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3. padavagragaLu
3.1 munnOTa
bhASheyondaralli baruva padagaLannu avugaLa artha mattu vAkyagaLalli avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa - I eraDu viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle kelavu mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAguva padagaLannu avugaLa arthada AdhArada mEle keLage sUcisida hAge mukhyavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.
nAmapadagaLu: rAju, huDugi, mane, Ane modalAda vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva padagaLu.
kriyApadagaLu: hELu, tinnu, ODu, bILu, koDu, mADu
modalAda ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuva padagaLu.
guNapadagaLu: doDDa, cikka, biLi, kappu, oLLe, bahaLa modalAda
guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu.
padagaLannu vingaDisalu I rIti avugaLa arthavannu mAtravallade vAkyagaLalli avu entaha kelasagaLannu naDesuttave embudannU tiLidu koLLuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDadalli mEle koTTiruva mUru rItiya padagaLu mUru rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesuttave embudannu I keLagina vAkyagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
rAju cikka huDuganige haNNu koTTa (1kha) giri kappu kAgadadalli citra biDisida
(1ka-kha) vAkyagaLalli rAju, huDuga, haNNu, giri, kAgada mattu citra emba Aru padagaLannu Aru vyakti illavE vastugaLannu gurutisuvu dakkAgi baLasalAgide. ivu koDu mattu biDisu emba kriyApadagaLu nirdESisuva eraDu ghaTanegaLalli toDagiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLAgive.
idallade mElina vAkyagaLalli cikka hAgU kappu emba bEreyU eraDu padagaLa baLakeyAgiddu, avugaLannu avugaLa mundiruva nAmapadagaLu (anukramavAgi huDuga mattu kAgada embavugaLu) gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLa guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasalAgide.
kannaDadalli I rIti vyakti, vastu, viShaya, modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudu, ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuvudu mattu guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru mukhya kelasagaLannu naDesuvudakkAgi mElina mUru rItiya padagaLannu baLasuttEve. idu avannu anu kramavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru pada vagragaLalli vingaDisalu innondu AdhAra.
3.2 nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu
padagaLannu padavagragaLAgi vingaDisuvalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShe gaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudendare, mEle sUcisida hAge kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada gaLembudAgi mUru padavagragaLive; Adare samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu padavagragaLu mAtra ive. guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAda mUraneya padavagradalli bArade nAmapada vagradallEnE baruttave. samskxtada padagaLannu nAmapada, kriyApada mattu avyaya embu dAgi mUru gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudu avaSya embudAgi adara kelavu vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre; Adare bEre kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu ivugaLalli mUraneyadAda avyaya embudannu nAma padagaLondige sErisuvudara mUlaka, samskxtada padagaLannu nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDE eraDu padavagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhya embudAgi vAdisiddAre.
kannaDada heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU samskxta padagaLa I eraDu rItiya vibhajanegaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisa
lAgide. nAmapada, kriyApada mattu avyaya embudAgi mUru rItiya padagaLu kannaDadalliveyumbudAgi kelavu vyAkaraNagaLu tiLisu ttave mattu bEre kelavu vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra iveyendu tiLisuttave. samskxta vyAkaraNadalli guNapada (guNavAcaka pada) mattu nAma padagaLannu ondE padavagradalli irisalu kAraNavEnendare, arthada maTTige I eraDu rItiya padagaLu bhinnavAgi tOruvuvAdarU vAkya gaLalli avakke ondE rItiya baLakeyide. Adare, kannaDadalli guNapada gaLu mEle vivarisida hAge artha mattu baLakegaLeraDarallU nAmapada gaLiginta tIrA bhinnavAgive.
hAgAgi, kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAda padavagradalli baruttaveyundu vAdisalu halavu AdhAragaLannu koDa bahudu. nAmapadagaLa hAge avu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruvudilla vembudu ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudu. I viShayavannAdharisi avannu avyayagaLendu hesarisalu sAdhyavideyEnO nija. Adare, idarinda bEre kelavu samasyegaLELalu sAdhyavide.
guNapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva kelavu kriyAviSEShaNagaLannu mattu nipAtagaLannu mAtra samskxtadalli avyayagaLendu kareyuvudu rUDhi. intahavu (ayyO, OhO, cI, thU, elavO modalAdavugaLu) kannaDadallU iveyAda kAraNa, avakkinta bhinnavAgiruva kannaDada guNa padagaLannu avyayagaLendu karedalli anavaSyakavAgi gondalakkeDeyAga balludu. hAgAgi, kannaDadalli avannu bEreyE ondu padavagradalli irisuvudu oLLeyadu. samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa ondu atyanta mukhyavAda vyatyAsa. vyAkaraNada halavAru bhAgagaLalli I vyatyAsadindAgi kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgi kANisuvuvembudannu munde nODaliruvevu. I viShayadalli kannaDa yAke samskxtada hAge alla, kannaDadalli guNapadagaLannu bEreyE ondu padavagradalli yAke pratyEkavAgi irisabEku embudannu tiLiyalu I keLagina kelavu viShayagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu. nAmapadada viSEShaNavannAgi
3.2.1 viSEShaNagaLAgi guNapadagaLa baLake
guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADuva vidhAna samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgide. samskxtadalli ondu guNapadavannu mADabEkiddalli, A nAmapadadondige yAva vibhakti pratyaya baruttideyO adannu guNapadadondigU baLasuva avaSyakateyide. samskxtadalli guNapada gaLU nAmapadagaLE ennuvudu idE kAraNakkAgi.
