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adhyAya ೫ — padagaLa oLaracane
padagaLa oLaracane
೫.೧ pIThike
haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuva modalu, pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide. padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva pratyayagaLella avugaLa tayArikege sambandhisidavugaLu mattu padarUpagaLalli baruva pratyayagaLella avugaLa baLakege sambandhisidavugaLu.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli key emba padakke keygaL, keyyan, keyyin, keyye, keyyoL modalAda padarUpagaLive. ivella key emba ondE padada padarUpagaLu. ivugaLalli baruva gaL, an, in, ge, oL modalAda pratyayagaLu A padavannu vAkyada bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli baLasabEkAdAga, adakke bEre bEre rUpagaLannu koDabEkAgideyAda kAraNa baLakeyAguttave.
keyta “kelasa’, keydu “Ayudha’, keyke “mOsa’, modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLallU key embudu kANisuttade; Adare, ivu key padada padarUpagaLalla; A padakke ta, du, ke modalAda pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva, adakkinta bhinnavAda, padagaLu. hAgAgi, I padagaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLannu avugaLa oLaracanege sambandhisida pratyayagaLendu parigaNisabEkAguttade.
idE rItiyalli, pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannU illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. padagaLa oLaracaneyalli ondakkinta heccu padagaLu sErikonDiralu sAdhyavide, mattu padakantegaLa racaneyallU ondakkinta heccu padagaLa baLakeyAgiruttade; Adare, ondu padada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva padagaLu A padada tayArikege sambandhisidavu, mattu ondu padakanteyalli kANisuva padagaLu A padagaLa baLakege sambandhisidavu.
udAharaNegAgi, eLanIr “sIyALa’ padadalli eLa mattu nIr emba eraDu padagaLu sErive. adare eLanIr embudu eLa mattu nIr emba eraDu padagaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruva bErondu pada. hAgAgi, illi kANisuva padagaLa sErike eLanIr padada oLaracanege sambandhisidudu. idE rItiyalli beLcingaL, karbon, Alikal modalAdavugaLallU eraDeraDu padagaLu sEriddu, I sEruvikeya mUlaka averaDakkintalU bhinnavAda bEreyE padagaLa sxShTiyAgide.
Adare, eLavALe “eLE bALegiDa’ embudaralli eLa mattu bALe(T) emba eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda ondu padakante racita vAgideyallade, hosadondu pada racitavAgilla. posavU “hosa hUvu’, pErAne “doDDa Ane’, pervEnTe “doDDa bETe’ modalAdavugaLallU, idE rItiyalli, eraDeraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda padakantegaLannu racisalAgideyallade, hosa padagaLa sxShTiyAgilla. illi kANisuva padagaLa sErike padagaLa baLakege sambandhisidudallade hosa padagaLa tayArikege illavE sxShTige sambandhisidudalla (hecci. na vivaragaLige bhaT ೨೦೦೨ nODi).
pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa, hAgU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa - iveraDU mAtina baLakeyalli uLidiruvantaha bhAShAprabhEdagaLalli mAtra bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANisuttave. mAtina baLake tappihOgi bariya grAnthika baLakeyalli mAtravE uLidiruvantaha bhAShAprabhEdagaLalli I eraDu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANuvudu svalpa kaShTa.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, mAtina baLakeyalli uLidiruva bhASheya vyAkaraNa janara mAtina mEle avalambisiruttade. doDDavaru baLasuva mAtannu kELuttA kELuttA cikkavaru mAtu kaliyuttAre. hIge kaliyuvAga, A bhASheya vyAkaraNa avara arivilladanteyE avara miduLinalli nelegoLLuttade. bhASheya ati sUkShmavAda vyAkaraNa niyamagaLU I rIti arivige bArada rUpadalli avara svAdhInavAguttave.
mAtina baLake tappihOgi, barE grAnthikavAgiruva bhASheyannu sAmAnyavAgi janaru tamma “eraDaneya’ bhASheyAgi vidyAbhyAsada samayadalli kaliyuttAre, mattu intaha kaliyuvikeyalli A bhASheya mEle vidvAmsaru racisiruva vyAkaraNada pustakagaLu mahatvada pAtravannu vahisabEkAguttade. vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalliruva niyamagaLannu avaru modalige arivige eTakuva rUpadalli kalitu, anantara avannu arivige eTakada rUpakke parivartisikoLLabEkAguttade.
intaha arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNagaLalli (vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli) mEle vivarisidantaha bhASheya sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLannu niyamagaLa mUlaka varNisalu sAdhyavAgiruvudilla. hAgAgi, vidyArthigaLige avannu kaliyalU sAdhyavAguvudilla. idarindAgi, mAtina baLake tappihOgiruva bhAShegaLalli intaha sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLu kramENa illavAguttave.
pANiniya kAlada anantara samskxta bhAShe viddA _೦sara baLakeyalli mAtra uLidu, sAmAnya janara mAtina baLakeyinda dUravAgiruva hAge kANisuttade. aSOkanE modalAdavaru sAmAnya janarigAgi racisida tamma SAsanagaLalli samskxtada badalu pAli, prAkxta modalAduvannu baLasalu idE kAraNavirabEku.
I rIti mAtina baLake tappiruva kAraNa, samskxta padagaLa oLaracaneyalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa, hAgU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa iveraDU kramENa mAyavAguttA bandive. pANiniginta hindina vEdakAlada samskxtadalli I vyatyAsagaLeraDU spaShTavAgi kANisuttave.
haLegannaDadallU pampanE modalAda prAcIna kavigaLa kAladalli mAtina baLake tappihOgiralilla. Adare, hanneraDu-hadimUranE SatamAnagaLa anantarada kAladalli haLegannaDa naDugannaDavAgi badalAgittu. hAgAgi, idakke munde haLegannaDavannu baLasidavarella adannu bariya grAnthika bhASheyAgiyE kalitu baLasuttiddirabEku.
hAgAgi, haLegannaDadallU pampana kAladalli racitavAda granthagaLalli mElina vyatyAsagaLu spaShTavAgi kANisuttave, Adare avana anantara racitavAda granthagaLalli ivu aspaShTavAguttA hOguttave.
padagaLa oLaracaneyannu pariSIlisuva I adhyAyadalli pada mattu pratyayagaLannu baLasi hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi bhASheyondaralli entaha vidhAnagaLella baLakeyallive (illavE baLakeyalli dduvu) embudannu pariSIlisabEkAgide, mattu idakkAgi, mEle sUcisida hAge, padagaLa oLaracaneyannu padarUpagaLa racaneyinda, mattu padakantegaLa racaneyinda pratyEkisikoLLuvudu atyavaSya.
I eraDu viShayagaLallU haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDada vayyyAkaraNigaLu samskxta vyAkaraNavannE mAdariyAgi irisikonDudarindAgi, I vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisalu avarige sAdhyavAgalilla. idarindAgi, avara vyAkaraNagaLalli halavu rItiya gondalagaLu kANisikonDive embudannu keLagina pariSIlane spaShTapaDisuttade.
೫.೨ pratyayagaLa baLake
hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi I eraDu bhAShegaLallU mukhyavAgi (೧) padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudu, mattu (೨) eraDu (athavA heccu) padagaLannu oTTu sErisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLannu baLasalAguttade. ivugaLalli modalaneya vidhAnavannu I (೫.೨)nE vibhAgadalli, mattu eraDaneya vidhAnavannu mundina (೫.೩)nE vibhAgadalli pariSIlisalAguttade.
pratyayagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive.
