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7. vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu
7.1 munnOTa
samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti mattu kAraka embudAgi eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu baLakeyAguttave. prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA, caturthI, pancamI, ShaShThI mattu saptamI embudAgi ELu vibhakti gaLannu mattu idakkinta bhinnavAda kartx, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna mattu adhikaraNa embudAgi Aru kArakagaLannu I vyAkaraNa gaLalli baLasalAguttade.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu ivellavannU hAgeyE ettikonDu kannaDa vyAkaraNakke hondisikonDiddAre. hAge hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgada kelavu kaDegaLalli kannaDadallilladantaha vibhaktirUpagaLannu (maradattaNim, rAmana deseyinda) mattu vibhakti prayOgagaLannu (karmaNi prayOga) kannaDada mEle horisiddAre. illi eraDu praSnegaLige uttaragaLannu huDukuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDa vyAkaraNakke vibhakti mattu kAraka emba I eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLa avaSyakateyideyE embudu ivugaLalli modalaneya praSne. samskxta vyAkaraNavannu bareyuvalli I eraDu tatvagaLa avaSyakate yideyembudannu adara vayyAkaraNigaLu spaShTavAgiyE tOrisikoTTi Adare kannaDa vyAkaraNakkU avugaLa avaSyakateyideyE embudannu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu pariSIlisida hAgilla. samskxta vyAkaraNadalli I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLannu baLasiddAre, hAgAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNadallU avannu baLasabEkAguttade embudAgi avaru nirdharisida hAgide. ellA bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNadallU I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLu iralEbEkendilla embudannu avaru gamanisida hAgilla.
hAgAgi, nAvu modalige samskxta vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAguttiruva kAraka mattu vibhaktigaLemba I eraDu tatvagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsa
gaLive mattu A vyAkaraNadalli avu entaha kAryagaLannu sAdhisuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLabEku.
anantara, kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli antaha kAryagaLannu sAdhisabEkAda sandabhragaLiveyE? iveyAdare A sandabhragaLalli vibhakti mattu kAraka emba I eraDu tatvagaLannu baLasalE bEkAguttadeyE? embudannu, endare nijakkU I eraDu tatvagaLa avaSyakate kannaDa vyAkaraNakkideyE embudannu pariSIlisabEku.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu mAtravallade bhAratada itara bhAShegaLa vayyAkaraNigaLU idE rItiyalli samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu anusarisutta vibhakti mattu kArakagaLemba I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLannu avu avaSyavE athavA anavaSyavE embudannu pariSIlisade hAgeyE tamma bhASheya vyAkaraNagaLige aLavaDisikonDiddAre. mattu hAge mADuvudara mUlaka halaveDegaLalli A vyAkaraNagaLu bahaLa kliShTavAgu vanteyU mADiddAre.
I viShayavannu svalpa ALavAgi pariSIlisidalli, kannaDa vyAkaraNakke vibhaktiyemba ondu vyAkaraNatatva mAtra iddare sAku, adakkinta bhinnavA giruva kArakavemba vyAkaraNatatva avaSyavilla embudu siddhavAguttade. idannu nAnu bErondu pustakadalli (bhaT 1991) kUlankaSavAgi cacrisiddEne.
samskxtadalli vibhaktigaLannu nEravAgi avugaLa arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavAgade iruva kAraNa, adara vayyAkaraNigaLu kAraka vemba tatvavondannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyunTAgittu. Adare kannaDadalli vibhaktigaLannu nEravAgi arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhya vide. hAgAgi adakke kArakagaLemba kalpita tatvagaLa avaSyakate illa.
idallade, intaha avaSyavillada vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu kalpisikoLLuvu darindAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi jAsti kliShTavAguttade. nAvilli pariSIlisabEkAgiruva eraDaneya praSneyEnendare, samskxta dalli baruva ELu vibhaktigaLu kannaDadallU baruva avaSyakateyideyE, mattu avu nijakkU kannaDadalli baruttiveyE embudu. I viShayada maTTige kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLalli abhiprAyabhEdaviddu svalpa maTTige samSOdhaneyU naDedideyendu hELabahudu. AdarU samskxta vyAkaraNada prabhAvadinda pUrtiyAgi horabandu kannaDa vibhaktigaLannu kannaDaddE Ada svabhAvavannanusarisi vivarisuva kelasa innU naDedilla.
I viShayavannu nAnu mundina adhyAyadalli pariSIlisaliddu, I adhyAyadalli kannaDakke kAraka illavE antahadE Ada bEre kalpitavAda vyAkaraNatatva yAke avaSyavilla embudannu svalpa vistAravAgi vivarisalu yatnisuttEne.
7.2 vibhaktigaLa kelasa
vAkyavondaralli sAmAnyavAgi ondu kriyApada mattu ondu athavA adakkinta heccu nAmapadagaLu (illavE nAmapadakantegaLu) baLakeyAgu ttave. kriyApadagaLu yAvudAdarU ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisuttave mattu nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.
(1)
rAju hariyannu ondu marakke kaTTida
(1)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva kaTTu kriyApada ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisuttade. adE vAkyadalli bandiruva rAju, hari mattu mara nAma padagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLannu gurutisu ttave.
vAkyavondaralli I rIti kriyApadadondige ondakkinta jAsti nAmapadagaLu bandAga, avugaLa mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisabEkAguttade mAtravalla, A kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyalli avu yAva yAva kelasagaLalli toDagive embudannU tiLisabEkAgu
udAharaNegAgi, *rAju hari mara kaTTida endiShTE hELidare, ‘yAru yArannu yAvudakke kaTTiddu’ emba viShaya spaShTavAgalAradu. idannu spaShTapaDisuvudakkAgi vAkyadalli baruva I nAmapadagaLondige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide.
mEle koTTiruva (1)nE vAkyadalli mara padada anantara kke vibhakti pratyaya bandiddu, ‘kaTTi hAkiddu yAvudakke’ embudannu adu tiLisuttade; hari nAmapadada anantara annu vibhakti pratyaya bandiddu ‘marakke yArannu kaTTi hAkiddu’ embudannu adu tiLisuttade.