Adare kannaDadalli A rIti guNapadadondige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. ondu guNapadavannu nAmapadada viSEShaNavAgi baLasabEkiddalli adakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisade nEravAgi A nAmapadadondige irisabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva samskxta vAkyagaLannu mattu avugaLa kannaDa anuvAdagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
tatra EkaH kxShNaH sapraH asti ‘alli ondu kappu hAvu ide’ (2kha) hariH Ekam kxShNam sapram apaSyat ‘hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida’ (2ga) hariH EkEna kxShNEna saprEna daShTaH ‘hariyannu ondu kappu hAvu kaccitu’
(2ka) vAkyadalli EkaH kxShNaH sapraH ‘ondu kappu hAvu’ emba nAmapadakante bandiddu adaralliruva sapra nAmapada mAtravallade, adara viSEShaNagaLAda Eka mattu kxShNa padagaLU vibhakti pratyaya dondige (pullinga-Ekavacana-prathamA vibhaktiyalli) bandive.
idE nAmapadakante (2kha) mattu (2ga) vAkyagaLallU bandiddu, A padakanteyalliruva sapra nAmapadada vibhakti pratyaya mAtravallade itara eraDu viSEShaNa padagaLa (Eka, kxShNa embavugaLa) vibhakti pratyayavU badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
ivu mUrU (2kha) vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana-dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli (Ekam kxShNam sapram embudAgi) bandive mattu (2ga)
vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana-txtIyA vibhaktiyalli (EkEna kxShNEna saprEna embudAgi) bandive.
illi mukhyavAgi gamanisabEkAgiruva amSavEnendare, sapra ‘hAvu’ nAmapada mAtravallade adara viSEShaNavAgi bandiruva kxShNa ‘kappu’ guNapada (mattu Eka ‘ondu’ eNikeya pada) - ivellavU samskxtadalli linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayadondige barabEkAguttade mattu ondE padakanteya angagaLAgiruvAga ivellavU ondE linga- vacana-vibhaktiyalli barabEkAguttade. I mUru vAkyagaLa keLagEnE koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisidalli, adara guNapadagaLu (mattu eNikeya padagaLu) samskxtada guNapadagaLiginta yAke bhinnavAdavugaLu emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.
A vAkyagaLalli baruva kappu guNapada mUru vAkyagaLallU ondE rUpadallide. adakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi kappannu hAvannu illavE *kappininda hAvininda endu hELidevAdare adu kannaDa vAgalAradu.
idE rItiyalli ondu emba eNikeya padavU kannaDada I mUru (2ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli ondE rUpadallide. nAmapadadondige baLasuvAga adakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisi *ondannu hAvannu illavE *ondakke hAvige embudAgi hELalu kannaDadalli sAdhyavAgadu. (bhAShAvijYAnigaLu padakante illavE vAkyada munde ‘’ sanjYe yannu baLasuvudara mUlaka adu vyAkaraNabaddhavalla embudannu sUcisuttAre. idE kramavannu mEle koTTiruva *kappannu hAvannu, *kappininda hAvininda *ondannu hAvannu modalAda padakantegaLu kannaDadalli vyAkaraNabaddhavalla embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasa
3.2.2 viSEShaNagaLAgi nAmapadagaLa baLake
samskxtadalli guNapadagaLa hAge nAmapadagaLannU bEre nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhyavide. I rIti baLasabEkiddalli, guNapadagaLa hAge A nAmapadagaLigU avugaLa viSEShyavAgiruva nAma padada linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.
Adare kannaDadalli ondu nAmapadavannu innondu nAmapadada sambandhavide viSEShaNavannAgi mADabEkiddalli averaDara embudannu sUcisuva a (‘ShaShThI vibhakti’) pratyayavannu sErisabEku (endare, adannondu ‘guNapada’vAgi badalAyisabEku).
naDuve
(3ka) aham mxttikam ghaTam dxShTavAn ‘nAnu maNNina koDavannu nODide’
(3kha) aham mxttikEna ghaTEna jalam pibam
‘nAnu maNNina koDadinda (koDadalli) nIru kuDide’
(3ka) mattu (3kha) vAkyagaLalli samskxtada mxttika ‘maNNu’ nAmapada eraDu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLondige (dvitIyA mattu txtIyA vibhakti pratyayagaLondige) baLakeyAgide.
Adare I vAkyagaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLeraDarallU maNNu nAmapada ShaShThI vibhakti pratyayadondige baLakeyAgide. A nAmapadada vibhakti nAmapadavannu adara viSEShyavAda pratyayadondige (endare annu illavE inda pratyayagaLondige) baLasalu kannaDadalli sAdhyavAgadu.
samskxtada viSEShaNa nAmapadagaLondige I rIti baLaLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLu avugaLa viSEShyadondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLE AgirabEkemba niyamavide. (3ka) vAkyadalli iveraDU dvitIyeyallive mattu (3kha) vAkyadalli iveraDU txtIyeyallive embudannu gamanisa bahudu.
I viShayadalli samskxtada I nAmapadagaLu (2ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli kANisuva samskxtada guNapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla. A guNapadagaLU avugaLa viSEShyagaLAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLa vibhaktiyalliyE baLake yAgive.
Adare (3ka-ga) kannaDa vAkyagaLalliruva nAmapadagaLu (2ka-ga) vAkya gaLalli kANisuva guNapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgive. (2ka-ga) vAkyagaLalliruva guNapadagaLige yAva pratyayavU sErilla. Adare (3ka-ga) vAkya gaLalliruva nAmapadagaLige ShaShThI vibhakti pratyaya sEride. I rIti ShaShThI vibhakti pratyaya sErade kannaDada nAmapadagaLu bErondu nAmapadada viSEShaNagaLAgi baralAravu.
3.2.3 viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa jAga
guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu avugaLa viSEShyagaLondigEnE baLasabEkemba niyamavilla. averaDu vAkyada bEre bEre kaDegaLalli bandiralU sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTi ruva (4)nE vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.
kaTam karOti daSranIyam (4) *‘cApeyannu tayArisuttiddAne sundaravAda’ (4kha) ‘sundaravAda cApeyannu tayArisuttiddAne’
(4)nE samskxta vAkyadalli daSranIyam ‘sundara’ guNapada adara viSEShyavAgiruva kaTam ‘cApe’ embudarondige baruva badalu A vAkyada kriyApadavAgiruva karOti ‘mADuttAne’ embudara anantara bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.
Adare kannaDadalli viSEShaNavannu I rIti viSEShyadinda dUra irisi hELalu sAdhyavilla. udAharaNegAgi, (4)nE samskxta vAkyada keLage koTTiruva modalaneya (4ka) kannaDa vAkyadalli sundaravAda embu dannu kriyApadada anantara irisida kAraNa, A vAkya sariyAgilla. kannaDadalli viSEShaNagaLu viSEShyadondigEnE iruvudu avaSya.
samskxtadalli viSEShya mattu viSEShaNagaLu ondE vibhakti, vacana mattu lingagaLalli baruttaveyAda kAraNa, avannu yAvAgalU oTTige irisabEkemba niyamavilla. avu vAkyada bEre bEre kaDegaLalli bandive yAdarU vAkyavannu artha mADikoLLuva samayadalli linga-vibhakti- vacanagaLa AdhArada mEle avannu sulabhavAgi oTTige sErisi artha mADikoLLalu sAdhyavAguttade.
