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adhyAya ೪ — padavargagaLu
padavargagaLu
೪.೧ padagaLalli vayvidhya
ondu bhASheyalli entaha padagaLella baLakeyAguttave embudu padakantegaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi A bhASheyalli entaha vidhAnagaLannu baLasalAgutta de embudannavalambiside. I vidhAnagaLu bEre bEre bhAShAkuTumbagaLalli bEre bEreyAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, eraDu bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu ondE teranAgirabEkAgilla.
kriyApada mattu nAmapada embudAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu heccina bhAShegaLallU baLakeyAguttave (munDAriyantaha kelavu bhAShegaLu idakkU apavAdagaLAgiddu, avugaLalli ondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive). sAmAnyavAgi, vAkyavondaralli baruva kriyApadagaLu ondu ghaTaneyannU nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannU sUcisuttaveyendu
bri?
hELabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva haLegannaDa vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu. (೧ka) arasam pArvange gOvam koTTam
(೧ka) vAkyadalli arasam, pArvam mattu gOvu emba mUru nAmapadagaLu mattu kuDu (koT) emba ondu kriyApada bandive. ivugaLalli kriyApadavu ondu ghaTaneyannU nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva ibbaru vyaktigaLu mattu ondu prANiyannU sUcisuttave.
haLegannaDada hAge, samskxtadallU nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu rItiya padagaLu baLakeyAguvudannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, rAmaH gxhE rOditi “rAmanu maneyalli aLuttiddAne’ emba vAkyadalli rAma mattu gxha emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu mattu rud emba ondu kriyApada baLakeyAgive.
haLegannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtravallade, “guNapada’vemba averaDakkinta bhinnavAda padavargakke sEruva padagaLU baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada posa, beL, teL, ki೫ modalAda padagaLu halavu viShayagaLalli kriyApada mattu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, avannu I eraDu vargagaLinda bhinnavAda guNapadavemba mUraneya padavargadalli sErisi hELabEkAguttade.
Adare, intaha mUraneyadondu padavargakke sEraballa padagaLu samskxtadalli lla.
haLegannaDada guNapadagaLige samAnavAda kxSa, pxthu, mxdu, Sukla, guru modalAda padagaLu samskxtadalli nAmapadavarga dallEnE baruttave. idu haLegannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsa. I eraDu bhAShegaLu nAmapadakantegaLannu tayArisikoLLuva krama hEge embudannu pariSIlisidAga, ivugaLa naDuve I vyatyAsa yAke mUDibandide embudu spaShTavAguttade (೪.೨ nODi).
೪.೨ nAmapadakantegaLa racane
vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, hecci: na bhAShegaLallU hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu embudAgi eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLake yAguttave (bhaT ೨೦೦೨:೮೦ nODi). sAmAnyavAgi, hesarisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLu (rUDhanAmagaLu illavE ankitanAmagaLu) baLakeyAguttave, mattu varNisuvudakkAgi nAmapadakantegaLu baLakeyAguttave.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva (೧ka) vAkyadalli arasam, pArvam mattu gOvu emba mUru nAmapadagaLannu baLasalAgiddu, avu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka ibbaru vyaktigaLannu mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttave.
keLage koTTiruva (೧kha) vAkyadalli pArvam nAmapadada badalu baDa pArvam emba nAmapadakanteyannu baLasalAgiddu, idu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade.
(೧kha) arasam baDa pArvange gOvam koTTam
baDa pArvam emba I nAmapadakanteyallU pArvam emba A vyaktiya “hesaru’ (rUDhanAma) bandideyEnO nija; Adare, adu A vyaktiyannu nEravAgi gurutisuva badalu, hAge gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgiruva ondu varNaneya angavAgi bandide.
vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu I rIti varNaneya mUlakagurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva padakantegaLannu bEre bEre bhAShegaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli tayArisuttave. I viShayadalli samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsakke intaha padakantegaLa racanegAgi iveraDu bhAShegaLu eraDu tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu baLasuvudE kAraNa.
haLegannaDada padakantegaLallella sAmAnyavAgi ondu pradhAnapada mattu ondu athavA jAsti A padakke sahAyakavAgiruva padagaLu iruttave. ivugaLalli pradhAnapada obba vyakti illavE vastuvannu hesarisuttade, mattu sahAyaka pada A vyakti illavE
gi
2
vastuvina guNadharmavondannu sUcisuva mUlaka adannu gurutisuva kelasa sulabhavAguvante mADuttade. udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva baDa pArvam padakanteya
lla e7 p vA ka tA mu ssaNa sAta Ni. i%Sೆ embudu pradhAna padavAgiddu, adu obba vyaktiyannu hasarisuttada, ma
embudu sahAyaka padavAgiddu, A vyaktiya guNadharmavondannu (“A vyakti baDava’ embudannu) sUcisuva mUlaka, Atanannu gurutisuva kelasa sulabhavAguvante mADutta de.
I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDakke vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva “nAmapada’gaLu mAtravallade, avugaLa guNadharmagaLannaShTE sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva “guNapada’gaLU bEkAguttave. hAgAgi, haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDu vargagaLige sEruva padagaLu kANisikoLLuttave.
samskxtadalli nAmapadakantegaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda vidhAnavondu baLakeyallide. I vidhAnada baLakeyalli A bhAShege “nAmapada’vemba ondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLu mAtra bEkAgutta ve; “guNapada’vemba innondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLa avaSyakate unTAguvudilla. hAgAgi, antaha padagaLu A bhASheyalli kANisuvudU illa.
samskxtada nAmapadakantegaLalli baruva padagaLalli heccinavU pradhAna padagaLE Agiddu, A padagaLalli pratiyondU svatantravAgi mattu bEre bErAgi vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave; Adare, ondu padakanteya angagaLAgi baruvAga I padagaLellavU ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLalliruttave; hAgAgi, A padakanteyalli avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavu bEre bEralla, ondE vyakti illavE vastu emba artha dorakuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu:
(೨ka) hari: Ekam kxShNam sarpam apaSyat “hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida’
I (೨5) vAkyadalli Ekam kxShNam sarpam emba padakante bandide. I padakanteyalli Ekam, kxShNam mattu sarpam emba mUru padagaLive. I mUru padagaLU svatantravAgi mUru bEre bEre vyakti, prANi illavE vastuvannu gurutisaballuvu. Adare, mElina vAkyadalli avellavU ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktiyalli bandiveyAda kAraNa, avellavU oTTAgi ondE prA Niyannu bEre bEre rItiyalli (endare, adu ondAgiruva prANiyendu, kappAgiruva prANiyendu, mattu hAvAgiruva prANiyendu) gurutisuttave.
samskxtadalli Ekam, kxShNam mattu sarpam emba I mUru padagaLu svatantravAgi mUru bEre bEre vyakti, prANi illavE vastu vannu gurutisaballuvu embudannu keLagina vAkyagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
(೨kha) hari: Ekam apaSyat
“hari ondannu (athavA obbanannu) nODida’
(೨ga) hari: kxShNam apaSyat
“hari kappinadannu (athavA kappinavanannu) nODida’
(೨ghu hari: sarpam apaSyat “hari hAvannu nODida’ (೨kha-gha) vAkyagaLalli Ekam, kxShNam mattu sarpam emba mUru padagaLu
svatantravAgi mUru bEre bEre vyakti, vastu illavE prANigaLannu gurutisalu SaktavAgive.
(೨ka) vAkyadalli bandiruva padakanteyalli I mUru padagaLU ondE linga- vacana-vibhaktiyalli (endare pullinga-Ekavacana-dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli) bandiveyAda kAraNa, avugaLa mUlaka ondE prANiyannu (“ondu kappu hAva’nnu) gurutisalu sAdhyavAgide.
haLegannaDada padakantegaLalli baruva padagaLalli pradhAna padavondannu biTTu uLida padagaLige I rIti svatantravAgi vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva Saktiyilla. avu guNadharmavondannu mAtravE sUcisalu SaktavAgiddu, vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisaballa pradhAna padavondarondige sahAyaka padagaLAgi mAtra baLakeyAgaballuvu.
udAharaNegAgi, baDa pArvam padakanteyalli bandiruva baDa emba pada svatantravAgi vyaktiyobbanannu gurutisalAradu. vyaktiya guNadharmavondannu sUcisuva kelasavannu mAtravE adu mADaballudAgiddu, pArvam padada hAgiruva ondu pradhAna pada(nAmapada)dondige mAtra adu vAkyadalli baLakeyAgaballudu. svatantravAgi vyakti yobbanannu gurutisabEkidda lli, adannu baDavan embantaha nAmapadavAgi badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade.
guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padagaLalli heccinavugaLigU haLegannaDadalli pradhAna (nAmarUpa) mattu apradhAna (guNarUpa) embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLiruttave.
guNarUpa nAmarUpa (೩ka) posa posatu keaು kijudu kar karidu per piridu (೩kha) baDa baDavan cenna cennigan eLe eLeyan nal nallan
vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva tu (du), an, aL,
ar, avu pratyayagaLannu guNapadagaLige sErisuva mUlaka I nAmarUpagaLannu
tayArisalAgutta de.
