Chapters: Ch 1 · Ch 2 · Ch 3 · Ch 4 · Ch 5 · Ch 6 · Ch 7 · Ch 8 · Ch 9
adhyAya nAlku
pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu
೪.೧ pIThike
kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi mUru rItiya pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivu anukramavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLige ondu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgiruttave. udAharaNegAgi gANiga emba pratyayaviruva nAma padavu gANa emba nAmapadakke iga emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgide; agalike emba nAmapadavu agalu emba kriyA padakke ike emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgide; mattu baDava emba nAmapadavu baDa emba guNapadakke va emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgide.
I mUru rItiya pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLalli kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArAgiruva eraDaneya rItiya nAmapadagaLE kannaDadalli jAsti. Adare kelavu sandarbhagaLalli intaha nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyE athavA adE rUpada nAmapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyE endu spaShTavAgi hELalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudU ide. udAharaNegAgi hiDike emba nAmapadavannu hiDi (udA: kattiyannu hiDi) emba kriyApadadindalAgali illavE adE rUpada hiDi (udA: kattiya hiDi) emba nAmapadadindalAgali tayArisiralu sAdhyavide. (hiDi emba nAmapadadalli ‘sonne’ pratyayavideyendu hELuvudu (೪.೩.೧೧
nODi) I samasyege vyayAkaraNigaLu kanDuhiDidiruva ondu parihAra.)
pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLalli heccinavU ondu padakke ondu pratyayavannu mAtra sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAdavugaLu. ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva nAmapadagaLa sankhye kannaDa dalli bahaLa kaDime. tiLuvaLike embudu I rIti ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLiruva nAmapada. idaralli tiLi emba kriyApadakke vaLi mattu ike emba eraDu pratyayagaLannu sErisalAgide. intaha ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLiruva nAmapadagaLalli heccinavU pratyayagaLannu ondondAgi endare, eraDu bEre bEre staragaLalli sErisuvudara mUlaka tayA rAgiruttave embudannu gamanisabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi mInugArike emba padadalli mInu emba nAma padadondige gAra mattu ike emba eraDu pratyayagaLu baruvu vAdarU adannu modalige mInu emba padakke gAra emba pratyaya vannu sErisi mInugAra emba padavannu tayArisi, anantara A padakke ike emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. tiLuvaLike embudara hinde tiLuvaLi emba padavilla diddarU adakke samanAgiruva hiDuvaLi, gottuvaLi modalAdavu gaLiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.
kannaDadalli baruva pratyayagaLellavU parapratyayagaLu, endare, nAma pada, kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLa anantara baruvavugaLu. udA: meccu-ge, naDa-te, aLi-vu ityAdi. pUrvapratyayagaLu endare padagaLa modala bhAgavAgi baruva pratyayagaLu kannaDadalli bEre bhAShe gaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli mAtra kANisuttave. udAharaNegAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda a-txpti, nir-bhAgya, vi-jYAna modalAda nAmapadagaLalli a-, nir-, vi- modalAda pUrva pratyayagaLu kANisuttave (೮.೩.೫ nODi). idallade, hIge eravalAgi banda padagaLalli kANisuva kelavu pUrvapratyayagaLu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLigU anTikoLLuvudannu apa-nambike embantaha pratyayaviruva padagaLalli aparUpavAgi kANabahudu.
ittIcege SrIdhar (೧೯೯೫:೧೩೩,೧೫೭) avaru kannaDadalli baruva hejjenu, hingAlu, ibbadi, kemmaNNu modalAda padagaLalli pUrvapratyayada prayOgavideyendu vAdisiddAre. sAmAnyavAgi intaha padagaLannu jODupadagaLendU mattu avugaLa Adiyalli
baruva hej, him, in, ib, kem modalAda angagaLannu padagaLendU parigaNisuvudu rUDhi. SrIdhar avaru idu sariyalla, ivugaLa Adiyalli baruva angagaLu pratyayagaLallade padagaLalla endu vAdisiddAre.
pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDuviruva vibhajane kelavondu sandarbha gaLalli aspaShTavAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, mattu cAritrikavAgi pratyayagaLu svatantravAgidda padagaLinda beLedu bandiralu sAdhyavide yAda kAraNa, intaha vAdagaLige kelavomme koneyE illavendAguvu dide. Adare I mElina vAda antahadallavendu toruttade. kannaDadalli svatantravAgi baruva hiridu, hinde, eraDu, kempu modalAda pada gaLigU mattu mEle koTTiruva hejjenu, hingAlu modalAda padagaLa Adiyalli baruva angagaLigU naDuve spaShTavAda sambandhavide. I sambandha entahadu embudannu nirdharisidAga hej, him modalAdavugaLu pratyayagaLE athavA padagaLE emba praSnege uttara doreyuttade.
hiridu embudaralli baruva du emba anga doDDadu, biLidu modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva napumsaka Ekavacana pratyaya; hiri embudu bEreDegaLalli svatantravAgi baraballa guNapada (udA: hiri magaLu); hinde embudannu de emba pratyayada mUlaka tayArisalu sAdhyaviddu, idaralli him emba modalaneya bhAgavE padavendu hELa bEkAguttade; eraDu embudarallU Du embudu ondu pratyaya mattu adara mundiruva era embudE pada; kempu embudaralli baruva pu emba anga tampu, nuNupu, biLupu, impu modalA davugaLalli kANisuva pratyayavAgiddu, adara mundiruva kem embudE padavAgide.
mEle koTTiruva hejjenu, hingAlu, innUru modalAda jODupadagaLalli I padagaLu modalaneya angavAgi bandiddu avu hiridu, hinde, eraDu modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLannu kaLedukonDu I jODupadagaLalli bandiveyendu hELuvudE sari yendu tOruttade. ivugaLalli hiri embudu her (hej) emba rUpadallU mattu era embudu ir (ij, in) emba rUpadallU baralu kannaDadalli naDeda eraDu dhvani badalAvaNegaLu kAraNa.
(೧) her embudara ekAra hiri embudaralli ikAravAgide. I padada eraDaneya akSharadalli ikAraviddudE I badalAvaNege kAraNa.
(idE badalAvaNeyannu beLLage-biLi embudarallU kANabahudu). (೨) ir embudara ikAra eraDu embudaralli ekAravAgide. I badalAvaNege eraDu emba padada eraDaneya akShadalli akAra bandiruvudE kAraNa (idE badalAvaNeyannu nillu-nelasu embudarallU kANabahudu).
I sandarbhadalli ondu mukhyavAda viShayavannu gamanakke tandu koLLuvudu avaSya. jODupadavondara oLaracaneyembudu mukhyavAgi adara cAritrika amSagaLa mEle avalambisiruttade. adannu tayArisi baLakege tandAga yAva guNadharmavannu ArisalAgittu mattu A guNadharmavannu sUcisalu yAva padagaLannu baLasalAgittu embudu adara oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu nirdharisuvalli sahAyaka vAguttade (munde ೫.೫ nODi). haLegannaDadallEnE kANisuva kemmaNNu, innUru modalAda padagaLannu cAritrikavAgi eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda (samAsadinda) sulabhavAgi sAdhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, ivannu jODupadagaLendu parigaNisuvudaralli yAva tondareyU illa. hAgAgi, ivugaLalli pUrvapratyayagaLiveyendu kalpisikonDu ivannu pratyayaviruva padagaLendu hELuvudu sariyAga lAradu.
೪.೨ pratyayagaLa svarUpa
padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva padapratyayagaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu padagaLondige mAtra baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa svarUpavannu niyamagaLa sahAyadinda varNisuvudu kaShTa. AdarU kUDa, avugaLa prayOgadalli kelavu ‘olavu’gaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide yAda kAraNa antaha olavugaLannu niyamagaLa rUpadalli varNisuvu dara mUlaka I pratyayagaLa svarUpada mEle beLakannu cellalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi ike-ige emba pratyaya ellA rItiya kriyApada gaLondigU baraballudAdare, ta-te emba pratyaya sAmAnyavAgi ikArAnta mattu ekArAnta kriyApadagaLondige mAtravE bara balludu; alu emba innondu pratyaya ukArAnta kriyApada gaLondige mAtravE baraballudu. intaha halavu hELikegaLannu kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka racisi hELalu sAdhyavideyAdarU ivakkella ondalla ondu apavAda
vannu kANalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa ivu olavugaLallade niyamagaLalla. padapratyayagaLu I rIti niyamabaddhavAgi illadiruvudakke avugaLa oLaracanege cAritrika mahatvavideyallade mAtina baLakeyalli heccina mahatvavillavembudE mukhya kAraNa.
padapratyayagaLa svarUpavEnembudannu varNisuvalli kANisikoLLuva innondu samasyeyEnendare, sAmAnyavAgi I pratyayagaLu padarUpa pratyayagaLa hAge ondakkondu sambandhitavAgiruvudilla. udAharaNe gAgi, padarUpapratyayagaLannu vacanapratyayagaLu, vibhakti pratyayagaLu, kAlapratyayagaLu, AkhyAtapratyayagaLu ityAdiyAgi bEre bEre gumpu gaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide, mattu kelavu sandarbhagaLalli intaha ondu gumpige sErida padarUpapratyayagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu khaDDAyavAgiyU baLasalEbEkemba niyamavannu mADalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi bande embantaha pUrNa kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuva kAlapratyayagaLallondannu mattu adara anantara AkhyAta pratyayagaLallondannu baLasalEbEkemba niyamavide.
padapratyayagaLannu I rIti viSiShTavAda gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla, mattu avugaLa baLakeyalli khaDDAyavendu hELa bahudAda niyamagaLU illa. I kAraNakkAgi avugaLannu bariya ondu paTTiyalli koTTu, ondondAgi avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva olavugaLannaShTE varNisalu sAdhyavAguttade. padapratyayagaLa arthavU aniyamitavAdudAda kAraNa avannu avu koDuva arthada AdhArada mElU niyamitavAgi vargIkarisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.
I pratyayagaLu entaha padagaLondige baruttave, endare nAmapada gaLondige baruttaveyE, kriyapadagaLondige baruttaveyE athavA guNapadagaLondige baruttaveyE embudara AdhArada mElU avannu vyavasthitavAgi vargIkarisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. avu prAmukhyavAgi yAva vargada padagaLondige baruttave endaShTE hELalu sAdhyavAgu ttade. udAharaNegAgi ike-ige emba pratyaya prAmukhyavAgi kriyA padagaLondige baruvudAdarU (udA: nambike, baLalike, ityAdi), billugArike, tiLuvaLike modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli nAmapada gaLondigU bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. illU padapratyayagaLa baLake yalli aniyamitateyE eddu kANisuttade.
I kAraNagaLigAgi, pratyayaviruva padagaLalli kANisuva padapratyaya gaLannu I keLage bariya paTTiya mUlaka mAtravE vivarisi hELalu
sAdhyavAgide. pratiyondu pratyayada keLagU adara baLakeyalli kANisuva kelavu olavugaLannu udAharaNegaLa mUlaka vivarisalu prayatnisa lAgide. I pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLannAgi parivartisalAgideyE athavA nAmapadagaLannE avakkinta bhinnavAda bEre nAmapadagaLannAgi badalAyisalAgideyE embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi mAtra I pratyayagaLannu mUru bEre bEre vibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisalu prayatnisalAgide. keLage koTTiruva paTTigaLalli yAvudU sampUrNavAdudalla. I pratyayagaLa svarUpaventahadu embudannu tiLisalu sahAyakavAguvante jAsti baLakeyalliruva pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva padapratyayagaLannu mAtravE illi pariSIlisalAgide.
೪.೩ kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu
kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva padapratyayagaLalli heccinavU kriyA padagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyaya gaLu. guNapadagaLinda illavE nAmapadagaLinda bEre nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu baLasuva padapratyayagaLa sankhye kannaDadalli bahaLa kaDime. idakkAgi, kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudaralli baLake yAguva padapratyayagaLannu illi modalige pariSIlisalAgide.
೪.೩.೧ ike-ige pratyaya
kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu baLasuva padapratyaya gaLalli ike-ige mattu ke-ge emba rUpagaLalli baruva pratyayavE atyanta prAmukhyavAdudu. baLalu-baLalike, oppu-oppige, koDu- koDuge, hiDi-hiDike modalAda padayugdhagaLalli idu kriyApadagaLige sErikoLLuvudemba viShaya spaShTavAgiruvudAdarU, turisu-turike, bayasu-bayake, bEsarisu (bEsara)-bEsarike modalAdavugaLalli I viShaya aShTondu spaShTavAgilla. bayasu embudaralli su emba pratyaya mattu bayake embudaralli ke emba pratyaya yAva vargakkU sErada baya- emba asvatantra padavondakke sEriveyendu hELalU sAdhyavide. hIgiddarU ike-ige emba I pratyayavannoLagonDiruva heccina padagaLigU kriyApadavE mUla embudannu munde nODa liruvevu.
kriyApadagaLinda kriyArUpavondannu paDeyuvudakkAgi baLasuva ike emba pradarUpa pratyayavondide. idannu baLaluvike, oppuvike, hiDiyuvike, koDuvike modalAda padarUpagaLalli kANabahudu. idu rUpadalli mElina pratyayavannE hOluttideyAdarU adakkinta bhinna vAdudembudannu munde nODaliruvevu.
samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda halavAru padagaLalli ike emba bErondu pratyaya kANisuttade. udA: pUrva-pUrvika, samAja- sAmAjika, kShaNa-kShaNika, varSha-vArShika ityAdi. idu sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLinda nAmaviSEShaNagaLannu sAdhisuvalli baLakeyAguttade. kannaDada ike-ige pratyaya samskxtadinda bandudEnO endu kiTTel (೧೮೯೪:೧೮೦,೪೬೨) avaru sUcisalu I eraDu pratyayagaLa naDuviruva sArUpya kAraNavirabahudu. Adare iveraDakkU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLiddu, kannaDa nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli atyanta prAmukhyavAda sthAnavannu paDediruva ike-ige pratyaya kannaDaddE endu parigaNisuvudu heccu samanjasavendu tOruttade.
(ka) rUpabhEdagaLu
I pratyayakke ike, ke, ige mattu ge embudAgi nAlku bEre bEre rUpagaLive. ivugaLalli ike embudu mukhyavAgi ukAradalli kone goLLuva kriyApadagaLondige baruttade mattu I pratyaya (hAgU idara ige emba rUpa) sEridAga kriyApadada koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade. udA:
baLalu baLalike hELu hELike bedaru bedarike tOru tOrike hogaLu hogaLike anju anjike agalu agalike nambu nambike
mEle koTTiruva ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli mUrakSharadavugaLu (modalaneya kAlam) mattu eraDakSharadavugaLu (mUraneya kAlam) embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLive. ivugaLalli eraDakSharadavugaLu modalaneya akSharadalli uddasvaravuLLavugaLu (hELu mattu tOru) mattu giDDasvaraviddarU sonneyondige baruvavugaLu
(anju mattu nambu) embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLembudannu gamanisabahudu.
ukAradalli konegoLLuva mattu eraDakSharaviruva kriyApadagaLa modalaneya akSharadalli giDDasvara mAtra ideyAdare athavA giDDasvara dondige eraDaneya akSharadalli ottakSharavideyAdare, antaha kriyApada gaLondige I pratyaya ge illavE ige emba rUpadalli baruttade. udA:
| ಕೊಡು | ಕೊಡುಗೆ | ಬಪ್ಪು | ಬಪ್ಪುಗೆ/ಬಪ್ಪಿಗೆ |
| ಉಡು | ಉಡುಗೆ | ಮೆಚ್ಚು | ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ |
| ತೊಡು | ತೊಡುಗೆ |
| ಹೆರು | ಹೆರಿಗೆ | ಮುಚ್ಚು |
|---|---|---|
| ಮುಚ್ಚಿಗೆ | ||
| ತೆರು | ತೆರಿಗೆ | ಮುತ್ತು ಮುತ್ತಿಗೆ |
Adare ivugaLalli ige embudu elli baruttade mattu ge embudu elli baruttade endu hELuvudu kaShTa. idallade, I niyamagaLige bEreyU kelavu apavAdagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, ige mattu ge emba rUpagaLu kelavu uddasvaraviruva eraDakSharada kriyApadagaLondigU bara balluvu mattu bEre kelavu giDDasvaradondige sonneyiruva eraDakSharada kriyApadagaLondigU baraballuvu.
| ನಾಚು | ನಾಚುಗೆ | ನಂಬು | ನಂಬುಗೆ |
| ಏಳು | ಏಳಿಗೆ | ಹೇಸು | ಹೇಸಿಗೆ |
ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLu su (illavE isu) emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuvuvAdare avugaLondige ke emba rUpa dalliruva pratyaya baruttade, mattu I pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa kone yalliruva su emba pratyaya bidduhOguttade. udA:
| ಬಯಸು | ಬಯಕೆ | ಹಾರೈಸು |
|---|---|---|
| ಹಾರೈಕೆ | ಮಡಿಸು | ಗದರಿಸು |
| ಮಡಿಕೆ | ಗದರಿಕೆ |
| ಬೆರಸು | ಬೆರಕೆ | ಆಕಳಿಸು |
|---|---|---|
| ಆಕಳಿಕೆ | ||
| ತುರಿಸು | ತುರಿಕೆ | ಮೂದಲಿಸು ಮೂದಲಿಕೆ |
| ಬಳಸು | ಬಳಕೆ | ತೂಕಡಿಸು |
| ತೂಕಡಿಕೆ |
mEleyE sUcisiruvante, illi su emba pratyayadalli kone goLLuva kriyApadakke ke emba pratyayavannu sErisi nAmapadavannu tayArisalAgide endu hELuva badalu, yAva padavargakkU sErada baya-, maDi-, bera-, baLa-, hara-, AkaLi- modalAda asvatantra padagaLige su emba pratyayavannu sErisi kriyApadavannU mattu ke emba pratyayavannu sErisi nAmapadavannU tayArisalAgide endu hELalu sAdhyavide.
idallade, su emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuva bEre kelavu kriyA padagaLige a illavE ke emba eraDu pratyayagaLalli ondannu sErisu vudara mUlaka (mattu avugaLa koneyalli baruva su embudannu tegedu hAkuvudara mUlaka) eraDu bEre bEre rItiya nAmapada gaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. a emba pratyaya sEridAga ivugaLa koneya ikAravU bidduhOguttade.
| ಹಂಬಲಿಸು | ಹಂಬಲ | ಹಂಬಲಿಕೆ |
| ಬೇಸರಿಸು | ಬೇಸರ | ಬೇಸರಿಕೆ |
| ಎಚ್ಚರಿಸು | ಎಚ್ಚರ | ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ |
| ಅಬ್ಬರಿಸು | ಅಬ್ಬರ | ಅಬ್ಬರಿಕೆ |
ekArAnta kriyApadagaLige ke emba pratyayavannu sErisidAga avugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAra akAravAguttade embudannu moLe- moLake mattu bere-berake emba udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. Adare hode-hodike embudaralli I ekAra ikAravAgide (athavA mElina ike-ige pratyaya adara ike emba rUpadalli bandiddu, kriyApadada koneya ekAra bidduhOgide) mattu naDe-naDuge embudaralli ekAra ukAravAgide. idallade, I koneya padadalli keya badalu ge bandide.
ikAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya ge emba rUpadalli baruvudannu suli-sulige mattu holi-holige emba udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. Adare hiDi-hiDike embudaralli idu ke emba rUpadalli bandide. idallade, mEle sUcisidante hiDi embudu kannaDadalli kriyApadavU havdu, nAmapadavU havdu.
pratyayaviruva padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva niyamagaLu olavugaLu mAtra, avugaLige apavAdagaLiruvudu jAsti embudannu I ike-ige pratyayada baLakeya hindiruva ‘niyama’vannu bareyalu naDesida I prayatna spaShTapaDisuttade. idallade, kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli yAvavugaLondige I pratyaya baraballudu mattu yAvavugaLondige baralAradu emba viShayadallU bahaLaShTu aniyamitate ide. udA haraNegAgi, mADu, kuDi, bare, aDagu, horaDu, kollu, kaTTu, tumbu, Udu modalAda halavAru kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya baLakeyAgilla.
(kha) arthabhEdagaLu
kriyApadagaLige ike-ige emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAguva I pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLige artha hELuvudU bahaLa kaShTavAda kelasavAgide. sAmAnyavAgi I nAmapadagaLu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli bandiruva kriyApadagaLu yAva ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisu ttaveyO avannE hesarisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva kriyApadagaLu bEre bEre rItiya ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuttiddu, avannE eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva nAmapada gaLu hesarisuttiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.
anju anjike hogaLu hogaLike bayasu bayake tUkaDisu tUkaDike
Adare, I niyamakke halavAru bEre bEre rItiya apavAdagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, moLake, kettige, hAsige, terige modalAdavugaLu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva moLe, kettu, hAsu, teru modalAda kriyApadagaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuva badalu, A ghaTane
gaLinda siddhavAda vastugaLannu hesarisuttave; hiDike, hodike modalA davugaLu antaha ghaTanegaLannu naDesalu bEkAguva upakaraNagaLannu hesarisuttave. pratyayaviruva padagaLu ‘hesarisuva’ padagaLAgiddu, antaha hesarisuva padagaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisuva avaSyakateyillavembudE (೩.೩.೩ nODi) avugaLa artha dalli intaha aniyamitate kANisikoLLalu mukhya kAraNa.
(ga) nAmapadadondige baLake
ike-ige pratyayavu adara ike emba rUpadalli nEravAgi kriyApadada anantara baruva badalu vaLi illavE aLe emba pratyayada anantara baraballudu, mattu adara ige emba rUpadalli aNe emba pratyayada anantaravU baraballudu embudannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu.
| ನಡೆ | ನಡವಳಿಕೆ | ಬರೆ | ಬರವಣಿಗೆ |
| ತಿಳಿ | ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ | ಬೆಳೆ | ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ |
| ಮುಚ್ಚು | ಮುಚ್ಚಳಿಕೆ | ಮೆರೆ | ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆ |
| ಬೀಸು | ಬೀಸಣಿಗೆ |
Adare, sAgaNike embudaralli I pratyaya aN (illavE aNe) embu dara munde ike emba rUpadalli bandide. dabbALike embudaralli I pratyayadondige ALe emba pratyaya bandiruva hAge kANisuttade.
mEle koTTiruva nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadavondakke eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyendu hELuva badalu aLi illavE aN emba pratyayagaLa baLakeyinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLige ike-ige pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyendU hELalu sAdhya vide. huTTuvaLi, sAguvaLi modalAda padagaLalli vaLi emba pratyayada mUlaka, mattu sAgaNe, tirugaNe modalAda padagaLalli aNe emba pratyayada mUlaka intaha nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgide.
ondu vyavasAya illavE guNadharmavannAdharisi vyaktigaLannu hesarisuvantaha (illavE antaha guNadharmavannE sUcisuvantaha) kelavu SabdagaLige ike emba pratyayavondannu sErisi A vyavasAya illavE guNadharmavannu hesarisuvantaha nAmapadavannu tayArisalu
sAdhyavide. intaha SabdagaLu nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandu virabahudu, illavE kannaDada SabdagaLige gAra (illavE vanta) emba pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisidavugaLirabahudu. udA:
madhyastha madhyasthike billugAra billugArike SrImanta SrImantike mInugAra mInugArike unnata unnatike maDivanta maDivantike
mAsTarik emba padadalli I pratyaya ingliShninda eravalAgi bandiruva mAsTar emba padadondige bandide.
intaha padagaLalli baruva ike emba pratyaya mEle vivarisiruva ike-ige pratyayakke sambandhisidudE athavA samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva bEre kelavu padagaLalli kANisuva ika emba innondu pratyayakke (udA: kShaNa-kShaNika, yantra-yAntrika ityAdi (vivaragaLige ೮.೩.೫ nODi)) sambandhisidudE emba viShayadalli ondu nirdhArakke baruvudu svalpa kaShTa.
(pha) ike emba padarUpa pratyaya
mEle koTTiruva ike-ige emba pratyayadinda bhinnavAgiruva mattu ellA sandarbhagaLallU ike emba ondE rUpadalliruva padarUpa pratyayavondu kannaDadalli baLakeyallide. idannu kriyApadagaLige sErisi avugaLa kriyArUpavondannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. idu kriyApada gaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLannu varNisuttadallade hesarisuvudilla. udA:
anju anjuvike bare bareyuvike mADu mADuvike kuDi kuDiyuvike hogaLu hogaLuvike iru iruvike bayasu bayasuvike tappu tappuvike
I pratyayavannu sErisidAga ukArAnta kriyApadagaLa koneyalli vakAra sErikoLLuttade, mattu ikArAnta mattu ekArAnta kriyApada
gaLa koneyalli vakAra mAtravallade ya emba akSharavU sErikoLLuttade embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.
ike emba I pratyayavannoLagonDiruva kriyArUpagaLannu nAma padagaLa sthAnadalli baLasalu sAdhyaviddu, ivakke bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLannU sErisalu sAdhyavide. udA:
- (೧ka) Akeya hADuvikeyannu ellarU hogaLuttiddAre.
- (೧kha) nimma hogaLuvikeyinda avanu ubbihOgiddAne.
-
(೧ga) avaLa aLuvikege kallU karagItu.
- (i) kelavu vyatyAsagaLu
- kriyApadagaLinda kriyArUpagaLannu tayArisalu baLasuva I ike emba
- pratyaya padarUpa pratyayavallade padapratyayavalla. adu mEle
- vivarisiruva ike-ige emba padapratyayakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. pada
- pratyayagaLigU mattu padarUpa pratyayagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa
- gaLella kANisaballuvu embudannu mEle ೧.೬ralli vivarisalAgide.
- intaha vyatyAsagaLu I ike-ige mattu ike emba eraDu pratyayagaLa
- naDuveyU kANisuvuvembudannu avugaLa naDuviruva keLagina vyatyAsa
- gaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
- (೧) ike emba padarUpa pratyaya ellA kriyApadagaLondigU
- baraballudu. I viShayadalli ondU apavAdavilla. samskxtadinda
- eravalAgi bandiruva mattu isu emba pratyayada mUlaka kannaDadalli
- kriyApadavAgi baLakeyAguva padagaLondigU idu baraballudembu
- dannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
- anumatisu anumatisuvike
- SikShisu SikShisuvike
- virOdhisu virOdhisuvike
- rakShisu rakShisuvike
- idakke vyatiriktavAgi, ike-ige emba padapratyayada baLake kelavE
- kelavu kriyApadagaLondige mAtra rUDhiyallide. udAharaNegAgi, bare,
- kuDi, mADu, duDuku, tirugu modalAda halavAru kriyApada
- gaLondige I pratyayada baLake rUDhiyallilla. ike emba padarUpa
pratyayavannu ivellavakkU sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idallade, samskxta dinda eravalAgi bandiruva anumatisu, SikShisu modalAda kriyApada gaLondige ike emba padarUpa pratyayavannu sErisi hELuva hAge ike-ige emba padapratyayavannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
(೨) ike emba padarUpa pratyayada baLakeyalli ike-ige emba padapratyayada baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha aniyamita badalAvaNega LAvuvU kANisuvudilla. ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLondigU adu ike emba ondE rUpadalli baruttade. mEle sUcisidante, ukArada anantara vakAra sErikoLLuvudu mattu ekAra hAgU ikAragaLa anantara yav embudu sErikoLLuvudu emba eraDu sandhiniyama gaLu mAtra ivugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu. I eraDu badalAvaNegaLu ellA sandarbhagaLallU niyamitavAgi baruttiddu, avakke yAva apavAdavU illa.
kriyApadagaLU kUDa, ike emba padarUpa pratyayadondige svalpavU badalAvaNeyillade sErikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApada gaLa koneyalli baruva su emba pratyaya illavE u emba svara I pratyaya sEridAga biddu hOguvudilla, mattu kriyApadagaLa kone yalli baruva ekAra akAravAgi illavE ukAravAgi badalAguvudilla. ike-ige emba padapratyayakkU mattu ike emba padarUpa pratyayakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANa bahudu.
| ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ | ಇಕೆ-ಇಗೆ | ಇಕೆ |
|---|---|---|
| ಬಯಸು | ಬಯಕೆ | ಬಯಸುವಿಕೆ |
| ಬೆರಸು | ಬೆರಕೆ | ಬೆರಸುವಿಕೆ |
| ತುರಿಸು | ತುರಿಕೆ | ತುರಿಸುವಿಕೆ |
| ಅಂಜು | ಅಂಜಿಕೆ | ಅಂಜುವಿಕೆ |
| ಹೇಳು | ಹೇಳಿಕೆ | ಹೇಳುವಿಕೆ |
| ಹೊಗಳು | ಹೊಗಳಿಕೆ ಹೊಗಳುವಿಕೆ | |
| ಬೆರೆ | ಬೆರಕೆ | ಬೆರೆಯುವಿಕೆ |
| ಹೊದೆ | ಹೊದಿಕೆ | ಹೊದೆಯುವಿಕೆ |
| ನಡೆ | ನಡುಗೆ | ನಡೆಯುವಿಕೆ |
(೩) arthada maTTigU I eraDu pratyayagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide. mEleyE vivarisidante, ike-ige pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLige avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle niyamitavAgi artha hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. avellavakkU oLaracane ondE rItiya dAdarU artha mAtra aniyamitavAgi bEre bErAgiruttade. Adare, ike emba padarUpa pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida ellA kriyArUpa gaLigU ondE rItiya arthavide. avella varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka avugaLalli bandiruva kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu gurutisu ttave.
bayasu bayake bayasuvike
kettu kettige kettuvike
hAsu hAsuge hAsuvike
hiDi hiDike hiDiyuvike
moLe moLake moLeyuvike
holi holige holiyuvike
I ellA vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle ike embudu kriyA padagaLinda kriyArUpagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLasuva padarUpa pratyayavendU mattu ike-ige embudu prAmukhyavAgi kriyApada gaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLasuva adakkinta tIra bhinnavAda padapratyayavendU hELabEkAguttade.
೪.೩.೨ ta-tE pratyaya
ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLige ta illavE te emba rUpadalliruva I pratyayavannu sErisi kelavu nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I eraDu rUpagaLalli te embudara baLake gintalU ta embudara baLakeyE jAsti. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudannu elli baLasabEku emba viShayadalli niyamavEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. te embudarondige bandAga kriyApadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade (udA: naDe-naDate), Adare ta embuda rondige bandAga adu hAgeyE badalAgade uLiyuttade (udA: hoDe-hoDeta).
I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu illavE adarinda siddhavAguva guNadharmavannu hesarisuttave. udA:
| ಕುಣಿ | ಕುಣಿತ | ಅಲೆ | ಅಲೆತ |
| ಕುಡಿ | ಕುಡಿತ | ನೆಗೆ | ನೆಗೆತ |
| ಹಿಡಿ | ಹಿಡಿತ | ಒದೆ | ಒದೆತ |
| ದುಡಿ | ದುಡಿತ | ಎಸೆ | ಎಸೆತ |
| ಉರಿ | ಉರಿತ | ಮೊರೆ | ಮೊರೆತ |
| ತುಳಿ | ತುಳಿತ | ಸವೆ | ಸವೆತ |
| ಕುದಿ | ಕುದಿತ | ಅಗೆ | ಅಗೆತ |
| ಅಳೆ | ಅಳತೆ | ನಡೆ | ನಡತೆ |
| ಅಗೆ | ಅಗತೆ | ಮಿಡಿ | ಮಿಡಿತೆ |
aniyamitavAgi intaha nAmapadagaLu kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyalli baruva vastu, prANi modalAduvannu hesarisuttiralU sAdhyavide (udA: miDi-miDite). tappu-tappita embudaralli I pratyaya ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadadondigU bandiruva hAge kANisuttade.
samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva kelavu nAmapadagaLalli te emba pratyayavondu kANisuttade. udA:
adhyakSha adhyakShate arha arhate kavi kavite dakSha dakShate
Adare I te emba pratyayavannu nAmapadagaLigallade kriyApadagaLige sErisuvudilla. vyaktiyobbanannu hesarisuva nAmapadadinda A vyaktiya guNadharmavannu hesarisuva bErondu nAmapadavannu sAdhisalu I pratyayada baLakeyAguttade. idu samskxtada tA emba pratyayada kannaDa rUpa. mEle vivarisiruva ta-te idakkinta bhinnavAdudu.
೪.೩.೩ A pratyaya
idu mukhyavAgi gu illavE Du emba akSharagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvalli baLakeyAguttade. I pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLa koneyalliruva gu mattu Du emba akSharagaLu k mattu T endAguttave (endare, gakAra, DakAragaLu kakAra, TakAragaLAguttave mattu avugaLa anantara baruva ukAra bidduhOguttade).
| ನಡುಗು | ನಡುಕ | ಆಡು | ಆಟ |
| ತಿರುಗು | ತಿರುಕ | ಓಡು | ಓಟ |
| ಮರುಗು | ಮರುಕ | ನೋಡು | ನೋಟ |
| ತೂಗು | ತೂಕ | ಕಾಡು | ಕಾಟ |
| ಮಾಡು | ಮಾಟ | ||
| ಕೂಡು | ಕೂಟ |
ADu embudaralli konegoLLuva halavu ‘kUDu’kriyApadagaLu kannaDadalliddu avugaLalli kelavu kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya bara balludu. intaha baLakeyallU kriyApadada koneya Du emba akShara T endAguttade. udA:
hOrADu hOrATa
tirugADu tirugATa
ODADu ODATa
baddADu baddATa
Adare I pratyaya intaha ellA kUDukriyApadagagaLondigU niyamitavAgi baruvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, bisADu, nagADu, mAta nADu modalAdavugaLondige idu baruvudilla, mattu I pratyayava nnoLagonDiruva mArATa, huDugATa modalAda bEre kelavu nAmapadagaLige samanAda kUDukriyApada kannaDadalli baLakeyallilla. idallade, taletiruka, dArihOka modalAda bEre kelavu nAmapada gaLalli I pratyaya bandiruva hAge kANisuttade, Adare ivannu tayArisalu bEkAguva kUDukriyApadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallilla.
Udu emba kriyApadakke idE pratyayavannu sErisi Uta emba padavannu tayArisiruvalli dakAra takAravAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAguva nAmapadagaLa arthavU aniyamitavAdudu. heccineDegaLallU idu kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu hesarisuttade (udA: naDugu-naDuka, marugu-maruka). Adare, kelaveDegaLalli ondu viSiShTavAda ghaTaneyannu mAtravE hesarisu ttade (udA: mADu-mATa), mattu bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli antaha ghaTaneyannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu hesarisuttade (udA: tirugu-tiruka).
agalu-agali mattu tIru-tIra embavugaLalli idE pratyaya ru mattu lu emba akSharagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLondige bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.
೪.೩.೪ vu pratyaya
I pratyayavu prAmukhyavAgi ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLondige baruttade. ekAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLalli heccinavU I pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAravannu akAravAgi badalAyisuttave. udA:
| ಅಳಿ | ಅಳಿವು | ಮರೆ | ಮರೆವು |
| ದಣಿ | ದಣಿವು | ಕಳೆ | ಕಳವು |
| ಹಸಿ | ಹಸಿವು | ನೆರೆ | ನೆರವು |
| ತಿಳಿ | ತಿಳಿವು | ತೆರೆ | ತೆರವು |
| ಅರಿ | ಅರಿವು | ಸೆಳೆ | ಸೆಳವು |
| ಹರಿ | ಹರಿವು |
olavu emba padadalli adara oLaracaneyalli baruva oli emba kriyApadada koneya ikAravU akAravAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.
ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLallU kelavu I pratyayadondige sEri nAmapadagaLAgive. Adare, intaha padagaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLu kANisikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, yu emba akSharadalli konegoLLuva mattu adare hinde uddasvaraviruva kelavu kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya baralu sAdhyaviddu, hAge tayA rAgiruva padagaLalli A kriyApadada eraDaneya akShara biddu hOgide.
| ಸಾಯು | ಸಾವು |
| ನೋಯು | ನೋವು |
| ಕಾಯು | ಕಾವು |
| ಮೇಯು | ಮೇವು |
ukAradalli konegoLLuva nillu mattu gellu emba bEre eraDu kriyApadagaLondigU I pratyaya baruttiddu, I padagaLalliruva ottakSharada ondu vyanjana I pratyaya sEridAga biddu hOgide.
| ನಿಲ್ಲು | ನಿಲುವು |
| ಗೆಲ್ಲು | ಗೆಲುವು |
idallade iravu embudara oLaracaneyalli iru emba kriyApadada koneya ukAra akAravAgide, mattu tiruvu embudaralli tirugu emba kriyApadada mUraneya akShara biddu hOgide. biDuvu embudaralli mAtra I pratyaya biDu emba ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadadondige yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade bandide.
arthada maTTige I pratyayada baLakeyallU aniyamitateyide yembudannu gamanisabahudu. sAvu, nOvu, marevu modalAdavu gaLu ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuvuvAdare, mEvu embudu ghaTaneya sAdhana vannU mattu tiruvu embudu ghaTaneya sthAnavannU hesarisuttave.
೪.೩.೫ vaLi pratyaya
kriyApadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAra akAravAguttade, mattu ikAra ukAravAguttade. Adare ukAra mAtra badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttade. idallade, udA:
| ಹಿಡಿ | ಹಿಡುವಳಿ | ಸಾಗು | ಸಾಗುವಳಿ |
| ತಿಳಿ | ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ | ಹುಟ್ಟು | ಹುಟ್ಟುವಳಿ |
| ನಡೆ | ನಡವಳಿಕೆ | ಆಳು | ಆಡಳಿತ |
tiLuvaLike mattu naDavaLike emba eraDu padagaLalli I pratyaya ke emba innondu pratyayadondige bandide. mattu ADaLita emba padadalli ta emba pratyayadondige bandide. idallade, ADaLita emba
padadalli kriyApadadallidda LakAra DakAravAgide, mattu vaLi pratyayada vakAra biddu hOgide.
gottu emba AkhyAta padadondigU I pratyaya bandiruvudannu gottuvaLi emba nAmapadadalli kANabahudu. dabbALike embudarallU idE pratyaya (dabbu emba kriyApadadondige) bandiralu sAdhyaviddu, illi idakke ALi emba rUpavide.
aLi emba rUpadalliruva pratyayavondu AkaLisu, appaLisu, kuppaLisu, bikkaLisu modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLalli baruvudembu dannu munde AranE adhyAyadalli nODaliruvevu. adu I pratyayakke sambandhisiralu sAdhyavide. idE pratyaya heggaLike emba padadalli hiri emba guNapadada heg emba rUpadondige bandide.
೪.೩.೬ vaN pratyaya
I pratyaya adara ellA baLakegaLallU mEle ೪.೩.೧ralli vivarisida ike-ige pratyayada ige emba rUpadondige baruttade. kriyApadada koneya ekAra I pratyaya sEridAga akAravAguttade mattu ukAra biddu hOguttade. ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadadondige idu aN emba rUpadalli baruttade.
| ಬರೆ | ಬರವಣಿಗೆ | ಬೀಸು | ಬೀಸಣಿಗೆ |
| ಮೆರೆ | ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆ | ಬಾಚು | ಬಾಚಣಿಗೆ |
| ಬೆಳೆ | ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ |
maduvaNiga emba nAmapadadalli I pratyaya kriyApadadondige baruva badalu maduve emba bErondu nAmapadadondige (mattu iga emba pratyayadondige) bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.
tirugaNe, sAgaNe mattu badalAvaNe emba padagaLalli kANisuva aNe emba pratyaya mattu hondANike, sAgANike, tiddANike modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva AN emba pratyaya - ivugaLU I pratyayakke sambandhisidavugaLAgiralu sAdhyavide.
೪.೩.೭ e pratyaya
ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLige e emba I pratyaya vannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I pratyaya sEri
dAga kriyApadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade. Adare bALu emba kriyApadadalli mAtra, adu vakAravAgi badalAguttade. idallade, kollu emba kriyApadadalli baruva ottakSharadinda ondu vyanjanavU biddu hOguttade. udA:
| ಕಟ್ಟು | ಕಟ್ಟೆ | ನಗು | ನಗೆ |
| ತಟ್ಟು | ತಟ್ಟೆ | ಹೊರು | ಹೊರೆ |
| ಕೊಲ್ಲು | ಕೊಲೆ | ಬಾಳು | ಬಾಳ್ವೆ |
| ಹರಟು | ಹರಟೆ |
nele emba padadallU I pratyaya bandiddu, adaralli nillu illavE nela emba pada baLakeyAgirabEku.
೪.೩.೮ alu pratyaya
I pratyaya prAmukhyavAgi ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLondige baruttade. siDi embudarinda tayArAda siDilu embudu mAtra idakke apavAdavAgiruva hAge kANisuttade. I pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva ukAra biddu hOguttade. udA:
| ಕೆಮ್ಮು | ಕೆಮ್ಮಲು | ಮಾಸು | ಮಾಸಲು |
| ಮೆಟ್ಟು | ಮೆಟ್ಟಲು | ಅಳು | ಅಳಲು |
| ಬೀಳು | ಬೀಳಲು | ಮೂಡು | ಮೂಡಲು |
kelavu kriyApadagaLondige idakke ilu emba rUpavide.
| ಕೊಯ್ಯು | ಕೊಯಿಲು |
| ಮಿಗು | ಮಿಗಿಲು |
maDisu emba kriyApadadondige idu I eraDu rUpagaLallU baralu sAdhyaviddu, idarinda tayArAguva nAmapadagaLige bEre bEre arthagaLive: alu embudannu sErisi tayArisida maDalu emba padakke ‘tengina gari’ emba arthavU mattu ilu embudannu sErisi tayArisida
maDilu embudakke ‘uDi’ emba arthavU baruttade. bisilu emba padadalli I pratyaya bisi emba guNapadadondige bandide.
A.೨.೯ ku pratyaya
I pratyayavannu ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLige sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu. I pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva ikAra ukAravAguttade mattu ekAra akAravAguttade. idallade, kelavu kriyApadagaLondige idakke ka emba akAradalli konegoLLuva rUpavide. udA:
| ಬಿರಿ | ಬಿರುಕು | ಒಡೆ | ಒಡಕು |
| ಹರಿ | ಹರುಕು | ಕೊಳೆ | ಕೊಳಕು |
| ಮುರಿ | ಮುರುಕು | ಕರಿ | ಕರಕು |
| ಕುಡಿ | ಕುಡುಕ | ಎರೆ | ಎರಕ |
೪.೩.೧೦ ‘sonne’ pratyaya
kannaDadalli kelavu padagaLannu avugaLalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nAmapadagaLannAgi illavE kriyApadagaLannAgi baLasalu sAdhya vide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva (೨ka-ga) vAkyagaLannu gamanisa bahudu.
- (೨ka) avaLu ondu hADannu hADidaLu.
- (೨kha) guDugu guDugitu, mincu mincitu.
- (೨ga) avanu kaTTida kaTTu saDilAgide.
(೨ka)dalli hADu emba pada eraDu bAri bandiddu, modalaneya baLake yalli adu nAmapadavAgiyU mattu eraDaneya baLakeyalli kriyApada vAgiyU bandide. idE rItiyalli (೨kha)dalli guDugu mattu mincu emba padagaLu mattu (೨ga)dalli kaTTu emba pada yAva rItiya badalAvaNegU oLagAgade nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLAgi bandiru vudannu kANabahudu.
intaha padagaLu mUladalli kriyApadagaLendU, mattu avakkondu ‘sonne’ pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avugaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgideyendU hELuva kramavide. kannaDadalli
sAmAnyavAgi kriyApadagaLinda pratyayagaLannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudE jAsti. isu emba pratyayavannu baLasi nAmapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyEnO nija. Adare idakke kannaDada nAmapada gaLigintalU samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda nAmapadagaLannu baLasu vudE jAsti (೬.೪ nODi). idakkinta bhinnavAda pratyayagaLu kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgi mAtra kANisikoLLuttave (೬.೩ nODi).
I viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve sambandhaviruvallella kriyApadavE mUlavendU mattu nAma pada kriyApadakke yAvudAdarondu pratyayavannu (illavE padavannu) sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAguvantahadendU vAdisalu sAdhyavide.
I rIti nAmapadagaLigU mattu kriyApadagaLigU ondE rUpa viruvudannu I keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
| ನಗು | ಓದು | ಮಿಂಚು |
| ಅಳು | ಹಾಡು | ಗುಡುಗು |
| ನುಡಿ | ಕೆಮ್ಮು | ಬೆವರು |
| ಉರಿ | ತಪ್ಪು | ಬದುಕು |
| ಬೆಳೆ | ಕಟ್ಟು | ಉಗುಳು |
| ಕರೆ | ಗುದ್ದು | ಉರುಳು |
intaha padagaLa prayOgadalli kriyApadagaLu niyamitavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu nirdESisuvuvAdare, nAmapadagaLu aniyamitavAgi bEre bEre rItiya arthagaLannu koDuttave. udAharaNegAgi, Odu, aLu, kemmu modalAda nAmapadagaLu adE rUpada kriyApadagaLu nirdE Sisuva ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuvuvAdare, hADu, beLe, bevaru modalAda nAmapadagaLu antaha ghaTanegaLinda doreyuva phalitAmSavannu hesarisu ttave.
arthadalli aniyamitate mattu vayvidhyavannu nAvu sAmAnyavAgi pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLallE kANuvevAda kAraNa, intaha nAmapada gaLalli kriyApadagaLondige ondu ‘sonne’ pratyaya bandideyemba mElina vAdakke I nAmapadagaLa arthadalli kANisuva aniyamitate yU ondu AdhAravAgaballudu.
೪.೩.೧೧ bEre kelavu pratyayagaLu
mEle vivarisiruva pratyayagaLu mAtravallade, onderaDu padagaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLu kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. ivannu bEre bErAgi varNisuva badalu paTTimADi hELuvudE sulabha vAdudarinda antaha pratyayagaLiruva padagaLa paTTiyondannu keLage koDalAgide.
-
pratyaya kriyApada nAmapada - | :—: | :—: | :—: | :—: |
-
೧. Da kaTTu kaTTaDa -
ottu ottaDa -
heccu haccaDa -
೨. pu hoLe hoLapu -
uDu uDupu -
nene nenapu -
tIru tIrpu -
೩. ane kettu kettane -
bittu bittane -
೪. ga kELu kELuga -
Odu Oduga -
nODu nODuga -
೫. me tALu tALme -
duDi duDime -
uLu uLume -
nali nalke -
೬. aLa muccu muccaLa -
heccu heccaLa -
೭. ha bare baraha -
೮. gaLu bayyu baygaLu -
೯. cu gIru gIcu -
೧೦. isu tinnu tinisu -
muni munisu -
೧೧. Aya ottu ottAya -
೧೨. anda oppu oppanda
| ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ೧೩. | ಡಿ | ತಿನ್ನು | ತಿಂಡಿ |
| ಹೆದರು | ಹೇಡಿ | ||
| ೧೪. | ಇ | ಹಿಂಡು | ಹಿಂದಿ |
| ಏರು | ಏರಿ | ||
| ೧೫. | ದಿ | ಹಾಯು | ಹಾದಿ |
| ೧೬. | ಗೆ | ನೇಯು | ನೆಯ್ಯೆ |
| ೧೭ | ಪೆ | ತಿರುಗು | ತಿರುಪ್ |
idallade, kEDu emba nAmapadavannu keDu emba kriyApadadinda adara modalaneya akSharadalli baruva svaravannu uddasvaravAgi mADuvu dara mUlaka tayArisalAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.
೪.೪ nAmapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu
kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu bEre nAmapadagaLige yAvudAdarondu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi, gANiga emba nAmapadavannu gANa emba bErondu nAma padakke iga pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide mattu mUguti emba nAmapadavannu mUru emba bErondu nAmapadakke ti emba pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide.
Adare kannaDadalli I rIti tayArisalAgiruva nAmapadagaLa sankhye jAsti illa. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLannu bEre nAmapadagaLondige illavE kriyApada athavA guNapadagaLondige sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvudE kannaDadalli heccu baLakeyalliruva vidhAna. udAharaNe gAgi, kay emba nAmapadavannu baLasi halavu oLaracaneyiruva nAma padagaLannu tayArisalAgiddu, ivellavU jODupadagaLa rUpadalliruvu dannu gamanisabahudu.
kaykoDali kaygUsu kaygannaDi kaycIla kaygADi kaycaLaka kaygelasa kaypiDi kaygUli kaybaraha kaygaDa kaymagga, ityAdi
nAmapadagaLinda bEre nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLasuva pratyayagaLu kelavu kannaDadalli kANisuvuvAdarU, avugaLalli samskxta dinda eravalAgi bandavugaLu illavE samskxtada pratyayagaLa mAdari yalli siddhavAdavugaLE jAsti. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada kx ‘mADu’ emba kriyApadadinda siddhavAda kAra emba pratyaya (udA: citrakAra, namaskAra, balAtkAra ityAdi) kannaDadalli gAra emba pratyayavAgi halavu nAmapadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. udA:
| ಬಳೆ | ಬಳೆಗಾರ | ಮೋಸ | ಮೋಸಗಾರ |
| ಮಾಲೆ | ಮಾಲೆಗಾರ | ಮಾಟ | ಮಾಟಗಾರ |
| ಕೊಲೆ | ಕೊಲೆಗಾರ | ಮಾತು | ಮಾತುಗಾರ |
| ಜೊತೆ | ಜೊತೆಗಾರ | ಎದೆ | ಎದೆಗಾರ |
| ಬಿಲ್ಲು | ಬಿಲ್ಲುಗಾರ | ಕಾವಲು | ಕಾವಲುಗಾರ |
| ಮೀನು | ಮೀನುಗಾರ | ಹಾಸ್ಯ | ಹಾಸ್ಯಗಾರ |
| ಸಾಲಿ | ಸಾಲಿಗಾರ | ಬೇಟೆ | ಬೇಟೆಗಾರ |
| ಹೊಣೆ | ಹೊಣೆಗಾರ |
idE rItiyalli, mEle ೪.೩.೧ralli vivarisida hAge, samskxtada ike emba pratyayada mAdariyalli ondu vyavasAya illavE guNadharma vannAdharisi vyaktigaLannu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLinda A vyavasAya illavE guNadharmavannu hesarisuva nAmapadavannu tayArisalu kannaDadalli ike emba pratyayada baLakeyAguttade. kolegArike, billugArike, modalAda nAmapadagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.
kannaDadavE Ada kelavu padagaLalli kANisuva strI-puruSha lingabhEda vannu sUcisuva i mattu a emberaDu pratyayagaLigU (udA: muduka-muduki) samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva bEre halavu padagaLalli kANisuva idE rUpada pratyayagaLu (udA: naTa- naTi, lEkhaka-lEkhaki, SikShaka-SikShaki, ityAdi) mAdariyAgiralu sAdhya vide. Adare, ukAradalli konegoLLuva halavu guNapadagaLindalU vyavasthitavAgi I pratyayagaLannu baLasi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhya embudannu munde ೪.೫ralli nODaliruvevu.
ganDu-heNNu emba arthabhEdavannu sUcisuva bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLu kannaDadallive. udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva gAra
emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuva nAmapadagaLalli kelavakke ti emba pratyayavannu sErisi heNNu emba artha baruvante mADalu sAdhyavide. udA:
baLegAra baLegArti mAlegAra mAlegArti edegAra edegArti jotegAra jotegArti
vastu, viShaya, sthaLa modalAduvannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLige iga pratyayavannu sErisi, A vastu, viShaya, sthaLa modalAduvakke sambandhisiruva vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udA:
| ಕನ್ನಡ | ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | ಒಕ್ಕಲು | ಒಕ್ಕಲಿಗ |
| ಸಾಲಿ | ಸಾಲಿಗ | ಪಟ್ಟಣ | ಪಟ್ಟಣಿಗ |
| ಗಾಣ | ಗಾಣಿಗ | ಹೆಣ್ಣು | ಹೆಣ್ಣಿಗ |
| ದಾರಿ | ದಾರಿಗ | ಲೆಕ್ಕ | ಲೆಕ್ಕಿಗ |
intahadE arthavannu koDuvudakkAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli ika emba ondu pratyaya kANisuttade (udA: dhana-dhanika, rasa-rasika, pUrva-pUrvika, lOka-lavkika, ityAdi). kannaDada iga pratyaya samskxtada I ika pratyayada mAdari yalli tayArAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.
vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLige tana emba pratyayavannu sErisi, antaha vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa svabhAvavannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu. udA:
| ನಂಟ | ನಂಟತನ | ದಡ್ಡ | ದಡ್ಡತನ |
| ತುಂಟ | ತುಂಟತನ | ಗೆಳೆ(ಯ) | ಗೆಳೆತನ |
| ಜಾಣ | ಜಾಣತನ | ಮನೆ | ಮನೆತನ |
I tana emba pratyaya guNapadagaLondigU baraballudembudannu munde ೪.೫ralli nODaliruvevu.
idallade, onderaDu padagaLalli mAtravE kANisuvantaha bEre kelavu pratyayagaLU kannaDadallive. ivugaLalli kelavannu keLage koTTiruva paTTiyalli kANabahudu.
| ೧. | ಎ | ನೆಲ ತಡ ಕೊಕ್ಕು ಮುಳ್ಳು | ನೆಲೆ ತಡೆ ಕೊಕ್ಕೆ ಮೊಳೆ |
| ೨. | ಇತಿ | ಬೀಗ | ಬೀಗಿತಿ |
| ೩. | ಳು | ಮಗ | ಮಗಳು |
| ೪. | ತಿ | ಮೂಗು | ಮೂಗುತಿ |
| ೫. | ಡು | ಕಿವಿ | ಕಿವುಡು |
| ೬. | ಅಲು | ಗಂಟು | ಗಂಟಲು |
| ೭. | ವು | ಗಡಿ | ಗಡುವು |
೪.೫ guNapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu
guNapadagaLige kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. idallade kelavu guNapadagaLu pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade hAgeyE nEravAgi nAmapadagaLAgiyU bara balluvu. (intaha guNapadagaLige ondu ‘sonne’pratyayavannu sErisa lAgideyendU hELalu sAdhyavide).
೪.೫.೧ nEravAda baLake
kannaDadalli baruva guNapadagaLalli halavannu avugaLalli yAva badalA vaNeyannU mADade nEravAgi nAmapadagaLa sthAnadalli baLasalu sAdhya vide. udAharaNegAgi, kempu emba pada guNapadavAgiyU baLakeyAga balludu mattu nAmapadavAgiyU baLakeyAgaballudu. udA:
(೩ka) I gODege kempu baNNa hAkiddu svalpa jAstiyAyitu. (೩kha) I gODege kempu hAkiddu svalpa jAstiyAyitu.
(೩ka)dalli kempu embudu guNapadavAgi bandide mattu (೩kha)dalli adE pada yAva badalAvaNeyU illade nAmapadavAgi bandide.
I rIti guNadharmavannu hesarisuva badalu antaha guNadharma vannoLagonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgiyU kelavu guNapadagaLu pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade nAmapadagaLAgi bara balluvu. udA:
(೪ka) pArvatammanavaru ivattu ondu sihi tinDi mADiddare. (೪kha) pArvatammanavaru ivattu ondu sihi mADiddAre.
(೪ka)dalli sihi embudu ondu guNapadavAgi bandide mattu (೪kha) dalli adE pada ondu nAmapadavAgi bandide. Adare I eraDaneya baLakeyalli adu sihi emba guNapadavu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu hesarisuva badalu antaha guNadharmavannu paDediruva ondu vastuvannu (sihiyAgiruva tinDiyannu) hesarisuttade.
huLi, gaTTi, daDDa, jANa modalAda guNapadagaLU idE rItiyalli yAva badalAvaNeyU illade nAmapadagaLAgi guNadharma vannu paDediruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisalu baraballuvu.
guNapadagaLannu avugaLa arthada AdhArada mEle aLate, prAya, bele, baNNa, bhavtika guNadharma, mAnavIya guNadharma mattu vEga embudAgi bEre bEre upavargagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, ivugaLalli modalaneya nAlku upavargagaLalli baruva padagaLu mAdari guNapadagaLAgiruttave. uLida padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli guNapadagaLa hAgiddare, bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli nAmapadagaLa hAgiruttave. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDU vargagaLalli baruva padagaLu intahavu.
mAdari guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLAgi baLasabEkiddalli avugaLalli EnAdarU badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade, illavE bEre kelavu niyamagaLannu anusarisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAdavugaLa aLate illavE parimANavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLannu udda-giDDa, ettara-taggu, agala-sapura, dappa-teLu, bhAra-hagura embantaha bEre bEre viruddhArthada jODigaLAgi sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide.
intaha guNapadagaLa pratiyondu jODiyallU modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva guNapadavannu mAtra nEravAgi ondu nAmapadada sthAnadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. idallade, A eraDu padagaLU oTTAgi
sUcisuva aLateyannu I ondE guNapada hesarisuttade. udAharaNe gAgi keLage koTTiruva (೫ka-ga) vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
(Aka) A kOlu I kOliginta udda.
(೫೨) I kOlu A kOliginta giDDa.
(೫ga) A kOlina udda nAlkaDi, mattu I kOlina udda mUraDi.
mEle (೫ka) vAkyadalli AkhyAtavAgi bandiruva udda emba guNapadakkU mattu (೫kha) vAkyadalli bandiruva giDDa emba guNapadakkU pratiyAgi (೫ga) vAkyadalli udda embudE nAmapadavAgi bandideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. kOlu udda iddarU giDDa iddarU adara aLateyannu sUcisalu udda emba padavannE nAmapadavAgi baLasabEkAguttade.
idE rItiyalli ettara mattu taggu emba guNapadagaLu sUcisuva aLateyannu hesarisalu ettara emba padavE nAmapadavAgi baLake yAguttade, mattu agali hAgU sapura emba guNapadagaLu sUcisuva aLateyannu hesarisalu agali embudE nAmapadavAgi baLakeyAguttade. mEle koTTiruva itara padagaLa baLakeyU intahadE embudannu gamanisabahudu.
೪.೫.೨ pratyayagaLa baLake
kuruDu, kivuDu, kuLLu, huccu modalAda manuShyaralli kANisuva guNadharmagaLannu (adarallU prAmukhyavAgi korategaLannu) sUcisuva kelavu guNapadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi ukAradalli konegoLLuttave. intaha guNapadagaLige a ‘ganDasu’ mattu i ‘hengasu’ emba pratyayagaLa llondannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga guNapadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOgu ttade. udA:
| ಗುಣಪದ | ನಾಮಪದಗಳು | |
|---|---|---|
| ಗಂಡಸು | ಹೆಂಗಸು | |
| ಕುರುಡು | ಕುರುಡ | ಕುರುಡಿ |
| ಕಿವುಡು | ಕಿವುಡ | ಕಿವುಡಿ |
| ಕುಂಟು | ಕುಂಟ | ಕುಂಟಿ |
| ಕುಳ್ಳು | ಕುಳ್ಳ | ಕುಳ್ಳಿ |
| ಮರುಳು | ಮರುಳ | ಮರುಳಿ |
| ಹುಚ್ಚು | ಹುಚ್ಚ | ಹುಚ್ಚಿ |
| ತುಂಟು | ತುಂಟ | ತುಂಟಿ |
| ಬೆಲುವು | ಬೆಲುವ | ಬೆಲುವಿ |
| ಹೆಡ್ಡು | ಹೆಡ್ಡ | ಹೆಡ್ಡಿ |
intaha guNapadagaLalli kelavu (udA: kuruDu, kivuDu) pratyayagaLa sahAyavilladeyU nAmapadagaLAgi baraballuvAgiddu, antaha baLake yalli avakke guNadharmaviruvavarannu hesarisuva badalu guNadharma vannE hesarisuva arthaviruttade.
(Taka) avanadu kuruDu buddhi.
(Tavi) avana kivudige maddilla.
kelavu guNapadagaLige tana emba pratyayavannu sErisi, avu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu hesarisalu sAdhyavide. udA:
| ಬಳ್ಳೆ | ಬಳ್ಳೆತನ | ದೊಡ್ಡ | ದೊಡ್ಡತನ |
| ಬಡ | ಬಡತನ | ಹೊಸ | ಹೊಸತನ |
| ಮುದಿ | ಮುದಿತನ | ಹಿರಿ | ಹಿರಿತನ |
| ಎಳೆ | ಎಳೆತನ | ಮಂಕು | ಮಂಕುತನ |
I pratyaya padapratyayavE athavA padarUpa pratyayavE (endare I pratyayaviruva padagaLu nAmapadagaLE athavA guNapadagaLa pada rUpagaLE) emba viShayadalli sandEhavide. I pratyaya ellA rItiya guNapadagaLondigU bAradiruvudu idannu padapratyayavendu hELalu AdhAravAgaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, kappu illavE kempu emba guNapadadondige I pratyaya baralAradu.
Adare idu baruvallella niyamitavAgi ondu guNadharmavannE sUcisuva kAraNa, idu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka (೩.೧ nODi) A guNadharmavannu gurutisuvudendu hELalu sAdhyavide. I viShayada AdhArada mEle adannu guNapadada padarUpavendU hELalu sAdhyavide.
onderaDu nAmapadagaLalli mAtravE kANisuva bEre kelavu pratyaya gaLU kannaDadalli guNapadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu baLake yallive. intaha padagaLa paTTiyannu keLage koDalAgide.
| ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ | ಗುಣಪದ | ನಾಮಪದ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ೧. | ಬ | ಹೊಸ ಹಳೆ | ಹೊಸಬ ಹಳಬ |
| ೨. | ತು | ಹೊಸ ಹಳೆ ಎಳೆ | ಹೊಸತು ಹಳತು ಎಳತು |
| ೩. | ಪು | ಬಿಳಿ ತೆಳು ಮುದಿ | ಬಿಳುಪು ತೇಳುಪು ಮುಪ್ಪು |
| ೪. | ಮೆ | ಹಿರಿ ಜಾಣ | ಹೆಮ್ಮೆ ಜಾಣ್ಮೆ |
| ೫. | ಗ | ಗಟ್ಟಿ | ಗಟ್ಟಿಗ |
| ೬. | ಕ | ಮುದಿ | ಮುದುಕ |
| ೭. | ಕೆ | ತುರಿ | ತುರಿಕೆ |
| ೮. | ಇ | ಅಡ್ಡ | ಅಡ್ಡಿ |
| ೯. | ಸೆ | ಹುಳಿ | ಹುಣಿಸೆ |
೪. sArAmSa
pratyayagaLannu baLasi tayArisida nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli jAsti illa. padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudakkintalU bEre padagaLannE sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvudE kannaDadalli heccu baLakeyalliruva vidhAna. idallade, pratyayagaLannu baLasuvallU ondu padakke ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida padagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa kaDime.
pratyayagaLannu baLasi tayArisida nAmapadagaLalli kriyApadakke pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLE kannaDadalli jAsti. intaha nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLalli ike-ige embudE prAmukhya vAdudu. nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLu kelavu kannaDadalli kANisuvuvAdarU intaha padagaLa sankhye bahaLa kaDime. idallade, nAmapadagaLondige baruva pada
pratyayagaLalli heccinavU samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLa mAdariyalli tayArAdavugaLa hAgive.