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adhyAya hannondu — kannaDada kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu
11.1 pIThike
pratiyondu bhAShegU adaradE Ada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLiruttave. ivugaLalli halavu A bhAShe tanna mUlabhASheyinda paDedu bandiruva niyamagaLu mattu uLida kelavu avugaLallE bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADuvudara mUlaka sAdhisikonDavugaLu. prati yondu jIvantavAgiruva bhASheyU I rIti tannalliruva niyama gaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLuttA iruva avaSyakateyide. antaha badalAvaNegaLa mUlakavEnE adakke hosa hosa sannivESagaLige hondi koLLalu sAdhyavAguttade. drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva kannaDakkU mattu adakkinta bhinnavAda inDO-yurOpiyan, sinO-TibeTan, AphorI-ESi yATik modalAda bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sEriruva prapancada itara bhAShegaLigU naDuve vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsa gaLigella avu tamma mUla bhASheyinda bEre bEre rItiya niyamA vaLigaLannu paDediruvudE mukhya kAraNa. kannaDakkU mattu samskxta, ingliSh, caynIs, banTu modalAda prapancada itara bhAShegaLigU naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsa intahadu.
idakke badalu, kannaDakkU mattu tamiLu, telugu, malayALa, tuLu modalAda itara drAviDa bhAShegaLigU naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLige avu mUla bhASheyinda pratyEkagonDa mEle avugaLalli naDediruva badalAvaNegaLE kAraNavendu hELabahudu. haLegannaDa mattu hosa gannaDagaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLU I eraDaneya kAraNadindAgi mUDibandive. bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLige I rIti eraDu kAraNa gaLiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, avannu eraDu vidhAnagaLa mUlaka pariSIlisalu sAdhyavide. ondE bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva bhAShegaLu kAlakramENa hEge badalAguttA bandive mattu I badalAvaNegaLindAgi avugaLa naDuve hEge vyatyAsagaLu beLedubandive embudAgi avugaLa caritreyannu kalpisikoLLalu prayatnisuvudu ondu vidhAna (kannaDada maTTige I prayatna hEge sAgaballudu embudannu (bhaT 1995) pustakadalli nODabahudu).
bEre bEre bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sEriruva prapancada bhAShegaLella vannU pariSIlisi, avugaLa naDuve vAkyaracaneya maTTige entaha vyatyAsagaLella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudu eraDanE vidhAna. I vidhAnada baLakeyalli bhAShegaLa naDuviruva sambandhakke jAsti prAmukhyateyilla. adakke badalu bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsa gaLalli ondu innondaroDane sambandhisideyE embudAgi I vyatyAsagaLa naDuviruva sambandhakke heccina prAdhAnyateyannu koDalAgu udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada padakantegaLalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadada eDakke baruttave (doDDa pustaka), Adare bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli (udA: ayriSh bhAShe) guNapadagaLu nAmapadada balakke baruttave. I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva I vyatyAsakke sambandhisidante bEre vyatyAsagaLEnAdarU iveyE, mattu iddalli antaha vyatyAsagaLannella oTTige sambandhisuvantaha vAkyaracaneya mUlatatvavEnAdarU ideyE (keLage 11.3 nODi) embudAgi I vidhAnadalli bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLa pariSIlane naDesalAgu prapancadalli sAvirAru bhAShegaLu baLakeyalliveyAda kAraNa avallavannU hOlisi nODuva kelasa obba vyaktiya jIvamAnadalli naDeyuvantahadalla. hAgAgi I eraDaneya vidhAnavannanusarisuvavaru sAmAnyavAgi prapancada bEre bEre pradESagaLige mattu bEre bEre bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sEriruva nUrO innUrO bhAShegaLannu mAdari bhAShegaLannAgi ArisikonDu, avugaLa naDuve vAkyaracaneyalli entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuttAre; mattu, I rIti mAdari bhAShegaLa abhyAsada mUlaka siddhavAguva tiLuvaLike prapancada itara bhAShegaLigU anvayisuvantahadAgirabahudu embudAgi kalpisikoLLuttAre.
kannaDakkU mattu prapancada itara bhAShegaLigU naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLalli mukhyavAgiruva kelavannu antaha vyatyAsagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu arthamADikoLLalu sAdhyavAguvante I adhyAyadalli pariSIlisalAgide.
11.2 mukhya padavagragaLu
vAkyaracanegAgi entaha padagaLannella baLasalAguttade emba viShayadalli prapancada bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLu, kriyApadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu embudAgi mUru mukhya padavagragaLige sEraballa padagaLu baLakeyAguttave. idakke badalu samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLu mattu kriyApadagaLu embudAgi eraDu mukhya padavagragaLige sEraballa padagaLu mAtra baLakeyAguttave. kannaDadalli guNapadagaLAgi baruva pada gaLige samanAgi samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLE baruttave (bhaT 1994, 2001 nODi). TibeTO-barman bhAShAkuTumbakke sEruva maNipuri bhAShe yallU samskxtada hAge nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu mukhya padavagragaLige sEraballa padagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive. Adare, kannaDada guNapadagaLige badalAgi I bhASheyalli samskxtada hAge nAma padagaLu baruva badalu kriyApadagaLu baruttave. kannaDada kappu emba guNapadakke badalAgi samskxtadalli kxShNa: emba nAmapada baruvudAdare, maNipuriyalli mU emba kriyApada baruttade. I mUru bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sEriruva bhAShegaLu padakantegaLannu racisuvudakkAgi mUru bhinna bhinnavAda vidhAnagaLannu baLasuttiruvudE I rIti avugaLalli baLakeyAguva padavagragaLa sankhye mattu svarUpa gaLalli vyatyAsa kANisikoLLalu mukhya kAraNa.
kannaDadalli padakantegaLannu racisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLa munde avu sUcisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmavannu tiLisuva guNapadavondannu irisi hELuva vidhAna baLakeyallide embudannu nAvu nAlkanE adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. kappu hAvu emba padakanteyalli hAvu embudu ondu prANiyannu sUcisuttade, mattu kappu embudu adara guNadharmavondannu sUcisuttade. samskxtadalli padakantegaLannu racisalu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda vidhAnavondu baLakeyallide. eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondE linga- vacana-vibhaktigaLallirisi hELidAga averaDakkU samAnavAgiruva vyakti, vastu, modalAdavugaLalli ondannu avu sUcisaballuvembudE I vidhAnada hindiruva vyAkaraNa tatva.
udAharaNegAgi, kxShNa: sapra: emba padakanteyalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktiyallirisi hELalAgide. I kAraNakkAgi I padakante kappAgiyU mattu sapravAgiyU iruvantaha ondu prANiyannu sUcisuttade. samskxta baLasuva I vidhAnakke nAma padagaLiginta bhinnavAda guNapadagaLa avaSyakateyillavAda kAraNa samskxta dalli kannaDada hAge guNapadavemba padavagravilla. maNipuri bhASheyalli padakantegaLannu racisalu bEreyE ondu vidhAna baLakeyallide. guNadharmagaLannu I bhASheyalli kriyApadagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAguvudAda kAraNa, nAmapadagaLondige kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpavannirisi nAmapadakantegaLannu tayArisalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi amUba mI ‘kappu manuShya’ emba padakanteyalli mI ‘manuShya’ emba nAmapadavannu mU ‘kappu’ emba kriyApadada amUba emba sambandhaka rUpadondige sErisi baLasalAgide.
kannaDadalli ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva kriyApadagaLannu nAmapada gaLondige hEge baLasuttEveyO hAgeyE maNipuriyalli guNadharma vannu sUcisuva padagaLannU baLasalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi kannaDadalli ODida huDuga emba padakanteyalli ODu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavAda ODida embudannu huDuga nAmapadadondige baLasalAgide. mEle koTTiruva maNipuriya amUba mI emba padakanteyalli ondu guNadharmavannu sUcisuva mU ‘kappu’ emba padavannU idE vidhAnada mUlaka baLasalAgide. I kAraNakkAgi, maNipuri bhAShege kriyApadagaLiginta bhinnavAda guNapadagaLemba padavagrada avaSyakateyilla. I mUru rItiya bhAShegaLiginta bhinnavAda bhAShegaLU prapancada llive. udAharaNegAgi, AsTrO-ESiyATik bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva munDAri bhASheyalli ondE ondu padavagrakke sEruva padagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive. ivannu kriyApadagaLendAgali illavE AkhyAta padaga LendAgali kareyabahudu.
vAkyada arthavide. illi om I bhASheyalli baruva vAkyagaLalli atyavaSyavAgi irabEkAdudu ondE ondu AkhyAtapada mAtra. adu ondu ghaTaneyannAgali illavE ondu sangatiyannAgali sUcisuttade. I ghaTane illavE sangatiyalli toDagikonDiruva ghaTakagaLannu AkhyAta padadondige baruva pratyaya gaLE sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa, I bhAShege AkhyAta padagaLiginta bhinnavAda nAmapadagaLa avaSyakateyilla. idE kAraNakkAgi I bhAShege nAmapada kantegaLa avaSyakateyU illa, vibhakti pratyayagaLa avaSyakateyU illa, mattu guNapadagaLa avaSyakateyU illa. udAharaNegAgi, omadkoaiY emba munDAri bhASheya AkhyAta rUpakke kannaDada ‘nAnu avarige EnO koTTe’ emba ondu ‘koDu’ emba AkhyAtapadadondige ‘EnO’ emba artha koDuva a pratyaya, hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d pratyaya, ‘avarige’ embudannu sUcisuva ko pratyaya, idondu AkhyAtapada embudannu sUcisuva a pratyaya (endare ghaTaneya mattu mADuganannu) sUcisuva iY pratyaya iviShTU bandive.
vAkyakke bEkAguva mukhya ghaTakagaLannu I rIti AkhyAta pada dondige baruva pratyayagaLE tiLisuvuvAda kAraNa I bhAShege nAma padagaLa mattu guNapadagaLa avaSyakateyilla. ghaTakagaLa kuritAgi heccina mAhitiyannu tiLisabEkAdAga mAtra munDAri bhAShe intaha AkhyAta padagaLondige tunDuvAkyagaLannu baLasikoLLuttade. amerikAdalli baLake yalliruva sAliSAn mattu vAkaSAn bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida okanagan, lillOet, makA modalAda bhAShegaLU I viShayadalli munDAri bhASheyannu hOluttave (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1994 nODi). ‘nAnu’ embudAgi koDuvavanannu
11.3 mukhyavallada padavagragaLu
kannaDadalli mEle vivarisida hAge nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru mukhya padavagragaLige sErida padagaLu mAtra vallade, puruShavAcaka padagaLu, savrapadagaLu, eNikeya padagaLu mattu avyayagaLu embudAgi nAlku mukhyavallada padavagragaLige sErida pada gaLU baLakeyallive. intaha padagaLa baLakeyallU prapancada bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLive. heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU puruShavAcaka padagaLu mattu savrapada gaLu emba I eraDu padavagragaLige sErida padagaLannu ‘savranAma’ emba hesarina ondE padavagradalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. Adare nijakkU I eraDu rItiya padagaLa naDuve sAmyavEnU illavAda kAraNa avannu ondE padavagradalli sErisi hELalu yAva adhAravU illa (bhaT 2003, 2004 nODi). ondu vAkyada ADuga mattu kELuga emba eraDu pAtragaLannu A vAkyadallEnE sUcisabEkAdAga kannaDadalli nAnu mattu nInu emba puruShavAcaka padagaLannu baLasalAguttade. TibeTO-barman bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida aGAmi, mAvO nAga modalAda bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli iveraDu pAtragaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva mUraneyadondu pAtravannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU puruShavAcaka padagaLa baLakeyAguttade (kannaDadalli idakkAgi avanu, avaLu modalAda savrapadagaLannu baLasa lAguttade).
kriyApadada koneyalli baruva pratyayada mUlakavU vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, hOguttEne mattu hOgutti kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli baruva Ene mattu i pratyayagaLu ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuttave. Adare, kannaDadalli intaha puruShavAcaka pratyayagaLiginta puruShavAcaka padagaLigEnE heccina prAmukhyateyide.
idallade, puruShavAcaka padagaLige heccina mahatvavannu koDuva maNipuriyantaha bEre halavu bhAShegaLalli vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadada koneyalli pratyayagaLannu baLasuva I eraDaneya vidhAnavE baLakeyallilla.
vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuvudakkAgi viSiShTavAda padagaLa badalu pratyayagaLannE baLasuva bhAShegaLU halavive. intaha bhAShegaLalli svatantravAda nAnu, nInu embantaha padagaLiddarU avakke jAsti prAmukhyateyilla. antaha padagaLE illada bhAShegaLU kelavive. udAharaNegAgi, kayuvAvA emba bhASheyalli ADuga mattu kELuga rannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadadondige baraballa pratyayagaLiveyallade svatantravAgi baraballa padagaLilla. savrapadagaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, avugaLallella eraDeraDu angagaLiruttave. ivugaLalli ondu anga savrapadagaLu vAkyadalli naDesa bEkAgiruva kelasa EnembudannU mattu innondu anga avugaLa vyApti entahadu embudannU sUcisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada savrapadagaLAda ivaLu mattu avaLu embavugaLalli modalaneya angavAda ‘i’ mattu ‘a’gaLu A padakke ghaTakavondannu nirdESisuva kelasavideyendU mattu eraDaneya anga vAda vaLu embudu A padakke hengasarigaShTE sImitavAgiruva vyApti yideyendU tiLisuttave. ghaTaka ADugana hattiraddu embudAgi ‘i’ sUcisuttade, mattu ghaTaka ADuganiginta dUraddu embudAgi ‘a’ sUcisuttade. kannaDadalli I rIti savrapadada kelasavannu sUcisuva anga modalu baruttade mattu adara vyAptiyannu sUcisuva anga anantara baruttade. Adare havAyiyan, samovA, tagalOg modalAda bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli vyAptiyannu sUcisuva anga modalu baruttade, mattu kelasavannu sUcisuva anga anantara baruttade.
sAmAnyavAgi vAkyadalli kriyApada modalige baruva bhAShegaLalli I rIti savrapadada vyAptiyannu sUcisuva anga adara kelasavannu sUcisuva angakkinta modalige baruttade mattu vAkyadalli kriyApada konege baruva kannaDa, samskxta modalAda bhAShegaLalli adu savra padada kelasavannu sUcisuva angada anantara baruttade (11.3 nODi). kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi mUru kelasagaLannu naDesaballa savrapada gaLive (ivanu-avanu-yAvanu, illi-alli-elli, iShTu-aShTu- eShTu, intaha-antaha-entaha, ityAdi). ivugaLalli modalinaveraDu vyakti, vastu, jAga, aLate modalAdavugaLannu nirdESisuttave mattu mUraneyadu (yAru, elli, eShTu ityAdi) avugaLa viShayavAgi aniScitateyannu sUcisuttade (10.4.1 nODi). vyakti, vastu, jAga modalAduvannu nirdESisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli ADugana hattira mattu dUra embudAgi eraDu jAgagaLannu sUcisaballa savrapadagaLu mAtra ive. idakkinta jAsti jAgagaLannu sUcisaballa bhAShegaLU halavive. udAharaNegAgi kelavu nAgA bhAShegaLalli ADugana hattira, kELugana hattira mattu ibbarigintalU dUra embudAgi mUru jAgagaLannu sUcisaballa padagaLive. idallade, kANisuva, kANisada, mElina, keLagina modalAda bEreyU halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu intaha nirdESisuva savrapadagaLalli kANisaballa bhAShegaLU halavive. idallade, savrapadagaLalli avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasada viShaya dallAgalI illavE avugaLa vyAptiya viShayadallAgalI yAva rItiya vyatyAsavannU tOrisadiruva bhAShegaLU kelavive. udAharaNegAgi nayjar-kOngO bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida lyElE emba bhASheyalli ondE savrapadavannu ellA rItiya kelasagaLigAgiyU (vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu nirdESisuvudakkAgi mattu avugaLa kuritAgi aniScitate yannu sUcisuvudakkAgi) ondE savrapadada baLakeyide (jAsti vivara gaLige bhaT 2004 nODi).
11.4 padagaLa anukrama
kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kriyApadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi vAkyada koneyalli baruttave, mattu vAkyada itara angagaLAgi baruva ghaTakagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu I kriyApadagaLa eDakke baruttave.
idakke badalu ayriS, havAyiyan, tagalOg modalAda bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLu vAkyadalli modalaneya padavAgi baruttave, mattu uLiduvu (ghaTakagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu) avugaLa anantara baruttave.
ingliSh, kASmIri, modalAda innu kelavu bhAShegaLalli kriyA padagaLu vAkyada naDuve baruttave. vAkyaghaTakagaLalli ondu (vAkyada katrxvannu sUcisuva ghaTaka) I kriyApadada modalu baruttade mattu uLiduvu adara anantara baruttave. kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kriyApada koneyalli baruvudAda kAraNa, adara guNapadagaLu nAmapada, kriyApada illavE bErondu guNapadada eDakke baruttave (keLage koTTiruva (1ka-ga) nODi), sambandhisuva pada mattu vAkyagaLu avu sambandhisuva nAmapadada eDakke baruttave (1gha-Ga), hOlikeya padagaLu guNapadada eDakke baruttave (1ca) mattu mukhya kriyApadagaLu upakriyApadada eDakke baruttave (1cha).
(1ka) doDDa pustaka (1kha) bEga banda (1ga) bahaLa doDDa mane (1gha) rAjana pustaka (1Ga) rAjanige koTTa pustaka (1ca) rAjuviginta doDDa (huDuga) (1cha) kuLitiddAne idakke badalu, vAkyadalli modalige kriyApada baruvantaha ayriSh, havAyiyan modalAda bhAShegaLalli I vAkyAngagaLa anukrama kannaDadalli kANisuva anukramakke sampUrNa viruddhavAgide. ivugaLalli guNapadagaLu nAmapada, kriyApada mattu bEre guNapadagaLa balakke baruttave, sambandhisuva padagaLu mattu sambandhisuva vAkyagaLu nAma padada balakke baruttave, hOlikeya padagaLu guNapadada balakke baru ttave, mattu mukhyakriyApadagaLu upakriyApadada balakke baruttave. kriyApada vAkyada naDuve baruva ingliShnantaha bhAShegaLalli mElina kelavu racanegaLu kriyApada vAkyada koneyalli baruva kannaDada racanegaLa hAgive, Adare bEre kelavu racanegaLu kriyApada vAkyadalli modalige baruva ayriSh, tagalOg modalAda bhAShegaLalliruva hAge udAharaNegAgi, ingliShna guNapadagaLu kannaDadalliruva hAge nAmapada illavE guNapadada eDakke baruttave (gooja bothi, veDithi gooja), Adare kriyApadada balakke baruttave (chicime quichiYaTathi); sambandhisuva padagaLu nAmapadada eDakkU baraballuvu (eohTi’s booYa), balakkU baraballuvu (booYa oji eohTi); sambandhisuva vAkyagaLu nAmapadada balakke baruttave (Nahe booYa NahciNa eohTi gcive); hOlikeya padagaLu guNapadada balakke baruttave (biggeDi NahciTi eohTi); mattu mukhyakriyApadagaLu upakriyApadada balakke baruttave (is siNaNaiTig).
illi heccina viShayagaLallU ingliSh bhASheya vAkyaracane kannaDada vAkyaracaneginta bhinnavAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. idakke ingliSh nalli bAdhita ghaTaka kriyApadada balakke baruvudE mukhya kAraNa (jAsti vivaragaLige grInbagra 1963, hAkinsa 1983 mattu praymas 2001 nODi). savrapadagaLalli baruva eraDu angagaLalli yAvudu modalu baru ttade embudU vAkyadalli kriyApada elli baruttade (suruvinallO koneyallO) embudara mEle avalambiside embudannu nAvu mEle (11-2)ralli nODiruvevu.
11.5 vyAkaraNa sambandha
vAkyavondaralli baruva ghaTakagaLa mUlaka artha mattu vyavahAra embudAgi eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyide embudannu nAvu eraDanE adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. kannaDadalli artha sambandhavannu vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlakavU mattu vyavahAra sambandhavannu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda bEre kelavu vidhAnagaLa (ghaTaka gaLa anukrama, ghaTakavondannu otti hELuvudu illavE vAkyada uLida bhAgadondige sambandhisi hELuvudu, ityAdigaLa) mUlakavU sUcisa lAguttade (2.7 nODi). kannaDadalli I eraDu sambandhagaLannu spaShTavAgi pratyEkisi irisa lAgide. idallade, kannaDada vAkyaracaneyalli arthakke sambandhisidavu mattu vyavahArakke sambandhisidavu embudAgi eraDu rItiya vidhAna gaLu baLakeyAguttiddu, ivugaLalli arthakke sambandhisida vidhAnagaLannu arthavE niyantrisuttade mattu vyavahArakke sambandhisida vidhAnagaLannu vyavahAravE niyantrisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi mUru vidhAnagaLu baLakeyalliveyembudannu nAvu enTaneya adhyAya dalli nODiruvevu. ivugaLalli modalaneya eraDu vidhAnagaLannu (mattu padavannu baLasi hAgU U pratyayavannu baLasi eraDu vAkya gaLannu jODisuvudu) vAkyada vyavahArakke sambandhisida vidhAnagaLendU mattu mUraneya vidhAnavannu (modalaneya vAkyada kriyApadadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADuvudara mUlaka adannu eraDaneya darondige jODisuvudu) vAkyada arthakke sambandhisida vidhAnavendU hELalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli mUraneya vidhAna uLida eraDu vidhAnagaLinda halavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgide embudannu nAvu 8.2.3ralli nODiruvevu. I vyatyAsagaLalli heccinavakkU mUraneya vidhAnada niyantraNa vAkyada arthada mEle avalambisiruvudE kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, eraDu ghaTanegaLu avannu naDesuva eraDu vyakti gaLa hatOTiyalliruvavugaLAdare, avannu mattu padada mUlaka illavE U pratyayada mUlaka jODisalu sAdhyavide, Adare jODisuva kriyArUpada mUlaka jODisalu sAdhyavAgadu. bEyisidaLu. bEyisida mattu jAnaki anna (2kha) rAju tarakAriyannU jAnaki annavannU bEyisidaru. rAju tarakAriyannu bEyisi sAmbAr mADida. jODisuva kriyArUpada mUlaka naDesuvavana hatOTiyalliruva eraDu ghaTanegaLannu jODisi hELabEkiddalli averaDU ondE vyaktiya hatOTiyalliruvudu avaSya embudannu (2ga) sUcisuttade. ondu ghaTane hatOTiyalliddu innondu hatOTiyallillavAdalli mAtra averaDannu bEre bEre vyaktigaLu naDesuttiddarU jODisuva kriyA rUpada mUlaka jODisalu sAdhyavide. (2gha) rAju bobbehAki maguvige eccaravAyitu. (2gha)dalli eccaravAguva ghaTane maguvina hatOTiyallillavAda kAraNa adannu rAju bobbehAkuva ghaTaneyondige jODisuva kriyArUpada mUlaka jODisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide (4.3.2 nODi).
mattu embudara mUlaka jODisida vAkyagaLalli eraDu bEre bEre samayagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu baraballuvu, Adare jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasi jODisida vAkyagaLalli idu sAdhyavAgalAradu. rAju ninne maysUrige hOgidda mattu ivattu allinda ondu Tivi tandiddAne. (3kha) rAju maysUrige hOgi ondu Tivi tandiddAne. mEle vivarisiruva eraDu rItiya sannivESagaLallU jODisuva kriyArUpagaLannu baLasi entaha vAkyagaLannu jODisalu sAdhya embudu A vAkyagaLa arthada mEle avalambiside embudannu gamanisa bahudu. kannaDadalli I rIti artha mattu vyavahAra sambandhagaLannu bEre bErAgirisiruva kAraNa, vibhakti pratyayagaLigU mattu avu sUcisuva artha sambandhakkU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyide. tamiLu, telugu modalAda itara drAviDa bhAShegaLalli mAtravallade maNipuri, tAnkhur nAga modalAda TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLallU idE rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLigU mattu avu sUcisuva artha sambandhakkU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyide. idakke badalu, ingliSh, jarman, hindi modalAda bEre halavu bhAShegaLalli artha mattu vyavahAra sambandhagaLannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLa baLakeyalli nEravAda hondANikeyillade gondalavunTAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. ingliShna vAkyagaLalli ghaTakagaLa anukrama vyavahAra sambandhavannu mAtravallade arthasambandhavannU sUcisaballudu.
udAharaNegAgi, Nahe bothi sciti Nahe giDiTa vAkyadalli Nahe giDiTa ghaTaka sciti kriyApadada balakke bandideyAda kAraNa adu A kriyApada tiLisuva ‘dUDuva’ ghaTaneyinda bAdhitavAguva vyaktiyannu sUcisu ttade, mattu Nahe bothi ghaTaka adE kriyApadada eDakke bandideyAda kAraNa adu A kriyApada tiLisuva ‘dUDuva’ ghaTaneyannu naDesi koDuva vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade. I eraDu arthasambandhagaLannu mAtravallade, vAkyada modalige bandiruva Nahe bothi ghaTaka vAkyada viShaya (NaoThiichi) yAvudu embudannU (endare vyavahAra sambandha vannU) sUcisuttade. kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baruva ghaTakagaLalli ondara badalu innondannu vAkyada viShayavannAgi mADabEkiddalli adannu vAkyada modalaneya ghaTakavAgi baLasidare sAku. idakkAgi A ghaTakagaLa vibhakti rUpa dallAgalI illavE kriyApadada kriyArUpadallAgalI yAva badalA vaNeyannU mADabEkAgilla.
Adare ingliShnalli I rIti ondu ghaTakada badalu innondu ghaTakavannu vAkyada viShayavannAgi mADabEkiddalli adannu vAkyada modalaneya ghaTakavannAgi mADuvudarondige bEreyU kelavu badalA vaNegaLannU mADabEkAguttade. adakkAgi A vAkyavannu katrari prayOga dinda karmaNi prayOgakke badalAyisabEkAguttade. ‘avaLu avanannu dUDidaLu’ ‘avanannu avaLu dUDidaLu’
(4kha)dalli him ghaTakavannu vAkyada viShayavannAgi mADalu vAkyada modalaneya padavannAgi mADalAgide, mattu idarondige adara vibhakti rUpavannU badalAyisalAgide. illi artha vyatyAsavilladiddarU vibhakti vyatyAsavide.
artha mattu vyavahAra sambandhagaLannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuve nEra hondANikeyilladiruva intaha bhAShegaLa vAkyaracaneyannu varNi suvudakkAgi averaDakkinta bhinnavAgiruva ‘vyAkaraNa sambandha’ emba bErondu rItiya sambandhavannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAguva katrx, karma, karaNa, modalAda ‘kAraka’gaLu mattu ingliSh vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAguva DieTaciNaioTi’gaLu I bhAShegaLalli artha sambandhakkU mattu adannu sUcisuva vidhAnakkU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyillavAda kAraNa averaDara naDuviruva sambandhavannu varNisuvudakkAgi kalpisiruvantaha vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLallade bErEnalla (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1991, 2001 nODi).
11.6 samayada sUcane
heccina bhAShegaLallU kriyApadagaLondige ghaTanegaLa samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ondalla ondu vidhAnavannanusarisuva krama baLake yallide. Adare ‘ghaTaneya samaya’ embudannu mukhyavAgi mUru dxShTikOnagaLa mUlaka pariSIlisalu sAdhyaviddu, bEre bEre bhAShegaLu bEre bEre dxShTikOnagaLige mahatvavannu koDuttave.
modalaneyadAgi, ghaTaneya samayavannu adannu tiLisuva vAkyada samayakke sambandhisida hAge sUcisalu sAdhyavide. vAkyada samaya kkinta adu tiLisuva ghaTaneya samaya hindinadirabahudu illavE mundinadirabahudu. kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuvalli I dxShTikOnakke heccina mahatvavide. vAkyada koneyalli baruva kannaDada heccina kriyApadagaLigU hindina samaya mattu mundina samaya embudAgi eraDeraDu samayavannu sUcisuva rUpagaLiveyembudannu nAvu mEle aydaneya adhyAyadalli nODiru vevu. eraDaneyadAgi, ghaTaneya samayavannu ghaTaneya Antarika kAlavyavasthege sambandhisida hAge sUcisalu sAdhyavide. ghaTane kShaNika virabahudu illavE jAsti hottu naDeyuttiruvantahadirabahudu; adu pUrNagonDirabahudu illavE apUrNavAgirabahudu. ondu bAri mAtra naDeyuvantahadirabahudu illavE oTTige halavu bAri naDeyu vantahadirabahudu.
kelavu bhAShegaLu intaha ghaTaneya Antarika kAlavyavasthege sambandhisi dantaha viShayagaLige heccina mahatvavannu koDuttave. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada kriyApadagaLige prAmukhyavAgi laT mattu liT emba eraDu rItiya rUpagaLiddu (karOti-cakAra, bhavati-babhUva, pacati-papAca, ityAdi), ivu anukramavAgi apUrNa mattu pUrNa ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuttave. vAkyada samayakkU mattu ghaTaneya samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhakke samskxtadalli heccina mahatvavilla. mUraneyadAgi, ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuvalli adara yathArthatege heccina mahatvavannu koDuva bhAShegaLU halavive. intaha bhAShegaLalli ondu ghaTane naDedide illavE naDeyalide embuda kkintalU ghaTaneyannu varadi mADuvalli ADuganige entaha AdhAra ide embudakke heccina mahatva baruttade.
intaha AdhAragaLu sAkaShTu iveyAdalli ghaTaneyannu kriyApadada ‘yathArtha’ rUpada mUlakavU mattu aShTondu AdhAragaLilladiddu adu naDeyuva illavE naDediruva viShayadalli samSayavideyAdalli ‘ayathArtha’ rUpada mUlakavU intaha bhAShegaLalli ghaTanegaLannu sUcisalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, barmIs bhASheya kriyApadagaLalli ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi I mUraneya dxShTikOna baLake yallide. naDeda mattu naDeyuttiruva ghaTanegaLannu yathArtha rUpagaLa mUlakavU mattu naDeyadidda mattu naDeyaliruva ghaTanegaLannu ayathArtha rUpagaLa mUlakavU I bhASheyalli sUcisalAguttade.
AsTrEliyAda kayAdrilda, inDOnESiyAda munA, amErikA khanDada kaDDO modalAda bEre halavu bhAShegaLU ghaTaneya samaya vannu sUcisuvudakkAgi I vidhAnavannanusarisuttave (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1999 nODi).
kannaDadalli ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisalu mAtina samayakkU mattu ghaTaneya samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhakke heccina ottu koDa lAguttade. uLida eraDu dxShTikOnagaLa mUlakavU ghaTaneyondannu varNisuva sAdhyate kannaDadallU ide. Adare kannaDadalli avakke samaya sambandhadaShTu prAmukhyateyilla embudE kannaDakkU mattu samskxta, barmIs modalAda bhAShegaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli ghaTaneya pUrNateyannu sUcisalu ondu kriyApadadondige biDu emba innondu kriyApadavannu baLasuva vidhAna baLakeyallide (biddubiDuttAne, biddubiTTa). Adare I rIti ghaTaneya Antarika vyavastheyannu sUcisuva vidhAnakke kannaDada vAkyaracaneyalli samaya sambandhavannu sUcisuva vidhAnakkiruvantaha prAmukhyateyilla. (bidda endaShTE hELidarU kannaDadalli pUrNArtha baraballudu).
idE rItiyalli (nIvu hELiddare) hOguttidde, hOgabahudu embantaha prayOgagaLalli ghaTane yathArthavalla embudannu sUcisa lAgide. I vidhAnakkU kannaDada vAkyaracaneyalli heccina prAmukhyate yilla. samskxtadallU ghaTaneya samayavannu mAtina samayakke sambandhi siruvante sUcisalu kelavu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, ondu ghaTaneya samaya adannu varadimADuva vAkyavannADiruva samayakkinta hindinadu embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli A ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kriyApadakke a emba pUvrapratyayavannu sErisa lAguttade (bhavati-abhavat, bhaviShyati-abhaviShyat).
Adare I pratyayavannu baLasadiddarU samskxtada kriyApadagaLige hindina samayada artha baralu sAdhyavide. intaha samaya sambandha vannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLige samskxtada vAkyaracaneyalli heccina prAmukhyateyilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa. samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi bhASheyondaralli yAva dxShTi kOnakke prAmukhyateyannu koDalAguttade embudara mEle bhASheya bEre kelavu guNadharmagaLU avalambisiruva hAge kANisuttade. udA haraNegAgi, samaya sambandhakke prAmukhyateyannu koDuva kannaDadantaha bhASheyalli heccina kriyApadagaLU ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvantahavu gaLAgiruttave.
idakke badalu, Antarika kAlavyavasthege prAmukhyateyannu koDuva bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLu ghaTaneyannAgalI illavE sangatiyannAgalI sUcisaballuvu. kannaDadalli sangatiyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguvudu iru emba ondE ondu kriyApada mAtra. uLida ellA kriyApadagaLU ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvavugaLu. bal, bAr, sAku, bEku modalAda samayabhEdavannu tOrisada bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLU sangatiyannu sUcisuvavendu hELabahudEnO.
idakke badalu, kAlavyavasthege prAmukhyateyannu koDuva mAvO nAga, munA, miksaTek modalAda bhAShegaLalli sAkaShTu kriyApadagaLu sangatiyannu sUcisuvavugaLAgiruttave. intaha kelavu bhAShegaLalli ellA guNapadagaLU sangatiyannu sUcisuva kriyApadagaLAgiruttave.
11.7 allagaLeyuva vAkyagaLu
kannaDadalli ondu ghaTane illavE sangatiyannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi illa padavannU mattu ondu ghaTane illavE sangatigU mattu adara ondu ghaTakakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi alla padavannU baLasalAguttadeyembudannu nAvu mEle ombattanE adhyAya dalli nODiruvevu. allagaLeyuva kelasakkAgi idakkinta bhinnavAda vidhAna gaLa baLakeyU prapancada itara bhAShegaLalli kANisuttade.
kannaDadalli ondu vAkyakke illa padavannu sErisuva modalu adara kriyApadadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADabEkAguttade. A kriyA pada hindina samayavannu sUcisuttiruvudAdare adara koneyalli bandiruva samayapratyayavannu mattu ghaTakapratyayavannu tegeduhAki, alu pratyayavannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade (bandaru-baralilla, mADi daru-mADalilla).
idakke badalu, kriyApada mundina samayavannu sUcisuttiruvu dAdare, adannu nAmapadarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade (baru ttAre-baruvudilla, (heccina vivaragaLige 9.3 nODi). Adare samskxtadalli na ‘illa’ embudannu vAkyadalli yAva badalA vaNeyannU mADade hAgeyE baLasalu sAdhyavide. mADuttAre-mADuvudilla). tE pustakAni paThanti. ‘avaru pustakagaLannu OduttAre’ (5kha) tE pustakAni na paThanti. ‘avaru pustakagaLannu Oduvudilla’ idallade, samskxtadalli ondu vAkyakkU mattu adara ondu ghaTakakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu allagaLeyalu mEle koTTiruva na emba padavE baLakeyAguttade; kannaDadalliruva hAge adakkinta bhinnavAda bErondu allagaLeyuva pada samskxtadallilla.
(5ga) sa: na pAcaka: ‘avanu aDugeyavanalla’ Adare samskxtadalli ondu vAkyavannu allagaLeyuva badalu adara ondu padavannu mAtravE allagaLeyalU sAdhyavide. idakkAgi A padakke a illavE an pratyayavannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade (satya-asatya, nyAya-anyAya, Eka-anEka, AcAra-anAcAra, ityAdi). kannaDa dalli I rIti padagaLannu nEravAgi allagaLeyalu sAdhyavAgadu (9.3.2 nODi).
kannaDadalli illa padada mUlaka hindina ghaTaneyannu mAtravallade mundina ghaTaneyannU allagaLeyalu sAdhyavide. Adare maNipuri bhASheyalli mundina ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyalu hindina ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyuva padakkinta bEreyE ondu padavannu baLasabEkAguttade. akomA bhASheyalli obba ADuganige tAnu svata: nODida illavE anubhavisida ghaTaneyondannu mAtra allagaLeyalu sAdhyavide. itara ghaTanegaLa kuritu tanage samSayavideyendaShTE Ata hELaballanallade avannu allagaLeyalAra.
11.8 kELvigaLu
bhAShegaLalli prAmukhyavAgi eraDu rItiya kELvigaLu baLakeyallive. ivannu vAkyakELvi mattu vAkyAnga kELvi endu kareyabahudu. vAkya kELviyalli ondu vAkya sUcisuva ghaTane illavE sangati sariyE athavA allavE embudannu kELalAguttade, mattu vAkyAnga kELviyalli vAkyada ondu angada kuritAgi kELuganinda heccina mAhitiyannu paDeyalu prayatnisalAguttade (vivaragaLige 10.3 nODi). kannaDadalli tiLisuva vAkyavannu vAkyakELviyAgi badalAyisalu vAkyada koneyalli E, O illavE A pratyayavannu sErisabEku mattu vAkyada SrutivinyAsadalli svalpa badalAvaNeyannU mADikoLLabEku. idakke badalu I kelasakkAgi SrutivinyAsada badalAvaNeyondannE baLasu vantaha bhAShegaLU (AsTrEliyAda yidiY bhASheyantahavu) mattu pratyayagaLannu mAtravE baLasuvantaha bhAShegaLU kelavive. kelavu vAkyada bhAShegaLalli intaha halavAru pratyayagaLa baLakeyAguttiddu, ivu bEre bEre rItiya vAkyakELvigaLannu tayArisalu sahAyakavAguttave. bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli idakkAgi vAkyada kriyApadadallEnE kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu udAharaNegAgi mADikoLLabEkAguttade. ingliShnalli kriyApadakke upakriyApadavondannu sErisabEkAguttade mattu idannu vAkyada modalaneya padavAgi baLasabEkAguttade (Ue tieTiNa home – Aija he go home?).
vAkyAnga kELvigaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli kELabEkA giruva vAkyAngada badalu ondu aniScita savrapadavannu baLasa bEkAguttade mattu vAkyada SrutivinyAsavannu badalisabEkAguttade (10.4 nODi). kelavu bhAShegaLalli kELvigaLalli mAtravE baLakeyAgu vantaha savrapadagaLive. ivu aniScita padagaLinda bhinnavAgiddu, kELviya arthavannu mAtra koDa balluvu. udAharaNegAgi, japAnina aynu bhASheyalli hunna embudakke ‘yAru’ emba arthaviddu, ‘yArO’ embudannu sUcisalu adakkinta tIra bhinnavAda nen emba padavide. idE rItiyalli ‘Enu’ embudannu sUcisalu hnta emba padavideyAdare, ‘EnO’ embudannu sUcisu vudakkAgi nep emba bEreyE ondu padavide, ityAdi. kannaDadalli yAru, Enu, elli, yAvAga, yAke, hEge, modalAda halavu aniScitateyannu sUcisuva padagaLiddu, ivugaLa mUlaka bEre bEre rItiya vAkyAnga kELvigaLannu tayArisalu sAdhya vide. kannaDakkinta hecci aniScita (illavE kELvi) padagaLiruva bhAShegaLU kelavive, Adare ellA kELvigaLallU ondE aniScita padavannu baLasuva bhAShegaLU ive.
11.9 muktAya
kannaDa bhASheyalli vAkyaracanegAgi entaha niyamagaLella baLakeyAguttave mattu A niyamagaLa hindiruva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu entahavu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva ondu cikka prayatnavannu I pustakadalli mADalAgide. intaha prayatnakke kannaDa bhASheyondannE abhyAsa mADidare sAkAguvudilla emba viShaya I adhyAyadinda spaShTavAgira bahudu. halavAru vidhAnagaLannu baLasuva bhAShegaLa naDuve kannaDada sthAnavEnu embudannaritAga mAtra nijakkU kannaDa baLasuva vyAkaraNa tatvagaLentahavu emba viShaya spaShTavAgaballudu. kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLu ankitanAma (ThiDioThieDi Ticime): vyakti, vastu, jAga modalAdavugaLalli ondondakkU bEre bErAgi koTTiruva avugaLadE Ada hesaru; rAju, kAvEri, maysUru ityAdigaLu intahavu. aNakisuva guNapada (oTiomciNaoThioeichi tioDija): ghaTaneya saddu, nOTa, spaSra modalAdavugaLa viShayadalli ADugana anubhavavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLu; Dabbane bILu, miNimiNi uri, paTapaTane hELu ityAdigaLu intahavu. aniScita pada (iTijaejiiTiiNae tioDija): ADuganige niScitavAgiyU tiLiya diruva vyakti, vastu, sthAna, kAla modalAduvannu sUcisuva pada; yAru, Enu, yAke, ityAdigaLu intahavu. artha sambandha (semciTiNaichi DieTaciNaioTi): vAkyadalli baruva ghaTakagaLigU mattu kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandha; Aguga, mADuga, suru, kone, jAga, prEraka modalAda I sambandhagaLannu kannaDadalli vibhaktipratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAguttade. allagaLe (niShEdhisu, TiegciNae): ondu vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTane naDedilla illavE naDeyuvudilla embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, mattu ondu sangati nijavalla embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi allagaLe yuva vAkyavannu baLasabEkAguttade. idakkAgi vAkyada kone yalli illa padavannu sErisabEkAguttade (rAju bareyuvu dilla, bareyalilla, A pustaka nammallilla, ityAdi). ondu ghaTane illavE sangatigU adara ondu ghaTakakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu allagaLeyalu alla padada baLakeyAguttade (adu namma maneyalla). Aguga (ThiciNaieTiNa): ondu ghaTaneyinda bAdhitavAguvudAdarU A ghaTaneya mEle hatOTiyilladiruva ghaTaka. mADugaviruva vAkyadalli idannu annu pratyaya sUcisuttade. ADuga (sThieciYaeDi): ondu vAkyavannu ADiruva vyakti; idannu vAkyadalli baruva nAnu pada sUcisuttade. Igina samaya (vatramAnakAla, ThiDieseTiNa NaeTise): kannaDadalli iru kriyApadakke mAtra Igina samayavannu sUcisuva rUpagaLive. I rUpagaLu sangatiyondu adannu tiLisuva vAkyavannADuva samayadalli jAriyallideyembudannu sUcisuttave (avanu maneyalliddAne, avaralli ondu emme ide). itara kriyA padagaLige hindina mattu mundina samayagaLannu sUcisuva rUpagaLu mAtra ive.
udda svara (dIrgha svara, TaoTig votieTa): giDDa svarakkinta uccarisalu svalpa jAsti samaya bEkAguva A, I, U, E illavE O emba svara. upakriyApada (ciuxiTaiciDithi veDib): kriyApadada anantara adara sahAya kkAgi baruva innondu kriyApada. mADiddEne embudaralli iddEne (iru) embudu upakriyApada mattu mADu embudu mukhya kriyApada.
etti hELu (quoNae): obba vyakti ADuva vAkyadalli innobba vyaktiya mAtu, abhiprAya illavE bhAvaneyannu oLavAkyavondara mUlaka tiLisuvudu; nAnu elligU hOguvudillavendu rAju hELuttiddAne embudaralli nAnu elligU hOgu vudilla emba vAkyavannu etti hELalAgide. ottu koDu (emThihcisize): ondu padakke ottu koTTu (illavE otti) hELuvudakkAgi E pratyayavannu baLasalAguttade; rAju banda ennuva badalu rAjuvE banda embudAgi hELuvalli rAju padada mEle ottu koDalAgide). oLavAkya (embejajaeja seTiNaeTichie): ondu vAkyada oLage bandiruva innondu vAkya; idu rAju bandiddAnendu kANisuttade embudaralli bandiruva rAju bandiddAne embudara hAge ondu iDI vAkyada rUpadallirabahudu, illavE rAju banda samaya cannAgilla embudaralli bandiruva rAju banda embudara hAge ondu tunDu vAkyada rUpadallirabahudu. kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLu kAlavyavasthe (cisThiechiNa): ghaTane mugidideyE, innU naDeyuttideyE, kShaNikavE, omme illavE halavu bAri naDeyuvantahadE embantaha ghaTaneya Antarike samayavinyAsavannu sUcisuva vidhAna. kUDikeya artha (chioTiriuTichiNaioTi): mattu padakkiruva artha. kUDupada: ondu kriyApadada jODisuva rUpadondige innondu kriyApadavannu sErisiruva racaneya ondu viSiShTavAda baLake. idaralli eraDaneya kriyApada tanna mUlArthavannu kaLedu konDu modalaneya kriyApada sUcisuva ghaTaneya kuritAgi heccinadannEnAdarU sUcisalu baLakeyAgiruttade; kaccibiDu, kattarisikoLLu, hariduhAku, ityAdigaLu intaha racanegaLu.
kelasa mADisuva vAkya (iTaTaochiuNaioTiciDithi seTiNaeTichie): kELugana mUlaka yAvudAdarondu kelasavannu mADisuvudakkAgi ADuganu baLasuva vAkya (udA: illi banni! horage hOgu!).
kELuga (heciDieDi, cijajaDiessee): ADuganu yAva vyaktiyannuddESisi ondu mAtannu hELiruvanO antaha vyakti A mAtinalli (athavA vAkyadalli) vahisiruva pAtra. kELvi (praSne, iTiNaeDiDiogciNaioTi): kELuganinda yAvudAdarondu sangati yannu tiLidukoLLuvudakkAgi ADuganu baLasuva vAkya. kannaDa dalli mukhyavAgi vAkyakELvi mattu vAkyAnga kELvi embudAgi eraDu rItiya kELvigaLive. vAkyakELviyalli iDI vAkya tiLisuva sangati sariyE athavA allavE embudannu kELalAguttade (rAju bandiddAnO?) mattu vAkyAnga kELviyalli antaha sangatiya ondu amSavannu mAtra kELalAguttade (yAru bandiddAre?). I kELvi yAva angada mEle bILuttade embudannu sUcisalu sAmAnyavAgi vAkyAnga kELvigaLalli yAru, Enu, yAke modalAda aniScita padagaLannu baLasa bEkAguttade. koneghaTaka (gociTa): ondu kadaluvike (calane) yAva jAgakkAgi naDeyuttide embudannu sUcisuva ghaTaka; rAju manege hOda embudaralli manege emba ghaTaka. kriyAvAkya (eveTiNa seTiNaeTichie): ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisuva vAkya. giDDa svara (hrasvasvara, shoDiNa votieTa): uccarisalu udda svarakkinta svalpa kaDime samaya bEkAguva a, i, u, e illavE o emba svara. gurutisuvike (DiejieDieTichie): ghaTaneyondu naDedide illavE naDeyalide embudannu tiLisabEkAdAga, adaralli toDagiruva vyakti, vastu, modalAdavugaLu yAvuvu embudannU tiLisabEkAguttade. intaha vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu nAmapada illavE nAmapadakantegaLa mUlaka intahavE embudAgi ‘gurutisi’ tiLisalAguttade. idakkAgi vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisu vudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLannu baLasa lAguttade. jAgaghaTaka (ThiTacichie, TaochiciNaioTi): ondu ghaTane elli naDeyuttide embu dannu sUcisuva ghaTaka.
jODisuva rUpa: eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisi ondE vAkyavannAgi mADabEkAdAga avugaLalli modalaneya vAkyada koneyalli baruva kriyApadadalli kelavomme badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLa bEkAguttade. I rIti badalAvaNe mADiruva rUpavannu
jODisuva rUpavendu kareyabahudu; UTa mADi hOda embudaralli mADu kriyApadakke mADi emba jODisuva rUpavide). jODupada (samAsa, chiomThiouTija): eraDu (athavA jAsti) padagaLannu sErisi hosadondu padavannu tayArisidalli adakke jODu padavendu hesaru; nela mattu kaDale emba eraDu padagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nelagaDale embudu averaDakkinta bhinnavAda bEreyE ondu padavAda kAraNa, jODupada. kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva jODupadagaLella nAmapadagaLE (padakante nODi).
tiLisuva vAkya (TiciDiDiciNaive seTiNaeTichie): yAvudAdarondu ghaTane illavE sangatiyannu itararige tiLisabEkendiruvAga baLasuva rAju manege hOgiddAne embantaha vAkya. nirdESaka pada (jaemoTisNaDiciNaive tioDija): mAtina sannivESadalliruva vyakti, vastu, jAga, samaya modalAdavugaLannu A mAtu sUcisuva ghaTaneyondige sambandhisuva pada. pustaka illide emba vAkyadalli bandiruva illi emba pada pustakada jAgavannu kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLu A vAkyavannADiruva sannivESadalli ADugana hattiraddembudAgi tiLisuvudAda kAraNa adu ondu nirdESaka pada. padakante (ThihDicise): eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu sErisi eraDu rItiya racanegaLannu tayArisalu sAdhya. ivugaLalli ondu racane bhASheyalli ondu hosa padavAgi baLakeyAguttade; doDDamma, karihalage, nelagaDale modalAda ‘jODupada’ gaLu intaha racanegaLu; innondu racane padagaLiginta mElina maTTadalli baruttade; doDDa mane, kempu hU, oDeda kannaDi modalAda ‘padakante’gaLu intaha racanegaLu. vyakti, vastu, viShaya, modalAduvannu hesarisi gurutisuvudakkAgi jODu padagaLannU mattu varNisi gurutisuvudakkAgi padakantegaLannU baLasalAguttade. puruShavAcaka pada (ThieDisoTiciTa ThiDioTiouTi): vAkyada ADuga mattu kELuga rannu sUcisuva padagaLu (kannaDada nAnu mattu nInu). pratidhvanisuva racane (echiho-jioDimciNaioTi): ondu padadondige adara pratidhvaniyante tOruva innondu padavannu sErisi baLasu vudu; ATa gITa, mane gine, kallu gillu, ityAdi.
pratinAma (ciTiciThihoDici): omme baLasida padavannu puna: baLasuva badalu, adannE sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasuva bErondu pada; tAnu, avanu ityAdigaLige kannaDadalli intaha baLakeyide. praSnArthaka pada (iTiNaeDiDiogciNaive ThiDioTiouTi): yAru, Enu, yAke, elli modalAdavugaLannu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘praSnArthaka’ padagaLendu kareyuvudu rUDhi. Adare kannaDadalli ivakke heccina baLakegaLallU praSneya (endare kELviya) arthavilla. ivannu praSnArthakagaLendu kareyuva badalu aniScitArthakagaLendu kare yuvudE vAsi. kannaDadalli praSnArthaka vAkyagaLalli khaDDAya vAgiyU baruva svaravinyAsakke mAtravE praSnArthavideyendu hELalu sAdhya. prEraka (chiciuseDi): ondu ghaTaneyannu mADugana mUlaka mADisi koLLuva ghaTaka; jAnaki rAjuvina kayyalli tanna peTTige yannu horisidaLu emba vAkyadalli jAnaki prEraka ghaTaka. badali artha (jaisriuTichiNaioTi): illavE mattu athavA padagaLigiruva mAtina kelasa: bEre bEre rItiya vAkyagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka bEre bEre rItiya kelasagaLannu mADalu illavE mADisi koLLalu sAdhyavide. ondu ghaTane illavE sangatiyannu tiLisu vudu (rAju bandiddAne), innobbaninda ondu sangatiyannu tiLidukoLLabEkemba iccheyannu sUcisuvudu (rAju bandi ddAnO?), innobbaninda ondu kelasavannu mADisikoLLu vudu (A pustakavannu illi koDu), beragannu sUcisuvudu (rAju eShTu bEga bandiddAne!) modalAda kelasagaLigAgi bEre bEre rItiya vAkyagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyaviddu, ivella mAtina kelasagaLu. mukhya amSa (jiochius): ondu viShayada kuritAgi vAkyavondu tiLisuva suddiyalli atyanta prAmukhyavAda amSa; kannaDadalli idu nEra vAgi kriyApadada eDakke baruttade. mundina samaya (bhaviShyatkAla, jiuNauDie NaeTise): vAkyavondu tiLisuva ghaTane A vAkyavannADiruva samayada anantara naDeyuvantaha dAdare adaradu ‘mundina’ samaya; rAjuvina manege nAnu hOguttEne emba vAkyadalli hOguva ghaTane A vAkyava nnADiruva samayada anantara naDeyuvudAda kAraNa hOgu ttEne embudu mundina samayada kriyArUpa. yathArthate (mooja): ondu ghaTane naDediruva illavE naDeyaliruva viShayadalli ADuganige entaha AdhAragaLiveyembudannavalambisi adara samayavannu sUcisuva vidhAna. rUDhanAma (chiommoTi TiouTi): samAnateyiruva halavu vyakti illavE vastugaLige rUDhiyalliruva hesaru; baDagi, akka, mara, pennu, ityAdigaLu intahavu. varNisuvudu (jaeschiDiiThiNaioTi): ghaTaneyondaralli toDagiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya, modalAdavugaLannu hesarisuva badalu varNisi gurutisalu sAdhyavide; sAmAnyavAgi I kelasakkAgi nAmapada kantegaLannu baLasalAguttade. vibhakti pratyaya (chicise sujijiix): vAkyadalli baruva nAmapadavannu kriyA padadondige sambandhisuva pratyaya. vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLu ondu ghaTaneyalli entaha kelasagaLalli niratavAgive embudannu I pratyayagaLu sUcisuttave; rAju tanna pennannu harige koTTa emba vAkyadalli koTTiruva vastu pennu embu kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLu dannu tiLisuva annu pratyaya, mattu adannu paDediruvavanu hari embudannu tiLisuva ge pratyaya, ivu vibhakti pratyayagaLu. viShaya (NaoThiichi): ondu vAkya yAva ghaTakada (illavE vAkyAmSada) kuritAgi suddiyannu tiLisuttideyO A ghaTaka. viShaya vAkya (jicichiNaive seTiNaeTichie): ondu sangatiyannu tiLisuva vAkya. vyavahAra sambandha (ThiDicigmciNaichi DieTaciNaioTi): vAkyada ondu ghaTakakke hindina vAkyada ghaTakavondarondige illavE mAtina sannivESa dondige iruva sambandha (viShaya, suddi, mukhya amSa, hinneNike, ityAdi). vyAkaraNa sambandha (gDicimmciNaichiciTa DieTaciNaioTi): arthasambandha mattu adannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuve nEravAda hondANike yillada bhAShegaLalli artha sambandhavannu varNisalu baLasuva kalpita sambandha; intaha bhAShegaLalli vAkyaracaneya niyama gaLannu varNisuvudakkU intaha kalpita sambandhagaLa avaSyakate yide. ingliSh vyAkaraNada subriechiNa, obriechiNa modalAdavu, mattu samskxta vyAkaraNada katrx, karma, karaNa modalAdavu intahavu. kannaDakke intaha kalpita sambandhagaLa avaSyakateyilla. SrutivinyAsa (iTiNaoTiciNaioTi): ondu vAkyavannADuvAga adara uccAraNe gAgi Sruti vinyAsavondannu ArisabEkAguttade. idu kELvi gaLalli, tiLisuva vAkyagaLalli mattu beragannu sUcisuva vAkya gaLalli bEre bErAgiruttade. Sharattu (chioTijaiNaioTi): ondu vAkya tiLisuva ghaTane illavE sangati innondu vAkya tiLisuva ghaTane illave sangatige Sharattu embu dAgi sUcisuva vAkyaracane; maLe bandare kere tumbuttade emba vAkyadalli maLe bandare embudu Sharattu. samaya sambandha (NaeTise): ghaTaneya samayakkU mattu adannu tiLisuva vAkyavannADiruva samayakkU naDuviruva sambandha; hindina samaya, mundina samaya mattu Igina samaya embavugaLu intaha samaya sambandhavannu sUcisuttave. sambandhisuva rUpa (DieTaciNaive chiTaciuse, giTiiNaive) kriyApadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADalu avugaLa sambandhisuva rUpavannu baLasabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, mADu kriyA padakke mADuva, mADida mattu mADada emba mUru sambandhisuva rUpagaLiddu, ivannu mADuva kelasa, mADida kelasa mattu mADada kelasa embantaha padakantegaLalli nAma padagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baLasabahudu. idE rItiyalli ondu nAmapadavannu bErondu nAma padada viSEShaNavannAgi mADi baLasalu adara sambandhisuva rUpavannu baLasabahudu; marada gellu embudaralli marada embudu mara nAmapadada sambandhisuva rUpa. kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli nAmapadagaLa I rUpavannu ShaShThI vibhaktiya rUpavendu kareyalAgide; Adare nijakkU idu nAmapadagaLa vibhakti rUpavalla; yAkendare, kannaDadalli idakke nAmapada gaLannu kriyApadagaLondige sambandhisuva kelasavilla. savrapada (ThiDiojioDim): vAkyadalli vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisu vudu, avugaLa kuritu aniScitateyannu tiLisuvudu modalAda kelasagaLigAgi baLakeyAguva padagaLu; adu-idu-yAvudu, alli-illi-elli modalAda padagaLu intahavu.
suddi (chiommeTiNa): ondu viShayada kuritAgi vAkya Enannu tiLisu ttideyO adu; rAju manege hOda embudaralli rAju embudu viShaya mattu manege hOda embudu suddi. surughaTaka (souDichie): ondu kadaluvike (calane) yAva jAgadalli suruvAgideyembudannu sUcisuva ghaTaka; maneyinda bande embudaralli maneyinda embudu surughaTaka. sErikeya badalAvaNe (sandhikArya, moDiThihoThihoTiemichis): eraDu padagaLu illavE ondu pada mattu ondu pratyaya sEridAga avugaLalliruva varNa gaLalli naDeyuva badalAvaNe; banda padakke Aga pada sEridAga modalaneya padada koneya akAra biddu hOgi bandAga endAguvudu intaha ondu sErikeya badalAvaNe. hindina samaya (bhUtakAla, ThicisNa NaeTise): ondu vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTane A vAkyavannu ADiruva samayakkinta modalu naDedide yAdalli adaradu ‘hindina’ samaya; nAnu UTa mADide emba vAkyadalli UTa mADuva ghaTane A vAkyavannADiruva kAraNa mADide naDedideyAda samayakkinta modalu embudu hindina samayada kriyArUpa. kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLu hinneNike (cijiNaeDi-NahoughNa): vAkyadalli sUcisadidda ghaTaka illavE vAkyAmSavondannu vAkyada koneyalli sUcisuvudu; avanu bandiddAne, beLigge embudaralli beLigge embudu hinneNike. hesarisuvudu (TicimiTig): ghaTaneyondaralli toDagiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi avugaLa hesarondannu (rUDhanAma illavE ankitanAmavannu) baLasuvudu. horavAkya (mciNaDiix seTiNaeTichie): oLavAkyavondannu oLagonDiruvudu rAju hELiddAne embudu yArU barabAradendu horavAkya; oLage hELiddAne embudaralli horavAkya. hOluga (sNaciTijaciDija oji chiomThiciDiisoTi): hOlikeya vAkyavondaralli yAva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLondige ondu ghaTakavannu hOlisalAgideyO adu; rAjuviginta doDDa huDuga embudaralli rAju hOluga). AkarasUci grInbagra, je. hec. (sam) 1963. UTiiveDisciTas oji tirumalES, ke.vi. 1979. khaeoDijaeDiiTig DiuTaes iTi EciTiTicijaci ciTija bhaT, Di.en.es. 1978. kannaDa vAkyagaLu: Antarika racane mattu arthavyavasthe. maysUru: gItA buk havs. praymas, bi. 2001. ‘WoDija oDijaeDi NathiThioTaogthi’ : haspelmaTh, em. (sam), —- 2001. kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa. maysUru: bhAShAprakASana. —- 2002. kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane. maysUru: bhAShAprakASana. —- 2003. kannaDada savranAmagaLu. maysUru: bhAShAprakASana. SrIdhar, es. en. 1990. EciTiTicijaci. ayoTijaoTi: khaouNaTaejage. Shiphman, hec. 1983. m DiejieDieTichie gDicimmciDi oji sThioYaeTi EciTiTicijaci.