Ch 3 — adhyAya 3 — nAmapadagaLa oLaracane

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೩.೧ hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu

vAkyada mUlaka ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisabEkAdalli, illavE vidhisuvudu, niShEdhisuvudu, praSnisuvudu modalAda itara mAtina kelasagaLalli adannu toDagisabEkAdalli, antaha ghaTaneyalli nirata rAgiruva illavE niratarAgaliruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalA davugaLannu avu intahavE embudAgi gurutisi hELuva avaSyakate yide. hIge gurutisi hELuvudakkAgi nAvu nAmapadagaLannu illavE nAmapadagucchagaLannu baLasuttEve. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva (೧)nE vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧) rAju avana henDatige maysUrininda rEShme sIre tandiddAne.

(೧)nE vAkyadalli rAju mattu avana henDati emba eraDu vyaktigaLannU, maysUru emba ondu sthaLavannU, mattu rEShme sIre emba ondu vastuvannU gurutisi hELalAgide. ivu taru emba kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyalli toDagidda vyakti, sthaLa mattu vastu gaLAgive.

I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisi hELuva kelasa vannu nAmapadagaLu eraDu mukhyavAda vidhAnagaLa mUlaka naDesi koDaballuvu. A vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu hesarisuvudara mUlaka avannu gurutisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu avugaLalli

kANisuvuda viSiShTavAdondu guNadharmavannu varNisuvudara mUlaka avannu gurutisuvudu innondu vidhAna.

mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE vAkyadalli I eraDu rItiya gurutisuva vidhAnagaLannU baLasalAgideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. rAju mattu maysUru emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyakti mattu ondu sthaLavannu gurutisuttave. idakke badalu, avana henDati mattu rEShme sIre emba eraDu nAmapadagucchagaLu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka innobba vyaktiyannu mattu innondu vastuvannu gurutisuttave.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa ankita nAmagaLirabahudu illavE rUDhanAmagaLirabahudu (೩.೫.೧ nODi). mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva hesarisuva nAmapada gaLeraDU ankita nAmagaLE. Adare I kelasavannu rUDhanAmagaLU naDesaballuvembudannu keLage koTTiruva (೨)nE vAkyadinda tiLiya bahudu.

(೨) agasa kattege hoDeyuttiddAne.

I (೨)nE vAkyadalli agasa mattu katte emba eraDu rUDhanAmagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyakti mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttave.

vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalliruva guNadharmavondannu varNisu vudara mUlaka avannu gurutisuvantaha nAmapadagucchagaLallU hesarisuva nAmapadagaLiraballuvu. Adare ivu bEre hesarisuva nAma padagaLondige, illavE guNapada, sankhyApada, sarvanAma modalAdavu gaLondige sErikonDu I rIti varNisuva kelasavannu naDesuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, rAjuvina aNNa emba nAmapadagucchadalli aNNa emba hesarisuva nAmapada(rUDhanAma)vu rAju emba innondu hesarisuva nAmapada(ankitanAma)dondige sEri, varNisuva kelasavannu naDesuttade. kempu gulAbi emba nAmapadagucchadalli gulAbi emba hesarisuva nAmapadavu kempu emba guNapadadondige sEri I kelasavannu naDesuttade.

varNisuva kelasavannu ondakkinta jAsti padagaLiruva ‘padaguccha’vE naDesikoDabEkemba niyamavEnU illa. ondE ondu nAmapadada

baLakeyAgiruvAgalU adu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu hesarisuva badalu varNisuttiralu sAdhyavide. Adare intaha baLakeyalli baruva nAmapadagaLu obba viSiShTavAda vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (೩)nE vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

(೩) Akege heppu hAkalu majjige bEkAgide.
I (೩)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva majjige emba nAmapada yAvudE
ondu viSiShTavAda vastuvannu gurutisuttilla. antaha vastuvina varNane
yannu mAtra adu koDuttide. A varNanege honduvantaha vastu
vondannu gurutisuva kelasa mAtanADuvavanadalla, bErobbanadu -
endare majjigeyannu koDabEkAgiruva vyaktiyadu - embudannilli
gamanisabahudu.
varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu
gurutisuva kelasavannu nAmapadagucchagaLu mAtravallade kriyApada
mattu guNapadagaLU naDesaballuvu. Adare idakkAgi kriyApadagaLige
mattu guNapadagaLige kelavu viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLannu sErisikoLLuva
avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi kriyApadagaLige -ike emba pratyaya
vannu sErisuvudara mUlaka doreyuva kriyArUpagaLu antaha kriyA
padagaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka
gurutisaballuvu.
(೪) avana bareyuvike innU mugidilla.
(೫) ajjana bayyuvikege yArU soppu hAkuvudilla.
idE rItiyalli guNapadagaLige -tana emba pratyayavannu sErisu
vudara mUlaka doreyuva guNapadarUpagaLu A guNapadagaLu
sUcisuva guNadharmagaLannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisa
balluvu.
(೬) avana doDDanatavannu ellarU ballaru.
(೭) avana oLLetanavannu kelavaru tamma lAbhakke baLasikonDi
ddAre.

kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embu dannu tiLiyuvalli hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvantaha nAmapadagaLannu mAtravE gamanakke tegedukonDare sAku. yAkendare, varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvavugaLella nAmapadagucchagaLu (illavE kriyApada rUpagaLu athavA guNapada rUpagaLu). bariya nAmapadagaLu A rIti baLakeyAguvudilla.

varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa oLaracane vAkyaracaneya tatvagaLa nnanusarisideyallade padaracaneya tatvagaLannanusarisillavAda kAraNa pada racaneyannu viSlEShisuva I pustakadalli avannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakate yilla.

Adare, kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU I vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi gamanisidantilla. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli heccinavU mAvina mara, neremane suddi, keTTa buddhi, biLiya baTTe modalAduvannu samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTiruvudannu kANa bahudu. nijakkU ivu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vastu, viShaya modalAdannu gurutisuttaveyallade hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuttilla. endare, ivella nAmapadagucchagaLallade nAmapadagaLalla. hAgAgi, ivannu ‘samAsa’ emba padaracaneya vidhAnadinda siddhavAda nAmapadagaLendu hELuvudu tappu.

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I rIti nAmapada mattu nAmapada guccha iveraDara naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu gamanisadiralu ondu mukhya vAda kAraNavide. avaru kannaDada samAsavannu nEravAgi kannaDadalli baruva padagaLa pariSIlaneya AdhArada mEle varNisuva badalu, samskxta samAsagaLannu modalu varNisi, anantara avakke sarihondu vante kannaDadalli udAharaNegaLannu kanDuhiDiyuva illavE tayArisi koLLuva prayatnavannu mADiruttAre. I paddhati kESirAjana kAla dindalU naDedu bandideyAda kAraNa, kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa maTTige samAsavembudu ondu arthavAgada kagganTAgide.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLu entahavu, avugaLa oLaracanegU mattu avugaLa baLakegU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukonDu, ‘samAsa’ emba vyAkaraNa vidhAnakke I nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli yAva sthAnavide embudannu pariSIlisi

dAga mAtra kannaDada samAsaventahadu emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu. intaha pariSIlanege anukUlavAguvante modalu hesarisuva mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu avaSya. I eraDu rItiya vidhAnagaLannu baLasuva nAmapada mattu nAmapadagucchagaLannu bErpaDisuva bage hEge embu dannu anantara tiLidukoLLabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu

hesarisuva vidhAna mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuvina mukhya vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva ‘jODupada’gaLigU (endare eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu ‘samAsa’ vemba vidhAnada mUlaka jODisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda pada gaLigU) mattu nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide. idakkAgi karihalage emba jODupadadondige biLisIre emba nAmapadagucchavannu hOlisi nODabahudu.

iveraDara naDuve baLakeyalli bahaLa vyatyAsavideyembudannu gamanisabEku. biLi sIre embudara mUlaka beLLagiruva yAvudE sIreyannu bEkiddarU gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare I sIre biLi baNNaddE Agiruvudu avaSya. kempu, kappu, nIli, haLadi modalAda baNNagaLalliruva sIregaLannu I padagucchada mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

idallade biLisIre embudu gurutisuva vastu ondu sIreyE AgiruvudU avaSya. biLi baNNadalliruva bEre vastugaLannu (udA: pance, TOpi, kAgada modalAduvannu) biLisIre emba I padagucchada mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. biLisIre embudu ondu viSiShTavAda guNadharmavannu paDediruva vastuvannu (biLiyAgiruva sIreyannu) varNisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

karihalage emba jODupadada baLake idarinda tIra bhinnavAdudu. adu SAleyalli upAdhyAyaru vidyArthigaLige kANisuvante doDDa akSharagaLalli bareyalu baLasuva ondu sAdhanavannu hesarisuttade. I sAdhana kappu baNNaddE AgirabEkemba niyamavEnU illa. hasuru, nIli modalAda itara baNNadavU Agirabahudu. endare, baNNa tappilladiddarU

I sAdhanavannu karidalige emba jODupadada mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

idallade, I sAdhanada racaneyalli halageya upayOgavAgira bEkemba niyamavU illa. adu raTTinadirabahudu, illavE plAsTik‌na dirabahudu. gODeya ondu bhAgakke baNNa hacci, sIme suNNadalli (illavE itara bareyuva sAdhanadalli) baredudu kANisuvante mADa lAgideyAdarU adannu karihalage emba jODupadada sahAyadinda gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

intaha bareyuva sAdhanavondannu biTTu bEre vastugaLu kappu baNNadavAgiddu, halageyinda racitavAgiveyAdarU avannu karihalage emba I jODupadada mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavAgadu. antaha vastugaLannu gurutisalu kappuhalage emba bEreyE ondu nAmapada gucchavannu baLasabEkAdItu.

karihalage emba pada ondu viSiShTavAda vastuvannu hesarisuttiddu, A padakkU mattu adu hesarisuva vastuvigU naDuve rUDhimUlavAda ondu sambandhavErpaTTideyallade adu A vastuvannu varNisuttilla embudE A jODupadada angagaLAgiruva kari mattu halage emba padagaLigU mattu adu hesarisuva vastuvigU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavilla embudakke mukhya kAraNa.

hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva jODupadakkU mattu varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva nAmapadagucchakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu innondu udAharaNege mUlaka innaShTu spaShTavAguvante mADa bahudu. cikkamma embudu ondu jODupada. adu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka ondu viSiShTavAda sambandhavannu (mattu A sambandhadalliruva vyaktiyannu) gurutisuttade. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, cikka huDugi embudu ondu nAmapadaguccha. adu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade.

cikkamma emba jODupadada angagaLAgiruva cikka mattu amma emba eraDu padagaLu adu gurutisuva sambandha entahadu embudannu sUcisuttaveyEnO nija; Adare, cikkamma emba padada arthavannu nEravAgi I ଅଙ୍ଗgaLa arthadinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, obba vyaktiya cikkamma vayassinalli Atana tAyiginta doDDavaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. (Ake cikkappana maDadiyAgiddare sAku). aShTE alla, obba

vyaktiya cikkamma A vyaktiginta cikkavaLAgiyU iralu sAdhyavide. (Atana amma hIgiralu sAdhyavilla tAnE!).

idallade, cikka emba padakkiruva itara arthagaLU I jODu padada arthavannu sAdhisuvalli sahAyakavAgalAravu. udAharaNegAgi, obba vyaktiya cikkamma Atana ammaniginta gAtradalli cikkavaLAgira bEkendEnilla.

cikkamma emba pada ondu viSiShTavAda sambandhavannu hesarisuttiddu, adannu A sambandhadondige jODisuvudu bariya rUDhiyallade bErE nalla embudE adara arthadalli kANisuva I vaySiShTyagaLige kAraNa.

idakke vyatiriktavAgi, cikka huDugi emba nAmapadagucchada arthavannu nEravAgi adara angagaLAgi bandiruva cikka mattu huDugi emba padagaLa sahAyadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide. I eraDu padagaLu oTTAgi koDuva arthakke vyatiriktavAguvantaha artha I nAmapada gucchakke baralAradu. cikka huDugi embudu ondu viSiShTavAda guNa dharmavannu sUcisuttiddu, adu A guNadharmaviruva vyaktiyannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

jODupadagaLu mAtravallade, terige, kaTTaDa, uDupu, meTTalu modalAda pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLU idE rItiyalli hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave. avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avakkU avugaLa arthakkU naDuviruva sambandha rUDhiyinda siddavAdudembudE idakke kAraNa.

idE rItiyalli yAva oLaracaneyU illada mara, Ane, giDa, gANa modalAda nAmapadagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlakavE vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave. avakke avu koDuva artha dondige rUDhiyinda doreta sambandhavannu mAtravE kalpisikoLLalu sAdhya embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, mara emba nAmapadakke arthavannu koDaballa oLaracane A padadallilla. makAra, akAra, rakAra mattu akAragaLu sEri adu siddhavAgideyAdarU, adara racaneyalli baruva I varNagaLige athavA avugaLa bEre bEre sErikegaLige (ma, ra, mar, ar, ara ityAdigaLige) mara embudara arthavannu sAdhisuvalli sahAyakavAgu

vantaha svatantravAda astitvavilla. hAgAgi mara emba nAmapadakke oLa racaneya AdhArada mEle artha hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu I rItiyavallavEnO nija. yAvu dAdarondu padakke ondO eraDO pratyayagaLannu sErisi avannu tayArisalAgide. avugaLa racaneyalli baruva padagaLige mattu pratyaya gaLige artha hELalu sAdhyaviddu, I arthada AdhArada mEle avakkU arthavannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare nijakkU avugaLa baLake I rIti avugaLa oLaracaneyinda doreyuva arthada mEle avalambisiru vudilla. jODupadagaLa baLakeya hAge avugaLa baLakeyU avakkU avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAduvakkU naDuve rUDhiyalliruva sambandhada mEle mAtravE avalambisiruttade.

udAharaNegAgi naDate emba nAmapadada baLakeyannu pariSIlisa bahudu. I nAmapadavannu naDe emba kriyApadakke temba pratyaya vannu sErisi racisalAgide. Adare I nAmapadakke artha hELalu adara oLaracaneyannu mAtravE pariSIlisidare sAkAgadu. naDate emba pada obba vyakti hEge naDeyuttAne embudannu tiLisuvudakkintalU avanu bEre bEre rItiya kelasagaLannu hEge mADuttAne, bEre bEre sandarbha gaLalli hEge vartisuttAne embudannu tiLisuttade. endare, I pratyaya viruva nAmapadada artha hELalu adakke entaha baLake rUDhiyallide embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu atyavaSya.

pratyayaviruva padagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvuvallade varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvudilla embudE avugaLa baLakeyalli mattu arthadalli kANisuva I vaySiShTyagaLige mUla kAraNa.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೩ vyatyAsagaLu

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvu dakkAgi hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. avugaLige artha hELuva kramadalli, vAkyagaLalli baLasa bEkAdAga avannu AydukoLLuva kramadalli, mattu avugaLa racaneyalli baruva niyamagaLa svarUpadalli bahaLaShTu vyatyAsagaLive. ivellavakkU avu baLasuva hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba I eraDu

vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLE mUlakAraNavembudannu I vyatyAsa gaLa pariSIlaneyinda tiLiyabahudu.

೩.೩.೧ tayArike mattu baLake

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve avugaLa tayArike mattu baLakegaLalli vyatyAsavide. hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli pratiyondannU bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli avugaLa avaSyakate tOribandAga bhASheyannu baLasuva obba vyakti tayArisiru tAne illavE bEre bhASheyinda eravalAgi paDediruttAne. anantara samAjada mannaNe paDedu, intaha padagaLellavU ondondAgi bhASheyalli baLakege bandiruttave. idakke viruddhavAgi, varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLu avannu baLasabEkAgiruva pratiyondu sandarbha dallU vyAkaraNa niyamagaLiganusAravAgi punaH punaH racitavAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi ugibanDi emba hesarisuva nAmapadavannu pari SIlisabahudu. adu hesarisuva sAdhana namma gamanakke illavE upa yOgakke bandAga adannu hesarisuvudakkAgi yArO obbaru A padavannu racisirabEku. mattu anantara itararU A pada sariyAdu dendu adannu baLasatoDagidudarinda adu namma bhASheyalli baLakege bandirabEku. idakke badalAgi, bassu emba pada sUcisuva intahadE innondu sAdhanavannu nAvu baLasatoDagidAga adannu hesarisalu ingliSh bhASheyinda padavondannu eravalAgi paDediddu, A padavE rUDige bandirabEku. intaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLella ondalla ondu sandarbhadalli tayArAgi illavE eravalAgi bEre bhAShegaLinda bandu namma bhASheyalli rUDhiyAgiruva padagaLu.

varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa baLake I rItiyadalla. obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu gurutisabEkAdAga, avugaLalli kANisuva illavE bEre rItiyalli namma gOcarakke baruva guNadharmagaLa llondannu Arisi, adara mUlaka A vyakti illavE vastuvannu varNisi hELalu nAmapadagucchavondannu racisikoLLuttEve.

udAharaNegAgi mEjina mEle mUru nAlku cenDugaLiddu avallondannu gurutisi hELalu (endare itara cenDugaLinda adannu pratyEkisi hELalu) A cenDinalli kANisuva mattu itara cenDugaLalli kANisadiruva guNadharmavondannu ArisikoLLuttEve, mattu adannu sUcisuvantaha padagucchavondannu racisikoLLuttEve. I rIti, sandarbha

kkanusAravAgi, kempu cenDu, doDDa cenDu, oDeda cenDu modalAda padagucchagaLallondannu racisi, adu A guNadharmavannu varNisuvudara mUlaka nAvu gurutisabEkAgiruva cenDannu gurutisu vante mADuttEve.

೩.೩.೨ guNadharmada Ayke

mEle sUcisiruva vyatyAsada phalavEnendare, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva guNadharma avannu baLasuva sandarbhadalli avu gurutisa bEkAgiruva vastuvinalli iralEbEkendilla. Adare, varNisuva nAmapada gucchagaLu sUcisuva guNadharma avannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLallella avaSyavAgiyU avu gurutisabEkAgiruva vastuvinalli iralEbEkemba niyamavide. hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva guNadharma A hesarannu utpAdisuva samayadalli mAtravE avu gurutisuva vastu vinalli iddiralu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, hosamane emba nAmapada ondu vaThAradalli iruva ondu manege A vaThAradavaru koTTiruva mattu anantara rUDhige bandiruva hesarAgiralu sAdhyavide. A mane haLeyadAda mElU adannu adE hesarininda gurutisuttiralu sAdhyavide, mattu bEre halavAru hosa hosa manegaLannu adara sutta mutta kaTTalAgideyAdarU, A haLeyadAgiruva maneyannE hosamaneyemba hesarininda gurutisuttiralu sAdhyavide.

mEle koTTiruva karihalageyemba padada baLakeyU idE rIti yadu. A padavannu modala bArige tayArisi, baLasida samayadalli upAdhyAyaru klAsinalli bareyalu baLasuttidda sAdhana halagege kappu baNNa baLiyuvudara mUlaka racitavAgiddudAgirabEku. hAgAgi, karihalage emba hesaru Avattina kAladalli sariyAgiyE A sAdhanada guNadharmavondannu sUcisuttittu. Adare, anantara bEre bEre baNNada mattu bEre bEre dravyagaLinda mADida sAdhanagaLu A kAryakkAgi baLakege bandiveyAdarU karihalage emba A sAdhanada hesaru badalAgade hAgeyE rUDhiyalli uLidide.

illi gamanisabEkAda amSavEnendare, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagaLigU naDuve avu sUcisabEkAgiruva guNadharmavannu AydukoLLuva kramadalli vyatyAsavide. hesarugaLu sUcisuva guNadharma A padagaLannu tayArisuva samayadalli Ayke

goLLuttade, Adare varNanegaLu sUcisuva guNadharma avannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLallella pratiyondu bAriyU punaH punaH AykegoLa gAguttiruttade. I kAraNadindAgi, hesarannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLalli varNanegaLannu baLasuvAga iruva hAge avu sUcisuva guNadharma janara manassinalli iruvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, karihalage emba padavannu prayOgisidAga, ondu viSiShTavAda sAdhana namma manassige baruvudallade, ‘kappu baNNa’ illavE ‘halageyinda racitavAda sAdhana’ emba amSagaLu namma manassige baruvudilla. kelavu viSiShTavAda sandarbhagaLalli mAtra ivu namma gamanakke bandu, illavE yArAdarU ivannu namma gamanakke tandu, antaha samayadalli A hesarigU mattu adu gurutisuva vastuvigU naDuve guNadharmada maTTige asAngatyavideyemba viShaya namma gamanakke baruttade.

guNadharmada Aykeyalli hesarugaLigU mattu varNanegaLigU naDuve innondu vyatyAsavide. ondu vastuvannu hesarisuvAga, adaralli kANisuva halavAru guNadharmagaLalli ondannu AydukoLLabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, jilijanaka embudu ondu viSiShTavAda anilada hesaru. idu nIrina ondu ghaTakavAgiddu, Amlajanakavemba innondu aniladoDane sEri nIrannunTumADuva guNadharma idakkide. I guNa dharmada AdhArada mEle idannu jilijanaka emba hesarininda kareyalAgide.

I ondu guNadharma mAtravallade bEreyU halakelavu guNa dharmagaLu jalijanakavemba I anilakkive. udAharaNegAgi, idu atyanta haguravAda, baNNavU vAsaneyU illada, kaNNige kANisada ondu mUla dhAtu. idannu hesarisalu I guNadharmagaLalli yAvu dannu bEkiddarU ArisikoLLabahudittu. Adare nIrina ghaTakavemba amSa mukhyavAgi tOrida kAraNa, adannE A hesarannu tayArisuvavaru ArisikonDirabEku. sAmAnyavAgi kaNNige athavA manassige eddu kANisu vantaha mattu SASvatavAgi uLiyabahudendu manassige anisuvantaha guNadharmavannu vastuvondakke hesariDuvAga ArisikoLLuvudu rUDhi.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa utpAdaneyalli kANisuva I Aykeyemba amSa varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa utpAdane illavE baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla. ondu vastuvinalli eShTellA guNadharmagaLiveyO avellavannU bEre bEre varNisuva padagucchagaLa mUlaka sUcisalu

sAdhyavide. I guNadharmagaLu SASvatavirabahudu, illavE kShaNikavira bahudu; kaNNige eddu kANisuvantahavirabahudu, illavE aspaShTavAdu vAgiralUbahudu.

idallade, hesarisuvudakkAgi guNadharmavondannu ArisuvAga, hesarisabEkAgiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu antahavE itara vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLiginta bhinnavAdavugaLembudannu tOrisa ballantaha guNadharmavannE ArisikoLLuva krama rUDhiyallide. udA haraNegAgi, yuddhadalli toDagiruva saynikaralli kAlinalli calisi kAdADuvavarannu hesarisalu kAlALu emba pada rUDhige bandide. I hesaru kudureya mEle illavE Aneya mEle kuLitu kAdADuva itara saynikariginta avaru bhinnarAgiruvudannu sUcisuttade. bEre sandarbha gaLalli kAlininda calisuvavarannu (udA: rasteyalli calisuvavarannu) kAlALu emba I pada gurutisalAradu. avaru saykal, skUTar, kAru modalAdavugaLalli calisuvavariginta bEre embudannu sUcisalu pAdacAri emba samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda bEreyE ondu hesaru rUDhige bandide.

೩.೩.೩ arthadalli vyatyAsa

varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLige artha hELuvudu sulabha. avugaLa anga gaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLinda siddhavAguva arthavE avugaLa arthavU Agiruvudarinda I kelasavannu bhASheyannu baLasu vavarellarU mADaballaru. udAharaNegAgi kempu cenDu emba varNisuva nAmapadagucchakke artha hELuvudu sulabha. kempu mattu cenDu emba eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda I padagucchavannu tayArisa lAgiddu, ‘kempAgiruva cenDu’ embudAgi idakke arthavannu hELa bahudu.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu. mEle sUcisidante, avugaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu A padagaLa oLa racane sahAyakavAgaballudAdarU adondE avugaLa arthakke AdhAra vAgalAradu. hesarisuva nAmapadavondu entaha vastugaLannu illavE vyaktigaLannu hesarisuttade, mattu avugaLalli samAnavAgiruva guNadharma gaLu yAvuvu embudannu pariSIlisida mElEnE A padakke sariyAda arthavannu hELalu sAdhyavAdItu.

udAharaNegAgi hogesoppu emba nAmapadavannu pariSIlisa bahudu. idondu hesarisuva nAmapada. hoge mattu soppu emba eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda I pada tayArAgide. adara I oLaracane adara arthavEnembudannu sUkShmavAgi tiLisaballudu, Adare spaShTavAgi tiLisalAradu. ellA rItiya elegaLannu urisidAgalU hoge horabaruttade. Adare avannella nAvu hogesoppu emba hesarininda kareyuvudilla. hoge sEduvudakkAgi bIDi, sigarET modalAduvannu tayArisalu baLasuva, mattu hogeyannu barisadEnE nEravAgi bAya lliTTu jagiyuva, illavE puDimADi nasyavAgi baLasuva ondu viSiShTa vAda giDavannu mattu adara eleyannu mAtravE adu gurutisuttade. I giDada guNadharmagaLannu mAtravE hogesoppu emba padakke artha hELuvAga baLasikoLLalu sAdhya.

mEle koTTiruva jalajanaka emba padada arthavU hIgeyE. ‘nIrannunTumADuva anila’ embudAgi bariya oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle adakke artha koTTevAdare adu tappAdItu. yAkendare, Amla janakavemba innondu anilavU (jalajanakada jate sEri) nIrannunTu mADaballudu. jalajanakavemba hesaru rUDhiyalli yAva anilavannu gurutisuttadeyO A anilada bEre bEre guNadharmagaLa AdhArada mEle mAtravE A padada arthavannu sariyAgi mattu spaShTavAgi vivarisi hELalu sAdhya.

pratyayaviruva padagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguttive yAdare, avakke artha hELabEkiddarU nAvu idE samasyeyannu edurisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, anjike, nambike, hodike, hELike, moLake, hiDike modalAda nAmapadagaLu ike emba pratyaya vannu anju, nambu, hode, hELu, moLe, hiDi modalAda bEre bEre kriyApadagaLige sErisuvudara mUlaka siddhavAgive. I ellA padagaLadU oLaracane ondE rItiyadAgideyAdarU ivugaLigiruva artha ondE rItiyadAgilla.

I padagaLalli kelavakke avugaLa angavAgi baruva kriyApadakke sambandhisidantaha bhAvArthavide (udA: nambike); Adare, innu kelavakke antaha kriyeyalli baLasuva (udA: hodike, hiDike) illavE antaha kriyeyinda dorakuva (udA: moLake) viSiShTavAda vastugaLannu gurutisuva arthavide (೪.೩.(೧) nODi). hAgAgi, jODupadagaLa hAge hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuvantaha pratyayaviruva padagaLigU

artha hELabEkiddalli, bhASheyalli avugaLa baLakeyantahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudu atyavaSya.

I kAraNakkAgi, hesarisuva padagaLa sariyAda arthavannu bhAShA SAstrajYaru mAtravE nirdharisi hELaballaru. bhASheyannu baLasuva itara janarige A artha tiLidideyAdarU avara tiLuvaLike miduLinalli arivige bAradantaha (AdarU padagaLa prayOgavannu sariyAgi mADalu sahAyakavAguvantaha) sthitiyalliruttade.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa artha Urininda Urige mattu jAti yinda jAtige bEre bErAgiralu sAdhyavide. kAladinda kAlakkU idu vyatyAsagoLLuttA hOguttade. Adare varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa artha I rIti UrindUrige vyatyAsagoLLuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, biLisIre emba padagucchakke ellA UrugaLallU ‘beLLagina baNNaviruva sIre’ emba ondE arthavide. varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa arthadalli prAdESika illavE sAmAjika vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLabEkiddalli sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa arthadalli antaha prAdESika illavE sAmAjika vyatyAsagaLira bEkAguttade.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAmagaLendu eraDu vidhaviddu, ivugaLa naDuve arthadalli kelavu vyatyAsagaLive yembudannu munde (೩.೫)ralli nODaliruvevu. Adare I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLigU artha hELalu avu entaha vyakti, vastu, modalAduvannu gurutisuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu avaSya.

೩.೩.೪ parimitiyalli vyatyAsa

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuviruva innondu mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, bhASheyondaralli baLake yalliruva hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige avugaLa sankhyeya maTTige ondu parimitiyide, Adare varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLige intaha parimiti yilla. hosa hosa sandarbhagaLalli hosa hosa varNanegaLannu mAtanADuvavanE racisikoLLabEkAguvudAda kAraNa ondu bhASheyalli varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLu iShTE iveyembudAgi avugaLa sankhyeya mEle ondu parimitiyannirisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

idallade mAtanADuvavana kalpanASaktiyannanusarisi, hosa hosa rItiya varNanegaLannu tayArisi hELalu ellA bhAShegaLallU

AspadaviddE iruttade. I kAraNakkAgiyU varNisuva nAmapadagaLa sankhye aparimitavAdudendu hELuva avaSyakateyide.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannU hosadAgi racisikoLLalu sAdhyavide yEnO nija. Adare, I rIti avannu racisikoLLuvudu ondu bhASheyallAguva badalAvaNeyannu sUcisuttadallade adara dinanityada baLakeyannalla. bhASheyondannu baLasuttiruva samayadalli, adaralli AgalE racitavAgi rUDhige bandiruva nAmapadagaLannu mAtravE A bhASheya ‘hesarisuva nAmapada’gaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhya. intaha nAmapadagaLa sankhyege ondu parimitiyide. bASheyannu baLasuvavara nenapinalli uLiyaballaShTu nAmapadagaLu mAtra I vidhAnada mUlaka prayuktavAgaballuvAdudarinda bhASheyannu baLasuvavara nenapina SaktiyE I sankhyege parimitiyannu tandoDDuttade.

Adare idu iDI samAjada nenapina Saktiyannavalambisiruttadallade obba vyaktiya nenapina Saktiyannalla. yAkendare I nenapina Sakti ondu bhASheyannu baLasuva ellA janarallU ondE rItiyadAgiruvudilla. kelavarige heccu nenapina Saktiyiruttade mattu kelavarige kaDimeyiruttade. hAgAgi, kelavarige jAsti hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa jYAnaviruttade, mattu kelavarige kaDime padagaLa jYAnaviruttade. nenapina Sakti kaDime iruvavaru tamage tiLiyadiruva mattu bhASheyalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLannu bErArAdarU baLasidAga avugaLa arthavEnembudannu bEreyavarinda kELi tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade, illavE A bhAShege arthakOSa, vastu kOSa modalAdavugaLiddalli avugaLalli nODi tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade.

idallade, bEre bEre vyavahAragaLalliruva janaralli bEre bEre rItiya hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu baLakeyalliddu, I viShayadallU ondE bhASheyannADuva janaroLage vyatyAsa tOribaruttade. udA haraNegAgi, samudrada badiyalli vAsisuva mInugArara mAtinalli mInige mattu samudrakke sambandhisida hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu jAsti iruttave, mattu kADinalli bETeyADi badukuva bETegArara mAtinalli kADige mattu bETege sambandhisida hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu jAsti iruttave. intaha vyatyAsagaLAvuvU varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLalli kANisuvudilla.

bEre bEre SAstragaLige sambandhisidantaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLU bEre bErAgiddu, ivannu AyA SAstragaLannu kaliyuvavaru nenapinalli

irisikoLLabEkAguttade. intaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige ‘pAribhAShika pada’gaLemba hesaride. I padagaLannu avu hesarisuva vastugaLannu kanDu hiDidAga illavE tayArisidAga utpAdisi baLakege taralAgittu. intaha padagaLannella sangrahisi, bEre bEre SAstragaLige bEre bEre pAribhAShika padagaLa ‘kOSa’gaLannu racisalu sAdhyavideyembudarinda, antaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU ondu parimitiyideyemba viShaya spaShTa vAguttade. Adare, I SAstragaLalli baLakeyAguva varNisuva nAmapada gucchagaLige intaha parimitiyilla, mattu avannu arthakOSagaLalli sangrahisuva avaSyakateyU illa sAdhyateyU illa.

೩.೩.೫ badalAvaNeyalli vyatyAsa

bhASheyalli kAladinda kAlakke naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu adaralli baLake yAguva nAmapadagaLannU bAdhisuttave. Adare I badalAvaNegaLu entahavu emba viShayadalli hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNi suva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsa gaLigU avugaLa tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLE kAraNa embudannu gamanisabahudu.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige artha hELalu avugaLa oLaracane mukhyavalla. avu rUDhiyalli entaha vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige anvayisuttave embudu mukhya embudannu nAvu mEleyE nODiruvevu. I kAraNakkAgi, avugaLa oLaracaneyannu badalAgadante uLisikoLLuva avaSyakateyilla. idallade, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu nenapinalliTTukonDu baLasabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, avu sankShiptavAgi iddaShTU baLakege anukUla.

hAgAgi, antaha nAmapadagaLu samaya kaLedantella badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka sankShiptagoLLuttA hOguvudannu nAvu kANabahudu. pratyaya viruva padagaLalliruva pratyaya mattu padagaLu oTTusEri, pratyayada gurutilladantAguttade, mattu jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLu ondAgi, avu bEre bEre padagaLAgidduvemba viShayavE gOcarakke baradantAguttade. intaha padagaLa angagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu sankShiptagonDu pratyayada hAge kANisatoDaguvudU intaha badalAvaNegaLallondu.

udAharaNegAgi, heggaDe, hejjenu, heddAri, hebbAvu modalAda padagaLalli hiri emba pada (per embudu idara haLeya

rUpa) modalaneya angavAgi bandideyemba viShaya I padagaLa cAritrika adhyayanadinda spaShTavAguttade. Adare, I padagaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu ivugaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu illavE A racane yalli hiri emba pada bandideyembudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyilla. hAgAgi, avu mEle sUcisidantaha badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgalu sAdhyavAgide. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, doDDa mane, doDDa mara, doDDa hAvu modalAda varNisuva padagucchagaLalli angavAgi baruva doDDa emba pada I rIti sankShiptagoLLade pratyEkavAgiyE uLiyabEkAgu ttade.

varNisuva padagucchagaLa arthavEnembudannu avugaLa oLaracane yinda mAtravE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, avugaLa oLa racane yAvAgalU spaShTavAgi tiLiyuvantirabEkAguttade. I kAraNa kkAgi, avu yAvAgalU nAmapadagucchagaLAgiyE uLiyuttavallade padagaLAgi sankShiptagoLLuvudilla. avannu bAdhisuva badalAvaNegaLendare, avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva bEre bEre rItiya padagaLannu mattu pratyayagaLannu vayyaktikavAgi bAdhisuva badalAvaNegaLu mattu avugaLa racaneyalli baruva niyamagaLannu bAdhisuva badalAvaNegaLu mAtra.

೩.೩.೬ oLaracaneya niyamagaLalli vyatyAsa

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve avugaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva niyamagaLa maTTigU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisuttave. varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa racaneyalli baruva niyamagaLu vyavasthitavAgiddu, kelavE kelavu sArvatrika niyama gaLa mUlaka I padagucchagaLa racaneyannu vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli halavAru niyamagaLu baLakeyalliddu, avugaLalli heccinavU bahaLa avyavasthitavAgiruttave mattu toDaku toDakAgiruttave. halavAru nAmapadagaLige avugaLavE Ada viSiShTa niyamagaLa avaSyakateyiddu, avugaLa racane aniyamitavendE hELalU baruttade.

mEleyE tiLisiruvante, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa oLaracane avugaLa arthavannu tiLidukoLLuvalli avaSyavAdudalla mattu avannu hAgeyE nenapinalli irisikonDu baLasabEkAguttade emba I eraDu viShayagaLu avugaLa oLaracane mEle sUcisida hAge bhASheyallAguva bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kliShTavAguttA hOgalu sAdhyavAguvante

mADuttave. varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLannu pratiyondu bAri baLasu vAgalU hosadAgi tayArisikoLLabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, mattu avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyindalE sAdhisikoLLa bEkAguvudAda kAraNa, avu intaha badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgadiruttave.

udAharaNegAgi pUrvada haLegannaDadalli hosagannaDada hiriya emba pada piriya endittu. eraDaneya akSharadalli (ri embudaralli) ikAra bandudarindAgi A padada modalaneya akSharada ekAra ikAra vAyitu mattu hAgAgi adu haLegannaDadalli piriya endAyitu. anantara adara modalaneya akSharadalliruva pakAra hakAravAduda rindAgi adu anantara hosagannaDadalli hiriya endAyitu.

hosagannaDada nAmapadagucchagaLallella idu I hiriya emba hosa rUpadallE baruttade (udA: hiriya maga, hiriya vidvAmsaru, ityAdi). Adare kelavu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli idu ivattigU adara haLeya rUpavannu svalpamaTTige uLisikonDide. udAharaNegAgi, hebbAvu emba padada eraDanE akSharadalli ikAravillada kAraNa, modalaneya akSharada ekAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide. idallade eraDanE akSharadallidda rakAravu mUranE akSharada vyanjanadoDane sEri samAnateyannu paDedide. hebbAvu emba I padadoDane heddAri, hejjenu, heggaDe modalAda padagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I eraDaneya viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

idE rItiyalli haLegannaDada pakAra hakAravAgade uLidiruvantaha bEre kelavu baLakegaLu aniyamitavAgi hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. kaypiDi emba padadalli hiDi emba padavu piDi emba adara haLeya rUpadallE uLidide. kambani embudarallU hani emba pada adare haLeya pakAravannu hakAravAgi mADikoLLade bakAravAgi mADi uLisikonDide. hombaNNa, bengAvalu modalAda padagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva honnu, bennu modalAda padagaLu avugaLa haLeya EkAkShara rUpadallE uLidive. hosagannaDadalli ivu ukArada sErikeyindAgi eraDakSharadavugaLAgive mattu honnina baNNa, bennina kAvalu modalAda varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLalli I hosa eraDakSharada rUpagaLE kANisikoLLuttave.

೩.೩.೭ nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu

varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisu vudakkAgi nAvu nAmapadagucchagaLannu baLasuttEvallade bariya nAmapada gaLannu baLasuvudilla embudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu. bariya nAmapadagaLannu varNisuva kAryadalli baLasaballevAdarU, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu ‘gurutisa’bEkAdAgalella avannu hesarisuva vidhAna dalli mAtravE baLasuvudu rUDhi. I kAraNakkAgi, mEle nAmapada mattu nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavemntahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka, hesarisuva vidhAnakkU mattu varNisuva vidhAnakkU naDuvina vyatyAsagaLentahavu embudannu tiLiyalu sAdhya vAgittu.

Adare hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisalu kannaDadalli bariya nAmapadagaLannu mAtravallade nAmapada gucchagaLannU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, hUvina giDa emba nAmapadagucchada baLakeyannu pariSIlisabahudu. I padagucchada mUlaka nAvu ondu viSiShTavAda jAtige sErida giDavannu (endare adara hUvina andakkAgi sAkuva giDavannu) gurutisuttEve. hUvina giDadalli ellA samayagaLallU hUvirabEkendEnilla. A jAtige sErida giDa vondaralli hUvE AgadiralU sAdhyavide.

I kAraNagaLindAgi, I nAmapadagucchavannu, mattu intahavE bEre halavAru nAmapadagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvavugaLendu hELabEkallade varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvavugaLendu hELalu sAdhya vAgadu. hUvillada illavE hUvE Agada giDavannu hUvina giDavendu ‘varNisalu’ sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa hUvina giDa embudu ondu giDada varNaneyAgalAradu.

I rIti, hesarisuva vidhAna mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLemba I eraDu vidhAnagaLallU nAmapadagucchagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare, I eraDu vidhAnagaLalli baLakeyAguva nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuve oLa racaneyalli kelavu vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, eraDu nAmapada gaLannu a emba pratyayada mUlaka sambandhisi padagucchagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyaShTe. intaha nAmapadagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU baLasabahudu mattu varNisuva vidhAnadallU baLasa bahudu. Adare I eraDu rItiya baLakegaLa naDuve avu yAva arthadalli sambandhitavAguttave embudaralli vyatyAsavide. keLage

koTTiruva nAmapadagucchagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I viShaya spaShTa vAguttade.

ShaShThi sambandhada artha hesarisuva vidhAna varNisuva vidhAna
(ka) Akara hAlina koDa koDada hAlu
pustakada kapATu kapATina pustaka
(kha) anga hUvina giDa giDada hUvu
bAlada huLa huLada bAla
(ga) oDetana haNada muduka mudukana haNa
Toppiya huDuga huDugana Toppi
(gha) guNadharma baNNada ciTTe ciTTeya baNNa
dhayryada huDuga huDugana dhayrya
(i) bhAvane hedarikeya huDuga huDugana hedarike
prItiya henDati henDatiya prIti

mEle eraDanE kAlannalli koTTiruva nAmapadagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU mattu mUranE kAlannalli koTTiruva nAma padagucchagaLannu varNisuva vidhAnadallU vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisalu baLasuvudu rUDhi. udAharaNegAgi, I hUvina giDadalli hUvE illa ennabahudu Adare nEravAgi I giDada hU giDaddalla ennalu sAdhyavAgadu (‘kAgadada hUvondannu I giDakke sikkisiddAre’ embantaha viSiShTavAda arthadalli mAtra antaha prayOga sAdhya). giDada hU emba padagucchavannu sAmAnyavAgi varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLasuvudE jAsti embudE idakke kAraNa.

I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuve bandiruva a emba pratyaya entaha sambandhavannu sUcisuttade emba viShayadalli vyatyAsa videyembudannu gamanisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi (ka)dalli bandiruva modalaneya kAlanna hAlina koDa mattu pustakada kapATu emberaDu nAmapadagucchagaLu vastugaLa mUlaka avannirisuva AkaragaLannu gurutisuvuvAdare, adE sAlina mUraneya kAlannalli

bandiruva koDada hAlu mattu kapATina pustaka emberaDu nAma padagucchagaLu AkaragaLa mUlaka avugaLallirisuva vastugaLannu gurutisu ttave. I eraDu rItiya Akara sambandhagaLalli modalaneyadannu sAmAnyavAgi hesarisuvudakkU mattu eraDaneyadannu varNisuvudakkU baLasuva rUDhi kannaDadallide.

mEle koTTiruva itara nAmapadagucchagaLalliyU idE rItiya viruddha prayOgagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. (kha)dalli bandiruva hUvina giDa mattu bAlada huLa emberaDu padagucchagaLu angagaLa mUlaka A angagaLannu hondiruva sasya mattu prANigaLannu gurutisu vuvAdare, avugaLa eduru koTTiruva giDada hU mattu huLada bAla emberaDu padagucchagaLu angagaLannu hondiruva sasya mattu prANigaLa mUlaka avugaLa angagaLannu gurutisuttave. ivugaLalli modalaneya vannu hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu eraDaneyadannu varNisuvu dakkAgiyU baLasuvudu kannaDadalli rUDhiyAgide.

idE rItiyalli vastuvina oDeyanannu vastuvininda gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: haNada muduka mattu Toppiya huDuga) hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu oDeyaninda vastuvannu gurutisuva pada gucchavannu (udA: mudukana haNa mattu huDugana Toppi) varNisuvudakkAgiyU baLasuvudannu oDetanavemba sambandhavannu tOrisuva (ga)da sAlugaLalli kANabahudu, guNadharmadinda guNa dharmavuLLudannu gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: baNNada ciTTe mattu dhayryada huDuga) hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu guNadharma vuLLudarinda guNadharmavannu gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: ciTTeya baNNa mattu huDugana dhayrya) varNisuvudakkAgiyU baLasu vudannu guNadharmavemba sambandhavannu tOrisuva (gha)da sAlugaLalli kANabahudu mattu bhAvaneyinda bhAvisuvavanannu gurutisuva pada gucchavannu (udA: hedarikeya huDuga mattu prItiya henDati) hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu bhAvisuvavaninda bhAvaneyannu gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: huDugana hedarike mattu henDatiya prIti) varNisuvudakkAgi baLasuvudannu bhAvaneyemba sambandhavannu tOrisuva (i)da sAlugaLalli kANabahudu.

Adare I eraDu rItiya viruddha sambandhagaLalli baruva padaguccha gaLa baLake aShTondu kaTTuniTTinadEnalla. eraDanE kAlannalli baruva

padagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnadalli mAtravallade varNisuva vidhAna dallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi dhayryada huDuga emba padaguccha dhayryada huDugana dhayryavella ingihOgide emba vAkyadalli obba huDuganannu varNisuva badalu hesarisuttiruva hAge kANisuttade. idE rItiyalli mUranE kAlannalli baruva padaguccha gaLalli kelavannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka baLasalU sAdhyavide. Adare antaha prayOgagaLu bahaLa kaDime.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೪ vibhajaneya kelavu samasyegaLu

kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu nirdharisalu horaDuva modalu nAmapadagaLannu itara vAkyAmSagaLinda (adarallU nAmapadagucchagaLinda) pratyEkisuvudu avaSya embudannu mEle nODiddevu. hIge pratyEkisuvalli kelavu samasyegaLive. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlakavU mattu nAmapada gucchagaLu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlakavU vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave. hAgAgi I vyatyAsada AdhArada mEle averaDannu heccina sandarbhagaLallU pratyEkisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare mEle sUcisidante, kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli nAmapada gucchagaLannU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuva kAryadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. intaha sandarbhagaLalli I eraDu rItiya vAkyAmSagaLannu vAkyadalli avu naDesuva kelasavEnu embudara sahAyadinda bErpaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

nAmapada mattu nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuve avugaLa heccina baLakegaLallU kANisuva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, nAmapadagucchagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu bEre bErAgiruttave mattu avugaLalli ondaroDane innondannu sambandhisalu padarUpa pratyayagaLu (udA: a emba pratyaya) baLakeyAgiruttave. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, nAmapadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgiruttave, mattu avugaLa naDuve pratyayagaLAvuvU baruvudilla. hAgEnAdarU pratyaya gaLu baruvudiddarU avu padapratyayagaLAgiruttavallade padarUpa pratyayagaLAgiruvudilla.

Adare nAmapadagaLannu nAmapadagucchagaLinda pratyEkisalu I rIti oLaracaneyannu ellA sandarbhagaLallU baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. udA haraNegAgi, kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLondige guNapadagaLannu baLasuvAga

avakke padarUpa pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla. guNapadagaLu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLa munde bandu nilluttave. kempu gODe, kappu baNNa, doDDa mane modalAda nAmapadagucchagaLalli I rIti padaga LeraDu padarUpa pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade nEravAgi sambandhita vAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. intaha vAkyAmSagaLu nAmapadagucchagaLE athavA bariya nAmapadagaLE (endare jODupadagaLE) emba viShaya dalli sandigdhateyunTAgalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, bisinIru emba vAkyAmSadalli bisi emba guNa padavannu nIru emba nAmapadadondige baLasalAgide. ivugaLa naDuve padarUpa pratyayavAvudU illa. hAgAgi illi angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLu bEre bErAgiveyE (endare idu ondu nAmapadagucchavE) athavA oTTu sEri ondE padavAgi bandiveyE (endare idu jODupadavE) embudannu I padada oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. I vAkyAmSavannu yAva rItiyalli baLasalAgide mattu baLasuvavana ASayavEnu embudannu tiLiyuva mUlaka mAtravE intaha sandarbhagaLalli ondu nirdhArakke baralu sAdhya.

bisinIru emba vAkyAmSakke kannaDadalli nAmapadagucchavAgiyU baLakeyide mattu bariya nAmapada (jODupada)vAgiyU baLakeyide. adakke ‘beccagiruva nIru’ emba arthavideyAdare adannu ondu nAma padagucchavendU mattu ‘omme bisimADida (endare kudisi Arisida) nIru’ emba arthavideyAdare jODupadavendU hELabahudu. modalaneyadu ondu vastuvannu varNisuttade mattu eraDaneyadu hesarisuttade. intaha arthasandigdhategaLiruvalli sAmAnyavAgi baLakeya sandarbhagaLE sariyAda arthavannu odagisikoDuttave. udAharaNegAgi, snAna mADalu horaTavanu bisinIru bEkendu hELidalli beccagina nIru bEkemba ASaya ADuganadAgirabEkAda kAraNa, illi bisinIru embudannu ondu varNaneyendu hELabEkAguttade. Adare, UTakke kuLitavanu bisinIru bEkendu hELidalli sAmAnyavAgi kuDiyalu bisimADi taNisiruva (endare byAkTIriyAgaLannu nASapaDisiruva) nIru bEkembudAgi ADugana ASayavirabEkAda kAraNa, bisinIru embudu illi ondu hesarisuva nAmapadavAgi (jODupadavAgi) bandideyendu hELabEkAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೫ hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli vayvidhya

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli bEre bEre tatvagaLa AdhArada mEle vibhajisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAmagaLemba vibhajane atyanta prAmukhyavAdudu. idu nAma padagaLu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLondige yAva rItiyalli sambandhitavAgive, endare avakke A hesarugaLu hEge bandive embudara mEle avalambiside. ankitanAmagaLu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalli pratiyondakkU bEre bErAgi sambandhita vAgiruvuvAdare, rUDhanAmagaLu antahavugaLigella ondE bArige sambandhitavAgiruttave (vivaragaLige ೩.೫.೧ nODi).

sAmAnyavAgi ankitanAmagaLannu mAtravE ‘hesaru’ emba padada mUlaka gurutisuvudu rUDhi. Adare I pustakadalli hesarisu emba padavannu varNisu emba padakke edurAgi nillisiruva kAraNa, hesaru emba padakke I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLannU gurutisuvantaha artha bandide. idannu hesarisu mattu hesaru emba padagaLa pAri bhAShika prayOgavendu parigaNisabahudu.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mElU vibhajisalu sAdhyavide. Adare I vibhajane mEle koTTiruva rUDhanAma-ankitanAma emba vibhajaneyannu aDDakke kattarisuttade. I vibhajaneyalli yAva oLaracaneyannU tOrisadiruva nIru, giDa, mara, sIte modalAdavugaLadu ondu vibhAgavAdare, yAvudAdarU ondu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka siddhavAda ‘pratyayaviruva’ nAma padagaLadu (udA: anjike, kuNita, aLivu, taTTe ityAdi) innondu vibhAga, mattu eraDu (athavA jAsti) padagaLa sErikeyinda (endare samAsadinda) siddhavAda ‘jODupada’gaLadu (udA: kasabarike, kaNNIru, doDDamma, kaygamba ityAdi) mattondu vibhAga.

idallade nAmapadagaLa artha, avu vAkyadalli naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa, modalAdavugaLannAdharisiyU avannu bEre bEre pangaDagaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuva bhAvanAmagaLu, guNadharmagaLannu hesarisuva guNanAmagaLu, gaNya mattu agaNya nAmapadagaLu, sajIvi mattu nirjIvi nAmapadagaLu, manuShya- manuShyEtara nAmapadagaLu, sankhyApadagaLu, sarvanAmagaLu ityAdi vibhajanegaLannu illi udAharisabahudu.

kriyApadagaLige kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avu nirdESisuva kriyeyannu hesarisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi kuNi emba kriyApadavu nirdESisuva kriyeyannu kuNita emba nAmapada hesarisuttade; bedaru emba kriyApadavu nirdESisuva kriyeyannu bedarike emba nAmapadavu hesarisuttade. intaha pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLannu ‘bhAvanAma’gaLendu kareyuva rUDhiyide.

idE rItiyalli guNapadagaLige kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLannu hesarisuvantaha nAmapada gaLannu racisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi biLi emba guNapadavu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu biLupu emba nAmapada hesarisuttade; jANa emba guNapadavu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu jANme emba nAmapada hesarisuttade. intaha pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLannu ‘guNanAma’gaLendu kareyabahudu.

sankhyApadagaLondige baruva sAdhyateyannavalambisi nAmapadagaLannu ‘gaNya’ mattu ‘agaNya’gaLendu eraDu vibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhya vide. Adare I vibhajane rUDhanAmagaLige mAtra anvayisuttade. ankitanAmagaLella gaNyanAmapadagaLAgi mAtravE iraballuvembudannu munde (೩.೫.೧)ralli nODaliruvevu.

sajIvi mattu nirjIvi embudAgi nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu, prANi modalAduvannu eraDu mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, avannu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannU I eraDu vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idallade, manuShya-manuShyEtara emba innondu sajIvigaLa vibhajane mattu ganDu-heNNu emba mattondu sajIvigaLa vibhajane - ivU kUDa kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kANisuttave. vAkyadalli nAmapadagaLu naDesuva kelasavannAdharisiyU avannu bEre bEre vibhajanegaLige oLapaDisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, gaNya vastugaLa gaNaneyalli prayuktavAguva ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAduvannu sankhyApadagaLemba vibhAgadallU mattu mAtige sambandhisidante bEre bEre kelasagaLannu sAdhisikoDuva vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAnu, nInu, avanu, tAnu modalAduvannu ‘sarvanAma’gaLemba vibhAgadallU sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. intaha vibhajanegaLU rUDhanAmagaLalli mAtra kANisuttave.

nAmapadagaLa I bEre bEre rItiya vibhajanegaLalli atyanta prAmukhyavAgiruva rUDhanAma-ankitanAma emba vibhajaneyannu I keLage svalpa vistAravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೬ rUDhanAmagaLu mattu ankitanAmagaLu

hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisaballa nAmapadagaLannu rUDhanAmagaLu mattu ankitanAmagaLu emba eraDu mukhya pangaDagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavembudannu mEle nODiruvevu. I eraDara naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, ankitanAmagaLu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu illavE sthaLagaLige pratyEka pratyEkavAgi sambandhita vAguttave, Adare rUDhanAmagaLu antahavugaLigella ondE bArige sambandhitavAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi basavappa emba ankitanAmavannu pariSIlisa bahudu. ondE Urinalli I hesarinavaru halavu mandi iralu sAdhyavide. Adare ivarellarigU ondE bArige I hesarannu koTTilla. pratiyobbanigU bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bEre janaru I hesaranniDalu nirdharisiruttAre. idallade, hesaru ondE AdarU I vyaktigaLoLage bEre yAva sAmyateyU irabEkAgilla.

rUDhanAmagaLa baLake idarinda tIra bhinnavAdudu. udAharaNegAgi baDagi emba rUDhanAmavannu pariSIlisabahudu. ondE Urinalli I nAmapada hesarisuva vyaktigaLu halavAru mandi iralu sAdhyavide yEnO nija. Adare, intaha vyaktigaLannella I padada mUlaka hesarisuva nirdhAravannu kannaDa bhASheyannADuva samAjadalli yAvAgalO omme mADirabEku. A nirdhArada phalavAgi Avattu jIvisuttidda kelavu viSiShTa vyaktigaLannu mAtravallade munde jIvisa liruva (mattu adakkinta hinde jIvisuttidda) antaha itara ellA vyaktigaLannU adu hesarisuvantAyitu. I pada hesarisuva vyaktigaLoLage ondu rItiya sAmyavU ide. avarella ondE rItiya (marada kelasa mADuva) vxttiyalliruvavaru tAnE!.

೩.೬.೧ arthadalli vyatyAsa

Adare I vyatyAsavannAdharisi rUDhanAmagaLige arthavide (A arthavu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLoLage samAnavAgiruva guNadharmavannavalambisiruttade) mattu ankitanAmagaLige (avu

hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa naDuve sAmyavirabEkAgilla embudarindAgi) arthavilla endu vAdisidevAdare, adu tappAdItu. yAkendare, eraDakkU avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmagaLannAdharisi artha hELalu sAdhyavide mattu eraDakkU nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle artha hELalu sAdhya villa.

arthada maTTige I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, ondu rUDhanAma adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLondige ondE bArige sambandhitavAguvudAda kAraNa, avellavugaLigU samAnavAgiruvantaha guNadharmagaLu adara arthavAga balluvu. Adare, ondu ankitanAma adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLondige bEre bErAgi sambandhitavAguvudAda kAraNa, adu hesarisuva pratiyondu vyakti illavE vastuvigU sambandhisidante adakke halavAru bEre bEre arthagaLiruttave. I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa baLakegU arthada avaSyakateyideyembudannu I keLagina viShaya spaShTapaDisuttade.

rUDhanAmada arthavannAdharisi adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastu vannu gurutisalu sAdhyaviruvante, ankitanAmada arthavannAdharisi adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastuvannU gurutisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi naLini emba ankitanAma namage paricayaviruva huDugi yobbaLannu hesarisuvudiddalli, A huDugiya kelavu viSiShTavAda guNa dharmagaLannu adara arthavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. naLini emba padada mUlaka nAvu A huDugiyannu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli - Ake langa hAkiruvAga, sIre toTTiruvAga, illavE kAyileyinda bahaLa kxSavAgi Aspatreyalli malagiruvAga gurutisabEkiddalli I viSiShTa guNadharmagaLu, endare naLini emba padakke nAvu koDabahudAda artha, sahAyakavAguttade.

huDugi emba rUDhanAmakkU adu hesarisuva vyaktigaLalli kANisuva kelavu viSiShTavAda guNadharmagaLa AdhArada mEle artha hELabEkAguttade, mattu I vyaktigaLannu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli huDugi emba hesarina mUlaka gurutisabEkAdAga I guNadharmagaLu

endare avannAdharisi sAdhisalAgiruva huDugi emba padada artha sahAyakke baruttade. Adare ankitanAmada hAge illi ondE vyaktiya guNadharmada AdhArada mEle artha hELuvudilla. idakke badalu A

pada hesarisuva bEre bEre halavAru vyaktigaLige samAnavAgiruva guNadharmagaLa AdhArada mEle artha hELuttEve.

Adare, ondu ankitanAma I rIti halavAru vyaktigaLannu hesarisuttideyAdare (endare, naLini emba hesarina huDugiyaru halavariruvarAdare) avaralli pratiyobbarigU sambandisidante A padakke halavAru bEre bEre arthagaLannu sAdhisikoLLabEkAdItu. ankitanAma vannu I vyaktigaLige bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bErAgi sambandhisa lAgide mattu rUDhanAmavannu ondE sandarbhadalli ellarigU oTTAgi sambandhisalAgide embudE I vyatyAsakke mUla kAraNa.

rUDhanAmada arthavannu nEravAgi adara oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu. karihalage emba rUDhanAmavu gurutisuva sAdhana kappAgiyU ira bEkAgilla, halageyinda tayArisiddU AgabEkAgilla; UTada samaya dalli koDuva bisinIru taNNIrigintalU taNNagAgiralu sAdhyavide; cikkammanu prAyadalli mattu gAtradalli ammaniginta doDDavaLAgiralu sAdhyavide; intaha halavAru udAharaNegaLannu idakke AdhAravAgi koDabahudu.

ankitanAmada arthavannU idE rItiyalli nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, kShIrasAgara emba hesaru (ankitanAma) iruva obba vyaktiya maneyalli svalpavU hAlilladiralu sAdhyavide; kariyappa emba hesarina vyakti beLLappa emba hesarina innobba vyaktiginta heccu beLLagiralu sAdhyavide; vidyASAstri emba huDugi nAlku bAri parIkSheyalli phElAgiralu sAdhyavide; ityAdi. I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa arthavannu avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLa guNadharmada AdhArada mEle mAtravE sAdhisalu sAdhya. I viShayadalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAmagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavilla embudannilli gamanisikoLLuvudu avaSya.

೩.೬.೨ sambandhadalli vyatyAsa

ondu bhASheyalli baruva rUDhanAmagaLa naDuve bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLannu kanDukoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare ankitanAmagaLa naDuve intaha sambandhagaLiruvudilla embudu I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa

naDuviruva innondu mukhya vyatyAsa. idakkU kUDa rUDhanAmagaLu tAvu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu oTTAgi hesarisuttave, mattu ankitanAmagaLu avannu pratyEka pratyEkavAgi hesarisuttave embudE mUla kAraNa.

obba vyakti bEre bEre vyaktigaLondige samAna guNadharmagaLannu tOrisuttiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, A vyaktiyannu bEre bEre rUDhanAmagaLa mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi obba vyaktiyannu muduka, baDava, kuLLa, mEShTru, brahmacAri, kuruDa modalAda halavAru rUDhanAmagaLa mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhya vide. Atanige itara mudukarondige samAna guNadharmagaLiveyAdare Atanannu muduka emba rUDhanAmadinda gurutisabahudu, mattu adE vyaktige itara baDavarondige samAna guNadharmagaLiveyAdare Atanannu baDava emba rUDhanAmadinda gurutisabahudu, ityAdi.

idallade, rUDhanAmagaLu gurutisuva vyaktigaLu ententaha gumpu gaLallella sErikonDiraballaru mattu A gumpugaLa naDuve yAva yAva rItiya sambandhagaLella ive emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avarannu gurutisuva rUDhanAmagaLa naDuveyU bEre bEre rItiya sambandha gaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, ondu rUDhanAmavu gurutisuva vyaktigaLannella innondu rUDhanAmavU gurutisaballudAdare (udA: navkara mattu sEvaka) antaha eraDu padagaLu samAnArthakagaLu illavE ‘paryAya’ padagaLendu hELabahudu. eraDaneya pada bEreyU kelavu vyaktigaLannu gurutisaballudAdare (udA: ganDasu mattu manuShya) avugaLalli modalaneyadu eraDaneyadaralli ‘antargata’vAgiruva padavendu hELabahudu.

eraDu rUDhanAmagaLalli ondu gurutisuva vyaktigaLalli kelavarannu mAtra innondu gurutisuttiddu, adu bEre kelavu vyaktigaLannU gurutisuttideyAdare (udA: muduka mattu baDava) avugaLoLage ondannondu ‘sILuva’ sambandhavideyendu hELabahudu. mattu eraDu rUDhanAmagaLu gurutisuva vyaktigaLu bhinna bhinnarAgiruvarAdare (udA: ganDasu mattu hengasu) avugaLa naDuve ‘asangata’ sambandhavide yendu hELabahudu.

Adare, ankitanAmagaLa naDuve I rIti bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavAgadu. heccina ankitanAmagaLigU avu gurutisuva vyaktigaLu (illavE vastugaLu) halaviruvudu nijavAdarU

intaha vyakti illavE vastugaLoLage sAmyavEnU irabEkAgilla. I niyamakke kelavu apavAdagaLiveyEnO nija. udAharaNegAgi, ganDasarannu mattu hengasarannu gurutisuva ankitanAmagaLu sAmAnya vAgi bEre bErAgiruttave. jAnaki emba hesarannu ganDasarigAgalI illavE rAju emba hesarannu hengasarigAgalI koTTiruvudannu nAvu kANuvudilla. hAgAgi, I eraDu rItiya padagaLa naDuve ‘asangata’ emba sambandhavideyendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

Adare I niyamakke apavAdagaLiralU sAdhyavide. illi gamanisa bEkAgiruva mukhyavAda amSavEnendare, ankitanAmagaLa baLakege avu gurutisuva bEre bEre vyaktigaLa illavE vastugaLa naDuve sAmyaviruva avaSyakateyilla, mattu hAge iddarU adu avugaLa tayArike mattu baLakeya hindiruva mUla tatvagaLinda sAdhitavAdudalla.

೩.೬.೩ gaNya mattu aganya

rUDhanAmagaLannu gaNya mattu agaNyavendu eraDu vidhavAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. gaNyanAmagaLu gurutisuva vastugaLannu ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku embudAgi lekka hAki hELalu sAdhyavide (udA: bAlehaNNu) mattu agaNyanAmagaLu gurutisuva vastugaLannu I rIti lekka hAki hELalu sAdhyavilla (udA: nIru) embudE I eraDu rItiya rUDhanAmagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa. gaNyanAmagaLu gurutisuva vastugaLu namma kaNNige kANisuvante pratyEka pratyEkavAda astitvaviruva halavu vastugaLa samudAyavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

Adare, ankitanAmagaLannu I rIti gaNya mattu agaNya embudAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avugaLa mUlaka sAmAnyavAgi gaNyavastu gaLannu mAtravE gurutisalAguttade embudE idakke kAraNa. idu I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavendu hELabahudu. nIrinantaha agaNyavastugaLu avugaLa pAtregaLa AdhArada mEle pratyEkateyannu paDedu gaNyavastugaLAdAga mAtra avannu ankitanAmagaLa mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavAdItu. udAharaNegAgi ondu nadiyAgi hariyuva nIrannu kAvEri emba ankitanAmada mUlaka gurutisaballevu mattu ondu dESavAgi nilluva maNNannu bhArata emba ankitanAmada mUlaka gurutisaballevu, ityAdi.

ankitanAmagaLannu avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige pratyEka pratyEkavAgi anvayisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa mattu agaNya vastu

gaLu I rIti pratyEka pratyEkavAgi oDedukonDillavAda kAraNa, ankitanAmagaLu agaNyavastugaLige hesarugaLAgi baruvudillavendu hELa bahudu. hIge I mUraneya mukhya vyatyAsavU I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLu yAva rItiyalli avu gurutisuva vastugaLondige sambandhisuttave embudara mEle avalambitavAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೭ sArAmSa

nAmapada illavE nAmapadagucchagaLannu prAmukhyavAgi vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi vAkyagaLalli baLasuttEve. I gurutisuva kelasavannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLa mUlaka naDesalu sAdhyavide. sAmAnya vAgi, nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu varNisuva vidhAnadallU baLakeyAguttave. Adare kelavu viSiShTavAda nAmapadagucchagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU baLakeyAgaballuvu. ida llade, varNisuva vidhAnadalli kriyApadagaLa mattu guNapadagaLa kelavu rUpagaLU baraballuvu.

kelavu sandarbhagaLalli nAmapadagaLannu nAmapadagucchagaLinda pratyE kisuvudu svalpa kaShTavendu tOrabahudu. Adare hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguva padakkU mattu varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguva padaguccha illavE padarUpakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, I ellA vyatyAsagaLannU AdhAravAgirisikonDu avannu bErpaDisalu sAdhya. padagaLa oLaracaneyannu varNisuva I pustakadalli hesarisuva vidhAna dalli baLakeyAguva padagaLannu mAtra pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. varNisuva vidhAnadalli baruva padagucchagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu vAkyaracaneya niyamakke anusAravAgi tayArAguva kAraNa, avannu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyemba bErondu pustakadalli pariSIlisabahudu.

hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baruva padagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAma emba vingaDane bahaLa prAmukhyavAdudu. ankitanAmagaLalli pratiyondannU avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu, sthAna modalAdavugaLige pratyEka pratyEkavAgi anvayisalAgide, mattu rUDhanAmagaLalli pratiyondannU avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige ondE bArige anvayisa

lAgide embudE I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsa.