannu eLeyuttEne’ pehii ‘avanannu ODisuttEne’ vEi ‘avanige hoDeyuttEne’
sIai ’nimage koDuttEne’ sIane ‘nanage koDuttALe’ jejai ’ninnannu eLeyuttEne’ pehai ’ninnannu ODisuttEne’ vEtai ’ninage hoDeyuttEne’ tugdai ’ninagAgi kaTTuttEne’
’avanigAgi kaTTuttEne’ ’avaneDege kay hiDiyuttEne’ enDai ’ninna kaDege kayhiDiyuttEne’ ’avanu hELiddu kELisuttade
venjai ‘nInu hELiddu kELisuttade
ADuga illavE kELugarannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli ondu heccina akAra bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. (idarondige jejai, pehai, vEtai modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva hAge j, i, t, d, D modalAdavu bandiruvudakke kUyi nuDiya sErikeya niyamagaLu kAraNa.)
kannaDadalli mattu itara drAviDa nuDigaLalli I oTTu heccina maTTigU illavAgide. bA mattu tA kriyApadagaLigiruva bArade, tArade rUpagaLalli kANisuva Ar embudu I oTTina paLeyaLike yAgirabahudu. Adare, I kriyApadagaLa baruttA, baralu modalAda rUpagaLige allagaLeyuva artavillavAdarU avugaLalli ar amSa uLidiruvudu I viSayadalli samSayakkeDemADide.
8.6 kelasavannu mADisuva kriyArUpagaLu
(1) kELugana mUlaka kelasavannu mADisuvudakkAgi kriyApadavannu hAgeyE yAva oTTannU sErisade baLasuva krama mUladrAviDa dallEnE baLakeyalliddirabEku mattu idE krama kannaDadallU uLidukonDide.
halavaru kELugarinda illavE kELuga mattu itararinda kelasavannu mADisabEkAdalli kriyApadakke nEravAgi halavacanada oTTannu sErisi baLasalAguttittu. haLegannaDadalli idu im rUpadallittu (pELim ‘hELi(ri)’, mADim ‘mADi(ri)’). ivattina baraha kannaDadalli adu iri illavE i rUpadallide.
mUladrAviDakke halavacanada *im (um) oTTannu kalpisi koLLalAgide. baraha kannaDada iri rUpa mEle (8.5.1)ralli vivarisida kELuga+itararannu sUcisuva iri (Iri) oTTina (hELidiri, hELuttIri) vistaraNeyAgirabahudu.
kelasavannu
mADadante
(pOgal
taDeyuvudakkAgi kriyApadadondige al oTTannu baLasuva krama haLegannaDadalli nODal baLakeyallittu ‘nODabEDa’). idakke im oTTannu sErisi halavacanada rUpavannu paDeyabahudu (pOgalim ‘hOga bEDi’). I al kriyApadadinda bandirabEkendu UhisalAgide.
‘hOgabEDa’,
mUladrAviDada
kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli I oTTu uLidiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. adara badalu bEDa (bEDi(ri)) rUpavE baLakege bandide. havyaka kannaDadalli idu Da oTTAgi badalAgide (hOgaDa ‘hOgabEDa’, baraDi ‘barabEDi’).
haLegannaDadalli
sUcisuvudakkAgi
(3) ADuganu ondu kelasavannu kELuganondige naDesuva bayakeyannu kriyApadakke mundina samayada p (v) oTTannu mattu ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva am oTTannu baLasiruva mADuvam ‘mADONa’, pOpam ‘hOgONa’, tORuvam ‘tOrisONa’) rUpagaLannu baLasalAguttittu.
haLegannaDada I kriyArUpa mUladrAviDadalli ADuga mattu kELugaru oTTAgi mundina samayadalli naDesuva kelasavannu tiLisu vantaha kriyArUpavAgiddirabEku. mundina samayada p (v) oTTinondige ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva *am oTTu bandiruva I kriyArUpakke haLegannaDadalli mEle sUcisidantaha bEreyE arta baLakege bandide.
karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli haLegannaDada I kriyArUpa haLegannaDada artadallEnE uLidukonDide. adara am oTTu
mAtra oᵒ embudAgi (endare mUgisida okAravAgi) badalAgide (mADuvoᵒ ‘mADONa’, hOpoᵒ ‘hOgONa’ umboᵒ ‘UTa mADONa’).
kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLalli I kriyArUpa uLidilla. adakke badalu, kriyApadakke nEravAgi ONa oTTannu sErisi racisiruva kriyArUpagaLu baLakege bandive (mADONa, hOgONa).
baLakeyallittu.
