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adhyAya ೬ — nAmapadagaLa svarUpa
nAmapadagaLa svarUpa
೬.೧ nAmapadagaLa vibhajane
haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva nAmapadagaLa vibhajanege eraDu viShayagaLu AdhAravAgaballuvu: avugaLige entaha oLaracaneyide embudu ondu, mattu vAkyadalli baLakeyAguvAga avu entaha guNadharmagaLannella tOrisuttave embudu innondu. ivugaLalli modalaneya viShayavannAdharisi haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLannu hEge vingaDisabahudu embudannu I adhyAyadallU, eraDaneya viShayavannAdharisi hEge vingaDisabahudu embudannu mundina (ELanE) adhyAyadallU pariSIlisalAguvudu.
೬.೧.೧ “linga” padada avaSyakate
samskxtadalli vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu ondE pratyaya sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLannu mAtravallade Ekavacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU A bhASheyalli pratyayada baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, vibhakti-vacana pratyayavannu sErisade yAva nAmapadavannU samskxtada vAkyagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada kAntEna padadalliruva Ena emba txtIyA- Ekavacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva kAnt (illavE kAnta) rUpakke vyAkaraNadalli mAtra sthA navideyallade nijakkU vAkyadalli sthAnavilla. adu vayyAkaraNigaLu kalpisikonDiruva padarUpa mAtra.
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli nAmapadadinda vibhakti-vacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva amSakke bEreyE ondu hesarannu koDuva avaSyakateyide. idannu kelavaru (pANiniyE modalAdavaru) “prAtipadika’ endu karediddAre, mattu bEre kelavaru (jayna vayyAkaraNigaLu) “linga’ endu karediddAre.
haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLalli vacanavannu sUcisuva pratyaya vibhakti yannu sUcisuva pratyayadinda bhinnavAgide; hAgAgi, bahuvacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtra haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLige, vacana pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade. nAmapadadondige yAva pratyayavannU baLasadiddAga adakke Ekavacanada artha baruttade.
kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli nAmapadada padarUpavondarinda vibhakti illavE
I vacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva amSa nAmapadavE Agiruttade. hAgAgi,
haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli “nAmapada’ embudakkinta bhinnavAgiruva “prAtipadika’ illavE “”linga’ emba padavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyE illa.
udAharaNegAgi, oDalam embudarinda am vibhakti pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva oDal embudu, illavE kanasugaL embudarinda gaL bahuvacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva kanasu embudu, iveraDU vAkyagaLalli baraballa nAmapada rUpagaLallade kalpita rUpagaLalla.
hIgiddarU, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “linga’ emba pAribhAShika padada baLakeyAgideyemba kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu adannu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU baLasiddAre.
೬.೧.೨ kxdanta mattu tadditAnta
samskxtadalli kxdanta, tadditAnta mattu samAsa embudAgi mUru vidhada prAtipadikagaLu (lingagaLu) mAtra ive endu hELalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva heccukaDime ellA nAmapadagaLigU mUladalli (kriyA)dhAtuvondannu kANalu sAdhyavide. intaha dhAtuvige ondu illavE heccu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, illavE eraDu athavA heccu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisuvudara mUlaka adara nAmapadagaLannu sAdhisalAguttade.
hAgAgi, samskxtada nAmapadagaLannu (೧) (kriyA)dhAtugaLige ondu pratyayavannu sErisiruva kxdanta, (೨) ondakkinta heccu pratyayagaLannu sErisiruva tadditAnta, mattu (೩) eraDu athavA heccu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisiruva samAsa embudAgi vibhajisalu sAdhyavAgutta je;
haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu idE vibhajaneyannu haLegannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddAre. Adare, haLegannaDa nAmapadagaLa oLaracane samskxtada nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneginta tIra bhinnavAgideyAda kAraNa, tondareyAgide.
(೧) haLegannaDadalli kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadantaha nAmapadagaLu bEkAdaShTive. hAgAgi kxdanta, tadditAnta mattu samAsa emba mUru padavargagaLu mAtravallade, “nAma’ emba nAlkaneya padavargavannU nAmapadagaLa vibhajaneyalli baLasabEkAgide (kESirAjana sU. ೮೨ nODi).
