Chapters: Ch 1 · Ch 2 · Ch 3 · Ch 4 · Ch 5
adhyAya ೩ — baravaNigeyannu saripaDisikonDiruva nuDigaLu
೩.೧ munnOTa
bEre nuDigaLinda padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuvAga, heccina nuDigaLallU avannu A nuDigaLa sogaDige hondikoLLuvante mArbaDisikoLLalAguttade. Adare, kelavu nuDigaLalli, bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi, intaha padagaLannu heccu kaDime eravalu paDeda nuDigaLalli iruva hAgeyE uLisikoLLalAgide.
Adare, hIge mADuvudarinda barahavannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa tumbA toDakinadAguttade. I toDakannu illavAgisuvudakkAgi halavu nuDigaLalli antaha padagaLa baravaNigeyannu mArra DisikoLLalAgide, illavE avugaLa eNikeyannu hatOTiyalli irisikoLLalAgide.
idallade, toDaku toDakAgiruva eravalu padagaLannu uLisikonDiruva kelavu nuDigaLallU makkaLige barahavannu kalisuvAga, modalina nAlkaydu varShagaLalli antaha eravalu padagaLannu avara kalikeyinda horage irisalAguttade, mattu makkaLu baravaNigeyalli sAkaSTu paLagida mElaSTE avannu avara kalikeyalli sErisikoLLa lAguttade.
೩.೨ koriyan nuDiya baravaNige
koriyan nuDiya barahadalli eraDu bageya barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade: koriyan padagaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi hangul emba kaliyalu tumbA sulabavAgiruva barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade, mattu caynIsninda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi caynIs barigegaLannE svalpa maTTige mArbaDisiruvantaha hanja emba hesarina, kaliyalu sAkaSTu kaScavAgiruva, barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade.
hangul baravaNigeyalli barigegaLu nEravAgi uli gaLannu gurutisuttave; adaralli ondu ulige ondu barige mAtra ide, mattu ondu barigege ondu ulipu (uccAraNe) mAtra ide. hAgAgi, adannu baLasiruva barahagaLannu makkaLu tumbA bEgane Odalu kalitu biDuttAre.
padagaLannu uligaLa jODaNeyinda unTumADa lAgide, mattu I uligaLannu barahadalliruva barigegaLu sUcisuttave embudannu kaliyuvavaru gamanisuvante mADalu I barevaNigeyalli tumbA sulaba. hAgAgi, doDDavaru hangulnalli bareda barahagaLannu ondE dinadalli Odalu kaliyaballaru. makkaLigU idannu kaliyalu heccu kaSa vAguvudilla; ondu varShadoLage adaralli bareda. yAva barahavannu bEkiddarU avaru Odalu “kalitubiDuttA re.
Adare, koriyan barahagaLalli baruva hanja barigegaLu nEravAgi uligaLige sambandisilla. ondondu padakkU intaha ondondu barigeyiruttade. hAgAgi, avannella ondondAgi kalitu nenapinalli risikoLLa bEkAguttade. intaha barigegaLannu kaliyalu makkaLige halavu varShagaLE bEkAguttave.
I eraDanE bageya barigegaLindAguva tondareyannu illavAgisalu, baDagu koriyAdalli caynIs eravalugaLannu hangulnallE bareyabEkemba, mattu adakkAgi hanja barigegaLannu baLasalEbArademba tIrmA na vannu ೧೯೪೯ralli mADalAgittu. I tIrmA poh, A nADinalli baraha bAradavarE illada hAge mADalAgide yendu hELalAguttade.
