Chapters: Ch 1 · Ch 2 · Ch 3 · Ch 4
3. padagaLa iTTaLa: uLida padagaLu
3.1 munnOTa
hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli oTTugaLa baLake mattu jODupada gaLa baLake hEge naDeyuttade embudannu hindina pasugeyalli vivarisa lAgittu. uLida padagaLannu, adarallU mukyavAgi esakapadagaLannu mattu paricepadagaLannu unTumADuvalli entaha holabugaLu baLake yAguttave embudannu I pasugeyalli vivarisalAguvudu.
3.2 esakapadagaLa iTTaLa
hesarupadagaLa hAge, esakapadagaLannU iTTaLaviruva padagaLu, mattu iTTaLavillada padagaLu embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli oDeyalu baru ttade. ettugegAgi, aLu, koDu, kali, mare modalAda halavu esaka padagaLige oLaiTTaLavilla; Adare, kaLacu, oNagu, doraku, hambalisu, mArpaDu modalAda bEre halavu esakapadagaLalli oLaiTTaLavannu kANalu baruttade; hAgAgi, avannu iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu hELa bahudu.
iTTaLaviruva esakapadagaLalliyU (1) esakapada, hesarupada, illavE bEre esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADiruva oTTisida esakapadagaLu, mattu (2) hesarupada, paricepada, illavE esakapadagaLige, illavE esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLige heccina huruLondannu koDaballa kelavu esakapadagaLannu sErisi unTu mADiruva kUDupadagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLaviruva esakapadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive.
ettugegAgi, hambalisu esakapadavannu hambala hesarupadakke isu oTTannu sErisi unTumADiruvudarinda adondu oTTisida esakapada; idakke badalu, mArpaDu esakapadavannu mAru paricepadakke paDu esaka padavannu sErisi unTumADiruvudarinda adondu kUDupada. I eraDu bageya esakapadagaLalli entaha iTTaLagaLella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.
3.2.1 oTTisida esakapadagaLu
esakapadagaLa iTTaLadalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLu hesarupadagaLalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLiginta tumbA kaDime ive. hesarupadagaLalli sumAru 50 oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave embudannu nAvu hindina pasugeyalli nODiruvevu; Adare, esakapadagaLalli oTTu 12 oTTugaLu mAtra kANisikoLLuttave. ivugaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLu; ku, gu, cu, mattu isu emba nAlku oTTugaLu mAtra tusu heccu esakapadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. I oTTugaLa baLakeyannu keLage vivaravAgi koDalAgide.
3.2.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu
I oTTugaLannu esakapadagaLige sErisidAga, avugaLalli mattu avu sEriruva esakapadagaLalli halavu bageya sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDe yuttave; hindina pasugeyalli vivarisida sErikeya mArpADugaLalli keLage koTTiruvavu mAtravallade, kelavu heccina mArpADugaLU ivugaLalli kANisikoLLuttave:
modalAguva oTTu
2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya tereyuli avugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli sEridAga bidduhOguva) mArpADu (1) isu oTTu sEriruva gumpu-gumpisu, abbara- abbarisu, daTTa-daTTisu, kattale-kattalisu, gondaLi-gondaLisu modalAda halavAru padagaLalli naDeyuttade;
idallade, (2) ar oTTu sEriruva tunDu-tunDarisu (tunDu +ar+isu), muggu-muggarisu (muggu+ar+isu) modalAda padagaLalli, (3) aL oTTu sEriruva bikku-bikkaLisu (bikku+aL +isu) mattu kuppu-kuppaLisu embavugaLalli, (4) al oTTu
sEriruva higgu-higgalisu (higgu+al+isu) padadalli, mattu (5) i oTTu sEriruva kisa-kisi, mITu-miDi mattu sOru-suri embavu gaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.
2.2.3ralli vivarisiruva (esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra mucculi yalli modalAguva oTTu sEridAga akAravAguva) mArpADu (1) cu oTTu sEriruva ere-eracu, kaLe-kaLacu padagaLalli, (2) gu oTTu sEriruva tole-tolagu padadalli, (3) ku oTTu sEriruva dore- doraku, kale-kalaku modalAda aydu padagaLalli, (4) ru oTTu sEriruva meDe-meDaru padadalli, mattu (5) hu oTTu sEriruva nere-nerahu padadalli kANisikoLLuttade.
2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu Or padadinda paDeda oggu, oTTu mattu ommu esakapadagaLalli kANa bahudu.
2.2.5ralli vivarisiruva eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADugaLannu halavu padagaLalli kANabahudu: padada koneya (1) ikAra akAra vAguvudannu tari-taracu, maDi-maDacu modalAda aydu pada gaLalli, (2) ukAra akAravAguvudannu toDu-toDagu, sOru- soragu modalAda nAlku padagaLalli, (3) ekAra ukAravAguvudannu ale-alugu, nare-narugu mattu taLe-taLuvu padagaLalli, (4) ikAra ukAravAguvudannu miDi-miDuku, aLi-aLugu modalAda 14 padagaLalli, mattu (5) paricepadada ekAra akAravAguvudannu haLe- haLacu padadalli kANabahudu.
2.2.6ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya rakAra adara baLika banda muccuLiya rUpavannE paDeyuva) mArpADannu biri-biccu, her- heccu mattu Or padadinda paDeda oggu, oppu, ommu padagaLalli kANabahudu.
2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu baruva mUguli gaLu A mucculigaLa jAgakke badalAguva) mArpADannu minu(gu)- mincu padadalli kANabahudu.
2.2.10ralli vivarisiruva hakAra (illavE pakAra) tereyuligaLa baLika vakAravAguva mArpADannu pu/vu/hu oTTina baLakeyalli kANa bahudu.
2.2.11ralli vivarisiruva (mucculiya modalu baruva ukAra adara modalu mUguliyiruvalli bidduhOguva) mArpADannu minu(gu)-mincu padadalli kANabahudu, mattu adara modalu yakAra bandiruva halavu padagaLalli (kAyu-kAygaTTu, koyyu- koytaru, bayyu-baytiDu, tuyyu-tuydADu) kANabahudu.
idallade, esakapadagaLa pariceyannavalambisiruva bEre
kelavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu I padagaLalli kANisuttave: (1) kannaDadalli esakapadagaLu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuvuvAdare, avu gaLalli sAmAnyavAgi immaDi mucculi illavE udda tereyuli baruvudilla; I pariceyannavalambisi, mITu mattu sOru esaka padagaLige i oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa udda tereyuli giDDavAgiru vudannu miDi mattu suri esakapadagaLalli kANabahudu. (idallade, mITu padada TakAra DakAravAgide).
(2) esakapadagaLu ukAradalli konegoLLuttiveyAdare, mattu avu gaLalli mUru barigekantegaLiveyAdare, antaha esakapadagaLalli immaDi mucculi illavE udda tereyuli baruvudilla. (idakke Asaru, bEsaru mattu eccaru emba mUru esakapadagaLu horapaDikegaLu). I parice yannavalambisi, oTTugaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva esakapadagaLalli eraDu bageya sErikeya mArpADugaLu kANisikoLLuttave:
eraDu ulikanteyiruva padagaLige oTTondannu sErisidudarindAgi avu mUru ulikanteya esakapadaLAdAga, (ka) avugaLallidda udda tereyuli giDDavAgabahudu, illavE (ca) avugaLallidda immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAgabahudu. I eraDu bageya mArpADu gaLannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu (tikku-tiguru embudaralli kakAra gakAravAgide, mattu sOru-soragu, hOLu- hoLacu embavugaLalli avugaLa koneya ukAra akAravAgide):
udda tereyuli giDDavAgiruvudu immaDi mucculi otteyAgiruvudu kIru tALu tUru sOru hOLu
kirucu taLugu turuku soragu hoLacu
eTaku caluku tiguru tuLuku
eTTu callu tikku tuLLu
ivu oTTisida esakapadagaLalli naDeyuva mukyavAda sErikeya mArpADugaLu; ivallade, kelavE kelavu esakapadagaLalli mattu oTTu gaLalli naDeyuva bEreyU kelavu mArpADugaLive; ivannu keLage oTTu gaLa baLakeyannu ondondAgi vivarisuva samayadalli tiLisalAguttade.
3.2.3 oTTugaLa kogeta
oTTisida esakapadagaLalli keLage koTTiruva 12 oTTugaLu baLake yAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; ivugaLalli mukyavAda aydu oTTugaLannu bEre bErAgi vivarisalAgide; mattu uLida ELu oTTugaLannu paTTi mADalAgide.
(1) isuisuisuisu oTTu I oTTannu hesarupadagaLige, paricepadagaLige, mattu esakapadagaLige sErisuva mUlaka bEre esakapadagaLannu unTumADalAgide. intaha mUru bageya esakapadagaLannu keLage bEre bErAgi vivarisalAgide:
(ka) hesarupadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi paDeda esakapadagaLu A hesarupadagaLu hesarisuvantahadannu unTumADuva esakavannu tiLisu ttave. ettugegAgi, kattalisu embudu kattaleyannu unTumADuva esakavannu, abbarisu embudu abbaravannu unTumADuva esakavannu, mattu eccarisu embudu eccaravannu unTumADuva esakavannu tiLisuttade. intaha kelavu esakapadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
abbarisu eccarisu
abbara eccara ottAya ottAyisu iTTaNa kattale gamana gumpu gurutu gondala janke tIrmAna tIrmAnisu daTTaNe
iTTaNisu kattalisu gamanisu gumpisu gurutisu gondalisu jankisu
daTTaNisu
ubbara ubbarisu bEsara bEsarisu ukkeva ukkevisu uravaNe uravaNisu kammu kuccaNe gondaNi genTu cadupu tattara tintiNi bembala
kammisu kuccaNisu gondaNisu genTisu cadupisu tattarisu tintiNisu bembalisu
sandaNi hambala hesaru tarahara
sandaNisu hambalisu hesarisu taraharisu
saDagara huruDu hoppaLa ottara
saDagarisu huruDisu hoppaLisu ottarisu
Eva, oppa mattu takku padagaLige I oTTu sEridAga, yakAra
vondu sErikoLLuttade (Evayisu, oppayisu, takkayisu); anda padakke sEridAga vakAra sErikoLLuttade (andavisu); nele-nelasu mattu baLe-baLasu ‘sutti hOgu’ embavugaLalli I oTTina ikAra bidduhOguttade; mattu, keLagina padagaLalli ar embudu sEri koLLuttade (kanavarisu embudaralli kana padada baLika vakAra baruttade, mattu tabbibbu pada tabba rUpadalli uLiyuttade):
guTuku hEva tabbibbu
guTukarisu hEvarisu tabbarisu
tunDu kana muggu
tunDarisu kanavarisu muggarisu
(ca) kelavu paricepadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva parice yannu unTumADuvantaha esakagaLannu tiLisuva padagaLannu paDeya lAgide:
ettara ettarisu
idiru idirisu
bOLu bOLisu
mukkuLi mukkuLisu enjalu enjalisu gArisu
gAru
tampisu tampu eduru edurisu agala agalisu mokkaLa mokkaLisu bettale bettalisu daTTa
daTTisu
eduru mattu daTTa padagaLinda edurAyisu mattu daTTayisu emba bEre eraDu esakapadagaLannU paDeyalAgide; mattu kokke(nuDi) embudarinda kokkarisu emba esakapadavannu paDeyalAgide.
kannaDadalli eraDu bageya aNaka padagaLive: ommegE naDeduhOguva saddu, anisike modalAduvannu tiLisuva carakkane, kacakkane, Dabbane, gappane, kammane embantahavugaLadu ondu gumpu; mattu, tusu hottu naDeyuva saddu, anisike modalAduvannu tiLisuva sarasara(ne),
laTalaTa(ne), koNakoNa, gamagama embantahavugaLadu innondu gumpu.
ivugaLalli eraDanE bageyavugaLige isu oTTannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva saddu, anisike modalAduvannu unTumADuvantaha esaka gaLannu tiLisuva esakapadagaLannu paDeyalAgide.
kaLakaLisu gajabajisu kaTakaTisu gajagalisu gaNagaNisu gadagadisu gamagamisu gujugujisu guDuguDisu gurugurisu
kaNakaNisu gaDabaDisu
ciTiciTisu
taDabaDisu magamagisu taLamaLisu
taDavarisu talataLisu
taLataLisu maLamaLisu
(Ta) keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi bEre esaka padagaLannu paDeyalAgide; hIge sErisidAga, esakapadagaLa baLika ar embudu bandide; nene padada koneya ekAra akAravAgiddu, adara baLika ar oTTu sEruva modalu ondu vakAra sEride; mattu aTTu pada anTu endAgide.
idallade, I esakapadagaLa huruLinallU kelavu bageya mArpADu gaLu naDedive; ettugegAgi, aTTu embudu ondu mADuvikeyannu (‘nIringisi oNagisu’ embudannu) tiLisuvudAdare, anTarisu embudu ondu Aguvikeyannu (‘nIringi oNagu’ embudannu) tiLisuttade; ottarisu embudu ‘oTTu sErisu’[emba huruLannu koDuttade; guddarisu embudu ‘kayyinda illavE taleyinda mellane hoDe’[emba huruLannu koDuttade.
ikku ikkarisu
aTTu anTarisu
kukku kukkarisu
jabbu jabbarisu
tebbarisu
tebbu nenavarisu nene
ugu ugarisu ottu ottarisu guddu guddarisu jUgu jUgarisu ubbu ubbarisu
idallade, kanDarisu, kekkarisu, kEkarisu, kokkarisu, gabbarisu, capparisu, taDavarisu, tattarisu, tepparisu, vAkarisu, sIvarisu
modalAda bEre kelavu esakapadagaLalliyU intahadE iTTaLaviruva hAge kANisuttade.
bikku mattu kuppu emba bEre eraDu esakapadagaLigU isu oTTannu sErisi bEre esakapadagaLannu paDeyalAgiddu, avugaLa baLika, I oTTu sEruva modalu, aL embudu baruttade (bikkaLisu, kuppa Lisu); higgu embudara baLika al embudu baruttade (higgalisu).
tEru ‘tErgaDeyAgu’ esakapadada allagaLeyuva rUpakke I oTTannu sErisi tErayisu ‘tErgaDeyAgadiru’ emba bErondu esakapadavannu paDeyalAgide.
(1ka) padarUpada isuisuisuisu oTTu esakapadagaLondige baruva mattu isu rUpadalliruva innondu oTTannU illi gamanisabahudu. ettugegAgi, mADu-mADisu, tinnu- tinnisu, kali-kalisu embantaha padagaLalli I oTTina baLakeyAgide. Adare idannu baLasi, esakapadagaLinda avugaLa padarUpavondannu paDeyalAguttadallade bEre esakapadagaLannalla (4.3.1 nODi).