(೨) haLegannaDadalli kriyApadagaLige ondakkinta heccu pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLu bahaLa kaDime. heccina nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyallU ondu padapratyaya mAtra kANisikoLLuttade. Adare, samskxtadalli eraDu athavA heccu padapratyayagaLannu baLasi racisiruva nAmapadagaLu bEkAdaShTive.
I kAraNakkAgi, kxdanta mattu tadditAnta emba samskxtada pAribhAShika padagaLannu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli baLasalAgideyAdarU, avakke bEreyE arthavannu koDabEkAgide. illi ondu mukhyavAda viShayavannu gamanisuvudu avaSya:
sAmAnyavAgi, bhAShegaLalli pada mattu padarUpa embavugaLoLage vyatyAsaviruttade. pratyayagaLa mUlaka ondu padavargakke sErida padagaLinda bErondu padavargakke sEraballa “pada’gaLannAgali, illavE bErondu padavargada kelasadalli baLakeyAguvudidda. rU adE pada vargadalli uLiyuva “padarUpa’gaLannAgali tayArisalu sAdhyavide (೫. ೨.೧ nODi).
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kelasavannu kriyApadagaLu mADuttave, mattu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu nAmapadagaLu mADuttave. kAntakam kArAgxhakke pOdam emba vAkyadalli ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kelasavannu pOgu kriyApada mADuttade, mattu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLannu gurutisuva kelasavannu kAntakam mattu kArAgxham nAmapadagaLu naDesuttave.
Adare, kelavu viSiShTavAda sandarbhagaLalli vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu kriyApadagaLa mUlakavU naDesalu sAdhyavide. haLegannaDadalli idakke eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyAguttave: kriyApadagaLannu avugaLa “nAmarUpa’kke badalAyisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu avannE bErondu “nAmapada’vAgi badalAyisuvudu innondu vidhAna.
udAharaNegAgi, kUradan idan oDDidan “prItisadavanu idannu oDDiddAne’ emba vAkyadalli kUr kriyApadada kUradan nAmarUpada mUlaka obba vyaktiyannu gurutisalAgide, mattu uDeyanuTTu bandam “baTTeyannu dharisi banda’ emba vAkyadalli uDu kriyApadadinda uDe nAmapadavannu tayArisi, adara mUlaka ondu vastu(baTTe)vannu gurutisalAgide.
samskxtada vyAkaraNagaLalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu sAmAnyavAgi kaDegaNisalAgide. hIge mADalu samskxtadalli I vyatyAsa heccina maTTige aLiduhOgiruvudE kAraNavirabEku (೫.೨.೧ nODi). vEdakAlada samskxtadalli I vyatyAsa spaShTavAgi kANisuttittu; Adare, kramENa kAvyagaLa kAlakke baruttiddante, adu aLidu hOguttA bandide.
samskxta bhAShe mAtina baLakeyinda bErpaTTu bariya barahada baLakeyalli mAtra uLidiruvudE intaha bhASheya sahajatege sambandhisida halavu sUkShma vyatyAsagaLu adarinda kANeyAgiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.
mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada vyAkaraNagaLalli kxdanta mattu taddhi tAntagaLembudAgi kriyAdhAtugaLinda sidda vAguva nAmapadagaLannu vibhajisiruvalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisalAgide. siddavAgiruva nAmapadagaLalli pratyayagaLeShTive emba ondu amSakke mAtravE prAdhAnyateyannu koDalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, kriyAdhAtuvige ondE pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisiruva halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu kxdanta emba hesarininda kareyalAgide.
bhU “Agu’ dhAtuvininda tayArAda bhavat, bhaviShyat, bhUta, bhavitavya, bhAva, bhAvin, bhavana modalAdavugaLu, bhI dhAtuvininda tayArAda bhaya, vad dhAtuvininda banda vadana “mukha, viS dhAtuvininda tayArAda vESman “mane’, budh dhAtuvininda tayArAda buddhi, grah dhAtuvininda tayArAda grAhaka, intahavellavU samskxtadalli kxdantagaLendenisuttave.
Adare, haLegannaDadalli kxdanta mattu tadditAnta padagaLannu I arthadalli baLasuvudu aShTondu txptikaravAgalAradu. yAkendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli ondakkinta jAsti pra tyayagaLiruva sAdhita nAmapadagaLu bahaLa kaDime. bahuSaH I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannu (kUradan embantahavannu) kxllingagaLendU, kriyApadagaLinda (illavE nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLinda) sidda vAda nAmapadagaLannu taddi ta lingagaLendU karedirabEku.
Adare, kannaDa kaypiDiyalli (pu. ೧೫) kriyAdhAtugaLige sEruva pratyayagaLannu kxt pratyayagaLendU itara (nAma illavE guNa) dhAtugaLige illavE kxdantagaLige sEruva pratyayagaLannu taddhi ta pratyayagaLendU vibhajisalAgide. I vibhajaneyalli mEle sUcisida pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisalAgide (೬.೧.೩ nODi).
೬.೧.೩ kxllingagaLu
haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kriyApadagaLa bhUta mattu bhaviShyatkAlada nAmarUpagaLannu (nalidam, bEDuvam) mAtra kxlli ೦gagaLendu karediruva hAge kANisuttade (kESirAjana sU. ೮೩ nODi). (bhaTTAkaLankanu dapa pratyayadinda tayArAda rUpavannU ivakke sErisiddAne). mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli ivu spaShTavAgi nAmapadagaLa kelasadalli baLasuvudakkAgi tayArAda kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLallade avugaLinda siddhavAda nAmapadagaLalla. |
idakke badalu, naDuka (kESirAjana sU. ೨೨೪), kEDu (kiDu), IDu (iDu), ATa (ADu) (sU. ೨೨೪) modalAdavugaLalli kriyAdhAtugaLige ondE pratyaya sErideyAdarU, avannu taddhita lingagaLendu kareyalAgide. ivu kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLalla de, avugaLa padarUpagaLalla vembudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
nAmapadagaLa vibhajanegAgi samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE aLavaDisuva prayatna naDesidudarindAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli innondu tappu sambhaviside: haLegannaDada mADida, pEldi, pOda modalAda kxdantagaLu samskxtada kxta, ukta, gata modalAda kxdantagaLinda eraDu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive.
modalaneyadAgi, samskxtadalli ivannu kriyApadakke ta emba ondu pratyayavannu mAtravE sErisi tayArisalAgide; Adare haLegannaDadalli ivannu kriyApadakke hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d pratyayavannu mattu sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu
sErisi tayArisalAgide. kESirAjanu hELida hAge (sU. ೮೨), bhUta kAlada kriyArUpagaLinda AgamavannuLisikonDu AkhyAta pratyayavannu tegedAga I rUpagaLu labhisuvudilla.
eraDaneyadAgi, samskxtadalli kxdantagaLu nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyaballuvu; hAgAgi, avannu lingagaLendAgali, illa vE prAtipadikagaLendAgali kareyuvudaralli tondareyilla. Adare, haLegannaDadalli ivu nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyalAravu. yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli ivu kriyApadavannu nAmapadadondige sambandhisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva padarUpagaLu (endare, kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLu). ivakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkiddalli, modalige linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an, aL, ar, udu, uvu emba pratyayagaLallo ೦dannu sErisi avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade (೪.೨.೧ nODi).
೬.೧.೪ guNapadagaLu
samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu (guNavAcakagaLu) nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyaballuvu (೪.೨.೨ nODi). hAgAgi, avannu “linga’gaLendu kareyuvudaralli tondareyilla. Adare, haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige barabEkiddalli, avakke modalige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.
sarvanAma mattu sankhyAvAcakagaLa baLakeyallU intahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuttade: samskxtadalli ivellavannU nAmapadavemba ondE vargadalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide; Adare, haLegannaDadalli ivakke nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDu vargagaLige sEraballa rUpagaLive. itara guNapadagaLa hAge, ivugaLallU guNarUpagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmarUpagaLannu paDeyabEkAguttade (೬.೨ nODi).
