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adhyAya ೩ — varNagaLa baLake
varNagaLa baLake
೩.೧ pIThike
ellA bhAShegaLU varNagaLannu jODisi padagaLannu racisutta veyAdarU, idakkAgi yAva varNagaLannella baLasalAguttade, mattu avannu yAva anukramadallella jODisalAguttade emba viShayadalli bhAShegaLoLage sAkaShTu vyatyAsagaLu kanDubarutta ve. mEle pIThikeyalli sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve padaracanegAgi avu baLasuva varNagaLa sankhye, avugaLa svarUpa, mattu padagaLalli avugaLigiruva anukrama - I mUru viShayagaLallU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive.
samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baruva varNagaLa paTTi, avugaLa vibhajane, mattu adarinda siddhavAguva pAribhAShika padagaLu ivannella hAgeyE tamma haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU baLasida prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu anavaSyakavAgi haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa bahaLa kliShTavAguvante mADiddA re. I ellA viShayagaLallU haLegannaDa tannadE Ada vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLannu baLasikoLLuvudAda kAraNa, haLegannaDakke adaradE Ada varNagaLa paTTi, vibhajane, mattu pAribhAShika padagaLa avaSyakateyide.
೩.೨ varNagaLa paTTi
samskxtakkU haLegannaDakkU naDuve avu baLasuva varNagaLa maTTige halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, ivugaLalli kelavannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisiddAre; bEre kelavannu Adhunika vidvAmsaru (biLigiri ೧೯೬೯, sItArAmayya ೧೯೭೯ nODi) vivarisiddAre. hAgAgi, I viShayadalli illi jAsti bareyabEkAgilla.
samskxta padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva mahAprANAkSharagaLu (kha, cha, Tha, tha, phagha mattu gha, ru, Dha, dha, bha), kha, Sa, Sha, ha modalAda halavu varNagaLu haLegannaDa padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguvudilla. idakke badalu, haLegannaDa padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva giDDa (prasta) ekAra-okAragaLu mattu a, Ta, La varNagaLu samskxta padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguvudilla.
ay mattu avgaLige kannaDa barahadalli viSiShTavAda svarasanjYegaLu iveyAdarU avu haLegannaDa bhASheyalli viSiShTavAda svaragaLEnalla. uccAraNeyalli avu ay mattu av emba svara-vyanjana jODigaLiginta bhinnavalla. haLegannaDadalli I eraDu svara-vyanjana jODigaLu mAtravallade, geyge, poysu, muyvu, pOytu, kAydu
modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva hAge ey, oy, uy, Oy, Ay modalAda antahavE bEreyU halavu jODigaLive.
hAgAgi, modalina eraDu svara-vyanjana jODigaLannu (ay mattu av embavugaLannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtra viSiShTavAda svara sanjYe( (ay, av)gaLannu baLasuvudu haLegannaDada maTTigantU anavaSyaka.
samskxtadalli ay mattu av emba eraDu jODigaLu mAtra baLakeyallive; haLegannaDada hAge ey, oy, uy, Oy, Ay modalAda intaha itara jODigaLu baLakeyallilla; idallade, sErikeya niyamagaLalli ay mattu av emba I eraDu jODigaLu samskxtadalli itara svaragaLa hAge kANisikoLLutta vallade svara- vyanjana jODigaLa hAge kANisuvudilla.
I kAraNagaLigAgi, samskxtada barahadalli ay mattu av embavugaLige viSiShTavAda sanjYe] gaLannu kalpisikoLLuvudu mattu adara akbaramAleyalli avannu svaragaLondige sErisi hELuvudu samarthanIyavAgide.
nAvu baLasuva kannaDa lipi brAhmI lipiyinda beLedu bandide. I lipiyannu mukhyavAgi samskxta, mattu pAli, prAkxta modalAda samskxtadantahavE Ada itara inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLannu barahakke iLisuvudakkAgi tayArisalAgide. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLa maTTige samarthanIyavAdarU kannaDada maTTige samarthanIyavalladiruva, mElina eraDu sanjYe gaLu namma lipiyalli sErikonDive.