(2) cucucucu oTTu (ka) kelavu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi bEre esakapadagaLannu paDe yalAgide. heccineDegaLallU idarindAgi avugaLa huruLinalli heccina mArpADAgiruvante tOruvudilla; Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli (kavicu, tOcu, avucu, aDacu mattu tirucu padagaLalli) I oTTina (tale sErikeyindAgi AguvikegaLu mADuvikegaLAgi badalAgive tirugitu; taleyannu tirucida).
avicu
kavicu taracu maDacu
biccu
avi kavi tari maDi biri minugu mincu
tirugu tirucu
aDagu aDacu
alugu alacu
eracu kaLacu kiricu
ere kaLe kIru hOLu hoLacu tOru tOcu gOru gOcu avugu avucu maguLu magucu
mEle koTTiruva minugu-mincu, tirugu-tirucu, aDagu- aDacu, alugu-alacu, mattu avugu-avucu embavugaLalli cu oTTu sEridAga esakapadagaLa koneya gu barigekante bidduhOgiruvu dannu kANabahudu.
Adare, tirugu-tirucu mattu minugu-mincu embavugaLalli I rIti bidduhOgiruva gu barigekanteyannu ondu oTTembudAgi hELa bEkAguttade; yAkendare, tirugu embudannu tiri esakapadadinda, mattu miNugu embudannu miNimiNi emba aNaku padadinda avakke gu oTTannu sErisi paDeyalu baruttade.
kIru-kirucu mattu hOLu-hoLacu padagaLalli udda tereyuli giDDavAgide; Adare idakke badalu, gOru-gOcu mattu tOru- tOcu padagaLalli adara baLika banda ru barigekante bidduhOgide; maguLu-magucu embudarallU esakapadada koneya Lu barigekante bidduhOgide.
(ca) I oTTannu kelavu paricepadagaLige sErisiyU esakapadagaLannu kANabahudu; illi keLagina padagaLalli paDeyalAgideyembudannu koTTiruva nuNupu-nuNucu embudaralli nuNupu padada koneya pu oTTina badalu cu oTTu bandide:
biLicu
biLi mun muncu
hin
hincu
nuNupu nuNucu haLe her
haLacu heccu
(3) gugugugu oTTu (ka) I oTTannu baLasi keLage koTTiruva kelavu esakapadagaLinda bEre esakapadagaLannu paDeyalAgide; tALu-taLugu mattu sOru- sorugu embavugaLalli esakapadada udda tereyuli giDDavAgide, mattu najju-najugu embudaralli immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAgide:
wj aLi hudi kuni maNi
tirugu aLugu
hudugu
kunugu
maNagu
tole ale nare tALu najju
tolagu alugu narugu taLugu najugu
nuri Vr
nurugu
giDigu
toDu toDagu sOru soragu
(ca) oNa-oNagu, kaDu-kaDugu, kari-karagu ‘kappAgu’, biLi-beLagu emballi I oTTannu paricepadagaLige sErisi esakapadagaLannu unTu mADalAgide; illi biLi padada modalaneya ikAra ekAravAgiruvu dannu gamanisabahudu. Or-oggu embudaralli Or ‘ondu’ eNike padakke gu oTTannu sErisi esakapadavannu paDeyalAgide.
idallade, guDugu, goNagu, gojagu, minugu, mirugu, nujugu modalAda bEre kelavu esakapadagaLalli I oTTannu aNaku padagaLige sErisalAgideyendu tOruttade (guDuguDu guDugu, koNakoNa goNagu, gojagojane gojagu, miNamiNane minugu, mirimiri mirugu, nujju(gujju)-nujugu).
(4) kukukuku oTTu: (ka) ku oTTannu baLasiyU esakapadagaLinda bEre esakapadagaLannu paDeyalu baruttade embudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:
eTTu eTaku nillu tElu kore aDe dore kale hoLe hoLaku
niluku
tEku koraku
aDaku doraku
kalaku
callu tuLLu tUru Vr maDi miDi hani hisi
caluku tuLuku turuku giDuku maDuku miDuku hanuku, haniku hisuku
eTTu-eTaku, nillu-niluku, callu-caluku mattu tuLLu- tuLuku embavugaLalli immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAgide; tElu -tEku embudaralli lu barigekante bidduhOgide, mattu tUru- turuku embudaralli udda tereyuli giDDa tereyuliyAgide.
aDagu-aDaku,
turugu-turuku mattu avugu-avuku emballi gu oTTina badalu ku oTTu bandiddu, gu
toDagu-toDaku,
oTTige Aguvikeyannu mattu ku oTTige mADuvikeyannu tiLisuva huruLide.
idallade, gu embudaralli konegoLLuva bEre esakapadagaLalli heccinavU Aguvikeya huruLannu koDuttave, mattu ku embudaralli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLalli heccinavU mADuvikeya huruLannu koDu ttave. ivugaLa koneya gu illavE ku embudannu ondu oTTendu hELalu baruvudillavAdarU idu gamanisatakka viSayavAgide. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
AguvikegaLu:
uDugu guDugu minugu
oNagu jaragu aragu
mADuvikegaLu: turuku bedaku amuku
hiduku
keNaku adaku
odagu jarugu
nalugu
hisuku
kusuku
tadaku
karagu jinugu mirugu
huDuku kuTuku duDuku
Adare, alagu mattu alaku embaveraDU AguvikegaLannE tiLisu ttiruva hAge kANisuttade; illi mADuvikeyannu tiLisuva alacu emba bEreyE padavide.
(ca) kuTuku, kuruku, taLaku mattu miNuku embantaha bEre kelavu esakapadagaLannu aNakupadagaLige ku oTTannu sErisi unTu mADiruva hAge kANisuttade (kuTukuTu kuTuku, kurukuru kuruku, taLapaLa taLaku, miNimiNi miNuku).
(Ta) kari-kariku emballi I oTTannu baLasi paricepadadinda esaka
padavannu paDeyalAgide.
(5) pu/vu/hu pu/vu/hu oTTu pu/vu/hu pu/vu/hu I oTTige heccineDegaLallU Aguvikeyannu mADuvikeyAgi mArpaDisuva huruLide; idu pu rUpadalli keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLalli kANisu ttade:
tiLi maDi male
tiLipu
maDipu
malepu
nere mare Or
nerepu marepu oppu
keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLalli idu vu rUpadallide:
suruvu
suri tirugu tiruvu taLuvu taLe
turi keDe
turuvu keDavu
keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLalli idu hu rUpadallide:
tiLi maDi
tiLuhu
maDuhu ‘kollu’[
nere
nerahu
bEre kelavu oTTugaLu esakapadagaLannu bEre padagaLinda unTumADuvalli baLakeyAgiruva bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koDalAgide; ivugaLalli Or-onTu mattu Or-ondu embudaralli Or eNike padakke on rUpa ide; niDu-nIDu embudaralli paricepadada ikAra uddavAgide:
-
E
- Tu
- du
- mu
-
ru
- sonne
kisi
kisa mITu miDi Or Or Or beL meDe niDu
onTu ‘oppu’ ondu ‘kUDu’ ommu ‘oppu’ beLaru meDaru nIDu
taNi
taN sOru suri
Or
oTTu ‘ondu mADu’
tikku
tiguru
3.3 kUDupadagaLu
hesarupadakke, paricepadakke, paricebErige, illavE esakapadada jODisuva rUpakke bErondu esakapadavannu sErisi hosa esakapadagaLannu unTu mADuva innondu holabu kannaDadalli tumbA baLakeyallide. I
holabannu baLasi paDediruva esakapadagaLannu illi kUDupadagaLendu kareyalAgide.
ettugegAgi, usiru hesarupadakke ADu esakapadavannu sErisi usirADu emba kUDupadavannu paDeyalAgide; mun paricebErige dUDu esakapadavannu sErisi mundUDu kUDupadavannu paDeya lAgide; mattu nali esakapadada jODisuva rUpavAda nalidu embudakke ADu esakapadavannu sErisi nalidADu kUDupadavannu paDeyalAgide.
sAmAnyavAgi intaha kUDupadagaLa huruLannu avugaLalli sEri konDiruva padagaLa huruLinindalE paDeyalu baruttade. idakke kelavE kelavu horapaDikegaLu mAtra ive. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kUDu padagaLa huruLannu nEravAgi avugaLalli sEriruva padagaLa huruLininda paDeyalu baruvudilla:
tappukoDu ‘tappu mADiddakke haNa koDu’ bILkoDu ‘kaLisikoDu’[ kaykoDu ‘mOsamADu’ taleyettu ‘ELigeyAgu’ kAlumADu ‘surumADu’ kaygayyu ‘prabAva bIru’ pAlgoLLu ‘sErikoLLu’ bengoDu ‘hindirugu’ bennaTTu ‘himbAlisu’
taledOru ‘kANisu’ bageharisu ‘biDisu’ talehAku ‘tUrikoLLu’[
kUDupadagaLannu mukyavAgi eraDu bagegaLalli gumpisalu baruttade, mattu hIge gumpisuva mUlaka avugaLa pariceyannu heccu cannAgi tiLidukoLLalu baruttade:
(1) avugaLa modalaneya padavAgi entaha pada bandide, mattu adakkU eraDaneyadAgi bandiruva esakapadakkU naDuve entaha pattuge yide embudara mEle gumpisuvudu ondu bage, mattu
(2) avugaLa eraDaneya padavAgi entaha esakapada bandide, mattu avugaLa huruLige adara koDugeyentahadu embudara mEle gumpisu vudu innondu bage.
I eraDu bageya gumpisuvikegaLannu keLage bEre bErAgi pariSIlisa
lAgide:
3.3.1 modalaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu
kannaDada kUDupadagaLalli modalaneya padavAgi hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepada (illavE paricebEru) embavugaLu baraballuvu; ivu gaLalli esakapadagaLu heccineDegaLallU avugaLa jODisuva rUpadalli baLakeyAguttave; Adare, kelaveDegaLalli ante oTTinondige, illavE konerUpadalli baLakeyAgiruvudU ide. hAgAgi, keLage vivarisida hAge, avannu nAlku gumpugaLalli oDedu tOrisabahudu:
(1) modala pada hesarupada heccina kUDupadagaLallU modalaneya pada ondu hesarupadavAgiru ttade, mattu I pada adara baLika baruva esakapadada IDu illavE AgugavAgiruttade. sAmAnyavAgi, hesarupadakkU esakapadakkU naDu viruva pattugeyannu tiLisuva oTTu bidduhOgiruttade; Adare, mAta nADu kUDupadadalli mAtu mattu ADu padagaLa naDuviruva pattuge yannu tiLisuva annu oTTu an rUpadalli uLidukonDide.
IDu mattu Aguga pattugegaLiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage
koDalAgide:
(1) modalaneya pada esakada IDu:
beleyannu koDu
mAtannu koDu
kateyannu kaTTu kAlannu Uru kiccannu ikku
belekoDu mAtukoDu katekaTTu kAlUru kiccikku
(2) modalaneya pada esakada Aguga: kALukaTTu tuttAgu
belebaru
heppukaTTu gottAgu hUbiDu
oppageDu hesaruhOgu haLLabILu
halavu kUDupadagaLalli intaha Agugapada esakapadadondige sEri hOgiruttade; hAgAgi, avugaLondige bEreyE ondu Agugavannu baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, aLavugundu padadalli kundu esaka padakke aLavu AgugavAgiruttade; Adare, aLavugundu kUDupadakke
aLavugundiruva vyakti AgugavAgaballudu (Ata aLavugundiddAne); siTTAgu padadalli Agu esakapadakke siTTu AgugavAgiruttade; Adare, siTTAgu kUDupadakke siTTAda vyakti AgugavAgaballudu (Ata siTTA giddAne).
intaha bEreyE Aguga baraballa bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLannu
keLage koDalAgide:
IDEru
marakaTTu
eccaradappu
hadageDu
tuttAgu
neravEru
sippegaTTu nIraDisu pArAgu
bEre kaDegaLalli intaha kUDupadadondige guri bandiruvudannu
kANabahudu (avanige gottAgide; aDikege belebandide).
kelavu kUDupadagaLalli bandiruva IDupadavU I rIti esaka padadondige sErihOgiruttade, mattu antaha kUDupadadondige bErondu IDupadavannu baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, bennaTTu padadalli bennu pada aTTu esakapadada IDAgi bandide; Adare, nAnu Atanannu bennaTTide emballi Ata pada bennaTTu kUDupadada IDAgi bandide. intaha kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
bageharisu aleyADu toTTikku
bembattu
pAlumADu gottuhaccu
okkalebbisu bembiDi huridumbisu
Aguga illavE IDu mAtravallade bEre pattugegaLU kUDupada gaLalli baruva hesarupada mattu esakapadagaLa naDuve kANisikoLLa balluvu. Adare, intaha kelavE kelavu kUDupadagaLu mAtra baLake yallive. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
guripattuge: ubbege hAku: ubbehAku
tappige (haNa) kaTTu: tappukaTTu tappige (haNa) teru: tapputeru serege sikku: seresikku
ANege tappu: ANetappu ottege iDu: otteyiDu aDavige iDu: aDaviDu mAtige tappu: mAtutappu
jAgapattuge: baleyalli hiDi: balehiDi
nenapinalli iDu: nenapiDu
sereyalli hiDi: serehiDi kayyalli kUDu: kaygUDu
kelavu hesarupadagaLu halavu kUDupadagaLa modalaneya padavAgi baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; ivugaLalli kay, tale, kAlu, may, ede, kaNNu, bAyi, bennu embantaha angagaLannu hesarisuva padagaLu, mattu hesaru hAgU bele padagaLu mukyavAdavugaLu.
ivugaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage
koDalAgide:
kay: kaykuluku kaykUDu kaybiDu kaymincu kaysAgu
tale: talekoDu taletirugu talevAgu talesuttu
kAlu: kAlukaTTu kAluhiDi kAltege
kayyoDDu kaytaTTu
kaybIsu
kaymIru
kayseLe
kaykoLu
kaynIDu
kaymare
kayyUru
kayhaccu
kaygayyu kaynODu kaymADu kayvoyyu kayhAku
talekeDu
taledOru talemaresu talehAku
talegEru
taletinnu
taleyettu talebOLisu
talegoDahu taledUgu talesiDi talehiDi
kAlukILu kAleLe
kAlunekku kAlguttu
kAlumADu kAlkeDisu
ede: edegANu edekaragu
edegeDu
edegundu edesOlu edehAru
edekoDu edebaDi
edegaLe edebiri
kaNNu: kaNNarasu kaNNukukku kaNNukaTTu kangeDu
kaNNADisu
kaNNutappisu kaNmuccu
kangoLisu
kaNNiDu
kaNNutAgu kaNNettu
kangANu
kaNNukisi kaNNubbisu kaNNuhAku kaNtumbu
may: maykeDu maygUDu maygoLLu maydege maybaru mayyiLi
maykoDu maygeDu
maytumbu maydOru maymuri
mayyoDDu
maygare
maygedaru maydaDavu maynere
maymare
maysave
maygundu maydaDavu
maydALu maybaggisu
mayyikku
mayhattu
hesaru: hesarAgu hesarukaTTu hesarupaDe hesaruhondu hesaruhOgu
hesarAnu
hesarukeDu hesarubILu
bele: beleyEru beletaggu belemADu
belekaTTu
beleteru
belesigu
hesariDu
hesarukoDu hesarumADu
hesarettu hesarugoLLu hesaruhaccu
belekoDu belebaru
beleheccu
belegANu belebALu
bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeda hesarupadagaLU intaha kUDu padagaLalli suLuvAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu; idu I kUDupadagaLigU jODupadagaLigU naDuviruva ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsa. ettugegAgi, bandAgu, sTArTamADu, dukkavAgu, pAsAgu embantaha kUDu padagaLalli eravalu hesarupadagaLa baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
(2) modala pada paricepada modalaneya pada paricepadavAgiddare heccineDegaLallU adu ondu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva esakapariceyAgiruttade. ettugegAgi, aDDa bILu kUDupadadalli modalaneya padavAgi aDDa paricepada bandiddu, adu ‘biddudu hEge’ embudannu, endare bILu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva esakapariceyAgide.
intaha kUDupadagaLalli kANisikoLLuva esakaparicegaLu mukyavAgi oLa(ge)-hora(ge), mun(du)-hin(du), mAr mattu keLa-mEle embavugaLu. I padagaLannu baLasiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
oLagAgu oLatumbu oLabiDu oLahari
oLagikku
oLanuggu
oLamADu oLahIru
oLagoLLu oLapaDu
oLasiDisu oLahogu
oLacAcu oLabAgu oLasEru oLahOgu
hora: horagaTTu horagiDu horacimmu horacellu horadabbu horatege horabaru
horapaDu horaseLe
horasUsu horahoraDu horahOgu
mun(du): mungANu mundAgu mundUDu munnuggu munnore mumpugu
mungeDu mundiDu mundOru munneccarisu munnOru mumbari
hin(du): hinjari
hingare hindiDu
hindAgu hindUDu hindege
himbAlisu hinnaDesu
mAr(maru): marukaNisu marukaLisu marutoDagu maruneDu marumale marubaLasu mArAnu
maruhoLe mAruhOgu mAruli mArore mArOru mArpaDu
mEl(mEle): mElari mElettu
mElAgu mElenisu
horageDahu horataru
horadUDu horabiDu horahAku
horagese horataLLu horanUku horabILu horahommu
mungeyyu mundiru
mumbaru
munneNisu munpaDe
mummeTTu
hintege
hindirugu himpuTisu hinnege
marutaLe
marupaDe
marusuttu mAruguDu mAreNisu mArnaDe
muncAcu munduvari munteru
munnenasu munsollu
hindaTTu hinduLi himbare himmeTTu
maruteru marubaru maruhancu mArugoLLu mAresagu mArnuDi
mElikku
mElEru
mElukku mElogu
mElottu mElvari
mElodagu mElELu
mElpaDu
mElvAyu
mElmADu mElebILu
kIL(keLa): keLataLLu
kiLpaDu
kiLmADu
kILugaLe
mEle koTTiruva paricepadagaLalli mun-mundu, hin- hindu, mAr-maru, mEl-mEle, kIL-keLa embavu kelavu kUDupadagaLalli bErina rUpadalli bandive (mungANu, hinjari, mArpaDu, kiLmADu), mattu innu kelavu kUDupadagaLalli oTTisida rUpadalli bandive (mundiru, hindiDu, marupaDe, melebILu, keLataLLu).
I paricepadagaLu mAtravallade, aDDa (aDDabILu, aDDabaru, aDDAgu, aDDADu), baLi (baLigoLLu, baLiviDi, baLisAru), hera (herasAru, herameTTu, herahingu, herahOgu), kone (kone gANu, konegoLLu, konemuTTu), oDa(ne) (oDagUDu, oDa nADu, oDanuli, oDamUDu, oDahuTTu, oDambaDu) moda lAda bEreyU kelavu esakaparicegaLu intaha kUDupadagaLalli baLakeyAguttave.
kelavu hesaruparicegaLU intaha kUDupadagaLa modalaneya pada vAgi baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; Adare, ivugaLalli baruva paricepada esakapadada pariceyannu tiLisuva badalu, adara ondu pAngina pariceyannu tiLisuttade.
ettugegAgi, baDDugaTTu kUDupadadalli bandiruva baDDu hesaru parice nEravAgi kaTTu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva badalu, adara Agugada (katti baDDugaTTide embudaralli kattiya) pariceyannu tiLisuttade.
intaha hesaruparicegaLiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDa
lAgide:
kempEru monDubILu paTTukaTTu sUrehOgu
daDDugaTTu hALugeDavu neravEru hadamADu
oppagundu hadageDu gArugeDu monDuhiDi
nalaveru maTTahAku DikkihoDe maDimADu
keLage koTTiruva kUDupadagaLalli modalaneya padavAgi ondu aNakapada baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; Adare I padagaLu bEreDeyalli paricepadagaLAgi baLakeyAguvudilla:
EgoLLu gOgare
OkoLLu
bOrgare
OgoDu hIgaLe
(3) modala pada esakapadada jODisuva rUpa kannaDada esakapadagaLige nAlku bageya jODisuva rUpagaLive; ettuge gAgi, mADu esakapadakke mADalu, mADutta, mADi mattu mADade emba nAlku jODisuva rUpagaLive; I nAlku jODisuva rUpagaLannu modalesakada rUpa (mADutta), mAresakada rUpa (mADalu), mattu allagaLetada rUpa (mADade) embudAgi hesarisalAgide.
(mADi), oDanesakada
rUpa
I nAlku rUpagaLannu baLasi, eraDu sollugaLannu jODisalu baruttade. sAmAnyavAgi ivugaLannu baLasidAga, eraDu esakagaLannu jODisiruva huruLu doreyuttade. ettugegAgi, UTa mADi pETege hOda emba sollinalli mADi emba modalesakada jODisuva rUpavannu baLasalAgide, mattu A sollige UTa mADida mattu pETege hOda emba eraDu sollugaLannu jODisiruva huruLide (4.7.2 nODi).
Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige innondu esakapadavannu baLasidAga, eraDaneya esakapada bErondu esakavannu tiLisuva badalu, modalanE pada tiLisuva esakakke parice yondannu sErisi hELuttade. ettugegAgi, hoDedADu emballi hoDe esakapadada jODisuva rUpa (hoDedu) modalaneya pada vAgi bandide, mattu adarondige ADu esakapada bandide; Adare, idakke ‘hoDedu ADu’ emba huruLilla; idakke badalu, ‘obbarigobbaru hoDedukoLLu’, illavE ‘jagaLADu’ emba huruLide. illi eraDaneya esakapadavAda ADu embudu modalaneya hoDe esakapadakke parice yondannu sErisuttade.
I rIti esakapadada jODisuva rUpavannu innondu esakapada dondige sErisiruva iTTaLavannU illi kUDupada embudAgi hesarisa
lAgide. intaha kUDupadagaLa baLakege bEre kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
cuccikoDu biTTukoDu keTTuhOgu haNikikku kanDuhiDi
beccibILu
bILkoDu ArihOgu maretubiDu
aTTikku jOtubILu sIdubiDu
Adare, intaha ellA kUDupadagaLallU eraDu esakagaLu ondE maTTakke ondAgi sErikonDiruvudilla; kelavu kUDupadagaLalli eraDanE esaka pUrti aLiduhOgiruttade; mattu bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLalli adu heccO kaDimeyO uLidukonDiruttade. ettugegAgi, kAydiDu kUDupadada huruLinalli kAyuva esakadondige iDuva esakavU uLidukonDide. hIgiddarU averaDU oTTusEri ondu esakavannu tiLisuva hAge kANisuvudarinda, adannU ondu kUDupadavendu tiLiya bahudu.
(1) intaha kUDupadagaLalli heccinavannU esakapadada modalesakada jODisuva rUpakke innondu esakapadavannu sErisi paDeyalAgide. Adare, ivugaLalli kelavannu (ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva esakapada bandiruvavugaLannu) nODidAga, avannu ondu esakapadakke nEravAgi innondu esaka padavannu sErisi paDediruva hAge kANisuttade. ettugegAgi, tirugADu embudaralli tirugu padakke nEravAgi ADu padavannu sErisiruva hAge kANisuttade; tElADu, nIDiru, kUDikku, haNikikku vUdalAda padagaLallU hIgeyE.
Adare, ivugaLa iTTaLadallU modalaneya padavAgi esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpavE bandide embudAgi tiLiyalu baruttade; yAkendare, avugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva ADu, iru, ikku modalAda esakapadagaLannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneya ikAra (endare modalesakavannu tiLisuva oTTu), 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruvante, bidduhOgideyendu hELabahudu: tirugi+ADu> tirugADu, tEli+ADu > tElADu, kUDi+ikku>kUDikku.
ekAra, ikAra, illavE yyu embudaralli konegoLLuva esaka padagaLa jODisuva rUpakke intaha esakapadagaLannu sErisidAga,
avugaLa koneyalliruva modalesakada oTTu d rUpadalli uLidu koLLuttade (kuNidu+ADu > kuNidADu, hoDedu+ADu > hoDe dADu, hoydu+ADu > hoydADu).
idallade, i rUpavondannu biTTu, bEre rUpagaLalliruva modalesakada oTTugaLella intaha kUDupadagaLalli uLidukoLLuttade: kittADu, jOtADu, tandikku). hAgAgi, elleDegaLallU esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpavannE baLasalAguttade endu tiLiyuvudu oLLeyadu. Adare, keLagina kelavu kUDupadagaLalli modalanE esakapadada baLika bandiruva modalesakada oTTu ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLikavU bidduhOgiruva hAge kANisuttade (taDakoLLu mattu taDagaTTu embavugaLalli esakapadada koneya ekAra akAravAgide); hIgiddarU, ivugaLalli modalesakada jODisuva rUpa baLakeyAgide yendu hELaballevu:
taDedu hiDi taDehiDi
ogedu taru ogetaru
taDedu koLLu taDakoLLu bilidu taru bilitaru
taDagaTTu taDedu kaTTu
muribILu muridu bILu oredu haccu orehaccu uLidu koLLu uLakoLLu bigidu hiDi
bigihiDi
(2) keLage koTTiruva kUDupadagaLalli esakapadada mAresakada jODisuva rUpa baLakeyAgide; I jODisuva rUpada baLika mucculiyalli modalAguva esakapada bandAga, avugaLa koneya lu barigekante bidduhOguttade (baralu+mADu - baramADu), mattu tereyuliyalli modalAguva esakapada bandAga adu uLidukoLLuttade (tAgalu+ikku - tAgalikku).
(1) mucculiyalli modalAguva esakapadagaLu bandAga: isakoLLu uNabaDisu tarahOgu tarahELu baramADu tUgahAku bILahoDe sAgahAku sAyabaDi
keDavagoDu tArahoyyu barahELu
sAgabILu
koDamADu tiLiyapaDisu baraseLe
sAgabaDi
(2) tereyuliyalli modalAguva esakapada bandAga: hOgalADisu tAgalikku
tAgalADu
(4) modala pada esakapadada bEre rUpa esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpa mAtravallade, ante oTTinondige bandiruva rUpa mattu kelavu konerUpagaLU kUDupadagaLalli baLake yAgive. ivannu keLage vivarisalAgide:
(1) kelavu kUDupadagaLalli modalige bandiruva esakapada ante emba oTTinondige bandiruva hAge kANisuttade. ettugegAgi, bILikku emba kUDupadakke bILuvante ikku emba oLasollannu koDalu baru ttade. idE rItiyalli tUguhAku (tUguvante hAku), tiLihELu (tiLiyuvante hELu) modalAda kUDupadagaLallU ante oTTiruva esakapada modala padavAgi bandideyendu hELabahudu. Adare, ivannu kUDupadadalli baLasidAga, ante oTTu bidduhOguttade. intaha kUDupadagaLa paTTiyondannu keLage koDalAgide:
tiLihELu
iLibiDu baggubaDi
bILkoLLu
maremAcu maremADu
tUguhAku
bILkoDu
nenehAku
bILugeDavu
bILkoLLu mattu bILkoDu embavugaLalli bandiruva bILu esaka
padakke ‘biDu’ emba huruLide.
keLage koTTiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLalli esakapadagaLa konerUpagaLu
modalaneya padavAgi baLakeyAgive:
allagaLe bEkAgu sAkAgu
allagaNisu bEkennu
sAkumADu
unTAgu
bEDavAgu
unTumADu bEDennu
3.3.2 eraDaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu
kUDupadagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baruva esakapadagaLalli kelavu ellA bageya padagaLondigU (hesarupada, paricepada, illavE esakapadada jODisuva rUpagaLondigU) baraballuvu; Adare, bEre kelavu esaka padagaLu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baraballuvu.
ettugegAgi, koLLu esakapadavannu I mUru bageya padaga LondigU baLasalu baruttade (ubbasagoLLu, oLagoLLu, anTi koLLu); Adare, mADu esakapadavannu hesarupada (pAlumADu)
illavE paricepadadondige (kiLmADu, gaTTimADu) mAtravE baLasa lAguttadallade, esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige baLasalu baruva hAge kANisuvudilla. baramADu mattu koDamADu embavu gaLalli mAtra adu mAresakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandide (baralu+mADu, koDalu+mADu), mattu unTumADu, mattu sAkumADu embavugaLalli adu esakapadagaLa konerUpadondige bandide.
hesarupada, paricepada, mattu esakapadada jODisuva rUpa emba mUru bageya padagaLondigU baraballavu, mattu hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baraballuvu emba I eraDu bageya
esakapadagaLige bEre kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
eraDarondige baruvavu kANu (konegANu) kundu (edegundu) aTTu (bennaTTu) oDDu (kayyoDDu) Uru (bErUru) Eru (neravEru)
mUrarondige baruvavu koLLu (konegoLLu-anTikoLLu) koDu (edekoDu-biTTukoDu) kaTTu (ganTukaTTu-ettikaTTu)
ikku (kiccikku-kondikku) iDu (aDaviDu-kAdiDu) ADu (aDDADu-aledADu)
hOgu (guLehOgu-ArihOgu) ettu (hesarettu) Agu (guriyAgu) hELu (katehELu-ettihELu) aDagu (saddaDagu) bILu (mElebILu-beccibILu) tOru (taledOru) hiDi (serehiDi-ettihiDi) haccu (gottuhaccu) hAku (ganTuhAku-taLLihAku) tumbu (tenetumbu) biDu (kaNNubiDu-tElibiDu)
mEle modalanE kAlannalli koTTiruva koLLu, koDu, kaTTu modalAda esakapadagaLu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige mAtra vallade esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondigU baraballuvu, Adare eraDanE kAlannalli koTTiruva kANu, kundu, aTTu, oDDu modalA davu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baraballuvu embu dannu illi gamanisabahudu.
kUDupadagaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi baLakeyAguva kelavu mukya
vAda esakapadagaLannu keLage ondondAgi pariSIlisalAgide:
(1) koLLu (goLLu) koLLu (goLLu) koLLu (goLLu) koLLu (goLLu) idu ivattu kUDupadagaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva ondu esakapada vAgide; idakke koLLu mattu goLLu emba eraDu rUpagaLiddu, avugaLalli koLLu embudu esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige baruttade (oppikoLLu, anTikoLLu, baredukoLLu, isakoLLu), mattu goLLu embudu hesarupada (eccaragoLLu, konegoLLu) mattu paricepadagaLondige baruttade (edurugoLLu).
ivugaLalli koLLu embudu ellA bageya esakapadagaLa moda lesakada jODisuva rUpagaLondigU baraballudAda kAraNa, adara antaha baLakeyannu ondu padarUpavendu (sErisuva rUpavendu) tiLiyabEkAguttade (4.3.2 nODi); I baLakeyalli adakke ‘ondu esaka tAnAgi naDedide’[emba huruLAgali (bAgilu teredukonDitu), illavE ‘obba mADuga adannu tanagAgi naDesiddAne’[emba huruLAgali (baredukonDa, tegedukonDa) baruttade.
hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige bandAga, I esakapadakke hecci neDegaLallU ‘tAnAgiyE Agu’[emba huruLide. ettugegAgi, eccara gonDa kUDupadakke ‘tAnAgiyE eccaravAda’[emba huruLide; A esakavannu bErobbaru mADiddarU (konegonDitu), avugaLannu baLasuvAga A viSayavannu maremAcalAguttade. intaha bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
aNigoLLu aDakagoLLu andagoLLu AykuLigoLLu ikkegoLLu aLigoLLu eDegoLLu eccaragoLLu eNegoLLu konegoLLu keLegoLLu oLagoLLu curukugoLLu geDegoLLu guDigoLLu baLigoLLu pAlgoLLu pudugoLLu munisugoLLu maTTugoLLu muDigoLLu siDimiDigoLLu sEDugoLLu moTakugoLLu
anugoLLu eDDagoLLu edurugoLLu gAsikoLLu tintiNigoLLu bedegoLLu sUregoLLu
Adare, bagegoLLu, bEgudigoLLu, ubbasagoLLu, mattu bELuvegoLLu embavugaLalli I esakapadakke ‘paDu’[emba huruLide; heppugoLLu emballi ‘kaTTu’[emba huruLide; gonegoLLu emballi ‘hAku’ emba huruLide; mattu EgoLLu hAgU OkoLLu emballi
‘ennu’[emba huruLide; idallade, OkoLLu embudaralli idu koLLu rUpadalli bandide.
(2) ADuADuADuADu ADu esakapadakke mukyavAgi eraDu huruLugaLive: (ka) ‘ATavADu, kuNi, allADu’ illavE ‘tonedADu’[embudondu, mattu (ca) ‘hELu’[embudinnondu; I eraDu huruLugaLallU idannu kUDu padagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baLasalAguttade (horaLADu, kUgADu). idallade, I kUDupadagaLige heccineDegaLallU ‘ondu esaka halavu bAri naDeyuttade’[(illavE ‘adannu halavu bAri naDesalAguttade’) emba huruLu baruttade. suttu-suttADu, hAru-hArADu, kUgu- kUgADu modalAda baLakegaLalli I huruLannu kANabahudu.
esakapadagaLondige idara baLakeyannu tOrisuva kelavu ettuge
gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
(ka) modalaneya ‘ATavADu, allADu’ huruLinalli baLake: taDakADu
egarADu tUrADu
tirugADu jaggADu
guddADu hArADu
suttADu hOgADu hOrADu munDADu IjADu
tenkADu uruLADu kaDidADu suLidADu aledADu meredADu osedADu
tATADu
kaccADu
tElADu
heNagADu nagADu
tUgADu
OlADu
kittADu
kuNidADu saridADu
oledADu maledADu hoydADu
huDukADu ODADu
jigidADu
haridADu
eLedADu hoDedADu tonedADu
tiNukADu kAdADu ElADu horaLADu misukADu nUkADu alugADu jOtADu baDidADu nalidADu kuNidADu tuydADu
(ca) eraDaneya ‘hELu’ huruLinalli baLake: koracADu koncADu jaredADu
odarADu
goNagADu konDADu
kUgADu
hesaru mattu paricepadagaLigU I esakapadavannu sErisi kelavu kUDupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide. illU kUDa, mElina eraDu huruLugaLallU I esakapadada baLakeyAgide:
(ka) modalaneya ‘ATavADu, allADu’ huruLinalli baLake: kosarADu usirADu kApADu kUtADu
bETeyADu muddADu
callADu
eDeyADu allADu
jUjADu gANavADu aDDADu
(ca) eraDaneya ‘hELu’ huruLinalli baLake: suLLADu
gOLADu padarADu
mAtanADu
hADADu
idirADu
nuDiyADu oraTADu
mADu (3) AguAguAguAgu mattu mADu mADu mADu I eraDu esakapadagaLannu kUDupadagaLalli hesaru illavE paricepada gaLondige modalesakada mAtra baLasalAguttade; esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige ivannu baLasuvudilla. idakke kAraNa kannaDada esakapadagaLu AguvikegaLAgiruttave, illavE vEnendare, mADuvikegaLAgiruttave; hAgAgi, Aguvikeyannu tiLisaballa Agu, mattu mADuvikeyannu tiLisaballa mADu emba I esakapadagaLa huruLu A esakapadagaLallE aDakavAgiruttade.
Adare, konerUpadalliruva bEku, sAku, mattu unTu emba esakapadagaLondige avannu nEravAgi baLasi kUDupadagaLannu paDeyalu (bEkAgu, bEkumADu; sAkAgu, sAkumADu; baruttade unTAgu, unTumADu); allagaLeyuva huruLannu koDuva bEDa, sAladu mattu illa embavugaLondige Agu embudannu baLasiyU kUDupadagaLannu paDeyalu baruttade: bEDavAgu, sAladAgu, illa vAgu.
idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge, koDamADu mattu baramADu emba eraDu kUDupadagaLalli koDu mattu baru esakapadagaLa mAresakada jODisuva rUpagaLondige (koDalu mattu baralu embavugaLondige) mADu pada bandide; I rUpagaLa koneya lu illi bidduhOgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.
ivugaLalli Agu esakapadavannu mAresakada jODisuva rUpa dondige baLasi bErondu bageya esakarUpavannU paDeyalu baru ttade: mADalAyitu, koDalAyitu, karesalAyitu modalAda intaha padarUpagaLa mUlaka esakapadada mADuganannu illavE mADisuganannu tiLisade iralu baruttade; Adare, ivu padarUpagaLallade padagaLalla; ivugaLa kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu munde tiLisalAguvudu. kelavu hesaru illavE paricepadadondige Agu mattu mADu emba I eraDu esakapadagaLannU baLasalu baruttade, mattu intaha baLake gaLalli avugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa sariyAgi kANisuttade:
accumADu
gottumADu
accAgu aNiyAgu aNimADu gottAgu cindiyAgu cindimADu maruLAgu taDavAgu pAlAgu veccavAgu haNNAgu gaTTiyAgu sariyAgu
maruLumADu taDamADu pAlumADu veccamADu haNNumADu gaTTimADu sarimADu
aDdiyAgu aDDimADu anuvAgu anumADu caTTAgu caTTumADu teravumADu teravAgu mOsavAgu mOsamADu pArumADu pArAgu oTTAgu oTTumADu sUreyAgu sUremADu hesarumADu hesarAgu kiridumADu kiridAgu
Adare, bEre kelavu padagaLondige Agu mattu mADu emba eraDu esakapadgaLalli ondu mAtravE baraballudu. idakke kelavu ettuge gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
(ka) Agu padadondige baruvavu: okkalAgu jaLLAgu
kangAgu
tuttAgu
kAyAgu beragAgu
curukAgu muTTAgu
(ca) mADu padadondige baruvavu: arikemADu AraykemADu kaTTumADu kAlumADu bEhumADu
kaymADu
maddumADu sancumADu mattemADu
ALimADu sannemADu baramADu
(4) iDuiDuiDuiDu I esakapadavannu hesarupadagaLondige, paricepadagaLondige, mattu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpagaLondige baLasalAguttade; heccineDegaLallU idannoLagonDa kUDupadagaLu avakke sambandisida mADuvikeyannu tiLisuttave; Adare, kattaliDu embudu ondu Aguvike yannu tiLisuttade.
intaha kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
(ka) hesarupadadondigina baLake: aDaviDu otteyiDu kanDaviDu kurupiDu gummiDu tuttiDu nenapiDu
moreyiDu heppiDu
aDakaliDu oppaviDu
kaNNiDu
kODiDu
guriyiDu
tUtiDu
bobbiDu
suyiliDu hesariDu
imbiDu
kaTTaleyiDu kundiDu
gILiDu
gOLiDu
tOhiDu
mIsaliDu huyyaliDu
usuriDu kicciDu kukiliDu guTukiDu takkameyiDu dALiyiDu muddiDu hejjeyiDu
(ca) paricepadagaLondigina baLake: goDDiDu
dUraviDu
mundiDu
hindiDu
(Ta) esakapadagaLondigina baLake: eLaliDu kAdiDu
dUriDu barediDu
adumiDu kUDiDu
paNNiDu
sekkiDu
UnkiDu
jOriDu
bacciDu
hiDidiDu
ULiDu tegediDu
baytiDu hUtiDu
koDu (goDu) (5) koDu (goDu) koDu (goDu) koDu (goDu) esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige baLasidAga, I esakapadakke ‘ondu esakavannu innobbana neravigAgi mADalAgide’yemba huruLide. ettugegAgi, hELikoDu embudakke ‘innobbanige neravAgu vante hELu’[endare ‘kalisu’[emba huruLide; adaralli bandiruva koDu esakapadakke adara (endare koDu padada) nEravAda huruLilla.
jODisuva rUpadondigina bEre kelavu baLakegaLannu keLage koDa lAgide; mElina huruLannu koDaballa bEreyU halavu esakapada gaLondige idannu baLasalu baruttade. Adare, bILkoDu embudaralli eraDu padagaLU tamma huruLannu mArpaDisive.
ettikoDu tumbikoDu baredukoDu
cuccikoDu
tandukoDu
biTTukoDu
tiddikoDu huDukikoDu
hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige koDu padavannu baLasiruvalli adakke heccu nEravAda huruLide. I baLakege kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide. kelaveDegaLalli idakke goDu emba rUpaviruvudannu gamanisabahudu (ede mattu eDe padagaLa baLika I eraDu rUpagaLU baruttave):
eDegoDu
eDekoDu ottukoDu OgoDu
kAvukoDu kivigoDu
terapugoDu paraTekoDu mAtukoDu muLikoDu hakkukoDu
hoLapukoDu
edekoDu kaDakoDu
tappukoDu bengoDu lancakoDu
edegoDu
kaykoDu
tIrpukoDu belekoDu saluvukoDu
kaTTu (gaTTu) (6) kaTTu (gaTTu) kaTTu (gaTTu) kaTTu (gaTTu) sAmAnyavAgi I esakapadavannu hesaru mattu paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baLasalAguttade; Adare, ettikaTTu emballi idannu esakapadada jODisuva rUpadondigU baLasalAgide.
idannu baLasiruva kUDupadagaLu AguvikegaLannAgali illavE mADu vikegaLannAgali tiLisaballuvu. ettugegAgi, kokkekaTTu, gaDDekaTTu, garaNe kaTTu embavu AguvikegaLannu tiLisuttave; mattu katekaTTu, ganTukaTTu, tanDakaTTu embavu mADuvikegaLannu tiLisuttave.
idakke kaTTu mattu gaTTu emba eraDu rUpagaLive; Adare avu gaLalli yAvudu elli baruttade embudara kuritu olavEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla; heccukaDime arevASi kUDupadagaLalli kaTTu rUpa kANisuttade, mattu bAki uLidiruvavugaLalli gaTTu rUpa kANisuttade. ondE padada baLikavU A eraDu rUpagaLannu kANalu baruttade:
usirukaTTu-usirugaTTu; marakaTTu-maragaTTu. idara baLakege kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
(ka) kaTTu rUpadalli: katekaTTu kokkekaTTu gumpukaTTu
tappukaTTu paTTukaTTu belekaTTu heDakaTTu
kattikaTTu
ganTukaTTu guLekaTTu
taLakaTTu
parekaTTu
marakaTTu
heDemurigekaTTu heppukaTTu
kAlukaTTu gaDDekaTTu
TonkakaTTu tenekaTTu
pAcikaTTu mUTekaTTu
(ca) gaTTu rUpadalli: usirugaTTu oDigaTTu
kIvugaTTu kALugaTTu
garigaTTu
kODugaTTu takkegaTTu
jOrugaTTu noregaTTu
nirigaTTu
beppugaTTu
bUjugaTTu sAlugaTTu sarigaTTu hadigaTTu
hakkugaTTu
oregaTTu
kempugaTTu gubarugaTTu tekkegaTTu
baDDugaTTu maDugaTTu sippigaTTu
kenekaTTu
garaNekaTTu tanDakaTTu pantakaTTu bAyikaTTu hadikaTTu hoTTekaTTu
kAygaTTu keccugaTTu jiDDugaTTu dArigaTTu birusugaTTu maragaTTu sukkugaTTu
hOgu (7) hOgu hOgu hOgu idu heccineDegaLallU esakapadada modalesakada jODisuva rUpa dondige baLakeyAgide. kelaveDegaLalli hesarupada illavE paricepada gaLondigU idara baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
esakapadada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga, ‘esaka naDedu hOgide’ emba huruLannu, mattu ‘hAge naDedudu bEsarada sangati’[emba huruLannu koDuttade:
ArihOgu ODihOgu tappihOgu tIrihOgu sOtuhOgu
kuggihOgu tElihOgu sOrihOgu
keTTuhOgu sattuhOgu hAduhOgu
hesaru mattu paricepadagaLondigina idara baLakeyannu keLagina kUDu
padagaLalli kANabahudu:
oDahOgu kaTTehOgu
dOrehOgu marehOgu
horahOgu
guLehOgu hindehOgu
gOTuhOgu hesaruhOgu
(8) bILubILubILubILu I esakapadavannU mElina mUru bageya padagaLondigU baLasalu baruttade. heccina kUDupadagaLallU idu ‘EnO keTTadAgiruva esaka naDedide’yemba huruLannu koDuttade.
(ka) esakapadada jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: kusidubILu eDavibILu beccibILu tUgibILu
jOtubILu muribILu
tirugibILu
(ca) hesarupadagaLondige baLake: oTTebILu
terebILu balibILu
sAgubILu
kaTTubILu
digilubILu belebILu sAlabILu
(Ta) paricepadagaLondige baLake: aDDabILu edurubILu monDubILu hindebILu
jonguLibILu tekkebILu baTTibILu pOTebILu saribILu
bEnebILu
heNabILu haLLabILu
pOTubILu
mElebILu
(9) hAku hAku hAku hAku esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga idakke ‘esakavannu mADi mugisu’[emba huruLu mAtravallade, ‘hAge mADi dudu bEsarada sangati’ emba huruLU ide. mAresakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga, idakke ‘ondu esaka naDeyuvudakkAgi bEre ondu esakavannu mADalAgide’ emba huruLu baruttade; kelaveDeyalli illiyU bEsarada huruLu siguttade.
(ka) esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: aLisihAku ettihAku kUDihAku tegeduhAku
kaTTihAku
taLLihAku
suTTuhAku
jOtuhAku toDeduhAku
kittuhAku tuLiduhAku hottuhAku
(ca) esakapadagaLa mAresakada jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: koLehAku
nenehAku
tUgahAku
sAgahAku
hesarupada illavE paricepadagaLondige bandAga, idakke mElina bEsarada huruLilla; heccukaDime hAku embudara huruLE kANisu ttade.
(Ta) hesarupadagaLondige baLake: ippehAku ubbehAku
kanduhAku ottuhAku kayhAku
kannahAku ganTuhAku guTuruhAku
gONuhAku janTihAku tekkehAku
talehAku
bAyihAku barehAku
madduhAku marihAku moLahAku mUguhAku sOguhAku huTTuhAku
uruhAku kaTTuhAku kuppihAku gummuhAku taDehAku
nATihAku bobbehAku muttigehAku mODihAku hogehAku
elehAku kaNNuhAku kUguhAku gurutuhAku tattuhAku nENuhAku maNehAku melukuhAku lekkahAku honcuhAku
(ta) paricepadagaLondige baLake: mundehAku suttuhAku
hindehAku
horahAku
(10) keDu (geDu) keDu (geDu) keDu (geDu) keDu (geDu) keDu esakapada kUDupadagaLalli geDu rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade; hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLondige mAtravE adu baruttade.
hesarupadagaLondige baLasidAga idakke eraDu bageya huruLugaLu siguttave: heccineDegaLallU ‘hesarupada tiLisuva sangati illavAgide’ emba huruLu siguttade (andageDu ‘andavilladAgu’); Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli, ‘adu tiLisuva sangatiyindAgi keDukunTAgide’ emba huruLu siguttade (barageDu ‘baradindAgi keTTuhOgu’).
(ka) modalaneya huruLu: arivugeDu andageDu kaTTalegeDu
kangeDu doregeDu
candageDu
edegeDu
kaLegeDu
nuDigeDu
oppageDu keLegeDu pempugeDu
bagegeDu binkageDu
sompugeDu hadageDu
mungeDu hasageDu
survugeDu
(ca) eraDaneya huruLu: gArugeDu barageDu
sEdegeDu
holegeDu
(11) biDubiDubiDubiDu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga, idakke ‘esakavannu mugisibiDalAgide’[illavE ‘esaka mugiduhOgide’[emba huruLide; idannu keLagina kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu:
koTTubiDu
maretubiDu
tElibiDu mugisibiDu
bandubiDu sIdubiDu
biTTubiDu
hOgibiDu
idallade, hesarupadagaLondige bandAgalU idakke bEreyE huruLugaLu baruttave: bErubiDu, tenebiDu, agebiDu, hUbiDu, mattu kAyibiDu embavugaLalli idu ‘Agu’[emba huruLinalli baLake yAgide; bAyibiDu mattu kaNNubiDu embavugaLalli ‘oDe’[illavE ‘tere’[emba huruLinalli, mattu kaybiDu emballi ‘tore’[emba huruLinalli baLakeyAgide; sorebiDu emballi idu ‘keccalininda hAlu surisu’[emba huruLinalli bandide.
(12) ikkuikkuikkuikku idannu hesarupada, paricepada, mattu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpagaLondige baLasalAguttade; ‘irisu’[emba huruLige sambandisidantaha halavu bageya huruLugaLannu adu I baLakegaLalli koDuvudannu keLagina kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu:
(ka) hesarupadagaLondige baLake: usirikku kULikku
tuttikku bennikku
eveyikku ganTikku
tegahikku
mayyikku
oppavikku
cappaLikku
toTTikku
muddikku
kiccikku taLeyikku nanjikku
selavikku
(ca) esakapadagaLa himbottina jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: aTTikku kondikku sariyikku
eLalikku
tandikku
haNikikku
kumbikku
paccikku
kUDikku bILikku
idannu aDDa paricepadadondige baLasi, aDDikku emba kUDu padavannu paDeyalAgiddu, adakke ‘lancakoDu’ emba huruLide; sariyikku emba innondu kUDupadakke ‘hOlisu’[emba huruLide.
mEle koTTiruva esakapadagaLu mAtravallade bEreyU halavAru esakapadagaLu kUDupadagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baLakeyAguttave. antaha kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
oTTugUDu edegundu kayyoDDu IDEru mElettu ottihELu kanDuhiDi cApehiDi DikkihoDe
kaygUDu
bennaTTu
seragoDDu neravEru
marehogu barahELu
taDehiDi
paTTuhiDi
bEroDe
konegANu kaytaTTu
bErUru
taleyettu taledOru tiLihELu
serehiDi
koLLehoDe kavaloDe
managANu taDeyoDDu neleyUru kayyettu saritOru bigihiDi caLihiDi haraTehoDe allagaLe
aNakisuva padagaLige kuTTu esakapadavannu sErisi kelavu kUDu padagaLannu unTumADalAgide; ivugaLalli kuTTu pada guTTu rUpa dalli baruttade, mattu adakke heccineDegaLallU ‘annu’[illavE ‘saddu mADu’[emba huruLide.
kicaguTTu kiruguTTu duruguTTu kilakilaguTTu curucuruguTTu piTipiTiguTTu
locaguTTu koraguTTu gujiguTTu
kiNiguTTu
kusuguTTu gaDaguTTu
guNuguTTu guruguTTu taLaguTTu
3.3.3 sErikeya mArpADugaLu
hindina pasugeyalli vivarisida sErikeya mArpADugaLalli halavu kUDu padagaLallU kANisikoLLuttave; ivannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:
2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu banda tereyuli bidduhOguva) mArpADu ukAravannu mattu esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpada ikAravannu mAtra tAguttade. idannu accAgu (accu+Agu), hesariDu (hesaru+iDu), kUDiDu (kUDi+iDu), tegediDu (tegedu+ iDu) modalAda kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu. 2.2.1rallE vivarisida hAge, ikAra mattu ekArada baLika tereyuli bandAga yakAra sEri koLLuttade (dALiyiDu, eveyikku), mattu akArada baLika vakAra sErikoLLuttade (oppaviDu, pantavoDDu).
I mArpADige kelavu horapaDikegaLU ive: munde, hinde, mEle, bEre, oDane, mattu ge oTTinalli konegoLLuva paricepadagaLu idakke horapaDikegaLAguttaveyembudannu 2.2.1rallE nODiruvevu; idallade, bobbiDu (bobbe+iDu), mattu bobbiri padagaLallU modalanE padada koneya ekAra bidduhOgide; cappaLikku (cappaLi+ ikku) mattu kAyAgu padagaLalli ikAra bidduhOgide; mattu aDDikku, aDDADu hAgU callADu (calla+ADu) padagaLalli akAra bidduhOgide.
2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva (yakAra mattu nakArada baLika tereyuli bandAga, mattu adara modalu giDDa tereyuliyiruvAga, avu immaDiyAguva) mArpADannu kayyUru, kayyikku, mayyoDDu, munnOru modalAda kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu.
2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADannu illi mAr (marunuDi, maruneDu, marupaDe), Or (oggUDu), kEs (kisuguTTu) mattu kIL (kiLmADu, kiLpaDisu) padagaLa baLake yalli kANabahudu. ivugaLalli mAr padada baLakeyalli mArnaDe, mArnuDi, mattu mArpaDu embavu, mattu kIL padada baLakeyalli kILugaLe mattu kILumADu embavu horapaDikegaLu.
2.2.6ralli vivarisiruva (rakAra adara baLika bandiruva mucculiya rUpa paDeyuva) mArpADannu oggUDu (Or+kUDu) padadalli kANa bahudu; usurgare, edurgoLLu embavugaLu idakke horapaDike gaLAgive.
2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva (mUguligaLu avugaLa baLika baruva mucculigaLige hondikoLLuva) mArpADannu mun, hin, kaNNu
(>kaN) mattu bennu (>ben) padagaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu (munkoLLu, mungANu, muncAcu, mundUDu, mumbaru, mummeTTu; hingare, hinjari, hintege, hindirugu, himbare, himmeTTu; kangeDu; bengoDu, bembattu). Adare, idakke munpaDe, munsollu; kaNNukukku, kaNNukaTTu, kaNNutAgu; bennuhattu, bennu taTTu embantaha horapaDikegaLU ive.
2.2.9ralli vivarisiruva kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguva mArpADannu edegaLe, taledOru, kaygUDu, kAldege, sULgare, hindirugu modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakke halavu hora paDikegaLU ive; Adare, avannilli paTTimADilla.
2.2.10ralli vivarisiruva ha(pa)kAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLu vakAravAguva mArpADannu munduvari, impuvaDe, talevAgu modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakkU bIDubiDu, aDDipaDisu modalAda halavu horapaDikegaLive.
2.2.11ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu ukAra biddu hOguva) mArpADannu AsargaLe, kAldege, bILkoDu, bembattu, suygare modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakkU kALugaTTu, usirukaTTu modalAda halavu horapaDikegaLive.
3.4 paricepadagaLa iTTaLa
kannaDadalli mukyavAgi eraDu bageya paricepadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli ondu bageyavannu hesarupadagaLondige, mattu innondu bageyavannu esakapadagaLondige baLasalAguttade. hesaruparice mattu esakaparice embudAgi I eraDu bageya padagaLannu hesarisabahudu.
ettugegAgi, udda, biLi, doDDa modalAduvu hesarupadagaLondige avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAdavugaLa pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave (udda kOlu, biLi gODe, doDDa huDuga); hAgAgi, avu hesaruparicegaLu. idakke badalu, mEle, hinde, mellage modalAduvu esakapadagaLondige avu tiLisuva esakada pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave (mEle iDu, hinde ide, mellage mAtanADu); hAgAgi, avu esakaparicegaLu.
I eraDu bageya paricepadagaLu mAtravallade, bArI, tusu, tIra, barI modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLu pariceya pariceyannu tiLisuvu dakkAgi paricepadagaLondige baLakeyAguttave (bArI doDDa mane, tusu hinde hOgi, tIra cikka haNNu, barI cikka huDuga); avannu mUraneyadondu gumpinalli irisabahudu. Adare, intaha kelavE kelavu padagaLu mAtra kannaDadalli baLakeyalliddu, avugaLa iTTaLada kuritu hELuvantaha sangatiyEnU illa; hAgAgi, modala eraDu gumpugaLige sEruva paricepadagaLa iTTaLavannu mAtra illi vivarisa lAgide.
3.4.1 paricebErugaLu
kannaDadalli ken, nuN, hEr, mun, mEl modalAda halavu paricebErugaLive. ivannu mukyavAgi jODupadagaLalli mattu kUDu padagaLalli baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, kendALi jODupadadalli ken paricebErannu tALi hesarupadada pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, mattu hindUDu kUDupadadalli hin paricebErannu dUDu esakapadada pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLasalAgide.
ivannE hesaruparice illavE esakaparicegaLAgi padakantegaLalli baLasa bEkiddare, avakke kelavu bageya oTTugaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, ken paricebErige pu oTTannu sErisi kempu hesaru pariceyannu (kempu cenDu), mattu adarondige age oTTannu sErisi kempage esakapariceyannu (kempage kAyisida) unTumADalAgide; mattu oL paricebErige age oTTannu sErisi oLage emba esakaparice yannu (oLage hOgi), mattu adarondige a oTTannu sErisi oLa emba hesarupariceyannu (oLa tiruLu) unTumADalAgide.
paricepadagaLa hAge paricebErugaLannU hesarugaLa pariceyannu tiLisu vavu mattu esakagaLa pariceyannu tiLisuvavu embudAgi eraDu gumpu gaLalli oDedu hELabahudu.
kelavu mukyavAda paricebErugaLa ondu paTTiyannu keLage koDa lAgide; mattu avugaLa baLakeyannu tiLisuva kelavu jODupada illavE kUDupadagaLannu mattu paricepadagaLannu avugaLeduru ettugeyAgi koDalAgide:
(1) hesarugaLa pariceyannu tiLisuva paricebErugaLu:
paricebEru in eL oL kaT kam kay kAr kir ‘cikka’[ ken kEs can taN teL nal nuN neT biN beL ben mAr say hEr
paricepadagaLu
jODupadagaLu innuDi, immAvu, innuNisu ini
eLgaru, eLnIru oLgannaDa, oLnuDi
kaTTaDavi, kaggole kammalaru, kammelaru kaysoppu, kayhIre
kAriruLu, kammara, kabbakki kiggaNNu, kittUru kembaTTe, kennIru kEsuguru, kEsuLLi
candaLiru, canduTi
tangadiru, tangALi, taNNIru teLnaDu, teLgalla nalnuDi, nalbaraha nuNgoralu, nuNguruLu
neTTeluvu biNgeccalu, biNgone
beLdingaLu, beLLuLLi
bengallu, bennIru
mAraDi, mArpADu
sayyaDi heddAri, heggaLLa, hErAne
eLe, eLatu oLLe, oLitu kaDu, kaDi, kaDidu kampu, kammane kahi, kaype kari, kappu, karrage kiri, kiru kempu, kencu kisu, keccane cannu, canda tampu, taNNage teLu, teLupu, teLLage nalla nuNupu, nuNNage niDu, neTTage biNpu biLi, beLLage benki maru sayda hiri, hEraLa
(2) esakagaLa pariceyannu tiLisuva paricebErugaLu:
oL oDa kIL naT mun mEl hin
oLdiruLu, oLdoDe
oDagUTa, oDanADi
kILduTi, kILnOTa
naTTaDavi, naTTeluvu
mungaDa, munnuDi
mElkaTTu, mElkApu
hinnaDe, hinnOTa, hingaTTu
oLage, oLa oDane keLa, keLage naDu, naDuve munde, modalu mEle hinde
3.4.2 hesaruparicegaLu
mEle tiLisida hAge, hesaruparicegaLannu paricebErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADalAguttade; idallade, esakapada, hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisiyU avannu unTumADabahudu. I
nAlku bageya iTTaLagaLalli baLakeyAguva oTTugaLa vivaraNeyannu keLage koDalAgide.
(1) alualualualu oTTu (ka) ondu esakavannu naDesidudarindAgi obba vyakti illavE vastuvinalli unTAguva pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, antaha esakapadagaLige alu oTTannu sErisalAguttade. ettugegAgi, haLasuva esakadinda ondu vastu vinalli unTAguva pariceyannu haLasalu pada tiLisuttade. (anna haLa situ; haLasalu anna). intaha bEre kelavu hesaruparicegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
tikkalu
ingu ingalu
tikku pOLu pOLalu
sikkalu sikku kuccalu
kuccu jaggalu
jaggu paDuva paDuvalu
ikkalu
ikku toLasu toLasalu mAsu mAsalu haLasu haLasalu gOju gOjalu mUDu mUDalu
oNagilu mattu migilu emba eraDu paricepadagaLalli I oTTige ilu emba rUpa ide; 2.2.1ralli vivarisida tereyuligaLa modalu banda tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu mElina padagaLalli (ingu- ingalu, ikku-ikkalu) mAtravallade, keLage koTTiruva padagaLallU kANisuttade (koraka-alu>korakalu).
idallade, keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli alu oTTina modalu ka oTTu bandide; I oTTu sEridAga, kore, oDe mattu save padagaLa ekAra 2.2.3ralli vivarisida ekAra akAravAguva mArpADige oLa gAgide; huLi, iLi mattu kudi padagaLa koneya ikAra ukAravAgide, mattu tari padada ikAra akAravAgide (2.2.5 nODi).
kore oDe save huLi
korakalu
oDakalu
savakalu
huLukalu
iLi kudi tari
iLukalu kudukalu tarakalu
kudi-kudupalu embudaralli alu oTTina modalu pa oTTu
bandide, mattu illiyU kudi padada koneya ikAra ukAravAgide.
(ca) kelavu paricepadagaLondigU I oTTannu sErisalAgiddu, adu heccina huruLannEnU koDuva hAge kANisuvudilla; illi aLLe padada immaDi barige otte barigeyAguttade, mattu adara baLika alu oTTu ilu rUpadalli baruttade; idallade, kenka padada kakAra gakAravAgu ttade.
kurucu kurucalu
taraku tarakalu
aDDa aDDalu
muDuku muDukalu aLLe teLu kaDu
aLilu teLulu
kaDalu
jabbu jabbalu pukkalu pukku baralu bara kenka kengalu gOju gOjalu maLa gUru
maLalu gUralu
keLagina padagaLalli I oTTu ka illavE ca oTTinondige bandide. eDacilu embudaralli adu ilu rUpadallide, mattu bEre eraDu kaDegaLalli (coccalu mattu malacalu embavugaLalli) idannu parice bErige sErisalAgide. idu sEridAga, saNNa padada immaDi NakAra otte NakAravAguttade. huLu-huLukalu, muDuku-muDukalu mattu kave -kavalu emballi idannu ondu hesarupadadondige sErisalAgide.
baDa saNNa maru huLu
baDakalu
saNakalu
marucalu huLukalu
eDa eDacilu coc coccalu malacalu mala
(2) kukukuku oTTu esakapadagaLige ku oTTannu sErisi kelavu hesaruparicegaLannu unTumADa lAgide:
oDe koLe
oDaku koLaku
kere tari
keraku taraku, daraku
moTTu moTaku
hari
haruku
muri kaTi
muruku kaTaku
oNa-oNaku mattu hasi-hasuku embavugaLalli I oTTannu parice padagaLige sErisalAgide, mattu kare-karaku mattu ciTike-ciTuku emballi idannE hesarupadagaLige sErisalAgide.
I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.3ralli vivarisida (esakapadada koneya ekAra akAravAguva) mArpADu (oDe-oDaku), 2.2.5ralli vivarisida eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADu (hari-haruku, kaTi-kaTaku), mattu immaDi TakAra otte TakAravAguva (moTTu-moTaku) mattu takAra dakAravAguva (tari-daraku) mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave.
(3) aaaa oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi keLage koTTiruva kelavu hesaruparice gaLannu unTumADalAgide:
kala
kale taTTu taTTa
aDagu aDaka
soDa suDu kODu kOTa
paricebErugaLige idannu sErisiyU hesaruparicegaLannu unTumADa
lAgideyembudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:
nal kIL
nalla keLa
can canna uL oLa
I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuliya baLika tereyuli bidduhOguva) mArpADu (kale-kala), mattu 2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu lakAra-nakAragaLu immaDiyAguva) mArpADugaLu (nal-nalla, can-canna) naDedive; idallade, aDagu- aDaka mattu kODu-kOTa embavugaLalli gakAra-DakAragaLu kakAra- TakAragaLAgive, mattu suDu-soDa embudaralli esakapadada modala neya ukAra okAravAgide.
(4) iiii oTTu kelavu paricebErugaLige mattu padagaLige I oTTannu sErisi hesaruparice gaLannu paDeyalAgide:
kahi biLi
kay beL mut mudi kAr niDu
kari niDi
hEr hiri bisi bisu ini in Qj kir
illiyU 2.2.1ra mArpADu naDedide (bisu-bisi); idallade, hEr mattu kAr bErugaLa udda tereyuli giDDavAgide (2.2.4 nODi), beL bErina ekAra ikAravAgide, kay bErina yakAra hakAravAgide, mattu mut bErina takAra dakAravAgide. biDu-biDi emballi I oTTannu ondu esakapadakke sErisiruva hAge kANisuttade.
(5) uuuu oTTu kelavu paricebErugaLige mattu padagaLige I oTTannu sErisi hesaruparice gaLannu paDeyalAgide:
mAr maru teLu teL kisu kEs nasu nasi
bisi kir can kIL
bisu kiru cannu kiLu
illiyU 2.2.1ra tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu (nasi- nasu, bisi-bisu), mattu 2.2.2ra mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADu (can-cannu) naDedide; idallade, mAr, kEs mattu kIL padagaLalli 2.2.4ra udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu naDedide.
(6) e e e e oTTu I oTTannU kelavu paricebErugaLige mattu padagaLige sErisalAgide:
eLa eLe kaDa kaDe beTTe beTTu haLa(tu) haLe
oL kor naDu
oLLe kore naTTe
I oTTu sEriruvallU 2.2.1ra tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu (eLa-eLe), 2.2.2ra mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADu (oL-oLLe), mattu 2.2.8ra DakAra TTa endAguva mArpADugaLu naDedive.
(7) kakakaka oTTu I oTTu mukyavAgi esakapadagaLige alu oTTu sEridAga avugaLa modalu baruttade. idara baLakeyannu tiLisuva padagaLannu mEleyE koDalAgide: kudukalu (kudi+ka+alu), korakalu (kore+ka+alu), huLukalu (huLu+ka+alu). alu oTTu sEridAga, idara koneya akAra bidduhOguttade (2.2.1 nODi). idallade, aLLe-aLLaka, saLLe-saLLaka emballU I oTTina baLakeyAgide (I eraDu padagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade).
bEre kelavu oTTugaLu kelavE kelavu pada illavE bErugaLondige mAtra kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koDalAgide; ivannu baLasidAga, keLage vivarisi dantaha halavAru sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave:
cu oTTu sEridAga mone padada koneya ekAra akAravAgu ttade; Tu oTTu sEridAga jigi padada koneya ikAra akAravAguttade; pu oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.11ra ukAra bidduhOguva mArpADu (jOmu-jompu), 2.2.7ra mUguliya jAga badalAguva mArpADu (ken-kempu), 2.2.4ra udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu (kAr-kappu), mattu 2.2.6ra rakAra adara baLika banda mucculiya rUpavannu paDeyuva mArpADugaLu (kAr-kappu) naDeyuttave.
pe oTTu sEridAga, kaLe padada ekAra akAravAguttade; mattu su oTTu sEridAga, gaTTi padada immaDi TakAra otte DakAravAguttade, mattu adara koneya ikAra ukAravAguttade.
cappaTe
- aTe cappe hEraLa
- aLa hEr
- cu mone monacu
- Ta cokka cokkaTa
- Ti on
- Tu jigi
-
pu jOmu jompu
biLupu
kaype gaDusu - pe kay
- su gaTTi
MAn jigaTu
biLi
sappe
sappaTe
bakka
bakkaTa
ken kAr kaLe biru
kempu kappu kaLape birusu
kelavu bageya aNaka padagaLannU hesaruparicegaLAgi baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, maTamaTa aNakapadavannu madyAnna padadondige baLasa lAguttade (Ata manege bandAga maTamaTa madyAnnavAgittu).
3.4.3 esakaparicegaLu
kannaDadalli mukyavAgi eraDu bageya esakaparicegaLu baLakeyallive:
(1) paricebErugaLige illavE bEre bageya padagaLige oTTugaLannu
sErisi unTumADiruva paricepadagaLu, mattu
(2) esakagaLa saddannu illavE avu manassinalli mUDisuva anisike yannu aNakapadagaLa mUlaka tiLisuva padagaLannu nEravAgi illavE ane oTTinondige baLasiruva aNakapadagaLu.
3.4.4 paricepadagaLu
paricebErugaLige nEravAgi oTTugaLannu sErisi, illavE avugaLinda paDe diruva hesaruparicegaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi kelavu esakaparicegaLannu paDeyalAgide. idallade, hesaru mattu esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisiyU kelavu esakaparicegaLannu paDeyalAgide.
ivugaLalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide:
(1) age age age age oTTu age oTTannu baLasi kelavu hesaruparicegaLannu (bErugaLannu illavE pada gaLannu) esakaparicegaLAgi mArpaDisalAgide; I oTTu sEridAga 2.2.1 ralli vivarisiruva tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu (kempu-kempage), 2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADu (nuN- nuNNage), 2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu (kAr-karrage), mattu 2.2.8ralli vivarisiruva DakAra TTa endAguva mArpADugaLu (niDu-neTTage) naDeyuttave; idallade, mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADannu rakAra (karrage), da(>ta)kAragaLU (midu-mettage) tOrisuttave; bisi, midu mattu niDu padagaLa modala ikAra ekAravAguttade; mattu bisi padada koneya ikAra bidduhOguttade.
karrage kempage
taNNage
kAr kempu taN dunDu dunDage
nuNNage
nuN beccage
bisi mettage
midu sappage sappe
kam kammage gunDu gunDage teLu niDu pacce beL mel sommu sommage
teLLage neTTage paccage beLLage mellage
oLa-oLage, kaDe-kaDege, keLa-keLage, omme-ommege mattu hora-horage embavugaLalli age oTTige ge rUpa ide, mattu oTTu- oTTige emballi ige rUpa ide.
kelavu aNakapadagaLondigU I oTTu baraballudu embudannu
munde (3.3.4)ralli nODaliruvevu.
(2) AreAreAreAre oTTu kaNNu, kivi modalAda kelavu angagaLinda esakavondannu nEravAgi naDesalAgideyembudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi avugaLa hesarinondige Are oTTannu sErisalAguttade (kaNNAre nODu, kiviyAre kELu); illi 2.2.1ra tereyuli biddu hOguva mArpADu naDedide (kaNNu+ Are>kaNNAre), mattu 2.2.2ra mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADU
(kay+Are>kayyAre) naDedide; Adare, kivi padada baLika yakAra sErikonDide, mattu manassu padada immaDi sakAra otteyAgide:
kaNNAre
kaNNu bAyi bAyAre
manassu manasAre
kivi kay
kiviyAre kayyAre
(3) e e e e oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi kelavu esakaparicegaLannu unTumADa lAgide (illiyU 2.2.1ra mArpADu naDedide):
naDu muncu munce
naDe
migu mige sAre sAru
mEl mattu her paricebErugaLige I oTTannu sErisi mEle mattu here ‘hindakke’ emberaDu esakaparicegaLannu unTumADalAgide; idallade, mattu embudakkU idannu sErisi matte esakapariceyannu unTumADalAgide.
bEre oTTugaLu kelavE kelavu esakaparicegaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koDalAgide (a oTTu sEruvAga 2.2.1ra tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu naDeyuttade):
- C
tumbu tumba kUDa kUDu baLika
- ka baLi omme
- me on naDuve naDu
- ve
suttu sutta
3.4.5 aNakaparicegaLu
halavAru aNakapadagaLannu nEravAgi illavE ane oTTinondige esaka paricegaLAgi baLasalAguttide. ivu mukyavAgi eraDu bageyavu:
(1) kelavu aNakaparicegaLu tusu hottu naDeyuvantaha esakada
pariceyannu tiLisuttave, mattu
(2) innu kelavu aNakaparicegaLu ommegE naDeduhOguvantaha
esakada pariceyannu tiLisuttave.
ettugegAgi, gaNagaNane ganTe bArisitu emba sollinalli bandiruva gaNagaNane emba esakaparice tusu hottu naDeyuva esakavondara (ganTe bArisitu embudara) pariceyannu gaNagaNa emba aNakapadada mUlaka tiLisuttade.
idakke badalu, gALi hAkuttiruvAga cenDu Dabbane oDeyitu emba sollinalli bandiruva Dabbane emba esakaparice ommegEnE naDeduhOguva esakavondara (cenDu oDeyitu embudara) parice yannu Dab emba aNakapadada mUlaka tiLisuttade.
(1) tusu hottu naDeyuva aNakaparicegaLu intaha aNakaparicegaLannu nEravAgi illavE ane oTTinondige sErisi esakapadagaLondige baLasalu baruttade (katakata kudi; katakatane kudi); idallade, isu oTTannu sErisi ivannu esakapadagaLAgi mADiyU baLasalu baruttade (gamagamisuttide, kaLakaLisuttide). ivugaLa baLika halaveDegaLalli ennu esakapadavannU baLasalAguttide (hakkigaLu kicakica ennuttidduvu).
intaha aNakaparicegaLalli modalige tereyuli kANisikoLLuvudilla; eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda ivannu paDeyalAguttade, mattu heccinavu gaLallU I eraDu padagaLu ondE rUpadalliruttave (gasagasa, guru guru, ciTiciTi, DavaDava); eraDanE padada modalaneya mucculi bEreyAgiruvudU ide (kiTipiTi, siDimiDi, daDabaDane, gaDabaDisu); ivugaLalli ottubarige illavE udda tereyuli kANisuvudilla.
ivugaLalliruva eraDu padagaLa tereyuligaLU ondE Agiruvu vAdarU, 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva tereyuli bidduhOguva sErikeya kaTTaleyindAgi, ane illavE isu oTTu sEridAga eraDaneya padada eraDaneya tereyuli bEreyAgiruvante kANisuttade (duruduru+ ane-durudurane; maLamaLa+isu-maLamaLisu). ivugaLalli heccAgi akAra kANisikoLLuttade; hAgiddarU modalaneya tereyuli ikAra
illavE okAravAgiyU irabahudu (kicakica ennu, koNakoNa ennu), mattu eraDU ikAra illavE ukAravAgiyU irabahudu (ciTiciTi hoDe, guDuguDu guDugu).
mElina olavugaLige horapaDikegaLAgaballa kelavu aNakaparicegaLU ive: bikO annu, gOLO endu aLu; jOjO annu; kavakkava annu; kIcukIcennuva kIcakki; ciTil ciTil endu uri; jum jum ennu, Tik Tik ennu.
idallade, kUDupadagaLalli mAtravE baLakeyAguvantaha kelavu aNakabErugaLU ive: OgoDu (O+koDu), OkoLLu, EgoLLu, gOgare, bOrgare, hIgaLe; ivannU tusu hottu naDeyuva esakada pariceyannu tiLisuvavendu hELabahudu; ivugaLalli ondu barigekante mAtra bandiddu, udda tereyuli baLakeyAgide.
intaha heccina aNaka padagaLigU avu entaha esakapadagaLondige baraballuvu emba viSayadalli baLakeya kaTTupADugaLive. keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLu idannu tOrisikoDuttave:
kaTakaTane kaDi katakatane kudi kilakilane nagu karakarane tunDisu
giragirane tirugu gadagadane naDugu
taTataTane taTTu takatakane kuNi sarasarane hari miNamiNane uri daradarane eLe miDumiDane miDuku caLacaLane bisilu bILu paTapaTane rekke baDi
miDumiDane miDuku kaTakaTa kaDi kicakica annu gasagasa tikku gamagama ennu anan Gj
kapakapane tinnu kaLakaLane aLu gaDagaDane naDugu
garagarane tirugu caTacaTane uri jarajarane eLe taLataLane hoLe daDadaDane baru laTalaTane muri bagabagane uri daDabaDane baru
gaNagaNane ganTe bArisu durudurane nODu paraparane baTTe hari caracarane kattarisu kucukucu nuDi kosakosa nuDi korakora ennu gimigimi tirugu caLacaLa mincu
curucurennu pacapaca tuLi kavakava ennu simisimi uri miDumiDu miDuku
pakapaka nagu piTipiTi ennu kaLakaLa kudi mirumiru mirugu
labalaba endu baDakoLLu
(2) ommegE naDeduhOguva aNakaparicegaLu ivugaLalli heccinavU ane oTTinondige baLakeyAguttave. ivu mukya vAgi eraDu bageyavu:
(ka) mUru barigekantegaLiddu, eraDaneyadu ottubarigeyAgiruvavu:
baggane, goLLane, barrane, cakkane; mattu
(ca) nAlku barigekantegaLiddu, mUraneyadu ottubarigeyAgiruvavu:
kacakkane, kisakkane, paTakkane, guLukkane.
nAlku barigekantegaLiddu, eraDaneya barigeyalli udda tereyuli yiruva aNakaparicegaLU kelavive: taTArane eddu baru; daDArane bILu; paTArane hoDe; paTIrane hoDe. idallade, intaha aNaka paricegaLalli modalAguvavugaLU ive (abakkane, usakkane, aLkane, immane, oyyane).
tereyuligaLalli
kelavu
(ka) mUru barigekantegaLiruva aNakaparicegaLu mUru barigekantegaLiruva aNakaparicegaLalli halavu bageya ottu barigegaLu kANisikoLLuttave; idannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:
gakkane binnane barrane
kaggane gappane ollane
kaccane Dabbane havvane
caTTane jammane Tussane
miNNane oyyane goLLane
ivugaLa baLakeyU avugaLa baLika baruva esakapadavannu avalambi
siruttade; idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
goLLane nagu kaTTane kaDi bimmage bigi rappane hoDe Darrane tEgu Tussane oDe jurrane suri baggane uri
teppage iru ciTTane cIru Dabbane bILu barrane hAru
havvane hAru jarrane jAru tirrane tirugu doppane bILu
‘ommegE’ (aLkane, kaLkane, toTTane, diggane, caTTane), ‘bEgane’ (cakkane, gaLkane, gummane, ollane), ‘mellane’ (oyyane, teppane), ‘cannAgi’ (noccane, kaccane, immane), ‘tirutirugi’ (biTTane, birrane), ‘kAraNavillade’ (kemmane) embantaha huruLugaLU ivakkive.
ivugaLalli kelavu ane oTTina badalu age oTTinondigU baLake
yallive:
teppage binnage
toTTage
bimmage
noccage
oyyage
miNNage kemmage
Adare, sAmAnyavAgi ane oTTu aNakaparicegagaLalli baruttade mattu
age oTTu hesaruparicegaLalli baruttade.
(ca) nAlku barigekantegaLiruva aNakaparicegaLu ivugaLallella kka embudE ottubarigeyAgiruttade. caTillane mattu kaTammane embavu mAtra idakke horapaDikegaLAgive. kaTammane embudara badalu kaTammendu emba rUpavU baLakeyallide. ivu kUDalE, bEgane, oDaneyE embantaha huruLugaLannu koDuttave; ivugaLa baLakeyU avugaLa baLika baruva esakapadagaLannavalambiside.
kisakkane nagu guLukkane nungu
pacakkane bILu abakkane tinnu pucakkane uguLu
cuTukkane kaDi dosakkane bILu paTakkane bILu sarakkane eLe pusakkane oLahOgu
3.5 tOrupadagaLa iTTaLa
ADugana jAga, hottu modalAduvakke sambandisida hAge, vyakti, vastu illavE viSayada jAga, hottu modalAduvannu tiLisuva (illavE tiLidillavendu hELuva) padagaLannu tOrupadagaLu embudAgi illi kareyalAgide. kannaDadalli avanu-ivanu-yAvanu, alli-illi-elli modalAda intaha halavu tOrupadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLa iTTaLaventahadu embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.
kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva tOrupadagaLannu keLage tOrisida hAge
ondu paTTiyalli irisi hELabahudu:
ganDasu
hengasu
uLidavu
halavaru
halavu jAga dikku hottu
dina aLavi holabu
bage parice
tiLidavu
dUradavu
avanu
avaLu
adu avaru avu alli atta Aga andu aSTu hAge antaha
D
hattiradavu ivanu ivaLu idu ivaru ivu illi itta Iga indu iSTu hIge intaha
F
tiLiyadavu
yAvanu
yAvaLu yAvudu yAvaru yAvuvu elli etta yAvAga endu eSTu hEge entaha yAva
3.5.1 eraDu angagaLu
mEle koTTiruva ellA tOrupadagaLallU eraDeraDu angagaLiruvu dannu gamanisabahuda: I angagaLalli modalaneyadu avu naDesa bEkAgiruva kelasavannu tiLisuttave, mattu eraDaneyadu avugaLa haravannu tiLisuttade.
ettugegAgi, alli padadalli a mattu lli emba eraDu angagaLive; ‘ADuganiginta dUra iruva’ntahadondannu gurutisuva kelasa I pada kkide embudannu modalaneya anga tiLisuttade; alli embudannu illi mattu elli emba uLida eraDu tOrupadagaLondige hOlisidAga idu gottAguttade; illi embudaralliruva i embudu ‘ADugana hattira iruva’ntahadendu tiLisuttade, mattu elli embudaralliruva e embudu ‘ADuganige tiLidilla’dantahadendu tiLisuttade.
‘alli pada tiLisuvudu ondu jAgavannu’ embudAgi adara hara vannu lli emba adara eraDaneya anga tiLisuttade; adannu andu, atta, Aga modalAdavugaLoDane hOlisidAga I viSaya gottAgu
ttade; andu padada eraDaneya angavAgi bandiruva ndu embudu ‘A pada tiLisuvudu ondu hottannu’ embudAgi tiLisuttade.
paTTiya koneyalli bandiruva A, I mattu yAva embuvannu mAtra I rIti eraDu angagaLAgi oDeyalu baruvudilla; Adare, avu hesarupadagaLondige sEri padakantegaLalli baruva kAraNa (A huDuga, I mane, yAva kelasa), avugaLa haravu entahadu embudannu I hesarupadagaLE tiLisuttave endu hELabahudu.
mElina paTTiyalli bAradiruva, endare mUru-mUru rUpa gaLannu koDadiruva kelavu tOrupadagaLU kannaDadalli baLakeyallive: yAru, Enu mattu yAke emba mUru ‘tiLiyada’ tOrupadagaLive; Adare, ivakke samanAgiruva ‘tiLida’ tOrupadagaLu baLakeyallilla.
ivugaLalli yAru embudu yAvanu, yAvaLu mattu yAvaru embuvakke badalAgi baLakeyAguttade; Enu embudu yAvudu mattu yAvuvu embuvakke badalAgi baLakeyAguttade. yAke embudakke ‘kAraNa tiLiyadu’ emba huruLide; Adare, kAraNa tiLidiruvalli baLake yAgaballa tOrupadagaLilla; antaha kaDegaLalli hAgAgi mattu hIgAgi embuvannu baLasabEkAguttade.
idallade, yAvanu, yAvaLu mattu yAvaru embuvakke svalpa maTTige kILarimeyannu koDuva huruLU ide; hAgAgi, adakke badalAgi yAru embudE ivattu heccu baLakeyAguttide.
mElina paTTiyalli koTTiruva atta, itta mattu etta embavu gaLU baLakeyinda bidduhOguttive; avugaLalli modala eraDu padagaLa badalu Ace mattu Ice embavU kANisikoLLuttive.
avanu, avaLu mattu ivanu, ivaLu embavugaLa badalu Ata,
Ake mattu Ita, Ike embavugaLU baLakeyalli kANisikoLLuttive.
I paTTiya modala aydu sAlugaLalliruva padagaLu hesarupadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave, mattu uLida sAlugaLalliruva padagaLu parice padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.
3.6 eNikepadagaLa iTTaLa
eNikepadagaLalli ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku mattu aydu padagaLannu Or, Ir, mUr, nAl, mattu ay eNikebErugaLinda paDeyabahudu; ivugaLalli Or bErige du oTTannu sErisi ondu embudannu paDeyuvalli adakke on rUpa ide; Ir bErige Du oTTannu sErisi eraDu embudannu paDeyuvalli adakke era rUpa ide; uLida mUr, nAl, mattu ay bErugaLige u, ku, mattu du oTTugaLannu sErisi mUru, nAlku mattu aydu padagaLannu paDeya bahudu.
uLida padagaLalli Aru, ELu, enTu mattu hattu padagaLalli iTTaLavannu kANalu baruvudilla. ombattu padavannu Or bErina on rUpakke hattu padavannu sErisi paDeyabahudu; idakke ‘hattakkinta ondu kaDime’ emba huruLide. illi hattu embudu battu emba rUpadalli baruttade.
hannondarinda hattombattara varegina padagaLannu hattu padada hattina padarUpakke ondarinda ombattara varegina padagaLannu sErisi paDeyabahudu. Adare, hattu padakke hesarupattugeya a oTTannu sErisi dAga hattara emba padarUpa siguvudAda kAraNa (4.9.4 nODi), hattina padarUpa hEge bantu embudannu vivarisuvudu kaSTa.
hattina padarUpakke ondu mattu eraDu padagaLa modalu han emba rUpa ide (hannondu, hanneraDu), mUru mattu nAlku padagaLa modalu hadi rUpa ide (hadimUru, hadinAlku), aydu, Aru, ELu, mattu enTu padagaLa modalu hadin rUpa ide (hadinaydu, hadinAru, hadinELu, hadinenTu), mattu ombattu padada munde hatta rUpa ide (hattombattu).
Ir, mUr, nAl mattu ay bErugaLige hattu padavannu sErisi ippattu, mUvattu, naluvattu mattu ayvattu padagaLannu unTumADalAgide; Ir bEru illi ip rUpadalli (2.2.4 mattu
2.2.6 nODi) bandide, mattu adara baLika hattu pada pattu
rUpadalli bandide; mUr mattu nAl bErugaLu mU mattu nalu rUpadalli bandive, mattu avugaLa baLika, mattu ay bErina baLika hattu pada vattu rUpadalli bandide.
aruvattu, eppattu mattu embattu padagaLannu Aru, ELu mattu enTu padagaLige hattu padavannu sErisi paDeyabahudu; I mUru padagaLige illi aru, ep mattu em emba rUpagaLive, mattu avu gaLa baLika hattu padakke vattu, pattu mattu battu emba rUpagaLive. tombattu padadallU tom mattu pattu (hattu) embavugaLannu jODisi paDeyabahudu; Adare, tom embudannu ombattu embuda rondige sambandisuvudu hEge emba toDaku uLidiruttade.
3.7 eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa
samskruta, ingliS, hindi, parSiyan modalAda nuDigaLinda eravalAgi banda halavu padagaLu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyallive. ivugaLa iTTaLa kelavu viSayagaLalli kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa iTTaLakkinta bErAgiruttade. hAgAgi, avannilli bErAgi pariSIlisalAgide.
Adare, kannaDadavE Ada padagaLu, mattu bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu embudAgi kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyalliruva padagaLannu bErpaDisuvudu suLuvAda kelasavEnalla. yAkendare, eravalu padagaLu namma nuDiyalli sAvirAru varSagaLindalU bandu sEruttiddu, avu gaLalli ittIcege bandavugaLu mAtra kannaDadavE Ada padagaLinda bErAgi kANisuttave; uLiduvella halavAru bagegaLalli mArpaTTu, kannaDadavE Ada padagaLondige sErihOgive.
hAgAgi, bEre nuDigaLinda ittIcege eravalAgi banda padagaLannu mAtra illi pariSIlanege ettikoLLalAgide. nijakkU intaha ittIcege eravalAgi banda padagaLannu mAtravE illi pariSIlisabEkAgide; yAkendare, avu mAtra kannaDadavE Ada padagaLinda iTTaLadalli bErA giruttave. kannaDa barahagaLalli kANisikoLLuva intaha padagaLalli samskruta mattu ingliS nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDedavu mukyavAdavugaLu.
3.7.1 samskrutada eravalu padagaLu
kannaDada halavu mandi barahagArarige samskruta padagaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU eggillade kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasabahudu emba anisike yide; avannu kannaDadalli baredoDane avu kannaDadavAgi biDuttave
endu avaru tiLidiruva hAge kANisuttade! idallade, heccinavarigU A rIti eravalu paDeda pada yAvudu, mattu kannaDaddE Ada pada yAvudu embudara tiLuvaLikeೂ iruvudilla. kannaDada heccina padanerakegaLallU SEkaDA ayvattakkintalU heccu samskruta padagaLannu koTTiruvudu, mattu I padagaLigU kannaDaddE Ada padagaLigU naDuve yAva vyatyAsavannU mADadiruvudu I tiLuvaLikeyannu gaTTimADu ttade.
Adare, nijakkU samskruta padagaLu kannaDa padagaLiginta halavu viSaya gaLalli bErAgive: avugaLalli mahAprANa, x, Sha modalAda halavu heccina barigegaLu baLakeyAguttave; kannaDadavE Ada barigegaLu bandiru vallU ska, tka, kShma, pta modalAda halavu heccina ottubarigegaLu baLakeyAguttave; avugaLalli padagaLige oTTugaLannu illavE bEre padagaLannu sErisuva bage bErAgiruttade; mattu hAge sErisuvAga naDeyuva sErikeya mArpADugaLU kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli naDeyuva mArpADugaLiginta bErAgiruttave.
hAgAgi, kannaDa barahagaLalli samskrutada eravalu padagaLannu heccu heccu baLasidaSTU A barahagaLu kannaDada sogaDannu kaLedukoLLuttA hOguttave; mattu idarindAgi, avannu Odi tiLidukoLLuva kelasa heccina kannaDigarigU toDakinadAguttA hOguttade. yAkendare, kannaDigara mAtinalli tumbA kaDime samskruta eravalugaLu kANisikoLLu ttave; mattu hAge kANisikoLLuvavU, kannaDada sogaDannu heccu keDisa dante mArpaTTiruttave.
samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLu kannaDadalli cannAgi hondi koLLuvudillavembudannu gamanisida hindina kAlada kannaDa barahagAraru avugaLalli halavu bageya mArpADugaLannu mADikonDiddaru: SakAra- ShakAragaLige badalAgi sakAravannu baLasuvudu (paSu-pasu, Sarkara- sakkare, AkASa-Agasa, SESha-sEsa), mahAprANagaLa badalu alpaprANa gaLannu baLasuvudu (Sxnkhale-sankale, sangha-sanga, SunThi-sunTi, kathe-kate, bhakti-bakti), xkArada badalu ri illavE i embudannu baLasuvudu (xShi-risi, txNa-tiNa), ottubarigegaLannella immaDi barige gaLAgi illavE otte barigegaLAgi mArpaDisuvudu (samskruta-sakkada, utkaTa-uggaTa, dhvani-dani, AjYe-ANe) modalAda intaha halavu
mArpADugaLa mUlaka samskrutada eravalu padagaLu kannaDada sogaDannu heccu keDisadante nODikoLLalAguttittu.
kannaDakke bEkAgiruva intaha mArpADugaLalli halavu prAkruta mattu pAli nuDigaLalli naDedidduvAda kAraNa, tamage bEkAguva padagaLannu nEravAgi samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeyuva badalu, prAkruta illavE pAliyinda paDeyuva mUlakavU avaru I kelasavannu naDesuttiddaru. Adare, ivattina kannaDa barahagaLalli A rIti mArpaDisiruva samskruta eravalugaLalli sakkare, hiTTu, hakki, bIdi modalAda kelavE kelavu padagaLu mAtra baLakeyalli uLidive; bAki uLiduvella baLakeyinda biddu hOgi, avugaLa badalu jvara, sthAna, xShi, xtu, dOSha, agni modalAda mArpaDisadiruva samskruta eravalugaLu baLakege bandive. kannaDada heccina barahagArarigU samskrutada mElidda mElarime, mattu kannaDada mElidda kILarime idakke kAraNavirabEku.
idallade, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDada sogaDannu uLisikoLLuvante mArpaDisuva hakkannU ivattu kannaDada barahagAraru biTTukoTTiddAre: samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda pada gaLannu samskrutadalli iruva hAgeyE bareyabEku emba kaTTaleyannu avaru tamma mEle horisikonDiddAre. idarindAgi, ivattu samskrutada eravalu padagaLalli yAva rItiya mArpADannu mADikonDarU adu kannaDa barahagArarige tappAgi kANisuttade.
ettugegAgi, samskrutada eravalu padagaLannu bareyuvAga, avannu hEge OduttEveyO hAgeyE bareyuvantaha ‘hosabaraha’ emba kannaDa barahavondannu huTTuhAkalAgide, mattu adannE I pustaka dallU baLasalAgide. idu hindina kAlada kannaDa barahagAraru halavAru samskruta padagaLa maTTige anusarisida dAriyannu, endare kannaDada sogaDannu uLisikoLLuvudakkAgi avaru baLasida holabannu hOlu ttade; hAgiddarU, ivattina halavu barahagArarige I mArpADu kannaDa barahavannu keDisuva hAge kANisuttade!
3.7.2 mArpaDisida padagaLu
mEle sUcisida hAge, mArpaDisida samskruta eravalugaLalli heccinavU ivattina kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyallilla; avugaLa badalu mArpaDisada
samskruta padagaLannE baLasalAguttide. ivugaLalli padagaLa koneya kelavu barigegaLannu mAtra kannaDakke hondikoLLuvante mArpaDisalAgide.
kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyalliruva sakkare, hakki, ANe modalAda mArpaDisida samskruta eravalugaLalli heccinavannU iTTaLavillada pada gaLendE tiLiyabEkAguttade. yAkendare, samskrutada bEre eravalu gaLigU avakkU naDuvidda pattugegaLu avugaLalli naDeda halavu bageya mArpADugaLindAgi heccineDegaLallU kANisadantAgive. ettugegAgi, kavi mattu kAvyagaLa naDuvina pattuge kAvya pada kabba endu mArpaTTiru vudarinda, pAda mattu pAdukegaLa naDuvina pattuge pAduke pada hAvuge embudAgi mArpaTTiruvudarinda, pati, vrata, mattu pativrate padagaLa naDuvina pattuge pativrate pada hadibadeyAgi mArpaTTiru vudarinda kANisadantAgide.
intaha padagaLa caritreyannu pariSIlisidAga mAtra, avugaLigiruva iTTaLada arivu namagAguttade; Adare avugaLa ivattina baLakeyannu mAtravE pariSIlisidalli, avu iTTaLavillada bEre padagaLinda yAva kannaDada rItiyallU sollarimeya maTTige avu iTTaLavillada padagaLE.
kANisuvudilla.
bEreyavAgi
hAgAgi,
kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyalliruva intaha kelavu mArpaDisida samskruta eravalugaLannu, mattu avugaLa samskruta mUlavannu keLage paTTi mADalAgide:
agga
argha AScarya accari AjYe ANe kAmsya kancu SaShkuli cakkuli
dyUta jUju nidrA nidde hiTTu piShTa vandhyA banje varti batti dvitIye bidige SmaSAna masaNa SxnkhalA sankale
SUnya
sonne
Arya ajja AkASa Agasa iShTaka iTTige kartari kattari yavvana javvana tANa sthAna pakShi hakki pustaka hottage varNa baNNa vasati basadi vEtra betta sandhyA sanje suNNa cUrNa halage phalaka
3.7.3 mArpaDisada padagaLu
mArpaDisada samskruta eravalugaLendu illi karediruva padagaLu nijakkU tusuvU mArpaDada padagaLalla; kannaDada barahakke mattu sollarimeya kaTTalegaLige hondikoLLuvante avugaLallU kelavu mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLalAgide; ettugegAgi, padagaLa koneya udda tereyuligaLannu giDDa tereyuligaLAgi (mattu A embudannu e embudAgi) mArpaDisa lAgide (SAlA>SAle, jananI>janani), mattu avugaLa koneya mucculigaLa baLika tereyuliyondannu sErisikoLLalAgide (manas> manassu). intaha eravalugaLalli yAvudE ondu padakke iTTaLavideyE, illavE embudannu tIrmAnisuvalli adakkU kannaDa barahadalli ivattu baLakeyalliruva bEre samskruta eravalugaLigU naDuviruva pattuge mAtra AdAravAgaballudu. samskrutada sollarime(vyAkaraNa)yalli adakke koTTiruva iTTaLavannu, mattu adara hindiruva kaTTalegaLannu I sandarba dalli neravige baLasabahudEnO nija; Adare, A kaTTalegaLannu hAgeyE kannaDada sollarimeyalli tandirisuvudu sariyalla.
ettugegAgi, samskrutada sollarimeyalli heccukaDime ellA hesaru padagaLannU iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu tiLiyalAguttade; yAkendare, avannella esakabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi paDeyalu baruttade. Adare, kannaDada sollarimeya maTTige ivugaLalli heccinavU iTTaLa villada padagaLu; eravalAgi bandiruva bEre hesarupadagaLondige pattugeyannu tOrisuva nagara-upanagara, vivEki, avivEki, rasa- rasika, kavi-kAvya modalAda kelavE kelavannu mAtra iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu hELaballevu.
hAgAgi, ondu bageya barahadalli intaha eSTu padagaLu eravalAgi bandive embudara mElU avugaLalli eSTu padagaLannu iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu tiLiyabahudu embudu avalambiside. tumbA kaDime padagaLannu eravalu paDedu baLasuva ellara kannaDadantaha barahadalli kelavE kelavu padagaLannu mAtra iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu tiLidare sAku. idallade, kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva eravalu padagaLa iTTaLavannu kannaDa sollarimeya kOnadinda nODabEkallade, samskruta sollarimeya kOnadinda nODuvudu sariyalla. ettugegAgi, kannaDa
dalli mukyavAgi hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepada emba mUru bageya padagaLu baLakeyallive; Adare, samskrutadalli hesarupada mattu esakapada emba eraDu bageya padagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive. parice padagaLemba mUranE bageya padagaLu samskrutadallilla; antaha padagaLu adaralli hesarupadagaLondige sErikoLLuttave.
kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva samskruta eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa vannu vivarisuvAga, kannaDakke avaSyaviruva I hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru bageya padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisalu baruvudilla. Adare, samskrutadalli I vyatyAsa illadiru vudu illi kelavu toDarugaLannU tandoDDuttade.
kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva samskruta eravalugaLalli oTTisida padagaLu mattu jODupadagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, kAvya padavannu kavi padakke ya oTTannu sErisi paDeyabahudAda kAraNa, adannondu oTTisida padavendu tiLiyabahudu, mattu lagnapatrike padavannu lagna mattu patrike emba eraDu padagaLannu jODisi paDeyabahudAda kAraNa, adannondu jODupadavendu tiLiyabahudu.
oTTisida padagaLalli (1) hesarupadagaLinda paricepadagaLannu paDeyu vudu (samAja-sAmAjika, yantra-yAntrika), (2) paricepada gaLinda hesarupadagaLannu paDeyuvudu (yOgya-yOgyate, aSakta- asaktate; svatantra-svAtantrya, unnata-avnatya), (3) hesarupadaga Linda bEre hesarupadagaLannu paDeyuvudu (rAja-rAjya, jIva-jIvi, rOga-rOgi; naTa-naTi, sEvaka-sEvaki) mattu (4) hesaru illavE paricepadagaLige kannaDada isu oTTannu sErisi esakapadagaLannu paDeyu vudu (pUje-pUjisu, vancane-vancisu, ruci-rucisu) embudAgi nAlku bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu.
Adare mEle tiLisida hAge, samskrutadalli hesarupada-paricepada vyatyAsa illavAda kAraNa, hesarupadagaLinda paricepadagaLannu paDeyu valli baLakeyAgiruva ellA oTTugaLU hesarupadagaLinda bEre hesaru kANabahudu. paDeyuvalliyU baLakeyAgiruvudannu padagaLannu idarindAgi, samskruta eravalu padagaLannu kannaDadalli baLasuvAga, adakke bEkAguva hesarupada-paricepada vyatyAsavannu kaTTuniTTAgi uLisi koLLalu baruvudilla; samskruta eravalugaLannu arimeya barahagaLalli
baLasuvAga idu hEge gondalavannunTumADuttade embudannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa hottageyalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
jODupadagaLalli hesarupadakke bErondu hesarupadavannu sErisi unTumADidavu (mAnada hAni - mAnahAni, yugada Adi - yugAdi), mattu hesarupadakke paricepadavannu sErisi unTumADidavu (paralOka, mUlanivAsi, mahAnagara) embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu.
idallade,
samskrutada eravalugaLannu padagaLondige baLasi kUDupadagaLannU paDeyalAguttade.
kannaDada
kelavu esaka
3.7.8 ingliSna eravalupadagaLu
ingliSninda padagaLu kannaDakke eraDu alegaLalli eravalAgi bandive. ivugaLalli modalanE aleya padagaLu ingliS janara mAtininda nEravAgi bandavugaLirabEku; avara mAtannu kELuttiruvAga, avugaLalli baLakeyAguttidda I kelavu padagaLu kannaDigara mAtinalli eravalAgi bandu sErikonDirabEku; eraDanE aleya padagaLu A rIti ingliS janara mAtininda nEravAgi barade, avara nuDiyannu kalita kannaDigara mAtininda bandirabEku.
I eraDu alegaLige sErida eravalu padagaLa naDuviruva ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavendare, modalanE aleyalli banda padagaLalli ingliSna Na mattu ja mucculigaLu takAra mattu dakAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave; idakke badalu, eraDanE aleyalli banda padagaLalli avu TakAra mattu DakAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. idakke kelavu ettuge gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
modalanE aleya padagaLu receipt tar treasury captain saint dress
raSIti(di) tAru tijOri kaptAna santa dirasu
eraDanE aleya padagaLu poultice gazette jacket seat loot load
pOlTIsu gajeTTu jAkITu sITu lUTi lODu
godown ryot
gOdAmu rayta
godown decree
gaDangu Dikri
I eraDU alegaLallU ingliS eravalugaLu bahaLa maTTige kannaDa padagaLannu hOluvante badalAgive. ettugegAgi, mucculiyalli kone goLLuva padagaLella tereyuliyalli konegoLLuvantAgive: ondE ulikanteyiruva padagaLalli udda tereyuliyittAdare avugaLa kone yalli ukAra sErikonDide (cITu, sITu, kEpu, gOlu, bIru) mattu giDDa tereyuliyittAdare ukAra sEruvudarondige avugaLa koneya mucculi immaDiyAgide (kappu, gallu, villu).
Adare, ittIcege eravalAgi banda padagaLalli padagaLa koneya mucculi hAgeyE uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu (kampyUTar, sisTam, kap, porIgrEm).
intaha eravalugaLu heccu heccu kannaDa barahadalli sEriduvAdare, samskruta eravalugaLa hAge avugaLallU iTTaLagaLannu kANaballevu. idakkAgi avannu oTTusErisi kannaDada kOnadinda pariSIlisabEkAgu ttade.
kannaDada kUDupadagaLalli, mattu jODupadagaLalli ingliS eravalu gaLu heccu suLuvAgi hondikoLLaballuvu: An mADu, An Agu; klik mADu, pres mADu modalAdavugaLalli Agu mattu mADu esakapadagaLondige ingliS eravalugaLannu baLasi halavu bageya kUDupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide, mattu seTdOse, biDhaNa modalAda jODupadagaLannU unTumADalAgide.
3.8 tiruLu
I pasugeyalli hesarupadagaLannu biTTu uLida padagaLa, endare esaka padagaLa, paricepadagaLa, tOrupadagaLa mattu eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa entahadu embudannu vivarisalAgide.
(1) esakapadagaLalli oTTisida padagaLu mattu kUDupadagaLu embu dAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu; oTTisida padagaLalli hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTu kUDupadagaLalli hesarupada, mattu mADiruva esakapadagaLive,
paricepada, mattu mukyavAgi esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLige kelavu heccina huruLugaLannu koDaballa esakapadagaLannu sErisi paDediruva esakapadagaLive.
(2) kelavu paricebErugaLinda paricepadagaLannu paDeyalAguttade; avakkU, hesarupada mattu esakapadagaLigU kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi, hesaruparice mattu esakaparicegaLemba bEre eraDu bageya parice padagaLannU unTumADalAguttade. idallade, tusu hottu naDeyuva esakagaLa paricegaLu, mattu ommegE naDeduhOguva esakagaLa parice gaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya aNakapadagaLindalU paricepadagaLannu unTumADalAguttade.
(3) tOrupadagaLalli mukyavAgi eraDu angagaLiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasavannu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneyadu avugaLa haravannu tiLisuttade.
(4) mukyavAgi samskruta mattu ingliS emba eraDu nuDigaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLiddu, avugaLa iTTaLada kuritu illi aDakavAgi tiLisalAgide.