(೧) pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida samskxta padagaLalli heccinavakkU mUladalli kriyAdhAtugaLive. kelavu vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAyadante, samskxtada ellA padagaLallU I rIti mUladalli kriyAdhAtugaLiveyendu sAdhisi tOrisalu sAdhyavide. I kAraNakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNadalli dhAtu padavannu “kriyAdhAtu’ emba arthadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgide.
haLegannaDadallU halavu nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLinda sAdhisalAgideyEnO nija. Adare, A rIti sAdhisiradantaha sAkaShTu nAmapada mattu
ha
guNapadagaLu haLegannaDadallive. hAgAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli dhAtu padavannu
i
nAmadhAtu, kriyAdhAtu, mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru sandarbhagaLalli baLasuva
avaSyakateyide. samskxtada hAge, kriyAdhAtu emba ondE arthadalli A padavannu baLasalu sAdhyavilla 2
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada pon, kUsu, uppu, tale, pal, pul, pAl, modalAda halavAru nAmapadagaLa mUladalli ““nAmadhAtu’gaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade, mattu posa, paTa, kem, mel, eLa modalAda halavAru guNapadagaLa mUladalli guNadhAtugaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade. I eraDu rItiya padagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
(೨) samskxtadalli ellA nAmapadagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda racisalAgideyAda kAraNa, adaralli pratyayagaLa baLakeyinda tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige ondu pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida “kxdanta’gaLendu, mattu antaha kxdantagaLige ondu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida “tadditAnta’gaLendu vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kriyApadagaLa kxdanta mattu tadditAnta rUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
dhAtu kxdanta taddhi tAnta kx karta kataNxtva man mati matimat ji jaya jayya Suc Suci Savca pxth pxthu pArthiva div dEva dayva budh buddhi buddhi mat jYA jYAna jYAnin vac vAc vAgmin
Adare, haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu kriyAdhAtugaLinda (mADu-mAlmakke, ol-olavu, ADu-ATa) mAtravallade, nAmadhAtugaLinda (mAtu-mAtALi, paDe- paDevaLa, kUsu-kUsutana), mattu guNadhAtugaLindalU (nal-nalme, biLi-biLika, taN-taNNu) tayArisiralu sAdhyavide.
idallade, Antarika racaneyiruva haLegannaDada padagaLalli ondakkinta heccu pratyayagaLu bandiruvudu bahaLa aparUpa. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada padaracaneyannu varNisuvalli samskxtada kxdanta-tadditAnta vibhajane anukUlavalla (೬.೧.೨ nODi).
(೩) samskxtadalli padagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLannu padagaLa modalU sErisabahudu (a-nyAya, nir-daye, vi-jYAna), anantaravU
sErisabahudu (kAv-ya, cOr-a, bAla-ki); Adare, haLegannaDadalli intaha pratyayagaLannu padagaLa anantara mAtra sErisalu sAdhya.
೫.೨.೧ padagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli pratyayagaLa mUlaka racitavAgiruva nAmapadagaLannu kxdanta mattu taddi tAntagaLemba eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisalAgide. kriyAdhAtugaLige ondu pratyayavannu sErisi racisida padagaLu kxdantagaLu, mattu ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida padagaLu taddhitAntagaLu embudE I vibhajaneya hinde aDagiruvamUla tatva. (pUrvapratyayagaLa baLakeyannu I vibhajaneyalli kaDegaNisalAgide).
haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada I vibhajaneyannu haLegannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddAre; Adare, haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLalli ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLiruvudu aparUpavAda kAraNa, I vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE baLasuvudu asAdhya.
kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNadalli kriyApadagaLige da mattu pa (va) pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida nalida, koTTa, bEDuva, mAlba modalAda padagaLannu kxt(linga)gaLendu (sU. ೮೩), mattu ge, ke, me, pi modalAduvannu sErisi racisida uDuge, teraLke, olme, nOmpi, unnatike modalAda padagaLannu taddhi ta(linga)gaLendu (sU. ೨೨೨) varNisalAgide.
idallade, ika, ica, ka, ga, iti modalAda bEre halavu pratyayagaLannu nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadagaLige sErisi racisida tOnTiga, alarica, oNaka, kannaDigiti, maave, pogaTakke modalAda padagaLannU taddhi ta(linga)gaLemba I eraDaneya vargadalli (sU. ೨೦೮-೨೬) sErisi hELalAgide.
illi ondu viShayavannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. haLegannaDada ellA kriyApadagaLindalU mADida, mADuva (mAbalpa) mattu mADada embantaha rUpagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavide, mattu I rIti sAdhisida kriyArUpagaLa arthavannU nEravAgi A kriyApadagaLa arthadindalEnE paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, ivu kriyApadagaLa “padarUpa’gaLallade avakkinta bhinnavAda “pada’gaLalla.
ke, pi, me modalAda taddhita pratyayagaLannu kriyApadagaLige sErisi teraLLe, nOmpi modalAdavugaLa hAgiruva kelavE kelavu nAmapadagaLannu mAtra sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. ivu bhASheyalli rUDhige bandiruva padagaLu. bEre kriyApadagaLige I pra tyayagaLannu sErisi hosa padagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, avu bhASheyalli rUDhige banda mElEnE A bhASheya padagaLAgaballuvu. mADida, mADuva, koTTa modalAdavugaLa hAgiruva padarUpagaLannu sAdhisuvalli kANisuva svAtrantrya teraLLe, nOmpi modalAdavugaLa hAgiruva padagaLannu sAdhisuvalli kANisuvudilla.
idallade, ke, pi, me modalAda taddita pratyayagaLinda siddavAda padagaLa
arthadallU sAkaShTu vayvidhyaviddu, adannu nEravAgi mUla padada arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, aNu, ir, kAN, pUN, bEy modalAda kriyApadagaLige ke pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida ajuke “prasiddi’, irke “mane’, kANke “uDugare’, pUNye “vAgdAna’ benke “benki’ modalAda padagaLalli A kriyApadagaLiginta bEre bEre rItiyalli bhinnavAgiruva arthagaLu vyakta vAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
I kAraNakkAgi, intaha padagaLannu mattu avugaLa arthavannu arthakOSagaLalli sUcisuva avaSyakateyide; Adare, mADida, mADuva modalAda padarUpagaLannAgali, illavE avugaLa arthavannAgali arthakOSagaLalli sUcisuva avaSyakateyilla ta
mEle sUcisida hAge, kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa bahaLa maTTige illavAgide. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli kxta, stuta, yAta, tudamAna modalAdavugaLigU kxtya, karaNa, kxti, karman, kAraka modalAda bEre halavAru rItiya padagaLigU naDuve haLegannaDadalli kANisuvantaha vyatyAsavilla. I eraDu rItiyavannU ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLindalU racisalu sAdhyavide.
kESirAjanu mADiruva kxlli ೦ga-taddi talinga vibhajanege haLegannaDadallidda padarUpa mattu padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa mUlavAgiralu sAdhyavide. teraLke, nOpi modalAda bhAvanAmagaLannu Atanu taddi ta prakaraNadalli sErisi hELalu avu padarUpagaLalladiruvudE kAraNavirabahudu. avana kAladalli haLegannaDa illavE adannE bahaLa maTTige hOluva kannaDada prabhEdavondu mAtina baLakeyalliddirabahudAgiddu, adaralli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa spaShTavAgiyE uLididdu, adu Atanannu I rIti vibhajisalu prErEpisirabahudu.