Adare, samskxtadalli intaha padagaLigella nAmarUpa mAtra irutta de (endare avellavU nAmapadagaLE). samastapadagaLalli intaha nAmapadagaLige sankShipta rUpagaLiruvudu nijavAdarU, avannu kannaDadalli ruva hAge, guNarUpagaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, samskxtadalli antaha sankTipta rUpagaLu itara nAmapadagaLigU ive.
padakante samastapada (೪ka) kxShNa : sarpa: kxShNa sarpa: kxShNA mAlA kxShNamAlA kxShNa ೦ madhu kxShNa madhu (೪kha) mxttika: ghaTa: mxttikaghaTa: mxttikA strI mxtti kastri/
haLegannaDada guNapadagaLondige baruva du, an, aL modalAda linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu samskxtada padakantegaLalli intahavE padagaLondige baruva linga- vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLondige hOlisuvudu sariyalla. yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli I pratyayagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLu padakantegaLalli ondu pradhAna padavAgi mAtra baraballuvu.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva baDavan emba rUpa padakanteyondaralli pradhAnapadavAgi mAtra baraballudallade, bErondu nAmapadadondige baralAradu. baDavan pArvan athavA pArvan baDavan endu hELidalli adu padakanteyAgi uLiyade, ondu vAkyavAgibiDuttade.
೪.೨.೧ haLegannaDada vistxta baLakegaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLige avugaLadE ada (endare “sahaja’vAda) baLakegaLiddu, A baLakegaLalli avakke yAva pratyayada sahAyavU bEkAguvudilla. nEravAgi avugaLa kAryakke sambandhisida pratyayagaLannu avugaLondige baLasabahudu. Adare, avannu bEre jAgagaLalli baLasabEkiddalli, adakkAgi avakke kelavu viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade.
(ka) guNapadagaLa jAga: nAmapadagaLannu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare nAmapada kanteyondara apradhAna padavAgi) baLasalu sAdhyavide; Adare, hIge mADabEkiddalli, avannu nAmapadagaLondige sambandhisuvantaha a pratyayavannu avakke sErisabEkAguttade.
koLan koLana taDi bil billa gole kOnTe kOnTeya celpu
tumbi tumbiya bamballaL
mEle koLa, bil, kOnTe, mattu tumbi nAmapadagaLannu taDi, gole, celvu mattu bamballaL nAmapadagaLondige baLasuvudakkAgi, avakke a pratyayavannu sErisabEkAgide.
idE rItiyalli, kriyApadagaLannU guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide, mattu idakkAgiyU avakke sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade. Adare, I pratyayavannu sErisuva modalu, kriyApadagaLige ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuva d illavE v (p) pratyayavannu, illavE ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyuva ad pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade.
eagu eagida tarugaL molaTAೆ mol va tumbigaL nODu nOTpa nOTa alA ajuyada mAtu
Adare, guNapadagaLannu I rIti nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisuva avaSyakateyilla. yAkendare, padakantegaLalli nAmapadagaLondige baruvudu avugaLa sahajavAda kelasavAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva baDa pArvan nAmapadakanteyalli baDa guNapada yAva pratyayada sahAyavU illade nEravAgi pArvan nAmapadadondige baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. paTa navir, kiju vEnTe, aLi ganDar modalAda nAmapadakantegaLalliyU idE rItiyalli guNapadagaLu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige baLakeyAgive.
(kha) nAmapadagaLa jAga: ghaTaneyondaralli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuvantaha jAga nAmapadagaLige “sahaja’vAgiruva jAgavAda kAraNa, avannu I jAgadalli baLasalu pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla la ghaTaneyalli avugaLa kAryaventahadu embudannu sUcisuva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avakke nEravAgi sErisabahudu. usir-an, kAD-an, maraNakke, tange-ge, basiA- in, iruL-oL modalAda vibhaktirUpagaLalli intaha baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
Adare, guNapadagaLannu I rIti ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasabEkiddare, avannu modalige “nAmarUpa’kke badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi avakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade.
(೫ka) baDavan pasidu vEDidan (೫kha) kiNayaran kondu (೫ga) iniyaLge aripidoDe (೫gha) posatam mADidudu (೫ja) asiyavam nODidam
(೫ka-ga)gaLalli baDa, kiju, ini, posa, mattu asi guNapadagaLu ghaTakavondannu sUcisuva nAmapadada jAgadalli baruvudakkAgi an, ar, aL, tu mattu avu emba linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige barabEkAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. avakke an, ge modalAda vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva modalu, I linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.
kriyApadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa I jAgadalli baLasabEkiddarU avannu hAgeyE baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. modalige avannu mEle vivarisiruva guNarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEku, mattu anantara avakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an, aL, ar, udu, illavE uvu pratyayagaLalli ondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEku.
(೬ka) ADuvanan inisu pOltu anugeydam (೬kha) endalle karNanintendam (೬ga) kUradan pagege santasamAgire idanoDDidam
(೬ka)dalli ADu kriyApadada mundina (illavE Igina) samayada ADuva guNarUpakke pullinga-Ekavacanada an pratyayavannu sErisalAgide, mattu anantara an vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide; (೬kha)dalli en kriyApadada hindina samayada guNarUpakke modalige strIlinga-Ekavacanada aL pratyayavannu sErisalAgide, mattu anantara ge vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.
idE rItiyalli, (೬ga)dalli kUr kriyApadada allagaLeyuva guNarUpavannu nAmapadada jAgadalli baLasuvudakkAgi, adakke pullinga-Ekavacanada an pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.
haLegannaDadalli I rIti kriyApadagaLa guNarUpadinda nAmarUpagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyalla de, nEravAgi kriyApadagaLindalEnE nAmarUpagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyaviruva hAge kANisuvudilla. Adare, hosagannaDadalli ike pratyayavannu baLasi nEravAgi nAmarUpagaLannu (hogaLuvike, hiDiyuvike, hAsuvike ityAdi) tayArisalu sAdhyavide.
hosagannaDadalli intaha nAmarUpagaLu kriyApadagaLige ike-ige pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLinda (hogaLike, hiDike, hAsige modalAdavugaLinda) bhinnavAgive (bhaT ೨೦೦೨:೯೬ nODi). Adare, haLegannaDadalli I rIti ellA kriyApadagaLindalU nEravAgi sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvantaha nAmarUpagaLilla vendu tOruttade.
(ga) kriyApadagaLa jAga: ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva jAgavE kriyApadagaLa sahajavAda jAgavendu hELabahudu. avannu I jAgadalli baLasabEkidda. re, avakke bEre pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla. samaya mattu ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu,
illavE bEre kelavu ghaTanege sambandhisida pratyayagaLannu avakke nEravAgi sErisalu sAdhyavide (bandan, pOgan, kuDidudu).
nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLu ghaTaneyannu sUcisalAravAda kAraNa, avannu kriyApadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla; idallade, avakke viSiShTavAda kriyArUpagaLU illa. Adare, ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva badalu viShayagaLannu sUcisuva “viShaya’ vAkyagaLalli nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sthA nadalli (illavE ir kriyApadada kriyArUpagaLondige) baLasalu sAdhyavide (೧೧.೩ nODi).
(೭ka) rAjange irvar penDatiyar (೭kha) adu emma puram (೭ga) Itam guNArNavam
intaha vAkyagaLalli ADuga illavE kELuganannu viShayavAgi baLasalAgideyAdare, avannu sUcisuva ghaTaka (AkhyAta) pratyayavannU I padagaLondige baLasabEkemba niyama haLegannaDadallide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(laka) nIm Adityanan iLipa tEjarir (೨.೬೪)
“nIvu Adityanannu tiraskarisuva tEjassuLLavarAgiddIri’ (೮kha) nimmaya dharmada makkaLevu (೧೧.೧೨೮)
(nAvu) nimma dharmada makkaLu’ (೮ga) Anum penDatiyen Aden (೧.೭೬)
“nAnU hengasAgiddEne’
I jAgadalli guNapadagaLannu baLasabEkidda lli, avugaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisabEkAguttade:
(೯ka) sahadEvam kiayam “sahadEvanu cikkavanu’
(೯kha) mogam piridAge “mukha doDDadAdAga’
idallade, I jAgadalli baruva guNapadagaLu vAkyada ADuga illa vE kELugarannu sUcisuvudiddalli, avugaLige nAmarUpavannu koDuva I linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu mAtravallade, ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva puruSha pratyayagaLannU sErisabEkAguttade: (೧೦ka) nIm piriyarir “nIvu hiriyaru’
(೧೦kha) An kiTuyaLen “nAnu kiriyavaLu’
(೧೦ka)dalli piri guNapadada anantara linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar pratyaya mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva (bahuvacanada) ir pratyayagaLu bandive; (೧೦kha)dalli kiA guNapadada anantara linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva AL pratyaya mattu ADuganannu sUcisuva Ekavacanada en pratyayagaLu bandive.
illi linga-vacana pratyayagaLu guNapadagaLannu avugaLa nAmarUpakke badalAyisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgive, mattu puruSha pratyayagaLu ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu (jAsti vivaragaLige ೧೧nE adhyAya nODi).
೪.೨.೨ samskxtada vistxta baLakegaLu
haLegannaDadalli kANisuva nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa vistxta baLakegaLannu samskxtada baLakegaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, padavargagaLa maTTige I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa innaShTu spaShTavAguttade.
samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra iveyAda kAraNa, mEle sUcisidantaha mUru rItiya vistxta baLakegaLa badalu, adaralli eraDu rItiya vistxta baLakegaLu mAtra kANisuttave:
(ka) nAmapadada jAga: samskxtadalli ondu nAmapadadondige innondu nAmapadavannu hAgeyE, adaralli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade, baLasabahudu. Adare, I rIti baLakeyAguva pratiyondu nAmapadadondigU vibhakti pratyayavondannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. ondE nAmapadakanteyalli baruva nAmapadagaLellavU ondE vibhaktiyalliruvudu avaSya:
(೧೧ka) tatra EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH a Na “alli ondu kappu hAvu ide’ (೧೧kha) hariH Ekam kxShNam sarpam apaSyat “hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida’ (೧೧ga) hariH EkEna kxShNe €na sarpENa daShTa: “hariyannu ondu kappu hAvu kacci tu’
si em ta
“ondu kappu hAvu’ emba padakanteyannu samskxtadalli baLasabEkiddare, adaralli baruva mUru nAmapadagaLigU vibhakti-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisabEku, mattu I pratyayagaLu mUrarallU ondE AgirabEku embudannu A padakantege (೧೧ka- ga)gaLalli kANisuva bEre bEre rUpagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
kriyApadavondannu nAmapadada jAgadalli (endare vibhakti pratyayagaLondige) baLasabEkiddalli, adakke kxt pratyayagaLallondannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. I pratyayavannu sErisida mEle, adakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisabahudu. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli I rIti ondu kriyApadakke kxt pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida kriyArUpavannu A kriyApadada nAmarUpavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.
(೧೨ka) aham bhagnam apaSyam “nAnu oDedudannu nODide’ (೧೨kha) aham ghaTam kurvANam apaSyam “nAnu koDa mADuvavanannu nODide’
(೧೨ka)dalli bhagna “oDeda’ kxdantakke dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayavannu nEravAgi sErisalAgide; Adare I vAkyada anuvAdadalli kANisida hAge, kannaDadalli oDeda kxdantakke annu pratyayavannu sErisabEkiddalli adakke modalu linga-vacanavannu sUcisuva udu pratyayavannu sErisa bEkAgide. idE rItiyalli (೧೨kha) vAkyadalli samskxtada kurvANa “mADuva’ kxdantakke dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu nEravAgi sErisalAgide; Adare, adara anuvAdadalli kANisida hAge, kannaDada mADuva emba kxdantakke modalige linga-vacanavannu sUcisuva avanu embudannu sErisi, anantara annu pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.
I viShayadalli haLegannaDa hosagannaDada hAgeyE ide embudannu mEleyE (೪.೨.೧ralli) nODiruvevu.
haLegannaDada kxdantakkU samskxtada kxdantakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsa idarinda spaShTavAguttade: haLegannaDada kxdantagaLu guNapadada jAgadalli baruva kAraNa, avu yApadagaLa guNarUpagaLu; nAmapadada jAgadalli barabEkiddare, avakke linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, avannu nAmarUpagaLannAgi badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide.
Adare, samskxtadalli kxdantagaLu nEravAgi nAmapadada jAgadalli baruttave; avu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLallade guNarUpagaLalla. (samskxtadalli guNapadavemba mUraneya padavarga illadiruvudE I rIti adara kriyApadagaLige guNarUpagaLilladiruvudakke kAraNa).
(kha) kriyApadada jAga: samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi kriyApadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. idakkAgi avugaLige tijA pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisalAguttade (pitx-pitarati, mAlA-mAlAti, kavi-kavayati).
idallade, nAmapadagaLige ya pratyayavannu sErisiyU avannu kriyArUpakke badalAyisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. I pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa koneya svara mattu vyanjanagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu tOribaruttave (putra-putrIyati, kavi-kavIyati, gO-gavyati).
(qe
೪.೨.೩ haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa samasyegaLu
guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I atyanta mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu gamanisada kAraNa, heccina haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU halavu rItiya samasyegaLu taledOrive.
(ka) samskxtada hAge haLegannaDadallU guNapada (guNavAcaka)gaLu nAmapada vargadallEnE baruvavugaLendu bhAvisiruva kAraNa, oLLitu, karidu, iniyadu modalAda guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannE avugaLa sahajarUpagaLendu parigaNisabEkAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೮೭, bhaTTAkaLanka, sU. ೧೬೬ nODi). yAkendare, vibhakti pratyayagaLu intaha nAmarUpagaLondige mAtra baraballuvallade, nEravAgi oL, kari, ini modalAda guNapadagaLondige baralAravu.
Adare, nijakkU oLLitu, karidu, iniyadu modalAdavugaLannu oLLidan, oLLidaL, oLLidar, oLLiduvu modalAdavugaLa hAge, guNapadagaLige linga-vacana (napumsaka- Ekavacana) pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide. avu guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLallade sahaja rUpagaLalla.
(kha) guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu baLasi racisiruva nAmapada kantegaLannu samAsa(“karmadhAraya’)vendu kareyabEkAgide. Adare, nijakkU nallambu, kUrambu, beLmugil, niDudOL, perdoDe, eLavul modalAdavugaLalli nal, kUr, beL, niDu, per, eLa guNapadagaLu tamma sahajarUpadalli (endare yAva pratyayavannU sErisikoLLade) nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige bandive; avu padakantegaLallade samAsagaLalla.
(ga) haLegannaDadalli kxllingagaLu kxdantagaLiginta bhinnavAdavugaLu; kxdantagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga mAtra kxllingagaLu siddavAguttave (irda- irdan, irdar, irdudu, paDeva-paDevan, paDevaL, Iyada- Iyadan, Iyadar ityAdi). hAgAgi, kxdantagaLannu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLendu mattu kxllingagaLannu avugaLinda siddha vAda nAmarUpagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide.
Adare, samskxtadalli kxdantagaLE kxllingagaLu. haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisadudarindAgi, kxdanta mattu kxllingagaLa kuritu prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva niyamagaLella sikkusikkAgive.
(gha) haLegannaDadalli koLana, marada, arasina, kOnTeya modalAda rUpagaLu koLa, mara, arasu, kOnTe modalAda nAmapadagaLa guNarUpagaLallade vibhaktirUpa gaLalla. guNapadagaLa hAge, mattu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLa hAge, ivu nAmapada gaLondige padakantegaLalli baraballuvallade, nEravAgi ondu vAkyada angavAgi baralAravu. Adare, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ivannu vibhakti rUpagaLendu parigaNisalAgide.
haLegannaDada I rUpagaLannu vibhakti rUpagaLendu parigaNisidalli, avu guNapadagaLa hAge linga-vacana pratyayagaLondige baruvudannu, mattu ivugaLa anantara bEre
vibhakti pratyayagaLu baruvudannu vivarisuvudu ondu samasyeyAgutta de (೮.೭.೫ nODi).
(ja) guNapada (guNavacana), sarvanAma, guNOktiyAgi banda nAmapada, modalAdavugaLondige ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu baruttaveyendu haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttAre (kESirAja, sU. ೨೩೦ nODi). Adare, nijakkU oLLidanay, oLLidarir, peanay modalAdavugaLalli, mEle ೪.೧.೨ralli vivarisida hAge, eraDeraDu pratyayagaLu bandive.
modalige guNapadagaLannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisuvudakkAgi avakke linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisalAgide, mattu anantara avannu viShaya vAkyagaLa kriyApadada jAgadalli irisidAga, ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisabEkAgiruvalli puruSha pratyayagaLannu sErisalAgide.
೪.೩ sarvanAmagaLu
hecci na bhAShegaLallU “puruShapada’ mattu “sarvapada’ embudAgi eraDu padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLiruttave. ivugaLalli puruShapadagaLu ondu vAkyavannu baLasuva vyaktigaLannu (vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itara vyaktigaLannu) A vAkyadallEnE sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. bEre padagaLu A vyaktigaLannu gurutisaballuvAdarU, antaha vyaktigaLu A vAkyavannu baLasuttiruvavaru embudannu sUcisalAravu.
udAharaNegAgi, ondu vAkyada ADuga pAtravannu A vAkyadallEnE sUcisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli An (Am) puruShapadavannU, kELuga pAtravannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nIn (nIm) puruShapadavannU, mattu ivaribbariginta bhinnavAda vyaktiyobbanannu sUcisuvudakkAgi tAn (tAm) puruShapadavannU baLasalAgutta ha ivugaLa baLakeyannu pampa bhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.
(೧೩ka) Am intidane bEDiden (೨.೬೧) “idannE nAnu bEDiddEne’
(೧೩kha) nIm sAmAnyeyalle (೮.೫೫va) “nInu sAmAnyaLalla’
(೧೩ga) gAndhAri nUrvarmakkaLam paDevantu parASara munIdranoL barambaDedaLembudam kunti kELdu tAnum putrArthiniyAgal bagedu
(೧.೧೧೬va)
“gAndhAri nUru makkaLannu paDeyuvante vyAsamaharShigaLinda varavannu paDedaLembudannu kunti kELi tAnU makkaLannu bayasuvavaLAgi…’
(೧೩ka) vAkyavannu drONAcAryanu ADiddu, AtanannE adaralli bandiruva Am pada sUcisuttade. idakke badalu, (೧೩kha) vAkyavannu virATana mahArANiyAda
ha
14
sudEShe ADidu, adanu Ake snerandhi vEShadalliruva davpadiyanudESisi hELidALe. Na e 4 li (pa. dA A i Odi e
hAgAgi, adara kELugaLu dravpadiyAgiddu, Akeyannu adaralli bandiruva nIm pada sUcisuttade.
(೧೩ga) vAkyadalli kaviyE A vAkyada ADuga, mattu avana kAvyavannu OduvavarE A vAkyada “kELugaru’; ivaribbariginta bhinnavAgiruva kuntiyannu tAn emba mUraneya puruShapada sUcisuttade.
sarvapadagaLige I puruShapadagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAda kelasavide. avugaLa racaneyU puruShapadagaLa racaneginta bhinnavAgide. sarvapadagaLallella sAmAnyavAgi eraDeraDu angagaLu baruttiddu, avugaLalli modalaneya anga A sarvapadada kelasavEnembudannu mattu eraDaneya anga adara vyAptiyEnembudannu tiLisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, enitu sarvapadadalli modalaneya angavAda e embudu A sarvapadakke aniSci tateyannu sUcisuva kelasavideyendu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneya angavAda nitu embudu A sarvapada sUcisuva aniSci tate vastuvondara parimANakke sImitavAgide embudAgi adara vyAptiyannu tiLisuttade (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT ೨೦೦೩, ೨೦೦೪ nODi).
heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU I eraDu rItiya padagaLannu oTTAgi “sarvanAma’ emba ondu padavargadalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. Adare, nijakkU I eraDu rItiya padagaLa naDuve yAva sAdxSyavU illa. hAgAgi, avannu bEre bEre padavargagaLallirisi hELuvudE oLLeyadu.
I eraDu padavargagaLa maTTige haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli puruShapadagaLannu keLage (೪.೪)nE vibhAgadallU sarvapadagaLannu munde (೪.೫)nE vibhAgadallU pariSIlisalAguvudu.
೪.೪ praruShapadagaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli An, nIn mattu tAn embudAgi mUru puruShapadagaLu baLakeyalliddu, ivu vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itara embudAgi vAkyavannu unTumADuva mattu baLasuva kelasakke sambandisida vyaktigaLannu sUcisuttave.
Adare, samskxtadalli aham mattu tvam embudAgi eraDu puruShapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive. ADuga mattu kELugariginta bhinnavAgiruva vyaktiyannu sUcisuvantaha viSiShTavAda puruShapada samskxtadallilla (೪.೪.೨ nODi).
೪.೪.೧ kELugana sErike
puruShapadagaLa bahuvacana rUpagaLalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. haLegannaDadalli ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva An mattu nIn emba eraDu puruSha padagaLige bahuvacanadalli mUru rUpagaLive:
modalaneyadAgi, An embudara koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisi tayArisida Am emba bahuvacana rUpada mUlaka haLegannaDadalli “ADuga mattu bErobba vyakti’ emba arthavannu sUcisalAguttade.
eraDaneyadAgi, nIn embudara koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisi tayArisida nIm emba bahuvacana rUpada mUlaka “kELuga mattu bErobba vyakti se emba arthavannu, illavE “obbaniginta jAsti kELugaru’ emba arthavannu sUcisalAguttade.
mUraneyadAgi, An embudara koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisuvudarondige adara suruvinalli ondu nakAravannU sErisi tayArisida nAm emba bahuvacana rUpada mUlaka “ADuga mattu kELuga’ emba arthavannu sUcisalAguttade.
I rIti, haLegannaDada An mattu nAn emba puruShapadagaLige mUru bahuvacana rUpagaLiveyAda kAraNa, Am embudakke ADuga mattu kELugara sErikeyannu sUcisuva arthavilla.
udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
(೧೪ka) Am allige pOpevu (೪.೪೮) “nAvu (cakravAkapakShigaLu) allige hOguttEve’ (೧೪kha) bEDuvoDe nIvemmayyanam bEDirE (೧.೭೦) “nIvu (nannannu) bEDuvudAdare namma tandeyannu prArthisi’
(೧೫ka) nAm ADuvame banni (೬.೭೦) “nAvu ADONavE? banni’
(೧೫kha) toDardar nammaya bhakSha! doL (೩.೧೨) “namma AhAradalli sikkibidda ru’
mEle (೧೪ka)dalli bandiruva Am padakke ADuga (cakravAka pakShi) mattu itararu (bEre cakravAkapakShigaLu) emba arthavideyallade, A vAkyada kELugarAgiruva itara pakShigaLannu ADuganondige sErisi hELuva arthavilla. idE rItiyalli, (೧೪kha)dalli bandiruva emma embudakkU ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisi hELuva arthavilla.
idakke badalu, (೧೫ka)dalli bandiruva nAm padakke ADuganAgiruva duryOdhananondige A vAkyada kELuganAgiruva dharmarAyanannU sErisi hELuva arthavide. idE rItiyalli, (೧೫kha)dalli bandiruva nammaya puruShapadakke ADuganAda hiDimbanondige kELugaLAgiruva hiDimbeyannU sErisi hELuva arthavide.
keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLalli I mUru rItiya bahuvacana rUpagaLU oTTige bandiddu, avugaLa naDuviruva artha vyatyAsa innaShTu spaShTavAgide.
(೧೫ga) nAmellam onde garuDiyoL Odida mAnasarevu; emmam nimmaDi kemmane baTalisavEDa (೯.೪೮va) “nAvella ondE garaDiyalli kalita manuShyarAgiddEve; nIvu nammannu vxthA AyAsapaDisabEDi’
haLegannaDada puruShapadagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsa samskxtadallilla. A bhASheyalli aham mattu tvam emba eraDu puruShapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyalliddu, ivugaLa dvivacana illavE bahuvacana rUpagaLige, haLegannaDadalliruva hAge, ADuga mattu kELugara sErikeyannu itara sErikegaLinda bErpaDisi hELuva Saktiyilla.
udAharaNegAgi, aham padada dvivacana rUpavAgiruva AvAm embudara baLakeyAgiruva keLagina vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.
(೧೬ka) AvAm nagaram gacchAmaH (೧) “nAvu pETege hOgONa” (೨) “nAvu pETege hOguttEve’
(೧೬ka) vAkya eraDu arthagaLalli baralu sAdhyaviddu, adaralli ruva AvAm padakke modalaneya arthadalli baLakeyAdAga “nAnu mattu nInu’ embudAgi ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisi hELuva arthavU, eraDaneya arthadalli baLakeyAdAga “nAnu mattu avanu’ embudAgi kELuganannu sErisade bErobbanannu sErisi hELuva arthavU baruttade. Adare, haLegannaDada hAge illi eraDu bEre bEre puruSha padarUpagaLu baLakeyAguvudilla.
haLegannaDada I vyatyAsa hosagannaDadallU illa embudu (೧೬ka) samskxta vAkyakke koTTiruva hosagannaDada (೧-೨) anuvAda vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu. ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisadiruva (೧)nE anuvAda vAkyadalli, mattu kELuganannu sErisiruva (೨)nE anuvAda vAkyadalli - I eraDu sandarbhagaLallU hosagannaDadalli nAvu emba puruShapadavE baLakeyAgide. (೧೫ka-ga) vAkyagaLa hosagannaDa anuvAdagaLallU I viShaya sUcitavAgide.
haLegannaDada puruShapadagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsa karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli ivattigU uLidukonDide. udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDa prabhEdadalli haLegannaDada Am embudakke engo emba rUpavU mattu nAm embudakke nAvu emba rUpavU baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
(೧೬kha) nAvu pETege hOpo’ “nAvu pETege hOgONa’
(೧೬ga) engo pETege hOvutteyo’ “nAvu pETege hOguttEve’
(೧೬kha)dalli bandiruva nAvu embudu ADuganondige kELuganannU sErisi sUcisuttade, Adare (೧೬ga)dalli bandiruva engo embudu ADuganondige kELuganannu horatupaDisi, bEre yAvudO vyaktiyannu (athavA vyaktigaLannu) sErisi sUcisuttade. I eraDu sandarbhagaLallU barahada kannaDadalli nAvu embudE baLakeyAguttade.
puruShapadagaLa baLakeyalli haLegannaDadalli mAtra kANisuva, mattu samskxtadallillada I vaySiShTyavannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisida hAge kANisuvudilla. kiTTel (೧೯೦೩:೭೮) kUDa I padagaLa Adiyalli baruva nakArakke viSiShTavAda arthavannu koDuva Saktiyideyembudannu gamanisilla.
kannaDa kaypiDiyallU (೧೯೨೭:೩೬೭) Am mattu nAm embavugaLu prathama puruShada eraDu rUpagaLendiShTE hELalAgide. kAlDvel (೧೯೧೩) kUDa, kannaDada puruSha padagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisiralilla.
Adare, idu tappu, haLegannaDadallU I arthabhEda sUcitavAguttittu embudannu Ar. narasimhAcAr (೧೯೨೪:೮೪) tOrisikoTTiddAre. hattanE SatamAnada vaDDArAdhaneyallU Am, emage mattu nAm, namage embavugaLa naDuve I arthavyatyAsavittembudannu gAy (೧೯೫೫) tOrisikoTTiddAre.
bahuSaH haLegannaDadallEnE bEre kelavu kAvyagaLalli I vyatyAsa uLidilladiralu sAdhyavide. “prAcIna prayOgagaLannu gamanisidare ivu panrkAyavAgi baLakeyAgiveyallade padagaLa arthadalli alla’ embudAgi venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೬೮) hELiruvudu antaha kAvyagaLalli kANisuva prayOgagaLa AdhArada mElirabahudu.
೪.೪.೨ mUraneya vyakti
puruShapadagaLa maTTige haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, haLegannaDadalli An, nIn mattu tAn embudAgi mUru puruShapadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivu mEle sUcisida hAge, vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itara embudAgi ondu vAkyada baLakege sambandhisidante mUru rItiya pAtragaLannu sUcisaballuvu.
mUraneya vyaktiyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi tAn mattu tAm embavugaLa baLakeyAguvudannu pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.
(೧೭ka) tAnArandamalla, avam ninnane pOlvam (೮.೧೧)
[4
avanu (bEre) yAra hAgU alla, avanu ninnannE hOluttAne’
(೧೭kha) nImum tAmum ondeDeyoLire kisurum kalahamum endum kundadu (೪.೮va) | “nIvU avarU ondE kaDe iddare asUyeyU kalahavU endU tappuvudilla’
avan, avar modalAda sarvapadagaLigU mattu tAn, tAm emba puruShapadagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, tAn, tAm embavugaLa baLake avannu baLasiruva vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarige sambandhiside. avaribbarigintalU bhinnavAda vyaktigaLu) embartha avakkide. avan, avar modalAdavugaLige I rIti vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarige sambandhisiruvantaha arthavilla.
tAn embudara bahuvacana rUpa, uLideraDu puruShapadagaLa bahuvacana rUpagaLa hAge, nakArada badalu makAravannu baLasuvudara mUlaka siddhi suttade, mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige bandAga, adara uddasvara, uLideraDu puruSha padagaLa uddasvarada hAge, giDDa svaravAgi badalAguttade (An-enage, nIn-ninage, tAn- tanage, ityAdi).
idallade, avan, avar modalAdavugaLigiruvantaha oLaracane tAn embudakkilla (೪.೫ nODi).
samskxtadalli aham mattu tvam embudAgi eraDu puruShapadagaLu mAtra ive. haLegannaDada tAn embudakke pratiyAgi kelavu sandarbhagaLalli samskxtada Atman illavE sva padavannu baLasalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, avu tAn embudara hAge puruShapadagaLalla. sva emba pada samskxtada sarvanAmavemba padavargadalli sEruvudEnO nija, Adare I padavU samskxtada puruShapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgide.
೪.೫ sarvapadagaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, sarvapadagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDu angagaLiddu, avugaLalli ondu A padada kelasavEnembudannU innondu adara vyAptiyEnembudannU tiLisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, ivan emba sarvapadadalli modalaneya angavAda i embudu A padakke “sUcisuttiruva vyakti ADugana hattira iruvavanu’ embudAgi A vyaktiya jAgavannu nirdESisuvantaha kelasavideyendu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneya angavAda an embudu A padakke ganDasarannu sUcisuvaShTakkE sImitavAgiruvantaha vyAptiyideyendu tiLisuttade.
I kAraNakkAgi, ondu bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva sarvapadagaLannella ondu kOShTakadalli irisi hELalu sAdhyavAguttade. I kOShTakada kAlangaLu A padagaLa mattu sAlugaLu avugaLa vyAptiyannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada sarvapadagaLannu keLage koTTiruva kOShTakadallirisi hELalu sAdhyavide.
nirdESaka padagaLu aniScita padagaLu dUradavu hattiradavu naDuvinavu nAmapadagaLu avan ivan uvan Avan avaL ivaL uvaL AvaL avar ivar uvar Avar adu idu udu Avudu avu ivu uvu Avuvu Atan Itan Utan ——— Ake Ike Uke dArara guNapadagaLu A I U Ava, E anitu initu unitu enitu kriyAguNapadagaLu alli illi ulli elli andu indu undu endu antu intu untu entu anne inne unne enne ata ita uta eta
haLegannaDada En mattu Eke embavugaLU I paTTige sErabEkAgiddarU, avugaLige samanAgiruva nirdESakapadagaLilla. idE rItiyalli haLegannaDada Evan, EvaL, Evar, Evudu mattu Evuvu emba padarUpagaLalli kriyApadavargakke sEraballa aniScita sarvapadavondara baLakeyiruva hAge kANisuttade. Adare, idakke samanAda nirdESaka padagaLU haLegannaDadallilla.
Avan, AvaL, Avudu, elli, entu modalAduvannu sAmAnyavAgi “praSnArthaka’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. Adare, avannilli aniScita padagaLendu kareyalAgide. idakke kAraNavEnembudannu, mattu praSneyannu sUcisuvudakkintalU aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudE I padagaLa nijavAda kelasa embudannu (bhaT ೨೦೦೩, ೨೦೦೪)ralli nAnu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoTTidde ne.
೪.೫.೧ sarvanAmagaLa paTTi
samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “sarvAdi’ emba paTTiyalli sarva, viSva, Eka, tad, Etad, idam, kim, anya, itara, katara, yatara, ubhaya, alpa modalAda mUvattaydu padagaLannu oTTige sErisi hELalAgiddu, avannu sarvanAmagaLendu kareyalAgide.
Adare idaralli baruva padagaLalli heccinavU, mEle kOShTakadalli koTTiruva padagaLa hAge, ondu niScitavAda oLaracaneyiruvavugaLalla. avugaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu bEre nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyembudE I paTTige AdhAra.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli sarva “ella’ sarvanAma mAtravallade adE rUpada sarva “Siva’ nAmapadavU ide. I eraDu padagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLa rUpadalli vyatyAsagaLive.
ella Siva prathamA-bahuvacana sarvE sarvAH caturthI-Ekavacana sarvasme la sarvAya pancamI-Ekavacana sarvasmAt sarvAt saptamI-Ekavacana sarvasmin sarvE ShaShThI-bahuvacana sarvEShAm sarvANAm
sarva paTTiyalli bandiruva itara padagaLigU mEle koTTiruva sarva “ella ‘ padada hAgeyE iruvantaha vibhakti rUpagaLive.
kESirAjanu haLegannaDada adu, idu, udu, Avudu, elladu, peatu, peadu, En modalAdavugaLannu sarvanAmagaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೮೮). ivugaLige samAnavAda padagaLu samskxtada sarvAdi paTTiyallive embudannu biTTare, haLegannaDada I paTTige Enu AdhAra embudu spaShTavAguvudilla.
samskxtada sarvAdi paTTiyalli puruShavAcaka (yuShmad, asmad), sankhyAvAcaka (ubhaya, Eka, dvi) mattu digvAcaka (pUrva, avara, uttara, dakShiNa) padagaLU sErive. ivellavU, mEle sUcisida hAge, vibhakti rUpadalli itara nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyembudE avannella sarvAdi emba paTTiyallirisi hELalu AdhAra.
adare, haLegannaDadalli mEle koTTa kESirAjana paTTige antaha AdhAravEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. avugaLalli heccinavannU mEle (೪.೫)ralli koTTiruva sarvapadagaLa kOShTakadalli irisalu sAdhyavide, Adare elladu, peatu mattu peadu embavugaLu adaralli sEralAravu.
೪.೫.೨ sarvanAmagaLu mattu AkhyAta pratyayagaLu
(೪.೫)ra kOShTakadalli bandiruva avan, avaL, Avan, AvaL modalAduvannu kESirAjanu adu mattu Avudu embavugaLinda sAdhisiruvudu (sU. ೧೬೧-೨, ೧೬೫) samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamavannu haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu naDesiruva innondu prayatnada phala. Adare idu haLegannaDakke ucitavalla.
yAkendare, samskxtadalli intaha padagaLa naDuviruva lingabhEda vibhakti pratyayagaLa svarUpadalli kANisikoLLutta de; Adare, haLegannaDadalli adu I sarvanAmagaLa eraDaneya angadallEnE kANisikoLLutta de. hAgAgi, mEle kOShTakadalli sUcisida hAge, avan, avaL, ivan, ivaL modalAduvannu adu, idu modalAdavugaLiginta bhinnavAda sarvanAma (sarvapada)gaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide.
haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I sarvanAmagaLannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi baLasida vidhAnakkU, kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva am, aL, udu modalAda AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi baLasida vidhAnakkU naDuve ondu vicitravAda vyatyAsavide. |
mEle sUcisida hAge, sarvanAmagaLalli napumsaka lingada adu embudannu mUlavAgiTTukonDu, adarinda avan, avaL, Ata, Ake modalAduvannu sAdhisalAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೧೬೫); Adare, ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLalli pullingada am embudannu mUlavAgiTTukonDu, adarinda aL, udu (adu) modalAduvannu sAdhisalAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೨೨೮, ೨೩೬-೭, mattu idE pustakada ೯.೩ nODi).
eraDu kaDeyallU ondE lingada (pullingada illavE napumsaka lingada) rUpavannE mUlavAgi irisikoLLabahudAgittallavE endu yArAdarU kELuvudiddalli, adakke uttara samskxta vyAkaraNadallide! samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEda sUcitavAguvudilla. “hOguttAne’, “hOguttALe’, mattu “hOguttade’ emba mUru arthagaLallU gacchati emba ondE kriyArUpa A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguttade.
Adare, sAmAnyavAgi samskxtada prathamapuruSha Ekavacanada kriyArUpagaLannu kannaDadalli prathamapuruSha pullinga Ekavacanada kriyArUpagaLa mUlakavE anuvAdisuvudu rUDi (gacchati “hOguttAne’). avannu viSiShTavAda strIlinga illavE napumsaka lingada artha koDuva nAmapadagaLondige baLasiruvalli mAtra (sItA gacchati “sIte hOguttALe’, simhaH gacchati “simha hOguttade”) strIlinga Ekavacana illavE napumsaka linga Ekavacana rUpagaLa mUlaka anuvAdisalAguttade.
kESirAjanu “AkhyAta vibhakti’ pratyayagaLannu hesarisuvAga pullingada am pratyayavannu mUlavAgi iTTukoLLalu idE kAraNavirabEku.
innu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli “avanu’, “avaLu’ mattu “adu’ emba I mUru arthagaLannu koDuva sarvanAmagaLige tat emba ondE pada mUlavAgide; pullingadalli idu saH endAguttade, mattu stri “lingadalli sA endAguttade. Adare idu prathamA vibhaktiyalli mAtra kANisuva vyatyAsa. itara vibhaktigaLalli pullinga sarvanAmakke tam, tEna, tasmay modalAda rUpagaLU, strIlinga sarvanAmakke tAm, tayA, tasyay modalAda rUpagaLU ive. hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNadalli ivakkella tat embudannE mUlavAgi irisikoLLalAgide.
I tat embudu samskxtadalli napumsaka Ekavacanada sarvanAmavU AgideyAda
kAraNa, haLegannaDadalli adakke samanAgiruva adu embudannu namma vayyAkaraNigaLu haLegannaDada prathamapuruSha sarvanAmagaLigU mUla padavAgi mADikonDiddAre. Adare, haLegannaDadalli avan mattu avaL embavu ellA vibhaktigaLallU badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttave, samskxtada saH mattu sA embavugaLa hAge badalAguvudilla.
I vidhAnavannE munduvarisi, kESirAjanu eLeyam, eLeyar, eLeyaL modalAda pullinga mattu stra “lingagaLalli baruva guNapadagaLa rUpavannu eLadu embantaha napumsaka lingadalli baruva guNapadagaLa rUpadinda sAdhisuttAne (sU. ೧೬೪).
haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa mEle samskxta vyAkaraNakke entaha hiDitavittu embudannu avara I vicitravAda rUpasAdhane bahaLa spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade.
೪.೫.೩ kelasadalli vyatyAsa
mEle kOShTakadalli kANisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli nirdESisuvudu mattu aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi eraDu kelasagaLannu mADaballa sarvapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive; Adare samskxtadalli nirdESisuvudu, aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudu mattu sambandhisuvudu embudAgi mUru kelasagaLannu mADaballa sarvapadagaLu baLakeyallive. haLegannaDadalli aniScitateyannu sUcisuva sarvapadagaLannE sambandhisuva kelasadallU baLasalAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage (೧೭ka-kha)gaLalli koTTiruva vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
(೧೭ka) yatra tvam avasaH sa dESO ramaNIyaH
“nInu yAva dESadalli dleyO A dESa ramaNEyavAdudu’ (೧೭kha) tvam kutra gacchasi?
“nInu ellige (yAva jAgakke) hOguttI?
(೧೭ka)dalli “nInu idda’ dESakkU mattu “ramaNIyavAda dESa’kkU naDuve sambandhavide embudannu (averaDU ondE embudannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli yatra padada baLakeyAgide; mattu (೧೭kha)dalli kELuganu hOguva jAgada kuritu ADuganigiruva aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kutra padada baLakeyAgide.
Adare, I vAkyagaLa keLage koTTiruva avugaLa hosagannaDa anuvAdagaLalli I eraDu sandarbhagaLallU aniScita sarvapadavE adara eraDu rUpagaLalli (yAva mattu elli embudAgi) baLakeyAgide.
haLegannaDadallU sambandha mattu aniSci tategaLemba eraDu arthagaLannu sUcisuvuda kkAgi ondE sarvapadada baLakeyAguttade embudannu keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.
(೧೮ka) I dharaNiyam rasAtaladindettidanAvan Atane dalam takkam “I bhUmiyannu yAvanu pAtALadinda ettiddAnO avanE nijakkU (agrapUjege) arhanu’
(೧೮kha) ennanAvan eccam pETum “nanage yAvanu hoDedanu, hELi’
(೧೯ka) adentu hari naranam gelipam ante nImum gella ngoLLim (೧೨.೯೧) “kxShNanu arjunanannu hEge gelisuttAnO hAgeyE nIvU geddukoLLiri’ (೧೯kha) ninna bisuTentirpem (೨.೨೫) “ninna biTTu hEgirali?
avas embudannu (೧೮ka)dalli sambandhisuva arthadalli mattu (೧೮kha)dalli aniScitArthadalli baLasalAgide, mattu idE rItiyalli entu embudannu (೧೯ka) mattu (೧೯kha)gaLalli sambandhArtha mattu aniScitArthagaLalli baLasalAgide.
೪.೫.೪ nirdESakagaLalli vyatyAsa
mEle sarvapadagaLa kOShTakadalli kANisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli (ka) ADugana hattira (I, ivan, Ike, illi, indu, ityAdi), (kha) ADuganinda dUra (A, avan, Ake, alli, andu ityAdi), mattu (ga) I eraDu jAgagaLa naDuve (U, uvan, Uke, undu, ityAdi) embudAgi nirdESaka padagaLalli mUru jAgagaLannu sUcisuva vyavasthe yide. (೨೦ka) kulamanintu pikkadirim “(karNana) kulavannu hIge biDisi nODabEDi’ (೨೦kha) antu piridOlagangoTTirpannegam “hAge doDDa Olagavannu koTTiddA ga’ (೨೦ga) allade untu taleyurcugumE raNaranga bhUmiyoL “alla(diddare) hAge/hIge raNarangadalli taletappisikoLLutti nE’
೪.೧೦
ivugaLalli modalina eraDu rItiyavu mAtra hosagannaDadalli uLidukonDive. hAgAgi, ukAradalli suruvAguva mUranE rItiya sarvapadagaLannu hosagannaDadalli anuvAdisuvudu kaShTa (೨೦ga nODi).
samskxtadalli nirdESaka padagaLu sUcisuva vyatyAsa idakkinta bhinnavAgide. avu modalige (ka) ADugana hattira (EShaH “ivanu’, EShA “ivaLu’, Etat “idu’ ityAdi), mattu (kha) ADuganinda dUra (asav “avanu, avaLu’, adaH “adu’ ityAdi) emba vyatyAsadondige (ka) edurige iruvavaru (ayam “ivanu’, iyam “ivaLu’, idam “idu’ ityAdi), mattu (kha) edurige illadavaru (saH “avanu’, sA “avaLu’, tat
“adu’, ityAdi) emba innondu vyatyAsavannu sErisi sUcisaballuvAgidduvu. Adare, anantarada samskxtadalli eraDaneya (ka-kha) vyatyAsa illa vAgide.
೪.೫.೫ sarvapadagaLalli padavargagaLu
samskxtada sarvapadagaLannella ondE padavargadalli (nAmapadavargadalli) sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide; Adare, haLegannaDada sarvapadagaLannu I rIti ondE padavargadalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. avugaLalli avan, idu, ivaL, modalAdavu nAmapadavargakke sEruttaveyAdare, Ava, I, itta, elli modalAdavu guNapadavargakke sEruttave.
guNapadavargadallU nAmapadadondige baruvavu mattu kriyApadadondige baruvavu embudAgi eraDu upavargagaLannu mADalu sAdhyaviddu, averaDakkU sEraballa sarvapadagaLu haLegannaDadallive embudannu mEle (೪.೫)ralli koTTiruva kOShTakadalli nODabahudu.
idallade, kriyApadavargakke sErabahudAda Evan, Evar, Evudu embantaha sarvapadagaLU haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
(೨೧ka) oDeyaradEvar (೪.೬)
“oDeyarAda (pAnDavaru) Enu mADaballaru?’ (೨೧kha) I toDavu Evudo (೩.೪೬)
“I AbharaNa Enu mADaballudO’
(೨೧ka)dalli Evar embudu, mattu (೨೧kha)dalli Evudu embudu kriyApadada jAgadalli bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.
೪.೬ eravalAgi banda padagaLu
kESirAjana vyAkaraNadalli haLegannaDada padagaLannu “dESya’ (athavA “dESIya’), “samasamskxta’, “tada ೈva’ mattu “tatsama’ embudAgi nAlku gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAgide. samskxtadalli hEgideyO hAgeyE haLegannaDadallU iruva padagaLannu “samasamskxta’ padagaLendu, mattu samskxtadalliruva padagaLinda svarUpadalli bhinnavAgiveyAdarU A padagaLindalEnE bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvantaha padagaLannu “tadbhava’ (illavE “apabhramSa’) padagaLendu kareyalAgide.
I eraDu rItiya (samasamskxta mattu tadbhava illavE apabhramSa padagaLu) haLegannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva pracanDa, viSha, sampUrNa,
manOratha, utpanna, indraprastha modalAda padagaLu samskxtadalli hEgiveyO hAgeyE haLegannaDadallU iveyAda kAraNa, samasamskxta padagaLu; dIvam (<dIpa), saggam (Asvarga), accari (AAScarya), uggaDam (utkaTa) modalAdavugaLu kamsadalli koTTiruva samskxta padagaLiginta bhinnavAgiveyAdarU, A padagaLinda avannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, tada Dava (illavE apabhramSa) padagaLu.
bErellA viShayagaLallU samskxta padagaLa hAgeyE iddu, koneya bhAgadalli mAtra alpasvalpa vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisuva padagaLannu tadka ೈvagaLendu kareyade samasamskxta padagaLendE kareyalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, sIte (AsItA), SAle (<SAlA), janani (<jananI) modalAdavugaLu kamsadoLage koTTiruva samskxta padagaLinda svalpa maTTige mAtra bhinnavAgive; hAgAgi, avannu samasamskxta padagaLendE parigaNisalAgide.
“tatsama’ emba padavannu kESirAjanu ondu viSiShTavAda arthadalli baLasiddAne. samskxtadavU mattu kannaDadavU Agiruva maNi, mancam, paTTam, tOraNam modalAda ೨೧ padagaLannu Atanu I gumpinalli irisiddAne (sU. ೩೧೨-೩). ivu samskxta padagaLondige mAtravallade dESya padagaLondigU samAsagaLalli baraballuvu (Adare samasamskxta (mattu tada Dava) padagaLu A rIti dESya padagaLondige samAsadalli baralAravu) embudE avannu tatsamagaLemba bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisi hELalu kAraNa.
venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೧೩೮) sUcisiruva hAge, I tatsama padagaLalli kelavAdarU drAviDa bhAShegaLinda samskxtakke eravalAgi hOgiruva “dESya padagaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjana ೨೧ tatsama padagaLa paTTiyalli bandiruva ankam, aTTam, kOnTe, ganDam, gONi, mallam modalAda kelavu padagaLige drAviDa mUlavannu sAdhisalAgide (anukramavAgi emenO mattu barO avara drAviDa jYAti padakOSada (emenO mattu barO ೧೯೬೧) ೨೯, ೯೩, ೨೨೦೭, ೧೧೭೩, anubandha ೩೩ mattu ೪೭೩೦nE sankhyeya padagaLannu gamanisabahudu).
I padagaLige inDO-Aryan illavE inDO-yurOpiyan mUlavannu kanDuhiDiyalu sAdhyavAgillavAda kAraNa, avu samska ntekke drAviDa bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi hOgiruva padagaLendu parigaNisabahudu.
mEle vivarisida mUru gumpugaLallU sEradiruva padagaLannu dESya padagaLendu parigaNisalAgide. ivu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLu.
bhaTTAkaLankanE modalAda itara vayyAkaraNigaLu kESirAjanu sUcisiruva tatsama-tadbhava vyatyAsavannu parigaNisilla. idallade, tatsama padavannu ivaru “samasamskxta’ emba padada arthadallE baLasiddAre. (idannu anusarisi, I pustakada mundina vibhAgagaLalli tatsama padavannu I arthadallE (endare kESirAjana samasamskxta padada arthadallE) baLasalAguttade).
hAru ,ುೈta 855. i i7೧
೪.೬.೧ vingaDaNeya svarUpa
haLegannaDa vyA karaNagaLalli tatsama (samasamskxta) padagaLu mattu tadbhava (apabhramSa) padagaLu embudAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu vingaDisiruvudu prAkxta, pAli modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLalli mADiruva antahadE hesarina padagaLa vibhajaneyannu haLegannaDa vyA karaNakke aLavaDisikoLLalu mADiruva prayatnavallade bErEnalla.
pAli, prAkxta, ardhamAgadhi modalAda bhAShegaLu samskxtada hAge inDO- Aryan yaka sErida bhAShegaLu. vEdagaLa kAladalli mAtina baLakeyallidda bhASheyondarinda I bhAShegaLu beLedu bandive. A kAlada bhASheyannu ma barahakke mattu sAhitya racanege aLavaDisidAga, samskxtavemba “pariShkxta’ pra prabhEda siddhavAyitu. hADina baLakeyallidda bhAShe kAla kaLedante badalAguttA hOyitAdarU, ShaH barahada bhAShe jAsti badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyitu.
anantarada kAladalli, buddha: na anuyAyigaLu mattu mahAvIrana anuyAyigaLu (jaynaru) avara upadESagaLannu baredirisuvudakkAgi sAmAnya janarige arthavAgada samskxtavemba sAhityika bhASheyannu baLasuva badalu, avara kAladalli sAmAnya janara mAtinalli baLakeyallidda pAli mattu prAkxtagaLemba bEre prabhEdagaLannu baLasalu prArambhisidaru.
vEdakAladinda buddha mattu mahAvIrara kAlada varege, mAtina baLakeyallidda I bhASheyalli naDeda (mattu samskxtadalli naDeyadidda) halavAru badalAvaNegaLa pariNAmavannu I prabhEdagaLa padagaLalli kANabahudu. I badalAvaNegaLindAgi, avugaLa padagaLu samskxtada padagaLiginta bhinnavAgive. samskxta bhAShe barahada bhASheyAgi mAtra uLididdudE I rIti A kAlada mAtina prabhEdadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu samskxtada padagaLannu bAdhisadiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.
prAkxtavannu barahada bhASheyAgi baLasatoDagidAga, adara barahagAraru halaveDegaLalli “pAribhAShika’ padagaLa korateyannu anubhavisirabEku mattu antaha sandarbhagaLallella nEravAgi samskxtadinda avaSyaviruva padagaLannu eravalAgi pes idarindAgi, prAkx tadalli eraDu rItiya padagaLu
vEdakAladinda buddha -jaynara kAlada varegina samayadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLinda bAdhitavAgiruva prAkxtaddE Ada padagaLu ondu rItiyavu (tadbhavagaLu), mattu samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDediruva, mattu antaha badalAvaNegaLinda bAdhitavAgadiruva padagaLu innondu rItiyavu (tatsamagaLu).
idalla de badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka sa samskxta padagaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadantaha bEreyU kelavu padagaLu prAkxtadallive. ivu ha… granthagaLalli kANisadiddarU inDO-Aryan mUla bhASheyindalEnE bandiruva padagaLirabahudu, illavE
padavargagaLu -3 A
bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLirabahudu. ivannu prAkxta vayyAkaraNi gaLu “dESi’ illavE “dESaja’ padagaLendu karediddA re.
೪.೬.೨ vingaDaNeya avcitya
prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLalli A bhASheya padagaLannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva tatsama padagaLu mattu prAkxtaddE Ada tadbhava illavE apabhramSa padagaLu embudAgi vingaDisuvudaralli avcityavide. Adare samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva mUladrAviDa bhASheyondarinda beLedu bandiruva haLegannaDa bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli antahadE vingaDaNeyannu baLasuvudaralli yAva avcityavU illa.
prAkxta bhASheyalli mukhyavAgi tatsama mattu tada va padagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra kANisikoLLuttave (dESi padagaLu prAkxta vyAkaraNada maTTige tada ೈvagaLa hAgeyE baLakeyAguttave). ivugaLalli tada va padagaLu, mEle sUcisida hAge, mUla bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi beLedu banda padagaLu; ivu kAladinda kAlakke A bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLindAgi ivattina rUpavannu paDedive.
haLegannaDadallU intaha padagaLiddu, avannu dESya padagaLendu kareyalAgide. ivannu haLegannaDa bhAShe tanna mUla (drAviDa) bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDedide. kAladinda kAlakke I bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa phalavAgi I padagaLu haLegannaDadalli kANisuva rUpavannu paDedive (vivaragaLige bhaT ೨೦೦೭ nODi).
prAkxta bhASheyalli kANisuva tatsama (illavE samasamskxta) padagaLu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu. A bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa avadhi mugida mEle ivannu eravalAgi paDedu koLLalAgideyAda kAraNa, avu A bhASheya “tada ೫ padagaLinda bhinnavAgive.
haLegannaDadallU I rIti hindina prabhEdadinda eravalAgi paDeda (dESya) padagaLive. udAharaNegAgi mUladrAviDada AdicakAra haLegannaDadalli sakAravAgi badalAgide. sAy, sAl, siDil, suDu, sea modalAda dESya padagaLalli I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu kANabahudu. Adare, AdicakAravannu uLisikonDiruva bEre kelavu padagaLU haLegannaDadalliddu (cikka, cinna, cenna, celvu ityAdi) mElina badalAvaNeya avadhi mugida mEle ondina prabhEdadinda (illavE I badalAvaNeyAgadiruva bErondu drAviDa bhAShAprabhEdadinda) avu eravalAgi bandirabEku.
I vyatyAsavannu hosagannaDa padagaLalli innaShTu spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. kannaDada caritreyalli pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnada hottige sampUrNagonDirabEku (narasimhayya ೧೯೪೧ nODi). hosagannaDada hAlu (pAl), haNNu (paN), huli (<puli), hOgu (<pO) modalAda padagaLalli I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu kANabahudu.
I samayada anantara, kannaDa bhAShe Adi pakAraviruva halavAru padagaLannu haLegannaDadinda eravalAgi paDediddu, antaha padagaLalli Adi pakAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide. hosagannaDada pacce, paDu (kaShTapaDu), pADu, puNugu, peTTu modalAda padagaLalli I rIti pakAra hakAravAgade uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.
nijakkU haLegannaDada (illavE hosagannaDada) dESya padagaLalli kANisuva I mElina vibhajaneyE prAkxtada tatsama-tadbhava vibhajanege samanAdudu. yAkendare, prAkxtadalli baLakeyalliruva tadka Dava padagaLu haLegannaDada dESya padagaLa hAge mUla bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi beLedu bandavugaLu, mattu tatsama padagaLu adE mUla bhASheyinda (endare adara sAhityika rUpadinda) eravalAgi paDeda padagaLu.
೪.೬.೩ samskxtada eravalugaLu
prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuvantaha tatsama mattu tada lava vibhajanegU mattu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli kANisuvantaha adE hesarina vibhajanegU naDuve mEle vivarisida hAge ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide.
prAkxtadalli tada Sava illavE apabhramSa emba gumpige sEruva padagaLella nijakkU A bhASheya dESya padagaLallade eravalAgi banda padagaLalla. avannu “dESIya’ padagaLinda bhinnavAduvendu parigaNisalu avakke samskxta mUlavideyembudu mAtravE kAraNa. samskxta mattu prAkxtagaLeraDU inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLAgiruvudarinda, I rIti avannu ondu bEreyE gumpinalli irisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide.
prAkxtada tatsama padagaLU inDO-Aryan padagaLE; avannu adE bhASheya hindina kAlada prabhEdadinda (endare samskxtadinda) eravalAgi paDeyalAgide.
Adare haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu gurutisuva tatsama (samasamskxta) mattu tadka lava padagaLeraDU eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLE. mEle sUcisida hAge, ivu jAsti badalAgade eravalu koTTiruva samskxta bhASheya padagaLa hAgeyE iveyAdare avannu tatsama padagaLendu mattu avugaLalli heccina badalAvaNegaLAgiveyAdare avannu tadka va padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. haLegannaDada dESya padagaLu iveraDakkintalU tIra bhinnavAgiruva haLegannaDadavE Ada padagaLu.
prAkxtada tada Dava padagaLellavU ondE rItiyAgi A bhASheya caritreyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. hAgAgi avannella ondu gumpinallirisi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva tatsama padagaLinda bhinnavAduvendu parigaNisuvudu sulabha.
Adare haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva samskxtada eravalu padagaLu hAge ondE rItiyAgi badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgilla. avu bEre bEre pramANagaLalli badalAgiddu, badalAvaNegaLa bEre bEre hantagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. nijakkU padagaLa koneya svaravannu badalAyisuvudu (SAlA>SAle, jananI>janani ityAdi) intaha hantagaLalli ondendu hELabahudu.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, prAkxtada tadbhava padagaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu padagaLa badalAvaNegaLalla, A bhASheya caritreyalli naDeda varNagaLa badalAvaNegaLu. varNagaLu I rIti badalAdAga A kAladalli bhASheyallidda padagaLellavU ondE bArige badalAguttave. hAgAgi, prAkxtada tada Dava padagaLannu intaha badalAvaNegaLella niyamitavAgi bAdhisiruvudannu kANabahudu.
Adare, haLegannaDada tadbhava padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu varNagaLa badalAvaNegaLalla, padagaLa badalAvaNegaLu. ondu bhAShe innondu bhASheyinda padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuvAga, avugaLa svarUpa A bhASheyalliruva padagaLa svarUpakke hondikoLLuvante bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAvaNegaLigoLagAguttade. I badalAvaNegaLannu padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuva vyaktigaLu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli naDesiruttAre.
intaha badalAvaNegaLu ommeyE naDeyuva badalu, hanta hantavAgi naDeyuttave. idallade, I badalAvaNegaLu eravalAgi banda padagaLannu pratyEka pratyEkavAgi bAdhisuvuvAda kAraNa, badalAvaNeya ellA hantagaLannU eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide, mattu bEre bEre padagaLalli bEre bEre hantagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide.
I kAraNakkAgi, eravalu padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu sAmAnyavAgi aniyamitavAgiruttave. I padagaLannu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bEre kavigaLu mattu vidvAmsaru eravalAgi paDedukonDiruvarAda kAraNa, avugaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLalli halavu rItiya vikalpagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide.
ivannella pariSIlisidAga, nijakkU intaha eravalu padagaLannu tatsama mattu tada lava emba eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudakkintalU keLage vivarisida hAge halavu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudE oLLeyadendu anisadiradu.
(೧) haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva tada Dava padagaLalli dADe, bejja, baTTa, kamba modalAda halavu padagaLannu nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeyuva badalu, prAkxtadinda eravalAgi paDediruva hAge kANisuttade. ivannu nEravAgi samskxtada damShTrA, vaydya, vxtta, stambha modalAda padagaLinda sAdhisuvudakkintalU, prAkxtada dADhA, vEjYa, vaTTa, khambha modalAda padagaLinda sAdhisuvudu sulabha (Ar. narasimhAcAr ೧೯೬೯:೧೬೫ nODi). hAgAgi, ivannu “prAkxta-tadya ೈva’vemba bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisuva avaSyakateyide.
(೨) I rIti prAkxtada mUlaka haLegannaDakke baruva badalu, bEre bhAShegaLa mUlaka (pAli, tamiLu ityAdi) haLegannaDakke bandiruva samskxta padagaLU kelavive. ivannU nEravAgi samskxta padagaLinda sAdhisalu prayatnisidalli, ivugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannu vivarisuva kelasa bahaLa kliShTavAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, Ar. narasimhAcAr avaru (೧೯೬೯:೧೬೮) sUcisiruvante,
haLegannaDada arasa, arasi, noga, binnapa, kelasa modalAda kelavu padagaLannu nEravAgi rAja, rAjYI, yuga, vijYApya, kriyA modalAda samskxta padagaLinda sAdhisuva badalu, tamiLina araSan, araSi, nugam, viNNappam, kiriSay modalAda tada Dava padagaLinda sAdhisuvudu sulabha. I samskxta padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu tamiLu padagaLa svarUpakke hondikoLLuvante naDediveyallade, haLegannaDa padagaLa svarUpakke hondikoLLuvante naDedilla.
(೩) idallade, haLegannaDada nepa, nEha, vakTANa, kajja modalAda padagaLu samskxtada nibha, snEha, vyAkhyAna, kArya modalAda padagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyAdarU, prAkxtada nepa, nEha, vakbANa, kajja modalAda padagaLige samAnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, ivannu tadbhavagaLendu kareyuva badalu “samaprAkxta’ illavE ““prAkxta-tatsama’ padagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyavide (Ar. narasimhAcAr ೧೯೬೯:೧೬೬ nODi).
(೪) mEle vivarisiruva hAge, haLegannaDada “tada ೈva’ padagaLu prAkxtadalliruva tada va padagaLa hAge ondE rItiyavalla. avu badalAvaNeya halavu hantagaLannu tOrisuttave. hAgAgi, avannella ondE gumpinallirisuvudu sariyalla. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva tada Dava padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
samskxta tadbhava padagaLu tapasvi tapasi, tavasi dyUta jUdu, jUju amAvAskA amAse, avase AShADha AsaDi, asaDi aSOka aSOke, asuge AkAra Agara, Ara kumAra kuvara, kOra unmatta ummatta, ummata
mEle koTTiruva tada va padagaLalli modalaneyadu badalAvaNeya ondu hantadallU , mattu eraDaneyadu adara anantarada bErondu hantadallU sidda vAgiruva hAge kANisuttave. hAgAgi, avannu bEre bEre gumpugaLallirisuva avaSyakateyide. (೫) koneya svaradalli mAtra badalANeyannu tOrisuva SAle (<SAlA), bhAShe
(bhAShA), yOgini (<yOginI), vadhu (<vadhU) modalAda padagaLannu tadbhavagaLendu kareyade tatsamagaLendu karediruvudara avcityavEnembudu spaShTavAgilla. (bahuSaH prAkxta vyAkaraNadalli I baLakeya mUlavirabahudu). Adare, haLegannaDadalli itara tadbhavagaLendenisuva padagaLalli naDediruva badalAvaNegaLa hAge, I padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLannU eravalAgi banda samskxtada padagaLannu haLegannaDa padagaLa svarUpakke
hondisikoLLuvudakkAgi naDesalAgideyAda kAraNa, avannu tada OvagaLinda bhinnavAda padagaLendu parigaNisalu yAva AdhAravU illa.
udAharaNegAgi, kumba (A<kumbha), gADa (<gADha), cinna (Achinna), jagana (<jaghana), dUpa (<€dhUpa), bOga (<bhOga), Aramba (AArambha) modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva hAge mahAprANAkSharagaLu allaprANAkSharagaLAgiruvudu, ankusa (AankuSa), sankara (<Sankara), pasu (<paSu), nimisa (nimiSha), vEsa (AvESha) modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge SakAra illavE ShakAragaLu sakAra gaLAgiruvudu, mattu jantra (<yantra), javanike (<yavanike), jati (yati), jAtre (yAtre) modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge Adi yakAra jakAravAgiruvudu heccu kaDime mElina padagaLa koneya sa saradalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLa hAgeyE ide. illU padagaLa itara amSagaLella svalpavU badalAgade hAgeyE uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.
೪.೬.೪ vibhajaneya mahatva
haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige dESya padagaLigU tatsama hAgU tada lava padagaLigU naDuviruva vibhajaneyE atyanta mahatvada vibhajane. tatsama mattu tada va padagaLa naDuviruva vibhajanege haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli antaha mahatvavilla . averaDU “eravalu padagaLu’ emba ondE gumpinalli baruttave.
idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge I eravalu padagaLannu tatsama mattu tadbhava emba eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudakkintalU halavu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudE haLegannaDada maTTige sariyAda mArga.
haLegannaDadalli dESya padagaLannu eravalu (tatsama mattu tadbhava) padagaLinda pratyEkisuvantaha halavu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, eravalu padagaLannu, avu tatsamagaLirali, tadbhavagaLirali, kriyApadagaLa jAgadalli baLasabEkiddalli avakke isu pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade (arcisu, ninnisu, pUjisu, bhAvisu, bancisu, baNNi su, sayrisu, pajjaLisu, ityAdi).
Adare, prAkxtada vyAkaraNakke tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLa naDuvina vibhajaneyE atyanta mahatvada vibhajane. tadbhava mattu dESi padagaLa naDuvina vibhajanege A bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli heccina mahatvavilla. mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxta padagaLondige sambandhavannu tOrisalu sAdhyavAgadiruvantaha prAkxta padagaLannu dESi padagaLendu parigaNisalAgide; prAkxta vyAkaraNada maTTige ivu yAva viShayadallU tada Dava padagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla.
haLegannaDa mattu prAkxta bhAShegaLa naDuve I rIti tatsama-tadbhava bhEdavannu baLasuvalli mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLive. ivannu gamanisade, haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu prAkxta padagaLa vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi, A bhASheya nijavAda svarUpavannu vivarisuvalli avaru sOtiddAre.
೪.೭ sArAmSa
haLegannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada, mattu guNapadagaLembudAgi mUru mukhya padavargagaLalli baraballa padagaLive. Adare, samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya padavargagaLalli baraballa padagaLu mAtra ive. haLegannaDada guNapadagaLige samAnavAgiruva padagaLu samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla.
haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I ati mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu tiLidiralillavAda kAraNa, avaru racisida vyAkaraNagaLalli halavAru rItiya samasyegaLu mattu gondalagaLu mUDibandive.
sarvanAmagaLa svarUpa mattu baLakegaLallU I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, ivannU I vayyAkaraNigaLu vivarisilla.
samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLembudAgi vibhajisuvallU ivaru prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLannu anusari sidudarindAgi, haLegannaDada nijavAda svarUpavannu vivarisalu SaktarAgilla.