I ellA sandarbhagaLallU samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu nEravAgi kannaDakke aLavaDisuva prayatnavannu naDesiruvudarindAgi haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu eDaviddAre embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.
೬.೨ kxllingagaLa svarUpa
mEle (೬.೧.೩)ralli sUcisida hAge, kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannu endare vAkyagaLalli nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballa kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLannu, “kxllinga’gaLendu kareyalAgide. haLegannaDadalli ivu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLAgiddu, ivakkUkriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLigU naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide embudannu nAvu (೬.೧.೩)ralli nODiruvevu.
kriyApadagaLa guNarUpavannu sAdhisalu avugaLondige sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu baLasabEkAguttade. idallade, I kriyArUpagaLalli hindina illavE mundina samayavannu sUcisuva pratyaya, athavA allagaLeyuva pratyaya barabEkAguttade.
kaTTida kaTTugaL kaTTuva kaTTugaL kaTTada kaTTugaL
kaTTu kriyApadada guNarUpavannu tayArisuvudakkAgi illi adakke d, v illavE ad pratyayavannu sErisalAgide, mattu adara baLika a pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.
intaha kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga avugaLa nAmarUpa siddhi suttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(೧ka) pOdaran oDagonDu baral pOdar…. (೮.೪೫) “hOdavarannu karedukonDu baralu hOdavaru…’
(೧kha) pea pinguvanam muridaDasi piDidu (೧೩.೩೦) “hindakke hOguvavanannu hindirugi hiDidu’
(೧ga) kUradan idan oDDidan (೩.೪) “idannu prItisadavanu oDDiddAne’
(೧ka)dalli pOgu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavAda pOda embudakke linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar pratyayavannu sErisida mElEnE vibhakti pratyayavannu (an embudannu) sErisalAgide. idE rItiyalli, (೧kha)dalli pingu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavAda pinguva embudakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an pratyayavannu sErisida mElEnE an pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.
intaha prayOgagaLalli kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpa(guNarUpa)kke linga- vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisalAguttadallade, nEravAgi kriyApadagaLige samaya pratyaya illavE allagaLeyuva pratyayavannu sErisi, adakke I pratyayagaLannu sErisalAguvudilla embudannu (೧ga)dalli kANisuva baLake spaShTapaDisuttade. illi kUr kriyApadakke allagaLeyuva pratyaya mattu sambandhisuva pratyayagaLeraDannU sErisiruva kUrada emba rUpakke linga-vacana pratyayavannu (an embudannu) sErisalAgide.
idu nEravAgi kriyApadakke allagaLeyuva pratyayavannu, mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an pratyayavannu sErisiruva kriyArUpakkinta bhinnavAgide embudannu (೧gha)dalli kANabahudu.
(೧gha) A ghaTasambhavam enage kUrpudan ninage kUran (೧೨.೩೬) “A drONAcAryanu nannannu prItisuvaShTu ninnannu prItisalilla
(೧gha)dalli bandiruva kUran embudu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpa. idaralli kUr kriyApadakke allagaLeyuva a pratyayavannu mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an pratyayavannu
(೧ga)dalli bandiruva kUradan embudu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva kxllinga (nAmarUpa). adaralli kUr kriyApadadondige alla gaLeyuva ad pratyaya bandiddu, adarondige sambandhisuva a pratyayavU bandide, mattu adara anantara linga-vacana pratyaya an bandide.
I allagaLeyuva ad pratyaya sambandhisuva a pratyayadondige mAtra baruttade embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.
haLegannaDada oL (uL) kriyApadada kriyArUpagaLannu mattu kxllinga rUpagaLannu sAdhisuvallU I vyatyAsavannu spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. I kriyApadakke, oLan, oLar, oLen, oLay modalAda kriyArUpagaLiddu, ivannu oL kriyApadakke nEravAgi AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide. I kriyApadadondige samaya pratyaya baruvudilla (೧೧.೫ nODi).
I kriyApadada kxllinga rUpagaLu (uLLan, uLLar, uLLaL modalAdavu) mEle koTTiruva kriyArUpagaLinda bhinnavAgive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(೨5) makkaLenagayvar oLar (೩.೨೬) “nanage ayvaru makkaLiddA re”
(೨kha) raNarangadoL uLLarella rum maDidoDam (೧೩.೮೩) “(uLidu) iruvavarellarU raNarangadalli satta rU’
(೨ka)dalli oL (uL) kriyApadada kriyArUpa (oLar) bandide, mattu (೨kha)dalli adE kriyApadada kxllinga rUpa (uLLar) bandide.
I vyatyAsavannu vivarisuvudakkAgi oLan, oLar modalAda kriyArUpagaLannu nEravAgi kriyApadakke AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka sAdhisabEkAguttade, mattu uLLan, uLLar modalAda kxlliga rUpagaLannu I kriyApadada uLLa “iruva’ sambandhisuva rUpakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva mUlaka tayArisabEkAguttade.
೬.೨.೧ linga-vacana pratyaya
kxllingagaLalli kANisuva linga-vacana pratyayakkU, kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva ghaTakavannu sUcisuva “AkhyAta’ pratyayakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu ivannu sariyAgi gamanisiruva hAge kANisuvudilla.
(೧) mEle sUcisida hAge, linga-vacana pratyaya kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpada anantara baruttade; Adare, ghaTakavannu sUcisuva pratyaya nEravAgi hindina mattu mundina samayada pratyayagaLa anantara, illavE allagaLeyuva pratyayada anantara baruttade. mADuvan “mADuvavanu’ nAmarUpa (kxllinga) mattu mADuvan “mADuttAne’ kriyArUpa iveraDU ondE rIti iveyAdarU, eraDaneyadarallilla
dantaha sambandhisuva a pratyayavondu modalaneyadarallide endu hELuva avaSyakateyide.
I vyatyAsa allagaLeyuva kxllingarUpadalli bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANisuttade embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. mADu kriyApadada allagaLeyuva rUpagaLallU I vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu. mADadan “mADadavanu’ emba allagaLeyuva nAmarUpa mADan “mADalikkilla ‘emba allagaLeyuva kriyArUpakkinta tIra bhinnavAgide.
(೨) linga-vacana pratyayagaLu puruShabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla; Adare, ghaTakavannu sUcisuva “AkhyAta’ pratyayagaLu puruShabhEdavannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu:
(೩) indu modalAgire penDirembaroL kUDuvan allen (೧.೭೩) “(nAnu) I dina modalAgi hengasu ennuvavaralli kUDuvavanu alla’
(೩)nE vAkyadalli kUDuvan kxllingarUpa uttamapuruSha vyaktiyannu (endare A vAkyada ADuganannu) sUcisuttideyAdarU, adaralli pullinga Ekavacanada an pratyaya bandide. I vyakti hengasAdare intaha kxllingadalli aL pratyayavU (An kUDuvaL allen), mattu ADuganondige bErondu vyakti sErideyAdare (bahuvacanavAdare) ar pratyayavU (Am kUDuvar allem) baLakeyAgabEkAguttade.
madhyamapuruSha vyaktiyannu (kELuganannu) sUcisuva sandarbhadallU idE rItiyalli kxllingadondige baruva linga-vacana pratyaya puruSha bhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla; adu linga-vacana bhEdavannu mAtra sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, nIn kUDuvan allay embudannu antaha vyakti ganDusAgiruvAga baLasalAguttade, mattu nIn kUDuvaL allay embudannu hengusAgiruvAga baLasalAguttade. I rUpagaLu mEle koTTiruva uttama puruSha padadondige baruva rUpagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.
Adare, kriyArUpagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu uttama puruSha illa vE madhyama puruShagaLalli lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla; avu puruSha mattu vacanabhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttave. uttama puruShada vyakti hengasAdarU sariyE, ganDasAdarU sariyE, An kUDuven embudE baLakeyAguttade; adu bahuvacanadallideyAdare mAtra Am kUDuvem embudu baLakeyAguttade. madhyama puruShada nIn kUDuvay mattu nIm kUDuvir embavugaLu ivakkinta bhinnavAgive.
(೩) ghaTakavannu sUcisuva prathamapuruSha-napumsakalinga-Ekavacana pratyayakke hindina samayada (bhUtakAlada) kriyArUpagaLalli udu mattu tu emba eraDu rUpagaLive (ikkidudu, ikkitu; Adudu, Aytu; mUDidudu, mUDitu; sandudu; pOytu; Adare, kxllingagaLalli linga-vacana bhEdavannu sUcisuva napumsaka-Ekavacana
e
pratyayakke kiyApadagaLa ellA rItiya nAmarUpagaLallU udu rUpa mAtra ideyalla de he A [ee
tu rUpa iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. idannu keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada (೪ka- ga) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu:
(೪ka) SiSuge pesaranvartham Aytu (೧.೧೨೮) “SiSuvige (bhImanemba) hesaru anvarthavAyitu’
(೪kha) kunti mAdrigaLoL pAnDurAjanA vivAha mangaLamadu acca riyAdudu (೧.೧೦೭) “pAnDurAja mattu kuntimAdriyara vivAha mangaLa kArya ASca ryakaravAyitu’
(೪ga) paralOka prAptanAdudanajutu (೨.೧೯va) “paralOka prAptanAdudannu tiLidu’
Agu kriyApadakke Aytu kriyArUpaviruvudannu (೪ka) vAkyadallU, Adudu kriyArUpaviruvudannu (೪kha) vAkyadallU kANabahudu. Adare, idakke (೪ga) vAkyadalli kANisida hAge, Adudu nAmarUpa (kxllinga) mAtra iruva hAge kANuttade.
I vyatyAsakkU mEle sUcisida vyatyAsavE kAraNavirabEku. heccina kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLU ondE rIti da embudaralli konegoLLuvuvAda kAraNa (ikkida, Ada, mUDida, sanda, pOda) avugaLa anantara napumsaka Ekavacanadalli udu pratyaya mAtra baruttade.
(೪) kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyaya vAkyada ondu viSiShTavAda ghaTakavannu mAtra sUcisaballudu. vAkyadalli Aguga mAtra ideyAdare adu Agugavannu sUcisutta de, Aguga mattu mADugagaLeraDU iveyAdare mADugavannu sUcisuttade, mattu prEraka ideyAdare prErakavannu sUcisuttade.
udAharaNegAgi, aTAdan “satta’ embudaralliruva an pratyaya satta vyakti(Aguga)vannu sUcisuvudAdare, kondan embudaralliruva an pratyaya sAyisida vyakti (mADuga)nannu sUcisutta de, mattu kolisidan kriyArUpadalliruva an pratyaya sAyisuvante prErEpisida vyakti(prEraka)nannu sUcisuttade (೯.೩ nODi).
Adare, kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxllinga)gaLalli baruva linga-vacana pratyaya vAkyada itara ghaTakagaLannU sUcisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, mADidudu embudaralli bandiruva udu linga-vacana pratyaya mADida vyakti, mADida vastu illavE mADida kelasa ivugaLalli yAvudannu bEkidda rU sUcisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(೫ka) aTTudam bhujabaladim ettidante (೯.೧೫) “muLugida (bhUmiyannu) bhujabaladinda ettida hAge’ (೫kha) ajYAtavAsa mADidudumam nenedu (೧೨.೧೭va) “ajYAtavAsa mADidudannU nenedu’
(೫ka)dalli bandiruva udu pratyaya aT kriyApada tiLisuva ghaTaneya Agugavannu (bhUmiyannu) sUcisuttade, Adare (೫kha)dalli bandiruva adE pratyaya mADu kriyApada tiLisuva ghaTaneyannE sUcisuttade. I vyatyAsa kriyApadagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLa baLakeyallilla.
kxllingagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda paDeyuva mUlaka, avakkU kriyArUpagaLigU naDuviruva I arthavyatyAsavannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavide: kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLu vAkyada bEre bEre ghaTakagaLondige illavE ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva nAmapadadondige baraballuvAgiddu, kxllingada koneyalli baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLu I nAmapadagaLige badalAgi bandiveyendu hELuvudara mUlaka I vyatyAsavannu vivarisabahudu.
(೬ka) Atan kanDa pU Atan kanDudu (೬kha) Atanan kanDa puli Atanan kanDudu (೬ga) Atanan kanDa kANke Atan kanDudu (೬gha) Atanan kanDa peN Atanan kanDaL
(೬ka)dalli kanDa emba sambandhisuva rUpadalliruva a pratyaya adannu pU embudarondige (A kriyeya Agugadondige) sambandhisuttade, mattu kanDudu embudaralliruva udu pratyayavU hUvannu (endare Agugavannu) sUcisuttade.
idakke badalu, (೬kha)dalli idE kanDa embudaralli bandiruva a pratyaya adannu puli embudarondige (A kriyeya mADugadondige) sambandhisuttade, mattu kanDudu embudaralliruva udu pratyayavU adE mADugavannu (endare huliyannu) sUcisuttade.
೬.೨.೨ hindina vyAkaraNagaLa samasyegaLu
kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva pratyaya, mattu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxllinga)gaLalli linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi baruva pratyaya - iveraDara naDuve mEle (೬.೨.೧)ralli sUcisiruvantaha mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu gamanisadudarindAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu vivarisuva vidvAmsara prayatnagaLalli halavu dOShagaLannu kANabahudu.
(೧) venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೩೫) sUcisidante, kESirAjanu kxllingagaLigAgi koTTiruva halavu prayOgagaLalli kxllingagaLE illa (೮೨-೧, ೨, ೮೩-೧, ೨, ೪, ೫). I pramyOgagaLallella kriyasArUpagaLu bandivemyallade kriyApadagaLa kxllinga(nAmarUpa)gaLu bandilla.
udAharaNegAgi, sUtra ೮೨ralli bhUtavatige (hindina samayakke) koTTiruva bAksinendu madanam nalidam naDe nODi cUtamam emba prayOgadalli nalidam
“kuNidanu’ embudu hindina kAlada ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuva kriyArUpavallade, A ghaTaneyannu naDesida vyakti yannu varNisuva nalidam “kuNidavanu’ emba nAmarUpavalla. (೨) allagaLeyuva kxllingagaLa baLakeyannu kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisidantilla. hAge gamanisiddare, avakkU, allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa avara gamanakke baruttittu.
(೩) kESirAjanE modalAdavaru kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLannE kxllingagaLendu parigaNisiddAre (SabdamaNidarpaNa, sU. ೮೩ nODi). idu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamavannu hAgeyE kannaDakke hacci dudara phala. mEle ೬.೧.೩ralli vivarisida hAge, I viShayadalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide:
samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpakke sErisalu sAdhyavide. guNapada mattu nAmapadagaLa naDuve samskxtadalli yAva vyatyAsavU illadiruvudE idakke kAraNa. nijakkU samskxtadalli “sambandhisuva rUpa’ embudE illa; adaralli kxdantagaLE nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave.
Adare, haLegannaDadalli kxdantagaLu guNapadagaLu; avakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga mAtra, avu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLakeyAgaballuvu, mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyaballuvu.
illi innondu viShayavannU gamanisuva avaSyakateyide: samskxtadalli kxllingadondige baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLiginta bhinnavAduvalla; Adare, haLegannaDadalli iveraDu pratyayagaLU bEre bErAgive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa kxllingagaLigiruva vibhaktirUpagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu:
samskxta haLegannaDa gatEbhyaH pOdarge gatEna pOdanin gatAyay pOdaLge
gatayA pOdaLin
mEle koTTiruva haLegannaDada kxllinga rUpagaLalli Ar, an mattu aL emba linga-vacana pratyayagaLu avugaLa anantara baruva ge mattu in emba vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bErAgi uLidive; Adare samskxtada kxllinga (kxdanta) rUpagaLalli I rIti linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bErpaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
udAharaNegAgi, gatEbhyaH emba rUpadalli caturthi vibhakti yannu mAtravallade pullinga-bahuvacanavannu sUcisuva kelasavannU bhyaH pratyayavE mADabEkAgide.
nAmapadagaLa snarUpa h
(೪) madhyamapuruSha mattu uttamapuruShakriyegaLu kxllingagaLAgavu embudAgi kESirAjanE modalAdavaru (SabdamaNidarpaNa, sU. ೮೩) hELiruvudU sampUrNa sariyalla.
yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli uttamapuruSha mattu madhyamapuruSha vyaktigaLige sambandhisidanteyU kxllingagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide (idakke udAharaNegaLannu mEle ೬.೧.೩ralli koDalAgide). Adare, hIge baLasuvAga, avu linga-vacana bhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttaveyallade puruShabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla embudE haLegannaDadalliruva nirbandha.
(೫) kxllingagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda sAdhisuva avaSyakateyannu kiTTel (೧೯೦೩:೨೧೮) kanDukonDiddAre; Adare, sAmAnya kriyArUpagaLannU avaru intaha sambandhisuva rUpagaLindalE sAdhisuva kAraNa (೧೯೦೩:೧೩೭, ೧೪೨), avakkU kxllingagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu vivarisalu avarigU tondareyAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, napumsaka Ekavacanada itu, ittu pratyayavannu baLasi tayArisida mADitu, tIDittu embantaha hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu itara kriyArUpagaLa hAge mADida, tIDida modalAda sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla . hAgAgi, intaha kriyArUpagaLalli itu, ittu pratyayavannu sambandhisuva kriyArUpagaLige sErisuva badalu mADi, tIDi modalAda jODisuva kriyArUpagaLige sErisalAguttadeyendu ivaru hELabEkAgide (kiTTel ೧೯೦೩:೧೩೭ nODi). |
idE rItiyalli, allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLigU allagaLeyuva kxllingagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu vivarisuvudakkAgi, avaru allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLannu itara kriyArUpagaLa hAge kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda sAdhisuva badalu, ira, kELa, mADa embantaha “kriyArtha’ rUpadinda sAdhisabEkAgide (kiTTel ೧೯೦೩:೧೫೭ nODi).
kriyArUpagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu vAkyada ondu ghaTakavannu mAtra sUcisaballuvu; Adare, kxllingagaLalli baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLu itara ghaTakagaLannU sUcisaballuvu emba mEle (೬.೨.೧(೪)ralli) sUcisida vyatyAsavannu kriyArUpa mattu kxllingagaLeraDannU kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpadinda sAdhisa horaTiruva kiTTel avarige vivarisalu sAdhyavAgalikkilla.
(೬) Ekavacanada nAmapadagaLannu mAtravallade, bahuvacanada nAmapadagaLannU lingagaLendu kareyabahudittallavE? (yAkendare Ekavacanada nAmapadagaLa hAge bahuvacanada nAmapadagaLU vibhakti pratyayagaLannu svIkarisalu samarthavAgiveyalla) embudAgi venkaTAcala SAstrigaLu (೧೯೯೪:೩೫) praSnisiddAre.
kESirAjanu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu anusarisi, bahuvacana pratyayavannu
vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruva “Agama’gaLendu parigaNisiruvudE (sU. ೧೦೫) I rIti bahuvacanada nAmapadagaLannu lingagaLendu parigaNisadiralu kAraNa. avana maTTige samskxtadalliruva hAge, haLegannaDadallU vibhakti pratyayakkinta bhinnavAda vacana pratyayavilla. Adare, hIge mADiruvalli haLegannaDada vaySiShTa vondannu Ata kaDegaNisiddAne.
munde ೭.೩.೨ralli sUcisida hAge, kiTTel avarU haLegannaDada I vaySiShTyavannu kanDukoLLuvalli eDaviddA re. grIk, lyATin modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNavannanusarisa hOgi, avaru bahuvacana pratyayavannu prathamA vibhakti pratyayavendu karediddAre; Adare, I pratyaya itara vibhakti rUpagaLallU yAke baruttade embudannu vivarisida hAgilla.
೬.೩ sArAmSa
haLegannaDadalli entaha padagaLannella nAmapadagaLendu kareyabahudu embudannu vivarisi hELuvalli haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu halavu rItiya gondalagaLannu sxShTisikonDiddAre. ivugaLalli heccinavU samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLallEnE kANisuvantaha vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisadudara phala embudannu I adhyAyadalli tOrisikoDalAgide.