ivallade, mEle sUcisida hAge ya, Sha, mahAprANAkSharagaLu modalAda bEre kelavu sanjYe; gaLU idE rItiyalli anavaSyakavAgi namma lipiyalli sErikonDive.
avaSyavilladiddarU I hecci na sanjYe gaLannu baLasi abhyAsavAgiruva ivattina vidvAmsarige avannu tegeduhAkidalli adEnO AbhAsavAguva hAge anisuttade. hAgAgi, avannu biTTubiDONa emba uttamavAda salaheyannu avaru “samskxtiya nASa’ emba doDDa hesaru koTTu taLLihAkuttiddAre.
uccA. raNeyinda biddu hOgiruva haLegannaDada a mattu gaLannu hosagannaDada barahadindalU tegeduhAkalAgide; I badalAvaNeyinda sambhavisada samskxti nASa, uccAraNeyallilladiruva mElina sanjYegaLannu tegeduhAkuvudarinda hEge sambhavisuttade embudu nanagantU arthavAguvudilla.
೩.೩ varNagaLa anukrama
varNagaLu padagaLalli yAva anukramadallella baraballuvu emba viShayadallU samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu ALavAgi samSOdhisida rAmacandra rAyaru (೧೯೭೨:೯-೨೦) koTTiruva haLegannaDada kelavu niyamagaLannu samskxta niyamagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.
pampabhAratada haLegannaDa (dESi) padagaLalli samAnavallada eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTige baruvudiddalli, avugaLalli modalaneyadu anunAsika illavE yaraalaLeTigaLalli ondAgirabEkemba niyamavide. udAharaNegAgi, kaNgaL, nOntu, pOytu, kircu, poTTu modalAda padagaLalli samAnavallada eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTige bandiddu avugaLalli modalaneya vyanjanavAgi anunAsika (N, n) illavE y, r, AgaLallondu bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. haLegannaDadalli eraDu sparSagaLu oTTige baruvudiddare, averaDU ondE sparSavAgiruvudu avaSya (tappu gaTTisi, kabbam, okkal ityAdi).
Adare, samskxta padagaLalli samAnavallada eraDu vyanjanagaLa sErikeyalli modalaneya vyanjanavAgi sparSagaLU baraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, bhakti, sapta, rAkShasa, vatsa embantaha padagaLalli kt, pt, ks mattu ts emba samAnavallada vyanjanakantegaLu bandiddu, ivugaLalli modalaneya vyanjanavAgi ondu sTa rSa (k, p illavE t) bandide.
samskxta padagaLa AdiyallU eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTAgi baraballuvu; udAharaNegAgi, krAnti, kShame, jYAna, jyOti, dvESha, mle ccha modalAda padagaLa Adiyalli eraDeraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTAgi bandive. Adare, haLegannaDa padagaLa Adiyalli I rIti eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTAgi baralAravu.
haLegannaDa padagaLa koneyalli k, g, c, j modalAda sparSagaLAgali, illavE sakAravAgali baralAravu. Adare samskxtadalli kaTatapagaLU padagaLa koneyalli baraballuvu (viSvajit, sarvaSak, viT).
೩.೪ tadbhavagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu
haLegannaDakke samskxtadinda nUrAru padagaLu eravalAgi bandive. ivugaLalli halavu badalAgade hAgeyE kANisikoLLuvuvAdare, bEre halavu badalAvaNegoLa- gAguvudara mUlaka kannaDadavAgi mArpaTTive. samskxtadinda nEravAgi baruva badalu, pAli, prAkxta modalAduvugaLa mUlaka bandudarindalU intaha padagaLalli kelavu samskxta padagaLiginta bhinnavAgive.
samskxtadinda bandiruva I padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLalli heccinavakkU A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa sankhye, svarUpa, mattu anukramagaLu haLegannaDadalliruvudakkinta bhinnavAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli mahAprANAkTaragaLive; Adare, haLegannaDadallilla. hAgAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva halavu padagaLalli mahAprANAkSharagaLu alpaprANAkTaragaLAgive (mukha- muka, ghanTe-ganTe, kathe-kate, icche-icce, dhUpa-dUpa).
haLegannaDadalli sa-Sa-ShagaLa badalu sa embudondE idditAda kAraNa, taddha say vagaLalli Sha-SagaLu sa Aguttave (Sanke-sanke, Suci-suci, bhAShe-bAse, viShaya-visaya).
mEle vivarisida hAge, haLegannaDa padagaLa Adiyalli ondakkinta jAsti vyanjanagaLu baralAravu. hAgAgi, modalige eraDu vyanjanagaLu baruva samskxta padagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDedu, avugaLalli ondu vyanjana mAtra uLiyuva hAgAgide (klAra-kAra, smaSAna-masaNa, prAya-haraya, dhxShTa-diTTa, dhvani-dani, tyAgi-cAgi, kShaNa-caNa, SrI-siri, sthAna-tANa).
೩.೫ padagaLa uccAraNe
haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve padagaLa uccAraNeyallU ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. samskxtada hecci na padagaLallU yAvudAdarU ondu svaravannu itara svaragaLinda svalpa ettarada dhvaniyalli (endare “udAtta’ svaravAgi) uccarisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, vacas “mAtu’ padadalli modalaneya svara udAttavAgideyAdare, guru “bhAra’ padadalli eraDaneya svara udAttavAgide. yAva svara IrIti udAttavAgide (ettarada dhvaniyalli uccAravAguttade) embudara mEle samskxta padagaLalli artha vyatyAsa kANisikoLLutta de.
udAharaNegAgi, rAjaputra padadalli koneya svara udAttavAgideyAdare “rAjana maga’ emba artha baruttade, mattu modalaneya svara udAttavAgideyAdare “rAjanu maganAgiruvavanu’ (endare “rAjana tande’) emba artha baruttade.
svaragaLa uccAraNeyalli kANisuva I uccAraNeya vyatyAsa vEda kAlada samskxtadalli spaShTavAgittu. anantara idu pANini, patanjali modalAdavara kAladavaregU uLidukonDittu. Adare, ELu-enTanE SatamAnada hottige idara baLake mAtininda biddu hOgalu Arambhisi, anantarada samskxtadalli pUrti illavAgide. Iginavaru vEdamantragaLa uccAraNeyalli mAtra I vyatyAsavannu kANisuttAre.
samskxta padagaLalli kANisuva halavu badalAvaNegaLige, mattu vikalpo। chA raNegaLige avugaLalliruva svaragaLa I uccA raNAbhEdavU kAraNavAgittu. intaha uccA raNAbhEda haLegannaDada padagaLallilla.
vEdakAladalli ddu anantara illavAgiruva I uccA raNAbhEdavannu vEdagaLa barahadalli mAtra sUcisuttEvallade samskxta kAvyagaLa barahadalli sUcisuvudilla. (Adare I rIti uccAraNeyallillada vyatyAsavannu barahadalli kANisadiruvudarindAgi “samskati nASa’vAgideyendu, mattu kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxta padagaLallU I vyatyAsavannu sUcisabEkendu yArU hELuva hAge kANisuvudilla).
೩.೬ varNagaLa gumpugaLu
ondu bhASheyalli baruva varNagaLannu yAva rItiya gumpugaLalli vingaDisi hELabEku embudu avugaLa utpAdane, baLake mattu caritreyalli kANisu guNadharmagaLannavalambiside. ivu ondu bhASheyinda innondu bhAShege bEre
bEreyAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, varNagaLannu yAva rItiya gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabEku embudU bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bEreyAgiralu sAdhyavide.
೩.೬.೧ samskxtada svaragaLu
inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShAkuTumbada mUlabhASheyallidda svaragaLalli a, i mattu u emba mUru svaragaLu mAtra samskxtadalli badalAgade uLidive; ivu giDDa (prasta) svaragaLirabahudu, illavE udda (dIrpha) svaragaLirabahudu. mUla bhASheya ekAra-EkAra mattu okAra-OkAragaLu samskxtadalli akAra-AkAragaLAgi badalAgive.
