Chapters: Ch 1 · Ch 2 · Ch 3 · Ch 4 · Ch 5 · Ch 6 · Ch 7 · Ch 8 · Ch 9 · Ch 10 · Ch 11 · Ch 12
11. kriyArUpagaLu
11.1 munnOTa
kannaDada kriyArUpagaLu samskxtada kriyArUpagaLiginta halavu viShaya gaLalli bhinnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, avannu vivarisuvalli kannaDada vayyA karaNigaLige samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu jAsti baLasikoLLalu sAdhyavAgilla. hIgiddarU samskxta vyAkaraNada neraLannu illU halavu kaDegaLalli kANabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLondige baruva tiG emba hesarina AkhyAta pratyayagaLu puruSha mattu vacanabhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttavallade linga bhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla. Adare kannaDada AkhyAta pratyayagaLu puruSha-vacana bhEdagaLannu mAtravallade prathama puruShadalli linga bhEdavannU sUcisuttave.
puruSha Ekavacanada rUpagaLu hOguttAne prathama hOguttALe hOguttade
bahuvacanada rUpagaLu linga gacchanti hOguttAre (pullinga) ,, (strIlinga) hOguttave (napumsakalinga)
madhyama gacchasi uttama gacchAmi hOguttEne
hOguttI
gacchatha hOguttIri gacchAmaH hOguttEve
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kannaDada AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu varNisu vAga, modalige avu samskxtada hAge puruSha mattu vacana bhEda gaLannu mAtra sUcisuttaveyundu hELi anantara lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu AkhyAta pratyayagaLige AdESagaLAgi baruttave embudAgi varNisuttAre. idarindAgi kannaDada vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAgide.
samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLondige tiG pratyayavannu mAtra baLasa bEkAguttade. I pratyaya puruSha-vacanabhEdavannu mAtravallade kAla bhEdavannU sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, yAti ‘hOguttAne’ emba
bhEdavannu
kriyArUpadalli yA ‘hOgu’ kriyApadadondige ti pratyaya (tiG pratyaya) mAtra bandide.
Adare kannaDada kriyApadagaLondige eraDu pratyayagaLu baruttiddu kAlabhEdavannu mattu eraDaneyadu avugaLalli modalaneyadu puruSha-linga-vacana sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, hOguttAne kriyArUpadalli hOgu kriyApadadondige kAlavannu sUcisuva utta pratyaya mattu puruSha-vacana-lingagaLannu sUcisuva Ane pratyaya iveraDU bandive.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I eraDu pratyayagaLalli eraDaneyadannu mAtra ‘pratyaya’vendu karedu, modalaneyadannu Agamavendu varNisi ddAre. udAharaNegAgi, baruttAne kriyArUpadalli baru embudannu kriyAdhAtuvendU Ane embudannu pratyayavendU mattu utta embudannu A pratyayadondige baruva AgamavendU kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu varNisuttAre.
illU avaru samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDakke horisa hOgi kannaDada vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAguva hAge mADiddAre.
11.2 kAlasambandha mattu kAlavyavasthe
kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuvalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli atyanta mukhyavAdudendare kannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli hindina kAla (bhUta kAla) mattu mundina illavE Igina kAla (bhaviShyat illavE vartamAna kAla) embantaha ‘kAla sambandhada’ bhEda kANisuttade; Adare samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli mugida (pUrNa) mattu mugiyada (apUrNa) ghaTane embantaha ‘kAla vyavastheya’ bhEda kANisuttade.
I viShayadalli kannaDa ingliSh bhASheya hAgideyAdare samskxta adakkinta tIrA bhinnavAgide.
11.2.1 kannaDada kAlasambandha
kannaDada kAla pratyayagaLu ondu vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTanegU A vAkyavannu baLasuva samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, rAju manege hOda emba vAkya hindina kAla dallide, endare A vAkya tiLisuva (rAju manege hOgiddAnemba) ghaTane adannADuva samayakkinta modalE naDedide.
rAju manege hOguttAne vAkya mundina (illavE Igina) kAladallide, endare adu tiLisuva ghaTane A vAkyavannADuva samayada anantara naDeyuvantahadu (athavA Igina kAladalli (rUDhiyalli) jaraguvantahadu).
kannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli I rIti hindina kAla mattu mundina kAla embudAgi eraDu rItiya kAlagaLannu sUcisuva da mattu utta pratyayagaLu baLakeyAguttave. banda-baruttAne, tinda-tinnuttAne, hADida-hADuttAne modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli I eraDu pratyayagaLa baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kannaDadalli bhUta, vartamAna mattu bhaviShyat embudAgi mUru kAlasUcaka pratyayagaLiveyendu hELu ttAre. haLegannaDadalli ivu da, dapa mattu va embavugaLu mattu hosagannaDadalli da, utta mattu va embavugaLu embudu ivara abhiprAya.
Adare nijakkU hosagannaDadalli utta pratyayayavE vartamAna mattu bhaviShyadarthagaLeraDarallU baLakeyAguttiddu, va pratyayada baLake bahaLa aparUpavendE hELabahudu.
idallade, haLegannaDadalli dapa embudu nijakkU ondu pratyaya valla. adaralli kANisuva da embudu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayavAgiddu pa embudu adakkinta bhinnavAgiruva mundina samaya vannu sUcisuva pratyayavAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, bandapam kriyArUpavannu baru kriyApadada banda rUpakke Agu kriyApadada appam rUpavannu sErisi racisalAgide. sandhiyalli I eraDaneya rUpa apam endAgide mattu anantara adara akAra lOpagonDu pam endiShTE uLidide (bandavan appan - bandapam).
haLegannaDadalli dapa mattu va ‘pratyaya’gaLa baLakeyuntahadu embudannu pariSIlisidAgalU mEle koTTiruva kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAya tappembudu spaShTavAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhArata mAtravallade bhaviShyadarthadallU baLakeyAguttade.
idallade, va pratyayavU pampabhAratadalli bhaviShyadarthadalli mAtra vallade vartamAnArthadallU baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, dapa mattu va pratyayagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuva badalu
vartamAnArthadalli
pratyaya
bEreyE kelasavideyundu hELabEkAguttade (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2005:200 nODi).
illi gamanisabEkAgiruva ondu mukhyavAda viShayavEnendare sAmAnyavAgi ghaTanegaLa kAlavannu tiLisuvAga avu mAtanADuva samayakkinta modalE naDedavugaLu (endare hindina kAladavu) mattu mAtanADuva samayada anantara naDeyuvavugaLu (endare mundina kAladavu) embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLendu vibhajisuvudE sulabha.
yAkendare, avu mAtanADuva kAladalli naDeyuttiveyembudAgi (endare Igina (vartamAna) kAladavu embudAgi) hELabEkiddalli nirantaravAgi naDeyuva illavE rUDhiyalli naDeyuva ghaTanegaLAgira bEkAguttade.
kannaDadalli rUDhiyalli jaraguva ghaTanegaLannu mEle sUcisida hAge utta pratyayada mUlakavE sUcisalAguttade. Adare nirantaravAgi naDeyuva ghaTanegaLannu sUcisabEkAdalli adakkAgi mADuttA iddAne embantaha nirantarArthada kriyArUpavannu baLasalAguttade. I kriyA rUpada mUlaka ghaTaneya kAlavannu mAtravallade kAla vyavastheyannU (adu nirantaravAdudu embudAgi) sUcisalAguttade (jAsti vivara gaLige bhaT 2004 nODi).
11.2.2 samskxtada kAlavyavasthe
samskxtada kriyArUpagaLannu nAlku mukhya vagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. A bhASheya vyAkaraNagaLalli ivannu laT, liT, luG mattu lxT emba nAlku lakAragaLendu hesarisuvudu rUDhi. samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu ivu bEre bEre ‘kAla’gaLannu sUcisu ttaveyundu hELuttArAdarU nijakkU avu kAlavyavastheya bhEdavannu sUcisuttave (barO 1955 nODi).
luG akarat kariShyati
karOti ‘mADuttAne’ cakAra ‘mADida’
‘mADida’
‘mADuttAne’
bhavati ‘Aguttade’ babhUva ‘Ayitu’ abhUt ‘Ayitu’ bhaviShyati ‘Aguttade’
I kriyArUpagaLa bhAShAntaragaLannu gamanisidAga, laT hAgU lxT rUpagaLu mundina kAlavannu mattu liT hAgU luG rUpagaLu hindina kAlavannu sUcisuva hAge kANisuttade. Adare
pUrNa
nijakkU ivugaLalli liT embudu ghaTane mugidiruvudannu sUcisuttade mattu uLida rUpagaLu (laT, luG mattu lxTgaLu) adu mugiyadiruvudannu sUcisuttave.
hAgAgi, ivugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kannaDada hAge hindina mattu mundina kAlada ghaTanegaLa naDuvina kAlasambandhada vyatyAsa vendu vivarisuva badalu, mattu apUrNagaLemba kAlavyavastheya vyatyAsavendu hELuva avaSyakateyide.
kAlasambandhakkU kAlavyavasthegU naDuve bahaLa mukhyavAda vyatyAsa vide. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadada pUrNarUpa adu tiLisuva ghaTane yannu A ghaTaneya pUrNagonDa avastheyalli sUcisuttade mattu apUrNarUpa A ghaTaneya oLavyavastheyannu (adara Adi, antya, sUcisuttade. nirantarate, iveraDU mundina kAladallirabahudu. samskxtadalli kAlasambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpada munde a pratyayavannu sErisuva kramavide. mEle sUcisida nAlku rItiya kriyArUpagaLigU intaha a pratyayavannu sErisi avakke hindina kAlada artha baruva hAge mADabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, intaha a pratyayavannu kriyApadada laT rUpakke sErisi laG rUpavannu paDeyalu sAdhyavide mattu lxT rUpakke sErisi lxG rUpavannu paDeyalu sAdhyavide.
modalAdavugaLallondannu) kAladallirabahudu
kShaNikate hindina
illavE
laT karOti ‘mADuttAne’ laG akarOt ‘mADida’ lxT kariShyati ‘mADuttAne’ lxG akariShyat ‘mADida, mADuttidda’
mEle koTTiruva uLida eraDu kriyArUpagaLalli liT rUpakke a pratyayavannu sErisi racisida rUpagaLannu vEda kAlada samskxtadalli mAtra kANabahudu. kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli antaha rUpagaLu uLidilla.
idakke badalu luG rUpa kAvyagaLa kAladalli a pratyayadondige mAtravE baLakeyAguttade. Adare vEda kAlada samskxtadalli a pratyaya sErida mattu sEradiruva eraDu rItiya rUpagaLU baLake yallidduvu. kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadallU mA bhUt embantaha allagaLeyuva padarUpagaLalli intaha a pratyaya sErirada luG rUpagaLannu kANabahudu.
samskatadalli hindina kAlavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu sErisadeyU mElina kriyArUpagaLannu hindina samayada ghaTane yondannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.
(1)
kasmimScit vxkShE purA aham vasAmi ‘nAnu hinde yAvudO ondu maradalli vAsisuttidde’
(1)nE vAkyadalli hindina samayavannu sUcisuva kriyAviSEShaNa vondu (purA ‘hinde’ embudAgi) bandiruva kAraNa, adaralliruva laT rUpakke (vasAmi embudakke) a pratyayavannu sErisillavAdarU ‘vAsisuttidde’ emba hindina samayada artha doretide. samskxtadalli kAlasambandhada bhEdakkintalU kAlavyavastheya bhEdakke heccina prAmukhyateyideyembudu I viShayadindalU spaShTavAguttade.
Adare hinde vEdagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli baLakeyallidda kriyA rUpagaLa I kAlavyavasthe kAvyagaLa kAladalli mattu Adhunika kAladalli bahaLa maTTige naShTavAgide. mEle sUcisida hAge, vEda kAladallidda halavu kriyArUpagaLu anantarada kAladalli baLakeyalli uLidilla mAtravalla, uLidiruva kriyArUpagaLU halakelavu badalAvaNegaLigoLa
idallade, kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli kartari prayOgakkintalU karmaNi prayOgavE jAstiyAgide mattu vAkyagaLalli kriyArUpagaLa badalu kxdanta rUpagaLannu baLasuvudU jAstiyAgide. intaha halavu kAraNagaLindAgi mEle sUcisida kriyApadagaLa kAlavyavasthe kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli aShTondu spaShTavAgi gOcarisuvudilla (bhaT 2000:100 nODi).
11.2.3 kAlarUpagaLalli vyatyAsa
kriyApadagaLigiruva kAlarUpagaLa oLaracaneyallU kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. mEle sUcisida hAge samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLige AkhyAta (tiG) pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kAlarUpagaLannu paDeyabahudu.
Adare kannaDadalli idakkAgi kriyApadagaLige AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu mAtravallade kAla pratyayagaLannU sErisabEkAguttade.
samskxtada kriyAdhAtugaLigiruva pUrNa rUpagaLannu (endare liT lakAradalliruva rUpagaLannu) tayArisuvudu bahaLa sulabha. idakkAgi dhAtuvina dvitva rUpavannu baLasabEku mattu adara svara mattu vyanjanagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEku, aShTe.
dhAtugaLu
‘mADu’
‘horu’
‘aDuge mADu’
liT rUpagaLu cakAra ‘mADida’ babhUva ‘Ayitu’ babhAra ‘hotta’ rurOdha ‘taDeda’ papAca ‘aDuge mADida’
samskxtada kriyAdhAtugaLigiruva apUrNarUpagaLannu tayArisabEkiddalli A dhAtugaLalli halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade. I badalAvaNegaLu bahaLa kliShTavAduvAda kAraNa avannu varNisuvudakkAgi samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada kriyAdhAtugaLannu hattu vagra(gaNa)gaLalli vingaDisabEkAgide.
ivugaLalli kelavu dhAtugaLu dvitva rUpadalli baruttave, kelavu svaradalli badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttave, kelavakke svarAgamada avaSyakate yide, kelavakke ya pratyayada avaSyakateyide, kelavakke dhAtuvinoLage nakAravondannu irisabEkAguttade, ityAdi.
dhAtugaLu
kup muc
‘horu’
‘mADu’
‘kOpisu’
laT rUpagaLu bibhatri ‘horuttAne’ karOti ‘mADuttAne’ bhavati kupyati ‘kOpisuttAne’ muncati ‘biDuttAne’
‘Aguttade’
idakke badalu, kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva kriyApadagaLa mundina kAlada rUpavannu varNisuvudu bahaLa sulabha. kriyAprakxtige I kAla vannu sUcisuva utta pratyayavannu sErisi, anantara adakke puruSha- linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLallondannu sErisidAga I rUpa siddhisuttade. (mADu-mADuttAne, koDu-koDuttAne, tinnu-tinnuttAne, kuDi-kuDiyuttAne, bare-bareyuttAne).
hindina kAlavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLannu varNisuvudu idakkinta svalpa kaShTa. illU kriyAprakxtige kAlavannu sUcisuva da
pratyayavannu sErisi, anantara adakke AkhyAta pratyayagaLallondannu sErisabEku (kuDi-kuDida, bare-bareda, mADu-mADida, hELu- hELida).
Adare I hindina kAlada rUpagaLalli baruva kriyAprakxtigaLalli mattu halakelavu badalAvaNegaLAguvu vAda kAraNa (baru-banda, kANu-kanDa, kollu- konda, sAyu-satta, hogu-hokka, ityAdi) mundina kAlada kriyArUpagaLa varNane ginta hindina kAlada kriyArUpagaLa varNane kannaDadalli svalpa kliShTa vAdudu. AdarU samskxtada kriyArUpagaLige hOlisidevAdare I kliShTate atyalpavendE hELabahudu. pratyayadalli sUcisuva kAlavannu
11.2.4 ghaTanegaLa naDuvina kAlabhEda
ondE vAkyadalli eraDu ghaTanegaLannu sUcisabEkAdAga, avugaLalli ondannu sUcisuvudakkAgi jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalu sAdhya vide. kannaDadalli idakkAgi nAlku rItiya jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu (mADuttA, mADi, mADalu, mADade) baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.
(2ka) avanu UTa mADuttA nammondige mAtanADida (2kha) avanu UTa mADi nammondige mAtanADida (2ga) avanu UTa mADalu nammallige banda (2gha) avanu UTa mADade nammallige banda
(2ka) vAkyadalli eraDu ghaTanegaLu ondE samayadalli naDeduvu embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mADuttA jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalAgide; idakke badalu (2kha)dalli modalu tiLisiruva ghaTane eraDaneyadakkinta modalu naDedide embudannu sUcisuvudakkagi mADi jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalAgide.
(2ga)dalli modalaneya ghaTane eraDaneyadara anantara naDedide embudannu sUcisabEkAgide, mattu idakkAgi mADalu jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalAgide. idakke badalu (2gha)dalli eraDaneya ghaTane naDeyuva samayadalli modalinadu naDediralilla embudannu sUcisabEkAgide mattu idakkAgi mADade jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalAgide.
vAkyada
(11.2.1)ralli vivarisida
kannaDadalli I rIti nAlku jODisuva kriyArUpagaLiddu, avu gaLalli kANisuva kAlabhEda vAkyada koneya kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva kAlabhEdakkinta bhinnavAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. mEle koneya kriyArUpagaLalli ‘hindina kAla’ mattu ‘mundina kAla’ embudAgi eraDu kAlapratyaya gaLu mAtra baLakeyAguttave. ivu vAkyada ADugana samaya mattu vAkya tiLisuva ghaTaneya samayagaLa naDuviruva kAlasambandhavannu sUcisuttave.
Adare, jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli modalina ghaTane, anantarada ghaTane mattu ondE samayada ghaTane embudAgi mUru rItiya kAlabhEdagaLannu sUcisabEkAgiddu, adakkAgi mUru kAlapratyayagaLannu baLasabEkAgide (idallade nAlkaneya allagaLeyuva pratyayavU I jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli baLakeyAguttade).
samskxtadalli kannaDada hAge viSiShTavAda jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyAguvudilla. heccineDegaLallU I rIti vAkyagaLannu jODisa bEkAdalli kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxdanta)gaLannAgali illavE ‘sati saptami’ emba racaneyannAgali baLasabEkAguttade.
(3) aham dakShiNAraNyE caran mxgamEkam apaSyam
(4)
‘nAnu dakShiNAraNyadalli naDeyuttA mxgavondannu nODide’ tasmin rAjYi sati kaH bhUmim jayEt ‘avanu rAjanAgiruvAga bhUmanDalavannu yAru geddAru?’
(3)nE vAkyadalli caran nAmapadavannu jODisuva kriyArUpa vannAgi baLasalAgide mattu (4)nE vAkyadalli tasmi rAjYi sati embu dAgi satisaptami racaneyannu baLasalAgide.
idakke apavAdavAgi, tvA illavE ya pratyayavannu baLasi racisida jODisuva kriyArUpavondu samskxtadalli baLakeyallide. idu modalaneya ghaTane eraDaneyadakkinta modalu naDedide embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva kriyArUpa. samskxtada I kriyArUpa drAviDa bhAShegaLa sampakradindAgi beLedu bandideyundu vidvAmsara
(4ka) chAgam tyaktvA svagxham yayav
‘ADannu tyajisi (avanu) tanna manege hOda’
(4kha) narAH SAstram adhItya panDitAH bhavanti
‘mAnavaru SAstragaLannu Odi panDitarAguttAre’
vAkyagaLannu
samskxtadalli I jODisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva kriyArUpagaLalli ondu niScitavAda vyavastheyilla. hAgAgi, adara vyAkaraNagaLalli ivugaLa baLakeyannu vyavasthitavAgi vivarisuva avaSyakate kanDubandilla.
Adare kannaDadalli jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyalli ondu accukaTTu kANisuttade. samskxta vyAkaraNada andhAnukaraNa mADiruva kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLige I accukaTTannu spaShTavAgi vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavAgalilla (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2005 nODi).
11.3 AkhyAta pratyayagaLu
samskxta kriyApadada pUrNa rUpagaLalli baLakeyAguva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu apUrNa rUpagaLalli baLakeyAguva AkhyAta pratyayagaLi ginta bhinnavAgirabEkAguttade.
yAkendare, kAlavyavastheyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi I kriyArUpa gaLalli AkhyAta pratyayagaLondige bEre pratyayagaLu baruvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa (mattu kriyAdhAtugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsa) ivugaLE pUrNa mattu apUrNa emba eraDu kAlavyavasthegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannU sUcisabEkAgide.
laTrUpada pratyayagaLu
puruSha Ekavacana dvivacana bahuvacana karOti kurutaH kuvranti
prathama madhyama karOShi kuruthaH kurutha uttama karOmi kuvraH
kurmaH
liTrUpada pratyayagaLu Ekavacana dvivacana bahuvacana cakAra cakratuH cakruH cakartha cakrathuH cakra cakAra cakrava cakrama
mEle prathamapuruSha Ekavacanada laTrUpadalli (endare apUrNa rUpadalli) ti AkhyAta pratyaya bandide; Adare, liT (pUrNa) rUpa dalli a pratyaya bandide. madhyama puruSha Ekavacanada laT rUpadalli si(Shi) akhyAta pratyaya bandide; Adare liT rUpadalli tha pratyaya bandide. itara rUpagaLallU intahavE vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu.
kannaDadallU mundina mattu hindina kAlagaLannu sUcisuva kriyA rUpagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLa naDuve kelavu vyatyAsagaLive yembudannu I keLagina rUpAvaLigaLalli kANabahudu:
mundina kAlada kriyArUpagaLu
mADuttAre ,, mADuttave
hindina kAlada kriyArUpagaLu mADidaru mADida
,, mADidaLu mADitu
mADuttIri mADuttEve
mADide
mADide
mADidiri mADidevu
prathama mADuttAne mADuttALe mADuttade mADiduvu madhyama mADuttI uttama mADuttEne
mundina kAlavannu sUcisuva uttamapuruSha mattu Ekavacanada kriyArUpadalli Ene AkhyAta pratyayavide; Adare adakke samanAgiruva hindina kAlada kriyArUpadalli e AkhyAta pratyayavide. itara rUpa gaLallU intahavE vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu.
Adare kannaDada I kriyArUpagaLalli AkhyAta pratyayagaLu mAtra vallade utta illavE da kAlapratyayagaLU baruvuvAda kAraNa, kAla bhEdavannu sUcisuva kelasavannu AkhyAta pratyayagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsada mEle horisuva avaSyakateyilla. avannu nEravAgi kAlapratyayagaLAda utta mattu da pratyayagaLa mEleyE horisabahudu.
11.4 parasmaypada mattu AtmanEpada
samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli parasmaypada mattu AtmanEpada embudAgi innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi A bhASheya kriyArUpagaLalli eraDu rItiya AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu baLasalAguttade.
kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu obba vyakti tanna lAbhakkAgi naDesuttiruvanAdare AtmanEpadada rUpagaLannu baLasabEku mattu bErobbana lAbhakkAgi naDesuttiruvanAdare parasmaypadada rUpagaLannu baLasabEku embudu I vyatyAsada mUla uddESavAgittu.
Adare samskxtadalli I mUla uddESa bahaLa maTTige naShTavAgide. idakke kAraNavEnendare, A bhASheya kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAvAgalU AtmanEpadada AkhyAta pratyayagaLondigEnE baruttave mattu innu kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAvAgalU parasmaypadada AkhyAta pratyayaga
LondigEnE baruttave. hAgAgi avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva I vyatyAsa arthabhEdavannu sUcisalAradu.
Adare bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLu I eraDu rItiya AkhyAta pratyayagaLondigU baralu sAdhyaviddu, antaha kriyApadagaLalli kelavu mAtra mElina artha vyatyAsavannu tOrisuttave.
(5ka) dEvadattaH pacati
‘dEvadatta aDige mADuttAne’
(5kha) dEvadattaH pacatE
‘dEvadatta aDige mADikoLLuttAne’
pac ‘aDige mADu’ kriyApada (5ka) vAkyadalli pacati embudAgi parasmaypadadalli baLakeyAgide mattu (5kha) vAkyadalli pacatE embu dAgi AtmanEpadadalli baLakeyAgide. aDige mADuttiruvudu tanagAgi emba artha I (5kha) vAkyakkide; Adare (5ka) vAkyakke antaha artha
kannaDadalli I arthavannu AkhyAta pratyayada mUlaka sUcisuva badalu kriyApadadondige koLLu embudannu baLasuvudara mUlaka sUcisalAguttade embudannu mEle (5kha) vAkyada keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyadalli kANabahudu.
11.5 karmaNi prayOga
samskxtadalli kartari, karmaNi mattu bhAvE embudAgi mUru rItiya vAkyagaLive. vayyAkaraNigaLu ivannu mUru ‘prayOga’gaLendu kareyuttAre. ivugaLalli karmaNi prayOgada mUla uddESa bhAShA vyavahArakke sambandhisidudAgittu.
vAkyavu sUcisuva ghaTaneya svarUpa mattu adakkU adaralli bhAga vahisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLigU naDuviruva sambandha -
iveraDU karmaNi prayOgadalli badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttave. ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalli yAvudannu mukhya viShayavAgi ArisalAgide emba bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida amSa mAtra badalAguttade.
kartari-karmaNi prayOgagaLa naDuvidda I mUla uddESa samskxtadalli uLidilla. Adare intahadE prayOga vyatyAsavannu
hondiruva ingliSh bhASheyalli I artha vyatyAsa uLidukonDide. idannu keLage koTTiruva (6ka-kha) vAkyagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu.
‘avaLu avanannu hogaLidaLu’
(6R) He was praised by her
‘avanannu avaLu hogaLidaLu’
(6ka) vAkyadalli she ‘avaLu’ embudu mukhya viShayavAgide; Adare, (6kha)dalli adara badalu he ‘avanu’ embudu mukhya viShaya vAgi bandide. kannaDadalli I rIti vAkyada mukhya viShayavannu badalisabEkAdalli adaralli baruva nAmapadagaLa jAgavannu badalisidare sAku; vAkyadalli bEre yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakate yilla; idannu I vAkyagaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa anuvAda vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.
ingliShnalli mElina arthavyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi padagaLa jAgavannu badalAyisuvudarondige bEre badalAvaNegaLannU mADa bEkAgide; idakkAgi vAkyada kriyApadavannu ‘karmaNi’ rUpakke badalisa bEkAguttade (ThiDiciiseja embudannu ticis ThiDiciiseja embudAgi badalisi koLLabEkAguttade) mattu savranAmagaLa jAgavannu badalAyisuvu diddalli avugaLa vibhaktirUpavannU badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade.
Adare, mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada kartari mattu karmaNi vAkyagaLa naDuve ‘artha’dalli I vyatyAsa uLidillavAda kAraNa, adaralli kANisuva vibhaktipallaTakke ingliShnalliruva hAge Artha vyatyAsavannu hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu.
samskxta vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLa jAgavannu badalAyisalu vAkyada kriyArUpadalli illavE nAmapadagaLa vibhaktiyalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakateyilla. hAgAgi, mElina uddESa kkAgi karmaNi prayOgavannu baLasuva avaSyakate samskxtadallilla embudu spaShTa. samskxtadinda beLedu banda hindi, marAThi modalAda Adhunika bhAShegaLallU karmaNi prayOgaviddu adakke bEreyE ondu uddESavide.
hindiyalli kriyApadada bhUtakxdanta rUpadondige jA ‘hOgu’ kriyApadada rUpavondannu baLasidAga karmaNi prayOga siddhisuttade.
intaha karmaNi vAkyadalli kartxpadavannu karaNArthada sE embuda rondige baLasabEkAguttade. sAmAnyavAgi I karmaNi vAkyavannu hindiyalli kartxvige ghaTaneyannu naDesalu sAdhyavAgalilla emba arthadalli niShEdhArthaka vAkyavAgi baLasuvudE jAsti.
rAm rOTI nahIm khAyA ‘rAma roTTi tinnalilla’
(7kha) rAm sE rOTI nahIm khAyI gayI
‘rAmanige roTTi tinnalu sAdhyavAgalilla’
Adare kartxpadavannu vAkyadalli baLasadiddalli intaha ‘sAdhyavAga lilla’ emba arthavilladeyU hindiyalli karmaNi vAkyavannu baLasalu sAdhyavide.
(8)
cOr pakaD liyE gayE ‘kaLLarannu hiDiyalAyitu’
11.6 allagaLeyuva vAkyagaLu
vAkyagaLannu allagaLeyuva rUpakke (endare niShEdharUpakke) badalA yisuvalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. samskxtadalli ghaTaneyannu varadi mADuva yAvudE ondu vAkyavannU allagaLeyuva na pada vannu sErisuvudara mUlaka allagaLeyuva vAkyavannAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.
Adare kannaDadalli illa mattu alla emba eraDu allagaLeyuva padagaLiddu ivugaLalli modalaneyadannu kriyApadaviruva vAkyagaLannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi mattu eraDaneyadannu eraDu nAmapada (illavE nAmapadakante)gaLinda siddhavAda (kriyApadavillada) vAkyagaLannu allagaLe yuvudakkAgi baLasuva avaSyakateyide. idallade, kannaDadalli kriyApadaviruva vAkyagaLige illa padavannu sErisuva modalu avugaLa kriyApadavannu sambandhisuva rUpakke illavE nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide. hindina samayada arthavannu koDalu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavannu mattu mundina samayada arthavannu koDalu nAmarUpavannu baLasu vudu kannaDadalli rUDhi.
Adare samskxtadalli allagaLeyuva na padavannu baLasalu vAkyadalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakateyilla.
(9)
tE pustakAni na paThanti ‘avaru pustakagaLannu Oduvudilla’ (10) viSvAmitraH ayOdhyAm na agacchat
‘viSvAmitra ayOdhyege hOgalilla’
kriyApadagaLa kxdanta (guNa)rUpavannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi kannaDa dalli ada emba bEreyE ondu allagaLeyuva pratyayada baLakeyide. Adare samskxtadalli intaha sandabhragaLallU na padada baLakeyE kANisuttade.
kannaDadalli I rIti ada pratyayavannu baLasi racisida kriyArUpa gaLu kAlavyatyAsavannu sUcisalAravu. Adare samskxtadalli kannaDada hAge pratyayavannu baLasade na padavannE baLasuva kAraNa, adara kxdanta rUpagaLu kAlavyatyAsavannU sUcisaballuvu.
(11ka) bhOjanam na kariShyamANaH naraH ‘UTamADada manuShya’
(11kha) bhOjanam na cakrANaH naraH
‘UTamADada manuShya’
(11ka)dalli yAru UTa mADuvudillavO Atanannu sUcisa lAgide mattu (11kha)dalli yAru UTa mADalillavO Atanannu sUcisalAgide. I eraDu sandabhragaLallU kannaDadalli mADada emba ondE kriyArUpa baLakeyAguttade.
samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsa vEnendare, samskxtadalli vAkyagaLannu mAtravallade padagaLannU a illavE an upasagrada mUlaka allagaLeyalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli I rIti padagaLannu allagaLeyuva vidhAnavilla. samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda intaha allagaLeyuva upasagragaLiruva padagaLu kelavu kannaDadalliruvudu nijavAdarU kannaDadavE Ada padagaLige antaha allagaLeyuva rUpagaLilla.
satya jYAna
nyAya
asatya anAcAra anEka ajYAna anartha anyAya
Adare, vAkyavondannu pUrtiyAgi allagaLeyuva badalu adara ondu angavannu mAtra allagaLeyalu kannaDadalli bEreyE ondu vyAkaraNa vidhAna baLakeyallide. idakkAgi alla padavannu allagaLeya bEkAgiruva vAkyAngadondige sErisi hELabEku mattu vAkyadalli baruva kriyApadavannu nAmapadavAgi badalAyisikoLLabEku.
(12ka) hari rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTa (12kha) hari rAmuvige ondu pustaka koDalilla (12ga) hariyalla rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTaddu (12gha) hari rAmuvigalla ondu pustaka koTTaddu (12Ga) hari rAmuvige ondu pustakavannalla koTTaddu (12ca) hari rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTaddalla (mAriddu)
(12kha) vAkyadalli (12ka) vAkyavannu pUrtiyAgi allagaLeya lAgide. Adare, (12ga)dalli adara ondu bhAgavannu mAtra, endare rAmuvige pustakavannu koTTavanu hari embudannu mAtra allagaLeya lAgide. vAkyada itara bhAgavannu, endare yArO rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTiddAre embudannu I vAkyadalli allagaLeyalAgilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. itara (12gha-ca) vAkyagaLallU hIgeyE ghaTakagaLannu allagaLeyalAgide.
AjYe mADuva vAkyagaLannu allagaLeyalu samskxtadalli na embudara badalu mA embudannu baLasuva kramavide. kannaDadalli idakkAgi illa embudara badalu bEDa emba padavannu baLasuva kramavide.
vAkyada
bEre
bEre
(13) bhOjanasamayE jalam mA piba
‘UTada samayadalli nIru kuDiyabEDa’
illi kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve allagaLeyuva arthavannu sUcisuvalli kANisuva vyatyAsavEnendare kannaDadalli I arthavannu ondu kriyArUpa sUcisuttade; Adare, samskxtadalli adannu ondu upasagra illavE avyaya sUcisuttade.
11.7 kELuva vAkyagaLu
kELuva (praSnArthaka) vAkyagaLa racaneyallU kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve intahadE vyatyAsavide. samskxtadalli vAkyavondannu kELvi (praSne)yannAgi badalAyisabEkiddalli kim padavannu adaralli sErisidare sAku. vAkyadalli bEre yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakateyilla.
Adare kannaDadalli idakkAgi O pratyayada baLakeyiddu idannu kriyApadada koneyalli baLasuvudAdare mAtra vAkyadalli bEre badalAvaNegaLannu mADuva avaSyakateyilla. vAkyadalli baruva bEre padagaLondige adannu baLasabEkiddalli kriyApadavannu adara nAma rUpakke badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide.
(14ka) vyAdhAH vanEsmin sancaranti
‘I kADinalli bETegAraru sancarisuttAre’
(14kha) kim vyAdhAH vanEsmin sancaranti?
‘I kADinalli bETegAraru sancarisuttArO?’ (14ga) bETegAraru I kADinallO sancarisuvudu? (14gha) bETegArarO I kADinalli sancarisuvudu?
kannaDadallikELviya arthavannu koDuva O pratyayavannu vAkya dalliruva nAmapadagaLalli ondaroDane baLasidAga adu sUcisuva kELvi A padavannu mAtra bAdhisuttade embudannu gamanisabahudu. mEle (14ga) vAkya kADinalli yArAdarU sancarisuttiddArO athavA illavO embudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuva badalu sancarisuvudu I kADinallO endu kELuttade mattu (14gha) vAkya sancarisuvavaru yAru (bETegArarO) endu kELuttade.
kannaDa mattu samskxtagaLeraDarallU I rIti vAkyadalli baruva nAmapadagaLalli ondara kuritAgi mAtra viShayavannu tiLiyuvudakkAgi savranAmavannu baLasalu sAdhyavide.
(14Ga) kE vanEsmin sancaranti?
‘I kADinalli yAru sancarisuttAre?’
(15) kva bhavatAm nivAsaH?
‘nimma mane elli?’
kannaDada ‘kELvi’ padagaLige O, U mattu E emba mUru pratyayagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avannu aniScitavAda vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu sUcisuva padagaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.
samskxtadalliyU idE rItiyalli api, ca, cana, cid, vA modalAdavugaLalli ondannu baLasi kELvi padagaLannu aniScayArthada padagaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.
(16) na mAm kaScit apaSyat ‘nannannu yArU nODalilla’
(17) na kincit uktavAn
‘avanu EnU hELalilla’
Adare kannaDadalli mEle koTTiruva mUru pratyayagaLinda siddha vAda aniScayArthada padagaLige mUru bhinnavAda arthagaLive. O pratyayakke bEre baLakegaLalli vikalpArthavideyAda kAraNa, adarinda siddhavAda aniScayArthada padakke EkadESArtha mattu astitvArthagaLive.
idakke viruddhavAgi U pratyayakke samuccayArthavideyAda kAraNa, adarinda siddhavAda padakke sAvratrikArthavideyallade astitvArthavilla. I vyatyAsavannu I aniScayArthada padagaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, I eraDu rItiya padagaLannU ondu ghaTane naDedillavendu tiLisuva allagaLeyuva vAkyagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide, Adare ondu ghaTane naDedideyendu tiLisuva vAkyagaLalli O pratyayada mUlaka sAdhitavAgiruva padagaLannu mAtra baLasalu sAdhya.
(17ka) ninne Ata yArannO kanDiralilla (17kha) ninne Ata yArannU kanDiralilla (18) ninne Ata yArannO kanDidda
idakke badalu vidhyarthaka vAkyagaLalli U pratyayadinda sAdhita vAgiruva padagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide, Adare O pratyayadinda sAdhitavAgiruva padagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavilla (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1978, 2003 nODi).
(19) elligU hOgu (20) yArannu bEkiddarU kELu
samskxtada kELvi padagaLondige baraballa ca, api, vA modalA davugaLa baLakeyalli intaha artha vyatyAsaviruva hAge kANisuvudilla. bahuSaH modalige antaha vyatyAsaviddu anantara A bhASheyalli adu naShTavAgiralu sAdhyavide.
11.8 tiruLu
kriyArUpagaLa oLaracaneyalli mattu baLakeyalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi hindina mattu mundina kAladavugaLembudAgi ‘kAlasambandha’da bhEda kANisu ttade; Adare, samskxtadalli mugida (pUrNa) mattu mugiyada (apUrNa) embudAgi ‘kAlavyavasthe’ya bhEda kANisuttade.
kannaDadalliruvantaha kAlasambandhada bhEdakke samskxtadalli heccina prAmukhyateyilla. adannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli kriyApadada modalige a upasagravannu sErisalAguttade. Adare idannu baLasalE bEkemba niyamavilla, avaSyaviddalli mAtra baLasidare sAku.
kannaDadalli kAlasambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu puruSha- vacana-lingagaLannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAdavugaLu, Adare samskxtadalli kAlavyavastheyannu mattu puruSha-vacanagaLannu oTTAgi AkhyAta pratyayagaLE sUcisuttave.
kannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEdavannu sUcisalAguttade, Adare samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEdada sUcaneyilla. kannaDadalli AtmArthavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi koLLu embudara baLake yAguttade. samskxtadalli modalige idannu AkhyAta pratyayagaLallEnE kANisuva parasmaypada-AtmanEpada vyatyAsada mUlaka sUcisalAgu ttittu; Adare kAvyagaLa kAladalli I vyatyAsa heccina maTTige arthahIna
samanAda
idE rItiyalli, samskxtadalli modalige baLakeyallidda kartari- karmaNi prayOgabhEdavU kAvyagaLa kAladalli tanna mUla uddESavannu prayOgabhEda prayOgabhEdakke kaLedukonDide. I kannaDadalli kelavu viSiShTavAda baravaNigegaLalli mAtra kANisuttade.
allagaLeyuva mattu kELuva (praSnisuva) vAkyagaLa racaneyallU kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide.
kriyArUpagaLa oLaracaneyalli I rIti samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyama gaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva kannaDaddE Ada niyamagaLannu tayArisikonDalli mAtra kannaDada I kriyArUpagaLannu vivarisalu sAdhya.