Adare, tenku koriyAdalli caynIs eravalugaLannu bareyalu ivattigU hanja barigegaLannE baLasalAguttide; hAgiddarU, avugaLa eNikeyannu AdaSTu kaDime mADalu prayatnisalAguttide.
idallade, sAmAnyavAgi elimenTari SAlegaLalli handul barigegaLannu mAtra bareyalu mattu odalu makkaLige hELikoDalAguttade; avannu salIsAgi Odalu kalita mEle, munde mElina taragatigaLalli avarige hanja barigegaLannu kalisalAguttade.
makkaLa pustakagaLalli, heNNu makkaLa patrikegaLalli, mattu ellA janarU OdabEkAgiruva barahagaLalli hangul barigegaLannu mAtra baLasalAguttade; halavu dinapatrike, vArapatrikegaLallU tumbA kaDime hanja barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade.
೩.೩ panjAbi nuDiya baravaNige
panjAbi nuDiyannu bareyalu rurmuki emba hesarina baravaNigeyannu baLasalAguttade. idu brAhmI baravaNigeyindalE beLeduba ndideyAdarU adaralli panjAbi padagaLannu ॥ bareyalu bEkAguva barige(akka ra)
gaLannaSTE ೯ chisikoLLa lAgide. samskruta padagaLannu samskrutadalli ps ೫.1 barigegaLannu uLisikonDilla.
panjAbi padagaLannu bareyalu bEkAguva bEre kelavu barigegaLannU I baravaNigeyalli hosadAgi racisi sErisikoLLalAgide.
I baravaNigeyannu hadinAranE SatamAnada sik guru angad embavaru brAhmI baravaNigeyannu panjAbi muDige aLavaDisikoLLuva mUlaka unTumADidda rendu nambalAgide. *
barigeyilla. hAgAgi, idaralli sakAra mattu SakAragaLannu sUcisaballa barigegaLaSTE iveyallade, ShakAravannu sUcisaballa samskxta padagaLalli baruva ShakAravannu adara panjAbi uccAraNeyannu A panjAbi barahadalli bareyalAguttade:
| samskxta padagaLu | panjAbi baraha |
|---|---|
| viSha | viSa |
| pradUShaNa | pradUSaNa |
| druShTi | driSaTI |
| puruSha | puruSa |
| viSESha | viSESa |
yakAravannu sUcisaballa barigeyU panjAbi baravaNigeyallilla. hAgAgi, samskxta padagaLalli baruva I barigeyannu ri embudAgi bareyalAguttade:
| samskxta padagaLu | panjAbi baraha |
|---|---|
| kxpA | krapA |
| kxShNa | kriSaNa |
| dxShTi | draSaTi |
| samskxta | samsakaThita |
| SrI | ThiSI |
idallade, panjAbi baravaNigeyalli samskrutadalli baruva halavu bageya otu barige(otta kxra) gaLannu sUcisalu baruvudilla. avu otu mucculi(vya njana) gaLAgi panjAbi janara ulipinalli kANisuvudU illa.
ivannella ulipinalliruva hAge biDisi illavE ottubarigegaLalliruva mucculigaLallondannu biTu bareyalAguttade.
ettugege, padagaLa naDuve baruva ottubarigegaLella bEre bEre bagegaLalli avugaLa ulipina hAge baravaNige yallU badalAguttave:
| samskruta | panjAbi | samskruta | panjAbi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sabda | Sabada | vidyA | vidia |
| Sakti | Sakati | adhyAya | adhiAya |
| bhakti | bhakati | anta | anta |
samskrutada ottu barigegaLalli baruva yakAra panjAbi baravaNigeyalli ikAravAguttade:
| samskxta | panjAbi | samskruta | panjAbi |
|---|---|---|---|
| vyAsa | viasa | sAya | niAya |
| vyartha | viaratha | dhAsa | diana |
| tAda | tigada |
dA rItiyalli samskruta eravalu padagaLannu samskrutada lliruva hAge AE hOgade avannu odinalli suva = bareyuvudarinda panjAbi baravaNigeyannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa heccu sulabavAgide.