Adare kannaDadalli viSEShaNagaLu linga, vacana mattu vibhakti pratyaya gaLondige baruvudilla. hAgAgi avannu yAvAgalU avugaLa viSEShya vAgiruva nAmapadada hattiravE irisabEkAguttade; vAkyada bEre kaDe gaLige vagrAyisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.
nijakkU samskxtadalli viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU illa. yAkendare adara padakantegaLalli baruva eraDu
(athavA jAsti) padagaLalli yAvudu viSEShaNa mattu yAvudu viSEShya embudAgi avugaLa naDuve vyatyAsavannu sAdhisalu yAva AdhAravU siguvudilla.
Adare kannaDadalli viSEShaNagaLu viSEShyagaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruttave. yAkendare, kannaDada padakantegaLalli viSEShyagaLu mAtra vibhakti pratyaya dondige baraballuvu. viSEShaNagaLu guNapadagaLAgiddalli hAgeyE baruttave mattu nAmapadagaLAgiddalli ShaShThI pratyayadondige baruttave. I ShaShThI pratyaya kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayavalla (8.5.5 nODi).
3.2.4 padakante mattu jODupadagaLalli guNapadagaLu
samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondu padakanteya angagaLannAgi baLasuva badalu, ondu jODupadada (samastapadada) angagaLannAgi baLasalU sAdhyavide. hIge baLasuvAga sAmAnyavAgi avugaLalli modalinadara vibhakti pratyayavannu tegeduhAkalAguttade. udAharaNe gAgi, kxShNam sapram padakanteyannu I rIti kxShNasapram jODupada vAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.
intaha samskxtada jODupadagaLu mEle koTTiruva kannaDada pada kantegaLa hAge (endare kappuhAvannu embudara hAge) kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kannaDada kelavu padakantegaLannu jODupada(samastapada)gaLendu tappAgi varNisiddAre. udAharaNegAgi keLagina samskxta vAkyagaLannu avugaLa keLagiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.
(5ka) hariH Ekam kxShNasapram apaSyat ‘hari ondu kappuhAvannu nODida’ (5kha) hariH EkEna kxShNasaprENa daShTaH
‘hariyannu ondu kappuhAvu kaccitu’
(5ka-kha) samskxta vAkyagaLalli kxShNasapram mattu kxShNasaprENa embudAgi jODupadavondu eraDu vibhakti rUpagaLalli baLake yAgiddu, adara modalaneya angavAgiruva pada (kxShNa embudu) I eraDu baLakegaLallU vibhakti pratyayavillade bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.
idE rItiyalli ivugaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLallU kappuhAvannu mattu kappuhAvu emba eraDu baLakegaLalli kappu embudu vibhakti pratyayavillade bandide.
Adare, illi samskxtada baLakegaLigU kannaDada baLakegaLigU naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavideyembudannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. samskxtada jODupadagaLalli modalidda vibhakti pratyayavondu biddu hOgide, Adare kannaDadalli A rIti vibhakti pratyaya bidduhOgilla.
yAkendare, modaligEnE kappu hAvu embudaralli kappu embudara munde vibhakti pratyaya bandiralilla, mattu kannaDadalli hAge baralu sAdhyavU illa. I viShaya 3.2.1nE vibhAgadalli (2ka-ga) vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisuvAga spaShTavAgide.
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxtada kxShNasapra embudannu, adaralli vibhakti pratyayavondu biddu hOgiruvudannu AdhAravAgi irisi, jODu padavendu parigaNisida hAge kannaDada kappu hAvu embudannu jODu padavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavilla. kappu hAvu embudaralli vibhakti pratyaya biddu hOgilla; yakendare, adannalli baLasalE illa.
nijakkU samskxtadalli jODupadagaLigU avakke samanAgiruva pada kantegaLigU naDuve arthada maTTige heccina vyatyAsavEnU illa; vibhakti pratyayada lOpavondE avugaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsa.
Adare kannaDadalli jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve arthada maTTigU mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiddu, avannu bariya vibhakti pratyayada iruvike illavE illadiruvikeya AdhArada mEle ondarindondannu pratyEkisalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu munde nAlkanE adhyAyadalli nODa liruvevu.
3.2.5 nAmapadagaLAgi guNapadagaLa baLake
samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu (endare guNapadada arthaviruva nAmapada gaLannu) bEre nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi mAtravallade svatantravAda nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLasalu sAdhyavide mattu hAge baLasidAga avu ellA rItiya vibhakti pratyayagaLondigU baraballuvu.
Adare kannaDadalli I rIti guNapadagaLannu hAgeyE nAmapadagaLAgi baLasalu sAmAnyavAgi sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi kannaDada doDDa,
cikka, hosa, haLe modalAda guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu (endare nEravAgi avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELalu) sAdhyavAgadu.
I niyamakke kannaDadalli kelavu apavAdagaLiruvudu nija. udA haraNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva kappu guNapada nAmapadavAgiyU baLake yAgaballudu (adakke kappu hAkiddu jAstiyAgide) mattu guNapada vAgiyU baLakeyAgaballudu (adu kappu hakki). hIgiddarU vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baralArada guNapadagaLu halavu kannaDadalliveyAda kAraNa avugaLigAgi bErondu padavagra vannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kannaDadallide. Adare intaha avaSyakate samskxtadallilla. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.
(6ka) aham phalam khAdAmi
‘nAnu haNNannu tinnuttEne’ (6kha) aham Suklam khAdAmi
‘nAnu biLiyadannu tinnuttEne’ (6ga) aham SuklAya phalam dAsyAmi
‘nAnu biLiyavanige haNNu koDuttEne’
(6kha-ga) vAkyagaLalli samskxtada Sukla ‘biLi’ guNapadavannu (6ka) vAkyadalli bandiruva phala ‘haNNu’ nAmapadada hAgeyE baLasalAgide. adu (6kha) vAkyadalli dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayadondige mattu (6ga) vAkyadalli caturthI vibhakti pratyayadondige svatantravAgi, endare phala embudara AdhAravillade, baLakeyAgide.
Adare I (6kha-ga) vAkyagaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLalli biLi guNapadakke A rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisalu sAdhyavAgilla. modalige avakke savranAma pratyayagaLannu illavE savranAmagaLannu (du illavE avanu embudannu) sErisi anantara vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAgide. kannaDada guNapadagaLu nAmapada gaLiginta bhinnavAdavugaLu emba viShaya idarindalU spaShTavAguttade.
kannaDada guNapadagaLalli kelavannu udda-giDDa, agala-sapura, ettara-taggu, dappa-teLu, doDDa-cikka, bisi-tampu, bhAra-hagura, embantaha jODigaLAgi sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. I jODigaLalli modalaneyadannu mAtra nAmapadavAgi baLasalu sAdhyaviddu, adu A jODiya oTTu arthavannu sUcisaballudu.
(7ka) I gODeya ettara Aru aDi (7kha) *I gODeya taggu eraDu aDi (8ka) mEle iruva haggada udda Aru aDi (8kha) *mEle iruva haggada giDDa eraDu aDi
(7ka) vAkyadalli ettara guNapada nAmapadavAgi baLakeyAgide. gODe taggAgiddarU ettaravAgiddarU adara aLateyannu tiLisalu ettara padaviruva (7ka) vAkyavannE baLasalu sAdhya embudannu gamanisabahudu.
idakke badalu giDDa padavannu baLasiruva (7kha) vAkya sariyalla embudannU gamanisabahudu. (8ka-kha) vAkyagaLallU hIgeyE.
idallade kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLodige ‘modalAda’ emba artha vannu koDuvudakkAgi avugaLa pratidhvaniya hAge kANisuva padavondannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare, guNapadagaLondige antaha padavannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. sAmAnyavAgi I pratidhvanisuva pada kannaDadalli gakAradinda toDaguttade.
(9ka) nimma doDDamma giDDamma ella bandiddAre (9kha) avaru mane gine ella kaLedukonDiddAre (9ga) *avanu tanna cikka gikka maneyannu mAriddAne
(9ka) vAkyadalli doDDamma nAmapadadondige adara pratidhvaniya hAge kANisuva giDDamma embudannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide. idE rItiyalli (9kha) vAkyadalli mane nAmapadadondige gine embudannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide.
Adare (9ga)dalli cikka guNapadadondige adara pratidhvaniya hAge kANisuva gikka embudannu sErisi hELalu prayatnisidudarindAgi A vAkya sariyillavendu anisuttade.
nAmapadavondara arthakke ondu niScitavAda guNadharmavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka adara vyAptiyannu kaDime mADuvudE guNa padagaLa mukhya kelasa. ‘modalAda’ emba arthavannu koDuva prati dhvanisuva padagaLannu avugaLondige sErisi hELidalli avu sUcisuva artha aniScitavAgibiDuttade mattu idarindAgi avugaLa mukhya kelasakke aDDiyAguttade.
kannaDadalli pratidhvanisuva padagaLannu guNapadagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke avu sUcisuva I aniScitateyE mukhya kAraNa.
nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli bEre bEre vagra gaLige sEruttaveyumbudakke mElina eraDu vyatyAsagaLU AdhAravAga balluvu.
3.2.6 guNapadagaLa jAga
samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu avugaLa viSEShyada modalU hELabahudu, anantaravU hELabahudu. Adare kannaDadalli avannu viSEShyada modalE hELabEkemba niyamavide. avannu viSEShyada anantara hELidalli A racane ondu nAmapadakanteyAgi uLiyuva badalu vAkyavAdItu.
udAharaNegAgi samskxtadalli kxShNaH sapraH endarU sapraH kxShNaH endarU artha ondE. averaDU padakantegaLAgiyE uLiyuttave. Adare kannaDadalli kappu hAvu embudondu padakante, mattu hAvu kappu embudondu vAkya. avugaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsavide. mEle (3.2.3)ralli sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli nijakkU viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU illa embudu I udAharaNeyindalU spaShTavAguttade. kxShNaH sapraH emba padakanteyalli baruva eraDu padagaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU samskxtadalli viSEShaNavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli hAgilla. kappuhAvu emba padakanteyalli kappu embudu mAtravE viSEShaNavAgaballudallade hAvu embudu viSEShaNavAgalAradu. samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu baLasi ondu vAkyavannu racisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDadallU idu sAdhya. intaha vAkyagaLa mUlaka A nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLeraDU ondE emba arthavannu I eraDu bhAShegaLallU sUcisabahudu.
Adare, samskxtadalli intaha vAkyagaLannu nAmapadagaLa badalu guNapadavannu baLasiyU racisalu sAdhyavide, mattu hIge racisida vAkyagaLu racisida vAkyagaLiginta yAva rItiyalliyU bhinnavAgiruvudilla.
nAmapadagaLannu baLasi
(10ka) rAmaH adhyApakaH
‘rAma adhyApaka’
(10kha) rAmaH kxShNaH ‘avanu kappu’
rAma nAmapadadondige (10ka)dalli adhyApaka emba innondu nAmapadada baLakeyAgide Adare (10kha)dalli adarondige kxShNa guNapadada (guNapadada arthaviruva nAmapadada) baLakeyAgide. samskrutadalli I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU
Adare kannaDadalli I rIti guNapadagaLannu baLasi racisida vAkyagaLu nAmapadagaLannu baLasi racisida vAkyagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruttave. udA haraNegAgi keLage koTTiruva mUru vAkyagaLannu hOlisi nODa bahudu.
(11ka) alliruva hU gulAbi (11kha) alliruva hU biLidu (11ga) alliruva hU biLi
(11ka) vAkyadalli alliruva hU nAmapadakanteyondige gulAbi nAmapada bandide mattu (11kha)dalli adE nAmapadakanteyondige biLi guNapadada biLidu nAmarUpa bandide.
Adare (11ga) vAkyadalli adE nAmapadakanteyondige biLi guNa pada yAva pratyayavU sErade nEravAgi guNapada rUpadallE bandide.
I rIti nAmapadakanteyondige innondu nAmapadavannu illavE guNapadada nAmarUpavannu baLasuvudakkU guNapadavannE nEravAgi baLasuvudakkU naDuve kannaDadalli vyatyAsavide. I eraDu rItiya vAkya
gaLannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu baLasa bEkAguttade embudarinda I viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
nAmapadakanteyondige innondu nAmapadavannu illavE guNa padada nAmarUpavannu baLasi racisida (11ka) mattu (11kha) vAkya gaLannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli alla padavannu baLasabEkAguttade, mattu nAmapadakanteyondige nEravAgi ondu guNapadavannu baLasi racisida (11ga) vAkyavannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli illa padavannu baLasabEkAgu
(12ka) alliruva hU gulAbi alla (12kha) alliruva hU biLidu alla (12ga) alliruva hU biLi illa
I viShayadalli guNapadavannu baLasiruva mUraneya (11ga) vAkya kriyApadagaLannu baLasiruva vAkyagaLa hAgeyE ide; yAkendare, nAmapada(kante)yondige ondu kriyApadavannu baLasiruva vAkyavannu allagaLeyabEkiddarU kannaDadalli illa padavannE baLasabEkAguttade.
