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4. padagaLa oLaracane
4.1 munnOTa
kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi nAmapadagaLu, kriyApadagaLu mattu guNapada gaLu embudAgi mUru padavagragaLige sEruva padagaLu baLakeyallive yumbudannu hindina adhyAyadalli nODiddEve.
ivugaLalli eraDu vagragaLige sEruva padagaLu, endare nAmapada gaLu mattu guNapadagaLu, samskxtadalli ondE padavagrakke sEruttave. I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I viShayavannu sariyAgi gamanisaduda rindAgi kannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli hEge halavAru kaDe eDaviddAre embudannu I adhyAyadalli nODaliddEve. kannaDadalli baruva I mUru rItiya padagaLalli (nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLalli) kelavakke oLaracaneyembudide, Adare innu kelavakke antaha oLaracaneyembudilla. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva nAmapada, guNapada mattu kriyApadagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
Uru + kOlu
tumbu + A kuNi + isu
UrugOlu tumbA
kuNisu
gANiga, UrugOlu, tumbA mattu kuNisu padagaLannu pratyayagaLa illavE bEre padagaLa sErikeya mUlaka tayArisalAgide. hAgAgi, avannu oLaracaneyuLLa padagaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide.
Adare ivugaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAgiruva gANa, tumbu, Uru, kOlu mattu kuNi padagaLannAgalI illavE mara, giDa, nIru, kay modalAda antahavE bEre halavAru padagaLannAgalI I rIti
pratyaya illavE padagaLa sErikeyinda tayArisilla. hAgAgi, avannella oLaracaneyillada padagaLendu hELabEkAguttade.
padagaLigiraballa I oLaracaneya maTTige nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli mukhyavAgi eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyAguttave: padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi bEre padagaLannu tayArisuva vidhAnavondu, mattu eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi bErondu padavannAgi mADuva vidhAna (samAsa) innondu.
ivugaLalli modalaneya vidhAna mAtra kriyApadagaLa mattu guNa padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguttade. eraDaneya samAsavemba vidhAna nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguvudallade kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguvudilla.
kannaDadalli eraDu kriyApadagaLannu oTTu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavide yAdarU (bandubiDu, tiLisihELu, mADikoDu) adakkAgi baLake yAguva vidhAna bEre rItiyadAgiddu, sAmAnyavAgi adu pada racaneya vidhAnavAgiruvudilla. guNapadagaLa viShayadalli samskxta kannaDakkinta bhinnavAgide. adaralli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLa vagradalli sEruva kAraNa, nAmapadagaLa hAge avannU samAsavemba vidhAnadinda sAdhisalu sAdhya. Adare kannaDadalli avu bEreyE ondu padavagradalli sEruvuvAda kAraNa idu sAdhyavilla.
4.1.1 hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu
nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLannu mukhyavAgi mUru rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesuvudakkAgi kannaDada vAkyagaLalli baLasuttEvembudannu hindina adhyAyadalli nODiddEve.
vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLannu baLasalAguttade, ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuvudakkAgi kriyApadagaLannu baLasa lAguttade mattu guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi guNapadagaLannu baLasalAguttade embudAgi vAkyagaLalli I mUru padavagragaLigiruva kelasagaLannu sUkShmavAgi sUcisabahudu.
I mUru kelasagaLalli vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva kAryavannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLa mUlaka naDesalu sAdhyavide. Adare uLida eraDu kelasagaLalli (endare ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuva mattu guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuva kelasa gaLalli) intaha vayvidhyateyilla. (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT 2002, 2004 nODi).
bhASheyalli baruva nAmapadagaLellavU viSiShTavAdondu vyakti, vastu illavE viShayadondige rUDhiyinda sambandhisiruttave. hAgAgi, avu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka mAtravE vyakti, vastu modalAdu vannu gurutisaballuvu.
idu oLaracaneyillada mara, kallu modalAda nAmapadagaLige mAtravalla, kaTTaDa, meTTalu, hodike, kalliddalu, cikkamma modalAda oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLigU anvayisuvantaha sangati. yAkendare, oLaracaneyiddarU adara mUlaka I nAmapadagaLa arthavannu sampUrNavAgi tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.
udAharaNegAgi, cikkamma padakke oLaracaneyiddu, cikka mattu amma emba eraDu padagaLu adara angagaLAgi bandive. Adare, I oLaracaneya sahAyadinda A padada arthavannu sampUrNavAgi tiLiyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
kannaDadalli cikkamma pada tAyiya tangiyannu sUcisuttadeyallade, tAyiginta ellA viShayagaLallU cikkavaLAgiruva hengasannu sUcisuvu dilla. Ake nanTinalli mAtra tAyiginta cikkavaLallade vayassinallAgalI illavE gAtradallAgalI cikkavaLAgirabEkAgilla.
hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba I eraDu vidhAnagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu tiLiyalu keLagina vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.
rAjuvige ondu kempu Toppi sikkide
(1) (2) agasa kattege hoDeyuttiddAne
(1)nE vAkyadalli sigu kriyApada ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuttade. rAju nAmapada A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva (endare ondu Toppi yannu paDediruva) obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade. Toppi nAmapada
adE ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva (endare rAjuvige doretiruva) ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttade.
idallade adE vAkyadalli kempu guNapada Toppi nAmapadondige adara viSEShaNavAgi bandiddu, ondu guNadharmavannu sUcisuttade, mattu A guNadharmada mUlaka adu A nAmapadada arthavannu kaDime mADuttade. kempu Toppi embudu kelavu ToppigaLannu (kempu baNNadavugaLannu) mAtra varNisaballudAda kAraNa adara vyApti barI Toppi padakkiruva vyAptiginta kaDime.
I mElina kAraNagaLigAgi, (1)nE vAkyadalli rAju nAmapada obba vyaktiyannu hesarisuvudara mUlaka gurutisuttade mattu kempu Toppi nAmapadakante ondu vastuvannu varNisuvudara mUlaka gurutisuttade endu hELalu sAdhyavide.
rAju padakke oLaracaneyembudillavAda kAraNa adu obba vyaktiyannu hesarisaballudallade varNisalAradu. Adare kempu Toppi embudakke oLaracaneyiddu, antaha racaneya AdhArada mEle adakke artha hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi I arthada mUlaka adu ondu vastuvannu varNisi gurutisaballudu.
rAju, hari, bengaLUru, ajit, modalAda ankita nAmagaLu mAtravallade mara, giDa, katte, kallu modalAda rUDhanAmagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka mAtravE obba vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisaballuvu. yAkendare, intaha rUDhanAmagaLigU oLaracane yembudillavAda kAraNa avugaLa mUlaka varNaneyondannu paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva (2)nE vAkyadalli agasa mattu katte emba eraDu rUDhanAmagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka anu kramavAgi obba vyakti mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttave. varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisabEkiddalli adakkAgi oLaracaneyiruva padagaLannu baLasuvudu atyavaSya. yAkendare oLaracaneyiruva padagaLa mUlaka mAtra varNaneyondannu paDeyalu sAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi, nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli kelavu kriyApadagaLa illavE guNapadagaLa rUpagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyaviddu avu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuva kelasavannu naDesaballuvu.
(4) avana bareyuvike innU mugidilla (5) avana doDDatanavannu ellarU ballaru
guNapadada
(4-5) vAkyagaLalli bare kriyApadada nAmarUpavAgiruva bareyu vike embudu mattu doDDa nAmarUpavAgiruva doDDatana embudu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka anukramavAgi ondu ghaTane yannu mattu ondu guNadharmavannu gurutisive. I padagaLa arthavannu sampUrNavAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya sahAyadinda paDeyalu sAdhya viruva kAraNa, avannu ondu varNaneyalli toDagisalu sAdhyavAgide.
Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, pratyayagaLa mUlaka illavE samAsada mUlaka siddhavAgiruva nAmapadagaLige oLaracaneyiddarU avu I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisalAravu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, avugaLa sariyAda arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneyannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka mAtravE kanDu hiDiyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
nAmapadagaLa mUlaka varNisuva kelasavannu naDesabEkAgiddalli avannu ondu nAmapadakanteya angavannAgi mADi baLasuva avaSyakate yide. mEle (1)nE vAkyadalli koTTiruva kempu Toppi emba nAma padakante I rIti ondu varNaneyannu koTTu, adara mUlaka vastu vondannu gurutisuttide.
nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba I eraDu gurutisuva vidhAnagaLu yAva rItiyalli baLakeyAguttave embudannu innaShTu spaShTavAgi tiLiyabEkiddalli jODupada (samastapada) gaLigU padakantegaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnu embudannu tiLiyu vudu avaSya.
iveraDannU eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyEnO nija; Adare, jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvalli samAsavemba padaracaneya vidhAnavannu baLasalAgide mattu padakante gaLannu tayArisuvalli idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva vAkyaracaneya vidhAnavannu baLasalAgide.
4.1.2 jODupadagaLu mattu padakantegaLu
kannaDadalli jODupadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadinda mattu padakantegaLu varNisuva vidhAnadinda vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave.
I eraDu vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu gamanisada kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu mAvina mara, neremane suddi, keTTa buddhi, biLiya baTTe modalAdavugaLannu samastapada(jODupada)gaLendu karediddAre. nijakkU ivella padakantegaLAgiddu varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAgu ttavallade hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguvudilla.
nAmapadagaLigiruva oLaracaneyembudu nijakkU avugaLa caritrege sambandhisida viShaya. yAvudO ondu kAladalli hosa padavondannu sxShTi mADuva avaSyakate mUDibandAga bhASheyalli baLakeyalliruva ondu padakke pratyayavondannu sErisi, illavE bErondu padavannu sErisi, hosa padavondannu siddhagoLisirabEku. anantara adu janara mAtinalli mattu baravaNigeyalli baLakege bandu bhASheya padavAgira bEku.
