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adhyAya nAlku — nAmapadagaLa kantegaLu
4.1 padagaLu mattu padakantegaLu
nAmapadagaLa maTTige pada mattu padakante embudAgi eraDu maTTagaLalli baruva ghaTakagaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide. mara embudondu nAmapada, mattu doDDa mara embudondu nAma padakante. I eraDu rItiya ghaTakagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive, mattu vAkyagaLalli avugaLa baLake hEge naDeyuttade embudannu I adhyAyadalli pariSIlisaliruvevu. mara emba nAmapadakke oLaracaneyembudilla. adara tayArikeyalli m, a, r, mattu a emba nAlku varNagaLannu baLasalAgideyAdarU adakkiruva arthavannu I varNagaLinda nEravAgi paDeyalu sAdhyavilla. A nAmapadakkondu svarUpavannu koDuvudu mattu uLida nAmapada gaLinda adu bErAgi nilluvante mADuvudu emba I eraDu kArya gaLannu mAtra adaralli baruva varNagaLu naDesaballuvu. adara artha Enu embudu yAva arthadalli adu rUDhige bandide emba viShayada mEle mAtravE avalambiside. Adare doDDa mara emba nAmapadakante idakkinta tIra bhinna vAdudu. adakke doDDa mattu mara emba eraDu padagaLa kUDike yinda tayArAda arthaviruva oLaracaneyide. adara angagaLAgi bandiruva doDDa mattu mara emba eraDu padagaLige mAtra bariya varNagaLa kUDikeyinda tayArAda arthavilladiruva oLaracaneyide.
tayArikege nAmapadagaLallU kelavannu bEre padagaLa illavE bEre pada mattu pratyayagaLa kUDikeya mUlaka tayArisiruvudannu kANabahudu. Adare, avugaLigiruva I oLaracane avugaLa mAtra sambandhisiddallade nEravAgi avugaLa arthakke illavE baLakege sambandhisiddalla.
udAharaNegAgi, karihalage emba nAmapadavannu kari mattu halage emba eraDu padagaLa kUDikeya mUlaka tayArisalAgide. Adare, I padagaLige mattu avugaLa kUDikegiruva arthada mEle karihalage emba nAmapadada artha nintilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. baLakeyalli karihalage emba pada kappallada vastuvannU sUcisaballudu (karihalage yondakke nIli baNNa koTTiralu sAdhyavide) mattu halageyallada vastu vondannU sUcisaballudu (gODeya ondu bhAgakke baNNa koTTu adannu karihalage endu karediralU sAdhyavide).
nAmapada mattu nAmapadakantegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsada AdhArada mEle vAkyaracaneya maTTige avu eraDu ‘maTTa’gaLalli baru ttave endu hELalu sAdhyavAguttade. Adare intaha vyatyAsa vAkyagaLalli baruva itara padagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli illavE guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli I rIti padagaLu mattu padakantegaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya ghaTakagaLu kANisuvudilla. idakke keLage 4.1.1ralli sUcisiruva hAge ondu mukhya vAda kAraNavU ide.
4.1.1 vyatyAsada avaSyakate
vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLige bEre bEre kelasagaLive. kriyApadagaLu ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisalu baLake yAguttave, mattu nAmapadagaLu antaha ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDi ruva vyakti, prANi, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisalu baLake yAguttave. udAharaNegAgi keLagina vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu. jAnaki bassinalli bengaLUrige hOgiddALe. (1)nE vAkyadalli hOgu emba kriyApada ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisu ttade, mattu adarondige bandiruva jAnaki, bassu mattu mUru gurutisuva ghaTaneyalli nAmapadagaLu A bengaLUru emba toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu mattu jAgagaLannu gurutisuttave.
I rIti bEre bEre ghaTane illavE sangatigaLannu tiLisuvalli nAvu gurutisabEkAguva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLa sankhye namma bhASheyalliruva nAmapadagaLa sankhyeginta eShTO pAlu heccinadAgide. kelasadalli hAgAgi, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu ‘hesarisuvudu’ mattu ‘varNisuvudu’ embudAgi eraDu vidhAnagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide, mattu idakkAgi vAkyagaLalli nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmapadakantegaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya ghaTakagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi, ondu kADinalli lakShagaTTale maragaLirabahudu. ivugaLalli kelavannu gurutisalu mAvu, halasu, huNise, gEru, modalAda hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu baLasaballevu. Adare bEre halavu maragaLige hesarE illadirabahudu. athavA hesariddarU adu namage tiLidilladirabahudu. intaha sandabhragaLalli avannu gurutisi avugaLa varNaneyondannu baLasuvudE dAri. mattu intaha varNanegaLigAgi nAmapadagaLa badalu nAmapadakante gaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. kuritu EnAdarU hELabEkiddalli (2) I udda eleya giDavannu muTTidare kay turisuttade. (2)nE vAkyadalli viSiShTavAda giDavondannu adara hesarEnendu tiLidilla vAda kAraNa udda eleya giDa emba nAmapadakanteya mUlaka varNisi gurutisalAgide.
idallade, maragaLalli pratiyondakkU halavu upabhEdagaLiddu, avannella bEre bErAgi gurutisi hELalu hesarugaLiruvudilla. namage jAsti upayOgakke baruva mAvu, halasu modalAda kelavu jAti yavugaLalli mAtra I rIti upabhEdagaLige avugaLadE Ada hesaruga Live. itara jAtiya maragaLalli upabhEdagaLannu gurutisabEkiddalli varNanegaLannE baLasabEkAguttade.
idallade, manuShyarigiruva hAge heccina mara-giDagaLigU ankita nAmagaLillavAda kAraNa, avugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu uLidavu gaLinda pratyEkisi gurutisabEkAdAgalU varNanegaLannE baLasabEkAgu nammallina nIlam giDadalli mUraneya vaShrakkE haNNAgide. (3)nE vAkyadalli ondu nirdiShTavAda giDavannu, adakke ankitanAma villavAda kAraNa, nammallina nIlam giDa emba nAmapadakanteya mUlaka varNisi gurutisabEkAgide.
4.1.2 kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLu
nAmapadagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva I ‘gurutisuva’ kelasakkinta kriyA padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva ‘sUcisuva’ kelasa tIra bhinnavAdudu. avu ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuvudu mAtravallade adu innobbarige tiLiyu vante mADuvudu, adara viShayavAgi innobbarinda heccina sangati gaLannu kELi tiLidukoLLuvudu, innobbara mUlaka antaha ghaTaneyannu mADisikoLLuvudu, adara viShayavAgi beragannu sUcisuvudu, moda lAda bEre bEre mAtina kelasagaLalli A ghaTaneyannu toDagisabEkAgu intaha kelasagaLannu naDesuvudakkAgi kriyApadagaLalli bEreyE kelavu guNadharmagaLu kANisikoLLuttave. ghaTaneya samaya, ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, ghaTaneya svarUpa modalAduvannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu adarondige baruttave, mattu entaha mAtina kelasadalli A ghaTaneyannu toDagisalAgide embudannu sUcisuva pada illavE pratyayagaLU adarondige baruttave.
huDuganannu SAlege sEriside. mElina vAkyadalli bandiruva sEru kriyApadadondige adu sUcisuva ghaTaneyannu innobba vyaktiya (huDugana) mUlaka naDesalAgide embudannu sUcisuva isu pratyayavU, A ghaTane (4)nE vAkyavannu ADiruva samayakkinta modalE naDedudembudannu sUcisuva id pratyayavU mattu A ghaTaneyannu innobba vyaktiya mUlaka naDesidavanu (4)nE vAkyada ADuganembudannu sUcisuva e pratyayavU bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. Adare nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLige kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli yAva sthAnavU illavAda kAraNa, padagaLa mattu padakantegaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsa avugaLa racaneyalli kANisuvudilla.
vAkyagaLalli guNapadagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasavU nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAdudu. avugaLalli nAmapadagaLondige baruvavugaLu, kriyApadagaLondige baruvavugaLu mattu guNapadagaLondige baruvavugaLu embudAgi mUru vidhadavugaLiddu, ivakke mUru bEre bEre kelasagaLive. nAma padagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLu nAmapadakantegaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguttave mattu hosa hosa nAmapadagaLa tayArikeyallU baLakeyAguttave. kriyApadagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLu kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva ghaTaneya kuritAgi illavE adaralli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLa kuritAgi EnAdarU tiLisalu baLakeyAguttiddu avu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLu nAmapadagaLondige baruva guNa padagaLu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLiginta bhinnavAgive embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.
guNapadagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLu avugaLa pramANa, vyApti modalAduvannu sUcisuttave. I mUru rItiya guNapadagaLa baLake yallU hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba vidhAnagaLa avaSyakate yillavAda kAraNa avugaLa racaneyallU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa kANisikoLLuvudilla.
4.2 gurutisuva vidhAnagaLu
vAkyavondaralli kriyApadada mUlaka ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuvAga lella sAmAnyavAgi A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisikoDuva avaSyakateyiruttade. udA haraNegAgi koDu kriyApadavannu ondu vAkyadalli baLasuvudiddalli yAru yArige Enannu koTTaru embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi ibbaru vyaktigaLannU mattu ondu vastuvannU gurutisikoDabEkAguttade. rAju jAnakige ondu pustaka koTTa. vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu I rIti gurutisuvudakkAgi nAvu vAkya gaLalli nAmapadagaLannu illavE nAmapadakantegaLannu baLasuttEve. mElina vAkyadalli vyaktigaLibbarannu gurutisalu rAju mattu jAnaki emba eraDu nAmapadagaLannU mattu vastuvondannu gurutisalu ondu pustaka emba nAmapadakanteyannU baLasalAgide. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLa mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavu gaLannu hesarisi gurutisuttEve mattu nAmapadakantegaLa mUlaka varNisi gurutisuttEve. hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu mEle (5)nE vAkya dalli kANisuvante ankitanAmagaLirabahudu illavE keLage (6)nE vAkya dalli kANisuvante rUDhanAmagaLirabahudu.
nAyige bedarida bekku marakke hattitu. I (6)nE vAkyadalli nAyi mattu bekku emba eraDu rUDhanAmagaLu eraDu prANigaLannU mattu mara emba innondu rUDhanAma ondu vastuvannU hesarisuttive.
4.2.1 hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu
mEle sUcisida hAge, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu embudAgi eraDu rItiya vidhAna gaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. gurutisabEkAgiruva vyakti illavE vastuvige adaradE Ada hesarideyAdalli (endare ankitanAma illavE rUDha nAmavideyAdalli) adannu baLasuvudara mUlaka nAvu A vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisaballevu.
Adare mEle vivarisidante ellA rItiya vyakti illavE vastugaLigU avugaLadE Ada hesarugaLiruvudilla. yAkendare, I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgi nAvu baLasabahudAda mattu nenapi nalliTTukoLLabahudAda nAmapadagaLa sankhyege ondu parimitiyide.
Adare mAtinalli nAvu gurutisabEkAguva vyakti, vastu, modalA davugaLige mattu avugaLalli kANisuva vayvidhyategaLige parimitiyilla. hAgAgi, ellA sandabhragaLallU nammedurigiruva vyakti illavE vastu vannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
idallade, halavu sandabhragaLalli obba vyakti illavE vastuvina hesaru namage tiLididdarU namma kELugarige adu tiLidilladiralu sAdhyavide. bEre kelavu sandabhragaLalli adannu nAvE maretiralu sAdhyavide. intaha sandabhragaLallU hesarisuvudu emba modalaneya vidhAnada badalu varNisuvudu emba eraDaneya vidhAnavannu baLasabEkAguttade. I eraDu vidhAnagaLa baLakeyannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu. rAju ivattu SAlege hOgalilla. (7kha) pakkada maneya huDuga ivattu SAlege hOgalilla. sapoೀTa bahaLa ruciyAgide. (8kha) rAju koTTa I haNNu bahaLa ruciyAgide. hesarisuva (7ka)dalli SAlege hOgada vyaktiyannu gurutisalu hesarisuva vidhAna vannu baLasalAgide mattu (7kha)dalli adE vyaktiyannu gurutisalu varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasalAgide. idE rItiyalli ruciyAgiruva ondu vastuvannu gurutisalu (8ka)dalli hesarisuva vidhAnavannU mattu (8kha)dalli varNisuva vidhAnavannU baLasalAgide. hesarisuva vidhAnadalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAma embudAgi eraDu rItiya hesarugaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide embudannU mElina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. (7ka)dalli hesarisuvudakkAgi ankita nAmada baLakeyAgideyAdare, (8ka)dalli rUDhanAmada baLakeyAgide.
ankitanAmagaLu avu modalAdavugaLige mattu rUDhanAmagaLu antahavugaLigella ondE bArige sambandhitavAguttave embudE I eraDu rItiya hesarugaLa naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsa. udAharaNegAgi, ondE Urinalli halavu mandi rAmu emba ankitanAmaviruva vyaktigaLiralu sAdhyavide. Adare ivaralli prati yobbanigU bEre bEre sandabhragaLalli bEre bEre janaru I hesarannu koTTiruttAre. idallade, hesaru ondE AdarU adara mUlaka gurutisa lAguva I vyaktigaLa naDuve yAva sAmyateyU irabEkAgilla.
rUDhanAmada baLake idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. udAharaNegAgi, baDagi emba rUDhanAmaviruva vyaktigaLu ondu Uralli obbariginta jAsti iralu sAdhyavide. Adare intaha vyaktigaLannella I hesarina mUlaka gurutisuva nirdhAravannu kannaDa bhASheyannADuva samAjadalli yAvA galO omme mADirabEku.
vastu, sambandhitavAguttave, bErAgi vyakti, bEre A nirdhArada phalavAgi Avattu jIvisuttidda kelavu viSiShTa vyaktigaLu (tamma kasubAgi marada kelasa mADuvavaru) mAtravallade munde jIvisaliruva mattu adakkinta hinde jIvisuttidda antaha itara ellA vyaktigaLannU A pada hesarisuvantAgirabEku.
A pada hesarisuva vyaktigaLoLagU avarella ondE rItiya (marada kelasa mADuva) vxttiyavarembudAgi ondu rItiya sAmyavU ide (heccina vivaragaLige (bhaT 2002:80) nODi).
4.2.2 hosa mattu haLe gurutisuvikegaLu
obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi rUDhanAma vondannu baLasuvudiddalli, A vyakti illavE vastu kELuganige paricita vAgideyE athavA illavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle hosatu mattu haLeyadu embudAgi eraDu rItiya gurutisuvikegaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLagina vAkyagaLannu nODabahudu. (9ka) Ake rAjuvige ondu pustaka koTTiddaLu, mattu ninne rAtri yella Ata A pustaka Oduttidda. (9kha) Ake rAjuvige ondu pustaka koTTiddaLu, mattu ninne rAtriyella Ata ondu pustaka Oduttidda. (9ka) vAkyada prakAra, Ake rAjuvige koTTidda pustaka mattu rAju rAtriyella Oduttidda pustaka iveraDU ondE. Adare (9kha) vAkyada prakAra avanu rAtriyella Oduttidda pustaka Ake koTTidda pustakakkinta bErAgiralu sAdhyavide. I vyatyAsakke (9ka)dalli eraDaneya bArige ondu pustaka embudara badalu A pustaka embudannu baLasiruvudu mattu (9kha)dalli eraDu bAriyU ondu pustaka embudannE baLasiruvudu kAraNa.
I vAkyagaLalli ondu pustaka embudu ondu vastuvannu hosa dAgi gurutisi hELalu baLakeyAguttade. idakke badalu A pustaka embudu idakke modalE gurutisiruvantaha vastuvannE innomme gurutisi hELuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, modalaneyadu ‘hosa gurutisuvike’yannU mattu eraDaneyadu ‘haLe gurutisuvike’ yannU naDesuttave endu hELabahudu. A pustaka embudU kelavu sandabhragaLalli hosa gurutisuvike yannE mADaballudu. udAharaNegAgi ADuganu tanna edurinalliruva ondu pustakavannu beraLininda tOrisuttA keLagina vAkyavannu ADiruva nAdare adaralli bandiruva A pustaka embudakke hosa gurutisuvikeya artha baruttade. (10) A pustakavannu nimage yAru koTTaru? kannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi haLe gurutisuvikeyannu sUcisalu viSiShTa vAda sAdhanavEnU bEkAguvudilla. nAmapadagaLannu hAgeyE baLasi dAgalella avu haLe gurutisuvikeyannE mADuttave. gurutisuvike hosa dendu sUcisabEkAgiruvAga mAtra adakkAgi hesarinondige ondu illavE obba embudannu (athavA eraDu, mUru modalAda bEre eNikeya padagaLannu) baLasabEkAguttade. kelavu, svalpa modalAda aLateya padagaLannU I kAryakkAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. idallade, omme gurutisiruva vyakti illavE vastuvannE innomme gurutisi hELabEkAgiruvAga adannu sUcisuva nAmapada illavE nAmapadakanteyannu hAgeyE innomme baLasuva badalu pratinAma illavE savrapadavondannu baLasuva sAdhyateyU ide. (11ka) biLi hakki kappu hakkiyannu tanna gUDininda horage (11kha) nAvu hariya viShaya mAtanADuttiddAga avanE nammeduru bandu ninta. vyakti (11ka)dalli biLi hakkiyannu puna: eraDaneya bArige gurutisalu tanna emba pratinAmavannU mattu (11kha)dalli hariyannu eraDaneya bArige gurutisalu avanE emba savrapadavannU baLasalAgide. gurutisuvike vastuvina haLeyadendenisalu adannu idakke modalE mAtinalli gurutisiruvudu ondu kAraNa. mAtina sandabhradalli kELuganige bariya hesarina baLakeyindalE yArannu illavE yAvudannu gurutisalAguttideyendu gottAguvante iddallU adannu haLeya gurutisuvikeyendu kareyalu sAdhyavide.
illavE ondu (12ka) nAvu snAnakke kerege hOgONa. (12kha) nAvu snAnakke ondu kerege hOgONa. Uralli kere ondE ideyAdare kere endiShTE hELidare sAku, A pada yAvudannu gurutisuttade embudu kELuganige tiLiyuttade. Adare eraDu athavA jAsti keregaLiveyAdalli avugaLallondannu gurutisalu ondu kere embudAgi padakanteyodannu baLasabEkAguttade.
4.2.3 tiLida mattu tiLiyada gurutisuvikegaLu
gurutisabEkAgiruva vyakti illavE vastu intahadE embudAgi ADuganige tiLidillavAdalli athavA adannu tiLisuva bayake avanigilla vAdalli kelavu viSiShTavAda savrapadagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka avannu A rIti tiLiyada vyakti illavE vastuvembudAgi gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide. keLagina vAkyagaLalli intaha tiLiyada vyakti illavE vastuvina gurutisuvikegaLu bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. (13ka) ninne rAtri nammallige yAvanO obba muduka bandidda. (13kha) avanu A huDugige yAvudO ondu pustaka koTTidda. (13ga) A muduki haNavannu illellO aDagisiTTiddALe. (13gha) avanu A huDugarige EnO koTTidda. hindina divasa tanna manege banda muduka yAru embudu sariyAgi tiLiyadiddalli illavE adannu tiLisuva bayakeyilladiddalli Atanannu gurutisi hELalu (13ka)dalli kANisidante yAvanO emba savra padavannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli yAvudO, ellO mattu EnO emba savrapadagaLa baLakeyannu (13kha-gha) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu (intaha savrapadagaLa baLakeya kuritAgi jAsti vivara gaLannu (bhaT 2003:159)ralli nODabahudu).
4.2.4 gurutisada nAmapadagaLu
kelavu sandabhragaLalli nAmapadagaLannu illavE nAmapadakantegaLannu viSiShTavAda vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi baLasuva badalu avu sUcisuva viShayavannu mAtravE tiLisuvudakkAgiyU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu. (14) nAnu ondu emmeyannu konDukoLLabEkendiddEne. (14)ralli ondu emme emba nAmapadakante eraDu arthagaLalli bandiralu sAdhyavide. yAva emmeyannu konDukoLLuvudembudannu (14)ra ADuga AgalE nirdharisiruvanAdare, ondu emme embudu A emmeyannu gurutisuttirabahudu. Adare AtaninnU hAge nirdharisillavA dalli adu yAvudondu viSiShTavAda emmeyannU gurutisadiralu sAdhyavide. idallade bEre kelavu sAmAnya sangatigaLannu tiLisuva vAkyagaLallU nAmapada illave nAmapadakantegaLu gurutisuva kelasavannu mADadiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu. (15ka) taDavAgi baruva huDugarige tinDiyilla. (15kha) hosa akki bEyisalu nIru svalpa kaDime hAkabEku. (15ga) huli hattira baruvAga kOti eccarike koDuttade. mElina vAkyagaLalli huDuga, tinDi, hosa akki, nIru, huli mattu kOti emba nAmapadagaLu yAvudE ondu viSiShTavAda vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisadiralu sAdhyavide. sAmAnyavAgi ondu nAmapada illavE nAmapadakanteyannu ondu vAkyadalli gurutisuvudakkAgi baLasa lAgideyE athavA illavE embudu A vAkyavannu yAva uddESadalli baLasalAgide embudannu avalambiside.
4.3 varNisuva nAmapadakantegaLu
vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuvudiddalli, adakkAgi bEre bEre rItiya nAmapadakantegaLannu tayArisikoLLabEkAguttade. ivu kELugarige gurutisabEkAgiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa varNanegaLannu koDuttave.
intaha nAmapadakantegaLalli nAmapadakke guNapadavondannu sErisi tayArisidantahavugaLu atyanta prAmukhyavAdavugaLu. ivugaLalli baruva guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastuvina guNa dharmavondannu sUcisuva mUlaka avugaLa vyAptiyannu kaDime mADuttave. udAharaNegAgi keLagina eraDu vAkyagaLannu gamanisa bahudu. (16ka) nanage ondu hU bEkAgittu. (16kha) nanage ondu kempu hU bEkAgittu. ADuganige bEkAgiruva vastuvannu (16ka)dalli hU emba ondu nAmapadada mUlakavU mattu (16kha)dalli A nAmapadadondige kempu guNapadavannu sErisi tayArisida kempu hU emba nAmapada kanteya mUlakavU gurutisalAgide.
(16kha)dalli hU nAmapadadondige kempu guNapadavannu baLasi dudarindAgi A padada vyApti (endare adu hesarisabahudAda vastugaLa sankhye) kaDimeyAgide, mattu idarindAgi ADuganige entaha vastu bEkAgide embudannu nirdharisuva kelasa sulabhavAgide. nAmapadadondige hosadondu sErisi guNapadavondannu nAmapadavannE tayArisalU sAdhyavide. mEle (4.1)ralli sUcisida hAge halage nAmapadakke kari guNapadavannu sErisi tayArisida karihalage embudu bariya ondu nAmapada (jODupada)vallade nAmapada kanteyalla. I rIti nAmapadavondakke guNapadavannu sErisi tayArisida jODupadakkU mattu antahadE vidhAnavannu baLasi tayArisida nAmapadakantegU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiveyembudannu munde (4.3.1)ralli nODaliruvevu. mAtravallade eNikeyannu nAmapadadondige sUcisuva ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAda padagaLannU, eNikeyalli obba vyaktiya illavE ondu vastuvina jAgavannu sUcisuva modala neya, eraDaneya, mUraneya modalAda padagaLannU, mattu nAmapadavu gurutisuva vastuvina aLateyannu sUcisuva kaTTu, hore, ke.ji., hiDi modalAda padagaLannU baLasalu sAdhyavide. guNapadagaLannu (17ka) mUru vaShragaLalli Ata aydu pustaka bareda. (17kha) mUraneya pustakavannu ninne baredu mugiside. (17ga) ondu hiDi akkige eraDu hiDi maraLu sErisiddAre. ondu nAmapadadondige innondu nAmapadavannu sErisiyU nAmapadakanteyondannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. Adare idakkAgi averaDara naDuve avannu sambandhisuva a pratyayavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide. marada kAlu, maNNina koDa, rAjuvina tale, danada bAla modalAda nAmapadakantegaLannu I vidhAnakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu. idallade, ondu iDI vAkyavannE nAmapadadondige irisi adannu ondu nAmapadakanteyannAgi mADi hELalu sAdhyavide. idakkAgi A vAkyadondige emba illavE ennuva emba padavannu baLasabEkAga bahudu, illavE A vAkyadalli bEre kelavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAgabahudu.
(18ka) avanu ivattu baruttAne emba sangati yArigU tiLiyadu. (18kha) avanu ivattu baruva sangati yArigU tiLiyadu. (18ga) avana ivattina baruvike yArigU tiLiyadu. avanu ivattu baruttAne emba vAkyakke (18ka)dalli emba emba padavannu sErisalAgide mattu (18kha-ga)gaLalli A vAkyavannu avanu ivattu baruva mattu avana ivattina baruvike embudAgi badalA yisalAgide. I rIti vAkyagaLannu ondu padakanteya angavannAgi mADi hELuva vidhAnagaLu yAvuvu embudannu munde ELaneya adhyAya dalli vivarisalAguvudu.
4.3.1 padakantegaLu mattu jODupadagaLu
mEle sUcisiruva hAge, nAmapadakke ondu guNapadavannu (illavE eNikeya padavannu athavA bErondu nAmapadavannu) sErisi nAmapadakantegaLannU tayArisabahudu illavE bErondu hosatAda nAmapadavannU tayArisabahudu. ivugaLalli eraDaneya vidhAnada mUlaka tayArAguva nAmapadakke ‘jODupada’ endu hesaru. udA haraNegAgi, huDugi nAmapadakke cikka guNapadavannu sErisi tayArisida cikka huDugi embudu ondu nAmapadakante, mattu amma nAma padakke adE guNapadavannu sErisi tayArisida cikkamma embudondu jODupada. ondu padakke innondu padavannu sErisi ondu hosatAda nAmapada(jODupada)vannu tayArisuvudu bhASheyalli naDeyuva ondu cAritrika ghaTane. idara mUlaka bhASheyalli ondu hosatA giruva padavE tayArAguttade. Adare, ondu padakke innondu pada vannu sErisi padakanteyondannu tayArisuvudu antaha cAritrika ghaTaneyEnalla. adu A bhASheyalliruva padagaLa baLake mAtra.
I eraDu vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, padakantegaLa tayArikeyalli vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLu baLakeyAguttave, mattu jODupadagaLa tayArikeyalli padaracaneya niyamagaLu baLake yAguttave. idallade, padakantegaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide, Adare jODupada gaLa arthavannu heccina sandabhragaLallU A rIti nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. jODupadagaLa arthavEnu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvalli avugaLa angagaLu svalpa sahAyavannu mAtravE odagisaballuvu.
udAharaNegAgi, cikka huDugi emba padakante yAva rItiyalli bEkiddarU cikkavaLAgi kANisuva huDugiyobbaLannu gurutisaballudu. Adare cikkamma emba jODupada tAyiya tangiyannu mAtra gurutisa balludallade adakkinta bhinnavAgiruva vyaktiyannu gurutisalAradu. udA haraNegAgi vayassinalli illavE gAtradalli cikkavaLAgi kANisuva ‘amma’ nannAgalI illavE ammaniginta vayassinalli athavA gAtradalli cikkavaLAgi kANisuva hengasannAgalI (Ake tAyiya tangiyallavAdalli) A pada gurutisalAradu.
karihalage emba innondu jODupadada arthavannu paDeyuvalli adara angagaLeraDU sahAyakavAguvudilla embudannu mEle 4.1ralli nODiruvevu. jODupadagaLu nAmapadagaLAgiruva kAraNa, avu ‘hesarisuva’ vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave. Adare idakke viruddhavAgi, padakantegaLu heccina sandabhragaLallU varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave. I eraDu rItiya ghaTakagaLa naDuve kANisuva heccina vyatyAsagaLigU bhASheyalli avu I rIti eraDu bEre bEre kelasagaLannu naDesa bEkAgideyembudE mukhya kAraNa (jAsti vivaragaLige (bhaT 2002:60) nODi).
4.3.2 guNapadagaLa vibhajane
kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLiginta bhinna vAgiruva bEreyE ondu padavagradalli baruttave. mEle sUcisiruva hAge avu vAkyadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva kelasavondannu (nAmapada illavE kriyApadavondara vyAptiyannu kaDime mADuva kelasavannu) mADabEkAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa. guNapadagaLu I rIti kannaDadalli bEreyE ondu padavagradalli baruttave endu hELuvudakke kannaDadalli avakkiruva halavu viSiShTavAda guNadharmagaLU AdhAravAgaballuvu. I guNadharmagaLu vAkyagaLalli guNapadagaLu mADabEkAgiruva viSiShTavAda kelasakkAgi kANisikoLLuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLondige (illavE kriyApadagaLondige) avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisade hAgeyE baLasalu sAdhyavide (udA: kempu hU, bEga banda). Adare nAmapada illavE kriyApadagaLannu bErondu nAmapadadondige I rIti baLasabEkiddalli avakke a pratyayavannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade (udA: marada kAlu, uLida anna). (jAsti vivaragaLige (bhaT 1994 mattu 2002 nODi).
mEle sUcisiruva hAge, guNapadagaLalli nAmapadagaLondige baruvavu, kriyApadagaLondige baruvavu mattu bEre guNapada gaLondige baruvavu embudAgi mUru upavagragaLive. kappu, biLi, doDDa, haLe modalAdavugaLu nAmapadagaLondige baruvavu, bEga, mellage, nuNNage modalAdavugaLu kriyApadagaLondige baruvavu, mattu mahaLa, bhArI modalAdavu guNapadagaLondige baruvavu. I mUru rItiya guNapadagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, avella I guNapadagaLu vAkyagaLalli mADabEkAgiruva bhinna bhinnavAda kelasagaLa mEle avalambisive. I mUru rItiya guNapadagaLalli modalaneya upavagrakke sErida guNapadagaLu mAtra nAmapadakantegaLa tayArikeyalli baLake yAguttave. ivu mEle sUcisida hAge, nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmavondannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka avugaLa vyAptiyannu kaDime mADuttave. I kelasavannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi kannaDada nAmapadakantegaLalli baruva guNapadagaLannu aydu upavagragaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. (1) aLate: I upavagrada guNapadagaLalli ALa embudondannu biTTu uLiduvella viruddhArthada jODigaLAgi baruttave.
dappa taggu sapura teLu hagura I guNapadagaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare pratiyondu jODiyallU A jODi sUcisuva aLateyannu hesarisabEkAdAga, adu jAstiyirali illavE kaDimeyirali, jODiyalli baruva guNapadagaLalli modalane yadannu mAtravE baLasalu sAdhya. udAharaNegAgi, ondu gODe ettaravAgirali illavE taggAgirali, adara I aLateyannu sUcisalu gODeya ettara endE hELabEkallade *gODeya taggu endu gODeya udda hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli ennuttEvallade *gODeya giDDa ennuvudilla. (2) bhavtika guNadharma: I upavagradalli baruva guNapadagaLalli kelavu aLateya guNapadagaLa hAge viruddhArtha jODigaLAgi baruttave. doDDa
nEra dunDu
nuNupu
tampu cappaTe doragu medu kakraSa kalaku monDu saDilu mEle koTTiruva guNapadagaLu mAtravallade bEreyU halavu guNapadagaLu I eraDaneya upavagradalli baraballuvu. Adare ivannu mElinavugaLa hAge viruddhArtha jODigaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, bEre bEre rItiya rucigaLannu sUcisuva sihi, kahi, khAra, huLi modalAdavugaLu idE upavagrakke sEruvuvAdarU avu mElinavugaLa hAge jODigaLAgi baruvudilla. bEkiddalli avannella sappe emba ondE ondu guNapadakke viruddhArthadavugaLendu hELalu sAdhya vAgabahudu.
idE rItiyalli mEle koTTiruva gaTTi guNapadakke medu guNapada mAtravallade kumbu, joLLu, gOLe, saDilu modalAda bEre kelavu guNapadagaLU viruddhArthadavugaLAgi baruttaveyendu hELalu sAdhya vide. baNNavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLalli kappu mattu biLi embavugaLu jODiyAgi baruvuvAdarU avannu viruddhArthadavugaLendu hELu vudu kaShTa. ivallade A rIti jODigaLAgi bArada kempu, kencu, kAvi, kandu, bUdi, arasina, nIli modalAdavugaLU I upa vibhAgakke sEruttave. ivugaLalli kelavu nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyalli kelavu viSiShTavAda nAmapadagaLondige mAtravE baraballa guNapada gaLU I upavibhAgakke sEruttave. bODu (bAyi), soTTa (mOre), tEpe (kelasa), kUnu (bennu), bakka (tale), kOsu (kaNNu), monDu (katti), savuLu (nela), modalAdavugaLu intaha guNapadagaLu. (3) manuShyara guNagaLu: kannaDadalli I upavagrakke sEruva guNapadagaLannu eraDu mukhya upavibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. kuruDu, kivuDu, kunTu modalAda kelavu guNapadagaLu dayhika korategaLannu sUcisuttiddu modalaneya vibhAgakkU mattu huccu, moddu, curuku, poೀli, beppu modalAda bEre kelavu guNapada gaLu mAnasika guNagaLannu sUcisuttiddu eraDaneya vibhAgakkU sEru ttave. (4) vayassu: vyakti illavE vastuvina vayassannu sUcisuva hosa, haLe, eLe, mudi, hiri, kiri, puTTa modalAdavugaLu I upavagrakke sEruttave. ivallade, eraDaneya upavagradalli bandiruva doDDa mattu cikka emberaDu padagaLU vayassannu sUcisaballuvAda kAraNa avannU I upavagrakkU sErisalu sAdhyavide. (5) bele: I upavagrakke sEruva guNapadagaLalli sari-tappu, heccu-kaDime, kILu-mElu emba kelavu padagaLu jODigaLAgi baLakeyAguvuvAdare, canda, cokka, baDa modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLu ondondAgi baruttave. oLLe guNapadakke jODiyAgi keDu kriyApadada rUpavAgiruva keTTa embudu baLakeyallide.
(6) dikku: kannaDadalli dikkannu sUcisuva mUDu, tenka, paDu mattu baDaga embavugaLU guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli mUDu kriyApadavAgiyU baLakeyAguttade. idallade, oLa-hora, eDa-bala, mEle-keLa-naDu embavugaLU bEre bEre jAgagaLannu sUcisaballa guNapadagaLAgive.
4.3.3 nAmapadakantegaLalli guNapadagaLa baLake
mEle sUcisida hAge, nAmapadakantegaLalli ondu nAmapadadondige baruva I guNapadagaLu A nAmapada hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastuvina guNadharmavondannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka adara vyAptiyannu kaDime mADuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, huDuga nAmapadakke cikka guNapadavannu sErisi nODabahudu. huDuga nAmapada gurutisaballa vyaktigaLiginta cikka huDuga emba nAmapadakante gurutisaballa vyaktigaLa sankhye kaDime. yAkendare, huDuga nAmapada yAva vyaktigaLannella hesarisaballudO avaralli cikka emba guNadharmaviruva vyaktigaLannu mAtra cikka huDuga emba padakante varNisuttade. guNapadagaLannu baLasuvudiddalli, sAmAnyavAgi heccu nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLu modalu baruttave mattu kaDime nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLu anantara baruttave. udAharaNegAgi, poೀli guNapadadondige baraballa nAmapadagaLu doDDa guNapadadondige baraballa nAmapadagaLiginta bahaLa kaDime. hAgAgi iveraDannU oTTAgi ondE nAmapadakanteyalli baLasabEkAdAga, doDDa embudannu poೀli embudakkinta modalu baLasabEkAguttade (udA: avanobba doDDa poೀli huDuga). nAmapadadondige ondakkinta jAsti Adare kannaDada nAmapadakantegaLalli sAmAnyavAgi ondakkinta jAsti guNapadagaLiruvudu aparUpa. kannaDadavE Ada guNapadagaLigintalU samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda guNapadagaLu I rIti padakantegaLalli oTToTTAgi baruvudu jAsti (udA: daynika vAtrA patrike, prasiddha vayjYAnika samsthe, ityAdi). I rIti ondu nAmapadadondige eraDakkinta jAsti guNapadagaLannu baLasideyAdalli, avannu yAva rItiyalli oTTu sErisalAgide embuda ralli vayvidhya kANisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi halavu doDDa manegaLu emba padakanteyalli bandiruva halavu emba pada doDDa emba padada hAge manegaLu embudakke nEravAgi sambandhisuttade. Adare, bahaLa doDDa manegaLu emba padakanteyalli bandiruva bahaLa emba pada I rIti nEravAgi manegaLu embudakke sambandhisuvudilla. idakke badalu adu doDDa embudakke sambandhisuttiddu, adara mUlaka manegaLu embudakke sambandhisuttade.
4.3.4 eNikeya padagaLa baLake
nAmapadagaLondige padakantegaLalli baraballa innondu rItiya pada gaLendare ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAda eNikeya padagaLu. ivu guNapadagaLiginta modalu baruttave (udA: ondu doDDa mane, nAlku kempu hUgaLu). Adare I padagaLu eNisalu sAdhyaviruvantaha mane, mara, hU, huDuga, kate modalAda nAmapadagaLondige mAtra baruttave. sAmAnyavAgi eNisalu sAdhyavilladiruva nIru, eNNe, hiTTu modalAdavugaLondige baruvudilla. kannaDadalli ondarinda hattaravarege eNikeyannu naDesalu ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAda biDi biDiyAda eNikeya padagaLu baLake yAguttave. (ivugaLalli ombattu embudu mAtra cAritrikavAgi oLaracaneyiruva eNikeya pada). janarannu eNisabEkAdalli mElina padagaLa badalu obba (athavA obbanu, obbaLu, obbaru), ibbaru, mUvaru, nAlvaru modalAda viSiShTa padagaLa baLakeyide.
hattakkinta jAsti vastugaLannu illavE janarannu eNisabEkAdAga, eraDu athavA jAsti eNikeya padagaLannu oTTige sErisi hELabEkAgu ttade, mattu idakkAgi kannaDadalli keLage sUcisiruva hAge eraDu racane gaLu baLakeyallive. hattarinda hattombattara varegina eNikeyannu naDesuvudakkAgi hattu embudakke a emba sambandhisuva pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida hatta- embudarondige ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAda padagaLagaLannu baLasalAguttade. Adare I racanegaLalli hatta- embudu hanna-, hadi- mattu hatta- emba rUpagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.
idE rItiyalli ippattarinda ippattombattara varegina eNikege ippatta embudakke ondu, eraDu modalAduvannu sErisi tayArisida racaneyannU (udA: ippattondu, ippatteraDu, ippatta mUru, ityAdi) mattu mUvattarinda mUvattombattara varegina eNikege mUvatta embudakke ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAduvannu sErisi tayArisida racaneyannU baLasuvudannu kANabahudu. idE rItiya racaneyannu nUrara anantarada eNikeyallU kANa bahudu. nUra ondu embudaralli nUru padakke a pratyayavannu sErisalAgide; nUra eppattondu embudaralli nUru mattu eppattu embuveraDakkU adE a pratyayavannu sErisalAgide; mattu hattu sAvirada enTu nUra ayvatta nAlku embudaralli sAvira, nUru mattu ayvattu embavugaLige adE a pratyayavannu sErisalAgide. ippattu, mUvattu, naluvattu modalAda eNikegaLalli mAtra I rIti a pratyayavannu baLasuva badalu eraDu, mUru, nAlku modalAda eNikeya padagaLannu nEravAgi hattu padakke sErisalAgide. idu eNikeya padagaLalli kANisuva eraDaneya racane.
I eraDaneya racaneyallU kelavu sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu naDediruvudannu gamanisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, eraDu embudakke ippa- emba rUpavide, hattu embudakke attu, pattu, vattu moda lAda rUpagaLive, ityAdi.) idE rItiyalli innUru, munnUru, nAnnUru modalAda eNikegaLallU eraDu eNikeya padagaLannu nEravAgi a pratyayavannu baLasade sErisiruvudannu kANabahudu.
I mElina eNikeya padagaLalli a pratyaya bandalli ‘kUDisu’ emba artha baruttade, mattu A pratyaya bArade eNikeya padagaLeraDu nEravAgi sErikonDiruvalli ‘guNisu’ emba artha baruttade embudAgi I eraDu rItiya racanegaLa baLakeyannu varNisabahudu. eNikeyalli obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvina jAgavannu sUcisu vudakkAgi eNikeya padagaLige nE illavE neya pratyayavannu sErisa bEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, nAlkanE huDuga embudaralli nAlkanE embudu eNikeyalli obba huDugana jAga yAvudu embu dannu sUcisuva mUlaka Atanannu gurutisalu sAdhyavAguvante mADu ttade. I pratyayadeduru ondu embudara badalu modalu embu dannU baLasalu sAdhyavide (ondanE huDuga, modalanE huDuga).
4.3.5 aLateyannu sUcisuva padagaLu
nAmapadavu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastuvina aLateyannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi adarondige bEre kelavu padagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. ivu gaLalli aLateyannu nikharavAgi tiLisuvavugaLu mattu ondu andAjige tiLisuvavugaLu embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLiruvudannu kANabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, gENu, moLa, angula, maylu modalA davugaLu aLateyannu nikharavAgi tiLisuttave. sAmAnyavAgi ivuga Londige eNikeya padagaLU bandiruttave. (udA: eraDu moLa baTTe, hattu ke.ji. akki, ityAdi). halavu-kelavu, bahaLa-svalpa, hEraLa modalAdavugaLu aLate yannu ondu andAjige mAtra sUcisaballuvu. hAgAgi ivugaLondige eNikeya padagaLu baruvudilla. (udA: kelavu janaru, svalpa nIru, hEraLa haNa, ityAdi).
4.4 sArAmSa
vAkyagaLalli ondu ghaTaneyannu illavE sangatiyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadagaLU, mattu antaha ghaTane illavE sangatiyalli toDagi konDiruva vyakti, vastu, jAga modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLU baLakeyAguttave. ivugaLalli eraDaneya kelasavannu naDesuvudakkAgi hesarisuva vidhAna mattu varNisuva vidhAna embudAgi eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasabEkiddAga, sAmAnyavAgi nAmapada gaLannu guNapada, eNikeya pada, aLateya pada modalAdavugaLondige sErisi ondu ‘padakante’ya rUpadalli baLasuva avaSyakate kanDubaru ttade. ondu iDI vAkyavU intaha padakanteya angavAgiralu sAdhya