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ombattanE pasuge — nuDihammuge
9.1 munnOTa
nuDigaLu kAladinda kAlakke mArpaDuttA iruttave. haLegannaDaviddaddu naDugannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgi mArpaTTide; ondu kAladalli kannaDavemba ondE nuDiyiddudu ivattu soligara kannaDa, havyaka kannaDa, maysUru kannaDa, hubbaLLi kannaDa modalAda ADunuDigaLAgi, illavE kannaDa mattu baDaga emba eraDu nuDigaLAgi bErpaTTide.
I rIti kannaDa nuDi mArpaDalu, mattu halavu ADunuDigaLAgi illavE nuDigaLAgi bErpaDalu adaralli baLakeyAguttiruva uligaLalli, padagaLalli mattu sollarimeya iTTaLagaLalli kAladinda kAlakke mArpADugaLu naDeyuttiruvudu, mattu I mArpADugaLu bEre bEre UrugaLalli mattu jAtigaLalli bEre bEre rItiyalli naDeyu ttiruvudu mukya kAraNa.
intaha mArpADugaLu nuDiya oLagannu tAguva badalu adara iruvikeyannU tAgaballudu. ondu nuDi illadAgabahudu, illavE hosadondu nuDi mUDibarabahudu. ettugegAgi, ondu nuDiyannADuva janaralli ellarU sAvannappidalli, illavE ellarU adannu biTTukoTTu bErondu nuDiyannu baLasatoDagidalli, A nuDiyE illadAgabahudu.
halavu nuDigaLu berakegonDu avugaLinda hosa nuDiyondu mUDibarabahudu. ettugegAgi, halavu nuDigaLannADuva janaru oTTige vAsamADabEkAdAga, A ellA nuDigaLa amSagaLannU oLagonDiruva berakenuDiyondu avara naDuve baLakege baruttade, mattu cikkandinalli
nuDihammuge
antaha nuDiyannu kELuttA beLeyuva makkaLa bAyiyalli adondu hosa nuDiyAgi mArpaDuttade.
9.1.1 mArpADugaLu yAke naDeyuttave?
nuDigaLalli kANisikoLLuva mArpADugaLalli heccinavU yAke naDeyuttave embudu namage gottAguvudilla. ettugegAgi, haLegannaDa dallidda pakAra hakAravAgide, ra-Ra mattu La-ZagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa illavAgide, allagaLeyuva rUpa badalAgide (haLegannaDadalli mADan endiddudu ivattu hosagannaDadalli mADalikkilla endAgide); intaha mArpADugaLella kannaDadalli yAke naDedive embudannu nAvu vivarisa lArevu.
Adare, nuDigaLalli kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu mArpADugaLu avannADuva janara hosa hosa bEDikegaLannu neravErisuvudakkAgi naDeyuttave. ettugegAgi, samskruta, ingliS modalAda bEre nuDi gaLinda kannaDakke halavAru padagaLu eravalAgi bandive; ivugaLalli halavu kannaDigara bALveyalli hosadAgi sErikonDiruva vastugaLannu illavE viSayagaLannu hesarisuvudakkAgi bandive.
hosagannaDada halavu ADunuDigaLalli ondu ADunuDi barahada nuDiyAgi mattu ellara nuDiyAgi ivattu baLakege bandiruvudU hIgeyE kannaDigara bEDikeyondannu neravErisuvudakkAgi naDediruva mArpADu. barahada nuDiyAdudarindAgi adaralli AmEle bEreyU halavu mArpADugaLu naDeyabEkAyitu, mattu I mArpADu gaLindAgi adu ivattu mUla ADunuDiginta halavu viSayagaLalli bErAgide.
sAmAnyavAgi, intaha mArpADugaLu ADugara bEDikegaLannanusarisi nuDigaLalli naDeyuttalE iruttave. avannu yArU nuDiya mEle hEruvudilla. idakke badalu, ondu nuDiyalli entaha mArpADugaLu naDeyabEku embudannu ondu kUTa, ondu ADaLita illavE obba vyakti tIrmAnisi, adarante avannu naDesalu toDagabahudu, mattu
adakkAgi kaTTaLe illavE kAnUnugaLannu mADabahudu. idannu illi nuDihammuge endu kareyalAgide.
nuDiya baLakeyalli samAjavu edurisuva toDakugaLannu bageharisuvudakkAgi nuDihammugegaLannu kaygettikoLLalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, halavu nuDigaLiruva ondu nADinalli ellarigU ondE Agiru vantaha nuDiyondu illadirabahudu. I korateyannu hOgalADisu vudakkAgi, ADaLita ondu kAnUnannu mADabahudu, mattu antaha kAnUnina mUlaka, baLakeyalliruva halavu nuDigaLalli ondu nuDi ellara nuDiyAgi, endare SAleya, ADaLitada mattu barahada nuDiyAgi baLakege baruvante mADabahudu.
ondu nuDiyalli hosadAgi barahavannu beLesabEkendiruva janaru, adakkiruva halavu ADunuDigaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu Arisi konDu, adaralli barahagaLannu unTumADalu toDagabahudu. samaya kaLedante, A ADunuDi barahada nuDiyAgi nelegoLLabahudu. ondu nuDiya barahadalli barige(akSara)gaLa toDakugaLu (spelling samasyegaLu) halavirabahudu; ettugegAgi, adaralli baLakeyAguva barigegaLigU barahavannu Oduva bagegU naDuve sariyAda hondANike yilladirabahudu. idarindAgi, A nuDiya barahavannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa tumbA toDakinadAgirabahudu. I toDakannu illavAgisuvudakkAgi, antaha barigegaLannu biTTukoDabEkemba tIrmAna vannu vyaktiyobbanu baLakege tarabahudu, mattu Atana tIrmAnavannu bEre barahagAraru oppikoLLabahudu.
I rIti ADaLita, kUTa, illavE vyaktigaLu naDesuva nuDihammugegaLa mUlakavU ondu nuDiya illavE ADunuDiya parice(rUpa) mattu baLakegaLalli naDeyabEkAgiruva mArpADugaLu naDeduhOgaballuvu.
9.1.2 hammugegaLa bagegaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, mArpADugaLu nuDiya oLagannu tAgabahudu, illavE adara iruvikeyannU tAgabahudu. idakkanusAravAgi,
nuDihammugegaLU eraDu bageyavAgiraballuvu. avugaLa guri nuDiya oLagannu mArpaDisuvudAgirabahudu, illavE adara iruvikeyalli mArpADugaLannu taruvudAgirabahudu.
nuDiya oLagannu tAguva hammugegaLa mUlaka hosa hosa kelasagaLannu naDesuvalli adannu baLasalu baruva hAge nAvu mADaballevu. ettugegAgi, ondu nuDiyannu kOrTu kacErigaLalli illavE SAle-kAlEjugaLalli baLasabEkiddalli, adakke bEkAguva sAvirAru heccina padagaLu A nuDiyallirabEkAguttade. nuDihammugeya mUlaka ivannella unTumADikoTTalli antaha baLake suLuvAguttade. nuDiya iruvikeyannu tAguva hammugeya mUlaka samAjadalli baLakeyalliruva halavu nuDigaLalli ondara bele uLidavugaLa beleginta heccAguva hAge mADabahudu. ettugegAgi, halavu nuDigaLalli ondannu kalikeya illavE ADaLitada nuDiyAgi ArisikonDalli, adara bele heccuttade; samAjadalli adara baLakeyU heccu haravannu paDeyuttade: heccu heccu mandi adannu baLasuvantAguttade.
I eraDu bageya hammugegaLu ondakkondu sambandisive embudannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. ettugegAgi, ondu nuDiyalli arimeya (vijnAnada) kalikege bEkAguva sAvirAru hosa padagaLannu unTumADikoTTiddarU, A nuDiyannu antaha kalikegAgi baLasalu toDagadiddalli, avu padanerake(kOSa)gaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva padagaLAgi uLiyaballuvallade A nuDiya padagaLendenisalAravu.
9.1.3 hammugeya hantagaLu
I eraDu rItiya nuDihammugegaLannU nAlku mukya hantagaLa mUlaka baLakege tarabEkAguttade. ivannu Ayke, parice, baLake mattu beLavaNige embudAgi hesarisabahudu.
ettugegAgi, barahavannu baLasadiruva nuDiyondannu barahakkiLisa bEkemba nuDihammuge namma mundirabahudu. idakkAgi, modalige yAvudAdarondu lipiyannu ArisikoLLabEkAguttade. idu rOman
lipiyirabahudu, nAgari lipiyirabahudu, illavE parsO-arEbik lipiyirabahudu.
eraDaneyadAgi, A lipiyalliruva barige(akSara)gaLalli yAvuvannu baLasabEku mattu yAvuvannu biDabEku, avugaLa mUlaka nuDiya uligaLannu illavE padagaLannu hEge sUcisabEku, nuDiyalliruva heccina uligaLannu sUcisalu entaha heccina barigegaLu bEkAguttave, avannu hEge unTumADikoLLabEku embantaha halavAru tIrmAna gaLannu kaygoLLabEkAguttade. I tIrmAnagaLu A nuDiyalli baLasabEkAgiruva lipige adaradE Ada ondu pariceyannu koDuttave. mUraneyadAgi, I lipiyannu baLakege taruva kelasa naDeyabEku. idannu obba vyakti naDesabahudu, kelavaru barahagAraru oTTu sEri naDesabahudu illavE kAnUnugaLa mUlaka ADaLitavU adannu naDesaballudu. SAlegaLa kalikeyalli adannu sErisuva mUlaka, mattu dinapatrike, vArapatrikegaLalli mattu pustakagaLalli adannu baLasuva mUlaka, heccu heccu janaralli adu baLakega baruva hAge mADa bahudu.
nAlkaneyadAgi, baLakege tandiruva I lipiyalli halavu rItiya beLavaNigegaLu naDeyabEkAguttade: bEre bEre kaDegaLalli baLasuvu dakkAgi adara barigegaLannu dappabarige, teLubarige, mAlubarige modalAda halavu oDDavagaLalli unTumADabEkAguttade; adannu beraLaccu mADalu adara barigegaLannu kIlimaNeyalli aLavaDisa bEkAguttade; eNNuka(kampyUTar)gaLalli baLasalu tantrAmSagaLannu unTumADabEkAguttade.
nuDihammugeya I nAlku hantagaLalli eraDu mattu nAlkanE hantagaLannu naDesabEkiddalli, adakke sollarimeya tiLivu bEkAguttade. antaha tiLivilladavaru avannu naDesahOgi, hEge samAjavannu halavAru bageya tondaregaLalli silukisiddAre embudannu gamaniside vAdare, idu yAke bEku embudu gottAguttade.
nuDiya hammugege sollarimeya tiLivu yAke bEku embudannu tOrisikoDuvudE I pasugeya guriyAda kAraNa, parice mattu
beLavaNige emba adara eraDu mattu nAlkaneya hantagaLannu mAtra illi gamanisalAgide.
9.2 parice hammuge
ondu nADinalli illavE samAjadalli nuDihammugeya mUlaka entaha mArpADugaLannu naDesabEku embudannu mukyavAgi sAmAjika neleyalli naDesalAguttade. ettugegAgi, isrElnalli baLakeyallidda halavu nuDigaLalli hIbrU nuDiyannu ellara nuDiyAgi ArisikoLLa lAyitu mattu adannE ADaLita, kAnUnu, kalike modalAdavugaLalli baLasuva tIrmAnavannu mADalAyitu. isrElnalli nelesida janaralli heccinavarU yehUdigaLAgiddudE I rIti hIbrU nuDiyannu ArisikoLLalu mukya kAraNa.
ondu nuDi illavE ADunuDiyannu ellara nuDiyAgi mArpaDisa bEkiddalli, adara pariceyalli halavu bageya mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade; adannu barahadalli baLasuttillavAdalli, adakkondu lipiyannu koTTu barahakke iLisabEkAguttade; adannu halavu mandige hosadAgi kalisabEkAguttadeyAda kAraNa, hAge kalisalu bEkAguva sollarimeyondannu tayArisabEkAguttade; mattu, adannu halavu bageya hosa hosa kelasagaLalli baLasabEkAguttade yAda kAraNa, A kelasagaLige bEkAguva halavAru hosa padagaLannu adaralli unTumADabEkAguttade.
intaha nuDipariceya mArpADugaLannu sariyAgi, munde janarige tondareyAgada hAge, naDesabEkiddalli, adannu naDesikoDuvavaru nuDiyarimeyannu mattu A nuDiya sollarimeyannu cannAgi tiLidirabEkAguttade.
9.2.1 barigehammuge
barahavillada nuDige ondu hosa lipiyannu aLavaDisuvudu, mattu barahaviruva nuDiyalli halavu padabarigeya (spelling) toDaku
gaLiddalli avannella bageharisuvudu embudAgi eraDu bageya barige hammugegaLannu naDesabEkAgi barabahudu. barahaviruva nuDiyallU padabarigeya toDakugaLu tumbA hecciddalli, adannu saripaDisuva badalu hosa lipiyondannu aLavaDisikoLLuvudE oLLeyadendU kelavomme anisabahudu.
I eraDu bageya kelasagaLannu naDesuvavarU nuDiya mattu barigeya oLaguTTannu tiLidiruvantaha barigeyarigarAgirabEku. illavAdare, avaru hosa lipiyannu tamma nuDige tappu tappAgi aLavaDisabahudu, illavE Igina lipiyalliruva toDakugaLannu tappu tappAgi bageharisalu hOgabahudu, mattu adarindAgi, A barahavannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa tumbA toDakinadAguva hAge mADa bahudu.
ondu nuDiyannu samAjadalli kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra baLasu ttiruvarAdare, adara baraha toDakinadAgideyAdarU heccu tondare yAguvudilla. Adare, ellA janarU kaliyabEkAgiruva mattu baLasabEkAgiruva baraha toDakinadAgideyAdare, nuDiya kuritu namagiruva bEre hammugegaLalli ondannU sariyAgi naDesalu baruvudilla. ellarU adannu kaliyabEkemba modalaneya guriyannE talupalu baruvudilla.
lipiya maTTige ondu baraha cannAgirabEkAdare, endare adannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa suLuvAgirabEkAdare, adu baLasuva barigegaLu uli illavE ulikantegaLondige nEravAgi sambandisira bEku. OdigU barahakkU naDuve antara heccidantella Oduva mattu bareyuva kelasa toDakinadAguttA hOguttade. barahada pariceyannu mArpaDisidavaralli kelavaru tamma jANmeya mUlaka adu tumbA suLuvAguva hAge mADiddAre; mattu adara mUlaka avara samAjadalli barahavannu ellara sottAgi mADuva kelasavU tumbA suLuvAguva hAge mADiddAre. Adare, bEre kelavaru tamma ariyame(ajnAna)yindAgi, adu tumbA toDakina kelasavAguva hAgeyU mADiddAre.
9.2.2 sariyAgi mADida barigehammugegaLu
barigehammugegaLa mUlaka nuDigaLige oLLeya lipiyannu koDisiruva, mattu lipiya baLakeyalliruva toDakugaLannu bageharisi avu tumbA suLuvAguva hAge mADiruva ettugegaLu halavive. koriyan nuDige hosa lipiyondannu aLavaDisiruva bage, mattu phinniS nuDiya barahadallidda barigeya toDakugaLannu bageharisiruva bagegaLu intahavu. koriyan barahadalli baLakeyAguttidda caynIs mUlada hAjA lipi tumbA toDaku toDakinadAgittu. adannu kaliyalu halavu varSagaLE bEkAguttidduvu, mattu munde adannu baLasuvudU tumbA toDakina kelasavAgittu. 1945ralli, endare japAnIs AkramaNa konegonDa samayadalli, koriyAda rAja I hAjA lipiyannu biTTukoTTu, adara badalu hangul emba hosadAgi unTumADida lipiyannu baLasatakkaddemba tIrmAnavannu mADida.
Atana I tIrmAnakke tanna rAjyada ellA janarU, hengasaru mattu huDugiyaru kUDa, Odalu bareyalu kaliyabEkembudE mUla guriyAgittu. A samayadalli baLakeyallidda hAjA lipiyannu kaliyalu halavu mandige sAdyavE Aguttiralilla. hAgAgi, ellarU suLuvAgi kaliyaballantaha lipiyannu tamma nuDige aLavaDisa bEkembudAgi koriyAda rAja tIrmAnisidda.
hosadAgi unTumADidda hangul lipiyalli koriyan nuDiyalliruva 24 uligaLige 24 barigegaLive mattu avakkU nuDiya uligaLigU naDuve nEravAda pattuge(sambanda) ide. idallade, I barigegaLannu barigekantegaLAgi jODisi bareyalAguttade mattu avu padagaLalli baruva ulikante(silebla)gaLannu sariyAgiyE sUcisuttave. barigekantegaLannu sErisi mADida padagaLannu avakkinta modalu, mattu baLika baruva padagaLinda bErpaDisuva bageyU hangul barahadallide. uligaLigU barigegaLigU naDuve nEravAda pattugeyiruva kAraNa, koriyan barahavannu onderaDu dinagaLalli kalitubiDabahudu. makkaLige idannu kalisuvAga, modalige barigekantegaLannu kalisalAguttade mattu AmEle avugaLalli baruva barigegaLannu bEre bErAgi paricayisa
lAguttade. koriyan lipiyalli hIge mADalu baruttadeyAda kAraNa, adannu makkaLige kalisuvudu sulaba.
I hosa lipiyannu baLasatoDagidudarindAgi koriyAdalli Odu-baraha ballavara eNike tumbA heccAgideyendu hELalAguttade. modaligidda toDaku toDakAda lipigaLannu biTTukoTTu suLuvAgiruva hosadondu lipiyannu baLasuva tIrmAnavannu malayESiyA mattu inDonESiyAgaLallU tegedukoLLalAgittu. ettugegAgi, malayESiyAdalli toDaku toDakAda arEbik mUlada lipiyannu biTTukoTTu, adakkinta suLuvAda rOman lipiyannu, adaralli baruva barigegaLigU nuDiya uligaLigU naDuve nEravAda pattugeyiruva hAge, aLavaDisikoLLalAgittu. ivattu A dESadalli Odu-baraha ballavara eNike nUrakke eppattaraSTAgalu I rIti lipi yannu badalAyisidudE mukya kAraNavendu hELalAguttade.
ivellavU hosa lipiyondannu jANmeyinda nuDige aLavaDisi konDiruvudakke ettugegaLAgive. lipiyondannu nuDige tappu tappAgi aLavaDisidudarindAgi mUDibandidda padabarigeya toDakugaLannu barigehammugeya mUlaka bageharisiruvudakkU halavu ettugegaLive. phinniS nuDiya baraha, lipiya maTTige tumbA toDaku toDakA gittu. adara baLakeyalli halavAru padabarigeya (spellingna) toDakugaLidduvu. I toDakugaLannu bageharisuva kuritu 18 mattu 19nE SatamAnagaLalli halavu carcegaLu naDedidduvu. konege phinlenDina arimeya kUTa I kelasavannu bahaLa cannAgi naDesikoTTitu. idannu eSTu cannAgi naDesalAgittendare, ivattu yurOpina nuDigaLallella phinniS nuDiya barahavE ati heccu cannAgiruva barahavendeniside. I barahadalli padabarigeya toDakugaLu (spelling samasyegaLu) yAvuvU illa. ivattu jagattinalli Odu-barahada tiLivina maTTige phinlenD modalaneya jAgadalliralu adara I toDakugaLillada barahavE kAraNavendu hELalAguttade. amerikAdalli Odina tondareyiruva makkaLa ardadaSTu makkaLU phinlenDinalli Odina tondaregoLagAguvudilla. amerikAdalli makkaLige tumbA padabarigeya
toDakugaLiruva ingliS barahavannu kalisabEkAguttade mattu phinlenDi nalli yAva toDakU illada phinniS barahavannu kalisabEkAguttade embudE I vyatyAsakke kAraNavendu hELalAguttade.
