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ಕನ್ನಡ →

adhyAya enTu

eravalu padagaLa oLaracane

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೧ eraDaneya svarUpa

kannaDadalli samskxta, ingliSh, hindi, parSiyan modalAda bEre bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu halavive. ivugaLa oLaracane hindina adhyAyagaLalli vivarisida kannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneginta bhinna vAgiruvudAda kAraNa avannu pratyEkavAgi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. antaha pariSIlaneyannu I adhyAyadalli mADalAgide. Adare kannaDadavE Ada padagaLu mattu bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu embudAgi kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva pada gaLannu eraDu bEre bEre vargagaLalli vibhajisi hELuvudu mAtra aShTondu sulabhada kelasavEnalla. yAkendare anAdi kAladindalU intaha padagaLa eravalu namma bhASheyalli naDeyuttiddu, I prakriyeya mUlaka adaralli sErikonDiruva padagaLalli bahaLa ittIcege bandavugaLu mAtra tammatanavannu uLisikonDu bEre rItiya padagaLa hAge kANisuttave. uLiduvella bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kannaDadavE AgibiTTive.

೮.೧.೧ bhAShegaLoLage eraDalinalli vayvidhya

ellA bhAShegaLigU ondalla ondu vidhadalli bEre bhAShegaLondige samparkaviddE iruttadeyAda kAraNa, ellA bhAShegaLallU eravalAgi banda padagaLu iddE iruttave. kelavu bhAShegaLalli intaha padagaLu jAsti iruttave, mattu bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli kaDime iruttave

embudE I viShayadalli bEre bEre bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa. I vyatyAsakke halavu kAraNagaLive.

padagaLannu eravalu koDuva bhAShegU mattu eravalu paDeyuva bhAShegU naDuve bahaLa hattirada samparkavideyAdare, mattu eravalu koDuva bhAShe heccu pratiShTheyadAdare, heccu heccu padagaLu adarinda eralAgi bandu eravalu paDeyuva bhASheyalli sErikoLLalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada maTTige samskxta bahaLa pratiShTheya bhASheyAgittAda kAraNa adarinda doDDa sankhyeyalli padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandive. ivattu ingliSh bhAShe antahadE pratiShTheya sthAnadallideyAda kAraNa adarindalU padagaLu heccina sankhyeyalli eravalAgi baruttive.

idallade, ondu bhASheyannADuva janara manasthitiyantahadu, avaru sulabhavAgi padagaLa eravalige marehoguvavarE athavA hosa hosa padagaLannu baLasabEkAguva sandarbha bandAgalella tammavE Ada padagaLannu sxShTisikoLLuvavarE embudu I vyatyAsakke innondu AdhAravAguttade. tamma bhASheya kuritAgi jAsti abhimAnavannu hondiruva mandi eravaligintalU hosa padagaLa tayArikegEnE kay hAkuvudu jAsti.

bhASheyallillada hosa padagaLa avaSyakate bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi kANisikoLLuttade. bErondu bhASheyannADuva janaralli baLakeyalliruva vastugaLu nammalli baLakege bandAga, antaha vastugaLannu hesarisuvu dakkAgi namage hosa padagaLa avaSyakate kanDubaruttade. intaha sandarbhagaLalli A vastugaLondige avugaLa hesarugaLannU nAvu Amadu mADikoLLabahudu, illavE nammavE Ada hesarugaLannu tayArisi avakke koDabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh bhASheyannADuva samAjadinda nAvu rEDiyO, Ti.vi., bassu, kAru, pennu, raylu, kampyUTar modalAda halavAru vastugaLannu baLakege paDediddu, avugaLondige A vastugaLa hesarugaLannU eravalAgi paDedukonDiddEve. intaha vastugaLalli kela vakke (udA: ugibanDi) nammavE Ada hesarugaLannu koTTiruvevAdarU bEre kelavakke avugaLa hesarugaLannE alpa svalpa badalAvaNegaLondige uLisikonDiddEve.

I rIti hosa hosa rItiya vastugaLannu baLakege paDedukoLLu vudu mAtravalla, hosa hosa viShayagaLannU nAvu bEre bhAShegaLa nnADuva janarinda tiLidukoLLuvavAddarinda antaha viShayagaLannu

hesarisuva padagaLU namma bhAShege eravalAgi baruttave. I rItiyalli eravAlAgi bandiruva nUrAru padagaLannu SAstrIya granthagaLalli kANa bahudu. namma dinanityada baLakeyalliruva bhASheyallU intaha hala vAru padagaLu bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandu sErikonDiruttave.

A.೧.೨ tattva mattu tadbhava padagaLu

I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli samskxta bhASheyinda bandavu gaLannu mAtra avugaLa svarUpavannAdharisi tadbhava mattu tadbhava embudAgi vingaDisi hELuva krama kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli mattu arthakOSagaLalli baLakeyallide. samskxtadalli iruva hAgeyE baLake yAguva padagaLu (endare samskxtada padagaLige samAnavAda padagaLu) tadbhavagaLu mattu antaha padagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNe gaLAdudarindAgi avugaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva padagaLu tadbhavagaLu (endare samskxtadinda janisida padagaLu) embudAgi I vibhajaneyannu varNisabahudu. Adare, sAmAnyavAgi padagaLa koneya bhAgadalli mAtravE badalAvaNeyAgideyAdare, antaha padagaLannu tadbhavagaLendu hELade tadbhavagaLendu hELuvudE rUDhi (SrIkanThayya ೧೯೫೨:೧೯೬ nODi).

udAharaNegAgi, yAva badalAvaNeyannU tOrisadiruva satya, dharma, adhikAri, kapi modalAdavugaLannu mattu koneyalli mAtravE badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva SAle (SAlA), janani (jananI), manassu (manas) modalAdavugaLannu tatsama padagaLendU mattu itara bhAgagaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuva Ase (ASA), nidde (nidrA), huNNime (pUrNimA), batti (varti) modalAda padagaLannu tadbhava padagaLendU kareyuva krama rUDhiyallide.

intaha padagaLa vibhajane inDO-Aryan emba bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva prAkxta, pAli, hindi, marAThi, gujarAti modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa mattu arthakOSagaLa maTTige bahaLa upayuktavAdudendu hELalu sAdhyavide. nijakkU I bhAShegaLalli tatsama mattu tadbhava emba eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra ive. ivugaLalli tadbhava padagaLella cAritrikavAgi samskxtakkU mattu avakkU oTTige mUla bhASheyA giruva inDO-Aryan‌ninda beLedubandavugaLu. samskxtada padagaLi ginta bhinnavAgilladiruva tatsama padagaLu mAtra nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandavugaLu embudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.

Adare kannaDa bhAShe idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa bhAShA kuTumbakke sEriruva kAraNa, adaralli tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLu mAtravallade mUla bhASheyinda beLedu bandiruva drAviDa padagaLU halavive. nijakkU kannaDadalli kANisuva tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLeraDU samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLE. avugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, tatsama padagaLalli kaDime badalAvaNegaLu naDedive mattu tadbhava padagaLalli jAsti badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. hAgAgi, kannaDada vyAkaraNa illavE arthakOSada maTTige tatsama- tadbhavavemba eravalu padagaLa vibhajaneyinda viSiShTavAda prayOjana vEnU illa. kannaDada maTTige samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLa nnella ondE vibhAgadalli irisi pariSIlisidare sAkAguttade.

A.೧.೩ badalAvaNegaLige kAraNagaLu

eravalAgi banda padagaLu bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi badalAvaNegaLige oLagAguttave. avannu eravalAgi koTTa bhAShegU mattu eravalAgi paDedukonDa bhAShegU naDuve varNagaLa sankhyeya maTTige mattu varNagaLu padagaLalli baruva kramada maTTige vyatyAsagaLiveyAdare, padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuva bhAShe tanna varNavyavasthege hondi koLLuvante avugaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLuttade. udAharaNe gAgi kannaDadalli mahAprANAkSharagaLu mUlataH iralillavAdudarinda, samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda halavAru padagaLalli mahAprANakSharagaLu alpaprANAkSharagaLAgi badalAgive. udA: bIdi (vIthi), sante (samsthA), dAre (dhArA), bandi (bandhi), ityAdi.

innondu bhASheyinda jAsti padagaLannu eravalu paDediruva bhAShe avugaLondige kelavu hosa varNagaLannU paDedukonDiralu sAdhyavide, mattu anantara A bhASheyinda eravalAgi baruva padagaLalli antaha varNagaLu badalAgade uLiyalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada kelavu prabhEda gaLalli (udA: barahada kannaDa) I rIti heccu heccu mahA prANAkSharagaLiruva padagaLu eravalAgi bandudarindAgi antaha akShara gaLu A prabhEdada varNagaLAgibiTTive. tatsama mattu tadbhavagaLemba eraDu rItiya eravalAda padagaLu kannaDadalli kANisalu idU ondu kAraNa. tadbhavagaLu badalAvaNe avaSyavendu kANisuva samayadalli banda padagaLu, mattu tatsamagaLu A avaSyakate illavAdAga eravalAgi banda padagaLu. Adare I rItiya vayvidhyate ingliSh, hindi

modalAda bhAShegaLinda kannaDakke eravalAgi banda padagaLallU kANisuttade.

bhASheya varNagaLalli mattu avugaLa vyavastheyalli kAladinda kAlakke badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttA iruttave. I badalAvaNegaLu A bhASheyavE Agiruva padagaLalli mAtravallade, A bhAShege bEre bhAShe gaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLallU naDeyuttave. eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANisuva halavu vyatyAsagaLige intaha cAritrika badalAvaNe innondu mukhya kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli sumAru ondu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde padagaLa Adiyalli baruva pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe yondu naDeyitu. I badalAvaNeya phalavannu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli mAtravallade, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva pada gaLallU kANabahudu.

1. (೧) kannaDada padagaLalli pakAra hakAravAgiruvudu
2. haLegannaDa hosagannaDa
3. pAl hAlu
4. paN haNNu
5. puli huli
6. pO hO(gu)
7. (೨) samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli pakAra hakAra
8. vAgiruvudu
9. samskxta kannaDa
10. pakShi hakki
11. paSu hasu
12. parva habba
13. piShTa hiTTu

idE rItiyalli giDDasvarada anantara baruva rakAravu, adara anantara vyanjanavondu bandiddAga, A vyanjanadondige sEri ottakShara vAguva badalAvaNe kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli mAtravallade samskxta dinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLallU naDedide.

ಹಳೆಗನ್ನಡ	ಹೊಸಗನ್ನಡ	ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ	ಕನ್ನಡ
ಸೊರ್ಕು	ಸೊಕ್ಕು	ವರ್ಣ	ಬಣ್ಣ
ಪರ್ಬು	ಹಬ್ಬು	ವರ್ತಿ	ಬತ್ತಿ
ಪೆರ್ಮೆ	ಹೆಮ್ಮೆ	ಕರ್ತರಿ	ಕತ್ತರಿ
ಬಿರ್ಚು	ಬಿಚ್ಚು

bhAShegaLalli naDeyuva intaha cAritrika badalAvaNegaLalli prati yondakkU sAmAnyavAgi ondu avadhiyiruttade. I avadhi dATida mEle hosadAgi bhASheyoLakke eravalAgi baruva padagaLu A badalAvaNege oLagAguvudilla. udAharaNegAgi kannaDadalli pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnada hottige pUrNagonDirabEkendu tOruttade. adara anantara samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli pakAra hAgeyE uLidiruvudannu pakSha, paTTi, patni, padArtha, pustaka, pUrva modalAda padagaLalli kANa bahudu. tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke I rIti bEre bEre kAlagaLalli samskxtadinda padagaLu eravalAgi bandiruvudu innondu kAraNa.

bhASheyondannu baLasuva janaru adakke eravalAgi baruva pada gaLannu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLa mUlaka paDeyuttArembudu A padagaLalli kANisuva (illavE kANisadiruva) badalAvaNegaLige innondu kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli samskxta padagaLannu baLasuva jana ralli kelavaru samskxta bhASheyalli cennAgi paLagidavarirabahudu mattu bEre kelavaru samskxta bhASheya alpa svalpa jYAnaviruvavarirabahudu. innuLidavarige samskxtada jYAna svalpavU illadirabahudu. samskxta ballavaru A bhASheya padagaLannu adaralliruvanteyE baLasaballarAdare, uLidavarige idu sAdhyavAgadu.

eravalAgi banda padagaLu yAva rItiyalli mattu yAva rUpadalli baLakege baruttave embudu hIge A bhASheyannADuvavarige eravalAgi padagaLannu koDuva bhASheya jYAna hEgide embudU AdhAravAgiruttade. idu samskxta mAtravallade ingliSh, hindi modalAda bhAShegaLigU anvayisuvantaha sangati.

A.೧.೪ padagaLa vargabhEda

bhASheyondakke eravalAgi baruva padagaLalli heccinavU prANi, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu hesarisuvantaha rUDhanAmagaLAgiruttave. kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLantaha bEre padavargagaLige sErida pada gaLu I rIti nAmapadagaLa hAge nEravAgi bhASheyondakke eravalAgi baruvudu kaDime. baruvudiddarU ivu nAmapadagaLa angagaLAgi bandu anantara bEre padagaLondige baruvAga avugaLinda bErpaTTu kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLAgi rUDhige baruva sAdhyateyide.

idE rItiyalli padagaLa angagaLAgi baruva pratyayagaLU nEravAgi ondu bhASheyinda innondu bhAShege eravalAgi baruvudilla. ondu pratyayavannoLagonDiruva halavAru padagaLu eravalAgi bandalli, avugaLalliruva pratyaya kAlakramENa A padagaLinda bErpaTTu bhAShe yavE Ada bEre padagaLondige sEruva mUlaka A bhASheya pratyayavendenisaballudu.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva naTa-naTi, lEkhaka-lEkhaki, SikShaka-SikShaki modalAda padayugagaLalli kANisuva a mattu i emba lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLa mAdariyalliyE kannaDada huDuga-huDugi, kuruDa-kuruDi, muduka-muduki modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLu tayArAgiruvante tOru ttade. idE rItiyalli samskxtada dhana-dhanika, rasa-rasika, tarka- tArkika embantaha padayugagaLalli kANisuva ika emba pratyayavannanu sarisi, kannaDada gANa-gANiga, heNNu-heNNiga, sAli-sAliga embantaha padayugagaLalli kANisuva iga emba pratyaya tayArAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

Adare, sAmAnyavAgi eravalAgi banda intaha pratyayaviruva padagaLella itara oLaracaneyillada padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguvudE jAsti.

A.೨ eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracane

padavondara oLaracane entahadu embudannu nirdharisuvalli sAmAnya vAgi adannu tayArisuvudakkAgi entaha racaneyannu baLasikoLLalAgittu emba cAritrika amSakke heccina prAdhAnyateyannu koDabEkAguttade embudannu nAvu mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa oLaracanegintalU nAmapadagaLa oLa racaneyalli I viShaya eddu kANisuttade. hesarisuvudu mattu varNisu

vudu emba eraDu rItiya baLakegaLige nAmapadagaLu mAtra oLagAgu ttaveyembudE idakke mukhya kAraNa.

೮.೨.೧ oLaracaneyalli vyatyAsa

Adare eravalAgi banda padagaLigU mattu bhASheyalliyE beLedu banda padagaLigU naDuve I viShayadalli ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. mEleyE sUcisiruvante, eravalAgi banda padagaLige avugaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva bhASheyalli oLaracaneyideyAdarU eravalAgi paDediruva bhASheyalli avu oLaracaneyillada padagaLa hAge baLakeyAgu vudE jAsti. udAharaNegAgi, rujuvAtu emba pada parSiyan bhASheyalli ruju emba padakke vAt emba bahuvacana pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyAdarU, kannaDadalli adu oLaracaneyillada padada hAgeyE baLakeyAguttade. A padakke bahu vacanArthavU kannaDadallilla.

eravalAgi koDuva bhASheyalli oLaracaneyiruva halavAru pada gaLu I rIti innondu bhAShege eravalAgi bandiveyAdare, antaha padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka avakke oLaracaneyannu eravalu paDeda bhASheyallU kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kANisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh‌ninda AkTar (AkT mADu vavanu), DAnsar (DAns mADuvavanu), SEvar (SEv mADuva sAdhana), modalAda halakelavu padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiddu, ivannu AkT, DAns, SEv, modalAda AkhyAta padagaLige ar emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAdavugaLendu hELalu sAdhya vide.

Adare kannaDadalli AkT, DAns, SEv modalAdavugaLu kriyApada gaLAgi baLakeyallillavAda kAraNa (avu mADu emba kriyApada dondige ‘AkhyAta’padagaLAgi mAtra baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa) inglISh‌nalliruvante kannaDadallU avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kriyApada gaLiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. endare, cAritrikavAgi I padagaLa tayArikeyalli entaha racaneyannu baLasikoLLalAgittu embudakkintalU sadyakke I padagaLalli entaha racane kANisuttide embudE illi mukhya vAda sangati.

idE rItiyalli samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracane entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu avu samskxta

dindalEnE eravalAgi bandiruva bEre padagaLondige sambandhagaLannu tOrisuttiveyE, mattu hAge tOrisuttiveyAdare A sambandhagaLu entahavu embudE AdhAravAgaballudallade, antaha padagaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva samskxta bhASheyalli avakke entaha oLaracane yide embudu AdhAravAgalAradu.

udAharaNegAgi, kxShNasarpa emba padakke samskxtadalli ondE vibhaktiyiruva eraDu nAmapadagaLannu (kxShNaH mattu sarpaH embavu gaLannu) karmadhArayavemba samAsada mUlaka sErisi tayArisiru vantaha jODupada embudAgi oLaracaneyannu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli I padakke koDabahudAda oLaracane idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli ‘kappu’ embarthada kxShNa emba pada guNavAcakavAgi baLakeyallideyallade nAmapadavAgi baLakeyallilla. samskxtada hAge kannaDadalli adakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, kxShNasarpa emba jODupadadalli kxShNa emba ondu guNapadavU mattu sarpa emba ondu nAmapadavU sErikonDive.

kannaDadalli I rIti ingliSh, samskxta, hindi, marAThi modalAda halavAru bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu baLakeyalliddu avellavU eravalAgi banda mEle kannaDadavE AgibiTTive. hAgAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyannu varNisuvAga kannaDadavE Ada padaracaneya niyamagaLannu anusarisabEkallade I padagaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli baLakeyalliruva padaracaneya niyamagaLannu anusarisuvudu sariyalla. Adare intaha eravalAgi banda padagaLindAgi kannaDada padaracaneya niyamagaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAgiru vudannu mattu avugaLondige bEre kelavu hosa padaracaneya niyamagaLu sErikonDiruvudannu gamanisuvudu avaSya.

A.೨.೨ eravalu koTTiruva bhASheya niyamagaLu

eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa mUlaka bhASheyondaralli I rIti hosatAda padaracaneya niyamagaLu sErikonDiveyAdare, avugaLa svarUpavEnu embudannu tiLiyalu antaha padagaLa oLaracane eravalu koTTiruva bhASheyalli hEgittu embudannu tiLiyuvudu svalpa maTTige sahAyakavAgaballudu.

udAharaNegAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva halavu padagaLalli ane mattu aNe emba eraDu bEre bEre rUpagaLalliruva pratyayavondannu kANabahudu. (udA: prArthane-prakaTaNe, varNane- smaraNe, kalpane-rakShaNe, AlOcane-AkarShaNe, ityAdi). I eraDu rUpagaLa hindiruva niyamavEnu embudannu tiLiyuvalli samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I padagaLa oLaracaneyannu hEge vivarisiddAre embudannu tiLidukonDalli sulabhavAdItu (keLage ೮.೩.೬ nODi).

idE rItiyalli samskxtadindalEnE eravalAgi bandiruva rAjya, Savrya, vaycitrya modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli ya emba ondu pratyayada baLakeyannu kANabahudu. I pratyaya sEridAga kelavu padagaLa svaradalli (udA: SUra-Savrya, malina-mAlinya, ityAdi) badalAvaNeyAguttade, Adare bEre kelavu padagaLa svaradalli (udA: rAja-rAjya, pada-padya, ityAdi) yAva badalAvaNeyU Aguvudilla. ika emba pratyayada baLakeyallU idE paristhitiyide (udA: nisarga- naysargika, mantra-mAntrika, lOka-lavkika, ityAdi). I badalAvaNe gaLa hindiruva padaracaneya niyamaventahadu embudannu tiLiyuvalli samskxta vyAkaraNagaLa pariSIlane sahAyakavAgaballudu.

A.೨.೩ padagaLa vibhajane

eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracane entahadu embudannu pari SIlisuva modalu avannu yAva yAva bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi paDe yalAgide emba viShayada AdhArada mEle bEre bEre gumpugaLAgi vingaDisikoLLuvudu avaSya. yAkendare, ondaroDanondu sambandha vannu tOrisuva padagaLellavU ondE bhASheyinda eravalAgi bandavu gaLAgiruvudE jAsti.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu avugaLoLagEnE ondaroDanondu sambandhisiralu sAdhyavideyallade, ingliSh illavE parSiyan‌ninda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLondige sambandhavannu tOrisuvudu bahaLa aparUpavendE hELabahudu. padagaLa oLaracaneyannu intaha sambandhagaLa AdhArada mEle sAdhisa bEkAgideyAda kAraNa, eravalu koTTa bhAShegaLa AdhArada mEle avannu vingaDisikoLLuvudarinda avugaLannu varNisuva kelasa heccu sulabhavAgaballudu.

keLagina kelavu vibhAgagaLalli (೮.೪-೬ralli) samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige kannaDadalli entaha oLaracaneyide embudannu svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide. idakke modalu kannaDadalli I padagaLi giruva oLaracane avakkEnE samskxtadalliruva oLaracaneginta yAke bhinna vAgide embudannu (೮.೩ralli) svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

ingliSh, hindi, marAThi, parSiyan, tamiLu modalAda bEre halavu bhAShegaLindalU kannaDakke padagaLu eravalAgi badiddu, ivannU idE rItiyalli bEre bErAgi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare antaha prayatnavannu I pustakakkAgi naDesalu sAdhyavAgalilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೩ samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu

kannaDadalli samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu halavive. ivugaLa sankhye kannaDada bEre bEre prabhEdagaLalli bEre bErAgide. SAstrIya barahagaLalli intaha padagaLu jAsti ive Adare bEre rItiya baraha gaLalli kaDime ive. eravalAgi banda I padagaLa svarUpavU prabhEda dinda prabhEdakke bhinna bhinnavAgide. kelavu prabhEdagaLalli ivu mUla samskxta rUpadallE uLidiveyAdare, innu kelavu prabhEdagaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLige oLagAguvudara mUlaka mUla samskxta padagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgive.

samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLellavU samskxta dalli oLaracaneyuLLavugaLE Agiruttaveyendu hELabahudu. avellakkU mUladalli bEre bEre kriyAdhAtugaLE AdhAravAgiddu, A dhAtugaLige bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu illavE itara dhAtugaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka samskxtadalli I padagaLannu racisalAgide.

Adare kannaDada maTTige ivugaLalli kelavannu mAtra oLaracaneyiru vavugaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padavondakke oLaracaneyideyendu hELabEkAdare, kannaDa dallE bEre padagaLondige adu rUpa mattu arthagaLalli sambandha vannu tOrisuttiruvudu avaSya.

I kAraNakkAgi eravalAgi bandiruva ondu padakke oLaracane yideyE athavA illavE embudu nAvu pariSIlisuttiruva kannaDada prabhEdavannanusarisi bEre bErAgiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, satya emba padakke kelavu prabhEdagaLalli oLaracaneyilla endu hELalu sAdhya vide, Adare bEre kelavu prabhEdagaLalli (endare sat emba padavannU

eravalAgi paDediddu, adakke ya emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka satya emba padavannu tayArisalu sAdhyaviruvantaha prabhEda dalli) adakke oLaracaneyideyendU vAdisalu sAdhyavAdItu. samskxta dinda jAsti padagaLannu eravalAgi paDediruva kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli jAsti padagaLige oLaracaneyideyendu parigaNisalu sAdhya emba viShaya idarinda spaShTavAguttade.

hIgiddarU mEle sUcisidante, eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLa racane avakke mUla bhASheyalli (endare samskxtadalli) iruva oLa racaneginta tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli avannu pratyEkavAgi pariSIlisuvudu avaSya, mattu antaha pariSIlaneya AdhArada mEle avakke kannaDadavE Ada pada racaneya niyamagaLannu tayArisikoLLuvudu avaSya.

samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva padaracaneya niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDada vyAkaraNadoLage tandu hAkidalli avu I eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracaneyannu sariyAgi tiLisihELalAravu. kannaDa mattu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve halavAru prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiddu, eravalAgi banda padagaLu kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannanusarisuvudE hIge mADalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.

samskxta mattu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve padaracanege sambandhisi dantaha vyatyAsagaLalli prAmukhyavAda kelavannu keLagina vibhAgagaLalli paricayisalAgide. samskxdadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLa racane kannaDadalli samskxtadalliruvudakkinta yAke bhinnavAgide mattu yAva rItiyalli bhinnavAgide embudannu tiLiyalu I vyatyAsagaLa arivu sahAyakavAgaballudu.

A.kha.೧ padavargadalli vyatyAsa

kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLembudAgi mUru mukhyavAda padavargagaLiveyendU mattu ivugaLalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLondige sErihOguvuvAda kAraNa samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra ive yendU nAvu eraDaneya adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu.

samskxtakkU mattu kannaDakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsada pariNAma vAgi, samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli halavakke

samskxtadalli kANisuva oLaracaneginta bhinnavAda oLaracaneyannu kalpisi koDuva avaSyakate kanDubaruttade.

samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli heccinavU nAmapadagaLE. avugaLalli kelavu guNapadagaLAgiyU mattu bEre kelavu nAmapadagaLAgiyU kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNe gAgi, nIli, bEga (vEga), mukhya, uttama, yOgya modalAda samskxtada nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli guNapadagaLAgiyU mattu grAma, kavi, pATha, vidye, sEvaka, yantra modalAda nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAguttave.

samskxtada kriyApadagaLu nEravAgi kriyApadagaLAgiyE kannaDakke eravalAgi baruvudilla. idakke badalu avu bhUtakxdanta (sambandhaka) rUpadalli guNapadagaLAgi nAmapadagaLondige (udA: dxDha manassu, gupta jIvana, bhagna kanasu, SAnta cahare, ityAdi), illavE iru emba kriyApadadondige (udA: dxDhavAgu, guptavAgu, SAnta vAgu, hitavAgu, ityAdi) baruttave.

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya pada vargagaLu mAtravallade, avyayavemba innondu amukhya padavargavU ide. I padavargakke sErida padagaLU kannaDakke guNapadagaLAgi eravalAguttave. (udA: punaH, vxthA, nAnA, ityAdi).

samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracane yemhadembudannu nirdharisuvallU padavargagaLa maTTige ivugaLa naDuve kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide. idannu mukhyavAgi jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli kANabahudu. samskxtada jODupadagaLige tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, dvandva, bahuvrIhi mattu avyayibhAvagaLemba Aru mukhyavAda oLaracane (samAsa)gaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyideyendu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu abhi prAyapaTTiddAre. Adare kannaDada jODupadagaLige idakkinta tIra bhinna vAda oLaracanegaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyideyembudannu nAvu mEle Araneya adhyAyadalli nODiddEve.

kannaDada jODupadagaLige mAtravallade samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva jODupadagaLigU kannaDadalli samskxtada Aru oLaracane (samAsa)gaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva oLaracanegaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate yide. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli tatpuruSha mattu karmadhAraya gaLemba eraDu rItiya jODupadagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare,

tatpuruShadalli oTTu sEruva nAmapadagaLu bEre bEre vibhaktigaLalliru ttave (rAjYaH ‘rAjana’ puruShaH ‘jana’ rAjapuruShaH), mattu karma dhArayadalli oTTusEruva nAmapadagaLu ondE vibhaktiyalliruttave (kxShNaH ‘kappu’ sarpaH ‘hAvu’ kxShNasarpaH).

Adare kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva intaha jODupadagaLalli karmadhAraya samAsavannu tOrisuva halavu padagaLige kannaDadalli bEreyE ondu oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoDabEkAguttade. yAkendare, vibhaktiyondige baralArada guNapadadondige nAmapadavondannu sErisuvantaha oLaracane ivugaLigide. mEle koTTiruva kxShNasarpa emba pada mAtravallade, paramAnna, sadguNa, mandabuddhi, mUla dhana, SuklapakSha modalAdavugaLU kannaDadalli intaha oLaracaneyannu tOrisuttave.

A.vi.೨ pUrva mattu parapratyayagaLu

samskxtadalli baLakeyalliruva padagaLalli heccinavannU (kelavara abhi prAyadante ellA padagaLannU) kriyApadavemba ondE ondu pada vargakke sErida dhAtugaLinda tayArisalAgide. bahuSaH idE kAraNakkAgi samskxtada padagaLalli kANisikoLLuva pratyayagaLa sankhye bahaLa doDDadu. I pratyayagaLu dhAtuvina eDakke sEruvuvAdare avannu pUrvapratyaya (illavE upasarga)gaLendU mattu balakke sEruvu vAdare avannu parapratyayagaLendU kareyuvudu rUDhi.

(೧) pUrvapratyayagaLa baLake

ಹಾಸ್ಯ	ಅಪಹಾಸ್ಯ
ಅಪರಾಧಿ	ನಿರಪರಾಧಿ
ವಿವೇಕಿ	ಅವಿವೇಕಿ
ನಗರ	ಉಪನಗರ
ಶಬ್ದ	ನಿಶ್ಯಬ್ದ

(೨) parapratyayagaLa baLake

(೨) ಪರ್ಯಾಯಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ
ಅಧಿಕಾರ	ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ
ಪ್ರಾಂತ	ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯ
ಕೃತಜ್ಞ	ಕೃತಜ್ಞತೆ
ಕ್ಷಣ	ಕ್ಷಣಿಕ

vidyArthi vidyArthini

kannaDadalli nAma, kriye mattu guNagaLemba mUru bEre bEre padavargagaLige sEruva dhAtugaLiveyAda kAraNa adakke aShTondu pratyayagaLa avaSyakateyillavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. idallade kannaDadalli parapratyayagaLu mAtra iveyallade pUrvapratyayagaLilla. I kAraNakkAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli pUrvapratyayaviruvavu gaLu kannaDadalli bEre bEre rItiya oLaracanegaLannu tOrisuttave.

intaha padagaLalli kelavannu kannaDadalli jODupadagaLendu kareyu vudE oLLeyadendu tOruttade. ivu kannaDadalli guNapada mattu nAma padagaLannu oTTu sErisi racisida jODupadagaLa hAge kANisuvudE idakke mukhya kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada ati emba pUrva pratyaya kannaDadalli ati doDDa, atiyAgi modalAda kaDegaLalli guNa padada hAge svatantravAgi baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, atikramaNa, atyAsa, atyanta modalAdavugaLalli samskxtadalliruvante pada vondakke pUrva pratyaya sErideyendu hELuva badalu, guNapada vondakke nAmapada sEri jODupadavAgideyendu hELuvudE kannaDada maTTige heccu sari.

idE rItiyalli prati emba pUrvapratyayavU kannaDadalli ondu svatantravAda padavAgi baLakeyalliddu (udA: pratiyAgi, pratiyobba), adarondige baruva padagaLannU jODupadagaLendu kareyalu sAdhya vide. I rIti svatantravAgi baradiddarU padagaLa hAge mukhyavAda arthavannE koDaballa upa, dur, sva modalAdavugaLannU kannaDadalli asvatantra padagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyaviddu, avannoLagonDiruva pada gaLannU kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge pUrvapratyayagaLiruva padagaLendu hELade, jODupadagaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. udA:

prati kriye pratikriye sthApane pratisthApane dhvani pratidhvani pAlane pratipAlane kxti pratikxti

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
ಉಪ:	ಗ್ರಹ ನಗರ ಆಹಾರ ಜಾತಿ ಭಾಷೆ	ಉಪಗ್ರಹ ಉಪನಗರ ಉಪಾಹಾರ ಉಪಜಾತಿ ಉಪಭಾಷೆ
ದುರ್:	ಅಭಿಮಾನ ಆಲೋಚನೆ ಅಹಂಕಾರ ಬುದ್ಧಿ ಭಾಗ್ಯ	ದುರಭಿಮಾನ ದುರಾಲೋಚನೆ ದುರಹಂಕಾರ ದುರ್ಬುದ್ಧಿ ದುರ್ಭಾಗ್ಯ
ಸ್ವ:	ರೂಪ ಆಧೀನ ಇಚ್ಛೆ ರಾಜ್ಯ ದೇಶ	ಸ್ವರೂಪ ಸ್ವಾಧೀನ ಸ್ಟೇಚ್ಛೆ ಸ್ವರಾಜ್ಯ ಸ್ವದೇಶ

Adare itara kelavu eravalAgi banda padagaLannu pUrvapratyaya viruva padagaLendu hELuvudE oLLeyadendu tOruttade. udAharaNe gAgi, prakhyAta, prayatna, modalAduvannu khyAta, yatna modalAda vugaLondige hOlisi nODidAga avugaLa modalaneya angavAda pra embudu ondu pUrvapratyayavAgi kANisikoLLuttade. idE rItiyalli, vikhyAta, vivAda, vijYAna, vinASa, viyOga modalAdavugaLannu khyAta, vAda, jYAna, nASa modalAdavugaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, avugaLallU vi emba modalaneya anga pUrvapratyaya vAgi kANisikoLLuttade. kannaDadalli ivannu svatantra illavE asvatantra padagaLendu hELuvudu kaShTavAda kAraNa ivugaLindAgi kannaDadallillada pUrvapratyayagaLu eravalinindAgi bandiveyendu hELabEkAguttade.

A.kha.kha dhAtugaLalli vyatyAsa

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLellavU oLaracaneyuLLavugaLE Agiddu, avannella ondalla ondu kriyAdhAtu vininda sAdhisalu sAdhya embudAgi vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTi

ddAre. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, kannaDadalli oLaracaneyilladantaha halavAru nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLu baLakeyallive. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli ‘dhAtu’ emba pada ‘kriyAdhAtu’ emba ondu arthadalli mAtra baLakeyAgaballudAdare, kannaDadalli nAmadhAtu, kriyAdhAtu mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru bEre bEre arthagaLalli baLakeyAgaballudu.

samskxtada padaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLannu mukhyavAgi eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisuva kramavide. nEravAgi kriyAdhAtuga Londige baruva pratyayagaLannu kxt pratyayagaLendU mattu antaha pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida padagaLondige baruva pratyayagaLannu taddita pratyayagaLendU kareyuvudu rUDhi. udAharaNegAgi, dhan emba kriyAdhAtuvininda dhana emba nAmapadavannu tayArisalu baLasuva a emba pratyaya ondu kxt‌pratyaya mattu dhana emba A nAmapadadinda dhanavat (dhanavAn) emba bErondu nAmapadavannu tayArisalu baLasuva vat emba pratyaya ondu taddita pratyaya.

idallade upasargagaLemba pUrvapratyayagaLU samskxta padagaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguttave. ivu kxt mattu taddhita pratyayagaLa hAge padagaLa anantara (balakke) baruva badalu avugaLa modalige (eDakke) baruttave. udAharaNegAgi, jYAna emba padakke a emba upasargavannu sErisi ajYAna emba padavannU, svapna emba padakke dur emba upasargavannu sErisi dusvapna emba padavannU mattu jIvana emba padakke upa emba upasargavannu sErisi upajIvana emba padavannU tayArisabahudu.

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada I vidhAnavannE anusarisi kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa oLaracaneyannu kxt‌pratyaya mattu taddhita pratyayagaLemba eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda varNisalu prayatnisiddAre. Adare I prayatna kannaDa padagaLa maTTige yaSasviyAga lAradu. yAkendare, kannaDadalli nAmadhAtu, kriyAdhAtu mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru rItiya dhAtugaLiddu, kannaDada padagaLannu I mUru rItiya dhAtugaLige bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka sAdhisabEkAguttade.

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannU kannaDadavE Ada oLaracaneya vidhAnagaLa mUlaka varNisabEkAguttadallade samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnagaLa mUlaka varNisalu sAdhya

vAgadu. yAkendare, mEle (೮.೩)ralli sUcisidante I padagaLa oLaracane mukhyavAgi avakkU kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva itara pada gaLigU naDuviruva sambandhada mEle Adharisiruttadeyallade samskxta dalli I padagaLigiruva oLaracaneya AdhArada mElalla.

udAharaNegAgi kannaDakke samskxtadinda kriyApadagaLu nEravAgi eravalAguvudilla. avugaLondige kxt illavE taddita pratyayagaLu sEriruva rUpadallAgali, illavE kannaDada isu emba pratyaya dondigAgali avu baLakege baruttave (udA: rakShaNe-rakShisu, ASraya- ASrita-ASrayisu, ityAdi). hAgAgi, kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracaneyannu sandarbhakkanusAravAgi kelavu asvatantravAda dhAtugaLannu kalpisuvudara mUlaka varNisabEkAguttade. heccinaDegaLallU I dhAtugaLu yAva vargakke sEruttave embudannu nirdharisalu kannaDadalli yAva AdhAravU doreyuvudilla (೮.೫ nODi).

A.vi.A tayArike mattu baLake

kannaDa mattu samskxta padagaLa naDuve innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. kannaDada nAmapadagaLige tayArike mattu baLake embudAgi eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda avasthegaLiddu, I padagaLu yAvudAdarondu sandarbhadalli tayArAda baLika, baLakege bandu uLidare mAtra bhASheya padagaLendenisaballuvu (೧.೬.೧ nODi). I kAraNakkAgi, oLaracaneya maTTige ‘niyamabaddha’vAgi kANisuva pratyayaviruva nAmapada illavE jODupadagaLellavU kannaDadalli bhASheya padagaLAguvudilla. antaha padagaLu ondu niScitavAda arthadalli rUDhige bandAga mAtra avu bhASheya padagaLendenisaballuvu.

idallade, bhASheyalli rUDhige bandiruva kannaDada padagaLu oLa racaneya maTTige ‘niyamabaddha’vAgi illadiralU sAdhyavide. padakkondu niyama ennuvaShTara maTTige kannaDadalli pratyayaviruva padagaLa mattu jODupadagaLa oLaracane aniyamitavAgiralu sAdhyavide. idakke kAraNa vEnEndare, kannaDa bhASheya nijavAda svarUpa mAtina baLakeyallEnE siddhavAguvantahadu. barahadalli adannu baLasuttiruvevAdarU, mAti giruvaShTu mahatva barahakkilla. kaLeda ondUvare-eraDu sAvira varSha gaLalli kannaDa bhAShe eShTondu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgide (pUrvada haLegannaDaviddudu haLegannaDavAgi, naDugannaDavAgi anantara hosagannaDa

vAgide mattu hosagannaDadallU UrindUrige mattu jAtiyinda jAtige adu bhinna bhinnavAgide) embudannu pariSIlisidevAdare mAtina baLakege I bhASheya svarUpavannu nirdharisuvalli entaha mahatvavide emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu racisuvavaru adu barahadalli mAtravallade mAtinallU yAva rUpadallide embudannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. innondu prAmukhyavAda sangatiyEnendare, barahagaLu bhASheya ondu cikka amSavannu mAtravE pratinidhIkarisa balluvu. udAharaNegAgi, tinnu emba kriyApadakkiruva halavu rUpa gaLalli (tinnuttAne, tinda, tinnali, tinnuttEne, tinnaliddEne, tinnuttiddALe, ityAdi) kelavE kelavannu mAtra barahagaLalli kANa ballevu. uLida rUpagaLannu paDeyalu mAtina marehogabEkAguttade.

idallade bhAShe mAtinalli badalAdante barahadallU badalAgu ttiddu, I viShayadalli baraha mAtannanusarisuvudallade, mAtu baraha vannanusarisuvudilla. kAladinda kAlakke barahada bhASheyalli badalAvaNe gaLunTAgalu adakke modalu mAtinalli badalAvaNegaLunTAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNavAgiruttade.

I viShayadalli samskxta bhAShe kannaDakkinta (mattu sAvirAru itara bhAShegaLiginta) bahaLa maTTige bhinnavAgide. kaLeda eraDu sAvira varSha gaLalli (pANiniya kAladindIcege) samskxta bhAShe svalpavU badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide. I dIrghavAda avadhiyalli adara prayOgagaLigella barahada bhAShe mUlAdhAravAgiddudE idakke mukhya kAraNa. eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde racitavAgidda pANiniya vyAkaraNa niyama gaLu ivattigU A bhASheyalli padagaLannu mattu padarUpagaLannu tayArisalu AdhAravAgiruttave. I niyamagaLannu mIruva padagaLu illavE padarUpagaLu sAdhuvenisabEkAdare, avu mahAkavigaLa illavE vidvAmsara barahagaLalli kANisabEku, endare mAnyavAda barahagaLalli rUDhige bandirabEku.

pANiniya kAlada samskxtadalli padagaLa tayArike mattu baLake gaLemba eraDu ghaTTagaLa naDuve spaShTavAda vyatyAsavittu. Atana vyAkaraNa dalli onderaDu padagaLa racanege mAtravE anvayisuvantaha niyama gaLU halaviveyembudu I viShayavannu spaShTapaDisuttave. Adare Atana kAlada anantarada kAladalli samskxta bhAShe bariya barahada bhASheyAgi uLidu, adakke mAtina baLakeya AdhAra tappihOyitu.

mAtinalli A bhAShe pAli, prAkxta, apabhramSa ityAdiyAgi badalAguttA hOdarU barahadalli mAtra antaha badalAvaNegaLannu anusarisade iddudiddanteyE uLidukonDudE idakke kAraNa. endare, kannaDa baraha haLegannaDaviddaddu naDugannaDavAgi anantara hosagannaDavAgi badalAgide, Adare samskxta baraha samskxtaviddaddu prAkxtavAgi anantara hindi, marAThi modalAdavugaLalli ondAgalilla, idakke badalu adu samskxtavAgiyE uLidukonDide.

bhASheya maTTige hIge kAladinda kAlakke badalAgade uLiyuvudu ondu asvAbhAvika ghaTaneyendu hELabahudu. I kAraNakkAgi samskxtada vyAkaraNavU kelavu asvAbhAvika guNadharmagaLannu tOrisu ide. adara nAmapadagaLalli tayArike mattu baLake emba I eraDu ghaTTagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa heccina maTTige illavAgiruvudu intaha guNadharmagaLalli prAmukhyavAdudu. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve I viShayadalli bahaLa spaShTavAda vyatyAsavide. idannu I eraDu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLa pariSIlaneyinda tiLidukoLLa bahudu.

kannaDadalli jODupadagaLannu tayArisida kUDalE avu bhASheya padagaLAguvudilla. hAge tayArisida padagaLu idakkAgi bhASheyalli rUDhige baruva avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi, eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi tayArisiruva bayalATa, neligaDale, jEnuhuLa, tAyimane modalAda jODupadagaLannu gamanisabahudu. bayalina ATa, nelada kaDale, jEnina huLa, tAyiya mane modalAda padagucchagaLalli modalaneya padadondige bandiruva a emba sambandhaka pratyayavannu tegedu hAki I jODupadagaLannu tayArisa lAgide.

Adare ellA rItiya padagucchagaLindalU I rIti modalaneya padadondige baruva sambandhaka pratyayavannu tegedu hAki avannu kannaDada jODupadagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi bayalina OTa, nelada baNNa, marada huLa, tAyiya sIre, modalAda padagucchagaLinda avugaLa modalaneya padadondige baruva sambandhaka pratyayavannu tegedu hAki bayalOTa, nelabaNNa, marahuLa, tAyisIre embudAgi padagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyadarU avu nijakkU kannaDada jODupadagaLalla. antaha padagaLannu nAvu kannaDada arthakOSagaLalli kANuvudU illa.

bayalATa, nelagaDale modalA davugaLa hAge avakkondu viSiShTavAda artha dorakida mEle mattu A arthadalli avu bhASheyalli baLakege banda mEle mAtravE avannu kannaDada jODupadagaLendu hELalu mattu kannaDada arthakOSagaLalli avannu sErisikoLLalu sAdhyavAdItu.

kriyApadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva jAru banDi, cuccumaddu, hurigaDale, biccugatti, huTTuhabba modalAda jODupadagaLa baLakeyU idE rItiyadu. sAmAnyavAgi kriyApada vondannu nAmapadadondige baLasabEkiddalli adannu sambandhaka rUpa dallirisabEku. jAruva nela, cuccuva muLLu, biccida kUdalu, huTTida rAtri modalAda padagucchagaLalli intaha racaneyannu kANa bahudu. intaha padagucchagaLalli jAruva banDi, cuccuva maddu, hurida kaDale modalAda kelavu padagucchagaLu mAtra avugaLa modalaneya padadondige bandiruva kAlapratyaya mattu sambandhaka pratyayagaLannu kaLedukonDu jODupadagaLAgi kannaDadalli baLakege bandive.

jAruva nela, cuccuva muLLu modalAda itara padaguccha gaLindalU jAruneli, cuccumuLLu modalAda intaha jODupada gaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU avu kannaDada jODupadagaLu endenisabEkiddalli avakke mEle hELidante viSiShTavAdondu artha sigabEku mattu A arthadalli avu baLakege barabEku.

guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva doDDaNNa, aDDadAri, beNkallu modalAda jODupadagaLa baLake idakkinta svalpa bhinnavAgideyAdarU tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuviruva antara illU spaShTavAgiyE kANisikoLLuttade. kannaDadalli guNapadagaLannu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare intaha baLakegaLu bariya padagucchagaLAgiruttavallade jODupadagaLendenisuvu dilla. udAharaNegAgi, doDDa mane, aDDagODe, biLikallu modalA davugaLu bariya padagucchagaLu mAtra.

ivu kannaDadalli jODupadagaLendenisabEkAdare, mEle hELidante ivakkU ondu viSiShTavAda artha labhisabEku mattu A arthadalli avu baLakege barabEku. Adare I rIti padagucchagaLu jODupadagaLAgi badalAguvAga ivugaLalli pratyayagaLAvuvU bidduhOguvudilla (ivu gaLalli bidduhOguvantaha pratyayagaLE illa) embudE ivugaLigU

mattu mEle koTTiruva bEre eraDu rItiya jODupadagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa. Adare intaha guNapadagaLiruva jODupadagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi padagucchagaLalli kANisadiruva kelavu sandhiya niyama gaLannu kANabahudu (udA: biLi-beL, kappu-kari, kar ityAdi).

samskxtadalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bhinna vAdudu. adara kelavu jODupadagaLige padagucchagaLiginta bhinnavAda artha ideyAdarU, avannu antaha arthadalli mAtravallade bariya padagucchada arthadallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. nijakkU ‘samAsa’vemba vyAkaraNa vidhAna samskxtadalli eraDu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sankShipta rUpadalli baLasuva ondu sAdhana mAtra. adannondu padaracaneya vidhAnavannunnuvudakkintalU vAkyavannu sankShiptagoLisuva sAdhanavendu hELuvudE heccu samanjasavAgaballudu.

sandhikAryagaLa mUlaka padagaLa naDuve baruva akSharagaLannu tegedu hAki illavE badalAyisi A padagaLu ondaroDanondu jODikoLLu vante mADuva hAgeyE samskxtadalli samAsa kAryagaLa mUlaka padagaLa naDuve baruva linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu tegedu hAki avu innaShTu hattira bandu jODikoLLuvante mADalu sAdhyavAguttade. I eraDu vyAkaraNa kriyegaLallU samskxtadalli padagaLa ananyate naShTa vAguvudilla. samskxtada I samAsa vidhAna kannaDadalli kANisuva samAsa vidhAnadinda tIra bhinnavAdudu.

samskxtada jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli tayArike mattu baLake emba eraDu ghaTTagaLilla emba viShaya bANabhaTTana kAdambariyalli kANisi koLLuva jODupadagaLannu pariSIlisidalli bahaLa spaShTavAgaballudu. ippattu-mUvattu padagaLannu oTTusErisi tayArisida udduddavAda jODupadagaLu halavu A granthadallive. intaha jODupadagaLige tayArikeyemba ondE ondu ghaTTaviralu sAdhyavideyallade adakkinta bhinnavAda baLakeyemba eraDaneya ghaTTaviruvudu asAdhya. yAkendare antaha udduddavAgiruva jODupadagaLannu punaH punaH baLasuva sandarbhagaLE baralAravu.

samskxta bhASheyalli I rIti hosa hosa padagaLannu tayArisi hELalu mAtina baLakeya AdhAra bEkAgillavAda kAraNa, mattu antaha padagaLige artha hELalu avugaLa oLaracane mAtravE AdhAravAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, kannaDadalli hosa hosa pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasabEkAgiruva sandarbhagaLallella samskxta bhAShege marehoguva krama

rUDhige bandide. (ingliSh‌nallU idE rItiyalli hosa hosa pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasabEkAdAgalella lyATin illavE grIk bhAShege mare hoguva krama rUDhiyallittembudannu illi gamanisa bahudu.) pAribhAShika padagaLige avugaLa oLaracaneyindalEnE nEra vAgi artha siguvantiddare oLLeyademba anisikeyE hIge mADalu ondu kAraNavirabEku.

sumAru eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu dIrghavAda avadhiyalli samskxta bhAShe mAtina baLakeya AdhAra tappihOgi bariya barahada baLakeya AdhArada mEle mattu vidvAmsaru racisida vyAkaraNa niyama gaLa AdhArada mEle mAtravE nillabEkAgi bandide. I kAraNakkAgi I bhAShe harivu ninta nIrina hAge jaDavAgide mattu tanna jIvantikeyannu bahaLa maTTige kaLedukonDide. adara vyAkaraNada halavu bhAgagaLalli idarindAgi kxtakate eddu kANisuttade. mEle vivarisidante tayArike mattu baLakegaLemba eraDu ghaTTagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa adara nAma padagaLa baLakeyalli kANisadiruvudu intaha kxtakatege ondu udA haraNe.

kelavaru vidvAmsaru samskxtada I kxtakate A bhAShe itara illA bhAShegaLigintalU ‘SrEShTha’vAgiruvudara dyOtakavendu bhramisidantide. udAharaNegAgi samskxtavannu itara bhAShegaLiginta heccu sulabhavAgi kampyUTar‌nalli aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAguttadeyemba viShayavannu pariSIlisabahudu. samskxtada vyAkaraNavannu vivaravAgi mattu vistAra vAgi varNisalAgideyembudu idakke ondu kAraNavAdare, samskxtada nAmapadagaLalli heccinavakkU avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle artha hELalu sAdhya embudu innondu kAraNa. ivugaLalli eraDane yadu A bhASheya SrEShThateyannu tOrisuva badalu adara jaDatvavannu (illavE jIvantikeya abhAvavannu) tOrisuttade.

A.೪ pratyayaviruva padagaLu

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige oLaracaneyideyE athavA illavE embudannu, mattu ideyAdare adu entahadu embudannu mukhyavAgi I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhaventahadu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle nirdharisabEkAguttade. A padagaLige samskxta

vyAkaraNadalli koTTiruva oLaracanegaLannu hAgeyE nEravAgi kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli tandu sErisuvudu sulabhavAdarU adu sariyalla.

samskxtadalli heccu kaDime ellA nAmapadagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, illavE eraDu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi jODupadagaLannu racisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide. Adare samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli halavu kannaDada maTTige oLaracaneyillada padagaLendE hELabEkAguttade. avugaLondige sambandhavannu tOrisuva bEre samskxta padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandillavembudE idakke kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, anna emba nAmapadavannu samskxtadalli ‘tinnu’ emba arthadalliruva ad emba kriyAdhAtuvige kxt‌pratyayavondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide. Adare, kannaDakke I ad emba kriyApada samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandillavAda kAraNa (೮.೫ nODi), anna embudakke kannaDadalli oLaracaneyillavendE hELabEkAguttade. idE rItiyalli kShI emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda kShINa emba nAma pada, nad emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda nadi emba nAmapada, muh emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda mUDha emba nAmapada, Sudh emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda Suddha emba nAmapada, modalAdavu gaLigU kannaDadalli oLaracaneyideyendu hELalu AdhAra kANisuvudilla.

A.೪.೧ pUrvapratyayagaLu

samskxtadalli pUrvapratyaya (upasarga) mattu parapratyayagaLemba eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva padagaLiddu, kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLallU I eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLannu kANabahudu. Adare mEle (೮.೩.೨ralli) sUcisiru vante, kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli pUrvapratyayagaLa baLakeyillavAda kAraNa, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva I padagaLallU kelavu pUrva pratyayagaLu svatantra illavE asvatantra padagaLa hAge baLakege bandive, mattu antaha pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva padagaLu jODu padagaLa hAge kANisuttave.

Adare bEre kelavu pUrvapratyayagaLu pratyayagaLa hAgeyE vartisuttiddu, avannoLagonDiruva padagaLannu pratyayaviruva pada gaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. intaha pUrvapratyayagaLalli a, nir, vi, sam mattu su embavugaLu mukhyavAdavugaLu.

1. (೧) a pratyaya
2. I pratyayavannu ondu nAmapadadondige baLasidAga, A padada
3. viruddhArtha siguttade. idakke svaradalli prArambhavAguva padagaLeduru
4. an emba rUpavide. udA:
5. a emba rUpadalli
6. txpti atxpti
7. sAdhya asAdhya
8. himse ahimse
9. kAla aSAli
10. jYAna ajYAna
11. nyAya anyAya
12. (೨) nir pratyaya
13. I pUrvapratyaya mElinadara hAge viruddhArthavannu koDuva badalu
14. niShEdhArthavannu koDuttade. udA:
15. daye nirdaye
16. bhaya nirbhaya
17. bhAgya nirbhAgya
18. jIvi nirjIvi
19. ASrita nirASrita
20. udyOgi nirudyOgi
21. aparAdhi niraparAdhi
22. upayukta nirupayukta
23. (೩) vi pratyaya
24. idu ondu padakke ‘viSEShavAda’ illavE ‘heccina’ emba arthavannu
25. koDaballudu. udA:
26. khyAta vikhyAta
27. jiya vijaya
28. mukti vimukti
29. nASa vinASa
30. jYAna vijYAna
31. vidha vividha
32. lIna vilIna
33. nUtana vinUtana
34. ondu svaradalli prArambhavAguva padagaLeduru idara ikAra yakAra
35. vAguttade. udA:

ಅಖ್ಯಾನ	ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ	ಅತಿರಿಕ್ತ	ವ್ಯತಿರಿಕ್ತ
ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ	ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿ	ಆಸಂಗ	ವ್ಯಾಸಂಗ

1. (೪) sam pratyaya
2. I pratyayakke ‘oLLeya’ illavE ‘SubhakaravAda’ emba arthavide. udA:
3. rakShaNe sanrakShaNe pUrNa sampUrNa
4. ghaTane sanghaTane gIta sangIta
5. bandha sambandha tApa santApa
6. (೫) su pratyaya
7. I pratyayakkU mElinadara hAge ‘oLLeya’ illavE ‘SubhakaravAda’
8. emba arthavide. udA:
9. gandha surandha rakShita surakShita
10. prabhAta suprabhAta varNa suvarNa
11. svAgata susvAgata jana sujana
12. SikShita suSikShita hxdaya suhxdaya
13. svaradalli prArambhavAguva padagaLeduru I pratyayada ukAra vakAra
14. vAguttade. udA:
15. alpa svalpa
16. Agata svAgata
17. mEle koTTiruva arthagaLu I pUrvapratyayagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva
18. prAmukhyavAda arthagaLu. kelavu padagaLalli ivu yAva viSiShTavAda
19. arthavannU koDuvudilla. innu kelavu padagaLalli aniyamitavAgi bEre
20. kelavu arthagaLannU koDaballuvu embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli
21. kANabahudu.
22. AyAta niryAta kraya vikraya
23. jYAna vijYAna rasa virasa

ಯೋಗ	ವಿಯೋಗ	ವಾದ	ಸಂವಾದ
ಸ್ಥಾನ	ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ	ಭಿಕ್ಷೆ	ಸುಭಿಕ್ಷೆ

A.೪.೨ parapratyayagaLu

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva para pratyayagaLalli te, i, ya mattu ika embavugaLu prAmukhyavAdavu gaLu. idallade lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva kelavu pratyayagaLU samskxta dinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli kANisuttave. I pratyayagaLalli kelavannu (prAmukhyavAgi ya mattu ika emba pratyayagaLannu) baLasidAga padagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLAguttave. I badalAvaNe gaLannu keLage (೮.೪.೩ralli) vivarisalAgide.

(೧) te pratyaya

1. (೧) ta pratyaya
2. I pratyayada mUlaka nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalA
3. davugaLa guNadharmavannu hesarisuvantaha bErondu nAmapadavannu
4. tayArisabahudu. udA:
5. adhyakSha adhyakShate
6. kxtajYa kxtajYate
7. arha arhate
8. aspxSya aspxSyate
9. yOgya yOgyate
10. tIkShNa tIkShNate
11. (೨) i pratyaya
12. I pratyayakke eraDu rItiya baLakegaLiveyendu (illavE i emba
13. rUpadalliruva eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLiveyendu) hELalu
14. sAdhyavide. I eraDu baLakegaLallU idu akAradalli konegoLLuva
15. nAmapadadondige avugaLa koneya akArakke badalAgi baruttade.
16. vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige I
17. pratyayavannu sErisi avakke sambandhisiruva vyaktigaLannu hesarisalu sAdhya
18. vide. idu I pratyayakkiruva modalaneya baLake. udA:
19. adhikAra adhikAri jIva jIvi

ArOpa ArOpi dhana dhvani aparAdha aparAdhi prANa prANi viraha virahi rOga rOgi vyApAra vyApAri dAna dAni

vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi antaha vyaktigaLa guNadharmavannu hesarisalu sAdhyavide. idu I pratyayakkiruva eraDaneya baLake. udA:

ಅತೃಪ್ತ	ಅತೃಪ್ತಿ	ಭಕ್ತ	ಭಕ್ತಿ
ಆಸಕ್ತ	ಆಸಕ್ತಿ	ಅಶಕ್ತ	ಅಶಕ್ತಿ
ನಿವೃತ್ತ	ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ	ತೃಪ್ತ	ತೃಪ್ತಿ

I eraDaneya baLakeyalli baruva nAmapadagaLallella koneya vyanjanavAgi takAra bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. hAgAgi I nAmapadagaLalli vyaktigaLannu gurutisuvavugaLu ta emba pratyaya dondigU mattu vyaktigaLa guNadharmavannu gurutisuvavugaLu ti emba pratyayadondigU baruvuvendU kUDa hELalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli idakke hinde koTTiruva nAmapadagaLalli vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvavugaLu a emba pratyayadondigU mattu antaha vyakti, vastu modalAduvakke sambandhisidavarannu gurutisu vavugaLu i emba pratyayadondigU baruvuvendU kUDa hELalu sAdhyavide.

(೩) ya pratyaya

I pratyayakkU eraDu prAmukhyavAda baLakegaLive. hesarisuva nAma padagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi, avugaLige sambandhisiruva vastu, viShaya illavE guNadharmavannu hesarisuva nAmapadavannu tayArisu vudu I pratyayada modalaneya baLake. udA:

ಕವಿ	ಕಾವ್ಯ	ವೇದ	ವೈದ್ಯ
ರಾಜ	ರಾಜ್ಯ	ದೇಶ	ದೇಶ್ಯ
ಗ್ರಾಮ	ಗ್ರಾಮ್ಯ	ಚರಿತ್ರೆ	ಚಾರಿತ್ರ್ಯ

guNadharmavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi, avu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu hesarisuvantaha nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudu I pratyayada eraDaneya baLake. udA:

ಪ್ರಧಾನ	ಪ್ರಾಧಾನ್ಯ	ಶಿಥಿಲ	ಶೈಥಿಲ್ಯ
ಉಚಿತ	ಔಚಿತ್ಯ	ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ	ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ
ಉನ್ನತ	ಔನ್ನತ್ಯ	ಪ್ರಮುಖ	ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯ
ಕ್ರೂರ	ಕ್ರೌರ್ಯ	ಸಮರ್ಥ	ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ

mEle koTTiruva guNapadagaLalli kelavu (udA: taruNa, samartha) kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyalliveyAda kAraNa, antaha sandarbhagaLalli ondu nAmapadadinda innondu nAmapadavannu tayArisuva modalaneya baLake bandideyendU hELalu sAdhyavide. (I padagaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva samskxtadalli intaha guNapada - nAmapada bhEdavillavAda kAraNa idu kannaDadalli kANisikoLLuva vaySiShTya mAtra embudannilli gamanisabahudu).

kelavu baLakegaLalli I pratyayavannu sErisuvudarinda nAmapadakke yAva hosa arthavU sErikoLLuvudilla. udA:

pada padya prAnta prAntya

(A) ika pratyaya

I pratyaya prAmukhyavAgi nAmapadagaLinda guNapadagaLannu tayArisu vudakkAgi kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttade. Adare, kelavu nAmapadagaLu mAtra I pratyaya sEridAgalU nAmapadagaLAgiyE uLidukoLLuttave. (samskxtadalli I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAguva padagaLellavU nAma padagaLE embudannu bEre hELabEkAgillavaShTe!)

nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharma vondannu antaha nAmapadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida guNapadagaLu sUcisuttave. udA:

ಸಮಾಜ	ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ	ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ
ಲೋಕ	ಲೌಕಿಕ	ಧರ್ಮ	ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ

ನಿಸರ್ಗ	ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ	ವರ್ಷ	ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ
ದೇಹ	ದೈಹಿಕ	ವಿವಾಹ
ವೈವಾಹಿಕ	ಯಂತ್ರ	ವ್ಯವಹಾರ
	ಯಾಂತ್ರಿಕ	ವ್ಯಾವಹಾರಿಕ

kelavu baLakegaLalli I pratyayavannoLagonDa padagaLu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAgaballuvu mattu guNapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAgaballuvu. udA:

ರಸ	ರಸಿಕ	ವಿಮಾನ	ವೈಮಾನಿಕ
ಮಂತ್ರ	ಮಾಂತ್ರಿಕ	ವೇದ	ವೈದಿಕ
ಧರ್ಮ	ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ	ಪ್ರಮಾಣ	ಪ್ರಾಮಾಣಿಕ
ಪೂರ್ವ	ಪೂರ್ವಿಕ	ತರ್ಕ	ತಾರ್ಕಿಕ

vaydikana, vaydikanige embantaha vibhakti pratyayavannoLagonDiruva rUpagaLalli vaydika emba pada nAmapadavAgiyU mattu vaydika vxtti emba padagucchadalli adu guNapadavAgiyU bandiruvudannu kANa bahudu. itara padagaLa baLakeyU hIgeyE ide.

(೫) lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu

mEle vivarisida pratyayagaLu mAtravallade, ‘ganDasu-hengasu’ emba arthavyatyAsavannu tOrisuva kelavu padayugmagaLu samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiddu, a ‘ganDasu’ mattu i ‘hengasu’ emba eraDu pratyayagaLalli konegoLLuvuvu avugaLalli prAmukhyavAdavugaLu.

ತರುಣ	ತರುಣಿ	ಬಾಲಕ	ಬಾಲಕಿ
ನಟ	ನಟಿ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಕಿ
ಲೇಖಕ	ಲೇಖಕಿ	ಸುಂದರ	ಸುಂದರಿ
ಸೇವಕ	ಸೇವಕಿ	ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕ	ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕಿ

I arthavyatyAsavannu tOrisuva bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva vidyArthi-vidyArthini, sanyAsi- sanyAsini, adhyakSha-adhyakShiNi, adhikAri-adhikAriNi, kategAra-kate

gAri, buddhivanta-buddhivante, vaydya-vaydye, modalAda padayugma gaLalli kANabahudu.

1. ೪.೩ padagaLalli badalAvaNe
2. nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLige ya illavE ika emba pratyayavannu
3. sErisidAga avugaLa modalaneya akSharadalli baruva svaragaLu
4. aniyamita vAgi keLage koTTiruva mUru mukhyavAda badalAvaNegaLige
5. oLagAgu ttave.
6. (೧) akAra AkAravAguvudu
7. modalaneya akSharadalliruva akAra kelavu padagaLalli AkAravAgi
8. badalAguttade. udA:
9. ya pratyaya
10. capali cApalya
11. samEpa sAmIpya
12. sama sAmya
13. sadxSa sAdxSya
14. malina mAlinya
15. ika pratyaya
16. mantra mAntrika
17. marma mArmika
18. prakxti prAkxtika
19. manassu mAnasika
20. yantra yAntrika
21. Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli I akAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidiru
22. vudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
23. pada padya
24. vana vanya
25. rasa rasika
26. kShaNa kShaNika
27. (೨) i, I mattu E emba svaragaLu ay endAguvudu
28. nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLa modalaneya akSharadalli baruva i, I
29. mattu E emba svaragaLu A padagaLondige ya illavE ika emba
30. pratyaya sEridAga, aniyamitavAgi ay emba svaravAgi badalAguttave.
31. udA:
32. ya pratyaya
33. Siva Sayva
34. vicitra vaycitra
35. ika pratyaya
36. nisarga naysargika
37. linga layngika

ದೀನ	ದೈನ್ಯ	ನೀತಿ	ನೈತಿಕ
ಶೀತ	ಶೈತ್ಯ	ವೀಣೆ	ವೈಣಿಕ
ಚೇತನ	ಚೈತನ್ಯ	ದೇಹ	ದೈಹಿಕ
ಏಕ	ಐಕ್ಯ	ದೇವ	ದೈವಿಕ

intaha badalAvaNe ellA padagaLallU kANisuvudillavembudakke dESa- dESya, diva-divya embantaha baLakegaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDa bahudu.

(೩) u, U mattu av emba svaragaLu av endAguvudu

nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLa modalaneya akSharadalliruva u, U mattu O emba svaragaLu A padagaLondige ya illavE ika emba pratyaya sEridAga aniyamitavAgi av emba svaravAgi badalAguttave. udA:

ya pratyaya ika pratyaya udAra avdArya purANa pavrANika sukha savkhya mukha mavkhika mUla mavlya pUrvAhna pUrvAhnika sOma savmya lOka lavkika dUta davtya dEva dayvika

I badalAvaNegaLU aniyamita embudakke pUje-pUjya mattu pUrva-pUrvika embavugaLannu udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೫ kriyApadagaLu

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, samskxtadinda kriyApadagaLu nEravAgi kannaDakke eravalAgi baruvudilla. idakke badalAgi, avugaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLige kannaDada isu emba pratyayavannu nEravAgi sErisi illavE avugaLa koneyalli kANisuva pratyayada badalu I pratyaya vannu baLasi, kriyApadagaLannu tayArisabEkAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, ane illavE aNe emba pratyayadalli kone goLLuva halavu nAmapadagaLu A pratyayada badalu isu emba pratyayadalli konegonDAga nAmapadagaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. udA:

ಆಲೋಚಿಸು	ಆಲೋಚನೆ	ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸು	ಆಕರ್ಷಣೆ
ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು	ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆ	ಆಚರಿಸು	ಆಚರಣೆ
ಕಲ್ಪಿಸು	ಕಲ್ಪನೆ	ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು	ನಿರಾಕರಣೆ
ಚಲಿಸು	ಚಲನೆ	ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸು	ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ
ನಟಿಸು	ನಟನೆ	ಮನ್ನಿಸು	ಮನ್ನಣೆ
ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸು	ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ	ವಿಚಾರಿಸು	ವಿಚಾರಣೆ
ಭಜಿಸು	ಭಜನೆ	ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸು	ಸ್ವೀಕರಣೆ
ಸಹಿಸು	ಸಹನೆ	ಸ್ಮರಿಸು	ಸ್ಮರಣೆ
ವರ್ಣಿಸು	ವರ್ಣನೆ	ರಕ್ಷಿಸು	ರಕ್ಷಣೆ

I eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLalli nakAra elli baruttade mattu NakAra elli baruttade embudakke samskxtadalli niScitavAda niyamavide. Adare I niyama kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli aShTondu niScitavAgi uLidilla. sAmAnyavAgi pratyayada eDagaDege rakAra illavE ShakAra bandideyAdare pratyayadalli nakArada badalu NakAra baruttade embudAgi kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli ondu niyama illavE olavannu kANalu sAdhyavide. Adare mannaNe mattu prakaTaNe embavugaLalli kANisuva NakAra I niyamakke apavAdavAgaballudu.

eravalAgi banda nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi isu emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kriyApadagaLannu tayArisuvalli eraDu vidhAna gaLive. A padagaLa koneya akSharada hindina akSharadalli (endare avugaLa upAntAkSharadalli) uddasvaraviddalli adannu giDDasvaravannAgi mADi anantara isu pratyayavannu sErisuvudu ondu vidhAna; mattu antaha yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nEravAgi isu pratyayavannu sErisu vudu innondu vidhAna. udA:

ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ	ಎರಡನೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ
ಉಪಚಾರ	ಉಪಚರಿಸು	ಉಪಯೋಗ	ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸು
ವ್ಯವಹಾರ	ವ್ಯವಹರಿಸು	ಅನುವಾದ	ಅನುವಾದಿಸು
ಪರಿಣಾಮ	ಪರಿಣಮಿಸು	ಅನುಮಾನ	ಅನುಮಾನಿಸು
ಸಂಚಾರ	ಸಂಚರಿಸು	ಸಂತೋಷ	ಸಂತೋಷಿಸು
ಉಚ್ಚಾರ	ಉಚ್ಚರಿಸು	ಸನ್ಮಾನ	ಸನ್ಮಾನಿಸು
ನಿರ್ಧಾರ	ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸು	ವಿಭಾಗ	ವಿಭಾಗಿಸು
ವಿಸ್ತಾರ	ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸು	ನಿರ್ದೇಶ	ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸು
ನಾಶ	ನಶಿಸು	ವಾಸ	ವಾಸಿಸು
ಲಾಭ	ಲಭಿಸು	ವಾದ	ವಾದಿಸು

samskxtadalli kx ‘mADu’ emba kriyApadadinda tayArAda halavu padagaLu kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kAra embudarallU mattu kriyApada gaLalli kara embudarallU konegoLLuttave. udA:

ಅಲಂಕಾರ	ಅಲಂಕರಿಸು	ಉಪಕಾರ	ಉಪಕರಿಸು
ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ	ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು	ಬಲಾತ್ಕಾರ	ಬಲಾತ್ಕರಿಸು
ಸತ್ಕಾರ	ಸತ್ಕರಿಸು	ಸ್ವೀಕಾರ	ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸು

Adare, ane illavE aNe emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuva nAma padagaLalli intaha padagaLU kara emba rUpadallE baruttave. udA:

anukaraNe anukarisu nirAkaraNe nirAkarisu niShkramaNa niShkramisu

isu emba pratyaya sEridAgalella nAmapadagaLa koneya svara bidduhOguvudembudannu mEle koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli mattu keLage koTTiruva bEre kelavu udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. I svara akAra, ikAra illavE ekAravAgiralu sAdhya.

ಕೋಪ	ಕೋಪಿಸು	ದ್ವೇಷ	ದ್ವೇಷಿಸು
ಜಪ	ಜಪಿಸು	ಸ್ಪರ್ಷ	ಸ್ಪರ್ಷಿಸು

ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ	ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸು	ಪ್ರೀತಿ	ಪ್ರೀತಿಸು
ಸ್ತುತಿ	ಸ್ತುತಿಸು	ರುಚಿ	ರುಚಿಸು
ಪೂಜೆ	ಪೂಜಿಸು	ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಿಸು
ಚರ್ಚೆ	ಚರ್ಚಿಸು	ಕ್ಷಮಮೆ	ಕ್ಷಮಿಸು

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೬ jODupadagaLu

kannaDakke samskxtadinda halavAru jODupadagaLU eravalAgi bandive. mEle (೮.೨)ralli sUcisiruvante, I padagaLa oLaracaneyannu kannaDa dalli ivugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLige entaha baLakegaLive embudara AdhArada mEle hELabEkallade, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli ivakke entaha oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoDalAgide embudara AdhArada mEle hELuvudu sariyalla.

I kAraNakkAgi kannaDadalli kANisuva kelavu eravalAgi banda pada gaLu samskxtadalli jODupadagaLAgiveyAdarU (kannaDadalli avugaLa angagaLu svatantra illavE asvatantra padagaLAgi baLakeyallillavAdare) avannu jODupadagaLendu kareyade oLaracaneyillada padagaLendE kareyabEkAguttade.

oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyaviruvantaha eravalAgi banda padagaLu kannaDadalli prAmukhyavAgi eraDu vargagaLalli kANisuttave. modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruvavugaLu mattu modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruvavugaLu embudAgi mEle (೨.೬.೫)ralli kannaDada jODupadagaLannu hesarisida hAgeyE ivannU hesarisalu sAdhyavide.

ivugaLalli modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu avugaLa eraDu angagaLannu sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka jODisidavu gaLAgiruttave, mattu modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruva jODupada gaLu antaha guNapadavannu nAmapadada eDakke nillisi tayArisidavugaLA giruttave. udA:

(೧) modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

mAnahAni mAnada hAni mUrtipUje mUrtiya pUje lagnapatrike lagnada patrike vidyAbhyAsa vidyeya abhyAsa

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
ಯುಗಾದಿ	ಯುಗದ ಆದಿ
ಸೂರ್ಯಗ್ರಹಣ	ಸೂರ್ಯನ ಗ್ರಹಣ
ದೇಹಾವಸಾನ	ದೇಹದ ಅವಸಾನ
ಗ್ರಾಮದೇವತೆ	ಗ್ರಾಮದ ದೇವತೆ
ಪಾದಪೂಜೆ	ಪಾದದ ಪೂಜೆ
ಗ್ರಂಥಕರ್ತೃ	ಗ್ರಂಥದ ಕರ್ತೃ
ಚಂದ್ರೋದಯ	ಚಂದ್ರನ ಉದಯ
ಜಗದ್ಗುರು	ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಗುರು

(೨) modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

ಕೃಷ್ಣಸರ್ಪ	ಗಾಢನಿದ್ರೆ
ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ	ದೀರ್ಘಾಯುಷ್ಯ
ಪರಲೋಕ	ದೃಢಮನಸ್ಸು
ವಕ್ರಬುದ್ಧಿ	ಪೂರ್ಣವಿರಾಮ
ಮೂಲವ್ಯಾಧಿ	ಮೂಲನಿವಾಸಿ
ಮಹಾನಗರ	ಮಂದಬುದ್ಧಿ
ಶುಭಕಾರ್ಯ	ಸದ್ಗುಣ

I jODupadagaLalli kelavakke Ada emba kriyArUpavannu baLasi vigraha vAkyavannu hELalu sAdhyavide (udA: dxDhavAda manassu, gADhavAda nidre). Adare intaha oLaracaneyallU modalaneya angavAgi ondu guNapadavE kANisikoLLuttade. adu vigrahavAkyadalli nEravAgi nAmapada deduru baruva badalu AkhyAtada sthAnadalli bandide, aShTe.

eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLinda tayArAgiruva jODupadagaLa baLake kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpa. Adare samskxtadalli intaha jODupada gaLu hEraLavAgiddu, avugaLalli kelavu kannaDakkU eravalAgi bandive. ivu sAmAnyavAgi eraDeraDu padagaLannu sErisuvantaha eraDu athavA jAsti staragaLalli tayArAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, ariShaDvarga emba padavannu pariSIlisabahudu. modalaneya staradalli ShaT ‘Aru’ mattu varga ‘gumpu’ emberaDu padagaLannu sErisi ShaDvarga emba padavannu tayArisi, anantara eraDaneya staradalli A padakke ari ‘Satru’ emba padavannu sErisi I padavannu tayArisalAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

idE rItiyalli kuSAgramati emba padavannu modalige kuSAgra emba padavannu tayArisi, anantara eraDaneya staradalli adakke mati emba padavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

a.೭ sArAmSa

kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi avakke samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli koTTiruva oLaracanegaLannE koTTu vivarisuvudu rUDhi. Adare idu sariyalla. I padagaLige kannaDadalli kannaDadavE Ada oLaracanegaLive.

samskxtadalli pUrvapratyayaviruva padagaLu kannaDadalli jODu padagaLAgi kANisikoLLabahudu, illavE pratyayaviruvavugaLAgi kANisi koLLabahudu. parapratyayaviruva padagaLannu samskxtadalli kxt mattu taddita pratyayaviruvavugaLendu vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. Adare kannaDada maTTige I vingaDaNegintalU nAmapada illavE guNapadakke bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu sErisi nAmapadavannu tayArisalAgideyE athavA guNapadavannu tayArisalAgideyE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle I padagaLannu varNisuvudE heccu upayuktavAda vidhAna.

jODupadagaLannu samskxtadalli prAmukhyavAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli pradhAna pada yAvudu (endare, kEndra bindu yAva angada mEle bILuttade) emba viShayada AdhArada mEle, tatpuruSha, bahuvrIhi, avyayIbhAva, dvandva modalAda samAsagaLAgi vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. Adare, kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva samskxtada jODupadagaLannu I rIti vingaDisuva badalu, avugaLa modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva pada nAmapadavE athavA guNapadavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle vingaDisuvudE heccu txptikaravAda vidhAna.