Ch 5 — adhyAya 5 — jODupadagaLu

← Ch 4 · Contents · Ch 6 →

Chapters: Ch 1 · Ch 2 · Ch 3 · Ch 4 · Ch 5 · Ch 6 · Ch 7 · Ch 8 · Ch 9

adhyAya aydu jODupadagaLu

೫.೧ gondalavannu hOgalADisuvudu

kESirAjana kAladindalU kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli samAsagaLa varNane yembudu ondu doDDa gOjalumaya viShayavAgide. samskxta samAsagaLa pariSIlaneya mUlaka kannaDa samAsagaLannu vivarisalu yatnisiruvudu idakke ondu kAraNavAdare, jODupadagaLigU mattu padagucchagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLadiru vudu innondu kAraNa. nAvu pariSIlisabEkAda vastu yAvudu embudannE sariyAgi tiLidukoLLade spaShTavAgi arthavAguvantaha varNaneyondannu koDalu sAdhyavilla tAne?

I gondalavannu hOgalADisalu nAvu mukhyavAgi mADa bEkAda kelasagaLivu: hosagannaDadalli baruva samAsagaLentahavu embu dannu tiLiyabEkiddare nAvu samskxtadalli baruva samAsagaLentahavu embudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyilla. samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvalli mAtra samskxta samAsagaLa tiLuvaLike sahAyakavAgaballudAdarU alliyU adu atyavaSyavEnallavembudannu munde (೮.೩.೭ralli) nODa liruvevu. hAgAgi, hosagannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLa oLaracane yannu varNisuvalli samskxtada samAsagaLannu gamanakke tegedukoLLa diruvudE oLLeyadu.

idE rItiyalli, haLegannaDa illavE naDugannaDadalli mAtravE baLake yalliruvantaha jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannU hosagannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLannu varNisuvavaru gamanakke tegedukoLLabEkAgilla. kannaDa

bhASheyalli baruva padagaLa caritreyantahadu embudannu tiLiyubEkendi ruvavaru mAtra I rIti haLegannaDa mattu naDugannaDa padagaLa oLaracane yannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyide.

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, dvandva, bahuvrIhi modalAda pAribhAShika padagaLannE kannaDada jODupadagaLannu (mattu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva ‘samAsa’ vemba hesarina vidhAnavannu) varNisuvudakkAgiyU baLasuvudu rUDhi. Adare I padagaLu nammeduru samskxta samAsagaLannE tandirisuva kAraNa, avannu baLasidalli kannaDa jODupadagaLa varNaneyalli samskxta samAsagaLindAgiruva gondalavannu hOgalADisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

hAgAgi, I adhyAyadalli kannaDada jODupadagaLannu nEravAgi kannaDadalli avakkiruva oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka varNisalAgide. haLegannaDa illavE naDugannaDadalli mAtravE kANisuva jODupadagaLannu illi gamanisilla. samskxtada samAsagaLannU I varNaneyalli pariSIlisilla. idallade, I varNaneyalli tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya modalAda samskxtada pAribhAShika padagaLannU baLasilla. kannaDada jODupadagaLannu nEravAgi A padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva padagaLa sankhye, padavarga, avugaLa naDuve kANisuva sambandha moda lAda viShayagaLannAdharisi varNisalAgide.

anantara bEreyE ondu vibhAgadalli (೫.೮ralli) ivattu kannaDada vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa (mattu kannaDa samAsa gaLa) varNanegaLu yAke iShTondu toDaku toDakAgive mattu kannaDada jODupadagaLannu sariyAgi mattu spaShTavAgi tiLisikoDuvalli asamartha vAgive embudannu vivarisalAgide. idallade, kannaDada jODupadagaLa varNaneyalli samskxtada tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya modalAda pAri bhAShika padagaLa baLake yAke samAdhAnakArakavalla embudannU vivarisa lAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu padagucchagaLu

eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu oTTAgi jODisi ondE padavAgi mADuva vidhAnakke samAsavendU mattu antaha vidhAnada mUlaka tayArAda padavannu jODupadavendU kareyabahudu. udAharaNe gAgi, keLaduTi embudu ondu jODupada. yAkendare, idaralli keLage mattu tuTi emba eraDu padagaLannu oTTAgi jODisi bEreyE

ondu padavannu tayArisalAgide, mattu I padada mUlaka bAyalli ruva eraDu tuTigaLalli keLaginadannu hesarisalAgide. kannaDadalli sAmAnya vAgi intaha padagaLalli eraDu padagaLu mAtravE sEriruttaveyAda kAraNa, jODupada emba I hesaru sUcisabahudAda ‘eraDu’ emba arthadindalU kannaDada maTTige tondareyAguvudilla.

kannaDadalli yAva rItiya jODupadagaLella baLakeyallive mattu avugaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudE I adhyAyada mukhya uddESa. I uddESavannu sariyAgi neravErisuvu dakkAgi modalige jODupadagaLigU mattu kelavu viShayagaLalli avugaLa hAgeyE kANisuva padagucchagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa gaLive embudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyide. idallade, jODupada gaLigU mattu hindina (nAlkanE) adhyAyadalli vivarisiruva pratyaya viruva padagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsavideyembudannU tiLidu koLLuva avaSyakateyide.

jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu tiLidu koLLuvudu kannaDada maTTige ondu prAmukhyavAda kelasa. yAkendare, kannaDada heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU I eraDu rItiya vAkyAmSagaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsa aspaShTavAgiyE uLidide mAtravalla, kelaveDegaLalli averaDU ondE emba bhAvaneyU baruvantide. udAharaNegAgi, A mane, bALeya haNNu, Oduva huDuga modalAdavugaLalli gamaka, tatpuruSha modalAda samAsagaLiveyembudAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli barediruvudannu kANabahudu.

Adare nijakkU A mane embudaralli A emba nirdESaka pada dondige mane emba nAmapadavannu baLasalAgiddu, adondu padaguccha vAgide. idE rItiyalli bALeya haNNu embudaralli eraDu nAma padagaLannu a emba pratyayada mUlaka sambandhisalAgide, mattu Oduva huDuga embudaralli Odu emba kriyApadavannu adara sambandhaka kriyArUpada mUlaka huDuga emba nAmapadadondige sambandhisalAgide. I mUru kaDegaLallU eraDeraDu padagaLu bandiddu, avu padagucchagaLAgi uLidiveyallade ondE padavAgi oTTu sErilla.

jODupadagaLu eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAguvudara mUlaka siddhavAda sanjYegaLallade padagucchagaLalla. eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu oTTige bandiveyAdarU ondE sanjYe yAgade bEre bEre sanjYegaLAgi uLidiveyAdare adannu padagucchavennu

ttEve. jODupadagaLa racaneyalli padaracaneya niyamagaLu barutta vAdare, padagucchagaLa racaneyalli vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLu baruttave.

udAharaNegAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadavannu keLagina tuTi emba padagucchadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. ivugaLalli modalane yadannu tayArisuvalli keLage emba padada giDDarUpavAda keLa embu dannu baLasalAgide mattu tuTi emba padadalli modalige baruva takAravannu dakAravAgi badalAyisalAgide. kannaDadalli iveraDU pada racaneyalli baruva badalAvaNeya niyamagaLu (೫.೭ nODi). idakke badalu keLagina tuTi emba padagucchadalli I eraDu padagaLu badalAgade uLidive mAtravalla, avugaLalli ondannu innondaroDane sambandhisuvudakkAgi keLage emba padadondige a emba pratyayavannu baLasalAgide. idu vAkyaracaneya niyamavallade padaracaneya niyama valla.

jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuve innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli vivarisiruvante (೩.೩.೩ nODi), ondu nAmapadagucchada arthavEnembudannu nEravAgi adara oLaracaneyannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare, ondu jODupadada arthavannu I rIti nEravAgi adara oLaracaneya sahAyadinda tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. antaha pada gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmavEnu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlakavEnE adara arthavEnendu hELalu sAdhya. jODupadagaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneyinda Uhisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU heccina sandarbhagaLallU antaha Uhe tappAgalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadada oLaracaneyalli keLagina tuTi emba nAmapadagucchavannu kANuvevAdarU ‘keLagina tuTi’ gaLella keLaduTigaLAgirabEkAgilla. eraDu tuTigaLa ondu citradalli keLaginadu keLagina tuTiyAgideyAdarU keLaduTiyAgilladiralu sAdhya vide. yAkendare A citradalli ondara keLage ondAgi citrisiruva tuTigaLeraDU mElduTiya citragaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. idallade, innondu citradalli keLaduTiyannu mEle mattu mElduTiyannu adara keLage citrisiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, adaralli ‘mElina tuTi’yE keLaduTiyAgiralu sAdhyavide.

keLaduTi emba pada obba vyaktiya (illavE prANiya) mukha dalliruva eraDu tuTigaLalli keLaginadannu hesarisuttade. idu I jODu padakke namma bhASheyalli rUDhavAgi bandiruvantaha baLake. I baLakeya prakAra, mukhadalli keLagiruva tuTiya guNadharmagaLu yAvuvO avugaLa AdhArada mEle mAtra keLaduTi emba I jODupadada arthavannu nirdharisi hELabEkAguttade. A padada oLaracaneyalli baruva keLa mattu tuTi emba padagaLa arthadinda nEravAgi adara arthavannu paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.

jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuve I rIti bahaLa mukhyavAda mattu spaShTavAda vyatyAsagaLiveyAdarU, kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli avugaLannu bErpaDisi hELuvudu svalpa kaShTavendE tOralu sAdhyavide. idakke kAraNavEnendare, nammeduriruva ondu vAkyAmSa jODupadavE athavA padagucchavE embudannu bariya A vAkyAmSavannu mAtra nODi nirdharisalu baruvudilla. vAkyadalli adara baLakeyantahadu, adannu baLasiruva vyaktiya ASayavEnu embudannU gamanisikoLLuvudu avaSya. udAharaNegAgi, nAvu mEle mUranE adhyAyadalli (೩.೪ralli) nODiruvante, bisinIru emba vAkyAmSa kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli (udA: ADuganu snAna mADabEkendiruvAga) padagucchavAgiyU mattu bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLalli (udA: ADuganu UTakke kuLitiruvAga) jODupadavAgiyU baLakeyAgiralu sAdhyavide. modalaneya baLake yalli adara arthavannu adara angagaLAgiruva bisi mattu nIru emba eraDu padagaLa arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide, Adare eraDaneya baLakeyalli idu sAdhyavAgadu.

Adare idu bhASheya itara padagaLa illavE vAkyAmSagaLa baLake yallU kANisuva vaySiShTyavallade jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva samasyeyEnalla. ondu padavannu yAva sandarbhadalli baLasalAgide mattu hAge baLasida vyaktiya ASayavEnu embudannu tiLiyade A padada artha intahadu endu spaShTavAgi hELalu heccinaDe gaLallU sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada halavu padagaLu (huTTu, taggu, dUru, solu, aLu, taDe ityAdi) nAmapadagaLE athavA kriyApadagaLE embudannu avugaLa baLakeyinda mAtravE nirdharisalu sAdhyavide.

(೧ka) avanu dUrida.

(೧kha) avana dUru kELisitu.

(೧ka)dalli dUru embudu kriyApadavAgiyU mattu (೧kha)dalli nAmapadavAgiyU bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. hIgiddarU nAma pada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli ondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsa embudaralli samSayavilla.

padagaLa arthavannu nirdharisuvallU idE rItiyalli baLakeya sandarbha mattu baLasuvavana ASaya emberaDu viShayagaLu prAmukhya vAda pAtravannu vahisuttave. bhASheyondaralli baruva padagaLalli heccina vakkU ondakkinta jAsti arthagaLiddu, ondu baLakeyalli avakke yAva arthavannu koDabEku embudannu I eraDu viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisi hELalu sAdhya,

udAharaNegAgi, kare emba padake ‘barahELu’ emba arthavU ide, ‘hAlannu hinDu’ emba arthavU ide. I padavannu obba vyakti baLasiruvanAdare, avanu adannu yAva arthadalli baLasirabahudu embudannu A vyaktiya ASaya mattu adannu baLasiruva sandarbha - iveraDara AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisalu sAdhya. padagaLige I rIti arthagaLu halaviruvudu aparUpavEnalla embudu ondu artha kOSada hALegaLannu maguci nODidare sulabhavAgi manadaTTAga bahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೩ jODupadagaLu mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLu

jODupada mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavU kelavu viShayadalli mElina vyatyAsada hAgeyE aspaShTavAgide. Adare idakke bEreyE ondu kAraNavide. ondu padakke ondu athavA jAsti pratyaya gaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka pratyayaviruva pada tayArAguttade mattu eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu oTTige sErisi ondE padavAgi mADu vudara mUlaka jODupada tayArAguttade embudAgi ivugaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsavEnO spaShTavAgide, Adare pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsa aShTondu spaShTavAdudalla.

udAharaNegAgi, hingAlu emba padadalliruva him embudu hindu athavA hinde embudara giDDarUpavendu hELidalli adondu padavenisuttade. idakke badalu adu cAritrikavAgi mAtra hinde embu dakke sambandhiside endu vAdisidalli adondu pratyayavenisuttade.

idE rItiyalli hejjenu, kengaNNu, ibbadi modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva hej, ke, ib modalAda amSagaLu padagaLE athavA pratyayagaLE emba viShayadalli abhiprAyabhEdagaLu kANisalu sAdhyavide.

pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa I rIti aspaShTavAgi kANisalu mattu vivAdakke eDemADikoDalu mukhya kAraNavEnendare, cAritrikavAgi heccina pratyayagaLU padagaLinda beLedu bandavugaLu. modalige svatantravAgidda I padagaLu kramENa giDDavAgi tamma svAtantryavannu kaLedukoLLuttave mattu pratyayagaLAgi badalAguttave. sAmAnyavAgi intaha padagaLu bEre sandarbhagaLalli tamma uddarUpa dalli baruvuvAdare avannu pratyayagaLendu hELade padagaLendu hELu vudE rUDhi.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli isu embudu ondu svatantra pada (kriyApada)vAgi baLakeyallittu. adakkidda arthagaLalli ‘anumatisu’ embudU ondu embudannu kANalisade, sErisidare modalAda baLakegaLinda tiLiyabahudu. nEravAgi bEre kriyApadagaLondige sEri kUDupadagaLAgi bandAgalU (udA: mADisu, baresu, tinnisu, ityAdi) idakke I arthakke sambandhisidantaha arthavE baruttade. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada maTTige mADisu, tinnisu modalAda kriyA rUpagaLalli baruva isu embudannu ondu pratyayavendu hELuva badalu kriyApadavendu hELuvudE sari.