9.2.3 tappAgi mADida barige hammugegaLu
barigehammugegaLannu naDesalu barigeyarimeya tiLivu yAke bEkAgu ttade embudannu vivarisalu tapputappAgi naDesiruva halavu barige hammugegaLannU ettugegaLAgi koDabahudu. maNipuri nuDige bangAli lipiyannu aLavaDisuva samayalli barahagAraru mADida tappugaLu, mattu ingliS nuDiya padagaLalli entaha barigegaLannu baLasabEku embudannu tIrmAnisuva samayalli sAmyuvel jAnsan emba obba vyakti mADiruva tappugaLu intahavu. ivugaLindAgi, ivattu maNipuri mattu ingliS barahagaLannu kaliyuva makkaLu, mattu AmEle avannu tamma jIvanadalli baLasikoLLuva doDDavaru tumbA tondare goLagAgabEkAgide.
maNipurada janaru vaySNava darmavannu tammadAgisikonDAga, tamma nuDiyannu bareyalu bangAli lipiyannu baLasabEkemba tIrmAna vannu (barigehammugeyannu) mADikonDaru. Adare, avaru baLasuttidda maNipuri nuDigU bangAli nuDigU naDuve tumbA vyatyAsagaLive. hAgAgi, maNipuri nuDige bangAli lipiyannu aLavaDisuvudu suLuvina kelasavAgiralilla. adannu hEge naDesuvudu embudannu maNipuriya tiLivigaru tiLidiralilla, mattu adannu avarige tiLisaballa barige yarigarU iralilla.
I kelasavannu naDesuvalli maNipuri barahagAraru tusuvU jANmeyannu tOrisalillavAda kAraNa, ivattu A nuDiya barahadalli halavAru padabarigeya toDakugaLu tumbikonDive. SAlegaLalli makkaLige maNipuri barahavannu kalisuvudu, mattu AmEle adannu tamma barahagaLalli baLasuvudu tumbA toDakina kelasavAgide.
maNipuri nuDiyalli bareyalu oTTu 24 mucculi(vyanjana) gaLiddare sAku; Adare, bangAli lipiyalli oTTu 35 mucculigaLive.
maNipuri barahagAraru tamma nuDige bangAli lipiyannu aLavaDisi koLLuvAga, adakke bEkAgiruva 24 mucculigaLannu mAtravE ArisikoLLuva badalu, I ellA 35 mucculigaLannU ondalla ondu bageyalli baLasikonDaru. idarindAgi, mattu intahavE bEreyU halavu tappugaLindAgi, ivattu maNipuri barahadalli halavAru padabarigeya (spelling) toDukugaLu kANisikoLLuttave.
ettugegAgi, maNipuriyalli ondu sakAra mAtra ide. adannu bareyalu ondu barige iddare sAku. Adare, bangAli lipiyalli sa, Sa mattu ShagaLemba mUru antaha barigegaLive. maNipuri barahagAraru avugaLalli ondannu mAtravE ArisikoLLuva badalu mUrannU ArisikonDaru. Adare, avugaLalli yAvudannu elli baLasabEku embudakke yAva ondu kaTTaleyannU mADalilla. idarindAgi, ivattu maNipuriya yAva padadalli baruva sakAravannu sakAravAgi, SakAravAgi illavE ShakAravAgi bareyalAguttade emba viSayadalli entaha kaTTaLeyU kANisuvudilla!
intahavE innU halavAru padabarigeya toDakugaLu maNipuri barahadalli tumbikonDive. I toDakugaLannu bageharisabEkiddalli maNipuri uligaLu eSTiveyO aSTu barigegaLannu mAtra uLisikoLLa bEku mattu padagaLannu yAva rItiyalli OdalAguttadeyO adE rItiyalli bareyuva hAge I barigegaLannu baLasabEku. idannu maNipuri uliyarimeya tiLivillade naDesalu baruvudilla.
ingliS barahadalli padagaLannu yAva rIti bareyabEku, avugaLalli yAva barige(akSara)gaLannu baLasabEku emba viSayadalli tumbA gondalavittu. obbobbaru ondondu rItiyalli bareyuttiddaru. I samayadalli (1788ralli), sAmyuvel jAnsan emba vidvAmsaru ondu cannAgiruva padanerake(kOSa)vannu horatandaru. idaralli padagaLa huruLugaLannu tumbA cannAgi koDalAgittu.
idarindAgi, A padanerake ingliS barahagArarige mAdari padanerakeyAyitu. ellarU adaralli koTTiruva padabarigeyannE
(spelling) baLasalu toDagidaru mattu idarindAgi, A viSayadalli modaligidda gondala illavAyitu.
Adare, jAnsan avarige sariyAda barigeyarimeya tiLivu iralilla. ingliS padagaLa caritre entahadu embudannu avugaLalli baruva barigegaLu sUcisuvantirabEku emba tappu tIrmAnavannu avaru mADikonDiddaru. ettugegAgi, YaTioti, YaTiighNa, YaTiochiYa, YaTiob, YaTiiNa, YaTioNa modalAda padagaLa modalige avaru irisidda Ya barige A padagaLa ulipinalli (uccAraNeyalli) hinde ondu kakAravittu embudAgi adara caritreyannu sUcisuttadeyallade adara ivattina ulipannu sUcisuvudilla.
intaha innU halavAru ulipinallillada mattu ulipiginta bErAgiruva barigegaLannu avaru tamma padanerakeya padagaLalli baLasiddAre. idallade, padagaLa caritreyannU avaru elleDegaLallU sariyAgi sUcisiralilla. adakke bEkAda tiLuvaLike avarallilladiddudE idakke kAraNa.
ettugegAgi, DiechieiThiNa padadallidda lyATin pakAravannu avaru uLisiddAre, adare jaechieiNa padadalli adannu uLisilla; uThihiTaTa padadalli eraDu lakAragaLannu uLisiddAre, Adare jaotiTihiTa padadalli ondannu biTTiddAre; ciYae padakke grIk nuDiya cichihos pada mUla emba tappu grahikeyinda cichihe emba padabarigeyannu koTTiddAre; nijakkU adu AnglO-sAksan padavAgiddu, adannu ciYae embudAgi bareyuvudE sariyAgittu. intaha halavAru bEDada tappugaLannu avaru mADidudarindAgi, mattu AmEle adannu yArU saripaDisalu hOgadudarindAgi, ivattu ingliS barahadalli halavAru pada barigeya toDakugaLu tumbikonDive.
nijakkU padagaLa ulipu entahadu, endare avugaLannu Oduva bage hEge embudannu sUcisuvudE barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva barigegaLu mADabEkAgiruva kelasa. ulipinallillada barigegaLannu baLasidAgalella padagaLannu Odalu mattu bareyalu tondareyAgu ttade. hindina kAladalli halavu nuDigaLige lipigaLannu aLavaDisidda
kriSciyan miSanarigaLU I viSayadalli tumbA tappugaLannu mADi ddAre. avara I tappugaLindAgi, ivattu antaha nuDigaLa barahagaLella anavaSyakavAgi toDaku toDakAgive.
jAnsan mADida halavu bageya barigeya tappugaLindAgi, ivattu ingliS barahavannu kaliyuva kelasa tumbA toDakinadAgide. bEre ulibarigeya barahagaLa kalikege bEkAguva samayada mUru pAlaSTu samaya ingliS barahada kalikege bEkAguttade! amerikAdantaha tumbA munduvarida dESagaLalli makkaLa kalikegAgi halavAru hosa hosa vidAnagaLannu baLasalAguttade; hIgiddarU, ivattu allina SAlegaLalli ingliS kalita makkaLalli arevASi makkaLigU sariyAgi bareyalu baruvudilla, mattu ayvarallobbarige sariyAgi OdalU baruvudilla embudAgi hELalAguttade.
ingliS barahagaLannu Oduva kelasa aSTondu toDakinadAgiralu kAraNavEnendare, adara padagaLalli baruva ondE barige illavE barigekanteyannu bEre bEre bagegaLalli OdabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, oTichie, oTiTathi, tiomciTi, tiomeTi, tioDiDithi emba aydu padagaLalli baruva o barigeyannu aydu bEre bEre bagegaLalli OdabEkAguttade. yAva padadalli baruva o barigeyannu yAva bageyalli OdabEku embudannu nenapinalliTTukoLLade intaha padagaLannu Odalu baruvudilla.
idallade, ondE uliyannu bareyabEkAgiruvallU ingliSnalli halavu barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, I emba ondu uliyannu bareyalu Yaethi, sYai, ThieeThi, TaeciThi, ThieoThiTae, tieciDija, chihieji, ThioTaichie, me emba enTu padagaLalli enTu bEre bEre barige illavE barigekantegaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. idarindAgi, uli ondE iruvallU yAva padadalli yAva barigeyannu baLasabEku embudannu bareyuvavaru nenapinalliTTukoLLabEkAguttade.
ingliSnalli svalpamaTTigAdarU tappillade Odalu-bareyalu gottirabEkiddalli, kaDimeyendare 3,700raSTu padagaLa barigegaLannu nenapinallirisikoLLabEkAguttade! idakke badalu, mEle vivarisiruvantaha koriyan illavE phinniS barahagaLalli Odalu-bareyalu kaliya
bEkiddalli, A rIti ondE ondu padada barigegaLannU nenapinallirisi koLLabEkAgilla! avugaLalli ellA padagaLannU barediruva hAgeyE OdalAguttade mattu Oduva hAgeyE bareyalAguttade. hAgAgi, avugaLalli Odalu illavE bareyalu kaliyuvavaru yAva barige yAva uliyannu sUcisuttade embudannaSTE tiLidukonDare sAku.
9.2.4 kannaDa barahada padabarigeya toDaku
kannaDakke tumbA oLLeya barigekaTTaleyide. yAkendare, kannaDaddE Ada padagaLannu nAvu hEge OduttEveyO hAgeyE bareyuttEve. idallade, kannaDada barigegaLu nEravAgi uligaLannu sUcisuttave mAtravalla, avugaLalli baruva mucculi(vyanjana) mattu tereyuli(svara)gaLa kantegaLu (ba, bi, bu, ki, ku modalAdavu) ulikantegaLannU sUcisuttave. eraDu mucculigaLu oTTige baruvalli (kaTTu, kattale, kaNtappu embantaha padagaLalli) mAtra, barigekantegU ulikantegU naDuviruva pattuge(sambanda) aSTondu spaSTavAgilla. kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa maTTige barigegaLa baLake iSTu cannAgiralu ondu kAraNavEnendare, padagaLa Odinalli (ulipinalli) mArpADugaLu naDeyuttidda hAge, avugaLa barigegaLallU mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLa lAgide. ettugegAgi, ra-Ra mattu La-ZagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa Odininda bidduhOdAga, kannaDa barahadindalU A vyatyAsagaLannu tegedu hAkalAyitu; Odinalli pakAra hakAravAdAga, mattu vakAra bakAra vAdAga, barahadallU antahadE mArpADannu mADikoLLalAyitu. Adare, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLa viSayadalli I rIti OdigU barahakkU naDuve hondANikeyannu mADikoLLalu namage sAdyavAgilla. antaha padagaLannueraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde samskrutadalli hEge bareyalAguttittO mattu OdalAguttittO hAgeyE kannaDadallU bareyuttirabEku mattu OduttirabEku emba kaTTaleyondannu nAvu namma mEle horisikonDiddEve. kannaDada maTTige idu tIrA anavaSyakavAgiruva kaTTale. I padagaLannu Oduva viSayadalli ivattu heccina kannaDigarU I kaTTaleyannu uLisikonDilla;
Adare, bareyuva viSayadalli mAtra adannu uLisikonDiddEve. idarindAgi, ivattu I padagaLa baravaNigeyalli uli mattu barigegaLa naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyilla.
SAleyalli makkaLige kannaDa barahavannu Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisuvAga, I anavaSyakavAda kaTTaleyannu uLisikoLLuvudakkAgi, x, Sha, mahAprANa, visarga modalAda halavu heccina barigegaLannu kalisabEkAgide. ivu Odinalli kANisikoLLuvudillavAda kAraNa, kannaDa barahadalli halavu padabarigeya toDakugaLannu tanduhAkive. avannu baLasabEkAgiruva mattu baLasabAradiruva ellA padagaLannU nenapina lliTTukoLLade makkaLige kannaDadalli tappillade bareyalu baruvudilla. Odalu kaliyuvallU ivu tondare koDuttave. yAkendare, SAlegaLalli Odalu-bareyalu kalisuvAga, I barigegaLa Odu uLida barigegaLa Odiginta bErAdudu embudAgiyE kalisalAguttade. Adare heccina kalisugarigU avu hEge bErAgive embudannu makkaLige mana muTTuvante tiLisalu baruvudilla. idallade, OduvAga antaha kalisugarU avannu bErAgi Oduvudilla. avara Odinalli Sa-ShagaLa naDuve, ru-xgaLa naDuve, mattu alpaprANa-mahAprANagaLa naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU iruvudilla. idu makkaLalli gondalavannunTu mADuttade.
kannaDada maTTige tIrA anavaSyakavAgiruva I kaTTaleyannu kaybiTTalli, kannaDa barahavannu Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisuva kelasa tumbA suLuvAgaballudu (2.3.5 nODi). idu mElvarga davariginta keLavargadavarige heccu anukUlavAgaballa barigehammuge yAgide. idannu naDesuva bage hEge embudannu nAnu nanna kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa pustakadalli (baT 2005, 2009) vivarisiddEne.
kannaDa baraha mElvargadavara sottAgi mAtravE uLiyade ellara sottAguva hAge nAvu ivattu mADalEbEkAgide. yAkendare, ivattu barahavannu janarige tiLuvaLikeyannu koDuva kelasakkAgiyE heccu heccu baLasalAguttide, mattu avu koDaballa I tiLuvaLikeyannu
ellarU paDeyabEkAgide. hIgAgabEkiddalli, ellarU barahagaLannu Odalu mattu bareyalu tiLidirabEku.