(4) ADuga mattu kELugarannu horatupaDisi itararinda ondu kelasavannu mADisikoLLuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli ke (ge) kriyApadakke idannu sErisalAguttittu (barke ‘barali’, Ige ‘koDali’, tinge ‘tinnali’).
haLetamiLinalliyU intahadE oTTu ka (kka) rUpadalli baLake yallittu (kANka ‘kANali’, oZikka ‘nASamADali’). tenkudrAviDakke intahadondu oTTannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdyavideyAdarU mUla drAviDadalli idara jAgavEnu embudu spaSTavAgilla.
nEravAgi
ivattina kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli I oTTu uLidiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. idakke badalu ali oTTannu sErisiruva barali, hOgali modalAda rUpagaLu baLakege bandive. ivu anantarada kelasavannu sUcisuva jODisuva kriyArUpagaLinda (12.3 nODi) bandive.
8.7 vAkyada naDuve baruva kriyArUpagaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, vAkyagaLa naDuve halavu rItiya kriyA rUpagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttave. jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu (mADi, mADalu, mADuttA, mADade), sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLu Sarattina kriyArUpagaLu (mADidare) mattu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu
(mADuva, mADida, mADada),
(mADuvudu, mukyavAdavugaLu.
mADidudu,
mADadudu)
ivugaLalli
bEre
avannu
I kriyArUpagaLu mUladrAviDadindalEnE bandirabahudE nuDigaLu bEre illavE kalpisikonDirabahudE embudinnU mUladrAviDadindalE bandiveyAdare avakke alli yAva svarUpa avugaLa iddirabahudu badalAvaNegaLella kannaDada caritreyalli naDedirabahudu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
drAviDa spaSTavAgilla.
svarUpadalli
mattu
ivugaLalli jODisuva, sambandisuva mattu Sarattannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLa caritreyannu munde vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuva pariSIlisalAguvudu. kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmarUpagaLa caritreyentahadu embudannu nAmapadagaLa mattu nAmarUpagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuva mundina (9nE) adyAyadalli pariSIlisalAguvudu.
hanneraDanE adyAyadalli
8.8 tiruLu
kriyArUpagaLa oLaracane mUladrAviDadalli hEgiddirabahudu mattu adu kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide. I viSayadalli kannaDada oLanuDigaLu, adarallU karAvaLi mattu oLanADina oLanuDigaLu, halavu rItiyalli bErAgiddu, halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
hindina samayada nta oTTinallidda nakAra heccineDegaLallU biddu hOgide; mundina samayavannu sUcisuva v(p) oTTu haLegannaDadalli uLidideyAdarU hosagannaDadalli adara badalu utta oTTu baLakege bandide. Adare, baDaga kannaDadalli mattu
karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli utta oTTina badalu haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ rUpa uLidiruva hAge kANisuttade.
karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli haLegannaDada v(p) oTTige mundina samayadalli naDeyuva kelasada kuritAgi ADugana Uheyannu sUcisuva arta bandide. baDaga kannaDadallU I oTTu
Uheyannu sUcisuva ku oTTu mattu allagaLeyuva A oTTu haLegannaDadalli, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mattu baDaga kannaDadalli uLidive, Adare oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli mattu baraha kannaDadalli uLidilla.
kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli
kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli baruva ADuga oTTugaLallU halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. udAharaNegAgi, ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva oTTu baDaga kannaDadalli mAtra uLidide; havyakadalli I oTTu halavacanadallidda aLidideyAdarU artavyatyAsa uLidide; manuSya-itara lingabEda kannaDadalli aLidide; orvacanadallU gavravArta illadalli linga bEda havyaka mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLalli aLidide.
havyaka
kriyArUpagaLa caritreya kuritAgi nAvu tiLiyabEkAgiruva amSa innU bahaLaSTu ide embudannu illi nenapisuvudu avaSya.