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ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೧ munnOTa

nuDiyondaralli baruva padagaLannu avugaLa huruLu mattu sollugaLalli avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa I eraDu viShayagaLa mEle kelavu mukyavAda gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu. kannaDa sollugaLalli baruva padagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudu, esakagaLannu tiLisuvudu mattu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa illavE avu naDesuva esakagaLa paricegaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru mukyavAda kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAgide. hAgAgi, I kelasagaLa mEle avannu hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukya padagumpugaLAgi vingaDisaballevu.

ettugegAgi, rAju, huDugi, Ane, mane, Ase modalAda padagaLu vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi sollugaLalli baruvuvAda kAraNa, avu hesarupadagaLu; hELu, bILu, oDe, tinnu, oNagu, tirugu modalAda padagaLu esakagaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baruvuvAda kAraNa esakapadagaLu; biLi, oLLe, doDDa, tusu modalAda padagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa illavE avu naDesuva esakagaLa paricegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruvuvAda kAraNa paricepadagaLu. ivu I mUru bageya kelasagaLannu naDesuvavembudannu keLagina ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

(೧) rAju doDDa huDuganige tusu hoDeda.

(೨) giri kappu citragaLannu kAgadadalli biDisuttAne.

(೩) vatsala ondu kappu bekkannu sAkuttiddALe.

(೪) saptavara mArgagaLalli vAhanagaLu ondE dikkinalli calisali.

mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE sollinalli hoDe emba pada ondu esakavannu tiLisuttideyAda kAraNa esakapada; huDuga mattu rAju emba padagaLu A esakadalli niratarAgiruva ibbaru vyaktigaLannu gurutisuttiveyAda kAraNa hesarupadagaLu; doDDa emba pada huDuga emba padavu gurutisuva vyaktiya pariceyondannu sUcisuttiyAda kAraNa paricepada; mattu tusu emba pada hoDe emba esakapadavu tiLisuva esakada pariceyondannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa adU ondu paricepadavE. ivugaLalli doDDa embudannu hesarupariceyendu mattu tusu embudannu esakapariceyendu kareyabahudu.

itara sollugaLallU idE rItiyalli I mUru kelasagaLannu naDesuvudakkAgi bEre bEre padagaLu bandiddu, avannu I kelasagaLa mEle mUru padavargagaLalli vingaDisi hELabahudu. ettugegAgi, (೨)nE sollinalli giri, kAgada mattu citra emba hesarupadagaLu, biDisu emba esakapada, mattu kappu emba hesaruparicegaLu bandive.

padagaLa oLaracaneyembudu svalpamaTTige avu yAva gumpinalli sEruttave embudara mElU avalambisiruttade. yAkendare, avu sollinalli entaha kelasavannu naDesabEkAguttadeyO adakke takkudAda oLaracaneyU avakkirabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi hesarupadagaLannu mattu avugaLa paricigaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi paricepadagaLannu baLasalAguttade; I eraDu bageya padagaLa naDuve ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavide:

vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi ‘hesarisuva hammuge’ mattu ‘varisuva hammuge’ embudAgi eraDu bageya hammugegaLannu baLasalu baruttade embudannu nAvu munde ೩.೧ralli nODaliruvevu. Adare, I eraDu hammugegaLalli ondannu mAtra (endare varisuva hammugeyannu mAtra) pariceyondannu sUcisuva kelasadalli baLasalu baruttade. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavannu nAvu hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu:

ettugegAgi, hesarupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli jODupada (samAsa) emba padaracane kANisikoLLuttade. idaralli eraDu (illavE heccu)

padagaLa jODaNeyinda hosa padavondannu tayArisalAguttade. Adare, paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyalli jODupadagaLu kANisuvudilla. intaha racane ‘hesarisuva’ hammugege sImitavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

hAgAgi, kannaDada padagaLannu entaha gumpugaLallella sErisi hELabahudu emba viSaya kannaDa padaracaneya pariSIlaneyalli mukyavAguttade. samskxtadalli hesarupada embudakkinta bErAgiruva paricepada emba padagumpilla. kannaDadalliruva I eraDu bageya padagaLige badalAgi adaralli hesarupadavemba ondu padagumpinalli sEruva padagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. idakke A nuDiya sollugaLalli I padagaLu naDesikoDabEkAgiruva kelasagaLu kannaDada sollugaLalli avu naDesikoDabEkAgiruva kelasagaLiginta bErAgiruvudE kAraNavembudannu munde (೨.೨ralli) nODaliruvevu. I vyatyAsavannu aritukoLLade, samskxtada hAge kannaDadallU paricepadagaLu hesarupadagaLiginta bEralla endu tappAgi tiLidukonDevAdare, kannaDadalli baruva hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvalli nAvu tappibILuttEve.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೨ padagumpugaLalli vyatyAsagaLu

mEle hELiruvante, ellA nuDigaLU tAvu baLasuva padagaLannu ondE rItiyAgi gumpugUDisuvudilla. idakke mukya kAraNavEnendare, sollugaLa racane nuDiyinda nuDige bEre bErAgiddu, avugaLalli padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasagaLU bEre bErAgiruttave. nuDiyondaralli padagaLu entaha kelasagaLannella naDesabEkAguttade embudara mEle adaralli baruva padagaLannu entaha gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu embudu avalambiside.

bhAratadalli drAviDa, Arya (inDO-Aryan), TibeTO-barman mattu AsTO-ESiyATik embudAgi nAlku mukya nuDikuTumbagaLige sErida nuDigaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli sollugaLannu kaTTuva hammugegaLu bEre bErAgiddu, avugaLalli padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasagaLU bEre bErAgive. I kAraNakkAgi, I nAlku bageya nuDigaLalliruva padagumpugaLa eNike mattu paricegaLeraDU bEre bErAgive.

kannaDa nuDiyu tamiLu, telugu, tuLu, malayALa, gOnDi, kuDuk modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLondige ‘drAviDa’ emba hesarina nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDi. I ellA nuDigaLallU kannaDada hAge hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukya padagumpugaLive, mattu avu sollugaLalli vyakti, vastu modalA duvannu gurutisuvudu, esakagaLannu tiLisuvudu mattu paricegaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru kelasagaLannu naDesikoDuttave.

samskxta nuDiyu hindi, marATi, gujarAti, bangAli, kASmIri modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLondige Arya (illavE inDO- Aryan) emba nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDi. I nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLu mukyavAgi hesarupada mattu esakapadagaLemba eraDu padagumpugaLalli sEruttave. ivugaLalli hesarupadagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu, mattu esakapadagaLu esakagaLannu tiLisuva kelasavannu naDesuttave. paricepadagaLemba mUranE padagumpu I nuDigaLallilla. ‘biLI’, ‘doDDa’, ‘oLLE’ modalAda paricigaLannu sUcisabEkAgiruva padagaLu I nuDigaLalli hesarupadagaLAgi baruttave, mattu avu A paricigaLannu paDediruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave.

ettugegAgi, kannaDada kappu hAvu emba padakanteyalli baruva hAvu emba hesarupada ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttade, mattu kappu emba paricepada ondu pariceyannu sUcisuttade. iveraDu padagaLannu oTTige ondu padakanteyalli kappu hAvu embudAgi baLasidAga, kappu emba pada ondu paricevannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka hAvu emba hesarupadakke ondu viSiShTavAda (kappu baNNaviruva) hAvannu gurutisalu sahAya mADuttade.

samskxtadalli baruva kxShNaH sarvaH emba idE huruLina padakante idakkinta tIra bErAdudu. A padakanteya angagaLAgiruva kxShNaH mattu sarvaH emba I eraDu padagaLU svatantravAda hesarupadagaLu. kxShNaH emba hesarupada kappAgiruva ondu prANi (illavE vastuvannu) gurutisuttade, mattu sarvaH emba hesarupada ‘hAvA’giruva ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttade. I eraDu padagaLannu oTTige ondu padakanteya angagaLAgi (kxShNaH sarvaH embudAgi) baLasidAga, averaDu hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vastu illavE prANigaLu ondE emba

huruLu dorakuttade, mattu idarindAgi A padakante viSiShTavAdondu prANiyannu (endare kappu baNNada hAvannu) gurutisuvantAguttade.

kannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsa avu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi entaha hammugeyannu baLasuttave embudara mEle avalambiside embudannu gamanisabEku. kannaDadalli vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu hesarupadagaLa neravininda gurutisi, avugaLalli kelavannu mAtra pratyEkisi hELalu paricepadagaLannu baLasuva krama baLakeyallide. ettugegAgi, hAvu emba hesarupada halavAru rItiya prANi(hAvu)gaLannu gurutisaballudAgiddu, avugaLalli kelavannu kappu hAvu emba padakanteyindalU, bEre kelavannu hasuru hAvu emba padakanteyindalU, mattu innu kelavannu doDDa hAvu emba padakanteyindalU pratyEkisi hELalu baruttade. illi kappu, hasuru, doDDa modalAda paricepadagaLu bEre bEre paricegaLannu sUcisuttiddu, A paricegaLu hAvu emba padavu tiLisuva huruLige sEruvudara mUlaka mElina kelasa sAdyavAguttade.

samskxtadalli vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisalu, mEle vivarisidante, idakkinta bEreyE Agiruva ondu hammugeyannu baLasalAguttade. kxShNaH emba hesarupada kappu baNNaviruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttade (idaralli hAvugaLU sEruttave); sarvaH emba hesarupada bEre bEre baNNada mattu AkArada hAvugaLannu gurutisuttade (idaralli kappu baNNada hAvugaLU sEruttave); I eraDu hesarupadagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu padakanteyAgi mADi baLasidAga A eraDu padagaLu gurutisuvavugaLalli samAnavAgiruvantaha kappu baNNada hAvu gurutisalpaDuttade.

samskxtadalli I rIti ‘parice’gaLa huruLannu koDuva hesaru padagaLannallade bEre hesarupadagaLannU innondu hesarupadadondige sErisi padakantegaLannAgi mADi hELalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, mxttikam ghaTam emba padakanteyalli mxttika ‘maNNu’ mattu ghaTa ‘koDa’ emba eraDu hesarupadagaLannu oTTige baLasalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneyadu ‘maNNA’ giruva ondu vastuvannU mattu eraDaneyadu ‘koDa’vAgiruva ondu vastuvannU bEre bErAgi gurutisuttiddu, avu eraDU ondE padakanteya angavAgi bandiruva kAraNa ‘maNNina koDa’ vannu gurutisaballuvu. kannaDadalli I rIti eraDu hesarupadagaLannu

oTTige ondu padakanteya angagaLAgi baLasabEkiddalli, avugaLa naDu viruva pattugeyannu tiLisalu modalaneyadakke a oTTannu sErisi maNNina koDa embudAgi hELabEkAguttade.

padagumpugaLa maTTige kannaDa mattu samskxta nuDigaLa naDuviruva I mukyavAda vyatyAsadindAgi averaDu nuDigaLoLage padaracaneya hammugeyallU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave embudannu nAvu munde nODaliruvevu. ettugegAgi, karmadAraya samAsavannu tatpuruSada ondu bageyendu samskxtada sollarigaru tiLiyalu A nuDiyalli viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa naDuvina pattugeyannu ….. sAdhyavAga diruvudE kAraNa. karmadhArayadalli antaha sambandhada badalu samA nAdhikaraNa (endare angagaLAgiruva eraDu padagaLU ondE vibhakti yalli baruttave) emba viShayavannu AdhAravAgirisikoLLabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli I samasyeyilladiddarU halavAru vayyAkaraNigaLu adarallU samskxtada hAge samAnAdhikaraNavE karmadhAraya samAsakke AdhAravendu tappAgi grahisikonDiddAre (೫.೬.೫ nODi).

bhAratada vAyavya gaDi pradESadalli ‘TibeTO-barman’ emba bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida maNipuri, bODO, luSAyi, sema, tAnkhur nAga modalAda nUrakkU jAsti nuDigaLu pracAradallive. ivu sollugaLa racanegAgi bEreyE ondu vidhAnavannu baLasuttave. I nuDigaLallU hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLemba eraDu mukhya pada vargagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. Adare, paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu I nuDigaLalli samskxtadalliruva hAge hesarupadagaLAgi bArade ‘sakapadagaLAgi baruttave.

ettugegAgi, I nuDigaLalli ‘sakapadagaLu ‘ODu’, ‘bILu’, ‘oDe’, ‘toLe’ modalAda esakagaLannu nirdESisuvudu mAtravallade bEre bEre rItiya ‘sthiti’gaLannU nirdESisuttiddu, ‘kappu’, ‘doDDa’, ‘oLLE’ modalAda paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu I nuDigaLalli intaha sthitigaLannu nirdESisuva sakapadagaLAgi baruttave. hesarupadagaLondige I eraDu rItiya ‘sakapadagaLannU avugaLa kxdanta rUpadalli mAtravE baLasalu sAdhya.

maNipuri nuDiyalli esakagaLannu nirdESisuva cA (tinnu), cat (hOgu), modalAdavugaLa hAgeyE paricedharma (sthiti)gaLannu nirdE

Sisuva sAj (udda), mU (kappu) modalAdavugaLannU hesarupada gaLondige baLasabEkiddalli avugaLannu kxdantarUpakke badalAyisi koLLabEkAguttade embudarinda I viShaya spaShTavAguttade. udA:

ಅಬಾಬ ಮೀ ‘ತಿನ್ನುವ ಮನುಷ್ಯ’
ಅಚತ್‌ಪ ಮೀ ‘ಹೋಗುವ ಮನುಷ್ಯ’
ಅಸಾಬ್‌ಮೀ ‘ಉದ್ದ ಮನುಷ್ಯ’
ಅಮೂಬ ಮೀ ‘ಕಪ್ಪು ಮನುಷ್ಯ’

kannaDada hAge paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLannu nEravAgi hesarupadagaLondige baLasalu I nuDiyalli sAdhyavAgadu. idallade bEre halavAru rItigaLallU I eraDu rItiya padagaLu maNipuri yalli ondE rItiyavAgive. ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli ‘sakapadagaLu kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige baraballuvallade (udA: baruttAne, banda, bandidda ityAdi) paricepadagaLu baralAravu. Adare maNipuri nuDiyalli ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLeraDU bEre bEre kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige baraballuvu. udA:

ಬಾಗನಿ ‘ತಿಂದಾನು’
ಚತ್‌ಕನಿ ‘ಹೋದಾನು’
ಸಾಜ್‌ಗನಿ ‘ಉದ್ದವಿದ್ದಾನು’
ಮೂರನಿ ‘ಕಪ್ಪಿದ್ದಾನು’

kannaDadalli udda mattu kappu emba paricepadagaLige kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakkAgi avugaLa munde iru emba ‘sakapadavannirisi A ‘sakapadakke kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade; Adare, maNipuriyalli I eraDu kannaDa padagaLige samAnavAgiruva padagaLigU (sAj mattu mU embantahavugaLigU) nEravAgi kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhya embudannu mElina ettugegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

bhAratadalli AsTO-ESiyATik emba innondu bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida munDAri, santAli, hO, khaDiyA sOrA modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli munDa emba upakuTumbakke sErida munDAri, santAli modalAda kelavu nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLella ondE padavargadalli sEruttave. I padavargavannu ‘sakapada illavE ‘AkhyAtapada’ embudAgi hesarisabahudu.

I nuDigaLalli baruva sollugaLu I ‘sakapadada mUlaka ondu esaka illavE sthitiyannu nirdESisuttiddu, A esakeyalli illavE sthitiyalli toDagiruva vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu sUkShmavAgi pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda ‘sakarUpadallEnE gurutisuttave. idallade intaha vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAdavugaLa viShayavAgi, mattu sollugaLu nirdESisuva esaka illavE sthitigaLa viShayavAgi heccina sangatigaLannu tiLisuvudakkAge I nuDigaLu bEre bEre rItiya ‘sakarUpagaLannE baLasuttave. hIge I nuDigaLu bEreyE ondu sollugaLa racaneya vidhAnavannanusarisuva kAraNa avakke ‘sakapadavemba ondE ondu padavargaviddare sAkAguttade; hesarupada mattu paricepada gaLemba bEre eraDu padavargagaLa avaSyakate baruvudilla.

bhAratada nuDigaLu hIge tammalliruva padagaLannu bEre bEre rIti yalli padavargagaLAgi vingaDisuva kAraNa avellavannU ondE rIti yalli (samskxtadalliruva hAge) varNisalu prayatnisidalli A nuDigaLa nijavAda svarUpaventahadu embudannu tiLiyalu namage sAdhyavAgadu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೩ paricedharmagaLalli vyatyAsa

kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukhya padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLiveyendu hELalu mEle sUcisidante avu sollugaLalli mUru bEre bEre kelasagaLannu naDesikoDabEkAguttade emba viShaya AdhAravAgaballudu mAtravalla, I mUru padavarga gaLalli sEruva padagaLu kannaDadalli bEre bEre rItiya paricedharmagaLannu tOrisuttave emba viShayavU AdhAravAgaballudu. iveraDakkU naDu viruva sambandhavEnendare, I mUru rItiya padagaLu tOrisuva paricedharmagaLu avu sollinalli naDesabEkAgiruva bEre bEre kelasagaLige sahAyakavAguvantahavugaLu.

kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLannu mUru bEre bEre padavargagaLalli vingaDisabEkembudakke AdhAravAgaballa I paricedharmagaLannu keLage svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

೨.೩.೧ nEravAda baLake

sAmAnyavAgi padagaLu tammavE Ada kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAdAgalella yAva pratyayavU sErirada ‘pratyayarahita’ rUpadalli baruttave. Adare bEre padavargagaLige sErida padagaLa kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAgi bandAga avu bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLondige sEruvudara mUlaka siddhavAda ‘pratyayayukta’ rUpagaLalli baruttave. kannaDadalli I rIti pratyayarahita rUpadalli baralu padagaLige mUru bEre bEre sandarbhagaLive. I viShayavannu kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru bEre bEre padavargagaLiveyembudakke AdhAra vAgi koDabahudu.

ettugegAgi, hesarupadagaLannu vibhaktipratyayagaLondige, ‘saka padagaLannu kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige, mattu paricepadagaLannu hesaru padagaLondige (illavE ‘sakapadagaLondige) nEravAgi baLasalu sAdhya vide. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, ‘sakapadagaLannu illavE paricepadagaLannu vibhaktipratyayagaLondige baLasabEkAdalli, hesarupadagaLannu illavE parice padagaLannu kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige baLasabEkAdalli, mattu hesaru padagaLannu illavE ‘sakapadagaLannu bEre hesarupadagaLondige illavE ‘sakapadagaLondige baLasabEkAdalli, avakke bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu (athavA padagaLannu) sErisuva avaSyakateyide.

kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve avugaLa nEravAda baLakeyalli kANisuva I prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu keLagina ettugegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

(೧) vibhakti pratyayadondige baLake

hesarupada ‘sakapada paricepada kADa-nnu hADu-vu-da-nnu teLu-vinada-nnu mane-yannu bare-du-da-nnu haLe-yada-nnu

mara-vannu koDu-vu-da-nnu doDDa-da-nnu kivi-yannu kali-tu-da-nnu biLi-yada-nnu koraLi-ge horaDu-vu-da-kke mundi-nada-kke

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli hesarupadagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi paDediruvudannu kANabahudu. I pratyayagaLa (annu mattu ige embavugaLa) modalige svara ideyAda kAraNa hesarupadagaLa koneyalliruva ukAra biddu hOgide mattu itara svaragaLa anantara yakAra illavE vakAragaLu heccuvariyAgi bandive. Adare ivella kannaDadalli naDeyuva sandhi niyamagaLiganusAravAgi naDeyuva badalA vaNegaLu.

‘sakapadagaLu I pratyayagaLondige baralu avugaLondige samayavannu sUcisuva v illavE d(t) emba pratyayavU mattu puruSha, vacana mattu lingagaLannu sUcisuva ud emba pratyayavU baruvudu avaSya embudannu eraDaneya kAlanna ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu. idE rItiyalli paricepadagaLu I vibhaktipratyaya gaLondige barabEkiddalli avakke ad (illavE in + ad) emba linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisuvudu avaSya embu dannu mUraneya kAlanna ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

kannaDadalli kelavu paricepadagaLu nEravAgi vibhaktipratyayagaLondige baraballuvembudannu kempa-nnu, hasuri-ge modalAda prayOgagaLalli kANabahudu. Adare intaha prayOgagaLalli I padagaLu hesaru padagaLAgiyE bandive. illi avakke ‘sonne’ pratyayavondannu sErisi hesarupadagaLannAgi badalisalAgideyendU kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. intaha prayOgagaLalli I padagaLu paricepadagaLa hAge paricedharma vondannu sUcisuva badalu hesarupadagaLa hAge adannu hesarisuttave embudannU gamanisabahudu.

  1. (೫) idarinda svalpa kempannu kaDime mADalu sAdhyavAdItE?
  2. (೫)nE sollinalli kempannu emba padakke ‘kempu baNNavannu’ emba

  3. hesarupadakangida arthavideyembudannu gamanisabahudu.

  4. (೨) samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baLake
  5. kannaDadalli ‘sakapadagaLu mAtravE samayavannu sUcisuva pratyaya
  6. gaLondige baraballuvu. hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLu avugaLondige
  7. baralAravu. kelavu hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLannu I rIti samaya
  8. vannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavideyAdarU
  9. idakkAgi avakke isu emba pratyayavannAgalI (udA: hambala-
  10. hambalisu, hesaru-hasarisu, ettara-ettarisu) illavE bEre kelavu
  11. aniyamitavAda pratyayagaLannAgalI (udA: agali-agalu, oNa-
  12. oNagu) sErisuvudara mUlaka avannu ‘sakapadagaLannAgi badalAyisi
  13. koLLuva avaSyakateyide.
  14. (೩) hesarupadagaLondige baLake
  15. hesarupada ‘sakapada paricepada
  16. kallina mane kaTTuva mane doDDa mane
  17. baNNada kAgada bareyuva kAgada biLi kAgada
  18. kAgadada hUvu bADida hUvu haLe hUvu
  19. mAvina haNNu koLeta haNNu huLi haNNu
  20. rAjuvina baTTe harida baTTe odde baTTe
  21. mEle mUranE kAlannalliruva padakange’gaLalli doDDa, biLI, haLe
  22. modalAda paricepadagaLu hesarupadagaLondige nEravAgi pratyayagaLa
  23. sahAyavillade sErive. Adare eraDaneya kAlannalliruva padakange’gaLalli
  24. kaTTu, bare, bADu modalAda ‘sakapadagaLu intaha baLakegAgi
  25. samayavannu sUcisuva v illavE d(t) emba pratyayadondige
  26. mattu avu viSEShaNagaLembudannu sUcisuva a emba pratyayadondige
  27. barabEkAgide. idE rItiyalli, modalaneya kAlannalliruva padakange’
  28. gaLalli kallu, baNNa, kAgada modalAda hesarupadagaLu intaha
  29. baLakegAgi sambandhavannu sUcisuva a emba pratyayadondige
  30. barabEkAgide.

kelavu hesarupadagaLu nEravAgi bEre hesarupadagaLondige bara balluvu. ettugegAgi, talegUdalu, hogesoppu, AnekAlu modalAda baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu. Adare intaha baLakegaLalli hesarupadagaLeraDu oTTu sEri ondE hesarupadavAgive. hAgAgi, ivannu padakange’gaLendu kareyuva badalu ‘jODupada’gaLendu kareyuva avaSyakateyide.

idE rItiyalli kelavu ‘sakapadagaLU nEravAgi hesarupada gaLondige baraballuvu. huTTuparice, bIsugallu, suLigALi moda lAda baLakegaLannu idakke ettugeyAgi koDabahudu. Adare intaha baLakegaLallU eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri jODupadagaLAgiveyallade, avu padakange’gaLAgi uLidilla. ‘sakapadagaLu hesarupadagaLondige ondu padakangida angavAgi barabEkiddalli mEle sUcisidante avakke samayavannu (illavE niShEdhArthavannu) sUcisuva pratyayavannU mattu avu viSEShaNagaLembudannu sUcisuva pratyayavannU sErisuva avaSyakate yide.

kannaDadalli kelavu paricepadagaLU hesarupadagaLondige sambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayadondige baraballuvu. ettugegAgi, ettara gODe ennuva badalu ettarada gODe embudAgiyU mattu kempu baTTe ennuva badalu kempina baTTe embudAgiyU hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare I eraDu rItiya baLakegaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsavide. sambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayadondige bandAga ivu hesarupadagaLa hAge artha koDuttaveyallade paricepadagaLa hAge artha koDuvudilla. ettugegAgi I keLagina (೬-೭) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೬) A kallina gODeginta I kallina gODe nODalu cannAgide.

(೭) A ettarada gODeginta I ettarada gODe nODalu cannAgide.

(೬)nE sollinalli eraDu bEre bEre rItiya kallugaLinda (udA kaggallininda mattu murakallininda) kaTTida gODegaLannu hOlisalAgide; (೭)nE sollinallU idE rIti eraDu bEre bEre ettaragaLiruva (udA: Aru aDi mattu ArUvare aDi) gODegaLannu hOlisa

lAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. endare, ettara emba pada illi hesarupadavAgi bandide.

paricepadagaLige I rIti hesarupadagaLigiruvantaha artha avannu hesarupadagaLondige sambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayadondige baLasi dAga mAtra baraballudu. avannu nEravAgi ettara gODe embudara lliruvante baLasidAga avakke I artha baralAradembudannu (೮)nE sollininda tiLiyabahudu.

(೮) A ettara gODe I ettara gODeginta nODalu cannAgide.

I (೮)nE sollige mEle (೭)nE sollige bandiruvante ‘eraDu bEre bEre ettaragaLiruva gODegaLu’ emba artha baralAradembudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

೨.೩.೨ arthadalli vyatyAsa

hesarupada, ‘sakapada, mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve avu koDuva artha dallU prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. sollugaLalli I mUru rItiya padagaLu naDesikoDabEkAgiruva kelasagaLu bEre bErAgiruvudE avakke I rIti bEre bEre rItiya arthagaLu baralu mukhya kAraNa. parice padagaLu hesarupadagaLondige sEri avugaLa arthavannu sankucita goLisabEkAgide. hAgAgi, avakke yAvudAdarU ondu niScitavAda paricedharmavannu mAtravE sUcisuvantaha arthaviruttade.

idakke vyatiriktavAgi, hesarupadagaLu bEre bEre rItiya vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisabEkAgide. hAgAgi, avakke sAmAnya vAgi antaha vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvakke sambandhisidantaha halavAru paricedharmagaLa ondu samUhavannE sUcisuva arthaviru ttade.

ettugegAgi kuruDu emba paricepadavannu kuruDa emba hesaru padadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. kuruDu emba paricepada ‘kaNNilla diruvike’ emba ondE ondu paricedharmavannu mAtra sUcisaballudu. Adare, kuruDa emba hesarupada I ondu

paricedharmavannu mAtra vallade, bEreyU halavu paricedharmagaLannu (udA: ‘ganDasu’, ‘betta hiDidu naDeyuvavanu’, ‘kivi bahaLa sUkShmavAgiruvavanu’, ityAdi) sUcisaballudu.

hesarupadagaLige I rIti bEre bEre paricedharmagaLa ondu samUha vannE sUcisuvantaha arthavide mAtravalla, antaha paricedharmagaLannu paDediruva obba vyakti, vastu illavE viShayavannu gurutisuvantaha heccina arthavU ide. nijakkU I eraDanE rItiya arthavannu koDuvudE hesarupadagaLa mukhya kelasa. ettugegAgi, kuruDa emba pada prAmukhyavAgi obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade. mEle sUcisida paricedharmagaLalli kelavu AtanallilladiddarU (udA: Ata ondu kOlannu hiDidillavAdarU) adu obba vyaktiyannu gurutisaballudu. paricepadagaLige I eraDanE rItiya arthavilla. idu hesarupadagaLigU mattu paricepadagaLigU naDuviruva atyanta prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsa.

hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLa naDuveyU arthada maTTige prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. hesarupadagaLu vyakti, vastu modalA duvannu gurutisuttiddu, avakke svatantravAda astitvavide. Adare ‘saka padagaLu ondu esakeyannu (illavE sthitiyannu) nirdESisuttiddu, sAmAnyavAgi avannu baLasabEkiddalli A esakeyalli toDagiruva vyakti, vastu, sthAna, kAla modalAduvannU sErisi hELuva avaSyakateyide. ettugegAgi, tinnu emba ‘sakapadavannu mAtinalli baLasidoDane yAru tindaru, yAvudannu tindaru, yAvAga tindaru, elli tindaru modalAda praSnegaLu ELadiruvudilla. hesarupadagaLu (udA: Ane, kADu, ityAdi) I rIti ‘sakapadagaLa hAge asvatantravAgillavAda kAraNa avannu baLasidAga intaha praSnegaLu ELadiralu sAdhyavide.

೨.೩.೩ hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli baLake

hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli paricepadagaLannu mAtravE baLasalu sAdhya emba niyama kannaDadallide. hesarupadagaLannAgalI illavE ‘sakapadagaLannAgalI antaha racanegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. ettugegAgi I keLagina (೯-೧೨) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

  1. (೯) idu A maneginta doDDa mane.
  2. (೧೦) avanaShTu bEga ODuvavanannu nAnu kANalilla.
  3. (೧೧) I gODe A gODeginta ettara.
  4. (೧೨) ellarigintalU heccu haNavannu tandavarige bahumAnavide.

mEle koTTiruva nAlku sollugaLallU hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLiddu, ivugaLallella paricepadavondu (doDDa, bEga, ettara illavE heccu embudu) khaDDAyavAgi bandideyembudannu gamanisa bahudu. intaha racanegaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu viSiShTavAda parice dharmavannu hOlikegAgi sUcisuvudu avaSya. ettugegAgi (೯)nE sollinalli eraDu manegaLannu avugaLa gAtrakke sambandhisidante hOlisa lAgide. I rIti viSiShTavAda ondu paricedharmavannu sUcisuva kelasavannu paricepadagaLu mAtra naDesaballuvu.

hesarupadagaLu ondakkinta jAsti paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuvu vAddarinda avannu intaha hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli ‘sakapadagaLu paricedharmavannu sUcisuva badalu esakeyannu sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa avannU intaha racanegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೨.೩.೪ AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLalli baLake

AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLige AdhAravAgi paricepadavondara avaSyakateyideyembudu hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLannu paricepada gaLinda bErpaDisuva innondu sollugaLa racaneya niyama. kannaDadalli eShTu emba padada sahAyadinda AScaryasUcaka sollugaLannu racisa bEkAdAgalella adarondige paricepadavondannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide. ettugegAgi (೧೩-೧೫) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

  1. (೧೩) I Aneya kivi eShTu doDDadu!
  2. (೧೪) avaLu eShTu jOrAgi hADuttiddALe!
  3. (೧೫) I huDugiyadu eShTu oLLE parice!

idallade, Enu, hEge mattu entaha emba padagaLannu baLasiyU kannaDadalli AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLannu racisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLondige paricepadavondannu baLasadiralu sAdhyavideyAdarU antaha ondu padada artha ivugaLalli dhvanitavAgadiruvudillavembu dannu (೧೬-೧೮) sollugaLalli kANabahudu.

  1. (೧೬) avanu hEge ODida! (jOrAgi ODida)
  2. (೧೭) avaru entaha mane kaTTisiddAre! (doDDa mane)
  3. (೧೮) Enu sAmarthya avanadu! (heccina sAmarthya)

AScaryakke yAvudAdarU ondu paricedharma mUlavAgirabEku mattu antaha paricedharmavondannu paricepadagaLu mAtravE pratyEkisi sUcisa balluvu embudE I nirbandhakke kAraNavirabEku.

೨.೩.೫ mArdanisuva padagaLa baLake

padagaLondige avugaLa mArdaniyante kANisuva innondu padavannu baLasuva krama kannaDadallide. ettugegAgi, mane-gine, mArATa-gIrATa, kADu-gIDu, kuri-giri, emme-gimme, kOlu-gIlu modalAda baLakegaLalli intaha mArdanisuva padagaLannu kANabahudu. padada modalaneya akSharakke badalAgi adu giDDasvaradondigiddare gi emba akSharavannU mattu uddasvaradondigiddare gI emba akSharavannU baLasi I mArdanisuva padagaLannu racisabahudu.

ondu padadondige intaha mArdanisuva padavannu baLasidAga, A padavu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa viShayadalli aniScitate illavE aspaShTate sUcitavAguttade. ettugegAgi I (೧೯-೨೧) sollugaLalli bandiruva intaha mArdanisuva padagaLa arthavannu pari SIlisabahudu.

(೧೯) pETege hOgalu kArugIru iddare cennAgiruttade.

(೨೦) A hAdiyalli hAvugIvu irabahudu.

  1. (೨೧) avaru manegin ellA kaLedukonDu kaShTadalliddAre.
  2. (೧೯)nE sollinalli kAru embudannu baLasuva badalu kAru gIru
  3. embudannu baLasiddarindAgi, adu gurutisuva vastuvina rUpa aspaShTa
  4. vAgideyendu sUcitavAguttade. kAru, bayk, skUTar, saykal,
  5. ityAdigaLalli yAvudu iddarU naDedu hOguvudakkinta illavE
  6. bassige kAyuvudakkinta lEsu embartha I sollige baruttade.
  7. kannaDadalli intaha mArdanisuva padagaLannu hesarupada mattu ‘saka
  8. padagaLondige (udA: nODi-gIDi, tindare-nindare, hoDeyalu
  9. giDayalu, ityAdi) baLasalu sAdhyavideyallade paricepadagaLondige
  10. baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, paricepadagaLu ondu
  11. viSiShTavAda paricedharmavannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka avugaLa anantara
  12. baruva hesarupadada arthavannu sankucitagoLisabEkAguttade illavE
  13. bEre rItiyalli badalAyisabEkAguttade. avugaLa I kelasakke avu
  14. sUcisuva viShiShThavAda paricedharma atyanta prAmukhyavAdudAda
  15. kAraNa, adannu aspaShTavAgi mADaballa mArdanisuva pada adarondige
  16. bara lAradu.
  17. ೩.೬ baLakeyalli svAtantrya
  18. hesarupadagaLigU paricepadagaLigU naDuve kANisuva innondu
  19. mukyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, hesarupadagaLige sollinalli heccina
  20. svAtantryavide, Adare paricepadagaLige intaha svAtantryavilla. avu
  21. yAvAgalU ondu hesarupadadondige hesarupadakam’da angavAgi
  22. barabEkAguttade. I rIti I eraDu padavargagaLa naDuve kannaDadalli
  23. avugaLa svAtantryada maTTigiruva vyatyAsavannu keLagina vyAkaraNa
  24. niyamagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
  25. (೧) kelavu pratyayagaLa baLake
  26. ondu padavannu otti hELalu baLasuva E emba pratyaya, ‘mattu’
  27. emba arthavannu koDuva U emba pratyaya, mattu ‘Adare’ emba
  28. arthavannu koDuva O emba pratyaya I mUrannU kannaDa
  29. sollugaLalli baruva hesarupadagaLondige (illavE

hesarupadakangigaLondige) sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide, Adare hesarupadakangigaLalli baruva paricepada gaLondige sErisi hELalu sAdhyavilla.

  1. (೨೨) rAju hariyannu manege kareyalilla.
  2. (೨೩) rAju hariyannE manege kareyalilla.
  3. (೨೪) rAju hariyannU manege kareyalilla.
  4. (೨೫) rAju hariyannO raviyannO manege karedAnu.
  5. (೨೬) rAju doDDa kOlannU muridu hAkida.

(೨೬)nE sollinalli doDDa kOlannu emba padakangondige U emba pratyayavannu sErisi hELalAgide. Adare I pratyayavannu doDDa emba paricepadadondige sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. itara eraDu pratyayagaLU hIgeyE.

kannaDa sollugaLalli kANisuva I niyamakke kAraNavEnendare, paricepadagaLu hesarupadagaLondige avakke sahAyakagaLAgi baruttave mattu I kAraNakkAgi avakke sollinalli svatantravAda astitvavilla. mEle koTTa mUru pratyayagaLu avannu hesarupadagaLinda bErpaDisi svatantra padagaLannAgi mADaballuvAda kAraNa, mattu hIge mADuvudarinda avugaLa (endare paricepadagaLa) mukhya kelasakke aDDiyunTAguvudAda kAraNa avugaLondige I pratyayagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

(೨) solli nada modala sthAnakke taruvudu

sollina bEre bEre bhAgagaLalli baruva hesarupadagaLannu (illavE hesarupadakangegaLannu) sollina modala sthAnakke tandirisalu sAdhyavide. hIge mADuvudarinda A hesarupadavu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAduvakke sollina mukhya vyakti illavE vastu emba artha labhisuttade. ettugegAgi (೨೭-೨೯) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೨೭) rAju madumaganige kempu hU koTTa.

(೨೮) madumaganige rAju kempu hU koTTa.

  1. (೨೯) kempu hUvannu rAju madumaganige koTTa.
  2. (೨೭)nE sollinalli rAju emba hesarupadavU, (೨೮)nE sollinalli
  3. madumaga emba hesarupadavU mattu (೨೯)nE sollinalli kempu hU
  4. emba hesarupadakange’vU modalaneya sthAnadalli bandive.
  5. Adare I rIti sollinalliruva paricepadagaLannu modalaneya
  6. sthAnakke tandirisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avu yAvAgalU avakke sambandhisida
  7. hesaru padadondige mAtravE baraballuvu. ettugegAgi (೨೯)nE
  8. sollinalli kempu emba paricepada hU emba hesarupadadondige
  9. modalaneya sthAnakke bandide. kempu embudannu mAtravE I rIti
  10. modalaneya sthAnakke taralu sAdhyavAgadu embudannu kannaDada vyAkaraNa
  11. niyamakke oLapaDada (೩೦)nE sollininda tiLiyabahudu.
  12. (೩೦) *kempu rAju madumaganige hU koTTa.
  13. (೩) sollu mugida mEle sUcisuvudu
  14. hesarupadavondannu (illavE hesarupadakangi’vondannu) sollinalli
  15. sUcisade sollina anantara sUcisalU sAdhyavide. Adare
  16. paricepadavannu I rIti sollina horage nillisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu
  17. embudannu (೩೪)nE sollu vyAkaraNa sammatavalla embudarinda
  18. tiLiyabahudu.
  19. (೩೧) madumaganige kempu hU koTTidda, rAju.
  20. (೩೨) rAju kempu hU koTTidda, madumaganige.
  21. (೩೩) rAju madumaganige koTTidda, kempu hU.
  22. (೩೪) *rAju madumaganige hU koTTidda, kempu.
  23. (೪) sollina eduru nillisuvudu
  24. hesarupadavondannu sollininda bErpaDisi adakkedurAgi nillisalu
  25. kannaDadallondu viSiShTavAda sollurUpada baLakeyide. idakkAgi
  26. sollinalli baruva ‘sakapadavannu adara viSEShaNa rUpakke badalAyisa

bEkAguttade. Adare, paricepadagaLannu I rIti avu baruva sollina eduru nillisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

  1. (೩೫) madumaganige kempu hU koTTaddu rAju.
  2. (೩೬) rAju kempu hU koTTaddu madumaganige.
  3. (೩೭) rAju madumaganige koTTaddu kempu hU.
  4. (೩೮) *rAju madu maganige hU koTTaddu kempu.

hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve kANisuva I ellA vyatyAsagaLU sollinalli hesarupadagaLige svatantravAda sthAnavide, Adare paricepadagaLige antaha svatantravAda sthAnavilla, avu hesarupadagaLige sahAyakagaLAgi avugaLa adhInadalli baruvavugaLu embudarinda mUDibandive embuda nnilli gamanisabahudu.

೨.೩.೭ sthAyi mattu asthAyi

hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLa naDuve kannaDadalli ‘sthAyi’ mattu ‘asthAyi’ emba innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavide. hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu badalAgade uLiyaballuvu mattu badalAdarU avugaLa mUlarUpa hAgeyE uLiyaballudu. hAgAgi avannu sthAyigaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare, ‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLu sAmAnyavAgi naDedu hOguvantahavugaLAda kAraNa asthAyigaLAgiruttave.

I vyatyAsakke anusAravAgi, hesarupadagaLondige baruva paricepada gaLu sAmAnyavAgi sthAyi paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuttiruttave mattu ‘sakapadagaLondige baruvavugaLu sAmAnyavAgi asthAyi paricedharma gaLannu sUcisuttiruttave.

‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLella naDedu hOguvantahavu gaLu. avugaLalli oDe, biDu, biri, muri modalAda kelavu ‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLu kShaNika esakagaLAdare, Odu, ODu, bare, iLi modalAda bEre kelavu ‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLu svalpa kAla naDeyaballantahavugaLu. Adare I ellA esaka gaLU

naDeduhOguvantahavugaLE embudannu sollinalli avannu baLasa bEkAdAgalella sAmAnyavAgi avugaLondige kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade embudarinda tiLiyabahudu. kannaDadalli sthAyi ennisa bahudAda ‘sakapadagaLu bahaLa aparUpa. iru embudondu intaha sthAyi ‘sakapadavendu hELabahudu.

idallade, kannaDadalli ‘sakapadavondannu eraDu mUru bEre bEre sollugaLalli prayOgisideyAdare, A ‘sakapadavu nirdESisuva esaka eraDu mUru bAri naDedideyemba artha baruvudallade ondu bAri naDeda esakeyannu adu mUru bAri nirdESisuvantaha artha baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, (೩೯)ralli bandiruva sollugaLannu gamanisa bahudu.

  1. (೩೯) rAju manege ODida. allinda ardha ganTe biTTu SAlege
  2. ODida.
  3. (೩೯)ralli banda ODu emba ‘sakapadada eraDu prayOgagaLu eraDu
  4. bEre bEre esakagaLannu nirdESisuttiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.
  5. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu
  6. modalAdavugaLu sthAyigaLAgiddu, avugaLalli ondannE halavAru bAri
  7. bEre bEre sollugaLalli puna: puna: gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide.
  8. (೪೦) rAju kaLeda vAra ondu maduvege hOgidda. alli
  9. rAjuvina tangiya kacEri ittu.
  10. (೪೦)ralli banda rAju emba padada eraDU prayOgagaLU obbanE
  11. vyaktiyannu gurutisuttave embudannu gamanisabahudu.
  12. hesarupadavondu I rIti halavAru bAri sollugaLalli bandAga
  13. adu ondE vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuttadeyE athavA bEre
  14. bEre vyakti illavE vastugaLannu gurutisuttideyE embudannu sUcisu
  15. vudakkAgi A, I modalAda nirdESaka padagaLa illavE sarvahesarugaLa
  16. baLakeyAguttade.

‘sakapadagaLondige nEravAgi baraballa samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu hesarupadagaLondige baralAravu emba niyamakkU (೨.೩.೧ nODi) hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavE kAraNavirabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೪ padavargagaLa sadasyatva

hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukhya padavarga gaLu kannaDadalliveyembudannu I mUru rItiya padagaLa naDuve kannaDa sollugaLalli kANisuva mEle vivarisidantaha vyatyAsagaLu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttave. hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve intaha vyatyAsagaLAvuvU samskxtadalli kANisikoLLuvudillavAda kAraNa, A bhASheyalli I rIti eraDu bEre bEre padavargagaLiruva badalu hesarupadavemba ondE padavargavideyendu hELuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDa mattu samskxta nuDigaLa naDuviruva I ondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavE avugaLa padaracaneyalli kANisuva halavAru vyatyAsagaLige mUla kAraNavembudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

kannaDa padagaLannella I rIti mUru mukhya padavargagaLalli vingaDisa horaTAga yAva yAva padagaLannu yAva yAva vargagaLalli sErisabEku emba viShayadalli sandEhavunTAgalu sAdhyavide, idakke ondu kAraNavEnendare, kelavu padagaLa baLake ondu padavargakke mAtravE sImitavAgirade eraDu illavE mUru padavargagaLigU vistarisiralu sAdhyavide.

ettugegAgi, udda emba pada ondu sollinalli paricepada vAgiyU baraballudu (udA: udda gODe), mattu hesarupada vAgiyU baraballudu (udA: gODeya udda); hADu emba pada hesarupadavAgiyU baraballudu (udA: avanondu hADannu bareda), ‘sakapadavAgiyU baraballudu (udA: avanondu kavite yannu hADida).

innondu kAraNavEnendare, kelavu padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli ondu padavargakke sEruvantiddare bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli innondu padavargakke sEruvantiruttave. ettugegAgi, nAlku emba sankhye yannu sUcisuva pada kelavu viShayagaLalli paricepadagaLa hAgide (udA:

nAlku pustaka emballi adu nEravAgi (endare, sambandhavannu sUcisuva a emba pratyayada sahAyavillade) hesarupadada munde bandide). Adare bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli adu hesarupadagaLa hAgide. (udA: nAlkakke, nAlkarinda, nAlkannu ityAdi vibhakti rUpagaLu adakkive). hAgAgi, intaha padagaLannu yAva padavargadalli sErisi koLLabEku emba viShayadalli sandEhavunTAgalu sAdhyavide.

Adare intaha paristhitiyiruvudu nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLa svAbhAvikavAda paricedharmavE Agide. padavargavondaralli sErikoLLuva padagaLalli ellavU ondE rItiyAgi A padavargada paricedharmagaLannu tOrisuvudilla. kelavu padagaLu ellA paricedharmagaLannU spaShTavAgi tOrisuttiddu, A padavargada ‘mAdari’ padagaLendenisikoLLuttave. Adare, bEre kelavu padagaLu antaha paricedharmagaLalli kelavannu mAtravE tOrisikoDuttiddu avu A padavargada ancinalli nillu vantahavugaLAgiruttave.

hAgAgi, padavargavondara paricedharmagaLu adara mAdari padagaLa paricedharmagaLu mAtra, A padavargadalli sEruva ellA padagaLU tOrisuva (illavE tOrisabEkAgiruva) paricedharmagaLalla embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೫ sArAmSa

kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi mUru vargagaLige sEruva padagaLive. ivannu hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLendu kareyabahudu. ivugaLalli hesarupadagaLu vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvu dakkAgiyU mattu ‘sakapadagaLu esakagaLannu nirdESisuvudakkAgiyU sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. hesarupada illavE ‘sakapadagaLa artha vannu heccisi, avugaLa vyApti kaDimeyAguvante mADalu paricepadagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

padavargagaLa sankhye bEre bEre nuDigaLalli bEre bErAgiruttade. samskxtadalli hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLemba eraDE padavarga gaLiddu, kannaDada paricepadagaLige samanAda padagaLu samskxtadalli hesaru padavargakke sEruttave. idakke badalu I padagaLu ‘sakapadavargakke sEruva maNipuriyantaha nuDigaLU mattu I mUru rItiya padagaLU ondE padavargadalli baruva munDAriyantaha nuDigaLU

bhAratadallive. I bEre bEre nuDigaLalli sollu racaneya niyamagaLu bEre bErAgiddu, sollugaLalli I padagaLu naDesabEkAguva kelasagaLU bEre bErAgiruvudE I rIti avugaLalli baruva padavargagaLa sankhye yalli vyatyAsa kANisalu mukhya kAraNa.

I mUru padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLa naDuve kannaDadalli halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. I vyatyAsagaLu sollugaLalli I padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva prAmukhyavAda kelasagaLu yAvuvu embudara mEle avalambisive. vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi hesarupadagaLannu hAgeyE nEravAgi baLasalu sAdhya vide, Adare ‘sakapada illavE paricepadagaLannu avugaLadallada I kelasa dalli baLasalu avakke kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. idE rItiyalli ‘sakapadagaLa kelasadalli hesarupada illavE paricepadagaLannu mattu paricepadagaLa kelasadalli hesarupada illavE ‘sakapadagaLannu nEra vAgi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.

I mUru rItiya padagaLa naDuve avugaLa arthadallU vyatyAsa vide. paricepadagaLu ondE ondu viSiShTavAda paricedharmavannaShTE sUcisuvuvAdare, hesarupadagaLu halavu paricedharmagaLannu oTTAgi sUcisuttave mattu ivugaLa mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa llondannu gurutisuttave. paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuvudakkintalU antaha paricedharmavannu paDediruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa llondannu gurutisuvudE ivugaLa mukhya kelasa. hAgAgi, hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalli avugaLa oLaracanege illavE antaha racaneyinda dorakuva arthakke heccina prAdhAnyateyilla.

kannaDadalli baruva padagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu sari yAgi tiLidokoLLalu avu baruva I mUru padavargagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu tiLidukonDiruvudu atyavaSya.

adhyAya mUru nAmapadagaLa oLaracane