Adare, idakke halavu toDarugaLiddu, kannaDakke tIrA anavaSyaka vAgiruva mElina kaTTale avugaLallondu. adannu biTTukoDuvantaha hammugeyannu nAvu ivattu hammikoLLalEbEkendu nanage anisuttade. hAge mADidalli, ivattu kannaDa barahadalliruva padabarigeya toDaku pUrti illavAgaballudu, mattu adu phinniS, koriyan modalAda barahagaLa hAge, janarige kaliyalu tumbA suLuvAda barahavAga balludu.
9.2.5 sollarimeya hammuge
ondu nuDi illavE oLanuDiyannu ellara nuDiyAgi illavE kalike, ADaLita, kOrTu, kaygArike, mArATa modalAdavugaLa nuDiyAgi nuDihammugeya mUlaka baLakege tarabEkiddalli, modalige adara sollarime entahadu embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEkAguttade.
I kelasavannu nuDiyarigaru mAtravE naDesaballaru. yAkendare, sollarimeyembudu tIrA toDaku toDakAda viSaya. ellA nuDigaLigU avugaLadE Ada sollarimeyiddu, ondu nuDiya sollarimeya hAge innondu nuDiya sollarime iruvudilla. I viSayavannu gamanakke tegedukonDu, nuDihammugege AykeyAgiruva nuDi illavE ADunuDiya nijavAda sollarime entahadu embudannu arake(samSOdane)gaLa mUlaka kanDuhiDiyabEku.
nijakkU idu eSTu mADidarU mugiyada kelasa. yAkendare, yAvudE ondu nuDiya sollarimeyannU pUrtiyAgi baredu mugisalu baruvudE illa. ivattu ingliS nuDiya sollarimeya mEle sAvirAru barahagaLu horabandive. onderaDu sAvira puTagaLa kelavu pustakagaLU horabandive. hIgiddarU, I barahagaLu ingliS nuDiya sollarimeyannu pUrtiyAgi tiLisuttaveyendu yArU hELalAraru.
Adare, nuDihammugege bEkAgiruvudu antaha pUrtiyAda sollarimeyEnalla. bagebageya kelasagaLige entaha sollarimeya tiLivugaLu bEkAguttaveyO avannu bagebageya barahagaLa mUlaka odagisikoDuvantaha kelasa adaralli naDeyabEkAgide.
ettugegAgi, ondu nuDiyannu kOrTu-kacErigaLa nuDiyAgi baLakege tarabEkiddalli, adaralli ippuruLina sollugaLu bArada hAge kAnUnugaLannu, tIrmAnagaLannu illavE ADaLitada kaTTalegaLannu bareyalu barabEku. idakkAgi yAva bageya sollugaLannu baLasabEku, mattu yAva bageyavannu baLasadirabEku embudannu sollarigaru arakegaLa mUlaka tOrisikoDaballaru. avara I arakegaLu kAnUnu gaLannu bareyuvavarige neravAgaballuvu.
ellara nuDiyAgi AykeyAgiruva nuDiyannu illavE ADunuDi yannu SAlegaLalli makkaLige kalisikoDabEkAguttade; I makkaLu antahadE ondu nuDiyannu (endare, A nuDiya ADunuDiyondannu) tamma tAynuDiyAgi kalitirabahudu, illavE avara tAynuDi bEreyE ondu nuDiyAgirabahudu. I eraDu bageya sandarba gaLallU, AykeyAgiruva nuDiyannu makkaLige kalisalu entaha sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu neravige baruttave embudannu sollarigaru kanDuhiDiyabEku. avannu sUcisuvantaha barahagaLannu avaru horatandalli avu SAleya kalisugarige neravAgaballuvu.
ellara nuDiyAgi AykeyAgiruva nuDiyannu hIge nuDihammugeya mUlaka bagebageya kelasagaLalli toDagisuvudakkAgi halavu bageya sollarimeya barahagaLannu unTumADabEkAguttade. idannu A nuDiya sollarimeyannu cannAgi tiLidukonDiruva nuDiyarigarE naDesabEku. illavAdare, antaha barahagaLinda A kelasagaLannu naDesuvavarige yAva neravU doreyalAradu.
ivattu SAlegaLalli illavE kAlEjugaLalli kalisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttiruva kannaDada vyAkaraNa pustakagaLu idakke uttama ettugegaLAgive. nijakkU kannaDada vyAkaraNa (sollarime) entahadu embudannu tiLidillada panDitaru avannu barediddAre. hAgAgi, avu
kannaDadalli Odalu-bareyalu kaliyuva illavE kalisuva kelasadalli entaha neravannU koDuvudilla.
kESirAjanE modalAda hindina tiLivigaru samskrutada vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgirisikonDu, antahadE ondu vyAkaraNavannu kannaDakke bareyalu prayatna mADiddaru. A prayatna eSTara maTTige kannaDada padagaLannu, padarUpagaLannu mattu sollugaLannu vivarisuttive embudannu AmElina dinagaLalli yArU ALavAgi pariSIlisalu hOgalE illa. avaru bareda haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE hosagannaDakkU aLavaDisikonDu, adannu SAle-kAlEju gaLalli kalisuvantaha kelasavannu mAtra kannaDada tiLivigaru mADuttiddAre. kannaDaddE Ada sollarime idakkinta yAva rItiyalli bErAgide embudannu nAnu kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa (baT 2008) emba pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne. antaha kannaDaddE Ada sollarimeyannu barahakke iLisuva kelasa ivattu naDeyabEkAgide. mEle sUcisida hAge, idu obba vyakti naDesi mugisuva kelasavalla; halavu kUTagaLu halavAru nuDiyarigara neravininda naDesuttA ira bEkAdantaha kelasa.
idallade, kannaDavannu bagebageya kelasagaLalli toDagisuvudakke entaha sollarimeya tiLivu bEkAguttade embudannu tiLisuvantaha sollarimeya barahagaLU ivattu kannaDadalli tayArAgabEkAgide. ettugegAgi, mEle sUcisida hAge, SAlegaLalli makkaLige kannaDavannu Odalu-bareyalu kalisabEkiddalli entaha sollarimeya kaTTalegaLannu avaru gamanisuva hAge mADabEku embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEku, mattu avannu tiLisuvantaha barahavannu sollarigara neravininda tayArisabEku. antaha sollarimeya baraha SAlegaLalli makkaLige Odu-barahada kalisuva kelasadalli neravAgaballudu.
idE rItiyalli, jAhIrAtugaLannu bareyuvudu, kAnUnugaLannu illavE oppandagaLannu bareyuvudu, kate, kavite, nATaka modalAda nalbarahagaLannu bareyuvudu, bEre bEre arime(vijnAna)gaLalli pustakagaLannu bareyuvudu modalAda kelasagaLige entaha sollarimeya
tiLivu neravige baraballudu embudannu kanDuhiDidu, adannu vivarisuva barahagaLannu I kelasagaLannu naDesuvavarige odagisikoDabEku. I bEre bEre bageya barahagaLalli baLasabEkAgiruva nuDi mattu nuDiya oDDavagaLu bEre bErAgiruva kAraNa, mattu avaru edurisuva sollarimeya toDakugaLu bEre bErAgiruva kAraNa, ellara idirallU ondE bageya sollarimeya barahavannu irisidalli, adannavarige baLasikoLLalu baruvudilla.
Adare, kannaDakke intaha sollarimeya barahagaLannu tayArisa bEkAgiruva sollarigarige kannaDada sollarime entahadu embudu tiLidirabEkAguttade embudE illina ondu toDakAgide. nijakkU kannaDada sollarime entahadu embudannu eSTu sAdyavO aSTu pUrtiyAgi kanDuhiDiyuvudu, mattu adannu bEre bEre kelasagaLalli toDagisuvudakke entaha tiLivu bEkAguttade embudannu tiLisaballa halavu barahagaLannu tayArisuvudu emba I eraDu kelasagaLu jotejoteyAgiyE naDeyabEkAguttade. avugaLalli ondu innondakke pUrakavAgiruva kAraNa, ondannu mugisi innondannu ettikoLLuva hAgilla.
9.2.6 padanerakeya hammuge
ondu nuDiyannu ellara nuDiyAgi hammikoLLabEkiddalli adaralli halavu bageya padagaLu irabEkAguttade. bEre bEre kelasagaLige bEre bEre bageya padagaLu bEkAguttave. ettugegAgi, ADaLitakke ondu bageya padagaLu, kOrTugaLige innondu bageya padagaLu, nuDiyarime, uliyarime, mandiyarime, maddarime modalAda bage bageya arime(vijnAna)gaLige bEre bageya padagaLu embudAgi halavu bageya padagaLu adakke bEkAguttave.
intaha padagaLannu odagisikoDuvudakkAgi, halavu bageya padanerake(padakOSa)gaLannu adaralli unTumADabEkAguttade. IgAgalE intaha padagaLu A nuDiyalli baLakeyalliveyAdare, avannella I padanerakegaLalli sErisikoLLabahudu. Adare, mElina
kelasagaLannu sariyAgi naDesalu innaSTu padagaLu bEkAgabahudu. intahavannu bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeyabahudu illavE A nuDiyalli hosadAgi unTumADikoLLabahudu. idu padanerakeya hammugeya mUlaka nAvu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasavAgide.
intaha padanerakegaLannu tayArisuvudakkU sollarimeya neravu bEkAguttade. yAkendare, bEre nuDiyinda eravalAgi paDeyuva padagaLu mattu hosadAgi unTumADuva padagaLu namma nuDiya sollugaLalli sariyAgi hondikoLLabEkAguttade. illavAdare, avannu baLasiruva barahagaLu tumbA toDaku toDakAguttave, mattu avannu kaliyuvavarige tondare koDuttave. Adare, A rIti avannu nuDiya sollugaLalli hondikoLLuvante mADuvudu hEge embudu sollarimeya tiLivilladavarige gottAguvudilla. idakke kannaDadalli ittIcege naDeda arimeya (pAribASika) padagaLa tayArikeyannu ettugeyAgi koDabahudu:
hindina kAladalli kannaDakke bEkAguva arimeya padagaLalli heccina vannU samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeyalAguttittu. idakke kAraNa vEnendare, monne monneya varegU sollarime, maddarime, eNike yarime, bAnarime modalAda halavu bageya arimegaLa tiLivannu kannaDada tiLivigaru samskrutadindalEnE paDeyuttiddaru. hAgAgi, A tiLivannu paDeyuvudarondige adannu tiLisalu bEkAguva padagaLannU avaru samskrutadindalEnE eravalAgi paDedukoLLuttiddaru.
ivattu heccina arimegaLa tiLivannU nAvu ingliSninda paDeyu ttiddEve, mattu I tiLivannu kannaDadalli tiLisalu bEkAguva padagaLalli halavannu ingliSnindalEnE eravalAgi paDeyuttiddEve. intaha ingliS padagaLu kannaDada sollugaLalli sariyAgi hondikoLLuvu dillavAdalli, namage bEkAguva mArpADugaLannU avugaLalli mADi koLLuttiddEve. idu sariyAda dAri.
Adare, kannaDada sollugaLalli sariyAgi hondikoLLadiruva ingliSna arimeya padagaLige badalAgi kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu unTumADuvalli kannaDada tiLivigaru ondu doDDa tappannu
mADiddAre, mattu IgalU mADuttiddAre: antaha padagaLige badalAgi kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu unTumADuva badalu, samskrutadalli unTumADi avannu kannaDadalli baLasuttiddAre! ivugaLalli halavu kannaDada sollugaLalli ingliS padagaLaSTU hondikoLLuvudilla!
kannaDada tiLivigaru mADuttiruva I tappinindAgi, ivattu kannaDadalli horatanda arimeya barahagaLannu kaliyuva kelasa anavaSyakavAgi tumbA toDakinadAgide.
yurOpinallU hindina kAladalli halavu bageya arimeya tiLuvaLikegaLu lyATin illavE grIk nuDigaLallidduvu, mattu ingliS, phranc modalAda nuDigaLalli avugaLa kuritAgi barahagaLannu bareyabEkAdAga, allina tiLivigaru lyATin illave grIk padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuttiddaru. kannaDadalli samskrutada eravalugaLannu baLasuvudU intahadE ondu vidAna embudAgi kannaDada tiLivigaru vAdisuttAre.
Adare, lyATin illavE grIk nuDigaLalli beLavaNigeyannu paDeya diddantaha arimegaLalli hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAga, yurOpina tiLivigaru lyATin illavE grIk padagaLannu baLasilla mattu baLasuvudilla. ettugegAgi, ingliSna eNikeyarimeyalli (gaNitadalli) baLakeyAgiruva heccina padagaLU ingliSnavE. ittIcege beLavaNigeyannu kanDiruva eNNukada (kampyUTarna) arimeyalli hosadAgi unTumADiruvantaha padagaLallU heccinavU ingliS navE. hAgAgi, samskrutadalli beLavaNigeyannu kANadiruvantaha arimeya viSayagaLalli hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAga kannaDada tiLivigaru samskrutada marehoguttiruvudu nijakkU tappu dAriyE.
innondu viSayadallU idu kannaDada maTTige tappudAriyAgu ttade: yurOpina nuDigaLigU lyATin illavE grIk nuDigaLigU naDuve hattirada nanTastikeyide. Adare, kannaDakkU samskrutakkU naDuve antaha hattirada nanTastikeyilla. I kAraNakkAgi, yurOpina nuDigaLalli lyATin illavE grIk padagaLu hondikoLLuva hAge
samskrutada padagaLu kannaDada sollugaLalli hondikoLLuvudilla. hAgAgi, lyATin padagaLu yurOpina kaligarige tondare koDuvu dakkinta samskruta padagaLu kannaDada kaligarige heccu tondare koDuttave. innondu kAraNavEnendare, kannaDa samskrutakkinta sollarimeya maTTige tIra bErAgiruva nuDiyAda kAraNa, kannaDada sollugaLalli baLasalu bEkAguvantaha padagaLannu samskrutadalli unTumADalu baruvudilla. samskrutada pada mattu oTTu(pratyaya)gaLannu baLasi arimeya (pAribASika) padagaLannu unTumADiruva kannaDada tiLivigaru idannu gamanisiyE illavendu tOruttade. I padagaLu kannaDakke bEkAgiruva vyatyAsagaLannu kANisuvudillavAda kAraNa, avannu baLasiruva kannaDada barahagaLu halavu rItiya gondalagaLige eDemADikoDuttive.
idannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa (baT 2005) pustakadalli vivaravAgi tOrisikoTTiddEne. ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli hesaru(nAma)padagaLigU parice(guNa)padagaLigU naDuve vyatyAsavide; Adare samskrutadalli antaha vyatyAsa illa. hAgAgi, hesarupadagaLiginta bErAgiruva paricepadagaLannu unTumADalu bEkAguva oTTugaLU samskrutadallilla.
I hesarupada-paricepada vyatyAsa ingliSna arime padagaLallide, mattu kannaDakkU adu bEkAguttade. Adare, samskrutada oTTugaLannu baLasi arimeya padagaLannu unTumADuvalli I vyatyAsavannu kANisalu sAdyavAgadu. hAge mADalu prayatnisiruvantaha kannaDada tiLivigaru idarindAgi tumbA gondalakkeDeyAgiddAre. avaru unTu mADiruva arime padagaLalli I vyatyAsa kelavomme kANisikoLLuttade mattu kelavomme kANisikoLLuvudilla (4.3.2 nODi).
kannaDada tiLivigaru mADidantaha I tappannu ivattu nAvu pada hammugeya mUlaka saripaDisabEkAgide. ingliSna arime padagaLige badalAgi kannaDadalli arime padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAga, samskrutada pada mattu oTTugaLannu baLasuva keTTa cALiyannu nillisabEku, mattu antaha kaDegaLallella kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu
baLasatoDagabEku. hosagannaDadalli idakke bEkAguva padagaLu illavAdare, adakkAgi haLegannaDada padagaLannu baLasuvudE kannaDakke anukUlavAda dAri.
9.3 beLavaNigeya hammuge
ellara nuDiyAgi baLakege banda nuDiyalli halavu bageya beLavaNige gaLannu hammikoLLabEkAguttade. mukyavAgi adannu bEre bEre kelasa gaLalli toDagisalu bEkAguvantaha sAdanagaLannu unTumADuttalE irabEkAguttade.
sAmAnyavAgi ellA nuDigaLU I rIti badalAguttalE iruttave. hosa hosa sannivESagaLige hondikoLLuvudakkAgi, mattu ADugaru edurisabEkAgiruva hosa hosa toDakugaLige parihAragaLannu kanDukoLLuvudakkAgi avu hAge badalAguttalE irabEkAguttade. Adare, nuDihammugeya mUlaka nAvu Ayke mADi parice koTTiru vantaha nuDiyalli intaha beLavaNigeya kelasagaLannU nAvu nuDi hammugeya mUlakavEnE naDesikoDabEkAguttade. yAkendare hAge mADadiddare, namma nuDihammuge naDuveyE nintuhOgaballudu. I beLavaNigeya hammuge ondu rItiyalli parice hammugeya munduvarikeyendU hELabahudu. ettugegAgi, AykeyAgiruva nuDiyalli paricehammugeya mUlaka halavu bageya padanerakegaLannu unTumADirabahudu. Adare, bEre bEre kelasagaLalli mattu arime gaLalli A nuDiyannu baLasuttiruvante, I padanerakegaLalli unTumADi koTTiruva padagaLu sAkAguvudilla. sAvirAru hosa arimeya padagaLige mattu itara kelasagaLige bEkAguva hosa padagaLige bEDike gaLu baruttalE iruttave. intaha hosapadagaLannu beLavaNigeya hammugeya mUlaka unTumADikoDabEkAguttade.
padanerakeyalli mAtravallade nuDige sambandisida bEre viSaya gaLallU mArpADugaLannu mADabEkAguvantaha sandarbagaLu baraballuvu. ivugaLannu naDesikoDuvalliyU sollarimeya tiLivu
neravige baruttade. sollarimeya tiLivillade naDesida beLavaNigeya hammugegaLu janarannu tondareyalli silukisuttave.
9.4 tiruLu
ondu samAjadalli halavu nuDigaLu illavE ADunuDigaLu baLake yalliveyAdare, avugaLalli ondannu ellara nuDiyAgi nuDihammugeya mUlaka AydukoLLabEkAguttade. A rIti AydukonDiruva nuDiyalli halavu bageya mArpADugaLannU nuDihammugeya mUlaka naDesa bEkAguttade. adakkondu lipiyannu aLavaDisabEkAguttade; kOrTu- kacEri, kaygArike, mArATa, arimegaLa kalike modalAdavugaLalli adannu baLasuvudakkAgi adara padanerakeyannu heccisabEkAguttade; mattu adakke bage bageya barahada oDDavagaLannu odagisikoDabEkAgu
intaha kelasagaLannella naDesalu A nuDiya sollarimeya tiLivu bEkAguttade. adannu paDeyadiruvavaru I kelasagaLannu naDesa horaTalli, samAja halavu bageya tondaregaLigoLagAguttade.