I ellA svaragaLannU hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva lyATin bhASheya padagaLondige samskxta padagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I viShaya spaShTavAguttade:
samskxta lyATin
(೧ka) ayas aes “lOha’ apa ab “Ace’ hamsa anser “hamsa’ mAtar mAter “tAyi svAdu suAvis “sihi’
(೧kha) asti es “ide’ madhya medius “naDuve’ ca ke “matu rAjan rEks “arasu’ sAmi sEmi “are’
(೧ga) avi ovis “kuri’ asthi os “elubu’ jA potis “ganDa, samartha’ kas kod “yAru’ As Os “bAyi’ pA pOtus “kuDi’
mEle (೧ka)dalli samskxtada akAra mattu AkAragaLu lyATinnalli hAgeyE kANisikoLLuttave; Adare, (೧kha)dalli avu ekAra-EkAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave, mattu (೧ga)dalli okAra-OkAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave.
mUla inDO-yurOpiyannalli (೧ka)dalli kANisiruvantaha padagaLalli akAra mattu AkAragaLidduvendU, (೧kha)dalli kANisiruvantaha padagaLalli ekAra mattu EkAragaLidduvendU, mattu (೧ga)dalli kANisiruvantaha padagaLalli okAra mattu OkAragaLiddu vendU vidA ಿmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddA re (barO ೧೯೫೫ nODi). ivellavU samskxtadalli akAra mattu AkAragaLAgi badalAgive.
samskxtadalli giDDa ekAra mattu okAragaLilladiruvudakke mUla bhASheya ekAra- okAragaLu akAravAgiruva mElina badalAvaNeyE kAraNa. udda EkAra mattu okAragaLu samskxta padagaLalli kANisuvuvAdarU avu mUla padagaLalli dda EkAra- OkAragaLalla; avugaLalli kelavu mUla bhASheya ai, ei mattu oi emba svarajODigaLu E endAdudarindAgi, mattu au, eu, ou embavugaLu O AdudarindAgi kANisikoLLuvavugaLu.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada vEda padakke sariyAgi grIk bhASheyalli oida endide, mattu tE embudakke sariyAgi toi endide; samskxtada Ojas padakke sariyAgi lyATinnalli augustus endide, mattu SOSha- embudakke sariyAgi lithuvEniyan bhASheyalli sausas endide.
idallade, sErikeya niyamagaLa mUlakavU I eraDu svaragaLu samskxtadalli siddhavAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, rAjEndra padadalli kANisuva EkAra rAja padada koneya akAradondige indra padada Adiyalliruva ikAra sEridudarindAgi siddha vAgide, mattu sUryOdaya padadalli kANisuva OkAra sUrya padada koneyalli baruva akAradondige udaya padada Adiyalliruva ukAra sEridudarindAgi siddha vAgide.
I kAraNakkAgi, E mattu OgaLannu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu a, A, i, I, u mattu UgaLinda bhinnavAgiruva “guNAkShara’gaLemba pratyEkavAdondu gumpinalli irisuttAre.
idE rItiyalli samskxtada ay mattu avgaLemba bEre eraDu svaragaLU mUla padagaLalli kANisuvavugaLalla. ivU kUDa sErikeya niyamagaLa mUlaka siddhavAguvavugaLAgiddu, “vxddha ‘kara’gaLemba bEre ondu gumpinalli sEruttave; udAharaNegAgi, vidyAEva embudu vidyayva endAguttade, mattu albaOjas embudu alravjas endAguttade.
Ei, Oi, Eu, Ou modalAda svarajODigaLindalU ay mattu avgaLu bandiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, tasmay embudaralliruva aykAra Oi svarajODiyindalU, navH embudaralliruva avkAra Au svarajODiyindalU, dyavH embudaralliruva avkAra Eu svara jODiyindalU, mattu dEvyayH embudaralliruva aykAra Ai svara jODiyindalU bandide.
೩.೬.೨ haLegannaDada svaragaLu
svaragaLannu bEre bEre gumpugaLalli sErisuva mElina samskxtada niyamagaLiginta kannaDada niyamagaLu tIrA bhinnavAgive. haLegannaDadalli a, i, u, e mattu o emba aydu svaragaLU mUla padagaLallEnE kANisikoLLuttave. ivellavU udda mattu giDDa embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLalli baruttave. ivellavannU kannaDa bhAShe tanna mUlabhASheyindalEnE nEravAgi paDedukonDide.
mUladrAviDada I svaragaLalli ikAra-ukAragaLu mAtra kelavu sandarbhagaLalli (avugaLa anantara akAra bandAga) ekAra-okAragaLAgi kannaDadalli badalAgive. nillu- nele, ir-eraDu, suDu-soDaru, kundu-korate modalAda kelavu padayugmagaLalli I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu kANabahudu.
bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLalli (ikAra-ukAragaLu anantara bandAga) ekAra- okAragaLu ikAra-ukAragaLAgive. biLi-beLLage, kisu-kempu, tuTul-toltu, usiru- osage modalAda padayugmagaLannu I badalAvaNege udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT ೨೦೦೭ nODi). Adare, I eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLU mEle vivarisidantaha samskxtada badalAvaNegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu.
ikAra-ekAragaLu nAligeya mumbhAgadalli huTTuvavugaLAgiddu ondu gumpinallU, ukAra-okAragaLu nAligeya himbhAgadalli huTTuvavugaLAgiddu innondu gumpinallU sEruttave. nAligeya naDu bhAgadalli huTTuva akAra kelavu viShayagaLalli ikAra-ekAragaLa hAge mattu bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli ukAra-okAragaLa hAge kANisikoLLutta de.
idallade, bAyiyannu svalpavE teredu uccarisuva ikAra-ukAragaLu ondu gumpinallU bAyiyannu idakkinta svalpa jAsti teredu uccarisuva ekAra-okAra- akAragaLu innondu gumpinallU sEruttave.
I rIti, svaragaLa huTTannAdharisi racisida vargIkaraNavE kannaDada maTTige heccu upayuktavAdudu. idu mEle vivarisida samskxta svaragaLa samAnasvara-guNasvara- vxddhi svara vargIkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudembudannu gamanisabahudu.
haLegannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLannu bareyuvalli, mElina kannaDaddE Ada vargIkaraNa sahAyakavAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, ikAra mattu ekAragaLa anantara bEre svara bandAga haLegannaDadalli averaDara naDuve kelavu sandarbhagaLalli yakAravondu AgamavAgi bandu sEruttade (bUdiyAdudu, IyoDal, kOgileyAgi); idakke badalu, ukAra mattu okAragaLa anantara bEre svara bandideyAdalli, avugaLa naDuve yakArada badalu vakAra baruttade (kayduvellam, pUvina).
೩.೬.೩ vyanjanAkSharagaLu
samskxtada vyanjanAkTaragaLannu vargIyagaLu (illavE sparSagaLu) mattu avargIyagaLu embudAgi eraDu ುkhakhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAgide. ivugaLalli
vargIyagaLannu avugaLa sthA navannAdharisi aydu vargagaLalli vingaDisalAgiddu ; pratiyondu vargadallU aghOSha-allaprANa (kacaTatapa), aghOSha-mahAprANa (khacaThathapha), ghOSha-alpaprANa (gajaDadaba), ghOSha-mahAprANa (gharuDhadhabha), mattu anunAsika (jaiNanama) embudAgi aydu rItiya vyanjanagaLu kANisikoLLutta ve. avargIyagaLannu antastha (yaralava) mattu UShma (saSaShaha) embudAgi vingaDisalAgide.
haLegannaDada vyanjanagaLannu I rIti vingaDisuva badalu, bEre rItiyalli vingaDisuvudarinda adara sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisuva kelasa sulabhavAguttade. idallade, samskxtada vargIyagaLalli kANisuva accukaTTu haLegannaDada vargIyagaLalli kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli mahAprANAkSharagaLu illavAda kAraNa, vargIyagaLalli mUru gumpugaLu mAtra uLiyuttave. illU, mUraneya gumpinalli samskxtada hAge aydu anunAsikagaLiruva badalu, mUru anunAsikagaLu (manaNa) mAtra ive (rAmacandrarAv ೧೯೭೨ nODi).
idallade, haLegannaDada yaralavasa mattu LaTajagaLannu mElina aydu vargagaLallEnE sErisi hELuvudarinda, sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisuvalli heccina prayOjanavAgaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada pabamagaLigU vakkU naDuve hattirada sambandhavide, mattu Da hAgU LaTagaLa naDuveyU hattirada sambandhavide. ivannu vivarisalu haLegannaDakke samskxtadinda bhinnavAda vingaDaNeyannu tayArisuva avaSyakateyide.
೩.೬.೪ mAhESvara sUtragaLu
illi gamanisabEkAgiruva mukhyavAda viShayavEnendare, pANiniya “mAhESvara sUtra’gaLannu, mattu avu sAdhyavAgisuva varNagaLa gumpugaLannu (aN, ak, ac modalAduvannu) samskxta bhASheyalli varNagaLa baLake entahadu, mattu sErikeya (sandhiya) niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu anukUlavAguvante racisalAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, aiuN, khayal’k emba eraDu mAhESvara sUtragaLu sUcisuva ellA svaragaLannU (a, i, u, kha mattu l’ embavugaLannu) I sUtragaLa modalaneya mattu koneya akSharagaLannu oTTige baLasi racisida “ak’ sanjYeya mUlaka sankShiptavAgi sUcisalAguttade. idakke badalu, eraDaneya aksTaradondige koneya akSharavannu sErisi racisida “ik’ sanjYeyannu baLasidalli, adu akAravannuLidu itara svaragaLannu sUcisuttade.
haLegannaDadalli kanDubaruva varNagaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruvudAda kAraNa, I sUtragaLAgalI, illave avu sUcisuva varNa vingaDaNegaLAgalI haLegannaDa maTTige anukUlavAdavugaLalla. hAgAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke bEkAguva sanjYegaLannu I sUtragaLa sahAyadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
೩.೭ sErikeya niyamagaLu
eraDu athavA jAsti pada illavE padarUpagaLannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuvAga, sAmAnyavAgi avu ondaroDanondu sErikoLLuttave, mattu hAge sErikoLLuvAga avugaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave. udAharaNegAgi, bEDa gaDA ninagAtanoL calam emba vAkyadalli ninage mattu AtanoL emberaDu padagaLu oTTusErive, mattu hIge oTTusEruvAga, ninage padada koneya ekAra biddu hOgide.
eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvAgalU A padagaLalli baruva varNagaLalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLAgaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada kaN padakke nIr padavannu sErisi kaNNIr emba jODupadavannu tayArisuvAga, eraDaneya padada modalaneya varNa n endiddudu N endAgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.
idallade, padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisidAgalU padagaLalli illa vE pratyayagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu kANisikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, nagu kriyApadakke hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d pratyayavannu mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an pratyayavannu sErisidAga nakkan emba rUpa siddha vAguttade; illi nagu embudu nak endAgide, mattu d embudu k endAgide.
vAkyagaLalli pada mattu pratyayagaLannu baLasuvalli naDeyuva intaha badalAvaNegaLannu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “sandhi niyama’gaLendu kareyalAgide. kannaDadalli ivannE “sErikeya niyama’gaLendu kareyabahudu. intaha niyamagaLu bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgiruttave. samskxta mattu haLegannaDagaLa naDuve I viShayadalli halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsagaLigella I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu bEre bErAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.
೩.೭.೧ padamadhya sandhi mattu padAntya sandhi
samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “padamadhya sandhi’ mattu “padAntya sandhi’ embudAgi sandhi niyamagaLannu eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAgide. eraDu pada illavE padarUpagaLu vAkyadalli ondara anantara ondarante bandAga avugaLalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu padAntya sandhigaLu. nijakkU ivu padAntyadalli mAtravallade padAdiyalliyU naDeyaballuvu.
padakke padavannu sErisi bErondu padavannu tayArisuvalli, illavE padakke pratyayavannu sErisi padarUpavannu illavE bErondu padavannu tayArisuvalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu padamadhya sandhigaLu.
samskxtada padamadhya sandhiniyamagaLalli heccinavU padAntya sandhi niyamagaLa hAgeyE ive. Adare, kelavu niyamagaLu iveraDaralli bEre bErAgive. udAharaNegAgi, rakAra illavE vakAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu dhAtugaLige vyanjanadalli suruvAguva pratyayavondu sEridAga, A dhAtugaLa koneya vyanjanada hindiruva ikAra mattu
ukAragaLu dIrphastaragaLAguttave (div-yAmi - dIvyAmi, girbhiH - gIrbhiH, purbhiH - pUrbhiH). idu samskxtada padamadhya sandhi niyama. padAntya sandhiyalli intaha niyamavilla.
padAntya sandhiyalli padagaLa koneya kaTatapagaLu avugaLa anantara svara bandAga gaDadabagaLAguttave (samyak–uktam - samyaguktam, tat-arhati - tadarhati); Adare, padamadhya sandhiyalli ivu sAmAnyavAgi hAgeyE uLiyuttave (sarvaSakam- sarvaSakam, marut-A - marutA).
haLegannaDadallU intaha padamadhya mattu padAntya sandhiniyamagaLemba eraDu bageya niyamagaLiddu, avu kelavu viShayagaLalli ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgive. idallade I eraDu bageya niyamagaLU halavu viShayagaLalli samskxtada padamadhya mattu padAntya sandhiniyamagaLinda bhinnavAgive.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada kelavu dhAtugaLige vyanjanadalli suruvAguva pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga, avugaLa uddasvara giDDavAguttade (kAN-dan - kanDan, bIl +d 4+aL - biTTaL, ET4da - ebbi). kAriruL-karbasu, pErAne-perdere, mArvala-majuvakka modalAdavugaLalliruva guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli, mattu OraDi-orvesar, IroDal-irvala modalAdavugaLalliruva eNikeya padagaLa baLakeyalli intaha badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu.
Adare, mEle koTTiruva giDDasvara uddavAguva samskxtada padamadhya sandhiniyamakkinta haLegannaDada I badalAvaNe tIra bhinnavAgide. vyanjana paravAdAga, samskxtadalli giDDasvara uddavAguttade; Adare, haLegannaDadalli uddasvara giDDavAguttade.
idallade, haLegannaDadalli I uddasvara giDDasvaravAguva niyama padamadhya sandhiyalli kANisuttideyallade padAntya sandhiyalli kANisuvudilla. intahavE bEreyU kelavu niyamagaLannu haLegannaDada padamadhya sandhiyalli mAtravE kANalu sAdhyavide.
kESirAjanu (sU. ೬೦)ralli padamadhyam mattu padadantyam embudAgi eraDu bageya sandhigaLiveyendu hELiddA ne; Adare, anantara ellU I vibhajaneyannu baLasikonDiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. sandhiniyamagaLige udAharaNegaLannu koDuvAga kelavu kaDegaLalli padamadhya sandhiyAgiruvavugaLannu (tOyalum, nOyisidam) koTTare, innu kelavu kaDegaLalli padAntya sandhiyAgiruvavugaLannu (jOyendu, strIyemba) koTTiddAne.
೩.೮ sArAmSa
haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve varNagaLa sankhyeyalli mAtravalla, avugaLa baLakeyallU vyatyAsavide. hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa pAThakramavannu hAgeyE haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli baLasuvudu hitakaravalla. I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva sErikeya niyamagaLallU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli ivannu sariyAgi nirUpisuva avaSyakateyide.