Adare, anantarada vayyAkaraNigaLu idannu gamanisida hAgilla. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa kaypiDiyalli (೧೯೭೧:೧೬-೧೯) kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida olavu, kANke, uDuge, negaLle modalAduvannu (mattu nuDida, nuDiva modalAdavugaLannu) kxdantagaLendu, mattu nAmapadagaLige (mattu guNapadagaLige) pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida pUvaDiga, biLika, mAtuga, paDevaLa, maDivaLa modalAdavugaLannu taddi tAntagaLendu parigaNisalAgide.
kESirAjanu uDukam, maDike, ATam, olme modalAda bhAvanAmagaLannu taddi ta prakaraNadalli prastApisuva badalu AkhyAta prakaraNadalli prastApisiddare heccu txptikaravenisutti dditu embudAgi venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu hELiruvudu (೧೯೯೪:೧೦೩) bahuSaH kxdanta padakke koTTidda I eraDaneya arthada prabhAvadindirabahudu.
samskxtadalli heccu kaDime ellA nAmapadagaLigU mUladalli kriyApadavondideyAda kAraNa, ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida taddi ta padagaLannella nAmapadakke pratyaya sErisi tayArisidavugaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, mEle vivarisida kannaDa kaypiDiya vibhajane samskxta vyAkaraNavannu sariyAgi anusarisideyendu hELabahudu.
Adare, haLegannaDakke avaSyavAgiruva pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu I vibhajane kaDegaNisuttade. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada maTTige idu txptikaravAda vibhajaneyalla.
೫.೨.೨ padavargagaLalli vayvidhya
pratyayagaLannu baLasi racisida samskxtada nAmapadagaLalli heccu kaDime ellavannU kriyAdhAtugaLindalEnE sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, mEle sUcisidantaha kxdanta- taddi tAnta vibhajane samskxta bhAShege ucitavAgide. kriyAdhAtuvige ondu pratyayavannu sErisi racisida padagaLellavU nAmapadagaLu (kxdantagaLu), mattu ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida padagaLellavU antaha nAmapadagaLinda racitavAdavugaLu (taddi tAntagaLu) embudAgi adara padagaLannu vibhajisalu sAdhyavide.
Adare, haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLannu I rIti kriyAdhAtugaLinda mAtravallade, nAmadhAtu mattu guNadhAtugaLindalU sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, avugaLa oLaracaneyannu varNisuvalli mElina kxdanta-taddi tAnta vibhajane prayOjanakke baruvudilla. adakkintalU I padagaLalli baLakeyAgiruva dhAtugaLa (illavE padagaLa) vargavannu AdhAravAgirisikonDalli haLegannaDakkondu uttamavAda padagaLa vibhajane siddavAguttade.
(೧) kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu: haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu sidda paDisalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, aTakke, uNe, pogaTakke pOlke modalAda nAmapadagaLannu aT “aLu’, uN, pogaL, pOl modalAda kriyApadagaLige ke pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide, mattu kUrpu, kApu, mEpu, paDepu modalAda nAmapadagaLannu kUr, kA (kAy), mE (mEy), paDe modalAda kriyApadagaLige pu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide.
idallade, Odu, taDe, sorku modalAda bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAva pratyayavannU sErisade hAgeyE haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu.
(೨) nAmapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu: nAmapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU avakkinta bhinnavAda halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu siddha paDisalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, tOnTiga, okkaliga, cippiga, gANiga modalAda nAmapadagaLannu tOnTa, okkal, cippi, gANa modalAda nAmapadagaLige iga pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide, mattu intaha sAdhita nAmapadagaLigEnE iti pratyayavannu sErisi tOnTigiti, okkaligiti, cippigiti, gANigiti modalAda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgide.
(೩) guNapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu: guNapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU haLegannaDadalli halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu sidda paDisalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, impu, karpu, kempu, teLbu modalAda nAmapadagaLannu in, kar,
kem, teL guNapadagaLige pu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide, mattu nalme, polla me balme modalAda nAmapadagaLannu nal, polla , bal guNapadagaLige me pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide.
೫.೨.೩ nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmarUpagaLu
I rIti nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi avakkinta tIra bhinnavAda (nAma)padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkU, nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadagaLannu bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli baLasuvudakkAgi pratyayagaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu tayArisuvudakkU naDuve vyatyAsavide.
udAharaNegAgi, nal, asi, ini, piri modalAda guNapadagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide mattu ivannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide.
piriyan piriyar piriyaL piridu piriyavu
idE rItiyalli, kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLigU linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi, avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide.
kanDan kanDar kanDaL kanDudu kanDuvu
ivU kUDa kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLallade, avugaLinda tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLalla. yAkendare, ellA rItiya sambandhisuva rUpagaLigU I rIti linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavide, mattu avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi I racaneya adhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavide.
nAmapadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLigU idE rItiyalli linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare vibhaktipratyayagaLondige) baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu.
(೧ka) Itam birdinan (೪.೪೪) “ivanu atithi (Atithyadavanu)’
(೧kha) mijuguva cembonna rathadan aSvatthAmam (೧೦.೫೭) “hoLeyuva cinnada rathadavanu aSvatthA ma’
padagaLa oLaracane ge
(೧ka)dalli birdu “atithi’ nAmapadada birdina emba sambandhisuva rUpakke an pratyayavannu sErisi birdinan nAmarUpavannu tayArisalAgide, mattu (೧kha)dalli rathada emba innondu nAmapadada sambandhisuva rUpakke an pratyayavannu sErisi rathadan nAmarUpavannu tayArisalAgide.
haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu intaha padarUpagaLannu mUla padagaLondige sambandhisuvalli bhASheya vaySiShTyavannu gamanisalu SaktarAgilla. udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjanu karidu, biLidu, paTadu, bisidu modalAdavugaLannu guNavacanagaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೮೭), mattu ivugaLa koneya duvige pullingadalli akAravU (sU. ೧೬೩), stra “lingadalli aL embudU (sU. ೧೬೪) AdESavAgi baruvudendu hELiddA ne.
Adare nijakkU illi kari, biLi, paTa, bisi modalAdavu guNavacanagaLu (guNapadagaLu), mattu karidu, kariyan, kariyaL modalAdavu kari padakke linga- vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nAmarUpagaLu. ivu kari padada padarUpagaLallade adakkinta bhinnavAda bEre padagaLalla.
avaru I rIti karidu, biLidu modalAduvannu guNavacanagaLendu parigaNisalu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli hAge mADiruvudE kAraNa. Adare, samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu (guNavacanagaLu) haLegannaDada hAge nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla (೪.೨ nODi). hecci. na guNapadagaLU mUru lingagaLalli baraballuvu embudondE ivugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva vaySiShTya. Adare, guNavacanagaLallada halavu nAmapadagaLU I rIti mUru lingagaLalli baraballuvAda kAraNa, I viShayavannAdharisi samskxtada guNavacanagaLannu bEreyE ondu padavargadalli irisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla (೭.೨.೩ nODi).
೫.೩ samAsagaLu
eraDu (athavA heccu) padagaLannu oTTu sErisi hosa padavondannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva vidhAnagaLannu samAsagaLendu kareyalAguttade. idallade, intaha vidhAnagaLannu baLasi tayArisida padagaLannU samAsagaLendE kareyalAguttade.