೩.೪ inDonESiyan nuDiya baravaNige
inDonESiyan barahadalli sAkaSTu samskrutada eravalu padagaLu baLakeyAguttave; idallade, hesa padagaLannu unTumADuvallU samskrutada pada. mattu oTTu (pratyaya) gaLannu EE, intaha samskrutada eravalu padagaLa eNike A nuDiyalli tumbA heccide.
Adare, A nuDiya baravaNigeyalli I eravalu padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyalAgutta deyallade samskrutadalli ruva hAge bareyuvudilla. idarindAgi, samskxta padagaLigU I eravalu padagaLigU naDuve halava bageya vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave:
ettugege, samskrutada mahAprANa Who inDo nESiyan baravaNigeyalli alpa prANagaLAgi kANisikoLLu ttave maH
| samskxta | inDonESiyan | samskxta | inDonESiyan |
|---|---|---|---|
| adikAra | adikAra | buddi | budi |
| bhakti | bakti | mEgha | mera |
| dhUpa | dupa | mUrTa | murka |
| madhu | madu | bhEda | beda |
| duHkha | duSa | bhUmi | bumi |
kelavu padagaLalli mahAprANa hakAravAgiyU kANisikoLLuttade (bhAShA-bahasa, bhaya-bahaya).
samskrutada SakAra mattu ShakAragaLu inDonESiyan eravalugaLalli sakAravAgi badalAgive:
| samskruta | inDonESiyan | samskruta | inDonESiyan |
|---|---|---|---|
| akASa | akasa | akShara | aksara |
| aSA | asa | viSha | Esa |
| SiSha | pista | dOSha | dosa |
| kuShTa | Susta | puShpa | pusta |
idallade, udda tereyuli(svara)gaLu giDDa tereyuli gaLAgi kANisuvudu, Ta/Da/NagaLu ta/da/sagaLAgi kANisuvudu embantaha bEreyU kelavu mArbADugaLu I eravalu padagaLalli naDedive. I ellA mArbADugaLU inDonESiyan eravalu padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuvalli neravAgive.
೩.೫ jarman nuDiya baravaNige
jarman baravaNigayyalli OduvudakkU bareyuvudakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu darinda, adannu kaliyuva kelasa barahavannu heccu baLasadiruva kuTumbagaLinda baruva makkaLige bEre makkaLiginta heccu kaScavAguttittu, mattu idarindAgi, samAjadalli munde baralu intaha makkaLige uLida makkaLiginta heccu kaScavAguttittu.
idannu managanDa arivigaru jarman baravaNigeyalli kelavu mArbADugaLannu mADi adannu kaliyuva kelasa ellA hinneleya makkaLigU ondE bageyadAguvante mADabEkembudAgi ondu bEDikeyannu ALvikeya mundirisidaru.
idarante, sumAru ೬,೦೦೦ padagaLalli OduvudakkU bareyuvudakkU naDuvidda vyatyAsagaLalli heccinavannU illa vAgisuvante avugaLa baravaNigeyalli mArpADugaLannu mADabEkAgittu. eravalu padagaLannU jarman baravaNigege hondikeyAguvante mArbaDisabEkAgittu.
jarman nuDiyannu baLasuva jarmani, AsTi/ yA, sviTTarlEnD mattu liSTe nsTayn dESagaLa ALvi nagaLu oTTu sEri I bEDikeyannu. pariSIlisiduvu, “mattu ೧೯೬೬ralli jarman baravaNigeya toDakugaLannu hOgalADisuvantaha I saripaDikegaLige avu tamma oppigeyannu nIDiduvu.
Adare, UrugaLa mattu janara hesarugaLannu I mArbADina horage irisuvudendu tIrmAnisalAyitu. I mArdADugaLannu baLakege taruva kelasa mAtra tumbA toDakinadAgi kanDubantu. yAkendare, sumAru nUraralli ೭೮raSpu mandige I saripaDike bEDavAgittu! hIgiddarU, SAlegaLalli mattu ALvikege sambandisida baravaNigegaLalli idannu kaDDAyagoLisalAyitu.
I mArpADige kOrbu oppige nIDitAdarU, bEre bageya barahagaLalli idannu baLasuvudu illavE
Lasadiruvudu janara Aykege biTTadde ೦du adu hELitu. idarindAgi, modalige idannu oppikonDa kelavu prakASakarU AmEle haLeya baravaNigeyannE baLasalu toDagidaru.
AmEle ೨೦೦೬ralli, tumbA edurikegoLagAgidda kelavu mArpADugaLannu ALvikegaLu biTTukoTTudarindAgi, jarman nuDiya I saripaDikege heccinavara oppige doretittu, mattu ivattu bEre bageya baravaNigegaLallU adu baLakege baratoDagide.
೩.೬ TarkiS nuDiya baravaNige
sumAru eppa tre adu vagaLarra gaLaSTu hinde, Tarki dESadalli aduvarege heccinavarU baLasuttidda arEbik barigegaLannu biTTukoTTu, adara badalige rOman barigegaLannu baLasuva tIrmAnavannu mADalAyitu. idarindAgi, mElva rada kelavE kelavu janara sottAgi uLididda TarkiS baraha ellara sottAguvantAyitu.
TarkiS nuDiyannADuva janaru musli marAgi matAntara gonDAgalEnE rirEbik barigegaLannu tamma nuDiya baravaNigege aLavaDisikonDirabEku. hAgAgi, A barigegaLa baLakege Tarkiyalli sAvira varShagaLigintalU heccina hinnaDavaLi(caritre)yide. Adare, A barigegaLannu baLasi TarkiS padagaLa ulipannu sariyAgi tiLisalu baruttiralilla.
ettugege, TarkiS nuDiyalli enTu tereyuli(sta ra) gaLive; Adare, adu baLasuttidda arEbik mUlada baravaNigeyalli mUru tereyuligaLannaScE tOrisalu baruttittu. TarkiS nuDiyalli ippattondu mucculi (vyanjana)gaLaSTE ive; Adare, arEbik mUlada baravaNigeyalli idakkintalU tumbA heccu mucculigaLannu baLasalAguttittu.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, arEbik mattu parmiyan nuDigaLinda eravalu paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvAga, ulipinalli illadantaha halavu vyatyAsagaLannu baravaNige yalli tOrisuva holabu TarkiS baravaNigeyalli baLakeyalli ttu. barahagaLalli inta padagaLa baLakeyU tumbA heccittu. idarindAgi, TarkiS barahakkU TarkiS mAtigU naDuve halavAru vyatyA sagaLu kuNisuti davu.
I ellA uraga jA. TarkiS baraha kelavara sotA giyaSpE uLidittu. SEkaDA hatta kkinta kaDime jana adaralli Odalu- bareyalu tiLidavarAgiddaru. I paristiti hindina kAlakke sarihOgabahuditA darU, ipa rattanE SatamAnakke kAlirisutti ddante, yurOpina bEre “nADu gaLalli kANisuva hAge, TarkiyallU baraha ellara sottAgabEkemba kaLakaLi allina tiLivigaralli mattu ALvike yavaralli unTAyitu. ೧೯೨೩ralli Tarki mandiyALvi kege (prajAprabuttakke) i vaka oLagAyitu, mattu A samayadalli I kaLakaLige innaSTu hecci na mahatva bantu. mandiyALvikeyalli baraha ellara sottAguvudu atyavaSya. heccina tiLivigarU I rIti TarkiS baraha ellara sottAgadiruvudakke adu baLasuva arEbik mUlada baravaNigeyE kAraNa embudannu kanDukonDiddaru.
hattombattaneya SatamAnada naDubAgadindalU arEbik barigegaLannu baLasi TarkiS nuDiyannu bareyuva kuritu tiLivigaralli asamAdAna kANisalu suruvAgittu. A samayadalli heccinavarU arEbik barigegaLannu baLasuttiddarAdarU, kriSciyannaru rOman barigegaLannu mattu bEre kelavaru grIk barigegaLannu baLasuttiddaru.
pakkada nADAda albEniyAdalli ೧೮೭೯rallEnE albEniyan nuDige arEbik barigegaLigintalU rOman barigegaLE oLLeyavembudAgi tIrmAnisi, aduvarege baLakeyallidda arEbik barigegaLige badalAgi rOman barigegaLannu baLasalu toDagiyAgittu. sudAraNeya hesarinalli hIge mADuvudu darmanindaneyembudAgi matAdikArigaLu phatvA horaDisiddarAdarU I kelasa naDeduhOgittu.
[a ೧೯೨೮ralli TarkiyU arEbik barigegaLa badalu rOman barigegaLannu baLasabEkemba tIrmAnakke bantu. Agina janapriya adyaktarAgidda mustAphA kamal avaru I viSayadalli heccina Asakti vahisidudarindAgi, I badalAvaNe iDI nADinalli kelavE kelavu tingaLugaLalli naDedu hOgalu sAdyavAyitu.
I rIti rOman barigegaLannu TarkiSge aLavaDisu vAga, adara haLe (arEbik mUlada) baravaNigeyalli dda halavu barigegaLannu biTTukoDalAyitu; ettugegAgi, A baravaNigeyalli nAlku bageya sakAragaLidduvu, mattu mUru bageya hakAragaLidduvu; arEbik mUlada padagaLannu arEbiknallidda hAgeyE bareyalu ivu bEkAgidduvu.
Adare, TarkiS padagaLannu bareyalu avu bEkAgiralilla. hAgAgi, hosa TarkiS baravaNigeyalli eraDu sakAragaLannu mattu ondu hakAravannaSTE uLisikoLLalAyitu. cakAra, takAra, kakAra modalAda bEre kelavu barigegaLige sambandisidantaha kelavu vyatyAsagaLannU hosa baravaNige yalli biTTukoDalAyitu.
idarindAgi, hosa baravaNigeyalli spelling samasye pUrti illavAyitu. padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, adannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasavU sulabavAyitu. TarkiS baravaNi geyalli naDesida I eraDu mArdADugaLindAgi, A dESadalli baraha ballavara eNike tumbA heccAyitu, mattu baraha I rIti ellara sottAdudarindAgi, adaralli jIvantikeyannU tumbalu sAdyavAyitendu hELalAguttide.
೩.೭ asamIs nuDiya baravaNige
sAkaSTu cannAgidda ondu nuDiya baravaNigeyannu kelavu panDitaru sErikonDu, nuDiya kuritAgi tammallidda ajnAnadindAgi, tumbA sikkalu sikkalAda baravaNigeyAgi mArbaDisiruvudakke asamIs (basomiya) nuDiya baravaNige ondu oLLeya ettugeyAgaballudu.
asamIs baravaNigeyannu kriSciyan miSanarigaLu A nuDiya ulipige hondikeyAguva hAge baLasikonDu, adaralli halavu pustakagaLannu accuhAkisiddaru. SAlegaLalli adannu kalisuvudakkAgi oLLeya kalikepustakagaLannU avaru tayArisiddaru. idaralli padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyalAguttittu.
Adare, bAratakke svAtantrya banda mEle, kelavaru asamIs panDitaru o ra sEri, miSanarigaLu baLasu ttiruva baravaNigeyalli asamIs padagaLigiruva samskrutada mUlarUpavannu sariyAgi sUcisalAguvudilla ha 5’AkkEpaNeyannu mundiTTaru. AmEle, A rIti padagaLa hinnaDavaLiyannu sUcisu vantaha svarUpavannu avakke koTTu, adannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa tumbA toDakinadAguva hAge mADidaru.
idarindAgi, ivattina asamIs baravaNigeyalli ulipigU barahakkU naDuve doDDadondu kandakavE ErpaTTide. ettugege, asamIs padagaLannu uliyuvante bareyalu oTTu ೩೧ barigegaLu bEkAguttave.
Adare, ivattu baLakeyalliruva asamIs baravaNige yalli oTTu ೫೧ barigegaLive! asamIs padagaLalli baruva barigegaLu padagaLa hinnaDavaLiyannu tiLisuva hAge mADidudE adaralli iSTu heccu barigegaLu sEri konDiruvudakke mukya kAraNa.
asamIs nuDi marATi, panjAbi modalAdavugaLa hAge samskrutadinda (illavE adakke hattirada mUla nuDiyonderinda) beLedu bandide. samskruta modalige magadi prAkrutavAgi mattu AmEle kAmarUpa apabramSavAgi badalAyitu; konege ivattina asamIs nuDiyAyitu. I naDuve samskxtada padagaLU halavu bageya mArTADugaLigoLagAgive.
ettugege, samskxtadallidda tathadadhana mattu TakaDaDhaNa emba mucculigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa asamIsnalli illavAgide. A hattu mucculigaLu ivattu aydu mucculigaLAgi (tathadadhasagaLAgi) asamIs janara mAtinalli (mattu Odinalli) kANisikoLLuttave. Adare, ivattina. asamIs barahadalli tathadadanagaLannu TaraDaDhaNagaLinda bErAgi sUcisa salAguttide.
s baraha asamIs ulipu
taTa (daDa) tota ThanDA (caLi) thand thAla (baTTalu) thAl DESakA(taruNa) dESa DhOೊmla(DOlu) dhOl dhAna (batta) dhAs raNa (yudda) ros phasa (dappa) ghos
samskrutadallidda sa, Sa mattu ShagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavU
sIse nuDiyallilla. Adare asamIs barahadalli hei barahadalli kANisuva I mUru barigegaLannU janaru ondE rItiyalli uliyuttAre (idannu keLage hakAravAgi kANisalAgide; Adare idara ulipu hakArakkinta bErAdudu):
asamIs baraha asamIs ulipu
ciSha (viSa) bih biSESha (viSESa) biheh SAnti ca hasti sArara harar sakhI (geLati) hakhi
intaha innU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu asamIs barahakkU ulipigU naDuve kANisuttive. ivugaLindAgi ivattu SAlegaLalli asamIs barahavannu kaliyuvu dendare makkaLige hosadondu nuDiyannu kaliyuvaSTE toDakina kelasavAgide.
asamIs nuDiya I baravaNige heccineDegaLallU padagaLa hinnaDavaLiyannu sUcisuvudarinda, toDakina dAdarU adannu uLisikoLLabEkembudAgi asamIs panDitarige anisuttade. hindi, marATi, panjAbi modalAda bEre inDO- Aryan nuDigaLa hAge asamIs nuDigU samskrutavE mU naDa yAdadarindra barahadalli tamma Shu padagaLigiruva svarUpa avugaLa samskxta mUlavannu nenapisuva hAgiddalli oLLeyadu enda avarige anisutta de.
Adare, nijakkU idu bEkAgilla. yAkendare, mAtu kAgadada mEle kANisuva hAge mADuvudE barahada mukya udde ೇSavallade mAtina hinnaDavaLiyannu tiLisuvudu adara uddESavalla. mAtina hinnaDavaLiyannu tiLiya bEkendiruvavaru adannu bErAgi kalitukoLLabahudu. adakkAgi ondu nuDiya barahavannE iSTondu toDakinadAgi mADabEkAgilla. nuDiya svarUpa mattu svabAvagaLannu tiLiyadavaru nuDige sambandisida viSayagaLige kaydAkidalli hEge anarragaLunTAguttave mattu avugaLindodaguva tondare gaLannu hEge iDI samAjavE anubavisabEkAguttade embudakke asamIs barahadalli kelavaru panDitaru mADiruva I badalAvaNegaLu oLLeya ettugegaLAgive. ↑ oLapiDige hintirugi