nijakkU intaha oLaracaneyiruva padagaLannu baLasuvavarige avugaLa oLaracaneyentahadu emba viShaya tiLidirabEkendEnU illa. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mEle sUcisida hAge I padagaLa arthavannu itara oLaracaneyillada padagaLa hAge avugaLa baLakeya AdhArada mElEnE tiLidukoLLabEkAguttadallade avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisuvudu kaShTasAdhya.
kelavu sandabhragaLalli mAtra intaha oLaracaneya sahAyadinda ondu padada arthavannu Uhisalu sAdhyavAgabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, jalajanaka padakke oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle ‘nIrannu unTu mADuvantahadu’ emba arthavannu koDalu sAdhyavide. Adare bariya I arthada sahAyadinda adu yAva vastuvannu gurutisuttade endu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
adu ondu rItiya anilavannu sUcisuttade emba viShaya tiLidide yAdarU jalajanaka mattu AmlajanakagaLemba eraDu rItiya anilagaLu I ‘nIrannu unTumADuva’ kelasadalli baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, jalajanaka pada A eraDu anilagaLalli modalaneyadannu gurutisuttade
embudannu kannaDadalli A padada baLakeyentahadu embudannu tiLididdare mAtra hELalu sAdhya.
padakantegaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. adara angagaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa arthavannAdharisi adara artha vEnembudannu tiLiyalu sAdhyavide mattu A arthavannavalambisi adu entaha vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuttade embudannu tiLiyalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi hosabaTTe embudu kannaDadalli ondu padakante yAgiddu, adu varNisuva kriyeya mUlaka vastuvondannu gurutisu ttade. hosadAgiruva yAva baTTeyannu bEkiddarU I padakanteya mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavide. padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka siddhavAgiruva padagaLU I viShayadalli jODupadagaLa hAgeyE endu hELa bEkAguttade. yAkendare, avugaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneya sahAyadinda sampUrNavAgi mattu sariyAgi paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. bhASheyalli avugaLa baLakeyentahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka mAtravE avugaLa sariyAda arthavannu paDeyalu sAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi meTTalu padavannu meTTu kriyApadakke alu pratyayavannu sErisi racisalAgideyendu namage tiLididdarU adarinda A pada nijakkU sUcisuva vastu entahadu embudannu sariyAgi Uhisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, alu pratyayakke bEre bEre sandabhragaLalli bEre bEre arthagaLannu koDuva Saktiyide. meTTalu padadalli I alu pratyaya ondu jAgavannu sUcisu ttade, kemmalu padadalli ondu kriyeyannu sUcisuttade mattu bILalu padadalli ondu kriyeya mUlaka paDediruva vastuvannu sUcisuttade.
samskxtada nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli intaha hesarisuva mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa bahaLa maTTige naSisihOgide. samskxta mAtina bhASheyAgi munduvariyade bariya barahada bhAShe yAgi uLidiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabEku.
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxtadalli jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve arthada maTTige heccina baLakegaLallU vyatyAsavEnU kANisuvu dilla. angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli koneyadannu biTTu uLidavu
gaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu lOpagoLisi baLasidAgalella samskxtadalli jODupada siddhisuttade.
4.2 kxt mattu taddhita pratyayagaLu
samskxta bhASheya innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, adaralli baLake yAguva padagaLalli heccu kaDime ellavannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. idakke diS ‘dikku’, yuddha ‘yuddha’, pad ‘kAlu’, mah ‘doDDa’ modalAda kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLannu mAtra kANalu sAdhyavide.
endare, oLaracaneyillada padagaLalli heccukaDime ellavU samskxta dalli kriyAdhAtugaLAgive. antaha padagaLalli kelavu mAtra (mEle sUcisida hAge) nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttaveyAvAdarU ‘sonne’ pratyayavannu baLasuva mUlaka avannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi samskxtadalli dhAtu padavannu kriyAdhAtu emba arthadallEnE baLasuvudu rUDhi.
kannaDadallU halavAru nAmapadagaLannu mattu guNapadagaLannu kriyAdhAtugaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka paDeyalu sAdhya videyAdarU, A rIti paDeyalu sAdhyavilladantaha nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli halavive.
udAharaNegAgi, mara, hU, kallu, karu, kAlu, hallu, nAru, nore modalAda halavAru nAmapadagaLannu mattu hiri, hALu, teLu, naDu modalAda halavu guNapadagaLannu kannaDadalli kriyAdhAtugaLinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
hAgAgi, kannaDada dhAtugaLannella samskxtada hAge kriyAdhAtugaLemba ondE vagradalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. idakke badalu, avannu sandabhrakke takka hAge kriyAdhAtu, nAmadhAtu, mattu guNa dhAtu embudAgi mUru vagragaLalli vingaDisabEkAguttade.
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLagina nAmapadagaLu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttave.
nAmapadagaLu svapna kShEtra
‘kanasu’
kriyAdhAtugaLu svap
‘kanasu kANu’ ‘vAsavAgiru’
dakSha vxddha vxh
‘tenka, bala’ ‘mudi’ ‘billu’ ‘mara’ ‘haLe’
‘cUpu mADu’ ‘samarthanAgiru’ ‘beLe’ ‘tayArisu’ ‘jOrAgi hOgisu’ ‘beLe’ ‘bhETi mADu’ ‘haLeyadAgu’
vxddha dhanu vxkSha
mEle koTTiruva samskxtada nAmapadagaLannella kriyAdhAtugaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka racisalAgide. Adare avakke arthagaLAgi koTTiruva kannaDada nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLalli ondannU I rIti kriyAdhAtuvininda tayArisilla.
samskxta nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli kANisuva I guNadharmavannu AdhAravAgirisi, avannu vayyAkaraNigaLu kxdanta, taddhitAnta mattu samAsa embudAgi mUru vagragaLalli vingaDisuttAre. kriyAdhAtu gaLige pratyayavondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu kxdantagaLu; A rIti tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLige bErondu (taddhita) pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu taddhitAnta gaLu; mattu eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu samAsagaLu (jODupadagaLu).
mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli heccukaDime ellA padagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa intaha vibhajane A bhASheya vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgide.
Adare kannaDada nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLalli halavannu A rIti kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa, kxdanta, taddhitAnta mattu samAsagaLemba nAmapadagaLa vibhajane kannaDakke anukUlavAdu
hIgiddarU kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU samskxtada A vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddAre. adakke oLagAgadantaha padagaLannu mAtra kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu nAma emba nAlkaneya padavagradalli sErisi, kannaDadalli kxdanta, taddhitAnta, samAsa mattu nAma emba nAlku padavagragaLiveyundu hELiddAre.
taddhita
sEruva
kriyApadagaLige sEruva pratyayagaLannella kxtpratyayagaLendu mattu pratyayagaLendu pratyayagaLannella nAmapadagaLige parigaNisuva innondu vidhAnavannU kelavaru kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu anusarisiruvudu kanDubaruttade.
idU ondu maTTige samskxta vyAkaraNada anukaraNeyE. yAkendare, samskxtadalli heccukaDime ellA nAmapadagaLannU kriyA dhAtuvige pratyayavondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. hAgAgi, avugaLa (endare nAmapadagaLa) anantara baruva pratyayagaLella samskxtadalli taddhita pratyayagaLAguttave (endare ‘modalaneya’ pratyayavAgiruvudilla).
Adare kannaDadalli kriyAdhAtugaLinda tayArisillavAda nAmapada gaLU bEkAdaShTive. hAgAgi, nAmapadagaLondige baruva pratyayagaLalli heccinavU kannaDadalli modalaneya pratyayagaLE. endare, I eraDaneya vidhAnavannu baLasuvavaru samskxtada kxt mattu taddhita emba pAribhAShika padagaLige modalaneya mattu anantarada pratyayagaLemba samskxta vyAkaraNadalliruva arthakkinta bEreyE arthavannu koDa bEkAgide.
Adare intaha tEpe kelasa kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige tIrA asamaprakavAdudembudaralli samSayavilla.
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsavU mElina vibhajane kannaDada maTTige anukUlavallavembudannu tOrisi koDuttade. kannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi baDava, kaLavu, nOvu, baraha, biruku modalAda ondE ondu pratyayavannoLagonDiruva sAdhita padagaLE jAsti. eraDu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva tiLuvaLike, baravaNige, billugArike embantaha sAdhita padagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa kaDime.
idakke viruddhavAgi, samskxtadalli eraDu athavA jAsti pratyaya gaLannoLagonDiruva padagaLu bEkAdaShTive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
man
kxdanta
kartx
taddhitAnta kartxtva matimat
f Suc
pxth pxthu
dEva
buddhi
jYAna
pArthiva dayva buddhimat jYAnin vAgmin
padagaLannu
samskxtadalli baruva oLaracaneyiruva kxdanta, taddhitAnta mattu samAsa embudAgi vingaDisidAga heccu kaDime ondE pramANada mUru padavagragaLu siddhavAguttave.
Adare kannaDadalli pratyayagaLiruva heccina padagaLallU ondE pratyaya kANisuvudAda kAraNa, mElina samskxta vyAkaraNada niyama vannu baLasidalli heccina padagaLannU ‘kxdanta’ emba ondE vagradalli sErisabEkAguttade. taddhitAnta emba vagradalli sErisalu kelavE kelavu padagaLu mAtra uLiyuttave. kannaDada nAmapadagaLannu vibhajisalu bEreyE AdhAravannu baLasuvudu oLLeyadennuvudakke idU ondu
4.3 padada modalu mattu anantara baruva pratyayagaLu
kannaDadalli baruva pratyayagaLellavU padada anantara baruvavugaLu (meccu-ge, naDa-te, aLi-vu, baDa-va, gAN-iga). I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. yAkendare, samskxtadalli pratyayagaLu padada modalU baraballuvu (pra-kxti, pra-bhAva, vi-nASa, a- bhAva, a-satya), anantaravU baraballuvu (rasa-rasika, naTa-naTi, pada-padya, sanyAsi-sanyAsini).
kannaDadalliyU hejjEnu, hingAlu, kemmaNNu, innUru modalAda padagaLalli jEnu, kAlu, maNNu, nUru modalAda padagaLa modalu baruva hej, him, kem, in embantaha ‘pratyaya’gaLiveyendu kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu vAdisiddAre (SrIdhar 1995 nODi).
modalAdavugaLu
jODupadagaLendu
Adare ivannu pratyayagaLendu hELuva badalu padagaLendu hELi, hejjEnu parigaNisuvudE oLLeyadendu bEre kelavaru vAdisiddAre (tirumalES 1997 nODi). kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLU hIgeyE hELiddAre.
idallade, intaha padagaLalli avugaLa modalige baruva amSagaLu (hej, him, kem, in modalAdavu) pratyayagaLendu hELidalli ibbaru embantaha kelavu padagaLu eraDu pratyayagaLa sErikeyinda (endare dhAtuvilladeyE) tayArAgiveyendu hELabEkAdItu.
sAmAnyavAgi pratyayagaLannu padagaLige illavE dhAtugaLige sErisi hosa padagaLannu tayArisuttEvallade eraDu pratyayagaLannu mAtravE ondaroDanondannu sErisi padagaLannu tayArisuva kramavilla.
4.4 nAmapadagaLa racane
kannaDada nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige, guNapadagaLige illavE itara nAmapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi daNi kriyApadakke vu pratyayavannu sErisi daNivu nAmapadavannU, baDa guNapadakke va pratyayavannu sErisi baDava nAmapadavannU, gANa nAmapadakke iga pratyayavannu sErisi gANiga nAmapadavannU tayArisalAgide. I rIti kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruvantaha nAmapadagaLE kannaDadalli jAsti. mEle sUcisiruva hAge, nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyembudu mukhya vAgi avugaLa caritreyannavalambisiruttade. padavondannu hosadAgi tayArisi baLakege tandAga entaha padaracaneya niyamavannu anusarisa lAgittu embudE adara oLaracanege AdhAravAguttade.
sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuvAga illavE avugaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuvAga avugaLa oLaracane heccineDegaLallU jAsti sahAyakavAguvudilla. padagaLige rUDhiyalli entaha arthavide embudu mAtravE avugaLa baLakege mattu arthakke AdhAravAgaballudu. udAharaNegAgi hAsu kriyApadakkU hAsuge nAmapadakkU naDu viruva sambandha, teru kriyApadakkU terige nAmapadakkU naDuviruva sambandha, illavE miDi kriyApadakkU miDite nAmapadakkU hELa bahudu. naDuviruva sambandha I nAmapadagaLannu (hAsuge, terige mattu miDite embavu gaLannu) baLasuvAga namma gamanakke baruvudu aparUpavendE rUDhimUlavAda arthada sahAyadindalEnE nAvu avannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuttEve mattu bEre yArAdarU avannu baLasidAga avakke artha koDuttEve. I rIti padagaLa oLaracane avugaLa dinanityada baLakege avaSya villavAda kAraNa, sAmAnyavAgi adu bahaLa aniyamitavAgiruvudE jAsti. idallade nAmapadagaLalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra kANisuttiddu, avugaLa svarUpa mattu artha iveraDU bahaLa maTTige aniyamitavAgiruttave.
I kAraNakkAgi oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLannu vyAkaraNagaLalli varNisuvAga avugaLalli baruva pratyayagaLa paTTiyannaShTE koDalu sAdhyavAguttade. antaha pratyayagaLondige baruva padagaLu, A padagaLalli illavE pratyayagaLalli unTAguva sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu, mattu avugaLa mUlaka tayArAgaballa padagaLa artha ivellavannU paTTi mADiyE hELabEkAguttade. I kAraNakkAgi kelavaru vayyA karaNigaLu padagaLa oLaracaneyembudu arthakOSada angavallade vyAkaraNada angavalla embudAgiyU vAdisiddAre. pratyayagaLa mUlaka sAdhitavAguva nAmapadagaLa oLaracane I rIti aniyamitavAgiruvudAda kAraNa adannu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa mUlaka vivarisi hELuvudu kaShTasAdhya. avugaLa hinde niyamagaLiruva badalu barE kelavu ‘olavu’gaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade. I olavugaLannu niyamarUpadalli varNisidarU avugaLalli pratiyondakkU ondalla ondu apavAdavillade iruvudilla.
vyAkaraNada itara racanegaLiginta sAdhita padagaLa racane I ondu viShayadalli tIrA bhinnavAgide. sAdhita nAmapadagaLannu mattu avugaLa arthavannu arthakOSagaLalli koDabEkAgiruvudu idE kAraNakkAgi. udAharaNegAgi kannaDada padaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva ike-ige pratyayada svarUpavEnembudannu pariSIlisabahudu.
4.5 ike-ige pratyaya
kannaDada nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLalli ike-ige embudu mukhyavAdudu. I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAgaballa
nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli halaviddu, avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva olavannu kelavu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa mUlaka vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, ivu nijakkU niyamagaLalla, olavugaLu mAtra - endare avugaLalli pratiyondakkU sAkaShTu apavAdagaLive embudannu illi nenapinallirisikoLLabEku.
I pratyayavannu mukhyavAgi kriyApadagaLige sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu (baLalu-baLalike, oppu-oppige, hiDi-hiDike, koDu-koDuge). idakke ike, ige, ke mattu ge embudAgi nAlku rUpagaLive. ivugaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva niyama(olavu)gaLa mUlaka vivarisabahudu.
- sAmAnyavAgi ukArAnta kriyApadagaLa anantara I pratyayakke ike rUpavide.
baLalu hELu
baLalike hELike
- ukArAnta kriyApadagaLalli eraDE akSharagaLiddu modalanE akSharadalli baruva svara hrasvavAgideyAdare avugaLa anantara baruva I pratyayakke ige illavE ge rUpavide. Adare, ivugaLalli ige embudu elli baruttade mattu ge embudu elli baruttade emba viShayadalli niyamavannu mADalu sAdhya vAguvudilla.
muccu muttu koDu meccu
muccige muttige koDuge meccuge
mEle koTTiruva niyamakke nAcu-nAcuge, ELu-ELige embantaha kelavu apavAdagaLU ive.
- su illavE isu pratyayadalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara I pratyayakke ke rUpavide. I kriyApadagaLa koneya su akShara mElina pratyaya paravAdAga lOpagoLLuttade.
bayasu
harasu turisu gadarisu
bayake harake
pratyaya
tayArisalu
nAmapadagaLannu
koneya ekAra I
- ikArAnta kriyApadagaLa anantara idakke ge rUpavide (suli-sulige, holi-holige); Adare, hiDike embudaralli idakke ke rUpavide.
- ekArAnta kriyApadagaLa anantara idakke ke rUpaviddu kriyApadada sEridAga akAravAguttade (moLe-moLake); I niyamakkU hode- hodike, naDe-naDuge embantaha apavAdagaLive.
- I pratyayavannu kannaDadalli baruva ellA kriyApadagaLigU sErisi sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi mADu, kudi, bare, duDuku, tirugu modalAda halavAru kriyApadagaLige idannu sErisi nAma padagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAva kriyApadagaLondigella adu I rIti sEruttade, mattu yAva kriyApadagaLondige sEruvudilla embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli entaha padagaLella kannaDadalli baLakeyallive embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEkAguttade.
- I pratyayada mUlaka siddhavAda nAmapadagaLige entaha arthavide, adakkU kriyApadada arthakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannU rUDhiya AdhArada mEle mAtravE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi, anjike embudu ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudAdare, moLake embudu ondu ghaTaneyinda siddhavAda vastuvannu sUcisuttade mattu hodike embudu
ondu ghaTaneyannu sAdhisalu bEkAguva karaNavannu sUcisu
- heggaLike, tiLuvaLike modalAda kelavu padagaLalli I pratyaya vaLi emba bErondu pratyayada anantara baruttade.
-
billugArike, SrImantike modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva ike pratyaya mElina pratyayakkinta bhinnavAdudu. idu nAmapadagaLa anantara baruttiddu, samskxtada ika pratyayakke (kShaNa-kShaNika, takra-tAkrika) sambandhisidudirabEku.
ellA kriyApadagaLigU sErisalu sAdhyaviruvantaha ike emba innondu pratyaya kannaDadallide. idu mElina pratyayakkinta bhinna vAdudu. I pratyayavannu kriyApadakke sErisuvudara mUlaka ondu nAmapadavannu tayArisuva badalu, nAmapadada jAgadalli baraballa ondu kriyArUpavannu (kriyApadada nAmarUpavannu) tayArisuttEve embudE idakkU mElina ike-ige pratyayakkU naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsa.
endare, I ike embudu ondu ‘padarUpa’ pratyaya mattu mEle vivarisida ike-ige embudu ondu ‘padapratyaya’. I kAraNakkAgi, I eraDu pratyayagaLa naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLiveyembudannu gamanisa bahudu.
ka. mEle sUcisida hAge, ike padarUpa pratyayavannu yAva kriyApadadondige bEkiddarU sErisi hELabahudu (mADu vike, kudiyuvike, bareyuvike, duDukuvike, tiruguvike). samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva kriyApadagaLondigU adannu sErisi hELabahudu (rakShisuvike, SikShisuvike, anu matisuvike, virOdhisuvike). kha. ellA baLakegaLallU adakke ike emba ondE rUpavide. Adare I pratyaya sEridAga ukArAnta kriyApadagaLa kone yalli vakArAgamavU mattu ekArAnta hAgU ikArAnta kriyApadagaLa koneyalli yuv embudara AgamavU kANisu
hogaLuvike
hAsuvike hELuvike
hiDiyuvike
iLiyuvike koLeyuvike
hogaLu hAsu
hELu
koLe
ga. ellA baLakegaLallU adakke kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu gurutisi hELuvantaha ondE arthavide. gha. I pratyayada baLakeyannu ondu vyAkaraNaniyamada mUlaka varNisalu sAdhyavide. padapratyayagaLa hAge niyamada badalu ‘olava’nnu baLasuva avaSyakateyilla.
ike padarUpa pratyayakkU ike-ige padapratyayakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
kriyApada ike (padarUpapratyaya) koDu nAcu holi moLe bayasu
kettu hAsu
koDuvike teruvike
nAcuvike
holiyuvike moLeyuvike bayasuvike kettuvike
hAsuvike
hiDiyuvike
ike-ige (padapratyaya)
koDuge
nAcuge holige moLake bayake hAsuge
kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu sAdhisalu ike-ige emba I pratyayada hAgeyE kannaDadalli bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLu baLake yAguttave. Adare avugaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu kriyApada gaLondige mAtrabaraballuvu. idallade avugaLa baLake ike-ige embu dakkintalU jAsti aniyamitavAdudu.
udAharaNegAgi ta pratyayavannu ikArAnta kriyApadadondige baLasi kuNita, hiDita, duDita modalAda nAmapadagaLannU, ekArAnta
kriyApadadondige baLasi aleta, negeta, odeta modalAduvannU tayArisabahudu; gu illavE Du akSharadalli konegoLLuva kriyA padagaLige a pratyayavannu sErisi (kriyApadada koneya ukAravannu lOpagoLisi mattu gakAra-DakAragaLannu kakAra-TakAragaLannAgi mADi) naDuka, tiruka, maruka, ATa, OTa, nOTa, hOrATa modalAda kelavu nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu. (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2002 nODi). nAmapadagaLannu I rIti bEre bEre rItiya padapratyayagaLannu sErisi kriyApadagaLinda mAtravallade guNapadagaLinda mattu itara nAmapadagaLindalU tayArisalu sAdhyavide (hosa-hosatu, jANa- jANme, okkalu-okkaliga, mUgu-mUguti).
4.6 kriyApadagaLa racane
kannaDada nAmapadagaLa hAge kriyApadagaLannU oLaracaneyiruvavugaLu mattu illadavugaLu embudAgi eraDu vagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLa arthavannu heccina sandabhragaLallU nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi hangisu, biDisu, tunDisu, hesarisu modalAda oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLannu hangu, biDu, tunDu, hesaru modalAda nAmapadagaLige isu pratyayavannu sErisi racisalAgiddu, avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyinda paDeyabahudu. I niyamakke kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLiruvudu nijavAdarU antaha apavAdagaLannu ‘nuDigaTTu’gaLembudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.
oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva hesaru mattu varNane emba bhEda oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisa diruvudE avugaLa baLakeyalli nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha aniyamitateyilladiralu mukhya kAraNa. kannaDadalli ‘kriyAsamAsa’vemba ondu viSiShTavAda samAsavide yendu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. Adare I AbiprAyakke AdhAravAgi avaru koDuva maravEru, kaymugi, kanasukANu modalAda udAharaNegaLu nijakkU padakantegaLu mAtra, jODupada(samastapada)gaLalla.
kappuhAvu, satta hAvu modalAda padakantegaLalli modalaneya padada anantara vibhakti pratyaya bAradiruvudannu kanDu avannu samAsa gaLendu tappAgi hELiruva hAge illU modalaneya padada anantara (mara, kay, kanasu modalAdavugaLa anantara) vibhakti pratyaya bAradiruvudannu kanDu avannU samAsagaLendu kareyuva tappAda nirNayakke kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu bandiddAre.
kaymugi, maravEru modalAda baLakegaLalli modalaneya padada vibhakti lOpagonDiruvudu kannaDada vAkyaracaneya niyamada AdhArada mElallade, vAkyaracaneya AdhArada mElalla. kriyApadadondige baruva I nAmapadagaLannu vAkyada itara jAgagaLige konDuhOdAga (6nE vAkya nODi), illavE avugaLondige ottihELuva pratyayavondannu baLasidAga (7nE vAkya nODi), A rIti lOpagonDiruva vibhakti pratyaya tirugi kANisikoLLuttade.
(6) (7)
maravannu rAju nALe EruttAne. ninne rAju maravannU Erida.
kaypiDi, bAnuli modalAda jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLannu I rIti vAkyadalli bEre kaDegaLige konDuhOgalu illavE avugaLa naDuve ottihELuva pratyayavannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadembu dannu illi gamanisabEku.
kannaDa kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli pratyayagaLannu baLasiruvudu bahaLa aparUpa. cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgiruva intaha kelavannu mAtra kaLe-kaLacu, ere-eracu, nuNupu-nuNucu embantaha kelavu padayugmagaLalli illavE turuku, doraku, niluku, kuTuku embantaha kelavu kriyApadagaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide.
bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli isu pratyayada baLake yannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi hesarisu, kannaDisu, ottA yisu modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLigU hesaru, kannaDa, ottAya nAmapadagaLigU naDuve intaha sambandhavannu kANabahudu.
idE rItiyalli ettarisu, bOLisu, tampisu kriyApadagaLigU ettara, bOLu, tampu guNapadagaLigU naDuve antahadE sambandha viruva hAge kANisuttade. idallade, gahagahisu, baDabaDisu, capparisu,
kEkarisu modalAda bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLannu aNakisuva padagaLige isu pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida hAge kANisuttade. Adare cAritrikavAgi I isu embudu ondu kriyApadada rUpavE. Agu, ADu, koDu, baru, biDu, kaTTu, bILu, mADu, hAku modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLondige itara kriyApada (athavA kriyA rUpa)gaLannAgalI (kanDubaru, hoDedADu, ODADu, ODibaru, illavAgu) illavE nAmapada athavA guNapadagaLannAgalI (siTTAgu, bErubiDu, mAtukoDu, aDDabILu, kappAgu, suLLAgu) sErisi ‘samyukta kriyApada’gaLannu racisuva krama kannaDadalli baLakeyallide.
illU sAmAnyavAgi I racanegaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneya sahAyadindalEnE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi ivannU jODu pada(samAsa)gaLendu kareyade ‘kUDupada’gaLemba bEreyE ondu rItiya racanegaLendu parigaNisuvudu uttama.
4.7 guNapadagaLa racane
kriyApadagaLa baLakeya hAge guNapadagaLa baLakeyallU hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba prayOgabhEdavilla. Adudarinda, sAmAnya vAgi oLaracaneyiruva guNapadagaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa anga gaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa AdhArada mEle nirdharisalu sAdhyavide.
cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgi kANisuvantaha oLaracanegaLannu paDediruva kelavu guNapadagaLannu mAtra idakke apavAdavAgi kannaDadalli udA harisalu sAdhyavide (kempu, kappu, tampu, nuNupu).
I rIti cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgi kANisuva oLaracanegaLannu biTTare, bEre niyamitavAda oLaracaneyuLLa guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli illavendE hELalU sAdhyavide.
kriyApadagaLannu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare nAmapadagaLige viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi) baLasalu kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLinda guNapada gaLannu tayArisi baLasuva badalu avugaLa kxdantarUpagaLannu baLasuva krama rUDhiyallide (bEyisida baTATe, oNagida kaTTige, hasida huli). idE rItiyalli nAmapadagaLannu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu avugaLa sambandha (ShaShThI) rUpagaLannu baLasuva kramavU kannaDadallide (maNNina koDa, hattiya baTTe, kallina mUtri).
I kAraNakkAgi, niyamitavAda oLaracaneyuLLa guNapadagaLannu kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi samskxtavE modalAda bEre kelavu bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli mAtra kANalu sAdhya.
samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu emba I eraDu rItiya padagaLU ondE padavagrakke sEruttaveyembudannu nAvu hindina adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. Adare, samskxtada padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandAga avugaLalli kelavu nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave mattu bEre kelavu guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave.
udAharaNegAgi, nIli, mukhya, uttama, yOgya modalAdavu gaLu kannaDadalli guNapadagaLAgiyU grAma, kavi, pATha, vidye, sEvaka, yantra modalAdavugaLu nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAguttave.
samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANisuva pada pratyayagaLallU kelavannu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli baLake yAguva pratyayagaLendU mattu innu kelavannu guNapadagaLa racane yalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLendU vibhajisalu sAdhyavide. intaha vyatyAsa samskxtadalli illadiddarU adu kannaDakke avaSyavAda kAraNa, kannaDadalli kANisikoLLuttade.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli te (adhyakSha-adhyakShate, kxtajYa-kxtajYate, ahra-ahrate, aspxSya- aspxSyate), i (adhikAra-adhikAri, ArOpa-ArOpi, viraha- virahi, vyApAra-vyApAri) modalAda kelavu pratyayagaLiruva samskxta nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave.
idakke badalu, ika (dEha-dayhika, lOka-lavkika, vyavahAra- vyAvahArika, vaShra-vAShrika, yantra-yAntrika), Iya (sthaLIya, prEkShaNIya, SlAghanIya, rAShTrIya) modalAda bEre kelavu pratyayagaLiruva samskxta padagaLu kannaDadalli guNapadagaLAgi baLake yAguvudE jAsti. I niyamakkU rasika, mAntrika, vaydika, tAkrika modalAda kelavu apavAdagaLive. sAmAnyavAgi kannaDadalli gaLu
4.8 tiruLu
padagaLa oLaracaneyalli samskxtakkinta kannaDa halavu viShayagaLalli bhinna vAgide. pratyayagaLa mUlaka nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada
gaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli bEre bEre rItiya vidhAnagaLu baLakeyallive.
kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli intaha pratyayaviruva padagaLannella kxt mattu taddhita emba eraDu vagragaLalli vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. idu samskxtada padaracaneya vidhAnavannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisidudara nijakkU kannaDakke idakkinta tIrA bhinnavAda vagrIkaraNada avaSyakate yide. nAmapadagaLannu mukhyavAgi yAva vagrada padagaLinda tayArisa lAgide emba viShayavannAdharisi vagrIkarisuvudE kannaDakke anukUla.
padagaLa oLaracaneya kuritu heccina vivaragaLige kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane emba nanna pustakavannu (bhaT 2002) nODabahudu.