(13ka) avanu manege hOda (13kha) avanu manege hOgalilla
mElina viShaya nAmapadagaLigU guNapadagaLigU naDuve kannaDadalli iruva, mattu samskxtadalli illadiruva innondu vyatyAsavannU tOrisikoDuttade.
adEnendare, samskxtadalli ellA rItiya vAkyagaLannU na padavannu baLasuvudara mUlaka allagaLeyalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada hAge nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa naDuve I viShayadalli vyatyAsa illa.
(14ka) mAm na kaScid apaSyat ‘nannannu yArU nODalilla’
(14kha) saH na adhyApakaH
‘avanu adhyApakanalla’
(14ga) saH na kxShNaH
‘avanu kappalla/ avanu kappilla’
mElina mUru vAkyagaLallU niShEdhArthavannu sUcisalu samskxta dalli na emba ondE ondu padada baLakeyAgide. Adare kannaDada modalaneya (14ka) vAkyadalli illa pada baLakeyAgide mattu eraDaneya (14kha) vAkyadalli alla pada baLakeyAgide.
mUraneya (14ga) vAkyadalli illa mattu alla embavugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU baLasalu sAdhyaviddu avu bEre bEre arthagaLannu koDuttave.
samskxtadalli nAmapada-guNapada vyatyAsavillavAda kAraNa, intaha sAdhyategaLilla.
3.2.7 tAratamya sUcane
tAratamyavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli tara mattu tama pratyaya gaLannAgalI illavE Iya mattu iShTha pratyayagaLannAgalI baLasuva kramavide. ivannu guNapadagaLondigU (guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padagaLondigU) baLasabahudu nAmapadagaLondigU baLasabahudu.
(15ka) priyaH
(15kha) srak
prEyaH
srajIyaH
prEShThaH srajiShThaH
Iya mattu iShTha pratyayagaLannu (15ka)dalli priya guNapada dondige baLasalAgide mattu (15kha)dalli srak ‘mAle’ nAmapada dondige baLasalAgide. srajIya endare jAsti mAlegaLannu hAkiruvava nendu mattu srajiShTha endare ellarigintalU jAsti mAlegaLannu hAkiru vavanendu artha baruttade. intahadE baLakeyannu keLagina vAkya gaLalliyU kANabahudu.
(16ka) gOvindAd rAmO vidvattaraH
‘gOvindaniginta rAma jAsti vidvAmsa’ (16kha) tam aSvatamam vijYAya adhirUDhaH
‘adu kuduregaLallella atyanta SrEShTha endu tiLidu hattida’
tama pratyaya (16ka) vAkyadalli vidvat guNapadadondigU (16kha) vAkyadalli aSva ‘kudure’ nAmapadadondigU bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.
kannaDadalli I rIti tara-tamArthagaLannu koDuva pratyayagaLilla vAdarU, bahaLa, bArI, oLLe, modalAda kelavu viSEShaNagaLannu antahadE artha baruva hAge baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare I padagaLannu guNapadagaLondige mAtra baLasalu nAmapada gaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.
kannaDada kelavu prabhEdagaLalli A rIti baLasalu sAdhyaviddarU, antaha nAmapadagaLa mUlaka guNapadavondara artha dhvanitavAguttade. tulanAtmaka vAkyagaLallU hIgeyE.
sAdhyavideyallade
(17ka) avanu nanaginta doDDa (17kha) avanu nanaginta tamma
karAvaLiya kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva (17kha) vAkyadalli tamma nAmapadavannu hOlikeya arthadalli baLasalAgideyAdarU A vAkya dalli adakke ‘cikkavanu’ embudAgi ondu guNapadada arthavide.
kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu yAvudAdarU ondu guNadharmavannu mAtra sUcisuttave. Adare nAmapadagaLu idakke viruddhavAgi halavAru guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuttave. bahaLa, oLLe modalAda tara-tamA rthagaLannu koDuva viSEShaNagaLannu baLasabEkiddalli avugaLa viSEShyavAgi baruva pada ondakkinta jAsti guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuttirabArademba niyama kannaDadallide. hAgAgi, kannaDadalli avannu guNapadagaLondige mAtra baLasalu sAdhyavAguttade.
samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLeraDU ondE padavagra dalli baruvuvAda kAraNa, tara-tama pratyayagaLannu baLasuva viShaya dalli kannaDadalliruvantaha nibrandha A bhASheyallilla.
3.2.8 kxdantagaLa baLake
kannaDadalli tayArisabahudAda kriyApadagaLa kxdanta rUpagaLella nAma padagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi mAtravE baraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, mADu kriyApadada mADida, mADuva, mattu mADada emba rUpagaLu
mADida kelasa, mADuva kelasa, mADada kelasa embantaha padakante gaLalli mAtra baraballuvu.
Adare samskxtadalli tayArisabahudAda kxdanta rUpagaLella nAma padagaLAgiddu avu svatantravAgiyU baraballuvu mattu bEre nAmapada gaLa viSEShaNagaLAgiyU baraballuvu (18ka-kha mattu 19ka-kha nODi).
idallade kxdantagaLu I rIti nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baruvAga avugaLondige A nAmapadagaLa vibhakti pratyayagaLU bara bEkemba niyama samskxtadallide. vibhakti pratyaya bAradiddalli avu A nAmapadadondige sEri jODupada(samastapada)gaLAguttave.
Adare kannaDadalli kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi bandAga avugaLondige samskxtada hAge vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhya vAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva (18ka-kha) samskxta vAkyagaLannu avugaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLondige hOlisi nODa bahudu.
(18ka) aham Ekam bhagnam ghaTam dxShTavAn
‘nAnu ondu oDeda koDavannu nODide’
(18kha) aham Ekam bhagnaghaTam dxShTavAn
‘nAnu ondu oDeda koDavannu nODide’
(18ka) samskxta vAkyadalli bhagna ‘oDeda’ kxdanta adara viSEShya vAgiruva ghaTa ‘koDa’ embudara hAge dvitIyA vibhakti pratyaya dondige bandide. (18kha) vAkyadalli I vibhakti pratyaya lOpa gonDiddu, bhagna kxdantavu mundiruva nAmapadadondige sEri bhagnaghaTa ‘oDeda koDa’ emba jODupadavAgi bandide.
Adare I eraDU vAkyagaLa kannaDa anuvAdagaLalli kxdanta pada (oDeda embudu) ondE rUpadalli vibhakti pratyayavillade bandide. nijakkU kannaDadalli kxdantagaLige nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
samskxtada kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLAgiruva kAraNa avannu svatantra vAgi, endare bEre nAmapadagaLa AdhAravillade, vAkyagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDada kxdantagaLannu viSEShaNagaLAgi mAtra baLasalu sAdhya.
avannu svatantravAgi baLasabEkiddalli avakke udu pratyayavannAgali illavE avanu, avaLu modalAda savranAma(savrapada)gaLannAgali sErisi hELuva avaSyakateyide. nEravAgi avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
(19ka) aham bhagnam apaSyam
‘nAnu oDedudannu nODide’
(19kha) aham ghaTam kuvrANam apaSyam
‘nAnu koDa mADuvavanannu nODide’
(19ka-kha) samskxta vAkyagaLalli bhagna ‘oDeda’ mattu kuvran ‘mADuva’ kxdantagaLu nEravAgi dvitIyA vibhaktiyondige (endare svatantravAda nAmapadagaLAgi) bandive.
Adare avugaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLalli bhagna mattu kuvrangaLige samAnavAgiruva oDeda mattu mADuva kxdantagaLu A rIti nEravAgi dvitIyA vibhaktiyondige bandilla; idakke badalu avu anukramavAgi udu pratyayadondige mattu avanu savranAma (savrapada)dondige sEri, anantara dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayavannu paDedive.
3.3 jODupadagaLa racane
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve I rIti guNapadagaLa vibhajane yalli kANisuva vyatyAsadindAgi A eraDu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLa (samastapadagaLa) racaneyallU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave.
kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU samskxtada samAsagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiruvarAda kAraNa, avaru I vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisalu SaktarAgalilla. idannu munde aydanE adhyAya
dalli vivaravAgi pariSIlisaliruvevAda kAraNa, illi padavagragaLige sambandhisiruvantaha ondu vyatyAsavannu mAtravE sUcisalAgide. samskxtada samAsagaLa oLaracaneyalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli vyatyAsa kANisuvudilla. adaralli baruva karmadhAraya mattu tatpuruSha samAsagaLalli modalaneyadu eraDu padagaLa naDuve viSEShaNa-viSEShya sambandhavannu mattueraDaneyadu bEre bEre rItiya itara sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvuvendu kelavaru varNisiruva rEnO nija.
Adare, karmadhArayadalli modalaneya pada guNapadavE Aga bEkemba niyamavEnU samskxtadallilla. eraDu nAmapadagaLa sEruvike yindalU karmadhAraya siddhavAgalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi candramukham jODupadadalli eraDu nAmapada gaLu baLakeyAgiveyAdarU adu karmadhAraya samAsakke udAharaNe yAgaballudu. I kAraNakkAgi mElina samskxta samAsagaLannu varNisu vAga, eraDu padagaLU ondE vibhaktiyalliddare karmadhAraya mattu bEre bEre vibhaktigaLalliddare tatpuruSha embudAgi hELabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAdavugaLemba viShaya kannaDada samAsagaLa racaneyallU vyaktavAgu ttade. sAmAnyavAgi kannaDada jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi baruva pada nAmapadavAgiruttade. modalaneyadu nAmapadavira bahudu, guNapadavirabahudu, illavE kriyApadavirabahudu. adu guNapadavAgideyAdare kannaDadalli eraDu rItiya samAsagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, cikkAsu mattu naDuhagalu emba eraDu jODupadagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu. ivugaLalli modalaneya dannu tayArisuvudakkAgi cikka guNapadavannu kAsu nAmapadakke viSEShaNavAgi baLasalAgide. Adare eraDaneyadaralli naDu guNapadavannu hagalu nAmapadakke A rIti viSEShaNavAgi mADilla. idakke badalu, A jODupadadallilladiruva bhAga emba padakke adannu viSEShaNavAgi mADalAgide.
naDuhagalu embudakke ‘hagalina naDubhAga’ emba arthavideyallade ‘hagalina naDuve’ emba arthavilla embudannu illi gamanisabahudu. idE rItiyalli mumbAgilu embudakke ‘(maneya) mundina bAgilu’
emba arthavideyAdarU mungay embudakke ‘mundina kay’ emba arthavilla, ‘kayya mundina bhAga’ emba arthavide.
I rIti kannaDadalli nAmapadadondige guNapadavondannu sErisi racisida jODupadakkU innondu nAmapadavannu sErisi racisida jODupadakkU naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. Adare samskxtadalli intaha vyatyAsavilla. I kAraNakkAgi samskxtadalli karmadhArayavannu tatpuruShada ondu upabhEdavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide, Adare kannaDadalli idu sAdhyavilla.
3.4 padakantegaLannu tayArisalu eraDu vidhAnagaLu
mEleyE tiLisiruva hAge, bhASheyondaralli yAva yAva rItiya padavagragaLella ive embudu padagaLu A bhASheya vAkyagaLalli yAva yAva rItiya kelasagaLannella naDesabEkAguttade embudara mEle avalambiside.
kannaDadalli vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudu, ghaTane gaLannu nirdESisuvudu mattu vyaktigaLa guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru mukhya kelasagaLannu adara padagaLu naDesa bEkAguttade. hAgAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada embudAgi mUru mukhya pangaDagaLalli vingaDisaballa padagaLa avaSyakate adakkide.
Adare samskxtakke mukhyavAgi nAmapada mattukriyApada embu dAgi eraDu padavagragaLalli vingaDisaballa padagaLiddare sAku. guNapada emba mUraneya padavagrada avaSyakate adakkilla. I viShayadalli samskxta kannaDakkinta bhinnavAgiralu kAraNavEnendare, adara padagaLu mEle hELida kelasagaLalli vyakti illavE vastugaLa guNadharmagaLannu tiLisuvudu emba mUraneya kelasavannu naDesabEkAgilla. udAharaNegAgi kannaDada kappu hAvu padakanteyannu samskxtada kxShNaH sapraH padakanteyondige hOlisi nODabahudu. iveraDU ondE arthavannu koDuvuvAdarU A arthavannu avu koDuva krama mAtra bEre bEre.
kannaDada kappu hAvu embudaralli baruva hAvu nAmapada ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttade mattu kappu guNapada ondu guNadharma vannu (endare ondu viSiShTavAda baNNavannu) sUcisuttade. iveraDannu oTTu sErisi ondE padakanteyalli kappu hAvu embudAgi
baLasuvudara mUlaka ondu viSiShTavAda hAvannu (kappubaNNada hAvannu) gurutisalAguttade. idu kannaDada padakantegaLu vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva vidhAna. samskxtada vidhAna idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. samskxtadalli baruva kxShNaH sapraH padakanteyalli kxShNaH mattu sapraH emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu baLakeyAgive. avugaLalli kxShNaH embudu kappAgiruva ondu prANi illavE vastuvannU sapraH embudu ‘hAvA’giruva ondu prANiyannU gurutisuttave.
I eraDu padagaLannU oTTige ondE padakanteya angagaLannAgi (endare ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLalli) baLasiruva kAraNa, vAkya vondaralli avu gurutisuva prANigaLeraDU ondE emba artha vyaktavAguttade mattu idarindAgi I padakante viSiShTavAdondu prANiyannu (kappu baNNada hAvannu) gurutisuvantAguttade. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi mattu adakkAgi baLakeyAguva padakantegaLannu racisuvudakkAgi eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu baLasuttiveyembudannu gamanisabEku.
kannaDadalli baruva hAvu nAmapada halavAru rItiya hAvugaLannu gurutisaballudu. avugaLalli kelavannu kappu hAvu emba padakante yindalU, innu kelavannu hasuru hAvu emba padakanteyindalU, bEre kelavannu udda hAvu emba padakanteyindalU pratyEkisi hELalu kannaDadalli sAdhya.
illi kappu, hasuru, udda modalAda guNapadagaLu bEre bEre guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuttiddu, avugaLalli ondannu hAvu nAmapada dondige baLasidAga A guNapada sUcisuva guNadharmavannu tOrisuva hAvannu mAtravE A padakante gurutisuvantAguttade. samskxta baLasuva vidhAna idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. samskxta dalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavalla embudannu nAvu mEleyE nODiruvevu. kxShNaH embudU ondu nAmapada, sapraH embudU ondu nAmapada. modalaneyadu kappubaNNaviruva bEre bEre rItiya vyakti, vastu, prANi modalAduvannu (idaralli hAvugaLU sEruttave) gurutisuttadeyAdare, eraDaneyadu bEre bEre baNNada
mattu AkArada hAvugaLannu gurutisuttade (idaralli kappu baNNada hAvugaLU sEruttave).
I eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi ondu padakanteyannAgi mADi baLasidAga, adakke A eraDu padagaLu gurutisuvavugaLalli samAnavAgiruvantahadannu (endare kappu baNNada hAvannu) gurutisalu sAdhyavAguttade. samskxtadalli I rIti guNadharmagaLa arthavannu koDuva nAma padagaLannu mAtravallade bEre nAmapadagaLannU ondaroDanondannu sErisi padakanteyannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi mxttikam ghaTam padakanteyalli mxttika ‘maNNu’ mattu ghaTa ‘koDa’ emba eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi baLasalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneyadu maNNAgiruva ondu vastu vannU eraDaneyadu koDavAgiruva ondu vastuvannU gurutisuttiddu, averaDU ondE padakanteya angagaLAgi bandiruva kAraNa adakke maNNina koDavannu gurutisalu sAdhyavAguttade.
kannaDadalli I rIti eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondE padakanteya angagaLannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhyavilla. mElina arthavannu koDalu kannaDadalli maNNina koDa embudAgi hELabEku; endare, maNNigU koDakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka A viSiShTavAda vastuvannu gurutisabEku.
3.5 bhAShegaLa naDuvina vayvidhya
I rIti guNapadagaLannu kannaDadalliruva hAge pratyEkavAdondu padavagradallirisuva badalu illavE samskxtadalliruva hAge nAma padagaLa vagradalli sErisuva badalu kriyApadagaLa vagradalli sErisalU sAdhyavide. bhAratada vAyavya gaDipradESadalli baLakeyalliruva kelavu TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli I mUraneya vidhAna baLakeyallide.
udAharaNegAgi, I bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva maNipuri bhAShe yannu pariSIlisabahudu. guNapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve I bhASheyalli yAva vyatyAsavU illa. ODu, bILu, oDe, koLe modalAda kriyApadagaLa hAgeyE biLi, kappu, doDDa, cikka modalAda guNapadagaLannU I bhASheyalli samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavide.
I guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baLasabEkiddarU kriyApadagaLa hAge avugaLa kxdanta rUpakke badalAyisabEkAguttade.
maNipuri bhASheyalli cA ‘tinnu’, cat ‘hOgu’, modalAda kriyApadagaLa hAgeyE sAG ‘udda’, mU ‘kappu’ modalAda guNa padagaLannU samayavannu sUcisuva (kAlavAcaka) pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhya embudannu I keLagina padarUpagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
cAgani ‘tindAnu’ catkani ‘hOdAnu’
‘hOyitu’
sAGgani mUgani
sAGaG
mUri
‘uddaviddAnu’ ‘kappiddAnu’ ‘uddavAyitu’ ‘kappAyitu’
mEle koTTiruva padarUpagaLalli mundina samayavannu sUcisuva gani illavE kani pratyaya mattu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva i (ri) pratyaya - iveraDU ghaTaneyannu nirdESisuva cA mattu cat padagaLondige mAtravallade guNadharmavannu sUcisuva sAG mattu mU padagaLondigU bandiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.
Adare kannaDadalli samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu A rIti nEravAgi guNapadagaLige sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. guNapadagaLa anantara iru illavE Agu kriyApadagaLannu baLasi avakke I pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade (uddaviddAnu, uddavAyitu).
idE rItiyalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLannu maNipuri bhAShe yalli nAmapadada viSEShaNavAgi baLasabEkiddalli avakke a pUvra pratyaya mattu pa illavE ba parapratyaya - iveraDannU sErisuva mUlaka kxdanta rUpakke badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide.
‘tinnuva manuShya’
acAba mI acatpa mI ‘hOguva manuShya’ asAGba mI ‘udda manuShya’ amUba mI ‘kappu manuShya’
Adare kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLannu mAtra A rIti kxdanta rUpakke badalAyisabahudallade guNapadagaLannu kxdanta rUpakke badalAyisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
idallade innU halavAru rItiya sandabhragaLalli kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLu maNipuri bhASheyalli ondE vidhavAgi baLakeyAguttiddu avannu ondE padavagradalli sErisi hELuva avaSyakateyide. nAmapada gaLu mAtra ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu.
udAharaNegAgi maNipuri bhASheyalli nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idallade ondu nAmapadavannu innondu nAmapadakke viSEShaNavAgi mADa bEkiddalli adakke kannaDadalliruva hAge gi/ki ShaShThI vibhaktiyannu sErisa bEkallade mEle koTTiruva kxdanta pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhya vAgadu (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT mattu ningomba 1997 nODi).
‘bidiru’
laryik ‘pustaka’
ay ‘nAnu’
vAgi sambal ‘bidirina bEli’ laryikki maman ‘pustakada bele’
‘nanna patra’
I mUru rItiya bhAShegaLu mAtravallade guNapadagaLa maTTige nAlkanE rItiya bhAShegaLU kelavive. ivugaLalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru rItiya artha koDuva padagaLU ondE padavagrakke sEruttave. endare, avugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU nEravAgi yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nAmapadavAgi, kriyApada vAgi illavE guNapadavAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide.
bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva munDAri emba AsTrO-ESiyATik bhAShAkuTumbakke sEruva bhAShe intahadu (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1994 nODi).
3.6 bEre padavagragaLu
nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva mukhyavAda padavagragaLu. kannaDa padakOSadalli kANasiguva padagaLalli heccinavannU I mUru padavagragaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide.
kannaDa vAkyaracaneyannu vivarisalu I mUru mukhyavAda pada vagragaLu mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu padavagragaLa avaSyakateyide.
intaha amukhyavAda padavagragaLa viShayadallU kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli savranAmagaLannu mattu eNikeya (sankhyAvAcaka) padagaLannu nAmapadavagradallE sErisi hELalAgide. Adare kannaDadalli hAge mADalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. ivugaLa svarUpa vEnembudannu mattu samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve ivugaLa baLakeyalli entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu munde hattanE adhyAyadalli vivarisalAguvudu. idallade kannaDada guNapadagaLallU nAmapadakke viSEShaNavAgi baruvavugaLu mattu kriyApadakke viSEShaNavAgi baruvavu embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLive. ivugaLalli eraDaneya upavagrakke sEruva padagaLannu samskxtadalli (nAmapada vagradallE baruva) avyayagaLendu kareyalAguttade.
3.7 tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLu
kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLannu mEle vivarisida hAge avugaLa arthavEnu mattu vAkyagaLalli avugaLa kelasaventahadu emba viShayada mEle mAtravallade, avugaLa mUla yAvudu (dESya padagaLE athavA eravalu padagaLE) mattu avugaLa svarUpaventahadu (eravalAgi banda mEle I padagaLu badalAgiveyE athavA hAgeyE uLidiveyE) emba viShayada mEleyU vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva dESya, tatsama mattu tadbhava emba padagaLa vingaDaNe intahadendu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu I vibhajaneyannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige mAtravE anvayisuttAre. ingliSh, hindi modalAda itara bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu tatsama mattu tadbhava pada gaLembudAgi vingaDisuvudilla. nijakkU kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva I tatsama-tadbhava vingaDaNe pAli, prAkxta modalAda samskxtajanya bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa gaLalli baLakeyallidda vibhajaneyannu kannaDa vyAkaraNakke aLavaDisalu naDesida prayatnavallade bErEnalla. kannaDa bhAShe samskxtajanya bhAShe yallavAda kAraNa, pAli-prAkxta bhAShegaLa I vibhajane kannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgilla.
pAli, prAkxta modalAda bhAShegaLalli mukhyavAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLannu kANabahudu. vEdakAladinda buddha mattu mahAvIrara kAlada varege janasAmAnyara mAtinalli baLakeyallidda bhASheyalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLu naDedidduvu. ivugaLa pariNAmavannu I bhAShegaLavE Ada padagaLalli kANabahudu. intaha badalAvaNegaLAvuvU samskxtadalli naDediralillavAda kAraNa adara padagaLu I padagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgi uLidive.
intaha badalAvaNegaLa pariNAmavannu tOrisuva pAli mattu prAkxta padagaLannu avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘tadbhava’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. anantarada kAladalli, ivE bhAShegaLalli granthagaLannu racisida bavddha mattu jayna panDitaru halavAru padagaLannu nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDediddu, avannu ‘tatsama’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade.
pAli mattu prAkxta bhAShegaLallEnE baLakeyalliruva bEre kelavu padagaLige samskxta padagaLondige nEravAgi sambandhavannu kalpisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. intaha padagaLu inDO-Aryan mUladinda lEnE bandiralu sAdhyavide, illavE bEre mUlagaLinda eravalAgi bandiralu sAdhyavide. ivannu I bhASheya vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘dESi’ illavE ‘dESaja’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade.
intahadE ondu vibhajaneyannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudiddalli, haLegannaDadinda hosagannaDada varegina samayadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa pariNAmavannu tOrisuva hAlu (<pAl), haNNu (<paN), nUku (<nUnku), habbu tadbhavagaLendu kareyabEku mattu anantarada kAladalli haLegannaDadinda eravalAgi paDeda pADu, paDe, pAlu, peTTu modalAduvannu tatsamagaLendu kareyabEku.
ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva tatsama-tadbhava vibhajane idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, prAkxta bhASheya vayyAkaraNigaLu naDesida vibhajaneya nakalu mAtra. adarinda kannaDa vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu racisuvalli yAva prayOjanavU sigalAradu (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2005:88 nODi). (<pabru) modalAduvannu
3.8 tiruLu
mElina pariSIlaneyinda tiLiyuvudEnendare, bhAShegaLu avugaLalli kANisuva padavagragaLa maTTige ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavide. hIge bhinnavAgiralu avu vAkyaracanegAgi baLasuva vidhAnagaLu ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.
I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. hAgAgi, samskxta dalliruva padavagragaLE kannaDadallU iveyendu hELuvudu sariyalla. samskxtakke nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu mukhya padavagragaLannu kalpisikonDare sAku. Adare kannaDakke I eraDu pada vagragaLu mAtravallade guNapadagaLemba mUraneyadondu mukhya pada vagravannU kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
yAkendare, guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padagaLu samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLa hAgeyE baLakeyAguttave, Adare kannaDadalli avu nAma pada gaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva rItiyalli baLakeyAguttave.
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I mukhyavAda vyatyAsada pariNAmavAgi I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada maTTige innU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttive embudannu nAvu I adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu.