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adhyAya ೧೨ — muktAya
muktAya
೧೨.೧ haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa vimarSegaLu
haLegannaDada mEle kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu barediruva vyAkaraNagaLu nijakkU A bhASheya vyAkaraNaventahadu embudannu vivarisi hELalu SaktavAgiveyE embudannu pariSIlisuvudE I pustakada uddESavAgide. haLegannaDada I prAcIna vyAkaraNagaLannu hindeyU halavu mandi vidvAmsaru pariSIlisiddaru (kiTTel ೧೯೦೩, biLigiri ೧೯೬೯, kuLLi ೧೯೭೬, sItArAmayya ೧೯೭೯, venkaTAcala SAstri ೀ ೧೯೯೪).
Adare, hindinavara pariSIlanegaLigU, I pustakadalli naDesiruva pariSIlanegU naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide: hindina pariSIlanegaLannu naDesidavaru prAcIna vyAkaraNagaLu, adarallU kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNa, haLegannaDakke takkudAda vyAkaraNa endu bhAvisiddaru. hAgAgi, A vyAkaraNada niyamagaLalli kANisuva avyApti, ativyApti modalAda kelavu dOShagaLannu tOrisikoDuvudaShTE avara pariSIlaneya uddESavAgittu.
intaha halakelavu dOShagaLannu nivArisidalli kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNavE haLegannaDakke bEkAgiruva ondu atyuttama vyAkaraNavAgaballudu embudu A vidvAmsara abhiprAyavidda hAge kANisuttade.
nanna pustakada uddESa idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. nijakkUhaLegannaDakke kESirAjanE modalAdavaru racisiruva vyAkaraNagaLu takkuvAdavugaLalla emba abhiprAya nannallideyAda kAraNa, avu yAke haLegannaDakke takkuvalla embudannu tOrisikoDuvudE I pustakada mukhya uddESavAgide. haLegannaDadavallada halavAru vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu I vyAkaraNagaLalli haLegannaDadavendu bhramisi baLasalAgide. hAgAgi, avu nijavAda haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLAgalAravu embudannu I pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
kESirAjanE modalAda haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLige samskxta vyAkaraNavE mAdariyAgittu. Agina kAladalli vidvAmsarellarU samskxtadalli pariNatarAgiruvudu avaSyavAgiddudu idakke ondu kAraNa; yAva bhAShege vyAkaraNa bareyuvudiddarU modalige samskxta vyAkaraNavannu arthamADikoLLuvudu avaSyavAgiddudu innondu kAraNa.
Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDakke samskxta vyAkaraNa uttamavAda mAdariyalla. yAkendare, haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu bEre bEre bhAShAmUlagaLinda beLedu bandiddu, A mUlagaLinda averaDU tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu paDedukonDive. I eraDu bhAShegaLalli padagaLu, padarUpagaLu, padakantegaLu mattu vAkyagaLu hEge racitavAguttave embudannu pariSIlisidAga, averaDara naDuviruva vyatyAsa I rIti mUlabhUtavAdudu emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtakke avaSyaviruva varNagaLalli halavu (mahAprANAkTara gaLu, khakAra, Sa, Sha modalAdavugaLu) haLegannaDakke bEkAgilla, mattu samskxtadalli illadiruva kelavu varNagaLu (akAra-TakAragaLu, ekAra-okAragaLu) haLegannaDakke bEkAguttave. I viShayavannu halavaru vidvAmsaru gamanisiddAre. kESirAjanE modalAdavarU idannu kanDukonDiddA re.
Adare, varNagaLa baLakeyalli idakkintalU mukhyavAda, mattu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsa I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve ide. hAgAgi, pANinige SivanE tOrisikoTTavendu hELalAguva mAhESvara sUtragaLu samskxta vyAkaraNakke takkuvAgiveyAdarU, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke takkuvAgilla. yAkendare, avugaLa mUlaka sidda vAguva svara mattu vyanjanagaLa pAThakrama samskxta vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgideyallade, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgilla. adu “arNavavxta dhAtriyoL prasiddha ‘vAdudAgi iddarU (kESirAja, sU. ೧೪) haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa adannu biTTukoTTu tannadE Ada pAThakramavannu sxShTisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu koTTiruva vibhaktipratyayagaLa varNaneyalliyU idE rItiyalli alpasvalpa badalAvaNegaLannu mADidare sAkAguvudilla, mUlabhUtavAda badalAvaNegaLannE mADabEkAguttade. nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve halavAru rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyaviddu, pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisuvudakkAgi ivannu kelavE kelavu gumpugaLalli vibhajisuva avaSyakateyide. I vibhajane ellA bhAShegaLallU ondE teranAgiruvudilla.
samskxtadalli pA sambandhagaLannu kartx, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna mattu adhikaraNagaLemba Aru gumpu(kAraka)gaLalli vibhajisalAgideyAdare, haLegannaDadalli Aguga, mADuga, suru, kone mattu jAgagaLemba aydu gumpugaLalli vibhajisalAgide. iveraDu tIra bhinnavAda vibhajanegaLAda kAraNa, samskxtada kArakagaLa mUlaka haLegannaDa vAkyagaLannu txptikaravAgi varNisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva mADi, kanDu modalAda kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu “Ekakartxka’ emba kalpaneya sahAyadinda vivarisuva haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa prayatna saphalavAgilla. adakke badalu, kriyApadagaLannu aycchika (mADuga iruva kriyApada) mattu anaycchika (mADuga illada kriyApada) embudAgi vingaDisuva avaSyakateyide. hIge mADidalli, antaha
vingaDaNeya AdhArada mEle, jODisuva vAkyagaLalli I kriyApadagaLu hEge baLakeyAguttave embudannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavAguttade (೧೦.೪ nODi).
samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra ive; Adare, haLegannaDadalli nAmapada, guNapada, mattu kriyApada embudAgi mUru mukhya padavargagaLive. idu I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsa. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavannu samskxta mattu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa halavAru niyamagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu.
idE rItiyalli, I eraDu bhAShegaLu kriyApadagaLa mUlaka ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi yAva dxShTikOnavannu avalambisive embudarallU mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsavide. haLegannaDa samaya sambandhakke mahatvavannu koDuvudAdare, samskxta samaya vyavasthe ge mahatvavannu koDuttade. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavannU vyAkaraNada halavu bhAgagaLalli kANabahudu.
I rIti, vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLallEnE haLegannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgideyAda kAraNa, samskxta vyAkaraNada niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiruva kESirAjanE modalAdavara vyAkaraNagaLalli alpasvalpa badalAvaNegaLannu mADuvudara mUlaka avannu haLegannaDada sariyAda vyAkaraNagaLannAgi mADalu sAdhyavAgadu.
I vyAkaraNagaLannu ondu kaTTaDakke hOlisidevAdare, mEle sUcisiruva dOShagaLu adara taLapAyadallEnE kANisuvantaha dOShagaLu endu hELabahudu. hAgAgi, ivannu nivArisabEkidda lli, A kaTTaDavannu sampUrNavAgi muridu, taLapAyavannE badalAyisi, bErondu hosa kaTTaDavannu kaTTuva avaSyakateyide.
೧೨.೨ vyAkaraNada sankIrNate
ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNavembudu bahaLa sankIrNavAda viShaya. adannu pariSIlisidaShTU adara kuritAgi hosa hosa sangatigaLu gamanakke baruttalE iruttave. idakke koneyE illavendU tOruttade.
udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh bhASheya vyAkaraNada mEle sumAru innUru varShagaLindalU nUrAru mandi vidvAmsaru samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuttalE bandiddAre. adara mEle nUrAru granthagaLU prakaTavAgive. hIgiddarU, adara vyAkaraNada vaySiShTyagaLella sampUrNavAgi mattu sariyAgi namma gamanakke bandiveyendu ivattigU hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
yAkendare, adara vyAkaraNada kuritAgi ivattigU hosa hosa sangatigaLannu samSOdhakaru horageDahuttalE iddAre, mattu hindinavara vyAkaraNagaLalli uLidukonDiruva tappugaLannU tOrisikoDuttiddAre. idakke nAnE naDesiruva samSOdhaneya ondu udAharaNeyannu koDaballe:
sarvanAmagaLa kuritAgi nAnu ittIcege ingliShnalli ondu pustakavannu barediddu, adannu inglenDina AkspharD viSvavidyAlaya prakaTiside (bhaT ೨೦೦೪ka). I pusta kavannu bareyuvudakkAgi, prapancada bEre bEre bhAgagaLalli baLakeyalliruva nAnnUrakkintalU heccu bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLannu pariSIlisidde . I bhAShegaLalli entaha sarvanAmagaLella baLakeyallive, avugaLa mEle yAva rItiya nirbandhagaLannella hEralAguttade, mattu sarvanAmagaLa maTTige prapancada bhAShegaLu yAva rItiyallella bhinnavAgiralu sAdhya embudannu I pustakadalli vivarisalAgide.
I samSOdhaneya AdhArada mEle, ingliSh vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva kelavu dOShagaLannu mattu samasyegaLannU tOrisikoDalu nanage sAdhyavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, anirdiShTa mattu aniScita emba eraDu tIra bhinnavAda baLakegaLannu I vyAkaraNagaLalli indefinite emba ondE tatvada (pAribhAShika padada) mUlaka vivarisuva prayatna naDedide, mattu idarindAgi ingliSh vyAkaraNagaLalli halavu samasyegaLu mattu gondalagaLu sxShTiyAgive.
ingliShna ೩ bmmk embudondu anirdiShTa padakante, mattu any book embudondu aniScita padakante. I eraDu padakantegaLa naDuve baLakeyalli halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ingliSh vayyAkaraNigaLu iveraDannU 17668116 padakantegaLendu parigaNisidudarindAgi halavu samasyegaLannedurisabEkAgide. anirdiShTa mattu aniScita padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannu sariyAgi gaNanege tegedukonDalli, I samasyegaLella mAyavAgibiDuttave embudannu nAnu mElina pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
idallade, praSnArthakagaLendu hELalAguva ೪/8೦, what, when modalAda sarvanAmagaLu nijakkU aniScitArthagaLu mAtra; avannu praSnArthaka sarvanAmagaLendu parigaNisidalli halavu samasyegaLu mUDibaruttave; Adare, aniScita padagaLendu parigaNisidalli antaha samasyegaLu udbhavisuvudilla. intaha bEreyU halavu hosa vyAkaraNa viShayagaLannu nAnu A pustakadalli prastA pisiddu , avu ingliSh vyAkaraNakkU sambandhisidavugaLAgive.
ingliShna mEle naDediruva vyAkaraNAbhyAsagaLige hOlisidevAdare, haLegannaDada (illavE hosagannaDada) vyAkaraNada mEle iduvarege naDediruva samSOdhane atyalpa endu yArigU anisadiradu. A vyAkaraNada nijavAda svarUpa entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu nAvu innU bahaLaShTu samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide embudu idarinda spaShTavAguttade.
kESirAjana vyAkaraNadalli haLegannaDada vyAkaraNaventahadu embudannu tiLiyalu namage bEkAguva viShayagaLellavU ive; A vyAkaraNavannu arthamADikoLLuvudaShTE ivattu (athavA innu munde) nAvu mADabEkAgiruva kelasa endu yArAdarU bhAvisuvudiddalli adu entaha humbatanavAgaballudu embudu I mElina udAharaNeyinda spaShTavAgadiradu.
೧೨.೩ vyAkaraNada vayvidhya
he bhASheya nA mAdariyAgirisikonDu innondu bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu bareya hoDa rala. rU edurisabEkAgiruva sa samasyeyondide. mAdariyAgiruva bhASheya vyAkaraNa tAvu vivarisa bEkAgiruva bhASheya vyAkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAgideyAdare, A bhinnateyentahadu embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudE I samasye. heci klinavarigU idu biDisalAgada samasye yAgiruttade.
samskxtakke vyAkaraNavannu barediruva jA t modalAda samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLigAgali, illavE grIk mattu lyATin bhAShegaLige vyAkaraNagaLannu bareda pAScAtya vidvAmsarigAgali I samasye yiralilla. yAkendare, avarige vyAkaraNavannu bareyalu bE honda bhASheya mAdariyiralilla. ellavannU avaru varNisabEkAgiruva bhASheya sa rUpavannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka kAgi kanDuhiDiyabEkAgittu.
monne monnevaregU I samasye ya ondu samasye yembudE vidvAmsara arivige bandiralilla. avTa yAguva rR vyA karaNakki ka tamma kalpa the mIridantaha bhinnateyannu tOrisuva navahO, hOpi, gi Am mUlanivAsigaLa bhAShegaLannu varNisahoraTAga, mattu AphrikAda banTu, dsulu, AsTrEliyAda dkirbal, philipaynsna tagalOg modalAda jagattina itara rAShTra gaLalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLannu varNisa nga I samasye eShTu doDDadu emba viShaya vidvAmsara gamanakke bantu.
bEre bEre bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNadalli entaha ve vidhyategaLella iralu sAdhya embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudakkAgi bhAShAvijYAnadalli Iga language typology emba ondu hosa SAkheyE beLedu bandide. idu intaha ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiruva bhAShegaLa abhyAsada phalavAgi huTTikonDide. I SAkheyalli nAnu kaLeda naluvattu varShagaLinda samSOdhane naDesuttiddEne. haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada nijavAda svarUpa kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu emba viShaya nanna gamanakke baralu I samSOdhaneyE mukhya kAraNa.
haLegannaDadalli nijakkU padagaLa, padarUpagaLa, padakantegaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racane hEge naDeyuttade embudannu ALavAgi abhyAsamADuva avaSyakateyide emba viShaya I pustakadinda spaShTavAgirabahudu. intaha abhyAsakke kESirAjana vyAkaraNa mAdariyAgalAradu. nEravAgi pampa, ranna modalAdavara barahagaLalli pada, padarUpa, vAkya modalAduvannu hEge racisalAgide embudannu pariSIlisuvudondE namagiruva mArga.
haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle intaha halavAru ALavAda samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuva avaSya kateyide. ivugaLa mUlaka haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada svarUpaventahadu embudannu ~~ sAdhyavAguttade. idalla dya hosa gannaDa vyA karaNavannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLuvalli yU intaha haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle naDe ka ka kOdanigaLu sahAyakavAgaballuvu. yAkendare, hosagannaDa vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa mUla haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli av.
AkarasUci
anantarangAcAr, en. (gadyAnuvAda). ೧೯೭೭. pampakavi viracita pampabhAratam (vikramArjuna vijayam). bengaLUru: kannaDa sAhitya pariShattu.
ayyangAr, cennakESava ec. (sam.). ೧೯೩೮. kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNa (lingaNArAdhyana vxtti sahita). cennay: madrAs viSvavidyAnilaya.
ayyangAr. vi. kxShNasvAmi ೧೯೬೫. “satisaptamI’. kannaDa nuDi, ೨೮-೭.
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doDDa svAmi ೧೯೮೦. haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa tavlanika viSle “ShaNe. manDya: SrImati doDa stAmi. ೧ I narasimhAcAr, Di. el. ೧೯೭೧. pIThikegaLu, lEkhanagaLu. maysUru: Di. vi. ke.
AkarasUci
AkarasUci
anantarangAcAr, en. (gadyAnuvAda). ೧೯೭೭. pampakavi viracita pampabhAratam (vikramArjuna vijayam). bengaLUru: kannaDa sAhitya pariShattu.
ayyangAr, cennakESava ec. (sam.). ೧೯೩೮. kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNa (lingaNArAdhyana vxtti sahita). cennay: madrAs viSvavidyAnilaya.
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kuSAlappa gavDa, ke. ೧೯೭೦. Gowda Kannada. Annamalainagar: Annamalai University.
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jOSi, es. Di. ೧೯೬೭. “Adjectives and substantives as a single class in the
parts of speech’. Journal of the University of Poona, Humanities section 25, 19-30.
೨೧೪ nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu)
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–—-— ೨೦೦೩. kannaDada sarvanAmagaLu. maysUru: bhAShAprakASana.
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banArasIdAs.
villan, hec. hec. ೧೮೪೭. 4 Introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language. London: J. Madden and Co. (೧೯೬೧ralli Chowkhamba San- skrit Series office, Varanasi ivarinda punaH prakaTitavAgide).
venkaTAcala SAstrI, Ti. vi. ೧೯೯೪. “upOdbhrAta’. venkaTAcala SAstrI (sam.) kESirAja viracita SabdamaNi darpaNandalli puTa ೧-೧೪೨. bengaLUru: kannaDa mattu samskxti nirdESanAlaya.
SivAnanda, vi. ೧೯೭೨. SabdamaNidarpaNa viLAsa (hosagannaDa vyAkhyAna gadya). gadaga: vijaya pustaka bhanDAra mattu prakASana.
sItArAmayya, vi. ೧೯೭೯. prAcIna kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu. maysUru: maysUru viSvavidyAnilaya.
sItArAmayya, vi. (sam.). ೧೯೭೭. vyAkaraNagaLu. bengaLUru: aybiec prakASana.
spIjar, je. es. ೧೮೬೬. Sanskrit Syntax. Leyden: E.J.Brill.