I rIti samAsa embudannu eraDu arthagaLalli baLasuvudarinda svalpa maTTige gondalavunTAgalu sAdhyavide. adannu nivArisuvudakkAgi, illi baLakeyAguva vidhAnagaLannu mAtra “samAsa’vemba hesarininda karedu, avugaLa mUlaka sAdhitavAguva padagaLannu “samastapada’ illavE “jODupada’ emba bEreyE hesarininda kareyuvudu oLLeyadu.
samastapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnagaLu samskxtadalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgive. hAgAgi, samskxtada samastapadagaLannu vibhajisuvudakkAgi adara vayyAkaraNigaLu baLasiruvantaha mUlatatvavannu hAgeyE haLegannaDada samastapadagaLannu vibhajisuvudakkAgi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.
೫.೩.೧ samskxtada samAsagaLu
samskxtada samastapadagaLannu avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli yAvudu “pradhAnavAdudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle vibhajisalAguttade. eraDu angagaLiruva samastapadagaLalli (೧) eraDaneyadu pradhAnavAdare tatpuruSha, (೨) modalaneyadu pradhAnavAdare avyayIbhAva, (೩) eraDU pradhAnavAdare dvandva mattu (೪) eraDU pradhAnavAgillade, horagina padavondu pradhAnavAdare bahuvrIhi embudAgi samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I samastapadagaLannu nAlku mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisiddA re.
(೧) tatpuruSha: rAjapuruSha emba padadalli rAja mattu puruSha emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTu sErive. ivugaLalli puruSha embudE pradhAnavAdudu. yAkendare, I pada ondu rItiya puruShanannu (rAjanige sambandhisidavanannu) sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, rAjapuruSha embudu tatpuruSha samAsakke udAharaNeyAguttade.
tatpuruSha samAsadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu ondE vibhakti pratkayada mUlaka sambandhisikonDiveyAdare, adannu “karmadhAraya’vemba bEre ondu hesarininda kareyalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, nIlOtsala embudaralli nIla mattu utpala “kamala’ emba eraDu padagaLU prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhitavAgiveyAda kAraNa, adu karmadhArayakke udAharaNe. (rAjapuruSha embudaralli rAja pada ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlaka puruSha padadondige sambandhitavAgide.)
idallade, tatpuruShada angagaLalli modalaneyadu eNikeya padavAdare adakke “dvigu’ emba hesaride. tribhuvana embudu idakke udAharaNe. idaralli tri “mUru’ embudu eNikeya pada.
(೨) avyayIbhAva: yathASakti embudaralli yathA mattu Sakti emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sErive. idakke Saktim anatikramya “Saktiyannu atikramisade’ emba vigrahavAkyavannu koDalAguttade. I samasta padadalli pradhAna padavAda yathA embudu modalu bandide. idallade, I samAsadinda siddha vAguva pada ondu avyayavAgide. I kAraNagaLigAgi illi baLakeyAgiruva samAsavannu avyayIbhAva endu kareyalAguttade.
(೩) dvandva: sukhaduHkha embudaralli sukha mattu duHkha emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTu sErive. ivugaLalli eraDU pradhAnavE Agiruva kAraNa, illi baLakeyAgiruva samAsavannu dvandva endu kareyalAguttade.
(೪) bahuvrIhi: pItAmbara embudaralli pIta “haLadi’ mattu ambara “baTTe’ emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sErive. Adare, I pada ondu rItiya (haLadi) baNNavannAgali illavE ondu rItiya baTTeyannAgali sUcisuva badalu, antaha baTTeyannuTTiruva obba vyaktiyannu sUcisutta de; endare, idaralli bandiruva padagaLalli eraDU pradhAnavalla; avakkinta bhinnavAgiruva (endare A samastapadada horagiruva)
“vyakti’ emba arthavannu sUcisuva pada pradhAnavAdudu. hAgAgi, illi baLakeyAgiruva samAsavannu bahuvrIhi embudAgi kareyalAguttade.
೫.೩.೨ haLegannaDada samAsagaLu
haLegannaDada samastapadagaLannu vibhajisalu samskxtadalli baLasidudakkinta tIra bhinnavAda mUlatatvavannu anusarisabEkAguttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, haLegannaDadalli samskxtada hAge ondE ondu padavargakke sErida padagaLannu mAtra (endare nAmapadagaLannu mAtra) intaha samastapadagaLa racaneyalli baLasuva badalu, mUru padavargagaLige sErida padagaLannu baLasalAguttade.
I samastapadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi ondu nAmapada barabahudu, guNapada barabahudu illavE kriyApada barabahudu; Adare, eraDaneya angavAgi ondu nAmapada mAtra baraballudu. I viShayada AdhArada mEle haLegannaDada samastapadagaLannu “nAmasamAsa’, “guNasamAsa’ mattu “kriyAsamAsa’ embudAgi mUru mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, kaNNIr embudaralli kaN mattu nIr emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTu sErive. I pada kaNNininda hora sUsuva ondu viSiShTavAda dravavannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, adu hesarallade varNaneyalla. hAgAgi, idannu samastapadavendu parigaNisabahudu. idE rItiyalli keydiDi “kannaDi’, kATkarcu, nANNuDi, bisilludure modalAda samastapadagaLannU eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisi tayArisalAgide.
beLLuLLi embudaralli beL guNapadadondige uLLi nAmapada sEri ondu viSiShTavAda gaDDeyannu sUcisuva samastapada siddha vAgide. idE rItiyalli, karbon “kabbiNa’, eLanIr, kirukuNike “kiruberaLu’ modalAda samastapadagaLU guNapadakke nAmapadavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgive.
suDugADu embudaralli suDu kriyApadadondige kADu nAmapada sEri heNagaLannu suDuva ondu viSiShTavAda jAgavannu hesarisuva nAmapada siddha vAgide. idE rItiyalli, biDuveN, aDugabbu “kaTTige’, iDuvale modalAda samastapadagaLU kriyApadagaLige nAmapadagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgive.
೫.೩.೩ samastapadagaLu mattu padakantegaLu
haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva samAsagaLu samskxtada samAsagaLinda bEreyU kelavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive. samskxtada ondu vaySiShTa $vEnendare, adaralli pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa bahaLa maTTige naShTavAgiddu, samAsa embudakke eraDu (athavA heccu) padagaLu aDakavAgi sErikonDiruvudu endiShTE arthaviruva
hAge kANisuttade. eraDu padagaLu sEri hosadondu padavAgiruvudu emba arthadalli adara baLakeyiruva hAge kANisuvudilla.
hIgAgiruvudakke samskxta bhAShege mAtina baLake tappi hOgiruvudE kAraNavendu hELabahudu. sAmAnyavAgi mAtina baLakeyalliruva bhASheyalli eraDu padagaLannu sErisi hosa padavondannu racisidoDaneyE adu A bhASheya padavenisuvudilla. ondu viSiShTavAda arthadalli rUDhige banda nantaravaShTE adu A bhASheya padavenisaballudu.
Adare, samskxtadalli paraspara hondikoLLuva arthaviruva yAva eraDu padagaLannu bEkiddarU samAsavemba vidhAnada mUlaka sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. samskxtada kavigaLu mattu vidvAmsaru I svAtantryavannu elleDegaLalliyU baLasikonDiruvarAda kAraNa, A bhASheyalli pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa aLiduhOgide.
pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa entahadu embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli, modalige I vyatyAsa bhAShegaLige yAke bEku embudannu pariSIlisabEkAguttade.
ondu ghaTane illavE sangatiyannu tiLisabEkidda lli, modalige A ghaTane illavE sangatiyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi, bidda illavE bittu endiShTE hELidare, sAmAnyavAgi nAvu tiLisabEkendiruva viShaya spaShTavAguvudilla, biddavaru yAru (rAju bidda) illavE biddudu Enu (haNNu bittu) embudannU tiLisabEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi bidda vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisabEkAguttade.
I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi heccina bhAShegaLallU eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyalliruttave. A vyakti illavE vastugaLigiruva hesarannu baLasi gurutisuvudu (hesarisuvudu) ondu vidhAna, mattu avugaLa varNaneyondannu koDuvudu (varNisuvudu) innondu vidhAna. udAharaNegAgi, rAju embudu obba vyaktiyannu hesarisi gurutisuttade, mattu cikka huDuga embudu obba vyaktiyannu varNisi gurutisuttade.
hesarisuvudarallU eraDu vidhAnagaLive: obba vyaktiyannu AtanadE Ada hesarininda (ankitanAmadinda) gurutisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu antaha halavu vyaktigaLige samAnavAgiruva hesarininda (rUDhanAmadinda) gurutisuvudu innondu vidhAna. udAharaNegAgi, rAju emba padavannu baLasuvalli modalaneya vidhAna baLakeyAguttade, mattu haNNu emba padavannu baLasuvalli eraDaneya vidhAna baLakeyAguttade (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT ೨೦೦೨:೮೦ nODi).
mAtina mUlaka gurutisabEkAgi baruva vyakti illavE vastugaLa sankhye anantavAgiddu, avugaLalli kelavE kelavannu mAtra nAvu hesarugaLa mUlaka gurutisaballevu. udAharaNegAgi, namma suttamutta miliyagaTTale krimikITagaLiddu avugaLalli kelavakke mAtra namma bhASheyalli hesaru (rUDhanAma)gaLive. hesarillada
krimiyondannu gurutisabEkAdAga, adakkondu hesarannu koDuvudu ondu dAri, mattu adannu varNisi hELuvudu innondu dAri.
sAmAnyavAgi, ondu vastu illavE prANiyannu AgAgagurutisabEkAguvudiddalli, adakkondu hesaru koDuttEve; idakke badalu, avannu kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli mAtra gurutisabEkAguvudAdalli, adakkAgi hesarondannu sxShTisuva tondarege hOguva badalu, varNisi gurutisuttEve. intaha varNaneyE kAlakramENa A vastu illavE prANiya hesarAgalU sAdhyavide. Adare, iveraDara naDuve vyatyAsavide.
udAharaNegAgi, karihalage embudannu modalige ondu varNaneyAgi baLasiralu sAdhyavide. Adare, sadyakke adu ondu hesaru(rUDhanAma)vAgiyE baLakeyallide. I vyatyAsakke AdhAravEnendare, adu ondu varNaneyAgiddalli, kappu baNNada ellA halagegaLannU gurutisabEku, mattu bEre baNNada halagegaLannAgali, illavE halageyalla davugaLannAgali gurutisadirabEku.
Adare, hosagannaDadalli karihalage emba pada gurutisuvantahadu kappAgiyU irabEkAgilla (adu nIli illavE hasiru baNNaddirabahudu), mattu halageyAgiyU irabEkAgilla (gODeya ondu bhAgavAgirabahudu). idallade, ellA rItiya kappu baNNada halagegaLannU karihalageyendu kareyalu sAdhyavAgadu. ondu viSiShTavAda kelasadalli baLakeyAguva vastuvannu mAtra A hesarininda gurutisalu sAdhya. hAgAgi, adu hosagannaDadalli hesarallade varNaneyalla.
mEle vivarisida hAge, vyakti illavE vastugaLige hesarannu koDuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyallive. nAmapada, guNapada, illa vEkriyApadakke (೧) ondu pratyayavannu sErisi hosa padavannu sxShTisuvudu (೫.೨.೧ nODi), mattu (೨) bErondu nAmapadavannu sErisi hosa padavannu sxShTisuvudu (karihalage). I eraDaneya vidhAnakke samAsavendu hesaru.
samastapada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa I vivaraNeyinda spaShTavAgirabahudu. eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu hesarannu teyArisalAgideyAdare adu samastapada, mattu ondu varNaneyannu tayArisalAgideyAdare adu padakante. samastapadada tayArikeyalli samAsavemba vidhAnada baLakeyAgide, mattu padakanteya tayArikeyalli adakkinta bhinnavAda bEreyE ondu vidhAnada baLakeyAgide. samastapadagaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguva samAsa embudu padaracaneya vidhAna, mattu padakanteya tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguvudu vAkyaracaneya vidhAna.
udAharaNegAgi, beLLingaL embudu candrana beLakannu hesarisuva padavAda kAraNa, haLegannaDadalli samAsakke udAharaNeyAgaballudu. Adare, beLmugil embudu mugilu entahadu (adu biLi baNNaddu) embudAgi varNaneyondannu koDuttideyAda kAraNa, padakantege udAharaNeyAgaballudallade samAsakke udAharaNeyAgalAradu.
hesaru mattu varNanegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa mAtina baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLallella spaShTavAgi mUDiruttade. Adare, mAtina baLake tappihOgiruva bhAShegaLu kelavE kelavu panDitara mattu kavigaLa hiDitadalli uLiyuvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLalli I vyatyAsa bahaLa bEga aLiduhOguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli nIlOtsala emba padakke ondu jAtiya kamalavannu sUcisuva arthavide. hAgAgi, adannondu hesarendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. Adare, samskxtada kavigaLu I padavannu A jAtige sEradiruvantaha kamalagaLannu (avakke nIli baNNaviddalli) gurutisuvudakkAgiyU baLasaballaru. intaha baLakegaLannu virOdhisuva mattu niyantrisuva samAjada kaTTu samskxtakkiralillavAda kAraNa, intaha baLakegaLu jAstiyAguttA hOgi, kAvyagaLa kAladalli samAsavembudu adara mUlArthavannu kaLedukonDide.
vEdakAlada samskxtakke mAtina baLake AdhAravAgittu. hAgAgi, adaralli hesaru mattu varNanegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa uLidukonDittu. idallade, adaralli baLakeyAguttidda samastapadagaLalli eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLu angagaLAgiruvudu bahaLa aparUpa. Adare kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli udduddavAda samastapadagaLa baLakeyannu kANabahudu. mAtina baLake tappidudarindAgi pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa aLiduhOgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.
೫.೪ haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli samAsa
haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli siddha vAgiruva samastapadagaLa vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddA re; hIge mADidudarindAgi, avarige I padagaLa racaneyalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve iruva halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisalu sAdhyavAgalilla
udAharaNegAgi, samAsa mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu ivaru parigaNisalilla. Adare, idu haLegannaDakke avaSya endu nanna bhAvane. nAmapadagaLondige guNapadagaLannu baLasi tayArisida racanegaLalli I vyatyAsa bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANisuttade.
samskxtadavE Ada samAsada niyamagaLannu baLasidarU (endare samastapada- padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisidarU) haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu varNisuva samAsagaLu nijakkU A bhASheyalli samAsagaLalla embudu keLagina pariSIlaneyinda
೫.೪.೧ guNapadagaLa baLake
haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAgiddu, avannu nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisabEkAguvudilla. Adare, samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLE Agiddu, avannu bEre nAmapadagaLondige
les ೨೧೦ bAvi ile i nagale vEgi hA i baLasabEkiddalli avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.
idu haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva ondu mukhya vyatyAsa. samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu vibhakti pratyaya sErisade nEravAgi nAmapadadondige baLasidalli adu samastapadavAgi biDuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva eraDu
vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(೨ka) kxShNam sarpam apaSyat “kappu hAvannu nODida’
(೨kha) kxShNa sarpam apaSyat “kappuhAvannu nODida’
(೨ka)dalli kxShNa mattu sarpa emba eraDu padagaLU dvitIyA-Ekavacanadalli bandive; Adare, (೨kha)dalli sarpa embudu mAtra dvitIyA-Ekavacanadalli bandiddu, kxShNa embudu yAva vibhakti pratyayavU illade bandide. I vyatyAsavannu vivarisuvudakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli (೨kha) vAkyadalli kANisuva kxShNasarpa embudarantaha baLakegaLalli karmadhArayavemba samAsavAgideyendu hELalAguttade.
Adare, haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu sahajavAgiyE, yAva vibhakti pratyayada sahAyavU illade, nAmapadagaLondige baruttave. avannu samskxtada hAge, vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, avugaLa sahaja baLakegaLAgiruva eLagombu, pErAne, perdere, niDugaN, paTanavir, posanettar modalAdavugaLalli karmadhAraya samAsavAgideyendu hELuvudakke haLegannaDadalli yAva AdhAravU illa.
pampabhAratadalli intaha padagaLa baLake hEgideyembudannu pariSIlisidalli I viShaya spaShTavAguttade. posa-posatu, kiLu-kiaುdu (kiluyar), cenna-cennar, teL-teLLiduvu modalAda padayugmagaLalli modalaneyadu nAmapadagaLondige baruttade, mattu eraDaneyadu nAmapadada jAgadalli baruttade:
(೧) nAmapadagaLondige baLake: (೩ka) pUvina posa goncalim maranidEnesedirduvo (೧.೧೧೬) “hUvina hosa goncalininda maragaLu eShTu sogasAgive! (೩kha) kiunage nakku (೯.೨೮va) “husinage nakku’ (೩ga) cenna pUgaLan oyyane Osarisutum (೨.೧೭) “sogasAda hUvugaLannu nidhAnavAgi pakkakke sarisutta
(೨) nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLake: (೪ka) posatam paladumanaludu (೫.೪೬va) “hosatannU haLeyadannU tiLidu’
(೪kha) Atanim kiuyaram pannorvaram kondu (೧೧.೫೯) “Ataninda kiriyarAda hannondu janarannU kondu’ (೪ga) cennaran aDigotti(೨.೭೭) “parAkramigaLannu kAlina keLakke adumi’
posa, kiA, cenna modalAda guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi baLasabEkendiddalli avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisuva avaSyakateyilla . Adare, avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli, endare vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasabEkendidda lli, avakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide emba vAkyaracaneya niyama haLegannaDadallide.
hAgAgi, nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva posatu, kiaುyar, cennar modalAdavugaLannu haLegannaDadalli posa, kiaು, cenna modalAda guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLendu kareyuva avaSyakateyide.
haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva hAge, illi posatu, kiAdu modalAdavugaLu mUlarUpagaLalla; posa, kiju modalAdavugaLE mUlarUpagaLu. posatu, kiridu modalAdavugaLu bEre padavargakke sErida padagaLa jAgadalli (nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli) baLasuvudakkAgi avakke linga-vacana pratyayavannu sErisi racisida rUpagaLu.
೫.೪.೨ kxdantagaLa baLake
idE rItiyalli haLegannaDada kxdantagaLU samskxtada kxdantagaLinda bhinnavAgive. samskxtadalli avannu nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade; Adare, haLegannaDada kxdantagaLige I rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. nAmapadagaLondige avannu hAgeyE baLasabEkembudE haLegannaDada niyama.
(೫5) mxtam sarpam apaSyat “satta hAvannu nODida’
(೫kha) banda baTTeyine bijayangeyyim “banda dAriyallE hOgi’
(೫ka) samskxta vAkyadalli mxta “satta’ kxdantavannu dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayadondige baLasalAgide, Adare (೫kha) haLegannaDa vAkyadalli banda kxdantavannu hAgeyE yAva pratyayavannU sErisade baLasalAgide. haLegannaDada I banda kxdantakke samskxtada hAge dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
haLegannaDadalli kxdantavondakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisabEkidda lli, adakke linga-vacana pratyayavannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare, hIge sErisida padarUpa
padagaLa oLaracane te
nAmapadada jAgadalli baraballudallade, bErondu nAmapadadondige adara viSEShaNavAgi baralAradu.
(೫ga) irdaram nelye mOhisi “(sabheyalli) iddavarannu pUrNavAgi mUrchegoLisi’ (೫gha) uTududam mANisal nAne sAlven “uLidudannu nillisalu nAnu sAku’ (೫ga)dalli irda kxdantakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar pratyayavannu sErisi, anantara am vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide. Adare, I padavannu illi svatantravAda nAmapadada jAgadalli baLasalAgideyallade, bErondu padada viSEShaNavAgi baLasilla. (೫gha)dallU hIgeyE. hAgAgi, banda baTTe, toLapa dADe, illada nalme embantaha baLakegaLalli kxdantagaLige sahajavAgiruvantaha baLakeyE kANisuttideyallade samAsavAgilla. idakke badalu, samskxtada mxtasarpa “satta hAvu’, hataSatru “konda Satru’ modalAdavugaLalli mxta, hata modalAda kxdantagaLige “asahaja’vAda baLakeyideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, samskxtada kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLAgiddu, bEre nAmapadagaLondige sahajarUpadalli baruvAgalella avu vibhakti pratyayadondige baruttave; mxtasarpa, hataSatru modalAda baLakegaLalli I vibhakti pratyaya bidduhOgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, illi samAsavAgideyendU hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare, haLegannaDada banda baTTe, toLapa dADe modalAdavugaLalli I rIti vibhakti pratyaya biddu hOgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa, ivugaLalli samAsavAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
೫.೪.೩ bEre padagaLa baLake
samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige eNikeya padagaLannAgali, illa vE nirdESaka padagaLannAgali baLasuvudiddarU, A nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu
antaha eNikeya pada illa vE nirdESaka padagaLigU sErisabEkemba niyamavide.
(೬ka) aham Ekam ghaTam dxShTavAn
“nAnu ondu koDavannu nODide’ (೬kha) tEna sUtEna aSvAH yOjitAH
“A sUtanu kuduregaLannu rathakke kaTTida’
(೬ka)dalli Eka “ondu’ emba eNikeya pada dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli bandide, mattu (೬kha)dalli sa “A’ emba nirdESaka pada tEna emba txtIyArUpadalli bandide. avugaLondige bandiruva nAmapadagaLu ivE vibhaktigaLalli (ghaTa embudu dvitIyeyalli mattu sUta embudu txtIyeyalli) bandive embudannu gamanisabahudu.
Adare, haLegannaDadalli eNikeya padagaLannAgali, illavE nirdESaka padagaLannAgali nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, avakke I rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla, mattu hAge sErisalu sAdhyavU illa.
(೭ka) OraDiyanaNam naDeyalum Ade “ondu hejjeyannU iDalu sAdhyavAgade’ (೭kha) tEjOguNam A kcatriyaroL nelasi nindudu “tEjOguNa A kcatriyaralli sthiravAgi ninditu’
(೭ka)dalli Or eNikeya pada, mattu (೭kha)dalli A emba nirdESaka pada iveraDU vibhakti pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade nAmapadagaLondige bandive. haLegannaDadalli ivu
vibhakti pratyayagaLondige barabEkiddalli, viSEShaNagaLAgi baruva badalu, keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLalli kANisida hAge, nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli barabEku.
(೮ka) narEndram tanage ondam tandan “rAjanu tanage ondannu tandanu’
(೮kha) tEjOguNam avaroL nelasi nindudu “tEjOguNa avaralli sthiravAgi ninditu’
samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve intaha vyatyAsavideyAda kAraNa, samskxtada EkaghaTa mattu tatsUta embavugaLa hAge haLegannaDada OraDi mattu A kShatriya embavugaLannu samastapadagaLendu parigaNisalu AdhAravilla.
haLegannaDadalli kelavu eNikeya padagaLa mattu guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu mAtra nAmapadagaLondigU (padakantegaLalli) baraballuvu. Adare I rUpagaLU vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(ka) narEndram tanage ondu mAriyam tandan “rAjanu tanage ondu mAriyannu tandukonDanu’ (೯kha) Ananakke piridum dInatvamam mADidanAvan “mukhakke viSEShavAda bADuvikeyannu unTu mADidavanu yAru’
(೯ka)dalli ondu embudu (eNikeya padada nAmarUpa) mAri emba nAmapadadondige bandide; Adare, adarondige am pratyaya bandilla. idE rItiyalli, (೯kha)dalli piridu embudu (guNapadada nAmarUpa) dInatva emba nAmapadadondige bandide; Adare, adarondige am vibhakti pratyaya bandilla.
mEle vivarisida hAge, samskxtada samastapadagaLa racaneyalli nAmapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyAguttave; avyayagaLa baLakeyU iruvudu nijavAdarU, samskxtada
vayyAkaraNigaLu avannu nAmapadagaLa vargadallE sErisiruvarAda kAraNa, samskxtada samastapadagaLannu varNisuvAga nAmapadagaLannu mAtra gaNanege tegedukonDare sAku.
haLegannaDada samasta padagaLannu varNisuvAgalU samskxtada I niyamavannE anusarisi, nAmapadagaLu oTTusEri samAsavAguvudendu prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiddA re. (kESirAja, sU. ೧೭೩ nODi). Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDa samastapadagaLalli eraDaneya pada mAtra nAmapadavAgiruva avaSyakateyide. modalaneyadu nAmapadavirabahudu, kriyApadavirabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu. adu ondu avyayavAgiralU sAdhyavide.
haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I mukhyavAda mattu vyAkaraNada mUlatatvadallEnE kANisuvantaha vyatyAsavannu haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu sariyAgi gamanisilla.
೫.೪.೪ haLegannaDada bahuvrIhi
eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi hosadondu padavannu racisidAga, A eraDu padagaLalli ondU adara pradhAna padavAgirade, horaginadondu pada pradhAna padavAgideyAdare, adakke bahuvrIhi endu hesaru (೫.೩.೧ nODi). bahuvrIhi emba hesarE samskxtadalli I samAsakke ondu udAharaNe:
bahu “heccu’ mattu vrIhi “batta’ emba eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi racisida I pada heccu battavannu sangrahisiTTiruva obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, illi I padada angagaLAgiruva bahu mattu vrIhi emba eraDu padagaLa badalu, “vyakti’ emba bEreyE ondu pada pradhAna padavAgide.
bahuvrIhi samAsakke haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva udAharaNegaLu karbuvillam, kaDucAgi, calavAdi, niDugaNNam modalAdavugaLu. nijakkU illi bahuvrIhi samAsavideyendu hELuvudu bahaLa kaShTa. udAharaNegAgi, karbuvillam embudu “kabbannu billAgi paDedavanu’ emba arthavannu koDuttiddu, adu obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade; hAgAgi karbu mattu billu emberaDu padagaLU illi pradhAna padagaLalla embudAgi vivaraNeyannEnO koDabahudu.
Adare, karbuvillam padadalli karbu mattu vil emberaDu padagaLu mAtravallade, am emba pratyayavU bandide. samastapadada angavAgiruva I pratyayavE “vyakti’ emba arthavannu koDuvudAda kAraNa, illi pradhAna pada horaginadu endu vAdisuvudakke AdhAravilla.
intaha padagaLa racaneyalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavE I rIti haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva samastapadagaLannu bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLannAgi mADalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa. samskxtada pItAmbara, dIrphabAhu, prAptOdaka modalAda bahuvrIhi padagaLige vibhakti pratyayagaLinda
bhinnavAda linga-vacana pratyayagaLa sErikeyAguvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa angagaLAgi eraDu padagaLu mAtra baruttave.
Adare, haLegannaDadalli intaha padagaLa koneyalli linga-vacana pratyayagaLannU sErisabEkAgiddu, ivu vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgive. allade, I pratyayagaLannu padada ondu angavendE parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide; yAkendare, mElinavugaLa arthavannu intaha linga-vacana pratyayavannu paDeyadiruva karbuvil, kaDucAga, calavAda, niDugaN modalAda padagaLu koDalAravu. hAgAgi, mEle koTTiruva haLegannaDa padagaLu bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLAgalAravu (೫.೪.೪ nODi).
venkaTAcala SAstrI (೧೯೯೪:೮೮) sUcisida hAge, karmadhArayadantaha samAsadinda siddha vAda padakke pratyayavondannu sErisi racisida padagaLannE heccAgi I vayyAkaraNigaLu bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTiddAre. ivugaLalli karmadhArayakkinta bhinnavAgiruva bErondu samAsa ide ennuvudakkintalU karmadhArayadinda siddha vAda nAmapadakke taddi ta pratyayavondu sEride (kaDuvil- kaDuvillam, alargaN-alargaNNa ch alargaNNa r, niDumUgu-niDumUgi) endu hELuvudE uttama.
kallerde, kaDugallerde, dhayryAmburASi, kittaDi embantaha padagaLalli mAtra I rIti pratyaya sEradiddarU anyapadada artha pradhAnavAgideyAda kAraNa, antaha padagaLannu mAtra nyAyavAgi bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide (venkaTAcala SAstri € ೧೯೯೪:೮೮ nODi).
೫.೪.೫ avyayIbhAva
haLegannaDada kiLLoDe, kiTakkeAke, mungay, angay, bembisil, angAl modalAduvannu avyayIbhAva samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide. ivu haLegannaDadalli “avyaya’gaLalla vAda kAraNa, avyayIbhAva emba hesaru ivakke takkudalla. idannu gamanisida bhaTTAkaLankanu I samAsakke “amSi’ emba bErondu hesarannu baLasiddAne (sU. ೩೦೬). ivugaLalli baLakeyAgiruva eraDu padagaLa naDuve amSAmSi sambandhavide; I padagaLalli modalaneyadu ondu amSavannU eraDaneyadu A amSavannu paDediruva ondu amSiyannU sUcisuttave embudE idakke AdhAra.
I samAsakke vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva udAharaNegaLalli ellavU I rIti amSAmSi sambandhavannu tOrisuva hAge kANisuvudilla, mattu ellavugaLallU pradhAnapada modalaneya angavAgiruva hAgeyU kANisuvudilla.
udAharaNegAgi, kiToDe embudu hoTTeya keLabhAgavannu sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, adaralli bandiruva padagaLalli kiT “keLage’ embudAgalI, illavE poDe “hoTTe’ embudAgalI adara pradhAna padavAgalAradu. idakke badalu, bhAga emba I samastapadada horagiruva padavE adara pradhAna padavendu hELabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, idu avyayIbhAvakkintalU bahuvrIhige uttama udAharaNeyAgaballudu.
angay, angAl, mungay modalAdavugaLU intahavE endu tOruttade. kibatyeAೆ embudakke kiTTel Dikbnariyalli “keLagina kere’ emba artha koDalAgide. I arthadalli adu karmadhArayavAga balludallade avyayIbhAvavAgalAradu. “kereya keLabhAga’ emba arthavU idakkide; Adare I arthadalli adu bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgaballudallade avyayIbhAvakke udAharaNeyAgalAradu.
nAgavarmanu (sU. ೧೨೯)ralli I padavannu avyayIbhAvakke udAharaNeyAgi koTTiddA ne; Adare, yAva arthadalli idu avyayIbhAvavAgaballudu embudu
ida spaShTavAgilla.
೫.೪.೬ kriyAsamAsa
samastapadagaLalli modalaneya anga kriyApadavAgiddare (suDugADu, biDuveN, aDugabbu), adannu “kriyAsamAsa’vendu kareyalu sAdhya embudAgi mEle ೫.೩.೨ralli sUcisidde. Adare haLegannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli kriyAsamAsavemba padavannu bEreyE ondu arthadalli baLasalAgide.
modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiddu, eraDaneyadu kriyApadavAgiruva seaಾyirdam, guNangonDam, baLedoTTam, pAlkuDidem modalAdavugaLalli kriyAsamAsavideyendu I vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttAre. kESirAjana prakAra, idannu mattu gamaka samAsavannu (೫.೪.೬ nODi) kannaDada viSESha lakShaNagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide.
Adare, nijakkU I padagaLalli eraDu padagaLu sEri hosadondu pada sxShTiyAgilla. hAgAgi, ivannu samAsavemba “padaracane’ya vidhAnada mUlaka varNisuva badalu, adakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva “vAkyaracane’ya vidhAnada mUlaka varNisuvudE oLLeyadu.
I prayOgagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadada dvitIyA vibhakti lOpagonDiruvudannu (pAlam kuDidem>pAlkuDidem) kANuttEve. munde ೮.೨ralli sUcisiruva hAge, haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avaSyavilladalli baLasadiralU sAdhya emba niyamavE intaha prayOgagaLige AdhAra. hAgAgi, I prayOgagaLalli kANisuvudu vAkyaracaneya niyamavallade padaracaneya niyamavalla. intaha kelavu baLakegaLalli dvitIyA vibhakti sankShiptagonDu bindu rUpadalli uLiyuvudU ide (padangonDam, mogannODidam).
೫.೪.೭ gamaka samAsa
I samAsakke haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu koTTiruva udAharaNegaLannu pariSIlisidAga, ondu viShaya spaShTavAguttade: haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu avaru parigaNisadiruvudE ivannu gamaka samAsavemba ondu hosa rItiya samAsavembudAgi, mattu kannaDada viSESha
lakShaNagaLalli ondembudAgi, tiLiyalu kAraNa.
samska tadalli guNapada, nirdESaka pada, kxdanta modalAdavugaLu nAmapadagaLE. hAgAgi, avannu innondu nAmapadadondige (avugaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi) baLasabEkiddalli, avugaLondige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide (೫.೪.೧- ೩ nODi).
Adare, haLegannaDadalli ivu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva padavargagaLalli baruttiddu, avannu hAgeyE nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkiddalli, modalige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi, avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEkAgutta de. idallade, sAmAnyavAgi intaha guNapada, nirdESaka pada, kxdanta modalAdavugaLa nAmarUpagaLu bErondu nAmapadada viSEShaNagaLAgi baralAravu.
samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige I padagaLannu vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisadeyU baLasalu sAdhyavide, mattu intaha sandarbhagaLalli avu nAmapadadondige sEri samastapadagaLAgiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavide (೫.೪.೧-೩ nODi). yAkendare, intaha prayOgagaLalli I padagaLa vibhakti pratyaya lOpagonDideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.
Adare, haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayavillade baruvudE ivugaLa sahaja prayOga. hAgAgi, ivugaLa baLakeyalli vibhakti pratyaya lOpagonDideyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, ivugaLa baLakeyalli samAsavemba prakriye naDedideyendu hELalU kUDa sAdhyavAgadu.
haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuvantaha kriyAsamAsa mattu gamaka samAsagaLu nijakkU samAsagaLalla, vAkkAngagaLu mAtra endu vAdisuvudakke avugaLigU itara samAsagaLigU naDuviruva kelavu vyatyAsagaLannU AdhAravAgi koDabahudu (venkaTAcala SAstri € ೧೯೯೪:೮೨-೩ nODi):
(೧) samAsadalli eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAguttade emba niyamavide. I niyamakke gamaka samAsa apavAda. eraDu padagaLu illi biDi biDiyAgi baruttave (biLiya koDe, ADuva polam).
(೨) gamaka samAsada eraDu padagaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu irisidarU A “samastapada’da arthadalli vyatyAsavAguvudilla.
(೩) karmadhArayavE modalAda samastapadagaLige gamaka samAsadalliruva samastapadavondannu “vigrahavAkya’vAgi koDalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, beLgoDe embudu karmadhAraya samAsadalliruva samastapada; idakke vigrahavAkyavAgi koDuva biLiya koDe embudu gamaka samAsadalliruva samastapada.
(೪) gamaka samAsadalli oTTige sErikoLLuva eraDu padagaLU tamma arthavannu badalAyisade hAgeyE uLisikoLLuttave. idu samAsada ondu mukhya guNadharmakke viruddha vAgide.
(೫) haLegannaDada samAsagaLallella eraDaneya pada nAmapada emba niyamakke (೫.೩.೨ nODi) gamaka samAsa mattu kriyAsamAsagaLu mAtra apavAdagaLAguttave.
(೬) haLegannaDa samastapadagaLalli kannaDa padagaLondige samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu sEruvudilla emba niyamakke gamaka mattu kriyAsamAsagaLu apavAdagaLAguttave (pUsida bhasmaparAgam, priyannuDidam).
(೭) kESirAjanu modalige (sU. ೧೭೨ralli) koTTiruva samAsada varNanege (nAmapadangaL arthadoL anugatangaLAge samAsam ghaTisugum embudakke) gamaka mattu kriyA samAsagaLu apavAdagaLAguttave. yAkendare, avugaLalli nAmapadavalladavU baruttave.
I vyatyAsagaLalli heccinavU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLE embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.
೫.೫ sArAmSa
padagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu halavu tappugaLannu mADiddA. re. ivugaLalli hecci navU samskxtada padaracaneya niyamagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi mUDibandive.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada samastapadagaLalli modalaneya pada yAva padavargakke sEruttade embudE Adara samAsagaLannu vibhajisalu uttama AdhAra. Adare, samskxtadalli pradhAna pada yAvudu emba viShayavannu intaha vibhajanege AdhAravAgi mADalAgide. haLegannaDada samastapadagaLige samskxtada I vibhajane yOgyavAdudalla.
I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalle €nE kANisuvantaha vyatyAsagaLannu gamanadallirisikonDu, haLegannaDada padaracaneya niyamagaLannu kanDuhiDiyalu prayatnisidalli mAtra, avugaLa hindiruva niyamagaLu entahavemba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.