I rIti nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastuvigU kriyA padavu tiLisuva ghaTanegU naDuviruva sambandhavEnembudannu tiLisalu vibhakti pratyayagaLa (athavA bErAvudAdarU sAdhanagaLa) avaSyakateyide. kannaDadantaha kelavu bhAShegaLalli I kelasakkAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLake yAguttade. Adare bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre sAdhanagaLa baLakeyAguvudU ide. udAharaNegAgi ingliSh bhASheya vAkyagaLalli padagaLa jAgavU I kelasavannu naDesaballudu.
‘rAju hariyannu marakke kaTTida’
(2R) Hari tied Raju to the tree
‘hari rAjuvannu marakke kaTTida’
(2ka) mattu (2kha) vAkyagaLa naDuve kANisuva artha vyatyAsa khaciriu mattu UciDii emba I eraDu padagaLu vAkyadalli elli bandive embudara mEle, endare vAkyadalli avugaLa jAga yAvudu embudara mEle avalambiside. I vAkyagaLalli kriyApadakkinta modalu bandiruva nAmapada ‘kaTTidavaru yAru’ embudannu tiLisuttade mattu kriyA padada anantara bandiruva nAmapada ‘yArannu kaTTiddu’ embudannu tiLisuttade.
idallade, I eraDu vAkyagaLallU ‘yAvudakke kaTTiddu’ embudannu tiLisalu Nao emba upasagrada baLakeyAgide.
kannaDadalli intaha kelasagaLannella mukhyavAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLE naDesuvuvAda kAraNa, avu yAvuvella ive mattu vAkyagaLalli avugaLa baLakeyentahadu embudannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli vistAravAgi vivarisuva avaSyakateyide.
7.3 kArakagaLa kelasa
mEleyE sUcisiruva hAge, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti emba vyAkaraNa tatva mAtravallade ‘kAraka’ emba innondu vyAkaraNa tatvavU baLakeyAguttade. kArakagaLemba I vyAkaraNa tatvavu naDesuva kelasa vibhaktigaLu naDesuva kelasakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu.
avu vibhaktigaLa hAge nijakkU vAkyagaLalli kANisuva angagaLalla; samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu tamma anukUlakkAgi sxShTisikonDiruva vayyAkaraNika parikalpanegaLu mAtra.
avaru I parikalpanegaLannu sxShTisikoLLalu kAraNavEnendare, samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avu sUcisabEkAgiruva artha dondige nEravAgi sambandhisuvudu bahaLa kaShTa. I kAraNakkAgi, vibhaktigaLannu kArakagaLondige sambandhisi, anantara antaha kArakagaLa mUlaka vAkyada artha vEnembudannu vivarisi hELalu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu prayatnisa bEkAgide.
samskxtadalli I rIti vibhaktigaLigU avugaLa arthakkU nEravAda sambandhavilladiralu halavu kAraNagaLive. avugaLalli kelavannu keLage vivarisalAgide. kalpisikonDiruva modalu tAvu
7.3.1 ondu vibhaktige halavu arthagaLu
samskxtadalli prathamA vibhaktige ondu niScitavAda arthavannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesikoDuva vyaktiyannu mAtravallade A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva itara vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLannU prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka samskxtadalli sUcisalu sAdhya
rAmaH sthAlyAm Odanam kAShThayH pacati ‘rAmanu maDakeyalli annavannu kaTTigeyannu baLasi bEyisu ttAne’ (3kha) sthAlI pacati
‘maDakeyalli (annavannu) bEyisuttAne’ kAShTham pacati ‘kaTTigeyannu baLasi (annavannu) bEyisuttAne’
(3ka-ga)dalli koTTiruva mUru vAkyagaLalli prathamA vibhaktige mUru bEre bEre arthagaLiveyumbudannu gamanisabahudu. (3ka) vAkyadalli adu bEyisuva ghaTaneyannu naDesikoDuva vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade; Adare, (3kha) vAkyadalli adu A ghaTaneyannu naDesalu
baLasida pAtreyannu sUcisuttade mattu (3ga) vAkyadalli adakkAgi baLasa lAgiruva kaTTigeyannu sUcisuttade.
(3kha) mattu (3ga) vAkyagaLalli bEyuva padArtha mattu bEyisuva vyakti iveraDannu hesarisillavAda kAraNa, sthAlI ‘maDike’ embudannu (3kha) vAkyadalliyU kAShTham ‘kaTTige’ embudannu (3ga) vAkyadalliyU prathamA vibhaktiyalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgide. idu samskxtada vaySiShTya.
hIge prathamA vibhaktige I mUru (3ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli mUru bEre bEre arthagaLive.
7.3.2 ondE arthakke halavu vibhaktigaLu
samskxtadalli I rIti ondE vibhakti pratyayavannu halavu arthagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide mAtravalla, ondE arthavannU halavu vibhaktigaLa mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle sUcisiruva arthagaLalli modalaneyadannu, endare ghaTaneyannu naDesuvudu yAru embudannu, samskxtadalli prathamA vibhaktiya mUlakavU sUcisabahudu, txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlakavU sUcisabahudu (4ka-kha nODi).
samskxtadalli ‘kartari’ mattu ‘karmaNi’ embudAgi eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLu baLakeyallive. ghaTaneyondannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu kartari vAkyadalli prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka mattu karmaNi vAkyadalli txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisalAguttade.
(4ka) dEvadattaH grantham paThati
‘dEvadattanu pustakavannu OduttAne’
(4kha) dEvadattEna granthaH paThyatE
‘dEvadattanu pustakavannu OduttAne’
(4ka) mattu (4kha) vAkyagaLeraDakkU samskxtadalli artha ondE; hIgiddarU ghaTaneyannu naDesuva (Oduva) vyaktiyannu (4ka)dalli prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisalAgide mattu (4kha)dalli txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisalAgide. endare, I eraDu vAkyagaLalli
ondE arthavannu eraDu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAgide. kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli (4kha) vAkyavannu ‘dEvadattaninda pustaka OdalpaDuttade’ embudAgi anuvAdisuvudu rUDhi. Adare intaha vAkya kannaDadalli samskxtada prabhAvadinda bandiddu, hosagannaDadalli illavE mAtinalli idu illavendE hELabahudu. idE rItiyAgi dvitIyA mattu saptamI vibhaktigaLannu ondE arthadallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, ‘kuLitiddAne’ emba artha koDuva AstE mattu adhyAstE emba eraDu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu.
(5ka) pavratE AstE
‘guDDadalli kuLitiddAne’ (5kha) pavratam adhyAstE ‘guDDadalli kuLitiddAne’
(5kakha) vAkyagaLeraDarallU guDDavu kuLitukoLLuva jAgavAgide. hIgiddarU, (5ka) vAkyadalli adu saptamiyalli bandide, mattu (5kha) dalli dvitIyuyalli bandide.
7.3.3 bEre kAraNagaLu
samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthakkU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavilladiralu bEreyU kelavu kAraNagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, kelavu sandabhragaLalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyaya gaLige samskxtadalli viSiShTavAda arthavE iruvudilla.
idallade, I vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktyarthavannu mAtravallade, nAmapadada linga-vacanagaLannU sUcisuttave. nAmapadagaLa koneya akSharagaLannanusarisiyU samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLalli kelavu vyatyAsa gaLu kANisikoLLuttave. (vivaragaLige 8.3 nODi). intaha vyatyAsagaLU samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avugaLa arthadondige sambandhisuva kelasa heccu kliShTavAguvante mADive.
7.3.4 kArakagaLa mUlaka sambandhisuvudu
mEle vivarisida hAge, samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisa bEkAgiruva arthagaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavillavAda kAraNa, samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu vAkyada racaneyannu mattu adaralli baLake yAguva vibhaktigaLa svarUpavannu modalige kArakagaLa mUlaka vivarisi, anantara A racaneyannu adara arthadondige sambandhisabEkAgide. nijakkU bhASheyalliruvudu vibhakti pratyayagaLu mattu avu sUcisa bEkAgiruva artha (endare nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandha) iveraDu mAtra. mEle sUcisida hAge, kArakagaLembuvu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu tamma anukUlakkAgi sxShTisikonDiruva kAlpanika tatvagaLu mAtra. avu A bhASheyalli vibhaktigaLa baLake ondu viSiShTavAda rItiyallideyAda kAraNa mAtra bEkAgive.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva (3ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli prathamA vibhaktiyalli bandiruva padagaLannu mattu (4kha) vAkyadalli txtIyA vibhaktiyalli bandiruva padavannu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu kartx kArakavendu parigaNisuttAre. idakke badalu, (4kha) vAkyadalli prathame yalli bandiruva padavannu karmakArakavendu parigaNisuttAre.
vibhakti mattu avugaLa arthagaLa naDuve mAtravalla, vibhakti mattu kArakagaLa naDuveyU samskxtadalli nEravAda sambandhavilla. idakke kAraNavEnendare, vibhaktigaLu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthavannu vivarisu vudakkAgi mAtravallade, vyAkaraNada bEre kelavu niyamagaLannu sankShipta vAgi varNisuvudakkAgiyU samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I kAraka gaLannu baLasuttAre.
udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (6-7) vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisa bahudu.
(6ka) akShAm dIvyati
‘pagaDegaLalli jUjADuttAne’
(6kha) akShayH dIvyati
(7ka) Ajyam juhOti
‘tuppadalli hOma mADuttAne’
(7kha) AjyEna juhOti
parigaNisadiralu
(6) mattu (7)nE vAkyagaLeraDarallU nAmapadavannu dvitIyA vibhaktiyallAgali illavE txtIyA vibhaktiyallAgali baLasalu sAdhya vide. akSha ‘pagaDe’ embudu (6ka)dalli dvitIyuyalli bandide mattu (6kha)dalli txtIyuyalli bandide; Ajya ‘tuppa’ embudu (7ka)dalli dvitIyuyalli bandide mattu (7kha)dalli txtIyuyalli bandide.
Adare samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu (6)ra vAkyagaLalli akSha nAma pada dvitIyeyalli bandare karmavannu sUcisuttade mattu txtIye yalli bandare karaNavannu sUcisuttade embudAgi hELuttAre mattu antahadE (7)ra vAkyagaLalli Ajya ‘tuppa’ nAmapada dvitIyeyalli bandarU karmavE, txtIyeyalli bandarU karmavE embudAgi hELuttAre.
avaru I rIti (7kha) vAkyadalli Ajya nAmapada txtIyeyalli mEle karaNavendu bandideyAdarU adannu hELidantaha eraDaneya avaSyakateyE (vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu sankShipta vAgi bareyabEkembudE) mukhya kAraNa.
samskxtadalli kriyApadakke ana pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida padada mUlaka adara karaNavannu sUcisalu sAdhya emba vyAkaraNa niyamavondide. I niyamada prakAra, SAt ‘tunDu mADu’ kriyA padadinda siddhavAguva SAtana padada mUlaka adara karaNavAgiruva ‘cUri’yannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide.
hu ‘hOma mADu’ kriyApadadondige (6nE vAkyadalli bandiruva juhOti ‘hOma mADuttAne’ embudu A kriyApadada ondu rUpa) txtIyA vibhaktiyalli baruva Ajya ‘tuppa’ nAmapada vannu karaNa embudAgi parigaNisidalli, A kriyApadadinda siddhavAguva havana padakkU adu sUcisuva kriyeya karaNavAda ‘tuppa’ emba arthavannu koDabEkAdItu.
Adare nijakkU samskxtadalli havana embudara artha ‘AhutiyAgi tuppavannu hOmadalli hAkalu baLasuva sAdhana’ embudu. ‘hOma mADuvudu’ emba arthavU adakkide. AhutiyAgi baLasuva tuppa emba artha adakkilla. hAgAgi, samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu Ajya ‘tuppa’ embudannu hu kriyApadada karaNavendu parigaNisuvudilla.
samskxta vyAkaraNadalli kANisuva intaha halavu samasyegaLindAgi adara vayyAkaraNigaLige vibhaktigaLannu arthadondige mAtravallade kArakagaLondigU nEravAgi sambandhisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.
7.4 pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLalli kalpita tatva
kelavu pAScAtya bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLalliyU intahadE vyAkaraNa tatva vondannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDubandide. idannu vyAkaraNa sambandha (gDicimmciNaichiciTa DieTaciNaioTi) embudAgi kareyuvudu rUDhi.
sabjekTa (subriechiNa), DayrekTa AbjekTa (jaiDiechiNa obriechiNa), mattu inDayrekTa AbjekTa (iTijaiDiechiNa obriechiNa) embavugaLu intaha vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLu.
samskxta vyAkaraNada kartx, karma modalAda kArakagaLa hAgeyE pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLa sabjekTa, AbjekTa modalAda vyAkaraNa sambandha gaLU kalpita tatvagaLAgive. idallade, avannu kalpisikonDiruvudakke kAraNavU samskxta vyAkaraNadalliruvantahadE.
vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthakkU naDuve I bhAShegaLalli nEravAda hondANikeyillavAda kAraNa, avugaLa vyAkaraNa gaLalli sabcekTa, AbjekTa modalAda I vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLannu kalpisikoLLabEkAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh bhASheyalli ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesi koDuva vyaktiyannu mAtravallade, A ghaTaneya karaNa, kAraNa mattu jAga (adhikaraNa) I mUrannU kriyApadada mundiruva jAgadalli (endare prathamA vibhaktiyalli baruva nAmapadada jAgadalli) irisalu sAdhyavide.
John opened the door with a key ‘jOn bAgilannu ondu kIliyinda tereda’
(8R) The key opened the door
‘ondu kIliyinda bAgilannu tereyalAyitu’
‘gALige bAgilu tereyitu’ The garden is swarming with bees
(9)
‘tOTadalli jEnuhuLagaLu gumpAgi hAruttive’
(8ka-ga) mattu (9)nE ingliSh vAkyagaLalli jOn embudu (8ka)dalli, kI embudu (8kha)dalli, vinD ‘gALi’ embudu (8ga)dalli mattu gADran embudu (9)ralli kriyApadada mundiruva jAgadalli (endare ‘prathame’yalli) bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.
I kAraNakkAgi, ingliSh vAkyagaLalli kriyApadada mundiruva nAma padavannu nEravAgi kriyeyannu naDesikoDuvavanu emba arthadondige, illavE bEre yAvudAdarU ondu niScitavAda arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. hAgAgi, I jAgavannu sabjekTa jAga embudAgi karedu anantara bEre niyamagaLa mUlaka adannu artha dondige sambandhisabEkAgide.
7.5 kannaDakke kArakagaLu bEkAgilladiruvudu
kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avugaLu sUcisabEkAgiruva artha dondige nEravAgi sambandhisalu sAdhyavide. I viShayadalli kannaDa bhAShe samskxta mattu ingliSh bhAShegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAdudu.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli ondu nAmapadavannu dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli baLasabEkendiddalli adu kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneya pariNAmavannu ondalla ondu rItiyalli tOrisalEbEkemba niyama vide. idallade, adu gurutisuva vyakti svEccheyinda A ghaTaneyalli toDagirabArademba niyamavU ide.
idE rItiyalli ondu nAmapadavannu saptamI vibhaktiyalli baLasa bEkendiddalli adu ondalla ondu rItiyalli ghaTane naDeyuva jAgavannu sUcisuttirabEkemba niyamavide.
7.5.1 eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLu
kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avugaLa arthakkU naDuve nEravAda sambandhaviddu ingliShnalli antaha sambandhavilladiralu bEreyU ondu mukhyavAda kAraNavide.
vAkyavondaralli baruva nAmapadagaLigU kriyApadakkU naDuve eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyavide. mEle vivarisidantaha artha sambandhavondu; mattu nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu
modalAdavugaLalli mAtanADuttiddEve, yAvudara viShayavAgi yAvudannu hosatAgi gurutisuttiddEve embantaha ‘bhAShAvyavahAra’kke sambandhisidantaha viShayagaLannu sUcisuva sambandha innondu.
kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisalu bEre bEre sAdhanagaLive. Adare ingliShnalli iveraDannU ondE sAdhanada mUlaka sUcisabEkAgide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (10ka-kha) ingliSh vAkyagaLannu avugaLa bhAShAntaragaLAgi koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.
‘huDuga mudukanannu dUDida’ (10R) The old man was pushed by the boy ‘mudukanannu huDuga dUDida’
(10ka) mattu (10kha) vAkyagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, (10ka)dalli ADuganu obba huDugana viShayavAgi mAtanADuttiddAne, Adare (10kha)dalli Ata obba mudukana viShayavAgi mAtanADu ttiddAne.
ingliShnalli obba vyakti illavE vastuvina badalu innobba vyakti illavE vastuvannu ‘mAtanADuva viShaya’vannAgi mADi vAkyavannu racisabEkiddalli avugaLa jAgavannu adalu badalu mADuvudarondige kriyArUpavannU badalisabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli idu avaSyavalla. (10kha)dalli kANisida hAge nAmapadagaLa jAgavannu adalu badalu mADidare sAku.
ingliShnalli I kAraNakkAgi kartari mattu karmaNi embudAgi eraDu bageya vAkyagaLa avaSyakateyide. Adare kannaDadalli idu avaSya villa. mEle (7.3.2)ralli sUcisida hAge, kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli *mudukanu huDuganinda dUDalpaDuttAne embantaha vAkyagaLannu karmaNi prayOgakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuvudu nijavAdarU antaha vAkyagaLu ingliSh (illavE samskxta) vAkyagaLa bhAShAntaragaLu mAtra. barahadalli avugaLa baLake bahaLa aparUpa; mAtinallantU illavE illavendu hELabahudu. nijakkU kannaDakke antaha vAkyagaLa avaSyakateyU illa.
ingliSh bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLalli padagaLa jAgavannu adalu badalu mADuvudarondige bEre badalAvaNe gaLannU mADabEkAguttade embudu avugaLalli savranAmagaLannu baLasidAga spaShTavAguttade.
‘avanu avaLannu dUDida’ (11R) She was pushed by him ‘avaLannu avanu dUDida’
(11ka) vAkyadalli he ‘avanu’ mattu heDi ‘avaLannu’ emba eraDu savranAmagaLannu baLasalAgide; A vAkyada karmaNi rUpavAda (11kha) vAkyadalli I eraDu savranAmagaLa jAgavannu badalAyisalAgide mAtravalla, avugaLa vibhaktirUpagaLannU badalAyisalAgide.
(11kha) vAkyadalli ingliShna he embudu him endAgide mattu heDi embudu she endAgide. Adare kannaDadalli intaha vibhakti rUpagaLa badalAvaNe avaSyavilla. mEle (11kha) vAkyada kannaDa rUpadalli avanu mattu avaLannu emba eraDu savranAmagaLu svalpavU badalAgade (11ka) vAkyadalliruvanteyE uLidukonDive. avugaLa jAga mAtra badalAgide.
kannaDadalli I rIti artha sambandha mattu bhAShAvyavahAra sambandha gaLannu bEre bEreyAgi mattu svatantravAgi sUcisuva vidhAna baLakeyallide. padagaLa jAgada mUlaka bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida viShayagaLannu sUcisalAguttade mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka arthakke sambandhisida viShayagaLannu sUcisalAguttade.
hAgAgi, kannaDada vAkyagaLalli bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisidantaha badalAvaNegaLannu mADalu avugaLalli baruva padagaLa jAgavannu mAtra badalAyisidare sAku, ingliShnalli kANisuva hAge, vibhaktirUpagaLannu mattu kriyArUpagaLannu badalAyisuva avaSyakateyilla.
arthasambandhagaLannu mattu bhAShAvyavahAra sambandhagaLannu I rIti oTTige sErisade bEre bErAgi irisiruva kAraNa kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthakkU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyide.
I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada vAkyaracaneyannu mattu adaralli baLake yAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu varNisuvAga kartx, karma, karaNa modalAda kArakagaLannAgali illavE sabjekTa, DayrekTa AbjekTa, inDayrekTa AbjekTa modalAda bEre rItiya vyAkaraNa sambandha gaLannAgali baLasikoLLuva avaSyakateyilla (‘bhAShAvyavahAra’da kuritu heccina vivaragaLige tirumalES 1979 nODi).
7.5.2 kannaDa vAkyagaLalli sabjekTa emba tatva
avaSyavillada kalpita vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu baLasuvudarinda kannaDa vyAkaraNa hEge anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAguttade embudannu ittIcege pAScAtya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli bareda kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu bahaLa spaShTavAgi tOrisikoTTive.
I kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLalli baruva sabjekTa, DayrekTa AbjekTa mattu inDayrekTa AbjekTa emba vyAkaraNa sambandha gaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. Adare, kannaDada maTTige idu kelavu pariharisa lAgada samasyegaLannU tanduhAkide.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa vAkyagaLalli yAva nAmapadavannu sabjekTa embudAgi hesarisabEku embudu ondu doDDa samasyeyAgiddu, I viShayadalli bahaLa cacre naDedide. modalaneya nAmapada prathamA vibhaktiyalli baruva badalu caturthI vibhaktiyalli baruvantaha kelavu kannaDa vAkyagaLu I sandabhradalli vayyAkaraNigaLige tondareyannu koDuttave.
sAmAnyavAgi, kelavu mAnasika illavE dayhika avasthegaLannu anubhavisuva (illavE anubhavisida) vyaktiyannu I rIti caturthI vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisuvudu kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyama.
(12) rAjuvige hAvannu kanDu hedarikeyAyitu (13) rAjuvige henDatiya nenapAyitu (14) rAjuvige ondu hADu kELisitu
(12-14)rantaha vAkyagaLalli caturthI vibhaktiyalli bandiruva pada (rAjuvige embudu) sabjekTa endu kelavaru hELuttAre mattu vibhakti pratyayavilladiruva pada (hedarike, nenapu illavE hADu embudu) sabjekTa endu bEre kelavaru vAdisuttAre (SrIdhar 1976 nODi).
I eraDu abhiprAyagaLalli yAvudu sari mattu yAvudu tappu endu hELuvudu kaShTa. yAkendare, (12-14) vAkyagaLalli yAvudannu sabjekTa embudAgi ArisikonDarU ondalla ondu samasyeyannu edurisabEkAguttade.
intaha vAkyagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi vibhakti pratyayadondige bAra diruva pada kriyApadadondige sEri vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, adannu sabjekTa endu hELuvudu aShTondu ucitavendu tOruvudilla.
udAharaNegAgi, (12)nE vAkyadalli nijakkU hedarike embudu kriyApadada bhAga mAtra. hedarikeyAguvudu embudE illi naDe diruva ghaTane. hAgAgi hedarike embudannu vAkyada sabjekTa embudAgi hesarisuvudu svalpa vicitravAgi tOruttade.
idakke badalu, I (12)nE vAkya rAjuvige EnAyitu embudannu tiLisuttideyAda kAraNa, adaralli rAju padavE sabjekTa endu hELidalli bEreyE tondare kANisikoLLuttade.
intaha vAkyagaLalli kriyApadada koneyalli baruva ‘AkhyAta’ pratyayagaLu caturthI vibhaktiyalliruva padada puruSha-linga-vacana gaLannu sUcisuva badalu, vibhakti pratyayavilladiruva padada puruSha- linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, (12)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva Agu kriyArUpada puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuttade yallade puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuvudilla. idE rItiyalli (14)nE vAkyadalli kELisitu kriyArUpada AkhyAta pratyaya hADu padada puruSha-linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuttade.
hAgAgi, (12)nE vAkyadalli rAju pada sabjekTa endu hELidalli antaha vAkyagaLalli baruva kriyApadada AkhyAta pratyaya vAkyada sabjekTannu avalambisilla endu hELabEkAguttade. idU ondu samasyeyE.
kannaDa vAkyagaLalli sabjekTa yAvudu embudannu nirdharisuvalli bEreyU kelavu tondaregaLannu vayyAkaraNigaLu edurisabEkAgide. udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh modalAda pAScAtya bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNadalli
hedarike
padada padada
pratyaya
sakarmaka mattu akarmaka emba eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke bahaLa mahatvavide. idakke viruddhavAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli aycchika mattu anaycchika ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva bEreyE eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke heccina mahatvavide.
sabjekTa emba vyAkaraNa tatvavannu mukhyavAgi sakarmaka-akarmaka vAkyabhEdada AdhArada mEle sAdhisalAgideyAda kAraNa, mattu I vAkyabhEda kannaDadalli aShTondu mahatvavAdudallavAda kAraNa, sabjekTa tatvavannu kannaDakke aLavaDisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. I samasyeyannu keLagina (7.5.3)nE vibhAgadalli vivarisalAgide.
7.5.3 eraDu vyavasthegaLu
sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsakke mahatvavannu koDuva bhAShegaLallU ondu mukhya vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsa akarmaka vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadavu sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli baruva eraDu nAmapadagaLalli yAvudakke samAnavAgide embudara mEle avalambiside. I vyatyAsada svarUpavEnembudannu tiLiyalu modalige sakarmaka mattu akarmaka vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLannu bEre bErAgi gurutisikoLLuvudu avaSya.
akarmaka vAkyagaLalli kriyApadadondige sAmAnyavAgi ondE ondu mukhyavAda nAmapada baruttiddu adannu ‘sa’ embudAgi gurutisabahudu. idakke badalu sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli eraDu mukhya nAmapadagaLu baruttiddu avannu ‘ni’ mattu ‘ka’ embudAgi gurutisa bahudu. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva akarmaka mattu sakarmaka vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu:
(15) rAju atta (16) rAju hariyannu dUDida
(15)nE vAkya akarmakavAgiddu adaralli kriyApadadondige rAju emba ondE ondu mukhya nAmapada (‘sa’ embudu) bandide.
(16)nE vAkya sakarmakavAgiddu adaralli kriyApadadondige eraDu mukhya nAmapadagaLu bandive. ivugaLalli modalaneyadannu (rAju embudannu) ‘ni’ embudAgi mattu eraDaneyadannu (hari embu
dannu) ‘ka’ embudAgi parigaNisabahudu. ivugaLalli ‘ni’ embudu sAmAnyavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade mattu ‘ka’ embudu antaha ghaTaneyinda yAvudAdarondu rItiyalli prabhAvitanAgiruva vyakti illavE vastuvannu sUcisuttade.
kelavu bhAShegaLalli akarmaka vAkyada ‘sa’ nAmapadakke sakarmaka vAkyada ‘ni’ nAmapada samAnavAgiruvudAdare, bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli ‘ka’ nAmapada samAnavAgiruttade. I samAnate nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyaya, avakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandha, modalAdavugaLannu avalambiside.
kelavu bhAShegaLalli I eraDu rItiya vyavasthegaLU oTTAgi kANisi koLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, hindI bhASheyalli apUrNa samayada vAkyagaLalli modalaneya vyavasthe kANisuttade mattu pUrNa samayada vAkyagaLalli eraDaneya vyavasthe kANisuttade.
(a) modalaneya vyavasthege udAharaNe:
(17ka) rAm sOtA hay ‘rAma nidrisuttiddAne’ (18ka) rAm kitAb paDhtA hay ‘rAma pustaka OduttiddAne’
(18ka) sakarmaka vAkyadalli ‘ni’ nAmapadavAgi bandiruva rAm embudu (17ka) akarmaka vAkyadalli ‘sa’ nAmapadavAgi bandiruva rAm padakke samanAgideyendu hELabahudu. yAkendare, (17ka) vAkyada kriyApadavu ‘sa’ nAmapadada puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu tOrisuttade mattu (18ka) vAkyada kriyApadavu ‘ni’ nAmapadada (rAm embudara) puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu tOrisuttade.
(A) eraDaneya vyavasthege udAharaNe:
(17kha) rAm sOyA
‘rAma niddemADida’ (18kha) rAm nE kitAb paDhI
‘rAma pustaka Odida’
(18kha) sakarmaka vAkyadalli ‘ni’ nAmapadavAgi bandiruva rAm embudu (17kha) akarmaka vAkyada ‘sa’ nAmapadakke (rAm embu dakke) samanAgilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. adu nE emba viSiShTavAda vibhakti pratyaya(upasagra)dondige bandide, mattu A vAkyada kriyApada adara linga-vacanagaLannu tOrisuttilla.
idakke badalu, (18kha) vAkyada kriyApada A vAkyada ‘ka’ nAma padavAgi bandiruva kitAb embudara linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuttade. endare, I (17kha-18kha) vAkyagaLalli akarmaka vAkyada ‘sa’ nAma padakke (kitAb embudakke) sakarmaka vAkyada ‘ka’ nAmapada (rAm embudu) samanAgide.
modalaneya vyavastheyannu baLasuva sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli ‘ni’ nAma padavannu sabjekTa endU eraDaneya vyavastheyannu baLasuva sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli ‘ka’ nAmapadavannu sabjekTa endU parigaNisabEkembudu kelavara abhiprAya. Adare, bEre kelavara abhiprAyadante I eraDu rItiya vyavasthegaLallU sakarmaka vAkyada ‘ni’ nAmapadavannE sabjekTa embudAgi parigaNisabEku (jAsti vivaragaLige Diksan 1994 nODi).
7.5.4 kannaDada vaySiShTya
kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, adara vAkyagaLu I eraDu vyavasthe gaLigU sErade avugaLinda horage nilluttave. hAgAgi avugaLalli yAva nAmapadavannu sabjekTa embudAgi parigaNisabEku emba viShaya dalli nirdhArakke baralu tondareyAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli anaycchika ghaTanegaLalli toDagiruva vyaktigaLu A ghaTaneya mUlaka ondu anubhavavannu paDeyuvantiddare avannu caturthI vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisuva kramavide. hAgAgi adara akarmaka mattu sakarmaka vAkyagaLeraDU eraDu bEre bEre rIti yavugaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave.
(19ka) avanu hedarida (19kha) avanige hedaritu (20ka) avanu kate mareta (20kha) avanige kate maretitu
mEle (19ka) mattu (20ka) vAkyagaLalli ‘prathamA’ vibhaktiyalli bandiruva avanu padavannu sabjekTa endu kareyabahudu, Adare (19kha) mattu (20kha) vAkyagaLalli caturthI vibhaktiyalli bandiruva avanige padavannU hAge kareyalu sAdhyavE?
I praSnege uttara koDuvudu yAke kaShTa embudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu. (20kha) vAkyadalli kate embudannu sabjekTa endu parigaNisalu sAdhya, Adare (19kha) vAkyadalli yAvudu sabjekTa? adaralli sabjekTa embudE illa endu hELidevAdare, mEle vivarisida akarmaka-sakarmaka vAkya vibhajanege adu apavAdavAgi nilluttade.
nijakkU illi gamanisabEkAgiruva sangatiyEnendare, kannaDa vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli sakarmaka mattu akarmaka emba vibhajane gintalU aycchika mattu anaycchika emba vibhajaneyE heccu sahAyaka vAguttade. ivugaLalli eraDaneya vibhajane modalaneyadannu aDDakke kattarisuva kAraNa, avugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu mukhya vibhajane yAgi ArisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
kannaDada maTTige aycchika-anaycchika vibhajaneyE mukhyavAda vibhajane (idannu bembalisuva bErondu viShayakke (7.5.5) nODi). hAgAgi, sakarmaka-akarmaka vibhajaneya AdhArada mEle nintiruva sabjekTa emba vyAkaraNatatvavannu kannaDakke anvayisalu sAdhyavillavendE hELa bEkAguttade. nijakkU adu kannaDakke avaSyavU illa.
7.5.5 eraDu rItiya vyAkaraNa kAryagaLu
kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kANisuva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu eraDu vagragaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. avugaLalli modalaneya vagrakke sErida vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu vivarisalu nAmapadagaLa vibhaktirUpagaLannu (endare vibhaktirUpagaLu sUcisuvantaha nAmapadagaLigU kriyApadakkU naDu viruva sambandhavannu) baLasikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
eraDaneya vagrakke sErida vyAkaraNa kAryagaLu ivugaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, avannu vivarisalu bhAShAvyavahAradalli nAmapadagaLa sthAna vEnu emba viShayavannu baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadagaLa ‘jODisuva’ rUpada sahAyadinda kannaDadalli eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisalu sAdhyavide. idu modalaneya vagrakke sEruva vyAkaraNa kArya.
(21ka) avanu kADige hOda (21kha) avanu kaTTige tanda (22) avanu kADige hOgi kaTTige tanda
(21ka) mattu (21kha) vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudara mUlaka (22)nE vAkyavannu tayArisalAgide mattu idakkAgi (21ka) vAkyadalli bandiruva hOda kriyApadavannu hOgi embudAgi adara jODi suva rUpakke badalAyisalAgide. entaha vAkyagaLannu I rIti jODisalu sAdhya embudu avugaLalli baruva nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu avalambiside.
jODikoLLuva vAkyagaLeraDarallU ondu ghaTaneyalli svEccheyinda toDagiruvantaha vyaktiyannu gurutisalAgideyAdare, averaDU obbanE vyaktiyannu gurutisuttirabEku emba niyama kannaDadallide. keLage koTTiruva (23-26) vAkyagaLu I viShayavannu spaShTapaDisuttave.
(23ka) rAju akki tandu bEyisida (23kha) *rAju akki tandu hari bEyisida (24ka) rAju A nAyiyannu hiDisi kollisida (24kha) *rAju A nAyiyannu hiDisi hari kollisida (25) mara biddu mADu muriyitu (26)
rAju bobbe hAki maguvige eccaravAyitu
(23ka-kha) mattu (24ka-kha) vAkyagaLalli oTTu sEriruva eraDu upavAkyagaLallU svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguva vyaktigaLannu gurutisalAgide. (23ka) mattu (24ka) vAkyagaLalli ivu obbanE vyakti yannu (rAjuvannu) sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa A vAkyagaLu vyAkaraNa sammatavAgive.
Adare (23kha) mattu(24kha) vAkyagaLalli avu bEre bEre vyakti gaLannu (rAju mattu hari embavarannu) sUcisuttave. hAgAgi, A vAkyagaLu vyAkaraNasammatavAgilla.
(25)nE vAkyadalli svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguvantaha yAva vyaktiyannU gurutisillavAda kAraNa A vAkya vyAkaraNa sammata
vAgide; mara mattu mADu iveraDU svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguvavugaLalla.
(26)nE vAkyada modalaneya upavAkyadalli mAtra svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguva vyaktiyannu (rAjuvannu) gurutisalAgide; eraDaneya vAkyadalli bandiruva magu embudu eccaravAguva ghaTane yalli toDagiddu, adu svEccheyinda toDaguva ghaTaneyalla. hAgAgi, A vAkya vyAkaraNasammatavAgide. kannaDadalli I rIti nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva arthasambandhavannu baLasikoLLuva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLu innU halavive. idakke badalu, bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida viShayavannu baLasuva eraDanE rItiya vyAkaraNa kAryagaLU kannaDadalli halavive.
udAharaNegAgi, ondu vAkyadalli bandiruva avanu, ivanu modalAda savranAma(pada)gaLu yAva nAmapadadondige sambandhisive embudu A vAkyadalli avu elli baruttave embudara mEle, endare yAra viShayavAgi A vAkyavannu hELalAgide emba bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida viShayada mEle avalambiside.
(27ka) rAju hariyannu kareyalilla, yAkendare avanu baruvAga
bahaLa taDavAgittu.
(27kha) hariyannu rAju kareyalilla, yAkendare avanu baruvAga
bahaLa taDavAgittu.
avanu savranAmavu (27ka)dalli rAjuvannu gurutisuttade, Adare (27kha)dalli adu hariyannu gurutisuttade. I vyatyAsakke kAraNa vEnendare, (27ka)da modalaneya upavAkya rAjuvina kuritAgi ondu sangatiyannu tiLisuttade, Adare (27kha)da modalaneya upavAkya idannu hariya kuritAgi tiLisuttade.
I rIti jODisiruva eraDu vAkyagaLalli modalaneyadannu yAra viShayavAgi hELalAgide emba ‘bhAShAvyavahAra’kke sambandhisidantaha viShayavE adaralli baruva eraDu nAmapadagaLalli yAvudarondige eraDaneya vAkyadalli baruva savranAmavannu sambandhisabEku embu dannu nirdharisuvalli AdhAravAguttade.
I eraDu (27ka-kha) vAkyagaLa naDuve vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLake yalli yAva vyatyAsavU kANisuvudillavAdudarinda, avugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke ‘artha sambandha’dalliruva vyatyAsa kAraNavAgalu sAdhyavilla embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.
ingliSh mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu I viShayadalli kannaDakkinta bhinnavAgive. yAkendare, I eraDu bhAShegaLallU mEle vivarisidantaha eraDu rItiya vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu kannaDada hAge bEpraDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, avugaLalli baLakeyAguva ellA rItiya vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannU kalpitavAda vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLa mUlakavE vivarisabEkAguttade.
ingliSh vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘sabjekTa’ emba kalpitavAda vyAkaraNa sambandhavannu A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLa ThiivoNa endare ‘niyantraka’ embudAgi parigaNisuva avaSyakate kanDubandide. samskxtadalliyU ‘kartxkAraka’ emba kalpitavAda vyAkaraNa sambandha vannu A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva heccina vyAkaraNa kAryagaLigU niyantrakavAgi baLasabEkAgide.
Adare kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu mEle vivarisida hAge nEravAgi (1) nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandhagaLa mUlaka illavE (2) bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida viShayada AdhArada mEle varNisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa adakke vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLa (sabjekTa, AbjekTa modalAdavugaLa illavE kartx, karma modalAda kArakagaLa) avaSyakateyilla (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1991 nODi).
7.6 tiruLu
kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti mattu kAraka emba eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu baLasuvudu rUDi. svalpa ALavAgi vicArisidAga, I eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu samskxtakke avaSyavembudu nijavAdarU kannaDakke avugaLalli ondu mAtra, endare vibhakti mAtra avaSya, kAraka embudara avaSyakateyilla emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
kannaDadalli vibhaktigaLannu avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthadondige (endare nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide emba
viShayadondige) nEravAgi sambandhisalu sAdhya Adare samskxtadalli idu sAdhyavilla embudE I vyatyAsakke mukhya kAraNa.
vAkyaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu varNisu vallU samskxtakke kArakagaLa avaSyakateyide Adare kannaDakke idara avaSyakateyilla. ingliSh modalAda kelavu pAScAtya bhAShegaLigU samskxtada hAge eraDu vidhavAda vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu (vibhaktigaLu mattu sabjekTa, AbjekTa modalAda vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLu) mEle vivarisida kAraNakkAgiyE avaSyavendu kanDubandide. Adare kannaDakke avugaLalli ondu mAtra endare vibhaktigaLu mAtra iddare sAku. sabjekTa, AbjekTa, modalAda vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLa avaSyakate kannaDakkilla.
nijakkU kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli antaha vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu kalpisi koLLalu prayatnisidalli halavu samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAguttade.