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1. munnOTa
vyAkaraNa
emba padada badalu, kannaDaddE Ada
1.1 vyAkaraNa mattu sollarime
sollarime samskrutada emba padavannu nAnilli baLasiddEne. kannaDigara maTTige hELuvudAdare, ‘vyAkaraNa embudu yAva kelasakkU bArada toDaku toDakAda ondu kagganTu’ emba anisike ivattu adannu kaliyuvavara manassinallide. adara kelavomme haLegannaDadinda, mattu bEre kelavomme hosagannaDadinda ettugegaLannu koDabEkAgi baruvudu I anisikeyannu gaTTimADuttade.
samskrutadinda,
niyamagaLige
kelavomme
kannaDa vyAkaraNa intahadondu kagganTAgalu adannu modalige
bareyahoraTa vidvAmsaru Agina kAladalli samskrutakkidda tumbA kliSTavAda pANiniya vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgi irisikonDudE mukya kAraNa. adu tumbA kliSTavAgidda kAraNa, adarallidda kaTTalegaLannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuva kelasavannaSTE mADalu avarige sAdyavAgittu. kannaDada nijavAda vyAkaraNa entahadu embudannu kanDukoLLalu I kliSTavAda samskruta vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLu avarige aDDiyAgidduvu.
kannaDada
gamanisi,
avara baLika bandavarigU I toDakininda horabaralu AgalE illa. idallade, haLegannaDada samayadinda hosagannaDada samayakke baruvAga kannaDa nuDiyallU halavu mArpADugaLu naDedidduvu; ivannella vyAkaraNavannu badalAyisikoLLuva kelasavannU sariyAgi naDesalu avarige sAdyavAgalilla. I kAraNakkAgi, ivattina SAlAvyAkaraNagaLalli baruva kaTTalegaLannu hosagannaDada padagaLannu, padarUpagaLannu mattu sollugaLannu mAtravE koTTu vivarisalu baruvudilla. nijakkU I vyAkaraNagaLu hosagannaDada vyAkaraNagaLE alla embudannu nAnu nanna kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa emba pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
vyAkaraNavembudu antaha vicitravAda viSayavEnalla. nAvu mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga salIsAgi baLasuttiruva sollugaLa iTTaLa entahadu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudaSTE adara
guriyAgiruttade. I viSayada mEle ottukoDuvudakkAgi, mattu vyAkaraNa anisikeyannu hOgalADisuvudakkAgi, I pustakadalli A padada badalu ‘sollugaLa ALavAda tiLuvaLike’avemba huruLannu koDaballa sollarime emba bEreyE ondu padavannu baLasiddEne.
koDuva
emba
pada
kahi
1.1.1 sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu
nAvu mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga halavAru sollugaLannu embudaralli ondu sollide; unTumADuttiruttEve. elligU hOgabEDa. illE iru. bEga bandubiDuttEne embudaralli mUru sollugaLive.
manege hOgu
I rIti sollugaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi nAvu halavAru manege hOgu kaTTalegaLannu baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, emba sollannu unTumADabEkiddalli mane padakke ge oTTannu sErisabEku. idakke badalu, emba sollannu mane emba bErondu oTTannu unTumADabEkiddalli, sErisabEku, mattu hAge sErisuvAga mane padada baLika ondu yakAravannU baLasabEku.
maneyinda bEga bA inda
padakke
nAvu intaha
sollugaLannu mattu avugaLalli baruva padagaLa rUpagaLannu kaTTalegaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi baLasabEkAguttade. ivannu endu kareyabahudu. mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga ivellavannU nAvu suLuvAgi baLasuttiruttEve. avannu baLasade nAvu ondu sollannU ADalArevu mattu bareyalArevu.
kaTTalegaLu
sollarimeya
nUrAru
cikkandinalli mAtanADalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuttiruvAgalEnE intaha nUrAru kaTTalegaLannu nAvu kalitukonDiruttEve. Adare, avannu baLasuvudu hEge embudannu nAvu kalitiruttEvallade, avu entahavu embudannu tiLidiruvudilla. avu namma miduLinalli arivige eTakada rUpadallE rUpadalli baLakeyAguttiruttave.
nelenintiruttave,
mattu A
ettugegAgi, manege mane mattu kke
sUcisida hAge, oTTige ge, ige
emba padavannu baLasabEkAdAga, mEle ge oTTannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade. I haLLige embudaralli
padakke emba mUru rUpagaLive:
rUpa ide (haLLi+ge), kADige embudaralli ige rUpa ide beTTakke embudaralli kke rUpa ide (beTTa+kke). sariyAgi kannaDavannu ballavarellarU
rUpagaLannu
ge (kADu+ige), mattu mUru F baLasaballaru.
idallade, ge oTTina I rUpagaLannu padagaLige sErisuvAga, padagaLallU D kelavomme mArpADugaLannu kelavu ige embudannu sErisuvAga mADikoLLabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, kADu padada koneya ukAravannu tegeduhAkabEkAguttade. ge oTTigiruva mUru rUpagaLalli tammedurigiruva padakke takkudAda rUpavannu baLasuva, mattu hAge baLasuvAga A padadalli takkudAda mArpADugaLannu naDesuva bage hEge embudu kannaDa ballavarigellarigU gottide; Adare, avaralli heccinavarU adannu innobbarige vivarisi hELalAraru. yAkendare, I mAtina illavE barahada hindiruva kaTTalegaLu avara miduLinalli tiLivige eTakuva rUpadallilla.
nAvu sulabavAgi baLasaballa I kaTTalegaLu entahavu embudannu tiLiyabEkendiddalli (endare avu namma tiLivige eTakuva hAge mADabEkiddalli) namma mAtinalli illavE barahadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLigiruva ge rUpagaLannu oTTu sErisabEku, mattu avugaLa hinde entaha kaTTalegaLu aDagive embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEku. idannu nAvu nEravAgi yArannU kELi tiLidukoLLalu baruvudilla. yAkendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, avu ellara miduLinallU arivige eTakada rUpadalli mAtravE iruttave, mattu arivige eTakada rUpadallE baLakeyAguttiruttave.
1.1.2 gegegege rUpada hindiruva kaTTalegaLu
namma barahadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLa ge rUpagaLannu gamanisidalli, avugaLa baLakeya hinde keLage koTTiruva kaTTalegaLu aDagiruvudu kANisuttade.
(1) i barigeyalli illavE e barigeyalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika adu ge rUpadalli baruttade (ajji-ajjige; kuri-kurige; hakki- hakkige; atte-attege; mane-manege; kere-kerege);
(magaLu-magaLige;
(2) u barigeyalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika ige rUpadalli kADu-kADige; haNNu-haNNige; baruttade hallu-hallige), mattu adannu sErisidAga padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade; idallade, intaha padagaLalli eraDu barigekantegaLu mAtra iddu, avugaLalli ottubarige illavE udda tereyuli illavAdalli, A rIti ukAra bidduhOguva badalu, avugaLigU ige oTTigU naDuve ondu v barige sErikoLLuttade (magu-maguvige, karu-karuvige, gaDu-gaDuvige);
barigeyalli konegoLLuva pada mAnavanannu gurutisuvudAdare, adara baLikavU I oTTu ige rUpadalli baruttade, mattu adara modalu ondu n barige sErikoLLuttade (aNNa-aNNanige; heDDa- heDDanige; akka-akkanige);
(3) C
(4) mAnavarannu horatupaDisi itara prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvantaha a barigeyalli konegoLLuva padada baLika I oTTu kke rUpadalli baruttade (mara-marakke; aTTa-aTTakke, huLa- huLakke, heggaNa-heggaNakke).
idu ge-oTTina baLakeya hindiruva kaTTalegaLa aDakarUpa mAtra. idakke kelavu horapaDikegaLive, mattu bEreyU kelavu toDarugaLive. ettugegAgi, akAradalli konegoLLuva keLa padakke keLakke emba rUpa mAtravallade keLage emba bErondu rUpavU ide; idallade, averaDara naDuve huruLinalli vyatyAsavU iruva hAgide.
ondu, eraDu, mUru, hattu, nUru modalAda eNikeya padagaLu ukAradalli konegoLLuttaveyAdarU, avugaLa baLika idakke kke rUpa ide (hattakke, nUrakke); intaha viSayagaLannella vivarisidAga mAtra, ge emba ondu oTTannu baLasalu bEkAguva kaTTalegaLa iDI rUpa sigaballudu (4.8.2 nODi).
1.1.3 bEre bageya kaTTalegaLu
padagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisuvalli mAtravalla, padagaLannu padakantegaLAgi mattu sollugaLAgi jODisuvalli, mattu sollugaLannu kuraLugaLAgi halavu kaTTalegaLu jODisuvalliyU mattu barahagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave. ettugegAgi, cikka huDugi ennuttEve; Adare,
ennuvudilla;
huDugi cikkavaLu *huDugi cikka ennuttEve. banda mEle ennuttEve; Adare, *baruva mEle ennuvudilla; baruva modalu ennuttEve; nanna kappu kUdalu ennuttEve; Adare, *kappu nanna kUdalu illavE *kUdalu nanna kappu ennuvudilla.
eraDu sollugaLannu sErisi ondu sollAgi mADi baLasalu halavu holabugaLive; ettugegAgi, mattu, illavE, Adare modalAda kelavu padagaLannu baLasi sollugaLannu jODisabahudu: (rAju manege banda mattu UTa mADida); illavE, modalanE sollina esakapadada konerUpavannu jODisuva rUpakke mArpaDisiyU adannu eraDaneya sollinondige jODisabahudu: (rAju manege bandu UTa mADida). Adare ellA bageya sollugaLannU I eraDaneya holabannu baLasi jODisalu baruvudilla; adara baLakeya hinde ondu kaTTaleyiddu, ellarigU adu tiLidide. Adare, A kaTTaleyentahadu embudannu heccinavarU vivarisi hELalAraru.
‘jODisabEkAgiruva eraDu sollugaLU mADuhagaLAgiddalli avugaLa mADugaru obbanE vyaktiyAgirabEku’ embudE I kaTTale. ettugegAgi, mEle koTTiruva rAju manege bandu UTa mADida sollinalli ‘manega banda’ vyaktiyU ‘UTa mADida’ vyaktiyU obbanE. jODisabEkAgiruva vyaktigaLu mADugarAgiddalli, avannu I rIti esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpada mUlaka jODisalu baruvudilla.
sollugaLalli
bEre
bEre
ettugegAgi, *rAju manege bandu jAnaki UTa mADidaLu emba sollu sariyendu namage anisuvudilla. adara eraDu sollugaLalli bandiruva mADugaru bEre bErAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa: ‘manege bandavanu’ rAju mattu ‘UTa mADidavaLu’ jAnaki. idakke modalu koTTiruva sollinalli ‘manege bandavanu’ mattu ‘UTa mADidavanu’ obbanE vyaktiyAda kAraNa, A sollu namage sariyendu anisuttade.
idallade, mADuhadondige Aguhavannu sErisiruvalli avugaLalli bEre bEre vyaktigaLu toDagiddarU tondareyAguvudilla. ettugegAgi, rAju manege bandu jAnakige tondareyAyitu emba sollu sariyAgideyendu sollinalli ondu namage anisuttade; I mADuhavannu innondu mADuhadondige jODisuva badalu, ondu Aguhadondige jODisalAgide.
mAtinalli illavE barahadalli baLakeyAguva intaha nUrAru kaTTalegaLannu oTTu sErisuva mUlaka ondu nuDiya sollarimeyannu bareyalAguttade; endare, mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga nijakkU nAvu Enu mADuttiddEve embudannu sollarime tiLisuttade; namage gottiddarU namma tiLivige eTakadantiruva I sollina kaTTalegaLannu adu namma tiLivige eTakuvante mADuttade. hAgAgi, sollarimeyondaralli baruva yAvudE ondu kaTTale sariyO illavE tapopI embudannu mAtinalli illavE barahadalli baruva sollugaLannu hEge unTumADalAgide embudannu gamanisuva mUlaka tIrmAnisalu baruttade.
1.2 kannaDada halavu bagegaLu
mattu halavu bageya ADunuDigaLu, oLanuDigaLu kannaDakke hottunuDigaLive. Urininda Urige mattu jAtiyinda jAtige adaralli kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLu ADunuDiya vyatyAsagaLu; baLakeyinda baLakege kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLu oLanuDiya vyatyAsagaLu; mattu, talemArininda talemArige kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLu hottunuDiya vyatyAsagaLu.
ivugaLalli UrugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu mukyavAgi havyaka, hAlakki, kOTa modalAda karAvaLiya ADunuDigaLigU maysUru, dAravADa, gulbarga modalAda oLanADina ADunuDigaLigU naDuve kANisuttave; idallade, oLanADina ADunuDigaLallU tenku mattu baDagu ADunuDigaLa naDuve kelavu mukyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. idakke badalu, jAtigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu mukyavAgi UroLaginavara ADunuDi, Ura horaginavara ADunuDi, mattu brAhmaNara ADunuDi embudAgi mUru bageya ADunuDigaLa naDuve kANisuttave.
idallade, soligara kannaDa, baDagara kannaDa, kurumbara kannaDa embantaha mElina ADunuDigaLinda tIra bErAgiruva bEre kelavu ADunuDigaLU kannaDakkive. ivugaLalli baDagara kannaDavannantU kelavaru bEreyE ondu nuDiyendu tiLiyuttAre.
kannaDakke kelavu oLanuDigaLU ive; ivu adara halavu bageya baLakegaLannavalambisi mAtinalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU barahadalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU naDuve
beLedubandive.
ettugegAgi,
vyatyAsagaLive;
hAgAgi, barahada
halavu kannaDavannu ondu oLanuDiyendu kareyaballevu. barahada kannaDadallU suddihALegaLalli kate-kAdambarigaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU arimeya illavE barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU naDuve kelavu vyatyAsagaLive, mattu ivakkU kOrTina barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU naDuve kelavu vyatyAsagaLive. jAhIrAtugaLa kannaDa, talebarahagaLa kannaDa embantaha bEreyU kelavu oLanuDigaLannu kannaDada baLakeyalli kANabahudu.
hIge, halavu bageya kelasagaLalli kannaDada baLakeyAguttiruvante, mattu I halavu bageya oLanuDigaLU
mUDibaruttave,
adaralli halavu mArpADugaLindAgi, adaralli mUDibaruttave.
mArpADugaLu
vyatyAsagaLannu
kannaDadalli halavu
Uru, jAti mattu baLakegaLannavalambisi mAtravallade, hottannu kANaballevu. avalambisiyU ettugegAgi, ondu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda kannaDakkU ivattina kannaDakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. talemArininda talemArige naDeyuttA baruttiruvudE idakke kAraNa. ondE talemArina janarallU, avaru cikkavariddAga ADuttidda nuDigU, doDDavarAda mEle ADuva nuDigU naDuve halavu vyAtyAsagaLiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. intaha hottina mArpADugaLindAgi, haLegannaDavAgidda nuDi naDugannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgide.
mArpADugaLu
kannaDadalli
halavAru
kannaDada sollarimeyannu bareyabEkendiruvavaru adakkiruva intaha halavu ADunuDi, oLanuDi, mattu hottunuDigaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu ArisikoLLabEkAguttade. I pustakadalli idakkAgi hosagannaDada ondu oLanuDiyannu ArisikoLLalAgide, mattu adakke ellara kannaDa emba hesarannu koDalAgide.
1.2.1 yAvudu ellara kannaDa?
karnATakadalli ellarU tamma barahagaLalli baLasuvantaha ondu oLanuDiyide. ettugegAgi, hubbaLLiyinda horabaruva samyukta karnATakadalli, bengaLUrininda horabaruva prajAvANi illavE vijaya horabaruva udayavANiyalli kannaDa baLakeyAguttade. I UrugaLalli janaru bEre bEre bageya
kaDime ondE bageya
mattu uDupiyinda
karnATakadalli,
heccu
ADunuDigaLannu baLasuvudiddarU, suddihALegaLalli bareyuvavaru heccu kaDime ondE bageya kannaDavannu baLasuttAre.
ettugegAgi, hubbaLLiya ADunuDiyalli padagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade (mane>mani, ele>yali, kAge>kAgi, bare>bari, koLe>kvaLi). Adare, samyukta karnATakadalli bareyuvavaru sAmAnyavAgi padagaLa koneya ekAravannu ikAravAgi badalAyisade hAgeyE uLisikoLLuttAre. bengaLUrina halavara ADunuDiyalli padagaLa modalina hakAra bidduhOguttade (haNe>aNe, hAlu>Alu, huli>uli). Adare, prajAvANi illavE vijaya karnATakadalli bareyuvavaru I hakAravannu heccineDegaLallU uLisikoLLuttAre. karAvaLiya kannaDada ADunuDigaLU halavu viSayagaLalli oLanADina ADunuDigaLinda bErAgive; Adare, udayavANiyalli bareyuvavaru heccina maTTige bEre suddihALegaLalli baLakeyAguvantaha oLanuDiyannE baLasahOguttAre.
suddihALegaLalli mAtravallade, bEre halavu bageya barahagaLallU idE oLanuDi baLakeyAguttade: kate-kAdambarigaLallU I oLanuDiyE baLakeyAguttade; sULunuDigaLu (sambASaNegaLu) baruvalli mAtra, kelavaru avu ADunuDiyallive emba anisike baruva hAge, avugaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLuttAre. bEre halavu bageya barahagaLallU I oLanuDiya baLakeyannu kANabahudu. idallade, SAlegaLalli makkaLige Odalu mattu bareyalu idE oLanuDiyannu kalisuttAre, mattu avara kalikeya pustakagaLalli idannE baLasuttAre.
embudAgi
hesarisalAgide. barahagaLalli
I rIti, karnATakadalli ellarU Odalu-bareyalu kaliyuva, mattu tamma barahagaLalli baLasalu kaliyuva I oLanuDiyannu illi ellara kannaDa mAtravallade mAtinalliyU I oLanuDiya baLakeyannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAda ADunuDigaLannu mattu tuLu, konkaNi, marATi modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLannu baLasuva karAvaLiya janaru, tammadallada bEre ADunuDi illavE nuDigaLannu ADuvavarondige mAtanADuvAga, halaveDegaLalli I ellara kannaDavannE baLasuttAre. bEre kaDegaLallU halavu sandarbagaLalli (taragatigaLalli mattu sabe-samArambagaLalli) ADumAtina badalu ellara kannaDavannE baLasabEkAguttade.
mattu
Adare, idu mukyavAgi barahada kannaDavAgide; idaralli entaha padagaLannu padarUpagaLannu baLasabahudu, entahavannu baLasabAradu, idara sollugaLu entahavAgirabEku embudannella barahagaLE nirdarisuttave; mAtinalli baLakeyAdAga, ivugaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLu naDeyabahudu; ettugegAgi, padarUpagaLalli kelavu tereyuligaLu bidduhOgabahudu: mADuttAne embudu mADtAne endAgabahudu; Adare intaha heccina mArpADugaLU mAtinallE uLiyuttavallade barahakke iLiyuvudilla.
1.2.2 ellara kannaDa ivattu ellaradAgilla
kannaDadalli Odubarahavannu kaliyuvavarellarU heccukaDime ondE bageya barahada oLanuDiyannu kaliyuttiddAre mattu baLasuttiddAre embudara mEle, adannu illi ellara kannaDa embudAgi kareyalAgide. Adare, nijakkU idu ivattu ellara kannaDavAgilla; yAkendare, nUraralli ayvattakkintalU kaDime mandi kannaDigaru mAtra ivattu barahagaLannu Odaballaru, mattu avugaLalli Enu hELalAgide embudannu tiLidukoLLaballaru. uLidavarella barahadinda dUravE uLiyuttiddAre.
monne monneya varege idarinda heccina
tondareyEnU Aguttiralilla. yAkendare, mukyavAgi kate, kavite, nATaka, purANa modalAda nalbarahagaLigAgi mAtravE barahavannu baLasalAguttittu. Adare, ivattu antahavugaLigintalU janarige tiLuvaLikeyannu koDuvantaha kelasagaLallEnE barahagaLannu heccu heccu baLasalAguttide. ivu ellarigU bEkAguvantaha barahagaLu.
ettugegAgi, Ti.vi., rEDiyO, miksi, mobaylu modalAda halavAru bageya upakaraNagaLannu ivattu ellarU baLasuttiddAre; bEkAguva avannu tiLuvaLikeyannu avaru paDedirabEkAguttade. Adare, I tiLuvaLike kaypiDigaLalliruttade, mattu avugaLinda adannu baraha ballavaru mAtravE paDeyaballaru.
sariyAgi baLasabEkiddalli, adakke
keDisade
beLegaLannu
beLeyuvalli,
bIjagaLannu ArisikoLLuvalli, avakke gobbara, pUciyaLika modalAduvannu tappade hAkuvalli, mattu beLeda beLeyannu lAba huTTuvante mArATa
adakkAgi
oLLE
mADuvalli neravAguttave.
sariyAda
tiLuvaLikeyannu
paDeyalu barahagaLu
namma nADina ADaLita ivattu janara kayge bandide; idannavaru sariyAgi naDesabEkiddalli, tAvu Aydu kaLisida janaru nijakkU Enu mADuttiddAre embudannu tiLidirabEku. I tiLuvaLikeyU mukyavAgi suddihALegaLantaha barahagaLalliruttade. Odalu-bareyalu bAradavaru I tiLuvaLikeyinda dUra uLiyuttAre, mattu idarindAgi nADina ADaLita avara hatOTiyalli uLiyuvudilla.
janarige ivattu jIvanadalli intaha nUrAru bageya tiLuvaLikegaLu bEkAguttave, mattu avugaLalli heccinavannU avaru barahagaLa mUlaka mAtravE paDeyaballaru. hAgAgi, baraha tiLiyadavaru ivattu nemmadiya bALveyannu naDesalAraru. avaru kaNNiddarU kuruDara hAgirabEkAgide.
1.2.3 ellaradAgalu Enu mADabEku?
ellA kannaDigarU kannaDa barahagaLannu Odalu mattu bareyalu tiLidiruvante mADalu ivattu nAvu kannaDa barahada maTTige Enu mADabahudu, mattu Enu mADabEkAgide embudannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa emba pustakadalli vivarisiddEne. janarige tiLuvaLikeyannu koDuvantaha barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva ellara kannaDa AdaSTu maTTige avara ADunuDige hattiravirabEkembudE illi mukyavAda viSaya. Adare, bEre bEre Urina mattu jAtiya janaru bEre bEre ADunuDigaLannu baLasuttiruva kAraNa, avarellarigU samAnavAgirabEkAgiruva ellara kannaDa avaru baLasuva ADunuDigaLinda tusuvAdarU bErAgiralEbEkAguttade.
hIgiddarU, janara ADunuDigaLigU ellara kannaDakkU naDuve ivattu kanDubaruva vyatyAsagaLalli halavannu nAvu illavAgisaballevu, mattu hAge mADidalli, Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuva kelasa ellarigU heccu suLuvAgaballudu.
ivattina barahagaLalli baLakeyAguttiruva ellara kannaDa eraDu viSayagaLalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuvavarige toDakannu oDDuttide: samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu, avugaLa Odu samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE illavE ulipu hEgeyE irali,
bareyabEku emba kannaDakke tIra anavaSyakavAda kaTTaleyondannu mADikonDiruvudu modalaneya toDaku, mattu bEkiruvallU bEDadiruvallU samskrutadinda heccu heccu padagaLannu eravalu paDedu baLasuttiruvudu eraDaneya toDaku.
(1) modalanE toDakige parihAra ivugaLalli modalaneya toDakinindAgi, kannaDakke bEkAguva 31 barigegaLa badalu, ivattu 48 barigegaLannu (endare 17 heccina barigegaLannu) kannaDa barahadalli baLasabEkAgide. Adare, I barigegaLu heccina kannaDigara Odu illavE mAtinalli kANisikoLLuvudilla. ettugegAgi, adhikAri, viSESha, txpti, buddhi, duHkha, bhakti modalAda padagaLu Odinalli illavE mAtinalli adikAri, viSESa, trupti, buddi, dukka, bakti embudAgi kANisikoLLuttave. Odinallilladiruva vyatyAsavannu barahadalli tOrisuvudu tumbA toDakina kelasa. idarindAgi, ivattu kannaDa barahada kalike heccina kannaDigarigU toDakinadAgi kANisuttade.
nijakkU kannaDakke bEkAgillada I kaTTaleyannu ellara kannaDada baraha dinda tegeduhAkidalli, adakke I 17 heccina barigegaLu bEkAguvudilla; endare, barE 31 barigegaLu mAtra sAkAguttade. intaha barahavannu nAnu hosa baraha endu karediddEne. I rIti kannaDada padagaLa hAge, mattu ingliS, hindi modalAda bEre nuDigaLinda eravalu paDeda padagaLa hAge, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannU Oduva hAgeyE bareyatoDaguvudarinda Enu prayOjana embudakke nAnu nanna kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa pustakadalli oTTu enTu mukya kAraNagaLannu koTTiddEne. avannu illi aDakavAgi koDalAgide:
(1) cikka makkaLige (adarallU keLavargada makkaLige) mattu baraha bArada doDDavarige kannaDa barahavannu kalisuva kelasa sulabavAguttade. avarige 50 akSaragaLa badalu barE 31 akSaragaLannu kalisidare sAku.
(2) ellA padagaLannU Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, ivattu kannaDadalliruva spelling samasye pUrti illavAguttade. antaha spelling samasyeyillada barahavannu makkaLu ondu varSadalli eSTu kaliya ballarO aSTannu kaliyalu spelling samasyeyiruva ingliSnantaha barahavannu kaliyalu eraDUvare varSa bEkAguttadeyendu samSOdane gaLu tOrisikoTTive.
(3) ivattu kannaDada dinapatrikegaLalli mattu kate-kAdambarigaLalli tumbA heccu accina tappugaLu kANisuvudu mahAprANAkSara, ShakAra, mattu xkAragaLa baLakeyalli. ivu sAmAnyavAgi hosa barahadalli baruvudillavAda kAraNa, adannu baLasidalli I tappugaLellavU illa vAguttave. (halavu janarige hakArada (illavE SakArada) baLakeyU tondareyadAgi kANisuttade; Adare sadyakkantU A viSayadalli nAvEnU mADalArevu).
(4) barahagArarige elli yAva akSaragaLannu baLasabEku emba viSayadalli samSayavELuvudu mElina akSaragaLa baLakeyalli mAtra. avannu Oduva hAge bareyadiruvudE idakke kAraNa. hosa barahadalli I samSayagaLella illavAguttave.
(5) keLavargada makkaLige uccAraNeyallillada I heccina akSaragaLannu kaliyalu tumbA kaSTavendenisuva kAraNa avaralli kILarimeyunTAgu ttade, mattu idarindAgi avaru tamma kalikeyannu naDuvinallE biTTu biDuttAre. hosa barahada baLakeyAdalli I tondareyilla.
(6) hosa barahadalli beraLaccu mADuvudu mattu kampyUTarinalli bareyuvudu sulaba; SiphT kIyannu tumbA kaDime bAri otta bEkAguttade.
(7) padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, barahakkU
ADumAtigU naDuviruva antara kaDimeyAguttade.
(8) barahada kliSTate mattu krutakategaLu kaDimeyAguttave, mattu
idarindAgi baraha heccu jIvantavAgi kANisuttade.
nanna ittIcegina kannaDa vyAkaraNa yAke bEku pustakadalli
innondu mukyavAda prayOjanavannU koTTiddEne:
(9) barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLu adaralli barigegaLannu jODisi padagaLannu bareyalAguttade (m, a, r, a emba barige gaLannu jODisi mara padavannu bareyalAguttade) embudannu, mattu I barigegaLigU uligaLigU naDuve sambanda ide embudannu kanDu konDalli mAtra, avarige salIsAgi Odalu baruttade.
barigegaLigU uligaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambanda ideyAdare idannu kanDukoLLuvudu sulaba; ‘spelling’ samasyegaLu I sambanda vannu keDisuttave; intaha samasyegaLu tumbA hecciruva ingliSnantaha barahagaLannu Odalu kalisuvAga, makkaLalli mElina tiLuvaLike huTTuva
hAge mADuvudu, mattu avaru barahavannu sariyAda kramadalli Oduva hAge mADuvudu tumbA kaSTa. ivattu ingliS barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLalli heccinavarU, amerikadantaha munduvarida dESagaLallU, sariyAgi Oduva kramavannu kaliyuvudE illa embudAgi samSOdanegaLu tOrisikoTTive.
kannaDadallU barige mattu uligaLa naDuvina nEra sambandavannu keDisuva mahAprANa, Sha, x, ay, H modalAdavu makkaLige sariyAda kramadalli Odalu kalisuvalli toDakAguttave; hAgAgi, avannu hora giTTalli avaru sulabavAgi sariyAda kramada Odannu kaliyaballaru.
kannaDada I hosa barahavannu virOdisuva vidvAmsaru, nanage tiLida hAge, avara vAdavannu bembalisaballa mattu vayjnAnikavenisa balla ondE ondu prayOjanavannU tOrisikoTTilla. heccinavarU nuDi mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavEnembudannu tiLidukoLLade, gondaladalli silukiddAre. nAnu kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva barige gaLannu kaDime mADabEkendu hELuttiddEnallade, kannaDa nuDiyalli baLakeyAguva uligaLannu kaDime mADabEkendu hELuttA illa. nuDi yannu yArU vayyaktikavAgi badalAyisalAraru; yAkendare, adu yArobbara hatOTiyallU illa.
Adare, barahavannu yArAdarU barahagAraru badalAyisidalli mAtra adu badalAgaballudu; illavAdare nUrAru varSagaLu kaLedarU adu samskruta barahada hAge badalAgade uLidItu. kannaDa barahadalli intaha halavAru badalAvaNegaLu kAladinda kAlakke naDeyuttA bandive: haLegannaDada kAladalli pakAra hakAravAdAga, modalige pakAra vidda pAl, paN, pesar modalAda padagaLa barahavannu badalAyisi daru; ra-RagaLa mattu La-ZagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa Odinalli (mattu mAtinalli) illavAdAga, avugaLalli ondannu (Ra mattu ZagaLannu) barahadinda tegeduhAkidaru.
ivattu kannaDa barahadalli hosa barahavannu baLasuva mUlaka nAnu mADabEkendiruva badalAvaNeyU intahadE: eraDu sAvira varSa gaLaSTu hinde samskrutadallidda, mattu ivattu Odinalli illadiruva vyatyAsagaLannu barahadalli tOrisabEkAgilla; mEle kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADida hAge, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLallU badalAvaNegaLannu mADi, kannaDa baraha heccu vayjnAnikavAguva hAge, mattu adannu Odalu kaliyuva kelasa mattu
baLasuva kelasa heccu sulabavAguva mADabEku embudE I badalAvaNe. ingliSninda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLallU intahavE kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu ivattu mADabEkAgide (1.6.4 nODi).
samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu
samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba niyamavannu Igiruva hAgeyE uLisi konDalli kannaDa barahada maTTige prayOjanagaLEnAdarU sigaballuvE embudannu Iga pariSIlisabEkAgide.
nanage anisuvudEnendare, I padagaLannu badalAyisahOgade, samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyuttiruvudarinda sigaballa prayOjana gaLella tAtkAlikavAdavugaLu. udAharaNegAgi, avannu haLE rUpadalli nODi baLakeyAgiruvavarige hosa rUpavannu kanDAga adu tappendu anisuttade; intaha anisike unTAgadante, ivarigAgi I badalAvaNe yannu mADadirabEku. Adare, hosa rUpavannu kanDu baLakeyAdavarige adu tappendu anisuvudE illavalla!
hosa barahavannu kalitavarige haLE barahadalliruva pustakagaLannu Odalu tusu tondareyAgabahudu; idU kUDa tAtkAlikavAda tondare. samaya kaLedante intaha sandabragaLu kaDimeyAguttA hOguttave.
barahadalli entaha badalAvaNeyannu mADuvudiddarU intaha tAtkAlikavAda tondaregaLu bandE baruttave; avakke hedari badalAvaNe yannu mADikoLLadiddare, spelling samasyeyannu yAvAgalU anubavi suttalE irabEkAguttade. ingliSna spelling samasyeyU intahadE. adannu saripaDisahOdare halavAru tAtkAlika tondaregaLannu edurisa bEkAguttade. Adare, ingliSnalli intaha tAtkAlika tondaregaLu tumbA jAsti; hAgAgi, heccinavarigU adannu saripaDisabEkendu anisuvudilla. kannaDadalli tondaregaLu heccillavAda kAraNa (kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa maTTige EnU illa), adannu sulabavAgi saripaDisabahudu. idannu nAnu nanna ittIcegina pustakagaLalli, mattu I pustakadallU tOrisikoTTiddEne.
(2) samskruta eravalugaLannu kaDime mADuvudu ellara kannaDada barahavannu kaliyuva kelasa suLuvAguvante mADalu, mattu A mUlaka ellA kannaDigarU adannu kaliyuvante mADalu,
nAvu ivattu mADabEkAgiruva innondu mArpADendare, adaralli heccu heccu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu baLasatoDagabEku. mEle hELida hAge, ivattu kannaDada barahagAraru bEkAdallU bEDadiru vallU samskruta padagaLannu baLasuva ondu keTTa cALiyannu beLesi konDiddAre. padakOSadalliruva padagaLellavU kannaDada padagaLE emba anisikeyiruttade; avannu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasidare sAku, avu kannaDadavAgi biDuttave endu avaru tiLiyu ttAre. idu keTTa cALi yAkendare, adarindAgi kannaDada barahagaLu ivattu heccina kannaDigarindalU dUra uLidive.
kelavarallantU
samskrutada
hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAgalU kannaDada barahagAraru samskrutada morehoguttAre. kannaDadallEnE antaha padagaLannu unTu mADaballevu embudu avara gamanakkE baruvudilla. tamage bEkAgiru vantaha padagaLu samskrutadalli illadiddarU, ivaru antahavannu adaralli unTumADi kannaDadalli baLasuttAre! endare, ivu nijakkU samskruta padagaLE alla. I keTTa cALiyindAgi, kannaDa barahadalli samskruta eravalugaLa eNike innaSTu heccuttA hOguttide. barahadalli I rIti tumbA samskruta padagaLu kANisikoLLuttiveyAdarU, heccina kannaDigara mAtinallU tumbA kaDime samskruta padagaLu kANisikoLLu ttave; mattu hAge kANisuvavugaLella kannaDada paricege hondikoLLuvante bahaLa maTTige badalAgiruttave. hAgAgi, dinadinda dinakke baraha kannaDa vannu kaliyuva kelasa heccina kannaDigarigU heccu heccu toDakina dAguttA hOguttide.
ivattina barahagAraralli ellarigintalU heccu samskruta eravalu gaLannu baLasuvavarendare kalikeya kuritAgi bareyuvavaru. kalikeya pustakagaLannU ivarE bareyuvarAda kAraNa, avara I cALi kalikeya pustakagaLallU kANisikoLLuttade. heccu heccu samskruta padagaLannu tumbiruva I pustakagaLannu Oduva mUlaka, makkaLu mattu doDDavaru Odalu-bareyalu kaliyabEkAgide.
ettugegAgi, ivattu kannaDa makkaLige kannaDadalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisuva modalanE taragatiya pustakadalli khaga ‘hakki’, chaga ‘hOta’, chada ‘muccaLa’, khara ‘hEsaragatte’, ayla ‘kubEra’, lagaDa ‘haddu’, modalAda halavAru samskruta eravalugaLannu baLasalAgide; ivugaLalli kelavannu samskrutadalli em.e. mADidavarU aduvarege kanDiralAraru! ivannu nEravAgi samskruta padakOSadinda etti I
pustakadalli baLasiruva hAge kANisuttade. nijakkU ivu yAva huruLi nallU kannaDada padagaLAgalAravu.
kannaDadalli ivattu heccu heccu hosa padagaLannu unTumADa bEkAgi baruvudu arimeya (vijnAnada) barahagaLalli. I barahagaLannu bareyuvavarella hosa padagaLannu unTumADalu samskrutavannE mare hoguttAre. kannaDa padagaLannu mattu oTTugaLannu baLasiyU arimeya padagaLannu unTumADalu baruttade embudu ivara gamanakkE baruvu dilla. kannaDa barahagaLalli kANisikoLLuva samskruta eravalugaLa eNike tumbA heccAgalu ivarU kAraNarAgiruttAre.
ellara kannaDa (baraha kannaDa) ellarannU talapuva mUlaka nijakkU ellaradAgabEkiddalli, adaralli kANisikoLLuva eravalu padagaLa eNike nUrakke 10 illavE 15rinda heccAgabAradu. suddihALegaLalli baruva kelavu barahagaLalli ivattu nUrakke 50 illavE adakkintalU heccu samskruta eravalugaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. antaha barahagaLu heccina kannaDigarannU talapalAravu.
1.3 nuDi mattu baraha
nuDi mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu heccina janarU sariyAgi tiLidukonDilla. kannaDa nuDiya kuritu mAtanADuvAga, halavu mandi vidvAmsarennisikonDavarU I ariyameyindAgi tappumADuvudannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, ‘kannaDa nuDi eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu haLe yadu’ endu hELuvAga, avaru intahadondu tappannu mADuttAre. yAkendare, nijakkU eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu haLeyadendu nAvu hELuvudu kannaDa barahavannallade kannaDa nuDiyannalla; ‘kannaDa nuDiyannu aSTu hindeyE barahakke iLisirabEku’ endu hELalu namage ettuge doretide, aSTe; kannaDa nuDi adakkintalU tumbA hindinadAgiraballudu.
nuDiyembudu mukyavAgi mAtina rUpadalliruttade; ADuttiddante adara padagaLu mattu sollugaLu aLiduhOguttiruttave; I pada gaLige mattu sollugaLige ondu bageya bALikeyannu koDalu nAvu barahavannu baLasuttEve. Adare hAge mADuvAga, adaralli halavu bageya mArpADugaLannU mADikoLLuttEve. mAtu mattu barahagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga, I mArpADugaLu nijakkU entahavu embudu gottAguttade.
1.3.1 mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive; ivugaLalli mukya vAda kelavannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:
(1) mAtinalli padagaLannella oTToTTige baLasuttEve. Adare bareyu vAga avannu naDuve jAga biTTu bEre bErAgi bareyabEkAguttade. illavAdare baredudannu Odalu tumbA kaSTavAgaballudu. mAtinalli kelavomme sollugaLU oTToTTige baruttave. Adare bareyuvAga avannu bErpaDisi, avugaLa kone ellide embudannu kone(.), kELvi (?) illavE beragu (!) sannegaLa mUlaka sUcisuttirabEkAguttade. idallade, barahadalli baruva sollugaLu uddavAgiddare, illavE sikkalu sikkalA giddare, avugaLa naDuve arekone (;), taDe (,) modalAda sannegaLannu baLasi, avannu Odi tiLidukoLLuva kelasa suLuvAguvante mADabEkAgu ttade.
(2) mAtanADuvAga baLakeyAguva sollugaLu tunDu tunDAgiru vudE heccu. Adare bareyuvAga avella iDi iDiyAgiruvante nODi koLLabEkAguttade. mAtinalli cikka cikka sollugaLiruvudE heccu. uddada sollugaLiddarU avu mattu, Adare modalAda kelavE kelavu padagaLinda illavE oTTugaLinda jODisidavugaLAgiruttave.
idakke badalu, barahadalli heccu uddada mattu heccu toDakina sollugaLu kANisikoLLuttave. jODisida sollugaLigintalU sollu gaLannu oLasollugaLAgi baLasiruvantaha sikkalu sollugaLu barahadalli heccu kANisikoLLuttave. baredudannu Odugaru tirutirugi OdaballarAda kAraNa, antaha sikkalu sollugaLiddarU avarige tondareyAguvudilla. (3) mAtanADuvAga AlOcisuvudannU ADuvudannU oTToTTige mADuttiruttEve. hAgAgi, mAtinalli halavu tappugaLu kANisi koLLuttave; nAvu baLasida padagaLu illavE padarUpagaLu tappAgira bahudu, sollugaLU tappAgirabahudu; ivugaLalli kelavu tappugaLannu nAvu mAtanADuttiruvante tiddikoLLuttEve; Adare, kelavu hAgeyE uLidiruttave. Adare, baredudaralli intaha tappugaLu uLiyadante nAvu adannu tiddi saripaDisuttEve.
mAtinalli viSayagaLu ondu kramadalli baruvudilla. ondannu tiLisu ttiruvAga naDunaDuve bEre viSayagaLU sErikoLLuttave. I kAraNa
kkAgi, kelavomme hELidudannE matte matte hELuttirabEkAguttade. Adare, bareyuvAga ellA viSayagaLannU modalige AlOcisi mattu vimarSisi, anantara bareyuttEve. tiLisabEkAgiruva viSayagaLannu ondu kramadalli jODisi irisuttEve, mattu AdaSTu maTTige omme bareda viSaya mattomme anavaSyakavAgi bArada hAge nODikoLLuttEve.
(4) mAtanADuvAga padagaLannu mAtravallade kaysanne, kaNNusanne, uliya EriLita, mayya niluvu modalAduvannU baLasuttEve. halavu kaDegaLalli tiLisabEkAgiruva viSayagaLalli heccinavannU I kaysanne-kaNNu sannegaLa mUlakavEnE tiLisuttiruttEve.
idakke badalu, barahadalli sollugaLa iTTaLa, barahada gurutugaLu, kuraLu(pArA)gaLu, kOSTakagaLu, geretiTTagaLu modalAdavugaLannu baLasuttEve. sollugaLa mUlaka tiLisalAgada halavu huruLugaLannu intaha iTTaLa mattu gurutugaLa mUlaka tiLisuttEve.
1.3.2 vyatyAsagaLige kAraNagaLu
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve kANisikoLLuva I vyatyAsagaLige nAlku mukya kAraNagaLive:
(1) averaDakke tIrA bErAgiruva gurigaLiruttave; (2) averaDu baLasuva oyyugegaLu bErAgiruttave;
(3) mAtanADuvavara edurigEnE kELugaru iruva hAge barahagArara edurige Odugaru iruvudilla; (4) mAtu kaliyalu huTTinindalE siguva aLavu iruva hAge Odu-barahagaLannu kaliyalu iruvudilla.
(1) guri bEre: nuDiya mUlaka talapabEkAgiruva vyakti namma edurigEnE iruvAga nAvu mAtannu baLasuttEvallade barahavannu baLasalu hOguvudilla. Ata edurinalli illadiruvAga mAtra baraha vannu baLasuttEve.
haraTe hoDeyuvudu, manassinalliruva anisikegaLannu tiLisuvudu modalAduvakke mAtannu baLasuttEve. idakke badalu, viSayagaLannu tiLisuvudu, naDavaLikegaLannu barediDuvudu, maretuhOgadante sangati
gaLannu gurutisiDuvudu illavE paTTimADuvudu, modalAduvakke barahavannu baLasuttEve.
ittIcege dUravANi, uliyaccu, mincance modalAdavugaLa baLake yindAgi, mAtu mattu barahagaLu hattira baruttive: ivu mAtina kelasavannu barahada mUlaka mattu barahada kelasavannu mAtina mUlaka naDesalu baruvante mADive, mattu idarindAgi mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavU svalpa maTTige kaDimeyAgatoDagide. hIgiddarU, mAtu mattu barahagaLa mukya gurigaLu bErAgiyE iddu, avu gaLindAgi mUDibaruva vyatyAsagaLu hAgeyE uLidukonDive.
(2) oyyuge bEre: mAtinalli nAvu uligaLannu baLasuttEve;
Adare barahadalli barigegaLannu baLasuttEve.
uligaLu avannu ADida kUDalE mAyavAgibiDuttave. hAgAgi, mAtannomme ADidevendare adannu matte hindakke paDedukoLLalArevu. hELuvudu sariyAguttillavendu namma manassige anisidare, adannu naDuveyE nillisibiDuttEve, mattu innomme hELalu surumADu ttEve. I kAraNakkAgi, mAtinalli baruva sollugaLu sAmAnyavAgi tunDu tunDAgiruttave.
Adare, kAgadada mEle mUDisida barigegaLu mattu bEre gurutu gaLu uligaLa hAge kUDalE aLisihOguvudilla. hAgAgi, baredudannu saripaDisikoLLalu namage sAkaSTu samayaviruttade. adannu Odugareduru irisuva modalu halavu bAri OdinODi, adaralli namage bEkAgiruva ellA rItiya badalAvaNegaLannU mADikoLLaballevu. uttama baraha vondannu racisuvudakkAgi varSagaTTale bEkiddarU duDiyaballevu.
mAtinalli baruva uligaLu ondara hindondu mAtra baraballu vallade ommegE baralAravu. Adare, barahada barigegaLannu ondara munde ondarante mAtravallade, mEle-keLagU jODisaballevu. avannu OduvavarU halavu gurutugaLannu ommegEnE gamanisaballaru. hAgAgi, barahadalli viSayagaLannu halavu bageya paTTigaLalli aLavaDisi koDalu baruttade.
(3) Odugaru bareyuvavara edurigiruvudilla: sAmAnyavAgi, mAtanADuvavara edurigEnE avara kELugariruttAre; Adare, bareyu vavara edurige avara Odugariruvudu tumbA aparUpa.
kELugaru edurigEnE iruva kAraNa, tamma mAtannu avaru meccuttiddArO, illavE adu avarige bEsara taruttideyO embudu ADugarige mAtanADuttiruva hAgeyE gottAguttiruttade. kELugarU tamma anisikegaLannu naDunaDuve tiLisuttiruttAre. hAgAgi, sannivESakke takka hAge ADugaru tamma mAtannu badalAyisuttA hOgaballaru. tAvu hELiddu tamma kELugarige sariyAgi gottAguttillavendu anisi dare, adannu bEre bageyalli hELuva mUlaka gottAguva hAgeyU avaru mADaballaru.
Adare, bareyuvavarige Odugara anisike Enirabahudembudu kUDalE gottAguvudilla. adannavaru UhisikonDu, tamma barahavannu mundu varisabEkAguttade. yAva rItiyalli baredare Odugara kutUhala uLidItu embudannU avaru tAvE kalpisikoLLabEkAguttade. I kAraNakkAgi, barahadalli baruva sollugaLu mAtinalli baruva sollu gaLiginta halavu bageyalli bErAgirabEkAguttade.
kELugaru edurigEnE iruva kAraNa, mAtinondige kaNNusanne, kaysanne modalAduvannU baLasabahudu. edurigEnE iruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannU mAtinalli baLasikoLLabahudu. Adare, barahakke intahadu yAvudU neravige baruvudilla. tiLisabEkAdudannella kAgadada mEle mUDuva sollugaLa mUlakavEnE tiLisabEkAguttade.
(4) huTTinindalE siguva aLavilla: mAtu kaliyalu bEkAguva aLavannu nAvu huTTinindalE paDedukonDu bandiruttEve. Adare, baraha kaliyalu bEkAguva aLavannu nAvu A rIti huTTinindalE paDedukonDu bandiruvudilla.
ellA makkaLU mAtannu tamma beLavaNigeya angavAgi paDedu koLLuttAre. ArOgya sariyiruva yAva maguvU mAtu kaliya diruvudilla. Adare, Oduva mattu bareyuva kelasavannu makkaLige yArAdarU kalisikoDabEkAguttade. Ijuvudu, saykal tuLiyu vudu, kAru biDuvudu modalAda bEre halavAru caLakagaLa hAge,
Oduvudu mattu bareyuvudU ondu caLakavAgiddu, prayatnapaTTu kalitalli mAtra adu dakkuttade.
1.3.3 nuDiya sollarime mattu barahada sollarime
mAtigU barahakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLE nuDigU barahakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLendu tiLiyabahudu; yAkendare, ondu nuDi mukyavAgi mAtina rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade: kannaDa nuDiyendare mukyavAgi kannaDigaru ADuva nuDi, endare avara mAtu. mEle 1.2 ralli vivarisida hAge, adu halavu rUpagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade: bEre bEre UrugaLa mattu kUTagaLa (jAtigaLa) ADunuDigaLu, mattu bEre bEre talemArugaLa hottunuDigaLu embudAgi adakke halavu rUpa gaLive. kannaDada I halavu rUpagaLannu tamma mAtinalli baLasuva kannaDigarigella samAnavAgabahudAdantaha ellara kannaDa emba barahada rUpavondannu kannaDada barahagAraru unTumADikonDiddAre.
Adare, ondu nuDiya mAtina rUpada hAge adara barahada rUpa sahajavAda rUpavalla; mEle vivarisida hAge, adannu yArU huTTi ninda paDeyuvudilla, kalitu paDeyabEkAguttade; idallade, A rIti kalitu paDeyuvavaralli ellarU adaralli ondE maTTakke tiLivigarAguvu dilla; kelavarige adaralli heccu aLavu illavE jANme bandiruttade, mattu kelavarige kaDime bandiruttade. endare, huTTinindalE paDeyuva mAtina sollarimeya hAge kalitu paDeyuva barahada sollarimeyannu ellarU ondE maTTakke tammadAgisikonDiruvudilla; hAge mADalu avarige sAdyavAguvudU illa.
ondu mAtina illavE nuDiya sollarimeyannu bareyuvavaru adara ondu varNaneyannu koTTare sAku. idakkAgi avaru A nuDiyannu ADuva janara mAtannu ALavAgi pariSIlisi, adannu unTumADuvalli entaha kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAguttirabahudu embudannu UhisikonDu, adarante tamma sollarimeyannu bareyabEkAguttade. A kaTTalegaLalli yAvudu tappu, yAvudu sari emba kELviyE illi ELuvudilla. yAkendare, A nuDiyannu ADuvavarellarU adaralli ondE maTTada (pUrNamaTTada) pariNatiyannu paDediruttAre. avara naDuve nuDiya baLakeyalli vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLabahudallade, avaralli obbara baLake sari, mattu innobbaradu tappu endu hELalu yAva AdAravU dorakuvudilla.
Adare, barahada sollarimeyannu bareyuvavaru sari-tappugaLa tIrmAnavannU AgAga mADikoLLabEkAguttade. yAkendare, ellA baraha gArarU tamma baravaNigeya mEle ondE maTTada pariNatiyannu paDediruvudilla. kelavaru oLLE pariNatiyannu paDediddu, avara baraha tumbA cannAgiruttade; bEre kelavaru kaDime pariNatiyannu paDediddu, avara baraha aSTu cannAgiruvudilla; kelavara barahagaLu halavAru tappu gaLindalU kUDiraballudu. hAgAgi, barahada sollarimeyannu bareyu vavaru entaha barahavannu tammeduru mAdariyAgi irisikoLLabEku embudannu, mattu tamma mundiruva barahagaLalli baLakeyAgiruva sollugaLalli yAvudu sari, yAvudu tappu embudannu tAvE tIrmAnisikoLLabEkAguttade.
innondu viSayadallU mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve vyatyAsa vide: nuDiyalli kAladinda kAlakke mArpADugaLu adara ADugarige gottAgada hAge naDeyuttalE iruttave; I mArpADugaLu iDI samAjada hatOTiyalliruttaveyallade obbibbara hatOTiyalliruvu dilla. hAgAgi, nAvu bayasuva yAvudE rItiya mArpADannU nuDiya mEle hEralu baruvudilla.
Adare, barahadalli naDeyuva heccina mArpADugaLU kelavE kelavu mandi barahagArara hatOTiyalliruttave; idakke kAraNavEnendare, barahagAraru tamma barahagaLannu halavu bAri tiddi saripaDisabEkAgu ttade, mattu I kelasadalli avarige padagaLa kuritu, padarUpagaLa kuritu, mattu sollugaLa kuritu tamagiruva tiLuvaLikeyannu baLasi koLLalu baruttade. sAmAnyavAgi I rIti tamma barahagaLannu saripaDisuvAga, avaru oLLE barahagArara barahagaLannu, mattu avu gaLalli baLakeyAgiruva sollarimeya kaTTalegaLannu mAdariyAgirisi koLLuttAre.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa mAtina sollarime mattu barahada sollarimegaLa naDuveyU kANisikoLLuttade: mAtina sollarimegaLu mAtina mEle, illavE nuDiya mEle yAva prabAva vannU bIralAravu; yAkendare, mAtannu baLasuvavaru yArU sari- tappugaLa gOjige hOguvudilla. mAtanADuvAga entaha solla rimeya kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAguttave embudu avara gamanakkU baruvu dilla.
Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, bareyuvavaru tAvu baredudannu tiddi saripaDisabEkAguttade, mattu idannu naDesuvalli avarige padagaLa, pada rUpagaLa, mattu sollina iTTaLagaLa tiLuvaLike neravige baruttade. avarige bEkAguva I tiLuvaLikeyannu koDaballa barahada sollarime gaLu avara barahada mEle prabAvavannU bIraballuvu. hAgAgi, barahadalli naDeyuva mArpADugaLu samAjakke anukUlavAguvantaha dikkinalli naDeyuva hAge mADalu barahada sollarimegaLu hammuge gaLannu tamma mundirisikoLLaballuvu.
ettugegAgi, hosa hosa viSayagaLa kuritu bareyuvavaru, mattu bEre nuDigaLalliruva viSayagaLannu tamma nuDige mAreDegoLisuvavaru halavAru hosa padagaLannu tamma nuDiyalli huTTuhAkikoLLabEkAgu ttade. Adare, hIge hosa padagaLannu huTTuhAkuvAga, avu tamma nuDiya sogaDannu keDisadanteyU avaru nODikoLLabEkAguttade. illavAdare, avara baraha Oduvavarige tumbA toDakinadendu anisaballudu.
hosapadagaLannu unTumADuvalli ondu nuDiya olavu entahadu embudannu kanDuhiDidu, A olavannu mIrada hAge hosa padagaLannu unTumADuvudu hEge embudannu sollarigaru tamma barahada sollarimeyalli tiLisaballaru. idu ondu nuDiya barahadalli tumbi koLLuva hosa padagaLu adaralli A nuDiya sogaDannu uLisuvante nODikoLLuvalli neravAgaballudu.
1.3.4 mArpADugaLu barahadalli sahajavAgi naDeyuvudilla
mEle tiLisida hAge, mAtinalli kAladinda kAlakke mattu talemArininda talemArige mArpADugaLu naDeyuttalE iruttave. ivugaLa mEle ADugarige entaha hatOTiyU iruvudilla. I mArpADugaLindAgi, mAtu (illavE nuDi) yAvAgalU tanna sahajateyannu mattu jIvantikeyannu uLisikonDiruttade. Adare, barahadalli I rIti mArpADugaLu tAvAgi naDeyuvudilla. hAgAgi, samaya kaLedantella baraha mAtininda bErAguttA hOguttade, mattu heccu heccu krutaka vAguttA hOguttade.
mAtigU barahakkU naDuvina antara I rIti heccAdAga, sAmAnya vAgi barahagAraru tamma barahagaLalli mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLu ttAre, mattu avakkU mAtigU naDuve beLedubandiruva antara
kaDimeyAguva hAge nODikoLLuttAre. Adare, idannu avaru tiLidu mADabEkAgide. kelavu barahagaLalli bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi intaha mArpADugaLannu yArU naDesadiruvudU ide.
ettugegAgi, samskruta, lyATin modalAda kelavu ‘klAsikal’ baraha gaLalli I rIti nuDiyalli naDeda mArpADugaLannu yArU barahakke iLisalu hOgiralilla. hAgAgi, avu nUrAru varSagaLindalU mArpaDade uLidive, mattu idarindAgi avugaLalli halavu bageya krutakategaLU tumbikonDive. Adare, kannaDada barahadalli mAtigU barahakkU naDuvina antara heccida hAgella, adu mAtige hattira uLiyuva hAge, kannaDa barahagAraru adaralli mArpADugaLannu mADuttA bandiddaru; hAgAgi, kannaDa baraha haLegannaDaviddaddu naDu gannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgide.
nijakkU samskruta ivattu ondu barahavAgi uLidideyallade, nuDi yAgi illave bASeyAgi uLidilla; eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hindeyE adara nuDiya rUpa aLiduhOgittu. ivattigU kelavaru adannu tamma mAtinalli baLasikoLLuttirabahudu; Adare kAladinda kAlakke mattu talemArininda talemArige mArpaDuttA hOguva mUlaka, tannalli tumbikoLLuva krutakateyannu aLisikoLLuva mattu jIvantikeyannu tumbikoLLuva aLavu adakkilla. yAkendare, adannu mAtinalli baLasuvavaru yAva mAtu sari, mattu yAva mAtu tappu embudannu hindinavara (mahAkavigaLa) barahagaLannu nODi, illavE pANiniya vyAkaraNavannu Odi tIrmAnisuttirabEkAgide. hAgAgi, samskutavannu ondu barahavendu kareyabEkallade nuDi illavE bASeyendu kareyuvudE tappu.
ondu baraha samAjada kelavE kelavu janaralli mAtravE uLiyade ellarannU talapuva hAge AgabEkiddalli, adakkU mAtigU naDuvina antara AdaSTu kaDimeyirabEku. kannaDa barahadalli ivattu I antara heccAguttA ide. hAgAgi, adannu kaDimemADuva kelasa ivattu naDeya bEkAgide.
1.3.5 I hottageya hammugegaLu
I hottage mukyavAgi ellara kannaDa emba baraha kannaDadalli baLake yAguva (mattu baLakeyAgabEkAgiruva) sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu entahavu embudannu vivaravAgi tiLisalu horaTide. idondu barahada
sollarimeyAda kAraNa, ivattu hosagannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyallilla diddarU baLakege tarabahudAda kelavu haLegannaDa pada, padarUpa, mattu oTTugaLannU idaralli sErisikoLLalAgide. ivugaLa mUlaka ellara kannaDada kasuvannu innaSTu heccisalu baruttade endu nanage anisuttade.
idallade, ellara kannaDa emba barahada kannaDa nijakkU ellaradAga bEkiddalli barahada maTTige Enu mADabahudu embudara kuritu eraDu sUcanegaLannu mEle koDalAgittu; averaDannU I hottageyalli aLavaDisikoLLalAgide:
bEkAgiruvallU bEDadiruvallU samskrutadinda padagaLannu eravalu paDedu (illavE samskrutadallEnE hosadAgi unTumADi) baLasuva cALiya mEle barahagAraru hatOTiyannirisikoLLabEku (antaha eravalugaLannu AdaSTu kaDime mADabEku) embudu ondu sUcane; mattu, A rIti eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAgiruva kaTTaleyannu biTTukoTTu, avannu heccina kannaDigarU hEge OduttArO hAgeyE bareyabEku embudu eraDaneya sUcane. I eraDu sUcanegaLannu oppikonDalli, kannaDa barahagaLu kannaDa nuDiya sogaDannu heccu cannAgi uLisikoLLaballuvu, mattu A mUlaka avannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa ellA kannaDigarigU heccu suLuvAgaballudu.
I hottageyalli samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu AdaSTu kaDime baLasalAgide, mattu avannu samskrutadalli iruva hAgeyE bareyuva badalu, hEge OduttEveyO hAge bareyalAgide. idallade, kannaDada sollarimeyannu vivarisi hELalu bEkAguva halavAru arimeya padagaLannu kannaDadallEnE unTumADi baLasalAgide. hAgAgi, IgAgalE samskrutada sollarimeya (vyAkaraNada) padagaLannu tamma Odinalli kanDu baLakeyAgiruvavarige I hottageya Odu kelaveDegaLalli tusu toDakinadendu anisabahudu. Adare, hosadAgi kannaDada sollarimeyannu kaliya horaDuvavarige idu samskrutada eravalu padagaLu tumbi tuLukuva vyAkaraNagaLiginta heccu suLuvAdudendu anisadiradu.
arimeya barahakke bEkAgi baruva padagaLannella kannaDadallEnE unTumADalu baruttade, mattu antaha padagaLannu baLasuvudarinda tondareyEnU Aguvudilla embudannu tOrisikoDuvudU I hottageya ondu guriyAgide.
arimeya padagaLu AdaSTu aDakavAgirabEku; Adare, A rIti aDaka vAgiruva padagaLannu samskrutada hAge kannaDadalli unTumADalu baruvu dilla emba anisike halavu barahagArarallide; hosa padagaLannu unTu mADabEkAdAgalella kannaDada barahagAraru heccAgi samskrutada more hoguttiruvudakke avara I anisikeyU ondu kAraNa. Adare, kelavE kelavu SatamAnagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda haLegannaDada padagaLannu mattu bErugaLannu baLasidalli, kannaDadallU sAkaSTu aDakavAda pada gaLannu unTumADalu baruttade. idannu padagaLa iTTaLa emba I hottageya eraDu mattu mUranE pasugegaLalli tOrisikoDalAgide.
eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda samskrutada pada mattu oTTugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU eggillade baLasikoLLaballa kannaDa barahagArarige kelavE kelavu SatamAnagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda nammavE Ada haLegannaDada pada mattu oTTugaLu baLakege takkavugaLendu anisadiruvudu nijakkU accariyannunTumADuttade! idu avarige tamma nuDiya mEliruva kILarimeyannu, mattu samskrutada mEliruva mElarimeyannu tumbA spaSTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade.
1.4 barahada ErpADu
ellara kannaDada sollarimeyentahadu embudannu vivarisalu toDaguva modalu, adara barahagaLalli entaha iTTaLagaLella baLakeyAguttave embudannu aDakavAgi tiLisalu illi prayatnisalAgide:
barahagaLalli tammadE Ada yAva huruLU illada kelavE kelavu barigegaLannu baLasi sAvirAru padagaLannu unTumADalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, ellara kannaDada barahadalli oTTu 31 barigegaLu mAtra baLake yAguttave; Adare I 31 barigegaLannu baLasi sAvirAru padagaLannu unTumADalAgide.
idallade, I padagaLannu hAgeyE barahagaLalli baLasuvudilla; avugaLannu padakantegaLAgi jODisalAguttade, mattu I padakante gaLannu baLasi sollugaLannu unTumADalAguttade. hAgAgi, (1) barigegaLannu baLasi padagaLannu kaTTuvudu, (2) padagaLannu baLasi padakante gaLannu kaTTuvudu, mattu (3) padakantegaLannu baLasi sollugaLannu kaTTu vudu embudAgi sollugaLa iTTaLadalli mUru mukya hantagaLannu kANaballevu.
barigegaLinda padagaLannu paDeyuvallU huruLiruva padagaLige oTTu gaLannu sErisi bEre halavu heccina padagaLannu paDeyuvudu, mattu eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi bEre halavu heccina padagaLannu paDeyu vudu emba eraDu oLahantagaLive. ettugegAgi, arike, arita, arime, arivu, ariga, aridu, ariyame, ariyamike, ariviga modalAda halavu padagaLannu ari padakke oTTugaLannu sErisi paDeyalAgide, mattu arivaLike, arivili, munnarivu modalAda bEre halavu padagaLannu adE ari padakke bEre kelavu padagaLannu sErisi paDeyalAgide.
padagaLannu padakantegaLalli illavE sollugaLalli baLasuvAgalU avakke kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu unTumADikoLLa bEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, mara padakke maragaLu, maravannu, mara dinda, marakke, maradalli, marada modalAda padarUpagaLive. intaha padarUpagaLa mUlaka, sollugaLalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu ondaroDa nondu sambandisiruvante mADalAguttade, mattu A sollugaLu ADugana jAga mattu hottugaLalli nelegoLLuvante mADalAguttade (1.5.4 nODi).
barahagaLalli sollugaLannu baLasuvallU ondu ErpADide. avugaLannu kuraLu(pArA)gaLalli aNigoLisalAguttade, mattu I kuraLugaLannu pasugegaLalli aNigoLisalAguttade. baraha salIsAgi OdisikonDu hOgabEkiddalli, adaralli baruva sollugaLannu sariyAda bageyalli aNigoLisirabEkAguttade.
1.4.1 padagaLu mattu barigegaLu
nAvu barahadalli baLasuva sollugaLalli mane, hOgu, baru, nInu, bEga, illi, elli modalAda halavAru padagaLu baLakeyAguttiruttave, mattu I padagaLige bEre bEre rUpagaLannu koDuvudakkAgi ge, inda, utta, Ene modalAda halavAru oTTugaLU baLakeyAguttiruttave.
pada mattu oTTugaLeraDannU nAvu barigegaLannu oTTu sErisi unTumADuttEve. ettugegAgi mane padadalli m, a, n, e emba nAlku barigegaLu bandive; hOgu padadalli h, O, g, u emba bEre nAlku barigegaLu bandive; ge oTTinalli g mattu e emba eraDu barigegaLu bandive. barahadalli baLakeyAguva I barigegaLu Odinalli (illavE mAtinalli) uligaLa rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttave.
mEle tiLisida hAge, ellara kannaDadalli pada mattu oTTugaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi oTTu mUvattondu barigegaLannu baLasikoLLuttEve. ivugaLalli i, I, e, E, u, U, o, O, a, A emba hattu barigegaLannu tereyuligaLu embudAgi kareyabahudu, mattu uLida p, t, T, c, k, b, d, D, j, g, m, n, N, y, v, r, l, L, S, s, h emba ippattondu barigegaLannu mucculigaLu embudAgi kareyabahudu.
ellara kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva I barigegaLa ulipu hEge naDeyuttade embudannu, mattu padagaLalli mattu oTTugaLalli baLake yAguvAga avu entaha kaTTalegaLige oLagAguttave embudannu munde 1.6ralli nODaliruvevu.
padagaLu mattu oTTugaLu ondaroDanondu sEruvAga, avu gaLalli baruva barigegaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLU naDeyuttave. ettuge gAgi, mane padakke a oTTu sEruvAga avugaLa naDuve y barige kADu padakke ige oTTu sEruvAga baruttade (mane+a - maneya); adara koneyalliruva u barige biddu hOguttade (kADu+ige - kADige). kannaDada padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasuvAga intaha halavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttiddu, avu entahavu embudannu mundina kelavu pasugegaLalli nODaliruvevu.
pada mattu oTTugaLalli baLakeyAguva barigegaLige nEravAgi yAva huruLU illa. avu pada mattu oTTugaLige ondu rUpavannu koDuvu dakkAgi mAtra baLakeyAguttave. kannaDadalli mane embudakke ondu huruLide; Adare, adakkondu rUpavannu koDuvudakkAgi bandiruva m, a, n mattu e emba nAlku barigegaLalli yAvudakkU adaradE Ada huruLilla.
1.4.2 padagaLa iTTaLa
kannaDada sollugaLalli mukyavAgi iTTaLaviruva padagaLu mattu iTTaLa villada padagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya padagaLu baLakeyAguttave. ettugegAgi, cikkamma emba padakke ondu iTTaLavide; adannu cikka mattu amma emba eraDu sErisi unTumADalAgide. hIgeyE, kuNita emba padakkU ondu iTTaLavide; adannu kuNi padakke ta oTTannu sErisi unTumADalAgide.
padagaLannu oTTu
idakke badalu, tale padakke iTTaLavilla. adu t, a, l mattu e emba nAlku barigegaLa sErikeyinda tayArAgideyEnO nija; Adare, I barigegaLannu cikkamma padadalli kANisuva hAge eraDu padagaLAgi, illavE kuNita padadadalli kANisuva hAge ondu pada mattu ondu oTTu embudAgi oDedu tOrisalu baruvudilla.
padagaLalli entaha iTTaLagaLu baraballuvu embudu sollugaLalli A padagaLu entaha kelasakkAgi baLakeyAguttave embudannu avalambi side. vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLannu gurutisuva hesarupadagaLigU esakagaLannu tiLisuva esakapadagaLigU naDuve iTTaLadalli halavu gaLive. ettugegAgi, eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi vyatyAsa jODupadagaLannu unTumADuvantaha hesarupadagaLa holabu iTTaLadalli baLakeyAgu ttadallade esakapadagaLa iTTaLadalli baLakeyAguvudilla.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, hesarupadagaLu naDesuvantaha vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuva kelasakke jODupadadantaha iTTaLa bEkAguttade, Adare esakapadagaLu naDesuvantaha esakagaLannu tiLisuva kelasakke antaha iTTaLa bEkAguvudilla. adakke badalu, kUDupada emba bEreyE ondu bageya iTTaLa adakke bEkAguttade.
hAgAgi, ondu padada iTTaLaventahadu embudannu kanDuhiDi yuvudakke modalu, adu sollugaLalli entaha kelasavannu naDesuvu dakkAgi baLakeyAguttade embudannu tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade. kannaDada sollugaLalli baruva padagaLu mukyavAgi mUru bageya kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAguttade.
(1) ondu esaka illavE iruhavannu tiLisuvudu;
(2) ondu esaka illavE iruhadalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti,
vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvudu; mattu
(3) vyakti, vastu, viSaya, illavE esakada pariceyannu tiLisuvudu.
ivugaLalli modalaneya kelasavannu esaka(mattu iruha)padagaLu mattu eraDaneyadannu hesarupadagaLu naDesuttave, naDesuttave. mUraneya kelasavannu naDesuvudakkAgi paricepadagaLu baLakeyAguttave.
1.4.3 gurutisuva kelasa
sollina mUlaka ondu esakavannu tiLisabEkAdAga, adaralli toDagi konDiruva kelavu vyakti, vastu illavE viSayagaLannu gurutisabEkAgu ttade. ettugegAgi, agasa kattege hoDeda emba sollinalli hoDe emba ondu esakapada mattu adarondige agasa mattu katte emba eraDu hesarupadagaLu bandive; ivugaLalli hoDe emba esakapada ondu esaka vannu tiLisuttade; agasa mattu katte emba hesarupadagaLu A esakadalli toDagikonDidda obba vyaktiyannu mattu ondu prANi yannu gurutisuttave.
gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva hesarupadagaLu iruvahesarugaLira koTTahesarugaLirabahudu. bahudu illavE koTTiruva sollinalli jAnaki emba koTTahesaru bandide. idakke badalu, adakkinta modalu koTTidda agasa kattege hoDeda emba sollinalli obba vyaktiyannu mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuvudakkAgi eraDu iruvahesarugaLu (agasa mattu katte embavu) bandive.
mEle
koTTahesarugaLigU iruvahesarugaLigU naDuvina mukya vyatyAsa koTTahesarugaLannu ondondu vyakti, vastu, jAga vEnendare, modalAduvakkU bEre bErAgi koTTiruttEve; maysUru embudu ondu paTTaNakke koTTa hesaru; kAvEri embudu ondu nadige koTTa hesaru. jAnaki embudu obba vyaktige (huDugige) koTTa hesaru.
ondu koTTahesaru obbanE vyaktiyannu illavE ondE vastuvannu gurutisuttirabEkendEnU illa. ettugegAgi, jAnaki embudu halavu mandi huDugiyarannu (bEre bEre sandarbagaLalli) gurutisuttiralu sAdyaviddu, adu halavu huDugiyara koTTahesarAgiraballudu; kAvEri embudu ondu nadiya hesarAgi mAtravallade, obba huDugiya hesarAgiyU baLakeyalliraballudu. Adare, obbobba vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLigU avannu bEre bErAgi koTTiruttadeyembudE avakkU iruvahesarigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa.
iruvahesarannu vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAduvakke bEre bErAgi koTTiruvudilla. ondu bageya vyakti (muduka, kuruDa, mESTru, huDuga), ondu bageya vastu (mara, pustaka, haNNu), ondu bageya viSaya (siTTu, nenapu, Aguha, OTa) modalAduvakke avannu omme mAtravE koDalAgiddu, antahavannu gurutisabEkAdAgalella avannE
tirutirugi baLasuttiruttEve. yAvudE ondu maravannu gurutisabEkA dAgalU nAvu
mara emba hesarannE baLasuttEve.
vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvudakkAgi adaradE Ada (iruva illavE koTTa) hesarannu baLasuva badalu, adara kogetavannu (varNaneyannu) baLasuva holabU kannaDadallide. ettugegAgi, jAnaki avaLa geLatiyannu karetandiddALe emba sollinalli eraDu vyaktigaLannu gurutisalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneya vyaktiyannu jAnaki emba hesarina mUlaka gurutisalAgide; Adare eraDaneya vyaktiyannu A rIti hesarina mUlaka gurutisuva badalu, avaLa geLati emba kogetada mUlaka gurutisalAgide.
hesarupadagaLigU kogetagaLigU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive: kogetagaLallella sAmAnyavAgi ondakkinta heccu padagaLiruttave; endare, avellavU padakantegaLAgiruttave. mEle koTTiruva avaLa geLati emba kogetadalli geLati emba ondu hesarupada bandide mattu adarondige avaLa emba ondu tOrupadavU bandide. hasuru sIre emba kogetadalli sIre emba hesarupadadondige hasuru emba ondu parice pada bandide.
mEle tiLisida hAge, hesarupadagaLige iTTaLavirabahudu illavE illadirabahudu. ettugegAgi, hodike illavE nilugaDe emba hesaru padakke iTTaLavide; Adare jAnaki illavE mane emba hesarupadakke iTTaLavilla. Adare, ellA rItiya kogetagaLigU yAvudAdarondu bageya iTTaLaviddE iruttade.
kogetagaLa huruLEnu embudannu nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadinda tiLidukoLLaballevu. ettugegAgi, hasuru sIre emba kogetadalli hasuru emba ondu paricepada mattu sIre emba ondu hesarupada bandive. I eraDu padagaLu oTTige koDuvantaha ‘hasurAgiruva sIre’ embudE A kogetada huruLAgide.
Adare, iTTaLaviruva hesarupadagaLa huruLannu A rIti nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadinda tiLidukoLLalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, hodike padavannu hode emba esakapadakke ike oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka paDeyalAgide. adu hodeyuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva ondu vastu vannu gurutisuttade. I huruLannu svalpa maTTige hode pada tiLisaballudAdarU ike oTTu adara ellA baLakegaLallU A rIti ondu esakadalli baLakeyAguva vastugaLannu gurutisuvudilla.
ettugegAgi, moLake padadalli adu ondu esakadinda unTAgiruva vastuvannu gurutisuttade mattu bILike, sallike modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli adu ondu esakavannu gurutisuttade (2.4.1(2-3) nODi).
eraDu padagaLannu oTTusErisi kaTTiruvantaha hesarupadagaLU (jODupadagaLU) I viSayadalli kogetagaLinda bErAgive. kogetagaLa hAge avugaLa huruLannu nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadinda paDeyalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, cikkappa emba hesarupadadalli cikka mattu appa emba eraDu padagaLu oTTusErive. Adare cikka huDuga emba kogetada hAge I jODupadada huruLannu nEravAgi adara iTTaLadinda paDeyalu baruvudilla. cikkappa embudu ‘tandeya tamma’nannu gurutisu ttadallade ‘cikka appa’nannu (endare ‘cikkavanAgiruva tande’yannu) gurutisuvudilla.
intaha padakantegaLu mAtravallade, kelavu esakarUpa illavE paricerUpagaLU kannaDada sollugaLalli kogetagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave. ettugegAgi, hOguvudu, hOguvike modalAda esakarUpagaLu, mattu doDDatana, oLLetana modalAda paricerUpagaLu sollugaLalli kogetagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu (4.7.3 nODi).
1.4.4 esakavannu tiLisuva kelasa
hesarupadagaLalli kANisida hAge, esakapadagaLallU iTTaLaviruva padagaLu mattu iTTaLavillada padagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageyavugaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, siTTAgu esakapadadalli siTTu hesarupada dondige Agu esakapada sEride; kaLacu esakapadadalli kaLe esakapada dondige cu oTTu sEride. tumbisu esakapadadalli tumbu esakapada dondige isu oTTu bandide.
Adare, iTTaLaviruva heccina esakapadagaLallU avugaLa huruLannu nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadindalEnE tiLidukoLLalu baruttade. idakke kelavE kelavu horapaDikegaLiddu avannu nuDigaTTugaLendu tiLiya bahudu. idu hesarupadagaLigU esakapadagaLigU naDuviruva ondu mukya vyatyAsa.
I vyatyAsakke kAraNavEnendare, hesarupadagaLu sollugaLalli vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvantaha kelasavannu mADabEkAgu
ttade; Adare, esakapadagaLu idakkinta tIra bErAgiruva yAvudAda rondu esakavannu tiLisuvantaha kelasavannu mADabEkAguttade. ettuge gAgi, jAnaki bAgilu teredaLu emba sollinalli jAnaki mattu bAgilu emba hesarupadagaLu obba vyakti mattu ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttave; Adare tere emba esakapada ‘jAnaki Enu mADidaLu’ embudannu, endare ‘bAgilannu tereyuva esakavannu naDesidaLu’ embudannu tiLisuttade.
esaka naDediruvudannu illavE naDeyaliruvudannu tiLisuvudu mAtravallade, adannu allagaLeyuvudu, naDedideyE endu kELuvudu, naDesalu oppige paDeyuvudu illavE oppige koDuvudu modalAda bEreyU halavu bageya mAtina kelasagaLannu esakapadagaLu naDesa balluvu. I ellA kelasagaLU hesarupadagaLu naDesuva kelasakkinta tIrA bErAgive.
hesarupadagaLalli koTTahesaru mattu iruvahesaru embudAgi eraDu bageya padagaLiveyembudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu; Adare, esakapadagaLalli intaha vyatyAsavilla. avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa hesarupadagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasakkinta tIra bErAgiruvudE I vyatyAsakkU kAraNa.
1.4.5 pariceyannu tiLisuva kelasa
obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi adara iruva illavE koTTa hesarannu baLasuva badalu kogetavannu baLasabEkiddalli, adakkAgi A vyakti illavE vastuvina pariceyondannu tiLisabEkAguttade. I kelasavannu sAmAnyavAgi paricepadagaLu naDesuttave.
ettugegAgi, sunIl jAnakigondu kempu hU koTTiddAne emba sollinalli sunIl koTTiruva vastuvannu kempu hU emba kogetada mUlaka gurutisalAgide. I kogetadalli gurutisabEkAgiruva vastuvina pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi kempu emba paricepada bandide.
ondu sollina iTTaLadalli vyakti, vastu illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvudu mattu esakagaLannu tiLisuvudu emba eraDu kelasagaLu ondu hantadalli baruttaveyAdare, paricegaLannu tiLisuvudu emba I mUraneya kelasa bEreyE ondu (keLagina) hantadalli baruttade. yAkendare, paricegaLannu tiLisuva kelasada mUlaka kogetagaLannu unTu
mADalAguttade, mattu I kogetagaLannu AmEle hesarupadagaLa hAge vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuva kelasadalli baLasalAguttade. paricegaLannu tiLisuva I kelasavannu paricepadagaLu kogetagaLalli mAtravallade iruhagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLallU naDesabEkAguttade. intaha sollugaLalli avu iruhapadadondige sEriruttave. ettugegAgi, rAjuvina kaNNu kempide emba sollinalli kempu emba paricepada ide emba iruhapadadondige bandiddu, ondu vastuvina (rAjuvina kaNNina) pariceyannu tiLisuttide.
paricepadagaLannu esakagaLa pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgiyU sollu gaLalli baLasalAguttade. Adare intaha paricepadagaLu kelavu viSayagaLalli vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLa paricegaLannu tiLisuva padagaLiginta bErAgiruttave. ettugegAgi, kattiyannu mellage kAyisidaru, kiccu baggane uriyitu mattu haNNannu teLLage tunDisidaLu emba sollugaLalli kAyu, uri mattu tunDisu emba esakapadagaLondige avu tiLisuva esakagaLa paricegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mellage, baggane mattu teLLage emba paricepadagaLannu baLasalAgide.
1.4.6 bEre kelasagaLu
sollugaLalli baLakeyAguva heccina padagaLU esakapada, hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLemba mElina mUru gumpugaLoLage yAvudAdarU ondaralli sEruttave. Adare, I mUru gumpugaLallU sEradiruvantaha bEre kelavu padagaLU sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. avakke tammavE Ada bEre kelasagaLiruvudE idakke kAraNa.
(1) ondu sollina ADuga mattu kELugarannu adE sollinalli gurutisabEkAdAga avara hesarugaLannu illavE kogetagaLannu baLasuva badalu, nAnu mattu nInu emba padagaLannu baLasalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, nAnu manege hOguttEne emba sollinalli A sollina ADuganannu gurutisuvudakkAgi nAnu pada bandide. nInu elligU hOgabEDa emba sollinalli A sollina kELuganannu gurutisuvu dakkAgi nInu pada bandide. iveraDannu ADupadagaLendu kareya bahudu.
(2) vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLannu avugaLa jAga, hottu, aLavu, bage modalAduvugaLa mUlaka gurutisuvudakkAgi tOrupada
gaLannu baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, obba vyakti ADugana hattira iddAnO, illavE dUra iddAnO embudannu tiLisuva mUlaka Atanannu gurutisaballevu. idakkAgi ivanu mattu avanu emba eraDu tOrupadagaLu baLakeyAguttave. idE rItiyalli, ondu esakada hottu sollannADuva hottina hattiraddE, illavE dUraddE embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, Iga mattu Aga emba bEre eraDu tOrupadagaLu baLakeyAguttave.
sollugaLalli baLakeyAguva tOrupadagaLalli kelavu hesarupadagaLa kelasadalli baruttave (adu, idu, avanu, yAru), mattu bEre kelavu paricepadagaLa kelasadalli baruttave (aSTu, iSTu, alli, illi). Adare, I ellA padagaLa naDuveyU halavu hOlikegaLiruva kAraNa, avannu tOrupadagaLemba bEreyE ondu gumpinalli sErisi hELa lAgide.
neremaneya
idallade, ondu sollinallE bEreDe gurutisiruva vyaktiyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi tAnu emba bErondu padavU baLakeyallide. ettuge tanage gAgi, hasivillavendu malagida emba sollinalli tanage pada adE sollinalli bEreDe bandiruva neremane muduka emba padakantege badalAgi bandide. idannU tOrupadavendu kareyabahudu. Adare, kelavu viSayagaLalli adu ADupadagaLannu hOluttade.
manege bandavanu,
muduka,
(3) eNikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAda padagaLu bEreyE ondu gumpinalli sEruttave. kelavu viSayagaLalli avu paricepadagaLannu hOluttave; Adare bEre kelavu viSayagaLalli hesarupadagaLannU hOluttave.
(4) saddu, nOTa, anisike modalAduvannu aNakisuvantaha halavAru aNakapadagaLu sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. ivu halavu viSayagaLalli mEle vivarisiruvantaha padagaLinda bErAgive. hAgAgi, ivannu bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisabEkAguttade. heccAgi ivu paricepadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave (dagadagane uriyitu; Dabbane bittu; miNimiNi soDaru). Adare, ivugaLalli kelavu isu oTTinondige illavE guTTu padadondige sEri esakapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAga balluvu (taLamaLisu, gamagamisu, guNuguTTu).
1.4.7 padarUpagaLa iTTaLa
padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasuvAga, ellA kaDegaLallU avannu ondE rUpadalli baLasalu baruvudilla; avugaLalli heccinavakkU oTTugaLannu sErisi bEre bEre padarUpagaLannu unTumADi baLasabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(1ka) birugALige mara uruLitu. (1ca) maravannu kaDiduhAkidaru. (1Ta) Ata maradinda keLage iLiyuttiddAne.
(1ta) I marakke hattalu ENi bEku. (1pa) A maradalli hU biTTilla.
mara padavannu mElina sollugaLalli baLasalu adakke mara, maravannu, maradinda, marakke, mattu maradalli emba aydu bageya padarUpagaLu bEkAgive. ivu marakkU sollina esakapadakkU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embudannu tiLisuttave. idallade, mara padakkU bEre hesarupadagaLigU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embudannu tiLisu vavu (marada, marakkinta), mattu adu gurutisuva vastuvina eNike yannu tiLisuvavu (maragaLu) embudAgi bEreyU kelavu padarUpa gaLu adakke bEkAguttave.
ivu hesarupadagaLige bEkAguvantaha padarUpagaLu; esakapadagaLige ivakkinta tIra bErAgiruva halavu bageya padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave; ettugegAgi, hattu esakapadavannu baLasiruva keLagina sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(2ka) huDuga marakke hattida. (2ca) bekku marakke hattitu. (2Ta) bekku marakke hattuttade. (2ta) huDuga marakke hattali. (2pa) huDuganannu marakke hattisidaru.
hattu esakapadavannu mElina sollugaLalli baLasalu hattida, hattitu, hattuttade, hattali mattu hattisidaru emba aydu pada
rUpagaLu bEkAgive. bEre bageya sollugaLalli baLasalu adakke intaha innU halavAru padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave.
esakapadagaLigiruva I padarUpagaLu Odugarige halavu bage tiLuvaLikegaLannu koDuttave: avugaLa koneyalli baruva a, tu, ade, ali, aru embantaha gurutina oTTugaLu avu tiLisuva esakadalli toDagiruvavaru (Aguga illavE mADuga) yAru embudannu aDaka vAgi tiLisuttave; ivugaLa modalu baruva id, i, utta embantaha hottina oTTugaLu sollannu ADida hottigU esaka naDeyuva hottigU naDuviruva sambandavannu tiLisuttave; hattisidaru padarUpa dalli bandiruva isu oTTu esakavannu adara mADuganinda bEre yArO mADisidaru embudannu tiLisuttade. hattali padarUpadalli bandiruva ali oTTu esakakke ADugana oppigeyideyembudannu tiLisu ttade.
esakada kuritAgi intaha halavu bageya viSayagaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi esakapadagaLige halavu bageya padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave. idE rIti yalli sollugaLalli baruva paricepadagaLu, ADupadagaLu, tOrupada gaLu, eNike padagaLu modalAduvakkU kelavu heccina padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave.
1.4.8 padakantegaLa iTTaLa
ondu sollina huruLEnembudannu sariyAgi vivarisabEkAdalli, adannu padagaLAgi mAtravallade padakantegaLAgiyU oDeyabEkAguttade. ettuge gAgi, cikka huDuga hattu roTTi tinda emba sollannu gamanisa bahudu. idannu cikka, huDuga, hattu, roTTi mattu tinda emba aydu padagaLAgi oDeyaballevu. Adare hIge mADuvudara mUlaka A sollina huruLu entahadu embudannu sariyAgi vivarisalu baruvu dilla.
idakkAgi nAvu A sollannu bEre rItiyAgi oDeyabEkAguttade: adaralli bandiruva aydu padagaLalli modalaneya eraDu padagaLannu oTTige cikka huDuga emba ondu padakanteyAgi, mattu AmElina eraDu padagaLannu oTTige hattu roTTi emba innondu padakanteyAgi oDedukoLLabEkAguttade. yAkendare, A sollu tinda embudAgi ondu esakavannu tiLisuttiddu, adaralli toDagikonDiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLalli ‘tindudu yAru’ embudannu cikka huDuga emba pada
kanteya mUlaka, mattu ‘tindudu Enannu’ embudannu hattu roTTi emba padakanteya mUlaka tiLisuttade.
kannaDadalli entaha padakantegaLella baLakeyAguttave, avugaLa iTTaLa entahadu, avugaLalli baruva padagaLannu hEge aNigoLisalAguttade embudannu bEreyE ondu pasugeyalli vivarisalAguttade.
1.5 sollugaLa iTTaLa
kannaDa nuDi tiLidiruvavarigella adara ondu sollannu OdidAga illavE kELidAga adu Enannu hELuttide embudu gottAguttade. Adare avarige idu hEge gottAguttade? A sollinalli bandiruva padagaLa huruLu avarige gottiruvudarinda sollina huruLU gottAguttade endiSTE hELidare, adu sariyAguvudilla.
yAkendare, ondu sollu Enu hELuttide embudu adaralli bandiruva padagaLa huruLannu mAtravallade, A padagaLannu adaralli hEge aNigoLisalAgide embudara mElU avalambisiruttade. hAgAgi, padagaLannu kelavu gumpugaLalli hondisikonDu, avugaLinda sollina huruLannu paDeyuva aLavU OduganallirabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollannu gamanisabahudu:
(3) huliya bAyige bidda danada karu kUgADuttide.
I sollannu Odidavaralli kelavarige adu ondu danada karu huliya bAyige biddu kUgADuttide embudannu tiLisuttide endu anisabahudu; Adare, bEre kelavarige adu ondu dana huliya bAyige biddide, (mattu hAgAgi) adara karu kUgADuttide embu dannu tiLisuttide endU anisabahudu. I sollina padagaLannu eraDu bagegaLalli gumpugUDisalu baruttade embudE adu hIge adara Odugaralli eraDu bageya anisikegaLannu mUDisalu kAraNa.
idannE innondu bageyalli hELuvudAdare, mElina sollige eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLive: (1) adaralli huliya bAyige bidda embudu nEravAgi danada karuvina pariceyondannu tiLisuttirabahudu, illavE (2) huliya bAyige bidda embudu danada pariceyannu, mattu averaDU oTTu sEriruva huliya bAyige bidda danada
embudu karuvina pariceyannu tiLisuttirabahudu. idannE kamsagaLannu baLasi keLage koTTiruva hAge tOrisabahudu.
- (huliya bAyige bidda) danada karu kUgADuttide.
- ((huliya bAyige bidda) danada) karu kUgADuttide.
keLage koTTiruva hAge, eraDu bageyalli kavaloDeyuvantaha citragaLa mUlakavU I eraDu iTTaLagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu tOrisalu baruttade:
huliya bAyige bidda danada karu
huliya bAyige bidda
danada
dana
karu
sollugaLalli baruva intaha padagaLa gumpugaLalli kelavannu padakantegaLu embudAgi, mattu bEre kelavannu oLasollugaLu embudAgi hesarisabEkAguttade. mEle modalanE iTTaLadalli (1ralli) bandiruva danada karu embudu ondu padakante, mattu huliya bAyige bidda embudu ondu oLasollu.
danada karu embudaralli karuvina pariceyondannu tiLisuvudakkAgi karu padadondige danada emba padarUpavannu baLasalAgide; idakke badalu, huliya bAyige bidda embudaralli karuvina bErondu pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi karu huliya bAyige bittu emba sollannu ondu oLasollAgi mArpaDisi baLasalAgide.
ondu sollu Enu hELuttide embudu namage gottAguttide yAdare, adaralli bandiruva padagaLannu padakantegaLAgi mattu oLa sollugaLAgi jODisikoLLuvudu hEge embudu namage gottide yendE hELabahudu. intaha tiLivu nammallide embudakke kannaDada llillada padagaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva keLagina sollu ondu oLLeya ettuge:
(4)
palukannu bingi, kammatana pangu nOyuttide.
I sollinalli nOyu emba pada mAtra kannaDaddu. uLidavu kannaDada padagaLa hAge kANisuttave; Adare nijakkU antaha padagaLu kannaDadallilla. hAgiddarU, ‘kammata embAta EnO mADidudarindAgi (palukannu bingidudarindAgi), Atana ondu anga (pangu) nOyuttide’ embantaha huruLannu nAvu mElina sollininda paDeya ballevu.
idu hEge sAdyavAguttade? padagaLa huruLu tiLiyadiddarU, solli nalli baLakeyAgiruva iTTaLa entahadu embudannu nAvu kanDukoLLa ballevu; idallade, A iTTaLadalli yAva pada elli baLakeyAgide kelasavannu gamanisi, adaralli avu entaha embudannu naDesuttirabahudu embudannU Uhisaballevu.
Adare, I tiLuvaLike namma miduLinalli arivige eTakada rUpa dalliruttade, mattu adE rUpadalli baLakeyAguttiruttade. kannaDada sollarime adannu arivige eTakuvante mADuttade.
1.5.1 kannaDada mukya solliTTaLagaLu
kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLannu suLusollugaLu, jODu sollugaLu mattu sikkalusollugaLu embudAgi mUru gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu.
ivugaLalli jODusollugaLannu eraDu illavE heccu suLu sollugaLannu oTTige sErisi unTumADalAguttade, mattu sikkalu sollugaLannu ondu suLusollinoLage ondu illavE heccu suLu sollugaLannu oLasollugaLAgi baLasi, unTumADalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, keLage koTTiruva mUru sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu: (5ka) rAju manege banda. (5ca) (5Ta) manege banda rAju UTamADida.
rAju manege banda mattu UTa mADida.
(5ka)dalli ondu suLusollu bandide; (5ca)dalli adE suLu sollannu innondu suLusollinondige sErisiruva ondu jODu
sollu bandide; mattu (5Ta)dalli A suLusollannu manege banda emba oLasollannAgi mArpaDisi, adannu eraDanE suLusollina ondu padakanteyoLage irisiruva sikkalusollu bandide.
jODu mattu sikkalu sollugaLannu hIge suLusollugaLannu oTTu sErisuva illavE avugaLalli mArpATugaLannu mADuva mUlaka paDeya bahudu; hAgAgi, I hottageyalli modalige kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva suLusollugaLa iTTaLagaLu entahavu embudannu vivarisalAgide; avannu baLasi jODu mattu sikkalusollugaLannu unTumADuva bage hEge embudannu AmEle vivarisalAguttade.
kannaDada suLusollugaLannella esakavannu tiLisuvavugaLu mattu iruha vannu tiLisuvavugaLu embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli aNigoLisa bahudu. sunIl manege hOda emba sollu ondu esakavannu (hOguvikeyannu) tiLisuttade, mattu sunIl maygaLLa embudu ondu iruhavannu tiLisuttade.
I rIti esaka illavE iruhavannu tiLisuvudu mAtravallade tiLiya diruvudannu tiLiyalu yArannAdarU kELuvudu, mADalAgada kelasa vannu innobbara hattira mADalu hELuvudu, mADabEkendiruva kelasakke innobbara oppige paDeyuvudu, mADabArada kelasavannu innobbanu mADadante taDeyuvudu modalAda bEreyU halavu bageya mAtina kelasagaLannu sollugaLa mUlaka naDesaballevu. idakkAgi ondE sollannu bEre bEre rUpagaLalli baLasabEkAguttade.
ettugegAgi, mEle koTTiruva esaka mattu iruhagaLannu tiLisuva eraDu sollugaLigiruva intaha halavu rUpagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
sunIl manege hOgiddAne.
(6ka) (6ca) sunIl manege hOgiddAnO? (6Ta) sunIl manege hOgali. (6ta) sunIl manege hOgalO? (6pa) sunIl manege hOgadirali.
(7ka) sunIl maygaLLa. (7ca) sunIl maygaLLanO? (7Ta) sunIl maygaLLanalla.
(7ta) sunIl maygaLLanirabahudu. (7pa) sunIl maygaLLaniralAra.
sollugaLa mUlaka esaka illavE iruhagaLannu innobbarige tiLisuva kelasavE mEle koTTiruva kelasagaLallella atyanta mukyavAdudu. hAgAgi, sollugaLa iTTaLaventahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLabEkendiru vavaru modalige I tiLisuva kelasadalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLu entahavu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu oLLeyadu. bEre kelasagaLalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLannella AmEle, antaha tiLisuva sollu gaLallEnE halavu bageya mArpADugaLannu mADuva mUlaka, paDeyalu baruttade.
ettugegAgi, sunIl manege hOgiddAne emba (ka) tiLisuva sollige O oTTannu sErisi, kELuva kelasakkAgi baLakeyAguva (6ca) sollannu paDeyabahudu; (6ka) sollinalli baLakeyAgiruva hOgu esakapadakke nEravAgi ali oTTannu sErisi, oppige koDuva (6Ta) sollannu paDeyabahudu; adakkEnE alu mattu O oTTugaLannu sErisi oppige kELuva (6ta) sollannu paDeyabahudu.
esakagaLannu sUcisuva kannaDada sollugaLallella ondu esakapada A sollugaLa tiruLupadavAgi bandiruttade. idannu sAmAnyavAgi sollina koneyalli irisalAguttade. ettugegAgi, sunIl manege hOda emba sollinalli A sollina tiruLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi hOda emba esakapada bandide.
I esakapadadondige sunIl mattu manege emba bEreyU eraDu padagaLu bandiddu, avu A pada tiLisuva esakada kuritAgi heccina mAhitiyannu koDuttave, illavE adu koDuva mAhitiyannE heccu vivaravAgi tiLisuttave:
hOda emba esakapadavu tiLisuva kelasakke ondu guri (hOguva jAga) iruttade; Adare adu yAvudu embudannu A pada tiLisuvu dilla; hAgAgi, I heccina sangatiyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi adara modalu manege emba padada baLakeyAgide. idakke badalu, hOda emba esaka padavE hOdavanu obba vyakti (ganDusu) embudannu adara koneyalli bandiruva a oTTina mUlaka tiLisuttade; hAgAgi, A sollinalli
modalige bandiruva sunIl emba padakke adE sangatiyannu heccu vivaravAgi sUcisuva kelasavideyendu hELabahudu.
esakavannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli mukyavAgi eraDu bageya esaka padagaLu baLakeyAguttave. ivannu AguhagaLu mattu mADuhagaLu embudAgi kareyabahudu. sOru embudu ondu Aguha pada; mADininda nIru sOruttide emba sollinalli ‘Enu naDeyuttide’ embudannu (endare ondu Aguhavannu) adaralli bandiruva I sOru pada tiLisuttade.
idakke badalu, Odu embudu ondu mADuha pada; huDuga kate OduttiddAne emba sollinalli ‘huDuga Enu mADuttiddAne’ embu dannu (endare ondu mADuhavannu) I Odu pada tiLisuttade.
ondu sollinalli baruva esakapadadondige bEre entaha pada gaLella baraballuvu embudu A esakapada entaha esakavannu tiLisuttade embudara mEle avalambiside. sOru emba esakapadadondige mEle nIru koTTiruva sollinalli ‘sOruvudu Enu’ embudannu tiLisuva emba ondu Aguga pada bandide mattu ‘sOruvudu ellinda’ embu dannu tiLisuva mADininda emba ondu suru pada bandide.
idakke badalu, Odu emba esakapadadondige mEle koTTiruva sollinalli adu tiLisuva mADuhavannu ‘yAru mADuttiddAre’ embu dannu tiLisuva huDuga emba ondu mADuga pada bandide mattu Ata ‘Enu OduttiddAne’ embudannu tiLisuva kate emba IDu pada bandide. Odu emba esakapadada badalu bILu emba bErondu esaka padavannu baLasidevAdare, adarondige IDannu tiLisuva pada bara lAradu. Adare adakke badalu, A esakapada tiLisuva Aguha ‘elli naDeyitu’ embudannu (endare, adara jAgavannu) tiLisuva pada baLake yAgaballudu (huDuga angaLadalli bidda), illavE adu ‘ellinda modalAgide’ mattu ‘ellige sAgide’ embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, huDuga maradinda gunDige bidda emba sollinalli kANisuva hAge, adara suruvannu (maradinda) mattu guriyannu (gunDige) tiLisuva padagaLu baLakeyAgaballuvu.
esakagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli esakapadagaLu baruva hAge, iruhagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli iru pada baruttade. idannu iruha padadavembudAgi kareyabahudu. ettugegAgi, huDugana kayyalli
ondu haNNide emba sollu ondu iruhavannu tiLisuttade mattu adara koneyalli iruhapada ide emba rUpadalli bandide.
iruhavannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli iruhapada bAradiruvudU ide. ettugegAgi, I giDada ele kempu emba sollinalli iruhapada bandilla. mEle (7ka-pa)dalli koTTiruva sunIl maygaLLa emba sollinallU adu bandilla.
esakapadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisi kelavu heccina suLusollu gaLannU unTumADalu baruttade. ivugaLalli kelavannu mADuhagaLalli baLakeyAguvantaha iTTaLagaLindalE unTumADalAguttade; Adare, bEre kelavannu unTumADalu kelavu heccina iTTaLagaLannu baLasa bEkAguttade. hIgiddarU, avannella mEle koTTiruva suLusollugaLa iTTaLagaLalli mArpADugaLannu mADuva mUlaka paDeyalu baruttade. hAgAgi, avannu unTumADuva bage hEge embudannu AmEle tiLidu koLLabahudu.
idallade, esakapadagaLige bEre bageya padagaLannu sErisi kUDupada gaLannu unTumADuvantaha ondu holabU kannaDadallide. ettugegAgi, nAyigaLu kaccADuttive emba sollinalli kaccADu emba kUDupada vannu baLasalAgide. intaha kUDupadagaLannu baLasiruva sollugaLa iTTaLa kelavu viSayagaLalli suLusollugaLa iTTaLadinda bErAgide. Adare ivannU suLusollugaLinda paDeyaballevu.
1.5.2 esakagaLu mattu avugaLa pAngugaLu
mEle tiLisida hAge, ondu sollinalli esakapadadondige adu tiLisuva esakada Aguga, mADuga, IDu, guri mattu jAgagaLannu tiLisuva hesarupadagaLalli kelavu baraballuvu. avugaLalli entahavu baraballuvu mattu eSTu barabahudu illavE barabEku embudannu ondu sollina esakapadavE tIrmAnisuttade.
ettugegAgi, mAru embaesakapadadondige mADuga, guri, mattu IDu emba mUru bageya hesaru padagaLu barabEkAguttade; adakke badalu, tinnu emba esakapadavannu baLasidevAdare, adarondige tinnuva vyakti (mADuga) mattu tinnuva vastu (IDu) emba eraDu hesarupada gaLu bandare sAku; aLu emba bErondu esakapadavannu baLaside vAdare, adarondige aLuva vyakti (Aguga) emba ondu hesarupada bandare sAku.
sIte maneyannu jAnakige mAridaLu.
huDuga sIbehaNNu tinda.
(8) (9) (10) magu aLuttade.
esakapadagaLondige baruva I Aguga, mADuga, IDu, suru, guri, mattu jAgagaLannu adara pAngugaLendu kareyabahudu. ivugaLalli Aguga pAngu ellA bageya Aguha sollugaLallU baruttade, mattu mADuga pAngu ellA bageya mADuha sollugaLallU baruttade; Adare, iveraDU oTTige ondE sollinalli baruvudilla; hAgAgi, ivannu gurutisuvudakkAgi yAva oTTannU baLasabEkAguvudilla.
bAki uLida pAngugaLalli IDannu annu oTTininda, suruvannu inda oTTininda, guriyannu ge oTTininda mattu jAgavannu lli oTTi ninda gurutisalAguttade. halavu kaDegaLalli IDannu gurutisuva annu oTTu bidduhOguvudU ide embudannu rAju mara kaDida emba sollinalli kANabahudu. I nAlku (IDu, suru, kone, mattu jAga) pAngugaLa baLakege ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
(11) huDuga nAyiyannu ODisida. (12) huDuga SAleyinda baruttiddAne, (13) huDuganige ondu pustaka sikkide. (14) maneyalli yArU illa.
Aguha mattu mADuha sollugaLalli baraballa pAngugaLannavalambisi, avannu mukyavAgi keLage koTTiruvantaha gumpugaLalli sErisi hELa bahudu:
Aguha sollugaLu:
- Aguga mAtra: bekku sattitu.
- Aguga mattu IDu: mara hU biTTide.
- Aguga mattu suru:
- Aguga mattu guri: huDugige hADu nenapide.
- Aguga mattu jAga: angaLadalli hullu beLedide.
maradinda haNNu bittu.
mADuha sollugaLu:
- mADuga mAtra: huDuga ODida.
- mADuga mattu IDu: magu hAlu kuDiyitu.
- mADuga mattu suru: huDuga maradinda iLida.
- mADuga mattu guri: huDuga marakke hattida.
- mADuga mattu jAga: kOti maradalli kuLititu.
- mADuga, suru, mattu IDu: huDuga maradinda haNNu kitta.
- mADuga, guri, mattu IDu: ajji makkaLige kate hELidaLu.
iruha sollugaLa pAngugaLu iruha sollugaLalli bEre bageya kelavu pAngugaLu baLakeyAguttave. intaha ellA sollugaLallU ondu iruga baruttade; idallade, ivu bariya iruvikeyannu tiLisuvuvAdare, avugaLalli jAga mattu hottu gaLannu sUcisuva bEre eraDu pAngugaLu (illavE avugaLallondu) baruttave.
idakke badalu avu pariceyannu illavE pattugeyannu tiLisuvu diddalli, avannu tiLisuva bErondu pAnguvU irugadondige baruttade. idallade, jAga, hottu mattu haravannu tiLisuva pAngu gaLU intaha sollugaLalli baraballuvu. ivugaLalli kelavu pAngugaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva sollugaLalli kANabahudu:
- jAga, hottu, mattu iruga: ninne nAnu maysUrallidde.
- parice mattu iruga: huDuga sappagiddAne.
- parice, jAga, mattu iruga: avanu maneyalli teppagiruttAne.
- pattuge mattu iruga: avanige kelasa ide. huDugarige nALe SAlege
- pattuge, hottu, haravu, mattu iruga:
raje ide.
1.5.3 huruLupattuge mattu baLakepattuge
mEle vivarisidantaha pAngugaLu hesarupadagaLigU esakapadakkU naDuve sollina huruLige sambandisidantaha pattugegaLannu tiLisalu baLakeyAgu ttave. ivakkinta tIra bErAgiruva baLakege sambandisidantaha sollinalli baruva hesarupadagaLigU esakapadakkU pattugegaLU
naDuviddu, avannu tiLisalu bEreyE ondu holabu sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttade.
sollugaLannu nele mattu tiLivu emba eraDu tunDugaLAgi oDe yalu baruttade. yAra illavE yAvudara kuritAgi sollu ondu sangatiyannu tiLisuttade embudannu adara nele hELuttade, mattu I neleya kuritAgi Enu tiLisabEkAgide embudannu tiLivu hELuttade. sAmAnyavAgi sollina modalaneya pada illavE padakante adara neleyAgiruttade, mattu uLida amSa tiLivAgiruttade.
ettugegAgi, ajji makkaLige kate hELidaLu emba sollinalli ajji embudu nele mattu makkaLige kate hELidaLu embudu tiLivu. sollinalli bandiruva padagaLa OraNavannu badalAyisi, bEre bEre nelegaLannu ArisikoLLalu baruttade:
(15ka) ajji makkaLige kate hELidaLu. (15ca) makkaLige ajji kate hELidaLu. (15Ta) kateyannu ajji makkaLige hELidaLu.
ondu sollinalli baruva Aguga, mADuga, IDu, suru, guri, jAga modalAdavugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU I rIti adara neleyannAgi mADi baLasaballevu.
idallade, sollugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu pada illavE pada kanteya mEle ottu bILuttiruttade. sAmAnyavAgi sollinalli esakapadakkinta modalu, mattu adara pakkavE iruva pada illavE padakanteya mEle ottu biddiruttade. ettugegAgi, mEle (15ka-ca) sollugaLalli kate padada mEle ottu biddide; Adare, (15Ta)dalli adu makkaLige padada mEle biddide, mattu makkaLige kateyannu ajji hELidaLu emba sollinalli ajji padada mEle biddide.
sollinalli baruva yAvudAdarondu pada illavE padakanteya mEle ottu bILuvante mADalu kannaDadalli bEreyU kelavu holabu gaLu baLakeyallive. ettugegAgi, adannu sollina konege sAgisabahudu; Adare, idakkAgi sollina esakapadavannu hesarupadavAgi badalAyisa bEkAguttade:
(15ta) makkaLige kate hELiddu ajji. (15pa) ajji makkaLige hELiddu kate. (15ga) ajji kate hELiddu makkaLige.
sollugaLa nele mattu ottugaLannu I rIti badalAyisidAga (endare, adara baLakepattugegaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADidAga), adara huruLupattugegaLalli yAva badalAvaNeyU Aguvudilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. (15ka-ga)gaLalli bandiruva ellA sollugaLallU ondE vyakti illavE viSayagaLu mADuga (ajji), guri (makkaLu) mattu IDu(kate)gaLAgi uLidukonDive.
1.5.4 nelegoLisuvudu
namma eNisikeyalliruva esaka entahadu, adaralli yAva vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAdavugaLu toDagikonDive, avakkU esakakkU naDuve entaha huruLina mattu baLakeya pattugegaLive embudannu tiLisidAga, kELuganige nAvu tiLisabEkendiruva eNisikeya tiruLu gottAguttade. Adare, aSTu mAtra mADidare sAkAguvudilla. nAvu tiLisuva esakada hottu mattu jAgagaLu yAvuvu, avakkU ADugana illavE kELugana hottu mattu jAgagaLigU naDuve entaha pattugeyide, bEre esaka gaLigU adakkU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embantaha bEre halavu bageya sangatigaLannU tiLisabEkAguttade. idannu nelegoLisuvudu embudAgi kareyabahudu.
(1) ADugana hottu esakada hottannu ADugana hottige sambandisuvante tiLisalu esakapada dondige hottina oTTannu baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, huDuga hAlu kuDida emba sollannu gamanisabahudu. idaralli huDuga emba hesaru pada obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade, mattu hAlu emba innondu hesarupada ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttade; A vyakti hAlannu Enu mADida embudannu kuDi emba esakapada tiLisuttade. I mUru pada gaLu oTTu sEri namma eNisikeya tiruLannu koDuttave.
mElina sollinalli kuDi emba esakapadadondige d mattu a emba eraDu oTTugaLu bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. ivugaLalli d oTTu kuDiyuva kelasa mElina sollannu ADiruva hottiginta (endare ADugana hottiginta) modalE naDedide embudannu tiLisuttade, mattu adara baLika bandiruva a oTTu I kelasavannu naDesidavanu obba huDuga, endare ganDugurtina obba vyakti, embudannu tiLisuttade.
esakada hottannu ADugana hottinondige sambandisuvudakkAgi kannaDa dalli utta mattu d emba eraDu oTTugaLannu esakapadadondige baLasalAguttade. ivugaLalli utta embudu ADugana hottina baLika naDeyuva esakavannu tiLisuttade, mattu d embudu adakke modalu naDeda esakavannu tiLisuttade.
(16ka) Ake enTUvarege baruttALe. (16ca) Ake enTUvarege bandaLu.
idannE heccu vivaravAgi tiLisalu nALe, nADidu, ninne, monne, enTUvarege modalAda paricepadagaLannU baLasalAguttade. idallade, tiLisuttiruva esakakkU bErondu esakakkU naDuve entaha hottina pattugeyide embudannU tiLisabEkAguttade. idakkAgi kannaDadalli esaka padada jODisuva rUpadondige iru padada padarUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade.
(17ka) nAvu hOguvaSTaralli Ata bandiruttAne. (17ca) nAvu hOguvaSTaralli Ata bandidda. (17Ta) nAvu hOguvAga Ata baruttidda.
(17ta) nAvu hOguvaSTaralli Ata baraliddAne.
(2) ADugana niluvu sollu tiLisuva tiruLina kuritAgi ADugana niluvEnu embudannU kELuganige tiLisabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli idakkAgi bahudu, bEku, illa modalAda kelavu padagaLannu esakapadadondige baLasalAguttade.
(18ka) Ata nALe beLigge baruttAne. (18ca) Ata nALe beLigge barabahudu.
(18Ta) Ata nALe beLigge barabEku. (18ta) Ata nALe beLigge baruvudilla.
(18ka)dalli marudina naDeyaliruva ondu esakavannu tiLisalAgide; (18ca)dalli I esakavannu tiLisuvudarondige adu naDeyuva kuritu ADuganu tanna samSayavannU tiLisiddAne; I samSaya (18ca)dalliruvuda kkinta (18Ta)dalli tusu kaDimeyide; Adare (18ta)dalli A esaka naDeyuvudE illavembudAgi tiLisalAgide.
nAnu
I nelegoLisuva kelasagaLu eSTu mukyavAduvendare, avugaLalli kelavannu nAvu baLasuva ellA sollugaLallU kaDDAyavAgi naDesalE bEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, nAnu nALe Urige hOguttEne emba sollinalli yAru embudannu tiLisuvudAdarU adannu innomme kaDDAyavAgi esakapadada Ene oTTina mUlaka tiLisabEkAgide; hOguva kelasa I mAtannu hELuva samayadalli naDedillavembudannu nALe pada tiLisuvudAdarU, adannE kaDDAyavAgi esakapadada utta oTTina innomme mUlaka tiLisabEkAgide.
hOdavaru
pada
1.6 barigegaLu mattu avugaLa ulipu
mEle (1.4.1ralli) tiLisida hAge, ellara kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLannella mUru mukya hantagaLalli kaTTalAguttade:
barigegaLannu sErisi padagaLannu kaTTuvudu modalaneya hanta,
padagaLannu sErisi padakantegaLannu kaTTuvudu eraDaneya hanta, mattu
padakantegaLannu (mattu padagaLannu) sErisi sollugaLannu kaTTuvudu
mUraneya hanta.
ettugegAgi, A huDuga yAru? emba sollannu gamanisabahudu. idannu A huDuga padakanteyannu yAru padadondige sErisi kaTTa lAgide; A huDuga padakanteyalli A mattu huDuga emba eraDu padagaLu oTTusErive. I padagaLalli huDuga embudannu h, u, D, u, g mattu a emba Aru barigegaLa sErikeyinda, mattu yAru embudannu y, A, r, u emba nAlku barigegaLa sErikeyinda
unTumADalAgide. (idallade, I barigegaLu huDuga padadalli hu, Du, ga emba mUru barigekantegaLAgi, mattu yAru padadalli yA mattu ru emba eraDu barigekantegaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. A padadalli ondu barige mAtra ide.)
sollugaLannu hIge mUru hantagaLalli kaTTuva kAraNa, kannaDadalli barE mUvattondu barigegaLannu baLasi sAvirAru padagaLannu unTu mADalu baruttade, mattu I sAvirAru padagaLannu baLasi lekkavilladaSTu sollugaLannu unTumADalu baruttade.
ellara kannaDakke bEkAguva I mUvattondu barigegaLannu avugaLa ulipannu avalambisi tereyuligaLu mattu mucculigaLu emba eraDu gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu. tereyuligaLa gumpinalli a, i, u, e, o mattu A, I, U, E, O emba hattu barigegaLive, mattu mucculigaLa gumpinalli k, c, T, t, p; g, j, D, d, b; N, n, m; y, v; r; l, L; S, s, h emba ippattondu barigegaLive.
I eraDu bageya barigegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavEnendare, tereyuli gaLa ulipinalli bAyi heccukaDime terediruttade, mattu mucculigaLa ulipinalli adu heccukaDime mucciruttade. terediruva bAyiyoLa giruva ToLLina AkAravannu bagebageyAgi badalAyisuva mUlaka halavu bageya tereyuligaLannu horaDisuttEve, mattu heccukaDime mucciruva bAyiyinda hora baruva usirige bagebageya taDegaLa nnoDDuva mUlaka halavu bageya mucculigaLannu horaDisuttEve.
kannaDadalli I eraDu bageya barigegaLa ulipu hEge naDeyuttade
embudara mEle, avannu keLage koTTiruva hAge paTTimADabahudu.
(1) tereyuligaLu giDDa uligaLu
udda uligaLu
bAyiya jAga
nAligeya bAga
mEle
naDuve
keLage
munde hinde E J
G M C
munde hinde F H N K D
mADuva bage
taDeyuli
,, (gu) mUguli ujjuli
badiyuli hoDeyuli taDeyilladuli
tuTi p b m
v
(2) mucculigaLu
mADuva jAga
k g
T D N
c
j
hallu maDacu anguLu mettanguLu t d n s l r
S
L
h
y
p, bgaLa modalu bandiruva makAravannu, t, dgaLa modalu bandiruva nakAravannu, mattu T, DgaLa modalu bandiruva NakAra vannu sonne(m)ya mUlaka gurutisuva pari kannaDada barahadallide. Adare ulipinalli ivu mUguligaLE. kempu, nambu, kantu, andu, anTu, tunDu modalAda padagaLalli baruva mUguligaLannu hAge sonneya rUpadalli bareyuva badalu, mUguligaLa rUpadallEnE kempu, nambu, kantu, andu, aNTu, tuNDu embudAgi baredalli idu gottAguttade.
ulipinalli c, jgaLa modalu [Ya] emba ondu mUguli kANisikoLLuttade, mattu k, ggaLa modalu [Ga] emba innondu mUguli kANisikoLLuttade. I eraDu kaDegaLallU nakAra baruvudilla; hAgAgi, avannu nakArada rUpagaLendu tiLidukoLLabahudu, mattu I kAraNakkAgi intaha eraDu barigegaLu kannaDakke bEkAguvudilla. idallade, barahadalli avannu itara mUguligaLa hAge sonneya mUlakavEnE sUcisalAguttade (ancu [aYcu], anju [aYju], anke [aGka], manga [maGga]).
1.6.1 barigegaLa ulipu
barigegaLannu illi avugaLa ulipina mEle gumpugUDisalAgide; hAgAgi, avakke tereyuli, mucculi, mUguli, taDeyuli modalAda uligaLa hesarugaLannE koDalAgide embudannu gamanisabEku. Adare, ellara kannaDa mukyavAgi barahada kannaDa; hAgAgi, adara I sollarime yalli barahadalli kANisikoLLuva barigegaLinda avugaLa ulipige hOgalAgideyallade, mAtinalli kANisikoLLuva uligaLinda barigegaLige bandilla.
(1) tereyuligaLa ulipu kannaDadalli hattu tereyuligaLiddu, avugaLa ulipinalli kANisuva mukya vyatyAsagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
(1) i, e, u, o, a embavu giDDa tereyuligaLu, mattu I, E, U, O, A embavu udda tereyuligaLu. giDDa tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvudakkinta udda tereyuligaLannu horaDisalu tusu heccu hottu bEkAguttade embudE ivugaLa naDuviruva mukya vyatyAsa.
(2) i, I, e, E embavu mundina tereyuligaLu, mattu mattu u, U, o, O, a, A embavu hindina tereyuligaLu. mundina tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvudakkAgi nAligeya mundina bAga vannu baLasalAguttade mattu hindina tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvudakkAgi nAligeya hindina bAgavannu baLasalAguttade.
(3) i, I, u, U embavu mElina tereyuligaLu, e, E, o, O embavu naDuvina tereyuligaLu, mattu a, A embavu keLagina tereyuligaLu. ivugaLalli mElina tereyuligaLAda i, I embavu gaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya mundina bAga, mattu u, U embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya hindina bAga bAyiya mElina jAgadalliruttave.
hIgeyE, naDuvina tereyuligaLAda e, E embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya mundina bAga, mattu o, O embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya hindina bAga bAyiya naDujAgadalliru ttave; keLagina tereyuligaLAda a, A embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya hindina bAga bAyiya keLajAgadalliruttade.
(4) I tereyuligaLa horaDisuvikeyalli innU ondu vyatyAsa vide: u, U, o, O embavugaLa horaDisuvikeyalli tuTi dunDagiru ttade, mattu uLidavugaLa (i, I, e, E, a, A embavugaLa) horaDisuvikeyalli A rIti tuTi dunDagiruvudilla. kannaDadalli I vyatyAsakke huruLannu koDuva kelasavillavAda kAraNa, tereyuligaLannu hesarisuvAga I vyatyAsavannu tiLisabEkAguvudilla.
tereyuligaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLalli namage bEkAdavugaLannu
mAtravE baLasikonDu keLage koTTiruva hAge avannu hesarisabahudu:
E
F
J
K
G
H
M
N
C
D
munmElina giDDa tereyuli munmElina udda tereyuli munnaDuvina giDDa tereyuli munnaDuvina udda tereyuli hinmElina giDDa tereyuli hinmElina udda tereyuli hinnaDuvina giDDa tereyuli hinnaDuvina udda tereyuli hingeLagina giDDa tereyuli hingeLagina udda tereyuli
mEle tiLisida hAge, I ellA tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU bAyi terediruttade. adaroLagina ToLLu yAva AkAradallide embu dara mEle I tereyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa avalambiside. nAligeya himbAgavannu illavE mumbAgavannu bEre bEre kaDegaLalli nillisuva mUlaka I ToLLina AkAravannu badalisalAguttade.
I ellA tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunu gunisuttiruttade mattu A rIti gunugunisuttiruvAga unTAguva ulige bAyiyalliruva bEre bEre AkArada ToLLugaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli mAruliyuttiruttave. idarindAgi bEre bEre rItiya tereyuligaLu unTAguttave.
(2) mucculigaLa ulipu kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva mucculigaLannu horaDisuva bage tereyuli gaLannu horaDisuva bageginta tIra bErAdudu. adu hEge naDeyuttade embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli adakkAgi baLakeyAguva angagaLu yAvuvu, avu bAyiyalli yAva jAgakke hOguttave mattu alli entaha kelasavannu naDesuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade.
idallade, hIge uligaLannu horaDisuva samayadalli ganTalina lliruva ulipeTTige gunugunisuttideyO illavO embudannU gamanisa bEkAguttade.
kannaDada mucculigaLannu horaDisuva samayadalli keLagina tuTi, nAligeya tudi, nAligeya aDi, nAligeya alagu mattu nAligeya himbAga emba aydu angagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu baLakeyAgu ttiruttade.
I angagaLu mElina tuTi, hallina himbAga, anguLu mattu mettanguLu emba nAlku jAgagaLalli ondara kaDegAgi hOguttave mattu alli keLage vivarisida hAge Aru rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesuttave.
(1) usirannu taDeyuvudu (taDeyuli),
(2) usirannu bAyalli taDedarU mUgina mUlaka biDuvudu
(mUguli),
(3) calisuva angakkU bAyiya jAgakkU naDuve usiru ujji
konDu hOguva hAge mADuvudu (ujjuli),
(4) usiru nAligeya badiyalli hOguva hAge mADuvudu
(badiyuli),
(5) bAyiya jAgakke hoDedu keLage baruvudu (hoDeyuli),
mattu
(6) usirige yAva bageya taDeyannU oDDade ondeDe nilluvudu
(taDeyilladuli).
bAyiya anguLinalli nAvu eraDu rItiya mucculigaLannu unTumADuttEve. c, j, S, y embavugaLannu nAligeya alagi
ninda unTumADuttEve, mattu T, D, N embavugaLannu nAligeya aDibAgadinda unTumADuttEve.
ivugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi mEle koTTiruva mucculigaLa paTTiyalli maDacuavemba bAyiya jAgavondannu baLasa lAgide. nijakkU idu bAyiya jAgavannu tiLisuvudilla; adakke badalu, nAligeya aDibAgavannu anguLina kaDege konDoyyuvudakkAgi nAlige yannu maDacabEkAguttade emba amSavannu tiLisuttade.
kannaDadalli eraDu rItiya taDeyuligaLu baLakeyallive. b, d, D, j, g embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga ganTalinalliruva ulipeTTige gunugunisuttiruttade mattu p, t, T, c, k embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga adu A rIti gunugunisuttiruvudilla. I vyatyAsavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi b, d, D, j, g embavugaLannu gunugunisida taDeyuligaLendu, mattu p, t, T, c, k embavugaLannu gunu gunisada taDeyuligaLendu kareyabahudu.
itara mucculigaLallU I vyatyAsa kANisikoLLuttade. avugaLalli s, S, h embavugaLannu biTTu uLidavugaLa (m, n, N; l, L; r; y, v embavugaLa) horaDisuvikeyallU ulipeTTige gunugunisu ttiruttade. hAgAgi avellavU gunugunisida uligaLE. s, S, h embavugaLa horaDisuvikeyalli mAtra adu gunugunisadiruttade. hAgAgi, avu p, t, T, c, kgaLa hAge gunugunisada uligaLu.
ssa… embudAgi sakAravannu eLedu horaDisuvAga, mattu m… embudAgi makAravannu eLedu horaDisuvAga, beraLannu ulipeTTigeya mEle irisi gamasidevAdare, I eraDu rItiya (gunugunisada mattu gunugunisuva) mucculigaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa gottAdItu.
(ka) taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli oTTu hattu taDeyuligaLu baLakeyAguttave. mEle tiLisida hAge, ivugaLalli p, t, T, c, kgaLemba aydu taDeyuligaLu gunugunisada uligaLu mattu b, d, D, j, ggaLemba uLida aydu taDeyuligaLu gunugunisuva uligaLu.
ivugaLannu horaDisuttiruvAga, bAyiyinda horahOguva usirannomme tuTi, hallina himbAga, anguLu, mattu mettanguLu (anguLina mettagiruva himbAga) emba mUru jAgagaLalli nillisi
(taDedu) AmEle biDalAguttade. idakkAgi ivannu taDeyuligaLendu kareyalAgide.
eraDu tuTigaLannu oTTusErisi usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga [p] emba uli horaDuttade. paDe, pAti, peTTu, kappu, sappe moda lAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.
idakke badalu, nAligeya tudiyannu hallina himbadiyalli irisi, [t] emba uli allE usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga, horaDuttade. taggu, tuLi, tODu, katte, ettu modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.
nAligeyannu oLakke maDaci adara aDibAgavannu anguLina mEle irisi, A jAgadalli usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga, [T] emba uli horaDuttade. Tonka, ToLLu, kaTTu, hiTTu modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.
nAligeya aDibAgada badalu, adara alagina mElbAgavannu (tudi yinda tusu hindiruva bAgavannu) adE jAgadallirisi usirannomme hiDidu biTTAga, [c] emba uli horaDuttade. caLi, ciguru, kaccu, celuvu, meccu modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.
nAligeya himbAgavannu adara mEliruva mettanguLina mElirisi usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga, [k] emba uli horaDuttade. kaTTu, kilubu, kUgu, sikku, akka modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisu ttade.
b, d, D, j, ggaLemba uLida aydu taDeyuligaLU mElina uligaLa hAgeyE tuTi, hallina himbAga, anguLu mattu mettanguLu gaLalli usirannu taDehiDidu biTTAga horaDuttave. DakAravannu horaDisuvAgalU TakArada hAge nAligeyannu maDaci adara aDibAga vannu baLasalAguttade. hIge mADuvAga ulipeTTige gunugunisu ttiruttadeyembudondE ivugaLigU p, t, T, c, kgaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa.
c mattu j embavugaLigU uLida taDeyuligaLigU naDuve bErondu vyatyAsa ide. ivugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya alagu usirannu taDehiDida mEle ommegE keLage sariyuvudilla; tusu mellage keLage baruttade. hAgAgi, averaDara koneyalli [S] emba ujjuli kELisuttade. jakAradalli I ujjuli gunugunisuva rUpadalliruttade.
bALe, bILu, kombe, aNabe modalAda padagaLalli bakArada baLakeyannu, dATu, dUru, Adare, ondu modalAda padagaLalli dakArada baLakeyannu, jAru, jOgu, anju, mAju modalAda padagaLalli jakArada baLakeyannu, Donku, aDige, maDake, ganDu modalAda padagaLalli DakArada baLakeyannu, mattu gAli, gOTu, hage, tongu modalAda padagaLalli gakArada baLakeyannu kANabahudu. I ellA hattu taDeyuligaLU otte rUpadalli mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU baraballuvu. ettugegAgi appa, atte, aTTa, kaccu, akka mattu bobbe, haddu, baDDi, ajji, suggi emba padagaLalli avu A rIti immaDi rUpadalli bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.
Adare, nijakkU nAvilli I uligaLannu eraDeraDu bAri horaDisu vudilla. ettugegAgi, baDi mattu baDDi padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu gamanisabahudu. baDDi padadalli DakAravannu eraDu bAri horaDisuvu dilla; ondu bAri mAtra horaDisuttEve. Adare hAge horaDisuvAga usirannu tusu heccu hottu nillisi biDuttEve, aSTe. hAgAgi, nijakkU baDi padadalli giDDa DakAravide mattu baDDi padadalli udda DakAravide endE hELabahudu.
Adare, kannaDa barahadalli udda taDeyuligaLannu ppa, tta, kka moda lAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge immaDi rUpadalli bareyuttEve; hAgAgi, avannu immaDi taDeyuligaLendu tiLidukoLLuvudaralli tondareyEnilla. itara mucculigaLigU intahavE giDDa mattu udda rUpagaLiddu (mma, nna, NNa, lla, rra, vva, yya, ssa, SSa, LLa) avannU otte mattu immaDi rUpagaLendu tiLidukoLLabahudu.
padagaLannu ulikantegaLAgi oDeyuvAga udda taDeyuligaLu immaDi taDeyuligaLa hAge naDedukoLLuttave embudu avannu udda taDeyuligaLendu kareyalu innondu kAraNa. ettugegAgi, kappu padavannu [kap] mattu [pu] emba eraDu ulikantegaLAgi oDeyabEkAguttade, mattu hIge mADuvAga, ppa embudara ondu modalaneya ulikanteyalli tunDu uLiyuttade, mattu innondu tunDu eraDaneyadakke hOguttade.
kareyade immaDi
taDeyuligaLendu
(ca) mUguligaLu kannaDadalli m, n mattu NgaLemba mUru mUguligaLive. ivugaLa horaDisuvike b, d mattu DgaLa horaDisuvikeya hAgeyE ide. Adare, bAyiyinda horahOgada hAge usirannu taDehiDididdarU adannu mUgininda horahOgalu biDalAguttideyembudE ivakkU b, d, DgaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa. b, d, DgaLannu horaDisu vAga usiru mUgininda horage hOguvudilla.
I mUru mUguligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunu
gunisuttiruttade.
makAravannu horaDisuvAga bakArada hAge eraDu tuTigaLannu oTTu sErisuttEve. Adare, bakAradalli usirannomme ellU hora hOgada hAge taDedu AmEle biDuttEve. idakke badalu, makAradalli usiru bAyiyinda hOgada hAge taDediddarU mUgininda hora hOguttiruttade; AmEle, tuTigaLa naDuvina taDeyannu tegedAga adu bAyiyindalU horahOgatoDaguttade. mane, amma, tampu [tampu], tambige [tambige], summane, amuku modalAda padagaLalli I mUguli bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.
hIgeyE, nakAravannu horaDisuvAga dakArada hAge nAligeya tudiyannu hallina himbadiyalli nillisuttEve, mattu NakAravannu horaDisuvAga DakArada hAge nAligeyannu maDaci adara aDibAgavannu anguLina mElirisuttEve. I eraDu mUguligaLannu horaDisu vAgalU modalige usiru mUgininda horahOguttiruttade, mattu AmEle taDeyannu tegedAga adu bAyiyindalU hOgatoDaguttade.
I eraDu mUguligaLalli nakArada baLakeyannu nAlige, nanna, kone, kantu [kantu], anda [anda] modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu, mattu NakArada baLakeyannu kaNNu, ANe, kinDi [kiNDi], tanTe [taNTe] modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.
ondu bageyalli ivu mUrU taDeyuligaLE; Adare, ivannu horaDisuvAga usiru pUrti nintuhOgade, mUgininda horahOgu ttiruttade; hAgAgi, ivakke mUguligaLemba bEreyE ondu hesarannu koDalAgide.
kannaDadalli [Ya] mattu [Ga]gaLemba bEreyU eraDu mUguli gaLive. ettugegAgi, anju padavannu ADuvAga jakArada modalu
[Ya] mUguli kANisuttade, mattu tangu padavannu ADuvAga gakArada modalu [Ga] mUguli kANisuttade. I eraDu uligaLannu ADuvAgalU usiru mUgininda horahOguttiruttade.
ivugaLalli [Ya] embudannu, cakAra mattu jakAragaLa hAge, nAligeya alagannu anguLina mElirisi horaDisuttEve (ancu [aYcu], anju [aYju]), mattu [Ga] embudannu, kakAra mattu gakAragaLa hAge, nAligeya himbAgavannu mettanguLina mElirisi horaDisuttEve (anke [aGka], angaLa [aGgaLa]).
Adare, ivu baruva jAgadalli nakAra baruvudillavAda kAraNa, ivannu nakArada eraDu rUpagaLendu tiLidukoLLalu baruttade. baraha dalli iveraDU m rUpadalliruttave. idallade, m, n, NgaLemba uLida mUru mUguligaLU avugaLadE Ada jAgadalli horaDuva taDeyuligaLa modalu barahadalli m rUpadalliruttave (kampu [kampu], kambi [kambi], kantu [kantu], kandu [kandu], anTu [aNTu], banDu [baNDu].
(Ta) ujjuligaLu kannaDadalli s, S mattu hgaLemba mUru ujjuligaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLannu horaDisuvAga usiru ondu sapuravAda sILu illavE kanDiya mUlaka ujjikonDu hOguva hAge mADalAguttade. A rIti ujjikonDu hOguvAga intaha uli horaDuttade. I mUru uligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunugunisadiruttade.
sakAravannu horaDisuvAga, takArada hAge, nAligeya tudiyannu hallina himbadiyalli nillisalAguttade. nAligeya tudigU hallina himbadigU naDuve sapuravAda jAga biTTu adara mUlaka usiru horahAyuva hAge mADidAga s ujjuli horaDuttade. idara baLake yannu savi, tusu, sATi, hesaru modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu. idE rItiyalli SakAravannu horaDisuvAga, cakAra mattu jakAra gaLa hAge, nAligeya alagannu anguLina hattina nillisalAguttade. cakAra mattu jakAragaLannu horaDisuvAga usirannu pUrti taDeyalAguttade; Adare illi hAge mADade, nAligeya alagigU anguLigU naDuve tusu jAga biTTu, adara mUlaka usiru ujjikonDu hOguva hAge
mADalAguttade. idara baLakeyannu SAle, SAyi, vESa, viSaya modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.
hakAravannu horaDisuvAga usiru ulipeTTigeyalliruva eraDu narakaTTugaLa naDuve ujjikonDu horabaruttade. hAgAgi adannu uli peTTigeya ujjuliyendU kareyabahudu. hasivu, hAvu, baraha, horage modalAda padagaLalli I ujjuliya baLakeyannu kANabahudu. kannaDadalli [Sh] emba innondu ujjuliyU ulipinalli ide. idannu [aShTu], [iShTu], [kaShTa] modalAda kelavu padagaLalli kANa bahudu. idannu horaDisuvAga, TakArada hAge, nAligeya tudi oLakke maDaciruttade, mattu adara aDibAga anguLina hattira nintu, adakkU anguLigU naDuviruva jAgadalli usiru ujjikonDu hOguva hAge mADalAguttade.
Adare, I ujjuli TakArada modalu mAtra baruttideyAda kAraNa, mattu A jAgadalli SakAra baruvudillavAda kAraNa, adannu SakArada ondu rUpavendu tiLidukoLLabahudu, mattu mElina padagaLannu aSTu, iSTu mattu kaSTa embudAgi bareyabahudu.
(ta) badiyuligaLu kannaDadalli l mattu LgaLemba eraDu badiyuligaLive. ivannu horaDisuvAga usirannu nAligeya mElbAgadalli taDeyalAguttade; Adare, nAligeya ondu badiyalli (illavE eraDU badigaLalli) usiru horahOgalu jAga biDalAguttade. hAgAgi ivannu kareyalAgide. usiru yAvudAdarU ondu badiyuligaLendu badiyinda mAtravE horahOguttirabahudu, illavE eraDu badigaLindalU horahOgu ttirabahudu.
iveraDannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunugunisuttiruttade. lakAravannu horaDisabEkAdAga, dakArada hAge, nAligeya tudi yannu hallugaLa himbAgadallirisalAguttade, mattu usiru nAligeya badiyinda horahOguva hAge dakAravannu horaDisuvAga usiru A rIti horahOguvudilla, mattu lakAravannu horaDisuvAga horahOguttiruttade embudE dakAra mattu lakAragaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa. lEsu, jOlu, mellage, halige modalAda padagaLalli lakArada baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
mADalAguttade.
LakAravannu horaDisabEkAdAga, DakArada hAge, nAligeya tudi yannu oLakke maDacikonDu anguLina mElirisalAguttade. Adare, DakArada hAge usirannomme pUrti taDehiDiyuva badalu, adu modalinindalU nAligeya badiyalli horahOguttiruva hAge mADa lAguttade. huLi, hALu, kELu, haLLi modalAda padagaLalli I badiyuliya baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
(pa) hoDeyuli kannaDadalli r emba ondu hoDeyuli mAtra ide. idannu horaDisu vAga nAligeya tudiyannu anguLina mEle ondu bAri hoDeyu ttEve. hAge hoDeyuva samayadalli ulipeTTige gunugunisuttiruttade. kannaDada rEgu, rubbu, mara, kere, horage modalAda padagaLalli I uliya baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
karrage, currane embantaha padagaLalli idu immaDi rUpadalli baru ttade. illi nAligeya tudi anguLige ondu bAri hoDeyuva badalu halavu bAri hoDeyuttade.
(ga) taDeyilladuligaLu kannaDadalli v mattu y emba eraDu taDeyilladuligaLive. ivannu horaDisuvAga usirige bAyallellU taDeyannunTumADuvudilla. vakAravannu, ukArada hAge (endare nAligeya himbAgavannu bAyiya mElina jAgadalli nillisi mattu tuTiyannu dunDagAgisi), horaDisu ttEve, mattu yakAravannu, ikArada hAge (endare nAligeya mumbAga vannu bAyiya mElina jAgadalli nillisi), horaDisuttEve.
horaDisuvikeyalli ivu tereyuligaLa hAge iddarU baLakeyalli mucculigaLa hAge iruttave. I kAraNakkAgi, ivannu aretereyuli gaLendU kareyalAguttade.
1.6.2 barigegaLa rUpagaLu
kannaDada barigegaLige ellA kaDegaLallU ondE rUpa illa; padagaLalli avugaLa modalu illavE baLika entaha barigegaLu bandive embudara mEle, avugaLa rUpadalli kelavu mArpADugaLAguttave.
(1) tereyuligaLa rUpagaLu tereyuligaLa modalu mucculiyiddare avakke cikka rUpa ide, mattu mucculi illavAdalli doDDa rUpa ide. ettugegAgi, [ili] embu dannu ili embudAgi bareyalAguttade; I padadalli bandiruva eraDu tereyuligaLalli modalaneyadara modalu mucculiyilla; hAgAgi, adakke i emba doDDa rUpa ide; Adare, eraDaneyadara modalu l mucculiyide; hAgAgi, adakke ಿ emba cikka rUpa ide. tereyuligaLi giruva intaha doDDarUpa mattu cikkarUpagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:
doDDarUpa cikkarUpa C E G J M
ಿ ು ೆ ೊ
doDDarUpa D F H K N
cikkarUpa ಾ ೀ ೂ ೇ ೋ
u mattu U tereyuligaLa cikkarUpadalli a tereyuliya cikka rUpa sErikonDiruvudannu ka, ku, kU; ta, tu, tU modalAda barigekantegaLalli, mattu o hAgU O tereyuligaLa cikkarUpadalli e tereyuliya cikkarUpa sErikonDiruvudannu ke, ko, kO; be, bo, bO modalAda barigekantegaLalli kANabahudu; udda tereyuligaLa cikka tereyuligaLa cikkarUpa sErikonDiruvudannu ka, kA; ki, kI; ku, kU; ke, kE; ko, kO modalAda barigekantegaLalli kANabahudu.
rUpadallU avugaLa
giDDa
idallade, tereyuligaLa cikkarUpadalli, avugaLa modalu bandiruva mucculiyannavalambisi, keLage koTTiruva kelavu mArpADugaLU kANisi koLLuttave:
-
b, j, T, N mattu l emba aydu mucculigaLa baLika baruvAga, a tereyulige sonne rUpa ide (ba, ja, Ta, Na, la);
-
y mattu m mucculigaLa baLika, A tereyuliya cikkarUpa a tereyuliya cikkarUpadondige sErikoLLade bErAgi baruttade (yA, mA);
-
i tereyuliya cikka rUpa bEre bEre bagegaLalli adara modalina
mucculiyondige sEri baruttade (pi, si, Ni, li, Si, yi);
- u mattu o tereyuligaLa cikkarUpa p mattu v mucculigaLa
buDadinda suruvAguttave (pu, po; vu, vo); mattu
- y mattu m mucculigaLa baLika, o tereyuliya cikkarUpa avugaLa ondu angavAgiruva kombige (ು embudakke) badalAgi baruttade (y, yo; m, mo).
(2) mucculigaLa rUpagaLu mucculigaLa baLika baruva mucculigaLu avugaLa keLage cikkarUpadalli kANisikoLLuttave. ettugegAgi, [ajja] embudannu ajja embudAgi bareyalAguttade. intaha eraDu mucculigaLa baLika baruva tere yuliya cikkarUpavannu eraDanE mucculige sErisuva badalu modalanE mucculige sErisalAguttade. eraDaneya mucculi cikkarUpa dalliruvudE idakke kAraNavirabEku. ettugegAgi, [maydOru] embudannu maydOru embudAgi bareyalAguttade; illi O tereyuliya cikkarUpavannu y mucculige sErisalAgideyallade d mucculigalla.
mucculigaLalli kelavakke (t, n, m, y, r mattu lgaLige) bEreyE cikkarUpavU iruttade (tta, nna, mma, yya, rra, lla). p mattu tusu badalAvaNeyide.
mucculigaLa cikkarUpadallU
(ppa,
ssa)
s
mEle tiLisida hAge, taDeyuligaLa modalu baruva ellA mUguli gaLannU m emba ondE rUpadinda tOrisalAguttade (anTu, kanDu, kombu, indu, kante, ancu, ingu). padagaLalli mucculiya baLika bEre yAva barigeyU baruvudillavAdalli, adarondige emba gurutondannu sErisalAguttade (al, tan, ak).
eraDu mucculigaLu oTTige bandiruvalli barigekantegaLigU ulikante gaLigU naDuviruva hondANike tappihOguttade. ettugegAgi, hakki padadalli ha mattu kki emba eraDu barigekantegaLive; Adare, I padada
ulikantegaLu avakkinta bErAgiddu, [hak] mattu [ki] embavu gaLAgive.
1.6.3 heccina barigegaLa baLake
samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLa ulipu illavE Odu hEgeyE irali, avannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEku emba nijakkU kannaDada maTTige bEkillada ondu kaTTale kannaDa barahadalli suruvinindalU baLakeyallide. I kaTTaleyindAgi, ivattu kannaDa barahadalli 17 heccina barigegaLu baLakeyAguttive.
ph, th, Th, ch, kh; bh, dh, Dh, jh, gh; Ya, Ga; x, ay, av; Sh, H emba I 17 heccina barigegaLu namma ulipinalli illavE Odinalli mEle koTTiruva barigegaLinda bErAgilla: modalina aydu barigegaLu p, t, T, c, kgaLa hAge ulipugoLLuttave, mattu mundina aydu barigegaLu b, d, D, j, ggaLa hAge ulipu goLLuttave.
ettugegAgi, artha, paThya, chandassu, mukhya, bhakti, sAdhya,
modalAda padagaLannu nAvu arta, paTya, candassu, mukya, bakti, sAdya embudAgi OduttEve.
idE rItiyalli, xkAravannu ru illavE ri embudAgi, (kxti embudannu kruti embudAgi), aykAra, avkAragaLannu ay mattu av embudAgi (ayhika mattu avtaNa embavugaLannu ayhika mattu avtaNa embudAgi), ShakAravannu SakAravAgi (viSESha embudannu viSESa embudAgi), mattu visarga(H)vannu tereyuliyeduru hakAravAgi (bahuSaH embudannu bahuSaha embudAgi), mattu mucculiyeduru antahadE innondu mucculiyAgi (duHkha embudannu dukka embu dAgi) namma ulipinalli mattu Odinalli kANisuttEve.
Ya mattu GagaLu ivakkinta tusu bErAgive: avu kannaDadallU ulipu mattu OdugaLalli kANisikoLLuttave; Adare kannaDadalli, mEle tiLisida hAge, avugaLalli modaneyadu baruvudu cakAra-jakAragaLa modalu mAtra, mattu eraDaneyadu baruvudu kakAra-gakAragaLa modalu mAtra; A jAgadalli nakAra baruvudillavAda kAraNa, averaDannU nakArada rUpagaLembudAgi tiLiyalAgittu. samskrutadinda
eravalAgi paDeda padagaLalli mAtra, ivu bEreyU kelavu kaDegaLalli baruttave (ajYAna, vAGmaya).
Adare, samskrutada eravalu padagaLalli iveraDu barigegaLannu baLasadE iralu heccina toDakEnilla: ajYAna embudannu ajnAna embudAgi, mattu vAGmaya embudannu vAgmaya embudAgi bareyabahudu.
rakArada baravaNigeyallU ondu toDakide: tereyuligaLa modalu bandAga adannu doDDarUpadallE bareyalAguttade (rEgu, baru, kare). padada modalige bandiruva mucculigaLa baLika bandAgalU adakke bEre mucculigaLa hAge cikkarUpa ide (prati, pravESa). Adare, padada oLage, tereyuli mattu mucculigaLa naDuve bandAga, adakke ra emba bEreyE ondu rUpavannu koDalAguttade, mattu adara baLika baruva mucculiyannu doDDarUpadalli bareyalAguttade (mAprADu). idallade, adara baLika baruva mucculiyU r AgideyAdare, adannu uLida mucculigaLa hAge cikkarUpadallE bareyalAguttade (karrage).
nijakkU I gondala kannaDakke bEkAgilla. bEre mucculigaLa hAge, tereyuli mattu mucculigaLa naDuve bandiruvallella adannu doDDa rUpadalli, mattu adara baLika baruva mucculiyannu cikkarUpadalli bareyuvudE sariyAda dAri (mArpADu).
yAvudE ondu barahadalli padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE baredAga, avannu Oduva mattu bareyuva kelasa suLuvAguttade. samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba mElina kaTTaleyindAgi, kannaDadalli halavu padagaLannu Oduva hAge bareyade bEre rItiyalli bareyabEkAgide, mattu idarindAgi ivattu kannaDa baraha anavaSyakavAgi toDakinadAgide.
hindina kAladalli kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra kannaDavannu Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuttiddaru, mattu hAge kaliyuvavaralli hecci navarU adarondige samskrutavannU kaliyuttiddaru. hAgAgi, mElina kaTTale avarige heccu tondare koDuttiralilla. Adare, ivattu ellA kannaDigarU tamma nuDiyalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyabEkAgide, mattu avarige mElina kaTTale ondu anavaSyakavAda toDakAgide.
I toDakannu illavAgisuvudu hEge, mattu hAge illavAgisiruva hosa barahavondannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudu hEge embudannu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa emba hottageyalli vivarisalAgide. adE
hosa barahavannu I hottageyallU baLasalAgide. ellara kannaDadallU I hosabarahannE baLasuvudu oLLeyadu.
1.6.4 ingliS eravalugaLalli heccina barigegaLu
ingliS nuDiyinda halavu padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandive; ellakkinta heccAgi, arimeya barahagaLalli intaha nUrAru padagaLannu nEravAgi eravalu paDeyalAgide. intaha padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyu vAga yAva barigegaLannu baLasabEku emba viSayadalli yArU ALa vAgi AlOcisida hAge kANisuvudilla.
arimeya barahagaLalli intaha padagaLannu bareyuvAga kannaDada 31 barigegaLannu mAtravallade, samskruta eravalugaLalli baLakeyAguva Sh, ph, mattu th emba mUru heccina barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade; kelaveDegaLalli jh barigeyannU baLasalAguttade. ALavAgi vicArisidAga, I barigegaLa baLake sariyallavembudu gottAguttade. ettugegAgi, ji. Ar. lakSmaNarAv mattu e. kruSNabaT avara ingliS-kannaDa vijnAna SabdakOSadalli (eraDaneya Avrutti, 2007) kanDubaruva kelavu baLakegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
(1) Sh barigeya baLake I barigeyannu ingliSna halavu barigekantegaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvu dakkAgi baLasalAgide. ingliSnalli ivellavannU [S] embudAgi uliyalAguttade; kannaDadallU idannu [S] endE uliyalAguttade. hAgiddarU, ivannu Sh embudAgi bareyuttiruvudu nijakkU accariya nnunTumADuttade. I tappannu kannaDa barahadalli yAru mADa horaTiddarO tiLiyadu; Adare uLidavarellarU adannu kaNNumucci himbAlisuttiruva hAge kANisuttade!
ingliS barigekante
sh
sch
ingliSnalli shale English
flash
schizo
schist
kannaDadalli ShEl ingliSh phlASh
ShijO
ShisT
-ci
-sci -si
-ti
-ce
synoecious technician
fascia television
concretion modulation
cretaceous
sinIShas TeknIShiyan
phyAShiyA TeliviShan
kAnkrIShan mADyulEShan
kriTEShas
chiDiusNacichieoTaogthi (krisTESiyAlaji) emba padadalli mAtra, mElina padanerakeyalli S barigeyannE baLasalAgide. nijakkU intaha ellA padagaLallU S embudannu baLasuvudE kannaDakke sariyAda dAri. (intaha padagaLalli S embudannu baLasuva barahagArarU kelava riddAre.)
(2) phphphph barigeya baLake I barigeyannu ingliSna ji barigeyannu, mattu Thih barigekanteyannu kannaDadalli bareyalu baLasalAguttade; ingliSnalli iveraDannU ondu ujjuliyAgi uliyalAguttade; kannaDigaralli kelavaru idannu hAgeyE ondu ujjuliyAgi uliyuttAre, mattu innu kelavaru [p] embudAgi uliyuttAre. I ujjuliyannu bareyalu ph emba barige kannaDadalli bEreDeyalli baLakeyallide.
Adare, mElina padanerakeyalli (mattu kannaDada bEre barahagaLallU) ph embudannu baLasuva badalu, ph embudannu ingliS eravalugaLalli baLasalAguttade.
ingliS barigekante
f
ph
ingliSnalli fuse flash bluff solfatara
phage epiphora clorophyll
kannaDadalli phyUsu phlASh blaph sOlphaTAra
phEj epiphOra klOrOphil
samskrutada eravalugaLalli bandAga, ph barigeyannu kelavaru ondu mahAprANa taDeyuliyAgi (endare, UduliyAgi) uliyuttA rAdarU, heccinavarU [p] embudAgiyE uliyuttAre; yArU adannu ondu ujjuliyAgi uliyuvudilla. I barige mattu barigekantegaLige ingliSnallAgali kannaDadallAgali illadiruva intaha Uduliya ulipannu tOrisuva ph barigeyannu baLasuva badalu, ph illavE p embavugaLalli ondannu baLasuvudE sariyAda dAri.
(3) thththth barigeya baLake I barigeyannu ingliSna Nah barigekanteyannu kannaDadalli bareyuvu dakkAgi baLasalAguttade. ingliSnalli I barigeyannU ondu ujjuli yAgi uliyalAguttade; Adare, kannaDigaralli kelavaru idannu [th] embudAgi, endare ondu UduliyAgi uliyuttAre; Adare, heccinavarU idannu [t] embudAgiyE uliyuttAre. hAgAgi, heccinavara ulipannanusarisi idannu t embudAgiyE bareyabahudu.
ingliSna Na barigeyannu kannaDadalli, kannaDigara ulipannanusarisi, T embudAgi bareyuva kAraNa, mElina barigekanteyannu t embudAgi bareyuvudarinda tondareyEnU illa. idallade, ingliSna padagaLalli kANisuva bEre halavu ulipina vyatyAsagaLannu kannaDadalli kANisuvu dilla.
ettugegAgi, ingliSna geTie mattu zeTieDi padagaLa modalaneya mucculigaLa naDuve ulipinalli vyatyAsa ide; Adare iveraDarallU j barigeyannE baLasalAguttade (jIn, jenar); hAgeyE, ingliSna vciTaeTichithi mattu ticijieDi padagaLa naDuveyU modalaneya mucculigaLa naDuve ulipinalli vyatyAsa ide; Adare, iveraDarallU v barigeyannE baLasalAguttade (vElensi, vEphar).
eravalu padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga, kannaDigara ulipinalli vyatyAsavillavAdare, adannu barahadalli tOrisabEkAgilla; hAgAgi, idu kannaDakke sariyAda dAri. mElina mUru kaDegaLallU idE dAriya nnanusarisi, Sh, ph mattu th barigegaLannu baLasadirabahudu.
1.7 barahada gurutugaLu
mEle 1.3.1ralli vivarisida hAge, mAtinalli baLasuva kaysanne, kaNNusanne, uliya EriLita modalAduvannu barahadalli nEravAgi tOrisalu baruvudillavAda kAraNa, avugaLige badalAgi kone (.), arekone (;), kELvi (?), beragu (!), taDe (,) modalAda halavu bageya barahada gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. barahagaLalli ivu naDesuva kelavu mukya kelasagaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide:
1.7.1 uliya EriLitavannu tiLisuvudu
mAtanADuvAga, mEle tiLisidantaha 31 uligaLannu mAtravallade uliya EriLitavannU nAvu baLasuttiruttEve. ettugegAgi, ondu sollu mugiyitembudannu mAtinalli uliya iLitada mUlaka tiLisuttEve, mattu ondu sollu kELvi embudannu adara koneyalli uli tusu mElEruvante, illavE keLagiLiyadante mADuva mUlaka tiLisuttEve. I viSayagaLannu barahadalli tiLisuvudakkAgi, kone (.) mattu kELvi(?)gaLemba barahada gurutannu baLasuttEve.
ondu sollu beragu embudannU mAtinalli uliya EriLita tiLisuttade; barahadalli idu gottAgabEkiddalli sollina koneyalli beragina (!) gurutannu baLasabEkAguttade. bErobbara mAtannu etti hELalAgide embudU uliya EriLitadalli gottAguttade; barahadalli idannu tiLisalu, sollina modalige mattu konege ettugeya (‘’ illavE ‘’) gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.
(…) modalAda bEre halavu barahada
idallade, sollina oLagU taDe (,), arekone (;), aDDagere (-), kaLeta gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. ivellavU mukyavAgi barahavannu yAva rIti OdabEku embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. I gurutugaLannu sariyAgi baLasadiddalli, Odugarige barahavannu hEge OdabEku embudu mattu barahagAraru gottAguvudilla, tiLisiruvudondu tiLidukoLLuvudinnondu endAguttade.
Odugaru
mattu
ettugegAgi, allige hOgi bandavarannu mAtanADisida emba sollige eraDu huruLugaLiraballudu. ‘allige hOgi banda janarannu Ata mAtanADisida’ embudu ondu huruLu, mattu ‘Ata allige
hOgi, (bErellindalO) banda janarannu mAtanADisida’ embudu innondu huruLu. I vyatyAsa mAtinalli suLuvAgi gottAguttade. barahadallU idannu gottumADabEkiddare, eraDanE huruLiruvalli hOgi padada baLika ondu taDe (,) gurutannu baLasabEkAguttade (allige hOgi, bandavarannu mAtanADisida). sollannu elli oDeyabEku embudannu I gurutu tiLisuttade.
kelavu kaDegaLalli sollugaLa naDuve huruLinalliruva vyatyAsavannu uliya EriLitadinda mAtravE tiLisuvudU ide; antaha kaDegaLalli sariyAda barahada gurutugaLannu baLasadiddare, Oduganige A sollugaLa huruLEnembudu gottAgalAradu. ettugegAgi keLage koTTiruva sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(19ka) avaru UTamADi Ayitu. (19ca) avaru UTamADi Ayitu? (20ka) maduvege eSTu jana bandiddAre? (20ca) maduvege eSTu jana bandiddAre!
(19ka)dalli ondu tiLivu koDuva sollannu koDalAgide; mattu adannE (19ca)dalli ondu kELviyannAgi koDalAgide. I eraDu sollugaLa naDuve uliya EriLitadalli mAtra vyatyAsavideyallade, barigegaLalli vyatyAsavilla. hAgAgi, I vyatyAsavannu Odugarige tiLisabEkiddalli modalanE sollinalli kone gurutannu mattu eraDanE sollinalli kELvi gurutannu baLasabEkAgide.
ide rItiyalli, ondE sollannu (20ka)dalli kELviyAgi, mattu (20ca)dalli beragAgi baLasalAgide; ivugaLa naDuveyU uliya EriLitadalli mAtra vyatyAsavide, mattu I vyatyAsavannu barahadalli tiLisuvudakkAgi kELviya mattu beragina gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAgide.
Adare, uliya EriLitagaLa mUlaka nAvu tiLisaballa ellA bageya huruLugaLannU I rIti barahada gurutugaLa mUlaka tiLisalu baruvudilla. mAtinalli nijakkU nUrAru bageya huruLugaLannu uliya EriLitagaLa mUlaka tiLisalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:
(21ka) mara hattidare hattu rUpAyi koDuttEne. (21ca) mara hattidare peTTu biddItu.
(21ka) sollu ADugana bayakeyannu tiLisuttade, mattu (21ca) sollu eccarikeyannu tiLisuttade. I vyatyAsavannu ‘mara hattidare ADuga Enu mADaliddAne’ embudarinda tiLiyabahudEnO nija; Adare, I eraDu sollugaLannu ADiruva bageyindalU (endare uliya EriLitagaLindalU) idannu tiLiyabahudu. barahadalli I vyatyAsavannu tiLisalu gurutugaLilla.
1.7.2 ellegaLannu tiLisuvudu
barahadalli baruva sollu, ettuge, oLasollu, padakante, pada modalAdavugaLa ellegaLannu tiLisuvudu barahada gurutugaLa innondu mukya kelasa. ettugegAgi, kone (.), kELvi (?), mattu beragu (!) gurutugaLu ondu sollu elli konegoLLuttade, mattu innondu sollu suruvAguttade embudannu tiLisuttave; padagaLa naDuve baruva eDegaLu ondu pada elli suruvAgi elli mugiyuttade embudannu tiLisuttave. kogetada (:) gurutU kelaveDegaLalli sollina koneyannu tiLisaballudu. ivannu
tumbA toDakinadAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollannu pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuve eDeyannu biDade bareyalAgide. idannu Odalu hEge toDakAguvudembudannu gamanisabahudu:
sariyAgi baLasadiddalli Odina
kelasa
(22) rAjubellatindunIrukuDiduhoTTetumbisikonDa.
nEravAda ettugegU nEravallada ettugegU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu ettugeya gurutugaLa (‘’) mUlaka tOrisikoDadiddalli, ippuruLu puNege kANisikoLLuttade. hOgabEkendu rAju hELiddAne emba sollige adara ‘ADuganu puNege hOgabEku’ emba huruLiraballudu, illavE adara ‘kELuganu puNege hOgabEku’ emba huruLU iraballudu:
ettugegAgi,
ivattE
nInu
adaralli bandiruva nInu ivattE puNege hOgabEku emba sollu nEra ettugeyAdare modalaneya huruLu siguttade, mattu
nEravallada ettugeyAdare eraDaneya huruLu siguttade. I ippuruLannu hOgalADisabEkiddalli, nEra ettugeyiruva modalaneya huruLu bandiruvalli ‘nInu ivattE puNege hOgabEke’ndu rAju hELiddAne embudAgi ettugeya gurutugaLannu baLasi nEra ettugeya ellegaLannu tOrisikoDabEkAguttade.
hesarupadagaLondige eraDu illavE heccu paricepadarUpagaLu bandiveyAdare, avu nEravAgi A hesarupadada eraDu paricegaLannu tiLisuttirabahudu, illavE ondu paricepadarUpa innondu paricepadarUpada pariceyannu tiLisuttiddu, averaDU oTTAgi hesarupadada pariceyannu tiLisuttirabahudu. I vyatyAsavU ippuruLige eDekoDaballudu. intaha gurutannu baLasi, kaDegaLalli paricepadarUpagaLa ellegaLu ellive embudannu tiLisabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollannu gamanisabahudu:
taDe
(23ka) puNeyinda banda maganannu bengaLUrige kaLuhisida
rAmarAyaru tumbA cinteyalliddAre.
(23ca) puNeyinda banda, maganannu bengaLUrige kaLuhisida
rAmarAyaru tumbA cinteyalliddAre.
(23ka)dalli puNeyinda banda oLasollu (banda paricerUpa) adara baLika bandiruva maganannu bengaLUrige kaLuhisida oLasollinalliruva maganannu padada pariceyannu tiLisuttade; idakke (23ca)dalli adu rAmarAyaru padada pariceyannu badalu, tiLisuttade. I vyatyAsavannu (23ca)dalli baLasiruva, mattu (23ka)dalli baLasadiruva taDe (,) gurutina mUlaka kANisalAgide.
barahada gurutugaLannu sariyAgi baLasabEkiddalli sollarimeya tiLivU bEkAguttade embudu avu naDesabEkAgiruva I kelasagaLannu pariSIlisidAga gottAguttade. avugaLa baLakeya kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu munde koDalAguvudu.
1.8 tiruLu
I pasugeyalli sollarime hEgiruttade, entaha sollarimeyannu I hottageyalli vivarisalAguttade, mAtina sollarimegU barahada
sollarimegU naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella iraballuvu, barahada sollarimeyannu vivarisuvalli adu entaha viSayagaLannella oLagoLLabEkAguttade, kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva barigegaLu entahavu, avugaLalli entaha mArpADugaLannu mADabEkAgide, mattu barahadalli baLakeyAguva barahada gurutugaLa mukya kelasagaLEnu embantaha I kannaDa barahada sollarimege munnOTavannodagisuva kelavu viSayagaLannu vivarisalAgide.