Adare, hosagannaDadalli isu (illavE su) embudakke svatantra kriyApadavAgi baLakeyilla. bEre kriyApadagaLondige baresu, karesu, mADisu modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli mAtravE adu baraballudu. hAgAgi, hosagannaDada maTTige adondu pratyaya mAtra endu hELa bEkAguttade.

mEle sUcisidante, cAritrikavAgi ondu padada amSa innondu padada giDDarUpavAgideyAdarU vartamAna kAladalli averaDaroLage yAva sambandhavU illa embudAgiyU vAdisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi, mEle modalaneya adhyAyadalli (೧.೧ralli) sUcisidante, eNNe emba padada eN emba amSa cAritrikavAgi eLLu emba padakke sambandhiside. Adare kannaDada Adhunika rUpadalli iveraDakke sambandhavannu kalpisi, eNNe embudu jODupada endu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

Adare intaha vivAdaviruva sandarbhagaLallella vayyAkaraNigaLu yAvudAdarondu nirdhArakke baruva avaSyakateyide. hAgAgi, avaru antaha ondu nirdhArakke bandAga, pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDuve kANisuva I aspaShTate mAyavAguttade mattu adarondige jODu pada mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLa naDuviruva aspaShTateyU mAya vAguttade.

jODupada mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLa naDuve innondu rItiya aspaShTateyiruvudannU illi gamanisabahudu. kelavu jODu padagaLa angagaLAgi eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu mAtravallade ondu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLU bandiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, kasabarike emba padadalli kasa mattu bari(du) emba eraDu padagaLu mAtravallade, ke emba pratyayavU bandide. hAvADiga emba padadalli hAvu mattu ADu emba eraDu padagaLu mAtravallade ira emba pratyayavU sErikonDide.

intaha padagaLannu jODupadagaLendU hELabahudu illavE pratyayaviruva padagaLendU hELabahudu. Adare sAmAnyavAgi vyAkaraNa gaLalli I rIti ondakkinta jAsti padagaLiruvavugaLannella (avugaLondige pratyayagaLu bandirali athavA bAradirali) jODupadagaLendE kareyu vudu rUDhi.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೪ jODupadagaLa guNadharmagaLu

jODupadagaLa eraDu mukhyavAda guNadharmagaLannu nAvu mEleyE nODiruvevu. padaracaneya niyamagaLige anusAravAgi eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgive embudu avugaLa ondu guNadharma; mattu hIge tayArAda padagaLa arthavannu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmada AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisalu sAdhya embudu avugaLa innondu guNadharma. jODu padagaLannu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLasabEkA gideyAda kAraNa, avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

I eraDu mukhyavAda guNadharmagaLu mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu guNadharmagaLannu jODupadagaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide. intaha guNadharmagaLU jODupadagaLannu padagucchagaLinda bErpaDisalu sahAyakavAgaballuvu. sAmAnyavAgi, padagucchagaLalli baruva padagaLu

bEre bEre svatantra padagaLAgiruttavallade ondE padavAgi oTTu sEruvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare jODupadagaLalli baruva padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgiddu tamma svAtantryavannu kaLedukonDive. hAgAgi avugaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu nuggisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, keLagina tuTi emba padagucchadalli keLagina mattu tuTi emba eraDu svatantravAda padagaLu oTTige bandiveyAdarU bEre bEre padagaLAgi uLidive. hAgAgi, avugaLa naDuve kempu, oDeda modalAda bEre padagaLannu irisi, keLagina kempu tuTi, keLagina oDeda tuTi modalAda avugaLiginta jAsti uddavAda padagucchagaLannu tayArisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadadalli keLa(ge) mattu duTi (tuTi) emba eraDu padagaLu svatantra padagaLAgi uLidilla mattu I kAraNakkAgi, avugaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannirisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

heccina padagucchagaLU varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. Adare idakke apavAdavAgi kannaDadalli kelavu viSiShTavAda padagucchagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvalli baLakeyAgu ttave embudannu nAvu mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli (೩.೩.೭ralli) nODiruvevu. I rIti hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAgiruva pada gucchagaLa naDuveyU bEre padagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udA haraNegAgi, hUvina giDa embudu ondu padagucchavAgideyAdarU adannu ondu viSiShTavAda giDavannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade. hAgAgi, adaralli baruva hUvina mattu giDa emba eraDu padagaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu (udA: doDDa embudannu) sErisi hELalu (*hUvina doDDa giDa embudAgi hELalu) sAdhyavAgadu.

Adare innondu viShayadalli intaha hesarisuva padagucchagaLU jODupadagaLinda bhinnavAgive. avugaLalli baruva padagaLa arthavannu bEre bErAgi guNapadagaLa sahAyadinda badalAyisalu sAdhyavide, Adare jODupadagaLalli bandiruva padagaLa arthavannu I rIti bEre bErAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, hUvina giDa emba padagucchakke bEre padagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka adalli

bandiruva eraDu padagaLalli yAvudara arthavannu bEkiddarU badalA yisalu sAdhyavide.

(೨ka) kempu hUvina giDa
(೨kha) namma hUvina giDa
(೨ga) doDDa hUvina giDa

(೨ka)dalli bandiruva kempu emba pada hUvina giDa emba padagucchada modalaneya padada arthavannu hecciside. adu ‘ondu giDada hU kempAgide’yendu tiLisuttadallade, ‘giDavE kempAgide’yendu tiLisuvu dilla. Adare (೨kha)dalli namma emba padada mUlaka adE padagucchada eraDaneya padada arthavannu badalAyisalu sAdhyavAgide. (೨kha)kke ‘namma giDa’ emba arthavideyallade ‘namma hUvu’ emba arthavilla. (೨ga)dalli I eraDu rItiya arthagaLU baralu sAdhyavide. adakke ‘doDDa hU biDuva giDa’ emba arthavAgalI illavE ‘hU biDuva doDDa giDa’ emba arthavAgalI baralu sAdhyaviddu illi arthasandigdhate yide.

Adare, jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli intaha arthasandigdhategaLige avakASavilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, jODupadadondige baruva padagaLu A padada oTTu arthavEnideyO adannu mAtra badalAyisaballuvallade adara angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa arthavannu bEre bErAgi badalAyisalAravu. udAharaNegAgi, muLLu handi emba jODupadakke cUpAda emba padavannu sErisi A jODupadada angavAgi bandiruva muLLu emba padada arthavannu heccisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli kaNNIru emba jODupadakke kempu emba guNapadavannu sErisidalli, adu iDI padavu sUcisuva arthavannu (‘kempAgiruva kaNNIru’ embudAgi) badalAyisaballudallade A padada ondu anga sUcisuva arthavannu mAtravE badalAyisa lAradu. kempu kaNNIru embudakke ‘kempAgiruva kaNNina nIru’ emba artha baralAradu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೫ jODupadagaLa oLaracane

pratyayaviruva padagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli mukhyavAgi eraDu sangatigaLannu pariSIlisidare sAkAgittu. avugaLalli yAva pratyayagaLannu

baLasalAgide embudannU mattu I pratyayagaLannu yAva vargakke sErida padagaLondige (endare nAmapada, kriyApada illavE guNapada gaLondige) baLasalAgide embudannU pariSIlisidare sAkAgittu. kelavu pratyayaviruva padagaLalli hIge pada mattu pratyayagaLannu oTTige sErisu vAga avugaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuvuvAda kAraNa, intaha badalAvaNegaLannU ‘sErikeya niyama’gaLu (illavE sandhiniyamagaLu) emba hesarinalli varNisuva avaSyakateyittu.

jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga I rIti avugaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu, avugaLa padavarga mattu avugaLa racaneya hindiruva sErikeya niyamagaLu emba I mUru viShaya gaLannu mAtravallade, A padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavEnu embudannU vivarisi hELuva krama rUDhiyallide. padagaLeraDannu I rIti sambandhisalu ondu vAkya illavE vAkyAmSavannu baLasabEkAgiddu, idannu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli mattu avugaLannanusarisuva kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘vigraha vAkya’ endu kareyalAgide.

kannaDadalli ivu heccinaDegaLallU vAkyarUpadallirade ondu pada gucchada rUpadalliruttave. hAgAgi ivannu ‘vAkya’ endu kareyuvudu kannaDada maTTigantU aShTondu txptikaravAgilla. jODupadagaLa oLa racaneyannu sUkShmavAgi vivarisi hELuvudakkAgi ivu baLakeyAguttive yAda kAraNa I viShayavannu sUcisuva jODupadagaLa ‘oLanuDi’ emba hesarannu illi baLasalAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, mincuhuLa emba jODupadadalli mincu mattu huLa emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sErive. I padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu mincuva huLa emba padagucchada vivarisa bahudu. I huLa mincuttade emba vAkya I sambandhavannu innaShTu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade. idE rItiyalli talegUdalu emba jODupadada angagaLAgi bandiruva tale mattu kUdalu emberaDu padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu taleya kUdalu illavE taleyalli beLeyuva kUdalu emba padaguccha tOrisikoDuttade. intaha padagucchagaLannu (illavE heccu vivaravAgi oLaracaneyannu tiLisuva vAkyagaLannu) A jODupadagaLa oLanuDigaLendu hELabahudu.

jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLiyalu I rIti avugaLalli bandiruva padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannU tiLiyuvudu yAke avaSya embudannu spaShTapaDisalu bEre kelavu udAharaNegaLannu

gamanisabahudu. naDuberaLu mattu naDuhagalu emba eraDu jODu padagaLallU mElininda mEle nODuvAga oLaracane ondE rItiya dendu anisuttade. eraDarallU naDu emba guNapadadondige nAma padavondannu (beraLu illavE hagalu embudannu) sErisi hELiruvu dannu kANabahudu.

Adare I eraDu padagaLa naDuviruva sambandha mAtra mEle koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli bEre bErAgide. naDuberaLu embudu kayyalli aydu beraLugaLa naDuvinalliruva beraLannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adaralli naDu emba guNapada beraLu emba padada arthavannu heccisuvudakkAgi bandideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi avugaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu naDuvina beraLu emba padaguccha sariyAgi sUcisaballudu. Adare naDuhagalu emba jODupada ‘naDuvinalliruva hagala’nnu sUcisuvudilla, idakke badalu adu ‘hagalina naDubhAgavannu’ sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, I jODupadadalli bandiruva naDu mattu hagalu emba padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu naDuvina hagalu emba padagucchada mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke badalAgi, hagalina naDubhAga emba bErondu rItiya padagucchavannu illi baLasabEkAgu ttade.

idE rItiyalli keLaduTi embudakke keLagina tuTi (illavE mukhadalli keLage iruva tuTi) emba oLanuDiyannu (vigrahavAkyavannu) koDalu sAdhyavide; Adare tudigAlu embudakke adE rItiyalli tudiya kAlu (illavE tudiyalliruva kAlu) embudAgi oLanuDinnu koTTalli adu sariyAgalAradu. I eraDaneya jODu padakke kAlina tudi illavE kAlina tudiyalliruva bhAga embudAgi oLanuDiyannu hELabEkAguttade. I eraDu jODupadagaLallU nAmapadavondakke guNapadavondannu sErisi hELalAgideyAdarU avugaLa naDuviruva sambandha ondE alla embudannu I eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda oLanuDigaLu tiLisuttave.

jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLannu I rIti oLanuDigaLa mUlaka sambandhisuvalli ondu mukhyavAda samasyeyide embudannilli gamanisuvudu avaSya. nAvu mUraneya adhyAyadalli (೩.೩.೧ralli) nODiruvante, jODupadagaLa tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuve asAngatyaviralu sAdhyavide. avannu tayArisuva samayadalli avu hesarisabEkAgiruva vyakti illavE vastuvinalli kaNNige eddu kANisu

vantaha yAvudAdarU ondu guNadharmavannu AdhAravAgirisikonDu avannu racisirabEku. Adare avugaLa baLakeyAguttiruva samayadalli I guNadharma A vyakti illavE vastuvinalli hAgeyE uLiyabEkendEnU illa.

udAharaNegAgi, hosamane emba pada bahaLa haLeyadAgiruva ondu maneyannu hesarisuttiralu sAdhyavide. A manege hosamane embudAgi hesaru koDuva samayadalli adu hattiradallidda uLida ellA manegaLindalU hosatAgiddirabEku; anantara A hesaru baLake yAguttiruva samayadalli adu kramENa haLeyadAguttA bandarU, mattu hattiravE bEre manegaLu hosadAgi mEleddiveyAdarU, hosamane emba adara hesarannu badalisi haLemane endu hELalu yArU prayatnisuvudilla. ondu hesarina baLakege (endare adara arthakke) adara oLaracaneyinda dorakuva artha AdhAravAguvudilla vembudE idakke kAraNa.

jODupadagaLa tayArike mattu A tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguva guNadharma iveraDU A padagaLa caritrege sambandhisida viShayagaLendu hELabahudu. avugaLa baLake mattu baLakege sambandhisida guNadharma (endare avugaLa Igina artha) iveraDU Igina kAlakke sambandhisida viShayagaLu. jODupadavondara oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga adaralli baruva padagaLannu sambandhisuvantaha oLanuDigaLannu iveraDu viShaya gaLalli yAvudara AdhArada mEle hELabEku (cAritrika AdhArada mElO athavA Igina kAlakke sambandhisida viShayagaLa AdhArada mElO) embudE illi taledOruva samasye. sAmAnyavAgi jODu padagaLa tayArikege sambandhisidantaha cAritrika amSagaLa AdhArada mElEnE oLanuDigaLannu hELuvudu rUDhiyAdarU, adu A padagaLa Igina baLakeyentahadu (endare adara arthaventahadu) embudannu sUcisuvantiddare oLLeyadu endU anisadiruvudilla.

kelavomme iveraDannU hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, hosamane emba jODupada bahaLa haLeyadAgiruva ondu maneyannu hesarisuvudAdarU adara oLanuDiyannu hosa dAda mane endE koDabEkAguttade. A maneyalli Iga kANisuva yAva guNadharmavU I oLanuDige AdhAravAgalAradu. idE rIti yalli ugibanDi emba jODupada ivattu ugiya badalu DIsel illavE vidyucchaktiyannu baLasi ODuva sAdhanavannu hesarisuvudE jAsti

yAgideyAdarU A padada oLanuDiyannu uriya sahAyadinda calisuva banDi endE koDabEkAguttade. oLanuDigaLu jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLannu sambandhisuvantirabEkembudE I rIti jODupadagaLa oLanuDigaLigU mattu avugaLa arthakkU naDuve kANisuva asAngatyavannu toDedu hAkalu sAdhyavilladante mADide.

bahuSaH intaha sandarbhagaLalli jODupadagaLige avugaLa ‘caritre yannu sUcisuva oLanuDi’ mattu ‘Igina arthavannu sUcisuva oLa nuDi’ embudAgi eraDu rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhya vAdItu. udAharaNegAgi hosamane emba padakke adara caritreyannu sUcisuva hosadAda mane emba oLanuDiyannU mattu adara ivattina arthavannu sUcisuva haLeyadAgiruva mane emba oLanuDi yannU hELalu sAdhyavAdItu. Adare intaha oLanuDigaLalli eraDaneyadu jODupadada ‘oLaracane’yannu vivarisuttade endu hELuvudu mAtra svalpa kaShTa. yAkendare, hosamane emba jODu padada oLaracaneyalli haLeyadAgiruva emba amSavannAgali, illavE ugibanDi emba jODupadada oLaracaneyalli DIsel athavA vidyucchaktiyannu baLasuva emba amSavannAgali kANisuvudu kaShTa.

ondu jODupadada caritreyannu sUcisaballantaha oLanuDiyannu kanDuhiDiyuvudarallU halakelavu samasyegaLELaballuvu. yAkendare, sAmAnyavAgi nAvu ondu jODupadada ivattina baLakeya AdhArada mEle mattu adara oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle, adara tayArikeyalli entaha guNadharma baLakeyAgiddirabEku endu UhisabEkAguttade. hIge UhisikoLLuvAga nAvu tappibILalu sAdhyavide mattu kelavomme ondakkinta jAsti oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu avugaLalli yAvudu jODupadada tayArikeyalli baLakeyAgidda nijavAda cAritrika ghaTaneyannu sUcisuttade embudannu nirdharisalu sAdhyavAga dirabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, ugibanDi emba jODupadakke ugiya sahAya dinda calisuva banDi endAgali, illavE ugiyannu uguLuttA calisuva banDi endAgali cAritrika oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudu sari embudannu nirdharisalu ugibanDi emba jODupadavannu tayArisidAga I eraDu oLanuDigaLu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLalli yAvudannu gamanadallirisikoLLalAgittu emba cAritrika amSa mAtravE AdhAravAgaballudu. Adare intaha

cAritrika amSagaLannu kanDuhiDiyuvudu kaShTasAdhyavAda kAraNa, I rIti ondakkinta jAsti oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyaviruva sandarbhagaLalli yAvudu sari mattu yAvudu tappu endu nirdharisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೫. jODupadagaLa vibhajane

kannaDada jODupadagaLannu avugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannE intaha vibhajanege AdhAravAgi tegedukoLLuvudu rUDhi. jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa sankhye mattu padavarga, I padagaLa naDuviruva sambandha, mattu jODupadagaLa kEndrabindu avugaLa oLageyE ideyE athavA horagideyE, oLagideyAdare yAva padada mElide (modalinadara mEleyE athavA koneyadara mEleyE) embantaha viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle kannaDada jODupadagaLannu bEre bEre gumpugaLAgi vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

illi gamanisabEkAgiruva ondu mukhya amSavEnendare, jODu padagaLa I vibhajanegaLella avugaLa oLaracaneya mEle mattu antaha racaneyalli baLakeyAguva padagaLa svabhAvada mEle avalambisideyAda kAraNa, ivu jODupadagaLa caritrege sambandhisida vibhajanegaLallade avugaLa Igina baLakege sambandhisiduvalla. baLakege sambandhisidante kannaDada nAmapadagaLannu hEge vibhajisabahudembudannu nAvu mEleyE (೩.೫ralli) nODiruvevu. jODupadagaLannU idE vidhAnada mUlaka ankitanAma, rUDhanAma ityAdiyAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. Adare idu jODupadagaLige mAtra anvayisuva vibhajaneyAgalAradu, mattu jODupadagaLa viSiShTa guNagaLa mEle avalambisuva vibhajaneyU Aga lAradu.

kannaDadalli ‘kriyAsamAsa’ embondu samAsavideyendu kESirAja ninda Arambhisi halavAru vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttiddAre. hAgAgi, kannaDada jODupadagaLannu nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLendu vingaDisalu sAdhya emba abhiprAya kelavaradira bahudu. Adare I ‘kriyAsamAsa’dinda tayArAguva vAkyAmSagaLella padagucchagaLallade jODupadagaLalla embudannu munde (೫.೮.೮ralli) nODaliruvevu. hAgAgi ‘kriyAsamAsa’vembudu kannaDadalli samAsa valla emba nirdhArakke barabEkAguttade. jODupadagaLigU mattu

padagucchagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu nAmapadagaLalli mAtra kANaballevallade kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLalli kANalArevembudE I rIti jODupadagaLu nAmapadagaLAgi mAtra baraballuvembudakke mukhya kAraNa.

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva (‘samAsa’gaLemba hesarina) jODu padagaLa vibhajanege mEle sUcisida vyatyAsagaLalli halavannu oTTAgi baLasalAguttade. samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalAgideyAda kAraNa, kannaDada maTTige idu svalpavU txptikaravAgilla embudannu nAvu mundina ondu vibhAgadalli (೫.೮ralli) nODaliruvevu.

೫.೬.೧ sankhyeyannu baLasuva vibhajane

jODupadagaLannu avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa sankhyeya AdhArada mEle vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLalli heccinavU eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda mAtravE tayArAdavugaLAda kAraNa intaha vibhajane kannaDada maTTige jAsti upayuktavalla. eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLinda tayArAda jODupada gaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpa.

jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli padagaLu mAtravallade pratyayagaLU baralu sAdhyaviddu, intaha jODupadagaLannu uLida jODupadagaLinda bErpaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, dArihOka embuda ralli dAri mattu hOgu emberaDu padagaLu mAtravallade a emba pratyayavU kANisuttade. (I pratyaya sEridAga hOgu embudara koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade mattu gakAra kakAravAguttade).

idE rItiyalli hAvADiga embudaralli hAvu mattu ADu emba padagaLu mAtravallade iga emba pratyayavU kANisuttade. kannaDadalli *hOka mattu *ADiga embavugaLu svatantra padagaLAgi baLakeyallillavAda kAraNa I rIti mElina jODupadagaLalli eraDu padagaLondige ondu pratyayavU sErikonDideyendu hELuva avaSya kateyunTAguttade. Adare bEre viShayagaLalli ivu eraDu padagaLinda tayArAda itara jODupadagaLa hAgeyE (udA: bayalATa, tale tiruka, ityAdi) kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, ivu tayArAguva samayadalli *hOka, *ADiga modalAdavugaLu svatantra padagaLAgidduvendu kalpisi koLLalU sAdhyavide.

೫.೬.೨ padavargagaLannu baLasuva vibhajane

jODupadagaLannu tayArisalu baLasiruva padagaLu yAva padavargakke sErive emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avannu mUru mukhya vibhAga gaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruttade. modalaneyadu mAtra nAma padavirabahudu, kriyApadavirabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu. I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLannU avugaLa modalaneya angavAgi baruva padagaLa vargavannAdharisi nAmapadaviruvavu, kriyA padaviruvavu mattu guNapadaviruvavu embudAgi mUru mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisi hELabahudu.

modalaneya angavAgi nAmapada bandiruva jODupadagaLu

ಆನೆಕಾಲು	ಬಯಲಾಟ
ಬೆಂಕಿಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ	ಕೈಮಗ್ಗ
ಕಾಲ್ಮಣೆ	ನೆಲಗಡಲೆ

ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಅಂಗವಾಗಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಬಂದಿರುವ ಜೋಡುಪದಗಳು
ಊರುಗೋಲು	ಕಡೆಗೋಲು
ತೂಗುದೀಪ	ಅರಳುಮೊಗ್ಗು
ಸಿಡಿಮದ್ದು	ಬಿಚ್ಚು ಕತ್ತಿ

ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಅಂಗವಾಗಿ ಗುಣಪದ ಬಂದಿರುವ ಜೋಡುಪದಗಳು
ದೊಡ್ಡಮ್ಮ	ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ
ಬಿಸಿನೀರು	ಕಿರುಬೆರಳು
ಮುಂಗಾಲು	ಹಿಮ್ಮೇಳ

jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi baruva pada nAmapada vAgiruva badalu kriyApadavAgiralU sAdhyavideyembudannu (udA: kaypiDi, bAnuli), munde (೫.೬.೩ralli) nODaliruvevu. adakke modalu kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi baruva mEle hELida mUru rItiya jODupadagaLa svarUpaventahadembudannu I keLage svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

(ka) modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgiruva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli halavive. ivugaLalli heccinavU a emba sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisuvu dara mUlaka tayArAdavugaLu. udA:

ಒಳನುಡಿ	ಜೋಡುಪದ
ಬಯಲಿನ ಆಟ	ಬಯಲಾಟ
ಬೆಂಕಿಯ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ	ಬೆಂಕಿಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ
ನೆಲದ ಕಡಲೆ	ನೆಲಿಕಡಲೆ
ಕಾಲಿನ ಮಣೆ	ಕಾಲ್ಮಣಿ
ಕೈಯ ಮಗ್ಗ	ಕೈಮಗ್ಗ

I rIti sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka tayArAgiruva jODupada gaLa naDuveyU halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisi koDalu ivakke sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka oLanuDigaLannu hELuva badalu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasi oLanuDigaLannu hELa bEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi I oLanuDigaLalli jODupadagaLalli kANisadiruvantaha bEre bEre kriyApadagaLannU baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. sAmAnyavAgi eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu jAsti vivaragaLannu koDade cuTukAgi sUcisalu sambandhaka pratyayavannu baLasuttEve. I pratyaya eraDu nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi sambandhisu ttade. vibhakti pratyayagaLu I rIti eraDu nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi sambandhisuvudilla. idakke badalu avu yAvudAdarondu kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLu yAva rItiyalli niratavAgive embudannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka antaha nAmapadagaLannu sambandhisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, kaNNina nIru embudaralli kaNNu emba pada dondige bandiruva sambandhaka pratyaya kaNNigU mattu nIrigU naDuviruva sambandhavannu nEravAgi sUcisuttade. idakke badalu, kaNNinalli baruva nIru embudaralli adE kaNNu emba padadondige bandiruva alli emba vibhakti pratyaya baru emba kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli kaNNu mattu nIru embavugaLu yAva

rItiyalli niratavAgive (kaNNu AkaravAgi mattu nIru antaha Akaradalli kANisuva vastuvAgi) embudannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka sambandhisuttade.

idE rItiyalli jEnina huLa embudaralli kANisuva sambandhaka pratyaya jEnu mattu huLa emba eraDu nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi sambandhisuvudAdare, jEnannu sangrahisuva huLa embudaralli baruva annu emba vibhakti pratyaya sangrahisu emba ghaTaneyalli jEnu mattu huLa emba padagaLu yAva rItiyalli sangrahisu emba kriyApadadondige sambandhisive embudannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka A eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu suttu baLasi hELuttave.

I rIti sambandhaka pratyayada badalu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyaya gaLannu (kriyApadagaLondige) baLasuvudara mUlaka eraDu nAmapada gaLiruva jODupadagaLalli heccina vayvidhyateyannu tOrisalu sAdhyavide mattu I vayvidhyateya AdhArada mEle avannu bEre bEre gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. intaha oLanuDigaLalli yAva vibhakti pratyaya bandide embudu I vibhajanege ondu AdhAravAgaballudu.

jODupada sambandhaka pratyaya vibhakti pratyayagaLu jEnuhuLa jEnina huLa jEnannu sangrahisuva huLa aDakattari aDakeya kattari aDakeyannu kattarisuva kattari benkipeTTige benkiya peTTige benkiyannu mADalu baLasuva peTTige kaNNusanne kaNNina sanne kaNNininda mADida sanne nUlENi nUlina ENi nUlininda mADida ENi kaykoDali kayya koDali kayyinda kaDiyalu baLasuva koDali mUrudAra mUgina dAra (ettina) mUrige kaTTida dAra tappu kANike tappina kANike tappige koDuva kANike kaynIru kayya nIru (maduveyalli) kayge ereyuva nIru kaNNIru kaNNina nIru kaNNinalli baruva nIru talegUdalu taleya kUdalu taleyalli beLeyuva kUdalu kALLiccu kADina kiccu kADinalli uriyuva kiccu (benki)

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLigella a emba sambandhaka pratyayavannu baLasi ondE rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavideyembudannu eraDaneya kAlannindalU mattu annu, inda, ge mattu alli emba bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLallondannu baLasi avakkEnE bEre bEre rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavide yembudannu mUraneya kAlannindalU tiLiyabahudu.

I rIti bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLalli yAvudara mUlaka I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva nAmapadagaLannu sambandhisabahudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avannu vingaDisuva badalu, hAge sambandhisuvudakkAgi baLasuva kriyApadagaLu yAvuvu emba viShayada AdhArada mElU ivannu vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva jODupadagaLigella mADu emba kriyApadavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide.

ಕಣ್ಣುಸನ್ನೆ	ಕಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಮಾಡುವ ಸನ್ನೆ
ನೂಲೇಣಿ	ನೂಲಿನಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಏಣಿ
ಮರಗಾಲು	ಮರದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾಲು
ಮರಗಾಣ	ಮರದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಗಾಣ

eraDu nAmapadagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva ellA jODupada gaLigU sambandhaka pratyayavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhya vAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, AnekAlu emba jODupadakke kAlugaLu Aneya kAlina hAge dappavAguva ondu rOgavannu hesarisuva artha videyAda kAraNa, adakke Aneya kAlu embudAgi sambandhaka pratyaya viruva oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli ilikivi emba jODupadakkU iliya kivi emba oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, adu iliya kiviya hAge kANisuva elega Liruva ondu giDavannu hesarisuttade.

kannaDadalli intaha mUru rItiya jODupadagaLu baLakeyallive. AnekAlu, ilikivi, kaygombe modalAdavugaLa hAge angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli eraDU upamAnakke sambandhisidavugaLu, kallede, tAyibEru, kaygamba modalAdavugaLa hAge modalaneya pada mAtra upamAnakke sambandhisi iruvavugaLu, mattu jEnutuppa, neladAvare, maygaLLa modalAdavugaLa hAge eraDaneya pada mAtra upamAnakke

sambandhisi iruvavugaLu embudAgi I mUru vidhada jODupada gaLannu varNisabahudu. udA:

(೧) angagaLeraDU upamegaLu
ilikivi iliya kiviyantiruva elegaLiruva giDa
kaygombe kayya gombeyante vaSadalliruvavanu
(೨) modalaneya anga upame
kallede kallina hAge kaThiNavAgiruva ede
kaygamba kayyinda tOrisuva hAge dAri tOrisuva kamba
(೩) eraDaneya anga upame
neladAvare neladalli beLeva tAvareyantiruva hU
jEnutuppa jEnuhuLa tayArisuva tupnadantiruva drava

(kha) modalaneya anga kriyApadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

modalaneya anga kriyApadavAgiyU mattu eraDaneya anga nAma padavAgiyU iruva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli kelavive. ivugaLalli baruva kriyApadavu ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisuttiddu, jODupadavannu tayArisuva samayadalli A ghaTaneyannu jODupadavu hesarisabEkA giruva vyakti illavE vastuvina guNadharmavannAgi ArisalAgittendu nAvu Uhisabahudu. udA:

suLigALi suLiyuva gALi surimaLe suriyuva maLe siDimaddu siDiyuva maddu bIsugallu (dhAnyavannu) bIsuva kallu nilugaDe (vAhanavannu) nillisuva kaDe jArubanDi (makkaLu) jAruva (ATavADuva) banDi cuccumaddu cuccuva (cuccikoDuva) maddu UrugOlu Uralu baLasuva kOlu tOruberaLu (yAvudannAdarU) tOrisalu baLasuva beraLu

intaha jODupadagaLalli modalaneya angavAgi baruva kriyA padakkU mattu eraDaneya angavAgi baruva nAmapadakkU naDuve bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, suLigALi, siDimaddu modalAdavugaLalli kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli nAmapadavu gurutisuva vastu toDagikonDiruvudannU mattu tUgudIpa, cuccumaddu modalAdavugaLalli bErArAdarU avannu A rIti toDagisiruvudannU kANabahudu. nAmapadavu gurutisuva vastu kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTanege bIsugallu, kaDegOlu moda lAdavugaLalli karaNavAgideyAdare, suDugADu, jArubanDi modalA davugaLalli AkaravAgide. jODupadagaLa naDuve kANisuva I vyatyAsada AdhArada mElU avannu bEre bEre gumpugaLalli hanci hELalu sAdhyavide.

jODupadada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva ghaTane halavu sandarbha gaLalli naDeyuvantahadAgirabahudu illavE ondu bAri mAtravE naDedudAgirabahudu. I vyatyAsavannu jODupadada oLanuDiyalli baruva kriyApadadondige va illavE da emba kAlavAcaka pratyaya vannu baLasuva mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage (೩ka)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli halavu sandarbha gaLalli naDeyuva ghaTaneyU mattu (೩kha)dalli koTTiruva jODupada gaLa oLaracaneyalli ondu bArige mAtravE naDeyuva ghaTaneyU bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

(೩ka) jArubanDi makkaLu jAruva banDi nilugaDe vAhanavannu nillisuva jAga siDimaddu siDiyuva maddu UrugOlu Uralu baLasuva kOlu

(೩kha) biDumuDi biTTa (kedarida) muDi (kUdalu) kaDiyakki kaDida (tunDAda) akki huTTuhabba huTTida (dinada) habba biccugatti biccida katti

jODupadada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva kriyApadavu nijavAgiyU naDediruva ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuva badalu upameyAgiralU sAdhya vembudannu hAsugallu (hAsida hAge kANisuva kallu) embudaralli nODabahudu.

modalaneya angavu kriyApadavE athavA nAmapadavE emba viShayadalli sandEhavELuvantaha jODupadagaLU kelavive. udA haraNegAgi, huTTukuruDa emba jODupadadalli baruva huTTu emba padavannu kriyApadavendu parigaNisi, huTTuvAgalE kuruDanAgidda vanu embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDabahudu, illavE adannu nAma padavendu parigaNisi, huTTinallE kuruDanAgiddavanu embudAgiyU oLanuDiyannu koDabahudu. idE rItiyalli huTTuguNa (huTTu vAgalE paDedidda guNa illavE huTTinallE paDedidda guNa), kaccu gAli (kacci hiDiyuva gAli illavE kaccugaLiruva gAli) embavu gaLa oLaracaneyallU modalaneya padavAgi kriyApada illavE nAma padavannu kANalu sAdhyavide.

(ga) modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

kannaDadalli guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi racisida jODu padagaLE jAstiyendu hELabahudu. ivugaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu athavA viShayavannu gurutisuttiddu, guNapadagaLu avugaLalli kANisuva bEre bEre rItiya guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kendALi emba jODupadakke (kempu tALi (tengu)) emba oLaracaneyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. idaralli kem (kempu) emba guNapadavU mattu tALi (tengu) emba nAmapadavU kANisuttiddu, nAmapadavu gurutisuva marada guNadharmavondannu guNapada sUcisuttide.

intaha jODupadagaLalli baruva guNapadagaLa naDuve bEre bEre rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANalu sAdhyaviddu, antaha vyatyAsagaLannAdharisi guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. intaha vingaDanegaLalli mukhyavAduvannu keLage svalpa vivaravAgi koDalAgide.

(೧) nAmaviSEShaNa mattu kriyAviSEShaNa

guNapadagaLu keLage (೪ka)dalli tOrisiruvante nEravAgi jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgirabahudu illavE (೪kha)dalli tOrisidante antaha nAmapadagaLige sambandhisidantaha kriyApadavondara viSEShaNagaLAgirabahudu.

(೪ka) hebberaLu hiri (doDDa) beraLu cikkAsu cikka kAsu kendALi kempu tALi (tengu) karituLasi kari (kappu) tuLasi

(೪kha) mungaDa (kelasakke) mundAgi koDuva kaDa (sAli) aDDadAri aDDalAgi (aDDakke) hOguva dAri baLakONe (maneya) oLagiruva kONe horabAgilu (maneya) horagiruva bAgilu

mEle (೪ka)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli kANisuva hiri, cikka, kem(pu) mattu kari emba guNapadagaLu nEravAgi A jODupadagaLalli bandiruva beraLu, kAsu, tALi mattu tuLasi emba nAmapada gaLondige sambandhisive. Adare (೪kha)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli kANisuva munde, aDDalAgi, oLage mattu horage emba guNapadagaLu avugaLalliruva nAmapadagaLondige I rIti nEravAgi sambandhisuva badalu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli mAtravE kANisuva koDu, hOgu mattu iru emba kriyApadagaLa mUlaka sambandhisive embudannu avugaLa eduru koTTiruva oLanuDigaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

mEle (೪ka)dalli koTTiruvantaha jODupadagaLige oLanuDigaLannu sUcisuvAga guNapadagaLannu baLasuva badalu adE rUpada nAma padagaLa sambandhaka rUpavannu (illavE kriyApadadondige baruva guNapadarUpavannu) baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi karituLasi emba jODupadakke oLanuDiyannu kari (kappu) tuLasi endaShTE koDuva badalu kariya tuLasi (illavE kappAda tuLasi) endAgali, mattu hebberaLu emba jODupadakke hiri (doDDa) beraLu endaShTE koDuva badalu hiridAda beraLu endAgali koDalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu padagucchagaLalli nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige

baraballuvAda kAraNa, oLanuDigaLallU antaha nEravAda sambandhavannu sUcisalu sAdhyaviruvallella adannE sUcisuvudu oLLeyadu.

(೨) jODupadada oLagina illavE horagina padada viSEShaNa
guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, avu
gaLalli kelavu nEravAgi obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvina guNadharma
vannu sUcisuvuvAdare bEre kelavu A vyakti illavE vastuvigU mattu
bErobba vyakti illavE vastuvigU naDuve antaha guNadharmada maTTige
entaha vyatyAsavideyembudannu tiLisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, karituLasi embudaralli bandiruva kari emba guNa
pada nEravAgi tuLasi emba nAmapadavu gurutisuva giDada guNadharma
vannu sUcisuttade, Adare doDDacenDu embudaralli bandiruva
doDDa emba guNapada I rIti nEravAgi cenDu emba vastuvina
guNadharma vannu sUcisuva badalu bEre cenDugaLigU adakkU naDuve
gAtradalli ruva vyatyAsavannu sUcisuttade.
nAmaviSEShaNagaLa hAge kriyAviSEShaNagaLa baLakeyalliyU intaha
vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi sthAnasUcakagaLAda mEle,
keLage, naDuve, oLage modalAdavugaLu nEravAgi ghaTaneyondara
guNa dharmavannu sUcisuva badalu yAvudAdarondu sthAnakke
sambandhisi dante ghaTaneya sthAnavannu sUcisuttave.
I rIti eraDu bEre bEre padagaLige sambandhisiruvantaha guNa
padagaLannu jODupadagaLalli baLasuvAga avu antaha jODupada
dallEnE bandiruva padada guNadharmavannu bEre padada guNadharmakke
sambandhisidante sUcisuvudE athavA A padakke sambandhisidante bEre
padada guNadharmavannu sUcisuvudE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle
jODupadagaLannu eraDu gumpugaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi cikkAsu emba jODupadavannu cikkamma emba
jODupadadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. cikkAsu embudakke cikka
kAsu endare ‘bEre kAsugaLinda cikkadAgiruva kAsu’ emba arthavide.
Adare, cikkamma embudakke I rIti cikka amma illavE ‘itara
ammandiriginta cikka amma’ emba arthavilla. idakke badalu adakke
ammaniginta cikka hengasu endare ‘ammana tangi’ emba arthavide.
cikkAsu embudaralli cikka emba guNapada nEravAgi A jODupadada
angavAgi bandiruva kAsu embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttade,

Adare cikkamma embudaralli adE guNapada jODupadada horagiruva hengasu emba pada sUcisuva vyaktiya guNadharmavannu jODupada dalli bandiruva amma embudakke sambandhisiruvante sUcisuttade.

I rIti sambandhitavAguva nAmapadagaLu oLanuDiyalli modala neyavAgi baruvuvAdarU jODupadadalli eraDaneyavAgi baruttave. hAgAgi, intaha jODupadagaLalli avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgiruva hAge tOruttade. udAharaNe gAgi, ammaniginta cikka hengasu emba oLanuDiyalli amma emba pada cikka embudakkinta modalu bandide, Adare adarinda tayArAda cikkamma emba jODupadadalli cikka embudu modalu bandide. idE rItiyalli doDDappa emba jODupadadalli appaniginta doDDa ganDusu emba oLanuDiyalli bandiruva appa mattu doDDa emba eraDu padagaLa sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgive. Adare, guNapadavannu nEravAgi sambandhisiruva doDDamane emba jODupadadalli I rIti padagaLa sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgilla.

kriyAviSEShaNagaLAgi baruva guNapadagaLannu baLasi tayArisida jODupadagaLannU idE rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi, naDuberaLu emba jODupadavannu naDuhagalu emba jODupadadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. naDuberaLu embudu kayyalliruva itara beraLugaLa naDuve iruva beraLannu gurutisuttade. hAgAgi A jODupadadalli naDu emba guNapada (iru emba kriyApadada mUlaka) A padada eraDaneya padavAda beraLu embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttade.

Adare naDuhagalu embudu I rIti itara hagalugaLa naDuviruva hagalannu sUcisuvudilla. idakke badalu adu hagalina naDuvinalliruva ondu bhAgavannu sUcisuttade. endare, iru emba kriyApadada mUlaka adu A jODupadadallilladiruva bhAga embudara guNadharma vannu sUcisuttadallade hagalu embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuvu dilla. hagalina naDuvinalliruva bhAga emba oLanuDiyalli hagalu embudu naDu embudakkinta modalu bandide mattu naDu hagalu embudaralli iveraDara sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgive, Adare naDuberaLu embudaralli I rIti padagaLa sthAna adalu badalAgilla embudannU illi gamanisabahudu.

intahadE vyatyAsavannu tOrisuva bEre kelavu jODupadagaLannu I keLage koDalAgide.

(೫ka) kaDehallu (bAyiya) kaDeyalliruva hallu
(೫kha) kaDegaNNu kaNNina kaDeyalliruva (bhAga)
(೬ka) mumbAgilu (maneya) mundiruva bAgilu
(೬kha) mungay kayyalli mundiruva (bhAga)
(೭ka) himmELa (nartakara) himbadiyalliruva mELa
(೭kha) hingAlu kAlina himbadiyalliruva (bhAga)
(೮ka) oLakONe (maneya) oLabhAgadalliruva kONe
(೮kha) oLadavaDe davaDeya oLagiruva (bhAga)

mEle (ka)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli bandiruva guNapadagaLu nEravAgi avugaLallEnE bandiruva nAmapadada guNadharmavannu sUcisuttave, Adare (kha)dalli koTTiruva guNapadagaLu jODupadagaLa llilladiruva mattu oLanuDigaLalli kamsadoLage koTTiruva bhAga embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttave embudannu gamanisabahudu.

nAlku kAliruva dana, nAyi modalAdavugaLa bagge hELuvAga hingAlu embudu ‘hindiruva kAla’nnu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, antaha sandarbhagaLalli adu (kha) vibhAgada badalu (ka) vibhAgakke sEruttade. Adare, manuShyara kAlige sambandhisidante A padavannu baLasidAga, adu mEle sUcisidante (kha) vibhAgadalli baruttade. mungAlu emba jODupadakkU idE rItiyalli sandarbhakkanusAra vAgi I eraDu bEre bEre rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhya vide.

೫.೬.೩ eraDaneya angadalli vayvidhya

mEle vivarisida jODupadagaLallella eraDaneya angavAgi nAmapada mAtravE baLakeyAgiddu, modalaneya angavAgi mAtra nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadada baLakeyAgide. kannaDada jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgiyU nAmapada mAtravallade kriyApada mattu

guNapadagaLu baraballavE emba praSneyannu illi pariSIlisuva avaSyakate yide.

guNapadagaLiruva jODupadagaLige eraDu rItiya oLaracanegaLiralu sAdhya embudannu nAvu hindina vibhAgadalli nODiruvevu. I vyatyAsa vannu avugaLigi koDabahudAda oLanuDigaLalli kANabahudu. udA haraNegAgi, mumbAgilu emba jODupadakke (maneya) mundiruva bAgilu embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adaralli mum(de) emba guNapada bAgilu emba nAmapadada eDakke bandide. Adare mungay emba jODupadakke kayyalli mundiruva (bhAga) embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adaralli mum(de) emba guNapada kay emba nAmapadada balakke bandide. I rIti oLanuDi yalli guNapada nAmapadada modalu illavE anantara baraballu dAdarU jODupadadalli adu sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadada modali gEnE (eDakke) baruttade.

Adare kriyApadagaLa viShaya idakkinta svalpa bhinnavAdudu. oLanuDi yalli nAmapadada anantara (adara balakke) bandiruva kriyApada guNa padada hAge nAmapadadondige tanna sthAnavannu adalu badalu mADi koLLuvudilla; idakke badalu, heccina sandarbhagaLallU A kriyApadavE nAmapadavAgi badalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, hAvADiga emba jODupadakke hAvannu ADisuva manuShya embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu idaralli ADu emba kriyApada hAvu emba nAmapadada anantara baruttade; Adare jODupadadalli I kriyApadadondige iga emba pratyaya sEri adu nAmapadavAgide.

I rIti oLanuDiyalli eraDaneya padavAgi banda kriyApadavu jODupadadalli nAmapadavAgi badalAgiruvudannu I keLagina udA haraNegaLallU kANabahudu.

taletiruka tale tirugida vyakti dArihOka dAriyalli hOguva vyakti kallu kuTiga kallannu kuTTuva vyakti nADADi nADinalli ADuva (tirugADuva) vyakti kasabarike kasavannu baridu mADuva sAdhana bayalATa bayalinalli ADuva nxtyanATaka talehore taleyalli horabahudAda mUTe

intaha jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli eraDaneya padavAgi kriyA padavondu bandideyendu hELuva badalu, nAmapadavE bandide yendU hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgiddalli adu nAmapadagaLeraDannu sErisi tayArisida jODupadavAdItu. udAharaNegAgi, talehore embudakke taleyalli horabahudAda mUTe emba oLanuDiyannu koDuva badalu taleya hore illavE taleyalli horabahudAda hore embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli haNe baraha embudakke haNeya baraha endAgalI illavE haNeyalli barediruva baraha endAgali oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. tale nOvu, hullugAvalu, hoTTenOvu modalAduvakkU idE rItiyalli eraDaneya anga kriyApadadinda illavE nAmapadadinda siddhavAgiruvante oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavide.

Adare ellA sandarbhagaLallU I rIti kriyApadada badalu nAma padavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke kAraNa vEnendare, hosagannaDadalli -hOka, -aDiga, -ADi modalAdavugaLu svatantra nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyallilla. idallade bEre kelavu jODu padagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLige (udA: taletiruka embudaralli baruva tiruka emba padakke illavE bayalATa embudaralli baruva ATa emba padakke) jODupadagaLalli koDabEkAgiruva arthadalli svatantravAda baLakeyilla.

oLanuDiyalli baruva kriyApadavu hAgeyE uLidiruvantaha jODupadagaLU kannaDadalli kelavive. udAharaNegAgi kaypiDi emba padakke kayyalli piDi(hiDi)yuvaShTu cikka pustaka embudAgi oLanuDi yannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, piDi emba haLeya kriyApada A jODu padadalli hAgeyE uLidide. bAnuli emba padakke bAnininda uliyuva samsthe embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, illU uli emba kriyApada jODupadadalli hAgeyE uLidide. Adare intaha jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpavAgi mAtra kANisikoLLuttave.

innu kelavu jODupadagaLalli eraDaneyadAgi baruva anga kriyA padadantiddarU adannu adE rUpadalliruva nAmapadavendu parigaNi salu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi edegudi emba jODupadakke ede yalli Aguva kudi embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koTTu adaralli baruva

eraDaneya pada ondu nAmapadavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli kaNNuri (kaNNinalli Aguva uri), kambani (kaNNinalli baruva hani), nANNuDi (nADinalli rUDhiyAgiruva nuDi) modalAdavuga LallU eraDaneya angavannu kriyApadavendu hELuva badalu nAma padavendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

modalaneya anga kriyApada illavE guNapadavAgiddu, eraDaneya anga kriyApadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpa. iLijAru embudaralli iLi mattu jAru emba eraDu kriyApadagaLu angagaLAgi bandiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, jAru emba padakke ‘jAruva sthaLa’ emba arthadalli nAmapadavAgi baLakeyide. idE rItiyalli oDahuTTu embudaralli oDa(ne) emba guNapadadondige huTTu emba kriyApada bandiruvante kANisuvudAdarU huTTu embudakke ‘huTTiruvike’ emba arthadalli nAmapadavAgi baLakeyide. hAgAgi, intaha jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya angavAgi nAmapadavE bandideyendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

೫.೬.೪ kEndra binduvina sthAnavannAdharisida vibhajane

jODupadagaLu entaha vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuttave embu dara AdhArada mEle avugaLigondu kEndra binduvannu kalpisikoLLalu baruttade. I kEndra bindu jODupadada oLagEnE irabahudu illavE adare horagirabahudu. jODupadada oLagEnE ideyAdare, adara modalaneya angavAgiruva padada mEle biddirabahudu illavE eraDaneya angavAgiruva padada mEle biddirabahudu. I bEre bEre sAdhyategaLa AdhArada mEle jODupadagaLannu bEre bEre vargagaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadakke keLagiruva tuTi emba oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adu eraDu rItiya tuTi gaLalli (mElduTi mattu keLaduTi embavugaLalli) ondannu gurutisu ttade. I rIti adu hesarisuvudu ondu tuTiyannAda kAraNa, adara kEndra bindu tuTi emba adara eraDaneya angada mElideyendu hELabahudu. idakke vyatiriktavAgi AnekAlu emba jODupadakke Aneya kAlinantiruva kAlannu honduva rOga embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adu ondu rItiya rOgavannu hesarisuvudAda kAraNa (mattu ondu rItiya AneyannAgalI illavE

kAlannAgalI hesarisuvudillavAda kAraNa) adara kEndra bindu jODu padada horagiruva rOga emba padada mElideyendu hELabEkAgu ttade.

kannaDadalli baruva heccina jODupadagaLigU avugaLa kEndra bindu jODupadadallE iddu, adu avugaLa eraDaneya angavAda nAma padada mEle biddiruttade. nAvu mEle (೫.೬.೨ralli) nODiruvante, kannaDada jODupadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada illavE guNapada baraballudu, Adare eraDaneya angavAgi heccineDe gaLallU nAmapada mAtravE baraballudu. modalaneya anga kriyApada illavE guNapadavAgiruvantaha jODupadagaLalli A kriyApada illavE guNapada eraDaneya angavAgiruva nAmapadavu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmavondannu sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa, antaha jODupadagaLa kEndra bindu eraDaneya angavAgiruva nAmapadada mEle bILuvudu svAbhAvika.

udAharaNegAgi, cuccumaddu emba jODupadadalli baruva cuccu emba kriyApadavu A jODupadavu gurutisuva maddina guNa dharmavondannu (cucci koDuva maddu embudAgi) sUcisuttide. cuccumaddu embudu ondu rItiya maddannu (endare avShadhavannu) hesarisuttideyallade ondu rItiya cuccuvikeyannalla. hAgAgi, idara kEndra bindu maddu embudara mElideyendu hELabEkAguttade.

idE rItiyalli aDDahesaru emba jODupadadalli baruva aDDa emba guNapadavu hesarina guNadharmavondannu sUcisuttide; aDDahesaru embudu viSiShTavAdondu rItiya hesarannu gurutisu ttade. hAgAgi, illU kUDa jODupadada kEndra bindu adara eraDaneya angavAda hesaru emba padada mEle bILuttadeyendu hELabEkAguttade.

Adare I niyamakke apavAdavAgaballa guNapadagaLiruva jODu padagaLu kelavu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, nAvu mEle (೫.೬.೨(೩)ralli) nODiruvante, cikkamma, doDDappa, mungAlu, hingAlu modalAda kelavu guNapadagaLiruva jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi baruva amma, appa, kAlu modalAda nAma padagaLu oLanuDiyalli modalaneya padavAgi baruttave. intaha jODupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastu I nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastuviginta bhinnavAgiruvudAda kAraNa, I

jODupadagaLa kEndra binduvannu avugaLa oLagEnE kANalu sAdhya vAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, cikkamma emba jODupada ammaniginta cikkava LAgiruva hengasannu endare ammana tangiyannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adara kEndra bindu A jODupadada horagiruva hengasu (illavE tangi) emba padada mEle bILuttadallade adara oLagiruva amma (illavE cikka) emba padada mEle bILuvudilla.

idE rItiyalli hingAlu embudu kAlina hindiruva ondu bhAgavannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adara kEndra bindu jODupadada horagiruva bhAga emba ondu padada mEle bILuttadallade, adara angagaLAgiruva him(de) illavE kAlu emba padada mEle bILuvu dilla. avakkU mattu kEndra bindu jODupadada oLagEnE baru vantaha keLaduTi, kaDehallu, oLakONe modalAduvakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnembudannu nAvu mEleyE vivaravAgi pariSIlisiruvevu.

eraDu angagaLU nAmapadagaLAgiruva jODupadagaLalli sAmAnya vAgi kEndrabindu eraDaneya padada mElEnE bILuttade. udAharaNe gAgi, kaNNIru emba jODupadakke kaNNinalli baruva nIru embudAgi vigrahavAkyavannu hELalu sAdhyaviddu, adu ondu rItiya nIrannu gurutisuttadeyendu hELabahudu. hAgAgi, I jODupadada kEndra bindu adara eraDaneya angavAgiruva nIru emba padada mElide.

idE rItiyalli hogesoppu emba pada ondu rItiya soppannu (endare eleyannu) gurutisuttade, mattu benkikaDDi emba pada ondu rItiya kaDDiyannu gurutisuttade. hAgAgi illU kUDa kEndra bindu jODupadada eraDaneya angavAgiruva padada mEle bILuttade.

I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgiruva jODupadagaLu kelavu kannaDa dallive. udAharaNegAgi, eraDaneya pada upamAnavagiruvantaha kay gombe, ilikivi modalAda kelavu jODupadagaLalli kEndra bindu jODupadagaLa horage bILuttadallade avugaLa oLagiruva padagaLa mEle bILuvudilla. kaygombe emba pada ondu gombeyannu gurutisuva badalu gombeya hAge vaSavartiyAguva obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade. ilikivi emba pada ondu rItiya kiviyannu gurutisuva badalu iliya kiviya hAge kANisuva elegaLiruva ondu rItiya giDavannu gurutisuttade. hAgAgi, intaha jODupadagaLalli kEndra

ondu A jODupadagaLa horagiruva vyakti, giDa modalAdavugaLa mEle bILuttadeyendu hELabEkAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೭ sErikeya niyamagaLu

jODupadagaLalli eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAguvuvAda kAraNa, hIge oTTu sEruva padagaLalli prAmukhyavAgi modalaneya padada koneya bhAgadalli mattu eraDaneya padada modala bhAgadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave. Adare I badalAvaNegaLu niyamitavAgi ellA padagaLallU naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLalla. kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuttave Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuvudilla. padaracaneyalli ‘niyama’gaLigintalU ‘olavu’gaLiruvudE jAsti embudE idakke kAraNa.

jODupadagaLa racaneyalli kANisuva intaha badalAvaNegaLalli kelavu prAmukhyavAduvannu I keLage vivarisalAgide.

೫.೨.೧ eraDaneya padadalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu

jODupadagaLa eraDaneya padadalli ondu mukhyavAda badalAvaNe mAtra kANisikoLLuvudAda kAraNa, adannu modalige pariSIlisabahudu. I padagaLa modalige baruva k, t, p illavE s emba vyanjana g, d, b illavE j embudAgi badalAguvudE I badalAvaNe. I badalAvaNeya mUlaka kakAra gakAravAguvudannu halavAru jODu padagaLalli kANabahudu. takAra dakAravAguvudU uLida eraDu badalAvaNegaLiginta jAsti padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

(೧) jODupadadalli baruva modalaneya padada koneya akShara bidduhOgi, sonne mAtra uLidideyAdare, intaha badalAvaNegaLu ellA padagaLallU naDeyuva hAge kANisuttade. udA:

sonneya anantara badalAvaNeyAgiruvudu

ಹಿಂ(ದೆ) + ತಲೆ	ಹಿಂದಲೆ
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಕತ್ತಲೆ	ಮುಂಗತ್ತಲೆ
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಕಾಲು	ಮುಂಗಾಲು
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಕುರುಳು	ಮುಂಗುರುಳು
ಹಿಂ(ದೆ) + ಸರಿ	ಹಿಂಜರಿ
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಪರಿ	ಮುಂಬರಿ

kam(Nu) + pani (hani) kambani

(೨) jODupadadalli baruva modalaneya padada koneya svara
uLidideyAdare, mElina badalAvaNe kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuttade,
Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuvudilla. udA:
(ka) svarada anantara badalAvaNeyAgiruvudu
mane + kelasa managelasa
nela + kaDale nelagaDale
kay + kaDa kaygaDa
Uru + kOlu UrugOlu
suDu + kADu suDugADu
huri + kaDale hurigaDale
ede + kudi edegudi
nela + tAvare neladAvare
keLa(ge) + tuTi keLaduTi
(kha) svarada anantara badalAvaNeyAgadiruvudu
oLa(ge) + kONe oLakONe
kay + kelasa kaykelasa
Ane + kAlu AnekAlu
tale + terige taleterige
kari + tuLasi karituLasi
I rIti svarada anantara badalAvaNeyAgadiruvudakke kakAra, takAra
modalAdavugaLa hinde athavA munde ottakSharaviruvudU ondu
kAraNavirabahudu embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu sUcisuttave.
hoTTe + kiccu hoTTekiccu
biccu + Sakti biccukatti
aNe + kaTTu aNekaTTu
baTTa + tale baTTatale
೭.೨ modalaneya padadalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu

jODupadagaLa modalaneya pada halavu bEre bEre rItiya badalA vaNegaLigoLagAguttade. ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudendare avugaLa koneya svaradalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu.

(೧) koneya svara ukAra illavE akAravAgiddalli
modalaneya padada koneyalli ukAra illavE akAra bandideyAdare,
adarondige svaradalli suruvAguva eraDaneya pada sEridAga modala
neya pada tanna koneya svaravannu kaLedukoLLuttade. udA:
ukAra biddu hOguvudu
kallu + iddalu kalliddalu
nUlu + ENi nUlENi
kaNNu + uri kaNNuri
bayalu + ATa bayalATa
kallu + ede kallede
akAra biddu hOguvudu
cikka + amma cikkamma
huDura + ATa huDugATa
(ka) kaDu, naDu mattu niDu emba mUru guNapadagaLu modalaneya
padavAgi bandiddu, avugaLondige svaradalli suruvAguva eraDaneya
padavondu sEridAga avugaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguvudu
mAtravallade, DakAra Ts emba ottakSharavAguttade. udA:
kaDu + iruve kaTTiruve
kaDu + ALu kaTTALu
niDu + usiru niTTusiru
naDu + aDavi naTTaDavi
naDu + iruLu naTTiruLu
kaDu emba pada samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLondige
sEridAgalU (A padagaLu svaradalli suruvAgiveyAdare) I rIti kaT

embudAgi badalAguvudannu kaTTAjYe, kaTTappaNe modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

(kha) eraDaneya pada vyanjanadalli suruvAguvudAdare sAmAnyavAgi
I padagaLu badalAguvudilla. Adare A vyanjana kakAra illavE gakAra
vAgideyAdare, kaDu embudu kar endAguttade mattu adara
anantara baruva kakAra gakAravAguttade. udA:
badalAvaNeyilladiruvudu
naDu + hagalu naDuhagalu
naDu + beraLu naDuberaLu
kaDu + bisilu kaDubisilu
kaDu + baDava kaDubaDava
kakAra illavE gakAradeduru badalAvaNe
kaDu + kattale kaggattale
kaDu + ganTu kagganTu
(ga) kempu mattu tampu emba eraDu padagaLu aniyamitavAgi kelavu
jODupadagaLalli kem mattu tam emba giDDarUpavannu paDeyuttave.
idE rItiyalli bennu embudu bem emba rUpavannU, kaNNu
embudu kam emba rUpavannU mattu honnu embudu hom emba
rUpavannU kelavu jODupadagaLalli paDeyuttave. udA:
kempu + tALi kendALi
tampu + gALi tangALi
bennu + kAvalu bengAvalu
kaNNu + pani (hani) kambani
honnu + baNNa hombaNNa
(೨) koneya svara ikAra illavE ekAravAgiddalli
modalaneya padada koneyalli ikAra illavE ekAra bandideyAdare,
adu svaradalli suruvAguva eraDaneya padadeduru biddu hOguvu

dilla. idakke badalu A eraDu svaragaLa naDuve yakAra ondu sEruttade.

koneyalli ikAra bandAga kaDi + akki kaDiyakki

koneyalli ekAra bandAga nere + Uru nereyUru mane + ALu maneyALu

(ka) munde mattu hinde emba eraDu padagaLu jODupadagaLa
modalaneya angavAgi baruvAga mum mattu him emba giDDarUpa
vannu paDeyuttave. ivugaLa koneyalliruva sonne eraDaneya pada
nakAra illavE makAradalli suruvAgiruvudAdare nakAra mattu makAra
vAgi badalAguttade. udA:
munde + gENi
mungENi
munde + kattale
mungattale
munde + tale
mundale
munde + nuDi
munnuDi
hinde + kALu
hingAlu
hinde + tale
hindale
hinnOTa
himmELa
(kha) biLi emba pada jODupadagaLalli beL illavE beN endAguvu
dannu I keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.
biLi + tingaLu
beLLengaLu
biLi + kallu
beLLallu, beNNallu
(ga) hiri emba pada adara mundiruva vyanjanavannanusarisi heg, hej,
hed, illavE heb embudAgi badalAguvudannu I keLagina jODu

padagaLalli kANabahudu. adara mundiruva kakAra mattu pakAragaLu gakAra mattu bakAragaLAguttave.

hiri + kaDe heggaDe
hiri + jEnu hejjenu
hiri + dAri heddAri
hiri + puli (huli) hebbuli
hiri + bAgilu hebbAgilu

(gha) kari emba padavU kakAra mattu gakAragaLeduru kar embudAgi badalAguttade mattu adara mundiruva kakAra gakAravAguttade. udA:

kari + gavi

kaggavi

kari + kallu

kaggallu

(೩) mEle vivarisiruva ‘badalAvaNe’gaLalli kelavu jODupadagaLa anga gaLAgi bandiruva padagaLu haLegannaDadalli athavA adakkU hinde ava kkidda rUpavannu jODupadagaLalli mAtra hAgeyE uLisikonDudarinda kANisikoLLuttive. udAharaNegAgi, hiri emba pada pUrvada haLegannaDa dalli peri emba rUpadallittu. anantara I padada svatantra prayOga dalli (endare padada koneyalli ikAraviddaga) piri endu badalAgi anantara hosagannaDadalli hiri endAyitu. heggaDe, heddAri modalAda jODupadagaLalli I ikAra bidduhOgideyAda kAraNa, I padada modalaneya akShara p endE uLidu anantara hosagannaDadalli he emba rUpavannu paDeyitu. biLi emba padadallU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedideyembudannu beLudingaLu, beNyallu modalAda jODupadagaLondige adannu hOlisuvudara mUlaka tiLiyabahudu.

bennu, kaNNu, honnu modalAda padagaLu avugaLa ellA baLake gaLallU ben, kaN, pon emba koneyalli vyanjanaviruva rUpada llidduvu. hosagannaDadalli avu svatantra prayOgadalli mAtra ukAra dalli konegoLLuttave, jODupadagaLalli baruvAga avugaLige I ukAra sEruvudilla.

intaha jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa svatantra prayOgadalli badalAvaNeyAgide yendu hELuva badalu, jODupadadalli badalAvaNeyAgideyendu hELuvudu rUDhi. Adare idu cAritrika badalAvaNegaLa varNaneyalla embudannilli gamanisuvudu avaSya.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೮ kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajanegaLu

kannaDada heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU ‘samAsagaLu’ emba ondu adhyAya viddu, adaralli kannaDada jODupadagaLa vibhajane mattu varNane yiruttade. Adare I vibhajane heccina maTTige samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu A bhASheyalli baruva jODupadagaLa vibhajanegAgi baLasida vidhAnavannE avalambiside. samskxtada samAsagaLu yAvuvu, avugaLalli yAvuvu kannaDadallU kANisuttave, mattu samskxtadallilladantaha bEre yAva samAsagaLu kannaDadallive embantaha praSnegaLige uttaravannu huDukutta I vibhajane sAguttade.

Adare I rIti samskxta samAsagaLa dxShTikOnada mUlaka kannaDada jODupadagaLannu varNisuvudarindAgi A varNane anavaSyakavAgi bahaLa kliShTavAguttade mAtravalla, nijakkU kannaDada jODupadagaLu yAva rIti yavu emba praSnege nEravAda uttara siguvudE illa. mEle (೫.೬ralli) I toDaku toDakAda vidhAnavannu toredu, kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva jODupadagaLannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva vaySiShTya gaLa AdhArada mEle vibhajisi vivarisalAgide.

I rIti kannaDada jODupadagaLa nEravAda pariSIlaneyinda sidda vAda vibhajane ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajaneginta yAva rItiyalli bhinnavAgide embudannu svalpa skUlavAgiyAdarU pari SIlisuvudu avaSya. yAkendare, hAge mADuvudarinda I kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajanegaLu yAva rItiyallella asamarpaka vAgive emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, bahuvrIhi, dvandva mattu avyayibhAvagaLemba Aru samskxta samAsagaLannU mattu ivakkinta bhinnavAda kriyAsamAsa mattu gamakasamAsagaLemba bEre eraDu rItiya samAsagaLannU tOrisuva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalliveyembu dAgi hadimUraneya SatamAnada SabdamaNidarpaNavemba vyAkaraNadalli hELalAgide. idu haLegannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLa vibhajane

yAgideyAdarU hosagannaDakkU idannE anvayisi hELuvudu rUDhi. ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli heccinavugaLallU I vibhajaneyannE alpasvalpa vyatyAsagaLannu mADi hosagannaDaddendu hELiruvudannu kANa bahudu.

೫.೮.೧ vibhajaneya AdhAra

I vibhajanege AdhAravAgi jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa varga, avugaLa naDuviruva sambandha, mattu jODupadagaLalli kEndra binduvina sthAna emba I mUru viShayagaLannU oTTAgi baLasikoLLa lAgide. udAharaNegAgi, jODupadada modalaneya anga sankhyA vAcakavAgiddare adannu dviguvendU, mattu eraDaneyadu kriyApada vAgiddare adannu kriyAsamAsavendU kareyalAguttade. idu jODu padagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa vargavannAdharisida vibhajane.

jODupadada angagaLeraDu nAmapadagaLAgiddu bEre bEre vibhakti gaLalliddare adannu tatpuruShavendu kareyalAguttade, mattu ondE vibhaktiyalliddare adannu karmadhArayavendu kareyalAguttade. idu jODupadada angagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannAdharisida vibhajane.

jODupadada kEndra bindu eraDaneya angada mEliddare adannu tatpuruShavendU, modalaneya angada mEliddare avyayibhAva (illavE amSi samAsa) endU, eraDara mElU iddare dvandva vendU mattu kEndra bindu jODupadada yAva angada mElU bILade adara horagiruva ondu padada mEle biddideyAdare adannu bahuvrIhiyendU kareyalAguttade. idu jODupadadalli kEndra binduvina sthAnavannAdharisida vibhajane. (jODupadada kEndra bindu vinalliruva padavannu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘pradhAna pada’ embudAgi kareyuvudu rUDhi).

kannaDada jODupadagaLa vibhajaneyannu I rIti mUru bEre bEre viShayagaLannu oTTige AdhAravAgi irisikoDu tayArisiruva kAraNa anavaSyakavAgi gondalakkeDeyAgide. udAharaNegAgi, kEndra bindu eraDaneya angada mEliruva karmadhAraya, dvigu, kriyAsamAsa mattu gamakasamAsagaLu tatpuruShada prabhEdagaLendu hELabEkAgu ide, mattu angagaLeraDU ondE vibhaktiyalli baruva dvigusamAsa vembudu karmadhArayada prabhEdavendu hELabEkAguttade. yAvu

dAdarondu sankhye modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva jODupada dviguvAgiralU sAdhyavide, gamakavAgiralU sAdhyavide; hAgAgi, nijakkU averaDara naDuvina vyatyAsavEnu, gamakavemba samAsa vidhAna kannaDakke avaSyavE endella vAda vivAdagaLu idarindAgi mUDi bandive.

idallade, kEndra binduvina sthAnavannAdharisida vibhajane kannaDada maTTige aShTondu upayuktavAdudalla. yAkendare, kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya anga nAmapadavAgiddu, kEndra bindu A eraDaneya padada mEleyE bILuttade. kelavu jODupadagaLalli (prAmukhyavAgi guNapadagaLiruvavugaLalli) mAtra kEndra bindu adara horagiralu sAdhya (೫.೬.೪ nODi). Adare samskxtada jODupada gaLannu vibhajisuvalli kEndra binduvina sthAnavemba I viShaya prAmukhya vAda pAtravannu vahisuttade. I kAraNakkAgiyU samskxtada samAsa gaLannu alpasvalpa badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kannaDakke aLavaDisuva prayatna dindAgi gondalavunTAgide.

jODupadagaLa vibhajanege AdhAravAgaballa bEre bEre viShaya gaLannu I rIti oTTu sErisalu yatnisade avannu bEre bErAgi irisi konDu, avu jODupadagaLa vibhajanege yAva rItiyallella sahAyaka vAgaballuvu embudannu pariSIlisi, anantara avugaLalli atyanta heccu sahAyakavAgaballa viShayavannu vibhajanege AdhAravAgi tegedukoLLu vudE sariyAda dAri. kannaDada maTTige mEle (೫.೬.೪ralli) vivarisi dante, jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa vargavannAdharisida vibhajaneyE atyanta upayuktavAda vibhajane.

೫.೮.೨ padavargagaLa sankhye

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa vibhajanegaLu padavarga gaLa viShayadalli kannaDakkU mattu samskxtakkU naDuviruva prAmukhya vAda ondu vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi gamanisadiruvudarindAgi bahaLa maTTige tappu hAdi hiDidive. samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada gaLemba eraDE eraDu mukhya padavargagaLiddu, guNapadagaLa artha koDuva padagaLalli heccinavU nAmapadavemba padavargadallEnE sEri koLLuttave.

idakke vyatiriktavAgi kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru bEre bEre mukhya padavargagaLive embudannu nAvu mEle eraDaneya adhyAyadalli (೨.೨ralli) nODiruvevu.

guNapadagaLa artha koDuva nAmapadagaLannu innondu nAmapada dondige sErisi padagucchavondannu tayArisabEkiddalli, adakke A nAma padada linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisikoLLa bEku embudu samskxtada vAkyaracaneya ondu niyama. udAharaNe gAgi, I keLagina samskxta vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೯ka) tatra EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH asti.
alli ondu kappu hAvu ide.
(೧೦ka) hariH Ekam kxShNam sarpam apaSyat.
hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida.
(೧೧ka) hariH EkEna kxShNEna sarpENa daShTaH.
hari ondu kappu hAvininda kaccalpaTTa.

mEle koTTiruva (೯ka) vAkyadalli EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH ‘ondu kappu hAvu’ emba nAmapadaguccha bandiddu, adaralliruva mUru padagaLU pullinga-Ekavacana-prathamAvibhakti pratyayadondige bandive.

idE nAmapadaguccha (೧೦ka) mattu (೧೧ka) vAkyagaLallU bandiddu, adaralliruva mUru padagaLU (೧೦ka) vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana- dvitIyAvibhakti pratyayadondigU (Ekam kxShNam sarpam embudAgi), mattu (೧೧ka) vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana-txtIyA vibhakti pratyaya dondigU (EkEna kxShNEna sarpENa embudAgi) bandive.

illi mukhyavAgi gamanisabEkAda viShayavEnendare, I padagucchada mUraneya angavAda sarpaH ‘hAvu’ emba pada mAtravallade adara modalaneya angavAda EkaH ‘ondu’ emba pada mattu eraDaneya angavAda kxShNaH ‘kappu’ emba pada - iveraDU I rIti linga- vacana-vibhakti pratyayadondige barabEkAgide. idu samskxtadalli padagucchagaLannu tayArisuva ondu niyama.

kannaDa padagucchagaLa racane idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. avugaLalli baruva padagaLalli koneyadakke mAtra vibhakti pratyayagaLannu mattu vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavide. mEle koTTiruva samskxta vAkyagaLa kannaDa anuvAdagaLannu gamanisidevAdare I viShaya spaShTavAdItu. EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH emba samskxta padagucchada

modalaneya padada kannaDa anuvAda ondu embudu. I pada mEle koTTiruva mUru vAkya gaLallU ondE rUpadalli bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.

idE rItiyalli adE padagucchada eraDaneya padada anuvAdavAda vAgiruva kappu emba padavU kannaDada I mUru vAkyagaLallU ondE rUpadalli bandide. annu mattu inda emba vibhakti pratyayagaLannu (೧೦ka) mattu (೧೧ka) vAkyagaLalli I padagucchada mUraneya padavAda hAvu embudakke mAtravE sErisalAgideyallade, samskxtadalliruva hAge modalaneya mattu eraDaneya padagaLige sErisilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.

kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAda bEreyE ondu padavargadalli baruttave mattu nAmapadagaLondige avannu nEravAgi (vibhakti pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade) baLasalu sAdhya emba kannaDa vAkyaracaneya niyama mEle koTTiruva samskxta vAkyaracaneya niyamakkinta bhinnavAgiruvudE I vyatyAsakke kAraNa.

samskxtadalli EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH emba padagucchada badalu EkaH kxShNasarpaH embudAgi adaralliruva eraDaneya mattu mUraneya pada gaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu jODupadavannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhya vide. intaha jODupadadalli modalaneya angavAgi baruva pada tanna linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayavannu kaLedukoLLuttade embudu samskxtada ondu padaracaneya niyama. I kAraNakkAgi, kxShNaH emba padavannu ondu jODupadada angavAgi baLasidAga adu ellA rItiya vAkyagaLallU ondE rUpadalli baruttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva (kha) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೯kha) tatra EkaH kxShNasarpaH asti.
alli ondu kappu hAvu ide.
(೧೦kha) hariH Ekam kxShNasarpam apaSyat.
hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida.
(೧೧kha) hariH EkEna kxShNasarpENa daShTaH.
hari ondu kappu hAvininda kaccalpaTTa.

mElina kannaDa vAkyagaLalli bandiruva kappu hAvu emba padaguccha samskxtada I kxShNasarpaH emba jODupadavannu hOluvudAda kAraNa (eraDarallU modalina angavAgi baruva padadondige vibhakti pratyaya bandillavAda kAraNa) adU karmadhArayavemba samAsadinda tayArAda jODupadavembudAgi kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLellarU tappAgi grahisikonDiddAre. nijakkU kappu hAvu embudu kannaDada vAkya racaneya niyamagaLa prakAra tayArAda padagucchavallade jODupada valla. jODupadagaLalli kANisuva guNadharmagaLAvuvU adaralli kANi suvudilla.

idE rItiyalli nAmapadadondige guNapadavondannu sErisi tayArisida doDDa mane, cikka pustaka, kempu SAyi, biLi kAgada modalAdavugaLalli modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva pada vibhakti pratyayadondige bandillavAdarU kannaDadalli jODupadagaLalla, bariya padagucchagaLu.

illi gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, angagaLAgi baruva eraDu padagaLannu vibhakti pratyayavondu pratyEkisuttadeyE athavA illavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle samskxtadalli padagucchagaLannu jODupadagaLinda bErpaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide, Adare kannaDadalli idu sAdhyavilla.

೫.೮.೩ viSEShaNagaLu mattu viSEShyagaLu

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDu bEre bEre padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLillavAda kAraNa, adara padagucchagaLalli baruva padagaLoLage viSEShaNa-viSEShya sambandhavannu kalpisuvudu bahaLa kaShTa. udAharaNegAgi mEle koTTiruva kxShNaH sarpaH emba padaguccha dalli yAvudu viSEShaNa mattu yAvudu viSEShya embudannu niShkxShTa vAgi tiLisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

padagucchagaLa modalaneya sthAnadalli baruva pada viSEShaNavendu hELuvudAdare, sarpaH kxShNaH embudAgi A padagucchadalliruva padagaLa sthAnavannu badalisi hELalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, sarpaH emba padavU modalaneya sthAnakke bandu viSEShaNavendenisaballudu. I kAraNakkAgi, yAvudu viSEShaNa mattu yAvudu viSEShya embudu intaha padagucchagaLannu baLasuvavara dxShTikOnavannavalambisideyallade avugaLalli angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa svarUpa illavE guNadharma

vannavalambisilla embudAgi patanjaliyantaha samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

kannaDada padagucchagaLu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu. kannaDada kappu hAvu emba padagucchadalli kappu embudu viSEShaNavAgi mAtravE nillaballudu mattu hAvu embudu viSEShavAgi mAtravE nillaballudu. adaralliruva padagaLa sthAnavannu badalAyisi hAvu kappu endu hELidevAdare adu samskxtadalliruvante ondu padagucchavAgi uLiyade ondu vAkyavAgibiDuttade.

kannaDadalli modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva kaydIpa, tAyi mane modalAda jODupadagaLigU mattu modalaneya anga guNa padavAgiruva doDDamma, beNkallu modalAda jODupadagaLigU naDuve spaShTavAda vyatyAsagaLive. Adare samskxtada jODupadagaLalli intaha vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padavondannu baLasi racisida kxShNasarpaH embantaha jODu padagaLannu mAtravallade vastuvannu sUcisuva padavondannu baLasi racisida candramukham, gOgarbhiNI embantaha jODupadagaLannU samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu karmadhArayavendu parigaNisabEkAgide.

nijakkU kxShNaH emba pada samskxtadalli kannaDada kappu emba padada hAge ondu guNadharmavannu sUcisuvudilla. idakke badalu A guNadharmavannu paDediruva obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu adu sUcisuttade (೨.೨ nODi). hAgAgi, samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLa sErikeyinda tayArAda tatpuruShakkU mattu I karmadhArayakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsa avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu oLanuDiyalli (vigrahavAkyadalli) yAva vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhitavAguttave embudu mAtra. avu prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhitavAguvu vAdare karmadhArayavenisuttave mattu itara vibhaktigaLa mUlaka sambandhitavAguvuvAdare tatpuruShavenisuttave.

kannaDakkU mattu samskxtakkU naDuve intaha joDupadagaLa racane yalli bahaLa mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiveyAda kAraNa, kannaDada jODu padagaLu samskxtada jODupadagaLa hAgeyE embudAgi bhramisi avannu vivarisalu yatnisidalli, mattu avannu samskxtada tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya mattu dvigugaLemba samAsagaLemba hesarugaLannu baLasi vingaDisalu yatnisidalli anavaSyakavAgi gondalavunTAgadiradu.

೫.೮.೪ subanta pratyaya

samskxtada nAmapadagaLu manuShyarannu gurutisuttirali, illavE bEre prANi, mara-giDa, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuttirali, avugaLa lingavembudu A padagaLa koneya akSharaventahadu mattu avugaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLige entaha rUpavide emba viShayada mEle avalambiside. A padagaLa arthavEnu embudu illi prAmukhyavAda viShayavalla. keLage koTTiruva samskxtada pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsaka lingada padagaLannu pariSIlisidalli I viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

pullinga strIlinga napumsaka linga nxpaH ‘arasu’ jananI ‘tAyi’ jYAnam ‘tiLuvaLike’ vxkShaH ‘mara’ mAlA ‘mAle’ udakam ‘nIru’ aSvaH ‘kudure’ AjYA ‘AjYe’ brahma ‘paramAtma’ anilaH ‘gALi’ dhanU ‘billu’ kalatram ‘henDati’ dArAH ‘henDati’ patni ‘henDati’ puram ‘paTTaNa’

ivugaLalli dArAH ‘henDati’ emba pada bahuvacanadalli mAtra baruttade.

samskxtada innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, adaralli linga, vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisalu kannaDadalliruva hAge bEre bEre pratyaya gaLilla. ivu mUrannU padada koneyalli baruva subanta emba hesarina ondE pratyaya sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi mEle koTTiruva padagaLellavU (dArAH embudannu biTTu) alli sUcisiruva lingavannu mAtravallade Ekavacana mattu prathamA vibhaktigaLannU sUcisuva pratyaya vondarondige bandive.

kannaDada nAmapadagaLa linga bhEda I rIti koneya akSharavannu illavE vibhakti pratyayada rUpavannu avalambisirade avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa svarUpavannavalambiside. sAmAnyavAgi ganDasarannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLu pullingadallU, hengasarannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLu strIlingadallU mattu uLida nAmapadagaLu napumsaka lingadallU baruttaveyendu kannaDadalli ondu niyamavannu mADalu sAdhyavide. idakke kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLu mAtra ive.

I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada arthakOSagaLalli nAmapadagaLa linga yAvudu embudannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyilla. Adare samskxtada arthakOSadalli pratiyondu nAmapadadeduru adara linga yAvudu embudannu sUcisuvudu atyavaSya.

kannaDadalli bahuvrIhi emba hesarina samAsavideyE athavA illavE, mattu ideyAdare adakke kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu koDuva cala vAdi, haNegaNNa, geDDemUga modalAda jODupadagaLu udAharaNe gaLAgaballuvE embudannu tiLiyalu kannaDakkU mattu samskxtakkU naDuve linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLa prayOgadalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu gamanadallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. ondu jODupadada kEndra bindu A padada angagaLAgiruva padagaLa mEle bILade horagiruva padavondara mEle biddideyAdare (endare horagiruva pada ‘pradhAna pada’vAgideyAdare), antaha padada tayArikeyalli bahu vrIhi emba samAsa vidhAna baLakeyAgideyendu hELabahudu.

samskxtadalli pItAmbaraH emba jODupada pIta ‘haLadi’ mattu ambara ‘baTTe’ emba eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda tayArAgiddu, adara koneyalli bandiruva visarga as emba pullinga-Ekavacana- prathamAvibhakti pratyayavannu sUcisuttade. vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu padarUpa pratyayagaLallade padapratyayagaLalla. hAgAgi pItAmbaraH emba padadalli pIta mattu ambara emba eraDu padagaLu mAtra ive. Adare, ivugaLalli ondU I padada kEndra binduvAgiralu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, I padakke ‘haLadi baTTeyannu uTTiruva vyakti’ emba arthavideyallade ‘haLadi baTTe’ emba arthavilla. hAgAgi, idara kEndra bindu jODupadada horagiruva vyakti emba padada mEle bILuttadallade pIta ‘haLadi’ illavE ambara ‘baTTe’ emba jODupadada angavAgiruva padada mEle bILuvudilla. hAgAgi idu bahuvrIhi emba samAsakke udAharaNeyAgaballudu.

Adare kannaDadalli idakke samAnavAgi tOruva haNegaNNa, calavAdi modalAda jODupadagaLa koneyalli baruva a illavE i emba pratyayagaLu padapratyayagaLallade padarUpa pratyayagaLalla. hAgAgi ivu I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgiruttave. calavAdi emba jODupadadalli cali mattu vAdi emba eraDu padagaLannu sErisalAgiddu, kEndrabindu vAdi eraDaneya padada mEle bILuva kAraNa adu tatpuruShakke udAharaNeyAgaballudallade bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgalAradu.

haNegaNNa emba padavU hIgeyE. hosagannaDadalli ‘kaNNiruvavanu’ emba arthadalli svatantravAgi kaNNa emba padada prayOgavilladiddarU, I jODupadadalli antaha padada prayOgavAgideyendU mattu A padavE adara kEndra binduvAgideyendU illi hELabEkAguttade.

೫.೮.೫ avyayIbhAva samAsa

samskxtadalli ondu avyayadondige nAmapadavondannu sErisi racisida yathASakti, upakxShNam, pratidinam, parOkSham modalAda jODupada gaLannu avyayibhAvavemba samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuvudu krama. I jODupadagaLu avyayagaLAgi baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa kEndra bindu avugaLa modalaneya angavAgiruva avyayada mEle bILuttadeyendu hELabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, upakxShNam emba padakke ‘kxShNana hattira’ emba arthaviddu, adara kEndra bindu upa ‘hattira’ emba padada (avyayada) mEle bILuttade.

kannaDadalli I rIti ‘avyaya’gaLAgi baruva hAgU kEndra bindu modalaneya padada mEle bILuva jODupadagaLilla. Adare, samskxda avyayIbhAva samAsada innondu vaySiShTyada AdhArada mEle kannaDa dallU avyayIbhAva samAsavannu kANalu kannaDada kelavaru vayyA karaNigaLu prayatnisiddAre. yathASakti, upakxShNam modalAda jODu padagaLa oLanuDiyalli (vigrahavAkyadalli) avyaya nAmapadada balakke baruttade, Adare jODupadagaLalli ivugaLa sthAnapallaTavAgi, avyaya nAmapadada eDakke baruttade.

kannaDadalli I rIti jODupadagaLigU mattu avugaLa oLanuDi gaLigU naDuve angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa sthAnadalli badalAvaNe yannu tOrisuva tudinAlige (nAligeya tudi), hingAlu (kAlina himbhAga), naDuhagalu (hagalina naDubhAga) modalAdavugaLannu avyayIbhAva samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi hELabahudendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

Adare, I padagaLu samskxtadalli kANisuva hAge avyayagaLalla, avyayagaLa artha koDuva guNapadagaLU alla. kannaDadalli ivu nAma padagaLAgi mAtravE baLakeyallive. hAgAgi, ivugaLalli avyayi bhAvavemba samAsavideyendu vAdisuvudu svalpa kaShTa. I padagaLalli ondu anga innondu angada ‘amSa’ (bhAga)vondannu sUcisuvudAda

kAraNa ivugaLalliruva samAsavannu ‘amSi’ embudAgi kareyabahudendu bEre kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

Adare, idarallU kelavu samasyegaLive. kannaDadalli baruva intaha ellA jODupadagaLallU I rIti modalaneya anga eraDaneya angada ‘amSa’vondannu gurutisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi cikkamma emba pada oLaracaneyalli tudinAlige embudara hAgeyE ide yAdarU adara modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva cikka emba pada amma emba eraDaneya pada sUcisuva vyaktiya amSavondannu sUcisuvudilla (೫.೬.೨(ga) nODi).

eraDaneyadAgi, ‘amSi’ emba samAsakke kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu udAharaNegaLAgi koDuva jODupadagaLalli kelavannu mAtra (udA: tudinAlige) ‘modalaneya pada pradhAnavAgiruvavugaLu’ embudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhya. uLidavugaLalli pradhAna pada eraDaneyadirabahudu illavE averaDu padagaLigintalU bhinnavAgiruva horaginadondu pada virabahudu. hAgAgi, intaha padagaLannu karmadhAraya illavE bahu vrIhi emba samAsakke mAtravE udAharaNegaLendu hELalu sAdhya.

keLaduTi emba jODupadadalli eraDaneya anga pradhAna pada vAgide embudannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu adakke tuTiya keLagu embudAgi vigrahavAkyavannu koTTiddAre. Adare nijakkU kannaDada keLaduTi emba pada bAyiyalliruva eraDu tuTigaLalli keLaginadannu sUcisuvudallade, tuTiya keLabhAgavannu sUcisuvudilla. hAgAgi adakke tuTiya keLagu embudakkintalU keLagina tuTi emba oLanuDiyE sari, mattu I kAraNakkAgi adu karmadhArayakke udAharaNeyAgaballudallade amSi illavE avyayibhAvakke udA haraNeyAgalAradu. horabAgilu emba padavU idE rItiyadu.

hingAlu, horamay, naDuhagalu modalAda bEre kelavu jODupadagaLalli kANisuva angagaLalli yAvudU avugaLa pradhAna padavAgi illavAda kAraNa, avU kUDa amSi illavE avyayibhAva samAsakke udAharaNegaLAgalAravu. naDuhagalu emba pada hagalina naDuviruva ondu bhAgavannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adara anga gaLAgi bandiruva naDu illavE hagalu emba eraDu padagaLalli yAvudU adara pradhAna padavenisalAradu. averaDakkintalU bhinnavAda bhAga emba padada mEle A jODupadada kEndra bindu bILuttade. hAgAgi adannE A padada pradhAna padavendu parigaNisabEkAguttade,

mattu I kAraNakkAgi adannu bahuvrIhi emba samAsakke udAharaNe yAgi koDabEkAguttade.

೫.೮.೬ dvandva samAsa

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘dvandva’ emba samAsakke koTTiruva udAharaNe gaLella padagucchagaLallade jODupadagaLalla. samskxtadalli rAma lakShmaNa, mAtApitara modalAdavugaLannu jODupadagaLendu kareyalu avugaLa angagaLAgiruva padagaLalli koneyadarondige mAtra vibhakti pratyayagaLu baruvuvembudE kAraNa. kannaDada rAmalakShmaNaru, aNNatammandiru embantahavugaLalli idE rItiyalli vibhaktipratyaya koneya padadondige mAtra baruvudAda kAraNa (udA: rAmalakShmaNa rannu) avannu dvandvasamAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

Adare kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge vibhakti pratyayada baLakeya AdhArada mEle jODupadagaLannu padagucchagaLinda bErpaDisalu sAdhya vAgadembudannu nAvu mEleyE (೫.೮.೨ralli) nODiruvevu. kannaDada rAmalakShmaNaru embantaha baLakegaLalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisi bahuvacana pratyayadondige hELalAgideyallade avannu ondE padavAgi parivartisilla. avugaLa arthavannU nEravAgi avugaLa oLa racaneyindalEnE paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi ivu jODupadagaLalla.

೫.೮.೭ gamaka samAsa

kannaDakkEnE viSiShTavAduvendu hELuva gamaka mattu kriyAsamAsagaLa avastheyU idE rItiyadu. avugaLige vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva ippattaydu, kiriya maga, tUguva toTTilu, kanDa vicAra moda lAda udAharaNegaLella bariya padagucchagaLallade jODupadagaLalla. avugaLalli eraDu padagaLu oTTige bandiveyEnO nija; Adare avu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgilla. endare, avu kannaDada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLige anusAravAgi oTTu sEriveyallade, padaracaneya niyama gaLige anusAravAgi oTTu sErilla.

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu illiyU mEle karmadhAraya samAsada viShayadalli mADiruvantaha tappannE mADiddAre (೫.೮.೨ nODi). kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vAkyaracaneyalli kANisuva atyanta prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavondannu avaru sariyAgi artha mADikonDilla embudE idakke kAraNa. kriyApadagaLa sambandhaka rUpa

vannu (mADuva, mADida, mADada embantaha kriyArUpagaLannu) baLasuvalli I eraDu bhAShegaLu hEge bhinnavAgive embudannu keLagina vAkyagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

(೧೨ka) tatra EkaH mxtaH sarpaH asti.
alli ondu satta hAvu ide.
(೧೩ka) rAmaH Ekam mxtam sarpa೦ apaSyat.
rAma ondu satta hAvannu nODida.
(೧೪ka) rAmaH EkEna mxtEna sarpENa bhItaH.
rAma ondu satta hAvige hedarida.
(೧೫ka) rAmaH Ekasya mxtasya sarpasya upari pAdam nikShipat.
rAma ondu satta hAvina mEle kAlirisida.

mElina vAkyagaLalli mxtaH embudu samskxtada ‘kxdanta’ emba hesarina sambandhaka kriyArUpa (adu sAyuva ghaTaneyannu sarpaH ‘hAvu’ embudarondige sambandhisuttade); idE kelasavannu mADuvuda kkAgi kannaDadalli satta emba rUpa baLakeyallide. ivugaLalli samskxtada mxtaH embudu bEre bEre vAkyagaLalli bEre bEre linga-vacana- vibhaktigaLondige bandideyAdare, kannaDada satta embudu ellA vAkya gaLallU ondE rUpadalli bandide.

kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge sambandhakagaLige linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla mAtravalla, hAge sErisalu sAdhyavU illa. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli sambandhakagaLu guNapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttavallade samskxtadalliruvante nAma padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguvudilla. nAmapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAgalu avakke avanu, adu modalAda sarvanAmagaLannu sErisikoLLabEkAgu ide (udA: sattudannu, sattudakke, sattudarinda, sattudaralli, ityAdi).

samskxtada sambandhaka kriyArUpagaLannu avakke linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisadeyU baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare antaha baLake gaLannu mEle koTTiruva baLakegaLinda bhinnavAdavugaLendu tOrisuvu

dakkAgi jODupadagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide. intaha baLake gaLannu keLagina (kha) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೨kha) tatra EkaH mxtasarpaH asti.
alli ondu satta hAvu ide.
(೧೩kha) rAmaH Ekam mxtasarpa೦ apaSyat.
rAma ondu satta hAvannu nODida.
(೧೪kha) rAmaH EkEn mxtasarpENa bhItaH.
rAma ondu satta hAvige hedarida.
(೧೫kha) rAmaH Ekasya mxtasarpasya upari pAdam nikShipat.
rAma ondu satta hAvina mEle kAlirisida.

mEle (೧೨kha-೧೫kha)gaLalli koTTiruva ellA samskxta vAkya gaLallU mxta emba sambandhaka (kxdanta) rUpa linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayavillade nEravAgi sarpa emba nAmapadadondige bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. idakke modalE koTTiruva (೧೨ka-೧೫ka) vAkyagaLalli I padadondige bEre bEre vibhaktipratyayagaLu bandiddu, avu illi biddu hOgiruvudu samskxtada maTTige ondu padaracaneya niyamavendu vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAyapaTTiddAre, mattu I kAraNakkAgi mxtasarpa emba padadalli mxta mattu sarpa emba eraDu padagaLu samAsavemba padaracaneya vidhAnada mUlaka oTTusEriveyendu avaru vAdisu ttAre.

kannaDada satta hAvu embudu (೧೨kha-೧೫kha)gaLalli idara hAgeyE kANisuvudAdarU adu ondu padagucchavallade jODupada valla. yAkendare, illi satta emba pada linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyaya gaLondige bAradiruvudakke mEle sUcisiruvante kAraNa bEreyE ide. kannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva I prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLadiruvudE I rIti kriyApadagaLa sambandhaka rUpagaLannoLagonDiruva padagucchagaLannu gamaka samAsadalli bandiruva jODupadagaLendu bhAvisalu kAraNavirabEku.

೫.೮.೮ kriyAsamAsa

samskxtadallillada kriyAsamAsavemba innondu rItiya padaracaneya vidhAnavU kannaDadallideyendu adare vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudu intahadE kAraNadinda endu hELabahudu. maravEru, kaymugi, nidde mADu modalAdavugaLannu I samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDa lAgide. Adare illi modalaneya padadondige bandidda annu emba vibhakti pratyaya bidduhOgiruvudu kannaDada ondu vAkyaracaneya niyamada AdhArada mElallade, padaracaneya niyamada AdhArada mElalla.

idallade, kriyApadadondige baruva I nAmapadagaLannu vAkyada itara sthAnagaLige vargAyisidAga, illavE avugaLondige ottihELuva arthaviruva U emba pratyayavannu baLasidAga, hIge biddu hOda annu emba pratyaya punaH kANisikoLLuttade. udA:

(೧೬ka) rAju ninne sariyAgi nidde mADiralilla.
(೧೬kha) rAju ninne niddeyannu sariyAgi mADiralilla.
(೧೭ka) rAju dEvarige hUhAki kaymugida.
(೧೭kha) rAju dEvarige hUvannU hAkida, kayyannU mugida.

jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLannu I rIti vAkyadalli bEre sthAnagaLige vargAyisalu illavE avugaLalli modalinadarondige U emba ottihELuva pratyayavannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLalli (udA: marehogu) I rIti modalaneya angadondige annu emba pratyaya vannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadirabahudu. Adare ivannu jODupadagaLendu parigaNisade nuDigaTTugaLendu parigaNisuvudE uttama. samAsavemba padaracaneya vidhAnada mUlaka ‘jODu’kriyApadagaLannu tayArisa diralu kAraNavEnembudannu Araneya adhyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೯ sArAmSa

eraDu padagaLannu oTTige sErisi ondE padavAgi mADiruva nAmapada gaLannu jODupadagaLendu kareyabahudu. kannaDadalli intaha padagaLu

halaviddu, avugaLalli eraDaneya anga heccina kaDegaLallU nAmapada vAgiruttade. modalaneya anga mAtra nAmapadavirabahudu, kriyApada virabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu. I viShayavannu baLasi kannaDada jODupadagaLannu mUru mukhya gumpugaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.

ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa varNane gaLu (mattu avugaLa tayArikeyalli baLasiruva samAsa emba pada racaneya vidhAnada varNanegaLu) I viShayakke jAsti gamana koTTilla. idakke badalu, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLannanusarisi, jODupadada anga gaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAvudu ‘pradhAna pada’ emba viShayakke avu heccina gamana koTTive. idarindAgi avugaLalli baruva jODupada gaLa varNane kannaDada maTTige aShTondu txptikaravAgilla.