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bhAga aydu

jagattina bhAShegaLu

prapancadalli oTTu eShTu bhAShegaLive emba praSnege txptikaravAda uttara koDuvudu svalpa kaShTa. idakke halavu kAraNagaLive. samSOdhakara gamanakke bAradiruva bhAShegaLu halaviveyembudu ondu mukhyavAda kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, dakShiNa amerikAda abhEdyavAda kADugaLalli vAsisuva halavu janAngagaLannu mattu avarADuva bhAShegaLannu samSOdhakarinnU sariyAgi abhyAsa mADilla. namma dESadallU guDDa kADugaLalli vAsisuva halakelavu janAngagaLa bhAShegaLentahavembudannu nAvinnU sariyAgi tiLidilla.

eraDaneyadAgi, eraDu samAjagaLalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShA prabhEdagaLannu eraDu bhAShegaLendu parigaNisabEkE, illavE ondE bhASheya eraDu prabhEdagaLendu parigaNisabEkE emba viShayadalli abhiprAyabhEdagaLiralu sAdhya. I kAraNakkAgiyU bEre bEre vidvAmsaru koDuva bhAShegaLa paTTi bEre bErAgalu sAdhyavide.

kelavu vidvAmsara matadante, prapancadalli oTTu sumAru aydu sAvira bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive. I sankhye idakke eraDaraShTu, endare sumAru hattu sAviradaShTendu hELuvavarU kelavariddAre, mattu idannu mUru sAvirakke iLisuvavarU kelavariddAre. I bhAShegaLalli heccinavannU inDO-yurOpiyan, TibeTO-barman, Aphri- ESiyATik, AsTrik, inDO-pesiphik modalAda kelavu bhAShA kuTumbagaLalli sErisi hELuva prayatnavU naDedide. mukhyavAgi intaha hadinaydippattu bhAShAkuTumbagaLannu idakkAgi kalpisikoLLalAgide.

prapancadalli kANisuva I bhAShAvayvidhya ondu rItiyalli mAnava samskxtiya vayvidhyavannu pratibimbisuttadeyendU hELabahudu. pratiyondu samAjada bhASheyU A samAjadalliruva janara dinanityada jIvanakke hondikoLLuvante sAvirAru varShagaLinda badalAguttA bandide. Adare, I badalAvaNe bEre bEre samAjagaLalli bEre bEre

dikkinalli sAguvudE prapancadalli ivattu kANisuva bhAShA vayvidhyakke mUla kAraNa.

manassinallEnideyembudannu itararige tiLisalu, mattu itarara manassinallEnideyembudannu tiLiyalu nammalliruva atyanta mukhyavAda sAdhanavendare I bhASheyE. ibbaru vyaktigaLADuva bhAShegaLa naDuve eShTu vyatyAsaviruttadeyO, avarige obbarannobbaru artha mADi koLLalu aShTE kaShTavU Aguttade. hAgAgi, bhASheyembudu manassugaLa naDuvina konDiyU havdu, gODeyU havdu. I kAraNakkAgi, bhAShe yondara svabhAvavEnembudannu tiLiyuvaShTE bhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa gaLentahavembudannu tiLiyuvudU atyavaSya.

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೫.೧ bhAratada bhAShegaLu

bhAratadalli mukhyavAgi inDO-Aryan, draviDiyan (drAviDa), TibeTO-barman mattu AsTrO-ESiyATik embudAgi nAlku bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive:

1. (೧) hindi, bangAli, marAThi, gujarAti modalAdavugaLu
2. inDO-Aryan bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu;
3. (೨) kannaDa, tamiLu, telugu, malayALa, tuLu modalAdavugaLu
4. drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu;
5. (೩) maNipuri (may‌tay), bODo, angAmi, Avo, luSAyi,
6. modalAdavugaLu TibeTO-barman bhAShA kuTumbakke sEridavugaLu;
7. mattu
8. (೪) santAli, munDAri, khaDiyA, sOrA modalAdavugaLu
9. AsTrO-ESiyATik bhAShA kuTumbakke sEridavugaLu.

ivallade, anDamAn mattu nikobAr dvIpagaLalli baLake yalliruva bEre kelavu bhAShegaLu inDO-pesiphik emba bErondu bhAShAkuTumbakke sEruttaveyendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. madhya pradESada nimAr jilleyalli baLakeyalliruva nahAli emba innondu bhAShe I kuTumbagaLalli yAvudakkU sErade EkAkiyAgiruvudendu kelavara abhiprAya.

bhAratadalli oTTu eShTu bhAShegaLiveyemba praSnege uttara hELuvu dendare, prapancadalli oTTu eShTu bhAShegaLiveyemba praSnege uttara

hELuvaShTE kaShTa. heccu kaDime innUru bhAShegaLu bhAratadalliveyendu hELabahudAdarU, I sankhye kADuguDDagaLalli vAsisuva janara bhAShe gaLannu heccu heccu abhyAsa mADidantella heccAgalu (illavE kaDimeyAgalu) sAdhyavide. idallade, bhAShe mattu upabhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavEnembudannu nirdharisuvalli namma niluvEnu embu dara mElU nAvu koDuva bhAShegaLa sankhye heccukaDimeyAgaballudu.

bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva I innUru bhAShegaLalli ardhakkintalU heccu bhAShegaLu himAlayada parvataSrENiyalli baLakeyalliruva TibeTO-barman bhAShAkuTumbakke sErive. Adare, bhAratada janasankhye yalli I bhAShegaLannADuvavaradu SEkaDA ondakkintalU kaDime! himAlayada guDDakADugaLalli pratiyondu haLLigU ondondu viSiShTa vAda bhASheyiruvudannu kANabahudu. I haLLigaLa naDuve anAdikAla dindalU paraspara samparka bahaLa kaDimeyAgiddudE idakke kAraNa.

inDO-Aryan kuTumbakke sErida sumAru ೫೦ bhAShegaLu, drAviDa kuTumbakke sErida ೨೬ bhAShegaLu, mattu AsTO-ESiyATik kuTumbakke sErida ೨೦ bhAShegaLu bhAratadalli baLakeyallive. ivallade, yAva kuTumbakkU sErada nahAliyantaha kelavu bhAShegaLU, inDO -pesiphik kuTumbakke sEraballa anDamanIs mattu nikobarIs dvIpa gaLa kelavu bhAShegaLU bhAratadallive.

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inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLu

ivugaLalli inDO-Aryan (Arya) kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu yurOpina mukhya bhAShegaLAda ingliSh, phrenc, jarman modalAda bhAShegaLige sambandhisiddu, A kuTumba inDO-yurO piyan emba doDDadondu bhAShAkuTumbada SAkheyAgide. bhArata dalli I kuTumbakke sErida nepAli, assAmIs, bangAli, oDiyA, marAThi, gujarAti, panjAbi, kASmIri modalAda halavu bhAShegaLu vxttAkAravAgi haraDiddu, avugaLa naDuve hindi mattu adara upabhAShegaLAgiruva bAngru, braj, bundEli, avadhi, bhOj‌puri, modalAdavugaLu nelesive.

nijakkU inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLu baLakeyalliruva I pradESa bhASheya maTTige ondu avicchinna pradESavAgide. I pradESadalli uttara dinda dakShiNakke illavE pUrvadinda paScimakke prayANa mADidalli, haLLiyinda haLLige mAtina bhAShe svalpa svalpavE badalAguttA baruvudu

kanDubaruttade. Adare elli ondu bhAShe mugidu innondu bhAShe prArambhisuttade embudannu janara mAtinalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle tIrmAnisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, marAThi mattu gujarAti bhAShegaLannADuva pradESa gaLa naDuve rAjakIyavAda gaDiyiruvudu nijavAdarU, A gaDipradESa gaLalli janaru ADuva mAtina AdhArada mEle bhASheya gaDi elli hAduhOguvudembudannu nirdharisalu sAdhyavAgadu. I kAraNakkAgi, intaha gaDipradESadalliruva khAndESiyannu marAThiya upabhAShe yendu hELabEkE, illavE gujarAtiya upabhASheyendu hELabEkE embudaralli matabhEdavide. idE rItiyalli, marAThi mattu oDiyA bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva halbi emba upabhAShe averaDaralli yAvudakke sErabEku emba viShayadalli matabhEdavide.

drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva gaDi pradESa idakkinta tIra bhinna vAdudu. kannaDa mattu telugu bhAShegaLa naDuve, illavE kannaDa mattu tamiLu bhAShegaLa naDuve spaShTavAda gaDiyiddu illi vAsisuva janaralli, avarADuva mAtannAdharisi, yAru kannaDigaru, yAru telugaru, mattu yAru tamiLaru embudannu nirdharisuvalli yAva tondareyU illa. ivugaLalli ondu bhASheyannADuvavaru innondu bhASheyannU aritirabahudu, Adare avaralli yAra mAtxbhAShe yAvudu emba viShaya spaShTavAgiyE iruttade.

inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLu parSiyan, balUci, paSo modalAda irAniyan bhAShegaLondige hattirada sambandhavannu paDe diddu, avannella oTTige inDO-irAniyan emba SAkheyalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. ivugaLalli inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLigella samskxta bhASheyE mUlavendu kelavara abhiprAya.

innu kelavara matadante, I bhAShegaLigella mUlavAgidda bhAShe bErondittu; baravaNigeya baLakegAgi, A mUlabhASheya AdhArada mEle, samskxtavemba viSiShTavAda bhASheyondannu vidvAmsaru beLesira bEku. inDO-Aryan mUlabhASheyannu baLasuttidda bEre bEre samAjagaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa phalavAgi, A mUlabhAShe pAli, prAkxta, apabhramSa modalAda rUpagaLannu paDeyitu. anantara naDeda badalAvaNegaLa phalavAgi, avE bhAShegaLu hindi, marAThi, gujarAti modalAda indina bEre bEre inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLAgi kANisikoLLuttive.

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drAviDa bhAShegaLu

kannaDa, tamiLu, telugu modalAda mukhyavAgi bhAratada dakShiNa vibhAga dalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLige I inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAda mUlavide. hAgAgi, ivannu drAviDa emba bEreyE ondu kuTumbadalli sErisuva avaSyakateyide. inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLannADuva janaru bhAratakke valasegArarAgi baruva modalE I drAviDa bhAShegaLannADuva janaru bhAratadalli nelesiddarendu vidvAmsara Uhe.

bhAratada horagiruva bEre kelavu bhAShAkuTumbagaLondige drAviDa bhAShegaLannu sambandhisuva prayatnagaLalli ondU iduvarege saphala vAgilla. yurOpina yurAlik kuTumbada upakuTumbavAda phinnO -ugrik‌nondige ivannu sambandhisabahudendu kelavara abhiprAya vAdare, uttara AphrikAda kelavu bhAShegaLondige ivannu sambandhisa bahudendu bEre kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. mohenjadArOdalli sikkida barahagaLa hindiruva bhAShe ondu drAviDa bhASheyAgira bahudendu sAdhisalu bEre kelavaru prayatnisiddAre. Adare I ellA prayatnagaLU UhApOhada sthitiyallE uLidive.

drAviDa bhAShegaLannu mukhyavAgi nAlku SAkhegaLalli vingaDisabahu dendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre:

1. (೧) kannaDa, tuLu, tamiLu, malayALa, koDagu, toda modalAda
2. bhAShegaLu dakShiNa drAviDa vibhAgadallU,
3. (೨) telugu, gOnDi, konDa, kUyi, mAnDa, pengo modalAda
4. bhAShegaLu dakShiNa-madhya vibhAgadallU,
5. (೩) kOlAmi, pArji, gadaba modalAdavugaLu madhya vibhAga
6. dallU, mattu
7. (೪) kuDukh, mAltO mattu brAhuyI bhAShegaLu uttara
8. vibhAgadallU sEruttave.

drAviDa bhAShegaLa I vibhajane avu mUlabhASheyinda yAva rIti yalli kavaloDedirabEku embudannu avalambisideyAdarU, ivattu avannADuva janaru nelesiruva pradESavannU I vibhajane pratibimbisu ttade. dakShiNa drAviDa bhAShegaLannADuva janaru mukhyavAgi bhAratada dakShiNa bhAgadalli (tamiLunADu, kEraLa, mattu karNATakagaLalli) nelesi ddAre.

idE rItiyalli, uttara vibhAgada kuDukh bhASheyannADuva janaru orissA, bihAr mattu madhyapradESada uttara bhAgagaLallU, mAltO bhASheyannADuvavaru bihArada rAjamahAl parvata SrENiyallU nelesiddAre. nEpALadalli nelisiruva dhanagar janAngadavarU kuDukh bhASheyannADuttAre. uttara vibhAgada mUranE bhASheyAda brAhuyi yannADuvavaru pAkistAnada uttara vibhAgadalli kveTTAdinda las‌belA davarege kvAlAt, haripur mattu haydarAbAd jillegaLalli nelesi ddAre.

dakShiNa-madhya drAviDa bhAShegaLAda telugu bhASheyannADuvavaru Andhra pradESadalli, gOnDi bhASheyannADuvavaru madhyapradESadalli, mattu konDa, kUyi mattu kUvi bhAShegaLannADuvavaru orissAdalli nelesiddAre. idakke badalu, madhya drAviDa bhAShegaLAda kOlAmi mattu nAyki bhAShegaLannADuvavaru Andhra pradESada uttara bhAgadalli, pArji bhASheyannADuvavaru madhya pradESada bastAr jilleyalli, mattu gadaba bhASheyannADuvavaru orissAdalli nelesiddAre.

I rIti, dakShiNa, dakShiNa-madhya, madhya, mattu uttara drAviDa bhAShegaLu ondara uttarakke innondarante bhavgOLika haravannu tOrisuttiveyAdarU, I bhAShegaLalli kelavu bEre pradESadalliruva drAviDa bhAShegaLa vaySiShTyagaLannU tOrisuttiruvudu I vibhajaneya ondu samasyeyAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, dakShiNadalli baLakeyalliruva tuLu bhAShe halavu viShayagaLalli dakShiNada itara bhAShegaLi೦da bhinnavAgiddu, madhyadrAviDa bhAShegaLannu hOluttade. dakShiNadallE iruva koraga emba innondu bhAShe kelavu viShayagaLalli uttarada kuDukh mattu mAltO bhAShegaLannu hOluttade. dakShiNa-madhya drAviDa bhASheyenisida telugu halavu viShayagaLalli dakShiNa drAviDa bhAShegaLannu hOluttade, ityAdi.

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drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuvina kelavu vyatyAsagaLu

I nAlku vibhAgagaLige sErida drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu. ivattina drAviDa bhAShegaLu mUla drAviDa bhASheyinda kavaloDedu bEre bEre bAShegaLAguttiruvante, avugaLalli intaha vyatyAsagaLu mUDibandive.

mUla drAviDada vaySiShTyagaLalli kelavannu kelavu bhAShegaLu uLisi konDive, mattu kelavu bhAShegaLu uLisikonDilla embudarinda I

vyatyAsagaLalli kelavu huTTikonDive, mattu innu kelavu vyatyAsagaLu mUla drAviDadalli illadidda vaySiShTyagaLannu Adhunika bhAShegaLu beLesikonDu bandiruvudarindAgi taledOrive.

udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDada sarvanAmagaLalli kELuganannu sErisi hELuvavugaLu, mattu kELuganannu biTTu hELuvavugaLu embu dAgi eraDu rItiya bahuvacana rUpagaLidduvu. tamiLu, malayALa, tuLu modalAda bhAShegaLalli I vaySiShTya uLidide, Adare kannaDadalli uLidilla. malayALadalliruva iccaL ‘nAvu mAtra’ mattu iಾm ‘nAvu mattu nIvu’ emba eraDu sarvanAmagaLige badalAgi kannaDadalli nAvu emba ondE ondu sarvanAmavide embudannu illi gamanisa bahudu. karAvaLiya kelavu kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli mAtra I vaySiShTya ivattigU uLidukonDide (udA: havyakada engo mattu nAvu). haLegannaDadallU I vyatyAsavittu.

dakShiNa-madhya drAviDa bhAShegaLallella naDeda ondu badalAvaNe yendare, padada eraDanE akSharadallidda rakAra, DakAra, LakAra, mattu lakAragaLu kelavu viSiShTavAda sannivESagaLalli modalaneya akSharakke sthaLAntarisive. I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavAgi kannaDada eLeyavanu emba pada kUvi bhASheyalli lAvenju endAguttade, mattu gOnDi bhASheyalli leyyO endAguttade. idE rItiyalli kannaDada bareyu embudu teluginalli rAyu endAguttade, aDagu embudu DAgu endAguttade, uddu (urdu) embudu ruddu endAguttade, illa embudu lEdu endAguttade, ityAdi.

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drAviDa mattu Arya bhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu

drAviDa mattu Arya (inDO-Aryan) bhAShegaLa naDuveyU vyAkaraNada maTTige halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLu kanDubaruttive. ivu gaLalli heccinavakkU I bhAShegaLige mUlavAgidda mUladrAviDa mattu mUla inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLu vAkyaracanegAgi bEre bEre vyAkaraNa tantragaLannu baLasikonDiddudE kAraNavendu hELabahudu.

Arya bhAShegaLannADuva janaru bhAratakke valase banda mEle avara bhAShegaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. ivugaLalli heccinavU A kAladalli bhAratadalli baLakeyallidda drAviDa (mattu itara) bhAShegaLa samparkadindAgi avannu heccu heccu hOluvante mADuva badalAvaNe gaLE Agive. hIgiddarU I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLa

naDuve ivattigU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLu uLidiruvudannu kANa bahudu.

Arya bhAShegaLalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada emba eraDu mukhyavAda padavargagaLu mAtra ive; Adare, drAviDa bhAShegaLalli I eraDu padavargagaLu mAtravallade, guNapada emba mUraneyadondu padavargavU ide embudu intaha vyatyAsagaLalli mukhyavAdudu. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavAgi, vAkyaracaneya mattu padaracaneya halavu niyamagaLu I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLalli bhinna bhinna vAgive.

eraDaneyadAgi, nAmapadagaLannu bEre bEre lingagaLalli vingaDisu vudakkAgi Arya bhAShegaLu baLasuva vidhAna drAviDa bhAShegaLu baLasuva vidhAnakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. nAmapadagaLannu mukhyavAgi avugaLa antyAkSharagaLa AdhArada mEle vibhajisuva krama Arya bhAShegaLadAdare, arthada AdhArada mEle vibhajisuvudu drAviDa bhAShegaLu baLasuva vidhAna. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli ‘henDati’ emba ondE artha viruva padagaLalli dArA: embudu pullinga, patni embudu strIlinga, mattu kalitram embudu napumsakalinga. drAviDa bhAShegaLalli baLasuvu diddare, I mUrU strIlinga padagaLE Agiruttave.

vibhaktigaLa baLakeyallU I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. drAviDa bhAShegaLalli vibhakti pratyaya gaLige arthadoDane nEravAda sambandhavide. Adare Arya bhAShegaLalli intaha nEravAda sambandhavilla. I kAraNakkAgi, vibhaktigaLa baLakeyannu varNisalu Arya bhAShegaLalli kArakagaLemba vyAkaraNa tatvavannu baLasa bEkAguttade. avugaLa vAkyaracaneyalli kANisuva kartari-karmaNi prayOgagaLa baLakeyU idE kAraNakkAgi udbhaviside. Adare, I viShayadalli ivattina Arya bhAShegaLu svalpa badalAgive.

padaracaneya vidhAnavU I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShe gaLalli bEre bErAgide. Arya bhAShegaLalli dhArALavAgi kANisuva pUrva pratyayagaLa baLake drAviDa bhAShegaLallilla. heccina padagaLigU kriyAdhAtugaLE mUla emba niyama Arya bhAShegaLallide, Adare drAviDa bhAShegaLallilla.

samastapadagaLa vibhajaneyallU Arya mattu drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. Arya bhAShegaLalli I vibhajaneyannu samastapadada angagaLAgi banda padagaLalli pradhAna pada yAvudu emba

viShayada AdhArada mEle naDesabahudAdare, drAviDa bhAShegaLalli, samastapadada modalaneya pada yAva vargakke sEruttade emba viShayada AdhArada mEle naDesabEkAguttade.

drAviDa bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLu ‘kAlabhEda’vannu sUcisuvu vAdare, Arya bhAShegaLalli ‘kAlavyavasthe’ya bhEdavannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada hoDeyuttAne emba kriyArUpa mAta nADuva samayakkinta anantara naDeyuva illavE mAtanADuva samaya dallEnE naDeyuttiruva ghaTaneyannU, hoDeda emba kriyArUpa mAtanADuva samayakkinta modalu naDeda ghaTaneyannU sUcisuttave.

idakke badalAgi, hindI bhASheyalli baruva AtA ‘baruttAne’ emba kriyArUpa ondu apUrNa kriyeyannU, AyA ‘banda’ emba kriyA rUpa ondu pUrNa kriyeyannU sUcisuttave. illi kAlabhEda mukhya valla. I eraDu kriyArUpagaLannU vartamAnArtha koDuva hay emba upakriyApadadondige (AtA hay, AyA hay), illavE bhUtArtha vannu koDuva thA emba upakriyApadadondige (AtA thA, AyA thA) baLasalu sAdhyavide. samskxtadallU I pUrNa mattu apUrNa emba kAlavyavastheya bhEda bhUta mattu abhUta emba kAlabhEdakkinta heccu mukhyavAdudu.

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TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLu

bhAratadalli kASmIradinda hiDidu tripurAdavaregU haraDiruva himA layada parvataSrENiyalli TibeTO-barman emba bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida laDAkhi, nevAri, leppA, bODO, gArO, AvO nAga, maNi puri, luSAyi, tripuri, modalAda nUrakkU heccu bhAShegaLannADuva janaru vAsisuttAre.

TibeTan mattu barmIs bhAShegaLondige mAtravalla, caynIs bhASheyondigU I bhAShegaLige hattirada sambandhaviddu, ivella ondE mUlabhASheyalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi bhinna bhinna bhAShegaLAdavugaLendu vidvAmsaru kanDuhiDididdAre. TibeTO- barman bhAShegaLigU, caynIs bhAShegU naDuve sambandhavideyembu dannu sUcisuvudakkAgi adannu sinO-TibeTan emba innaShTu vistAra vAda bhAShA kuTumbada upakuTumbavendu hindinavaru parigaNisiddaru.

Adare, ittIcege naDeda kelavu samSOdhanegaLu caynIs bhAShe TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli kelavakke (endare bODo, gArO,

kirAntI, modalAduvakke) uLiduvakkinta heccu hattiravembudannu tOrisikoTTive; mattu I samSOdhanegaLa AdhArada mEle, caynIs mattu adakke sambandhisida bEre kelavu bhAShegaLannu oTTAgi TibeTO- barman emba bhAShA kuTumbada ondu upakuTumbavembudAgi parigaNisuva avaSyakateyunTAgide.

jagattina bhAShegaLallella inDO-yurOpiyan kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLannu biTTare I TibeTO-barman emba bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLE atI heccu janara manemAtAgive. Adare, I bhAShA kuTumbakkiruva janasankhyeya bala mukhyavAgi caynIs bhASheya jana sankhyAbalada mEle avalambiside. sumAru nUru miliya janara mAtAgiruva A bhASheyannu biTTare, uLida bhAShegaLalli ೨೨ miliya janara mAtAgiruva barmIs mattu nAlku miliya janara mAtA giruva TibeTan mukhyavAdavugaLu.

bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli ondu miliyakkinta jAsti janara mAtAgiruva bhAShegaLu maNipuri mattu bODO mAtra. ivallade, ೧೭೨ sAvira janara mane mAtAgiruva AvO, mattu ೯೭ sAvira janara mane mAtAgiruva angAmi nAgA bhAShegaLU I kuTumbakke sEruttave. ivakkinta kaDime janaru mAta nADuva I kuTumbada bhAShegaLu bhAratadalli oTTu nUrakkintalU jAsti ive.

I bhAShegaLannella paScima mattu pUrva bhAShegaLendu eraDu mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. ivugaLalli pUrva vibhAgavannu uttara mattu dakShiNa vibhAgagaLendu vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, caynIs, bODO modalAdavugaLu uttara vibhAgadallU, barmIs, lOlO, maNipuri modalAdavugaLu dakShiNa vibhAgadallU sEruttave.

maNipuri bhASheyalli hadinaydanE SatamAnadindalU sAhitya racane naDeyuttide. modalige I sAhitya granthagaLannu avaradE Ada maNipuri lipiyalli bareyalAguttittu. Adare anantara, maNipuri janara mEle vayShNava prabhAva beLedubanda samayadalli, I lipiyannu biTTukoTTu, adara badalige bengAli lipiyannu baLasuva krama rUDhige bantu.

Adare, I lipiyalli maNipuri bhAShege avaSyavilladiruva halavAru svara mattu vyanjana sanjYegaLiruva kAraNa, mattu A lipiyannu tamma bhAShege aLavaDisikoLLuva samayadalli maNipuri vidvAmsaru I

avaSyavillada sanjYegaLannella hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva kAraNa, avara bhASheya indina baraha tumbA toDaku toDakAgide.

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vyAkaraNada kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu

vyAkaraNada maTTige bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLu halavAru vaySiShTyagaLannu tOrisuttave. I vyAkaraNa vaySiShTya gaLu vAkyaracanegAgi I bhAShegaLu siddhapaDisikonDiruva viSiShTavAda tantragaLAgiveyAda kAraNa, ivu I bhAShegaLannADuva janara samskxti yannU pratibimbisuttaveyendu hELabahudu. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLa nnADuva janarannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLabEkendiddare, avara bhAShe gaLalli kANisuva I vyAkaraNa vaySiShTyagaLannU sariyAgi tiLidukoLLu vudu avaSya.

Arya bhAShegaLa hAge, I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLallU nAma pada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu padavargagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. Adare, guNapadagaLannu Arya bhAShegaLu nAmapadagaLondige sErisu ttaveyAdare, I kuTumbada bhAShegaLu kriyApadagaLondige sErisu ttave. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli kxShNa: ‘kappu’ embudu ondu nAmapada, Adare, TibeTO-barman kuTumbakke sErida maNipuri bhASheyalli mU ‘kappu’ embudu ondu kriyApada. samskxtadalli kxShNa: emba padakke linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva hAge, maNipuriyalli mU emba padakke kAlapratyayagaLannu mattu akhyAta pratyayagaLannu sErisabahudu.

vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyallU TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli kelavu vaySiShTyagaLannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, maNipuri bhAShe yalli baruva da emba saptamI vibhakti pratyayavannu kannaDada inda, ge mattu alli emba mUru vibhaktigaLa arthadallU baLasalu baruttade. ivugaLoLage vyatyAsavannu tOrisabEkiddalli, I pratyayadondige bEre pratyaya illavE padagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.

kannaDada vibhakti pratyayagaLalli annu embudannu baLasuvalli namage svalpamaTTigina svAtantryavide endu hELabahudu. halavu sandarbhagaLalli adannu baLasadiralU sAdhyavide: mane mArida mattu maneyannu mArida embantaha vikalpavAda prayOgagaLannu kannaDadalli kANabahudu. Adare bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli intaha svAtantryavilla.

TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli intaha svAtantryavannu heccina vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyallU kANabahudu. idallade, vibhakti pratyaya vondara prayOgavAgideyE, athavA illavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle, bEre kelavu artha vyatyAsagaLannU I bhAShegaLalli sUcisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, maNipuriyalli kannaDada annu emba pratyayada arthaviruva bu emba pratyayavannu avaSyavilladalli baLasidAga ‘annu mAtra’ emba artha baruttade (kAru emba padadondige adannu baLasadiruvalli ‘kArannu’ emba artha baruvu dAdare, baLasiruvalli ‘kArannu mAtra’ emba artha baruttade.)

vibhaktigaLa baLakeyalli innU halavAru vaySiShTyagaLannu I bhAShe gaLalli kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, angAmI nAgA bhASheyalli ginu mattu nunu emba eraDu saptamI vibhakti pratyayagaLive. ivugaLalli modalaneyadannu bahaLa ettaradalliruva sthAnavannu sUcisuvalli baLasa bEku, mattu eraDaneyadannu bahaLa tagginalliruva sthAnavannu sUcisu valli baLasabEku. udAharaNegAgi, bassinalli kuLite endu hELa bEkAdAga, A bassu parvatada tudiyalli sAguttiddare angAmi bhAShe yalli ginu emba pratyayavannU, adu keLage kaNiveyalli sAguttiddare nunu emba pratyayavannU baLasabEkAguttade.

TibeTO-barman kuTumbakke sErida bODO emba innondu bhASheyalli kriyApadagaLu tiLisuva ghaTanegaLa sthAna vaySiShTyavannu sUci suvudakkAgi avugaLondige halavAru pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELa lAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, ddA ‘tinnu’ emba kriyApadadondige klAy emba pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘keLagininda mElakke tinnu’ emba arthavU, dda pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘nekki tinnu’ emba arthavU, pru pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘madhyadinda kacci tinnu’ emba arthavU, sler pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘badiyinda tinnu’ emba arthavU, ddob pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘mElininda tinnu’ emba arthavU baruttade. I bhASheyalli intaha halavu bageya arthagaLannu koDaballa oTTu innUra ayvattakkintalU jAsti pratyayagaLu baLakeyallive.

kannaDadalli barabahudu embudakke ‘baruvudu sAdhya’ emba arthavU ide, ‘baruvudakke oppigeyide’ emba arthavU ide. idE rItiyalli, barabEku embudakke ‘baruvudu niScaya’ emba arthavU ide, ‘baruvudu avaSya’ emba arthavU ide. TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli I eraDu rItiya arthagaLannu sUcisalu bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu illavE padagaLannu prayOgisalAguttade. hAgAgi,

drAviDa mattu Arya bhAShegaLalli kANisuva I arthasandigdhate TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli kANisuvudilla.

namma dESada ISAnya gaDipradESadalli nAvu halavAru rItiya tondaregaLannu anubhavisuttiddEve. allina janaru ADuva bhAShegaLu dilliya rAjakAraNigaLa bhAShegaLiginta tIrA bhinnavAgiruvuvAda kAraNa, avara anisikegaLannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLuvalli dilliya rAja kAraNigaLu eDavuttiddAre. bahuSaH gaDipradESada tondaregaLige namma rAjakAraNigaLu anubhavisuttiruva I bhAShAviShayaka samasyeyU ondu kAraNavAgiraballudu. I viShayavannu svalpa ALavAgi pariSI lisuva avaSyakateyide.

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AsTO-ESiyATik bhAShegaLu

bhAratadalli AsTO-ESiyATik emba hesarina I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu mukhyavAgi bihAr, orissA, mattu madhyapradESagaLa guDDa kADugaLalli nelesiruva janaralli baLakeyallive. drAviDa bhAShegaLannADuva janara hAge, I bhAShegaLannADuva janarU Aryaru bhAratakke valase baruva modalE illi nelesiddirabEku. I bhAShegaLalli ayvatteraDu lakSha janara manemAtAgiruva santAli, mattu enTUvare lakSha janara mane mAtAgiruva munDAri bhAShegaLu mukhyavAdavugaLu.

I bhAShegaLannu munDa mattu mOn-khmEr emba eraDu upa kuTumbagaLAgi vingaDisalAgide. ivugaLalli munDa vibhAgakke sErida munDAri, santAli, hO, khaDiyA, bhUmij, korku, sOrA modalAda oTTu sumAru hadinenTu bhAShegaLU, mOn-khmEr vibhAgakke sErida khAsi mattu nikobarIs emba eraDu bhAShegaLU bhAratadalli baLakeyallive.

bhAratada horage baLakeyalliruva viyaTnamIs, khmEr (kambO Diyan) modalAda bEre halavu bhAShegaLU I mOn-khmEr gumpige sEruttave. Adare, munDa vibhAgakke sErida bhAShegaLu bhArata dalli mAtra baLakeyallive. avannu mukhyavAgi dakShiNa munDa (sOra, gOrum), korAput munDa (guthOb, remO), madhya munDa (khaDiyA, juvAng), mattu uttara munDa (korku, santAli, munDAri, korva, hO, ityAdi) embudAgi vingaDisalAguttade.

AsTrO-ESiyATik bhAShAkuTumbavannu caynA, viyeTnAm moda lAda bhAratada horagiruva pradESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva miyan

mattu itara miyAv-yAv bhAShegaLondige, mattu thAy‌lEnDina thAyi, lAvO, juvAng modalAda dAyik bhAShegaLondige sErisi, AsTrik emba doDDadondu bhAShAkuTumbavannu kalpisikoLLa bahudendu kelavaru vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

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vyAkaraNada kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu

I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu halavu viShayagaLalli bhAratada itara bhAShegaLinda bhinnavAgive. udAharaNegAgi, munDa vibhAgakke sErida munDAri bhASheyalli ellA padagaLU ondE padavargadalli baruttave. endare, avugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU nAmapadavAgi, kriyApada vAgi illavE guNapadavAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, munDAri bhASheyalli ‘mattu’ emba arthavannu koDuva oDo emba padavannu A arthadalli mAtravallade, vibhakti pratyayagaLondige ‘hecci navaru’ emba arthadallU baLasabahudu, mattu AkhyAta pratyaya gaLondige ‘innomme mADu’ emba arthadallU baLasabahudu.

munDAri bhASheyalli baruva bEre kelavu padagaLa arthavannu pariSIlisidalli, adakkU itara bhAShegaLigU naDuve iruva I vyatyAsa spaShTavAdItu. adara heccina padagaLallU ‘vastu (illavE viShaya)’ mattu ‘adakke sambandhisida ghaTane’ emba I eraDu rItiya parikalpanegaLU hudugiruttave; idannu keLage koTTiruva munDAri padagaLalli kANabahudu.

ಮುಂಡಾರಿ ಪದ	ವಸ್ತು	ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಘಟನೆ
ಬುರು	‘ಪರ್ವತ’	‘ರಾಶಿ ಹಾಕು’
ಗಪ	‘ನಾಳೆ’	‘ಮುಂದೂಡು’
ಕುಮ್ಮು	‘ಕಳ್ಳ’	‘ಕದ್ದು ಕೋ’
ಲುತುರ್	‘ಕಿವಿ’	‘ಕೇಳು’

munDAri bhASheya innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, idara kriyApada gaLu tiLisuva ghaTanegaLalli bEre bEre kAryagaLigAgi toDagikoLLuva vyaktigaLannu sUcisalu A kriyApadagaLallEnE AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu baLasuva vyavastheyide.

udAharaNegAgi, dal ‘hoDe’ emba kriyApadavannu baLasuvu diddalli, adarondige ‘hoDedaddu yAvAga’ embudannu mAtravallade,

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viShyada bhAShegaLu

‘hoDedaddu yAru’, mattu ‘hoDedaddu yArige’ emba bEre eraDu viShayagaLannU sUcisalu AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu baLasabahudu. I bhAShAvaySiShTyavannu amerikAda sAliS bhAShegaLallU kANabahudu.

samskxta bhASheya hAge, munDAri bhASheyallU mUru vacana gaLive mAtravalla, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLeraDarallU kELuganannu biTTu illavE sErisi hELuvante eraDeraDu sarvanAma rUpagaLive. samskxtada kriyArUpagaLannu munDAri bhASheya kriyArUpagaLondige hOlisi nODidevAdare, samskxtakkinta eShTO pAlu jAsti kriyA rUpagaLu munDAriyalliruvudannu kANabahudu.

kannaDadalli alli mattu illi emba eraDu sthAnagaLannu nirdESisuva sarvanAmagaLiveyAdare, munDAri bhASheyalli oTTu ombattu sthAna gaLannu nirdESisuva sarvanAmagaLive. ‘mAtanADuvavana hattira’, ‘dUra’, mattu ‘ivugaLa naDuve’ emba mUru sthAnabhEdagaLannu mAtravallade, ivugaLalli pratiyondU ‘hattira’, ‘bahaLa hattira’, mattu ‘innaShTu hattira’ embudAgi mUru heccina rUpagaLannu tOrisuttave.

AsTrO-ESiyATik kuTumbadallEnE mOn-khmEr emba upa kuTumbakke sEruva, mattu mEghAlayadalli baLakeyalliruva, khAsi bhAShe munDa bhAShegaLinda halavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgide. udA haraNegAgi, khAsi bhASheyalli nAmapadagaLannu baLasuvAgalella u ‘pullinga’ illavE ka ‘strIlinga’ emba eraDu sarvanAmagaLalli yAvu dAdarU ondannu avugaLondige baLasalEbEkemba niyamavide.

bahuvacanadallAdare, iveraDakkU badalAgi ki emba sarvanAmavannu baLasabahudu. I sarvanAmagaLu lingabhEdavannu mAtravalla, aprANi vAcaka padagaLondige bandAga avugaLa AkAra illavE gAtravannU sUcisaballuvu (u sla ‘cikka ele’, ka sla ‘doDDa ele’)

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೫.೨ EShyAda bhAShegaLu

bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShAkuTumbagaLAda inDO-Aryan (inDO-yurOpiyan), draviDiyan, TibeTO-barman mattu AsTrO-ESiyATik embavugaLige sErida bhAShegaLu mAtravallade, urAlik mattu alTEyik emba bEre eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLU ESyAkhanDadalli baLakeyallive. ivallade, cukci-kAmcat

kAn, miyAv-yAv mattu dAyik emba innU mUru kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLU I khanDadalli baLakeyallive.

inDO-yurOpiyan kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLalli irE niyan mattu ArmEniyan bhAShegaLu ESyAda nayxtya bhAgadalli baLakeyallive. drAviDa bhAShegaLu bhAratadalli mAtravallade, pAkistAna (brAhuyI), nEpAla (kuDukh), banglAdESa modalAda ESyAda bEre kelavu dESagaLallU baLakeyallive.

TibeTO-barman kuTumbakke sErida caynIs bhAShe (nijakkU idu mandArin, kenTonIs, vU, dakShiNa mattu uttara min, kEjA modalAda halavu bhAShegaLa ondu upakuTumba) ESyA khanDada ondu mukhyavAda bhAShe. idallade, I kuTumbakke sErida TibeTan mattu barmIs emba inneraDu mukhyavAda bhAShegaLU ESyAdalli baLake yallive.

AsTrO-ESiyATik kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLalli bhAratada horage ESyAdalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLella mOn-khmer emba upakuTumbakke sEruttave. viyaTnamIs mattu khmer (kambO Diyan) bhAShegaLu ivugaLalli mukhyavAdavugaLu. intaha nUrayvattu bhAShegaLu ESyAdalli baLakeyallive.

thAyi, lAvO modalAda oTTu aruvattu bhAShegaLannoLagonDa dAyik kuTumba, mattu caynA, viyeTnAm, thaylEnD modalAda dESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva miyAv-yAv kuTumba - iveraDannU AsTrO-ESiyATik emba kuTumbadondige sErisi, AsTrik emba doDDadondu bhAShAkuTumbavannu sAdhisabahudendu kelavaru abhi prAyapaTTiddAre.

mukhyavAgi yurOp‌nalli baLakeyalliruva yurAlik bhAShegaLalli samoyed emba upakuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu ESyAda yurAl parvataSrENiyalli baLakeyallive. alTayik kuTumbadalli Tarkik, mongOliyan, mancu-tungus mattu koriyan emba nAlku upakuTumbagaLu sEruttave. ayvattu miliya janara manemAtAda TarkiS bhAShe ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudu. kelavara abhiprAyadante, japAnIs mattu aynu bhAShegaLannU I alTayik kuTumbadalli sErisabahudu.

೫.೩ yurOpina bhAShegaLu

yurOp khanDadalli mukhyavAgi inDO-yurOpiyan, yurAlik mattu kavkESiyan emba mUru bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli inDO-yurOpiyan kuTumbakke sErida ingliSh, phrenc, jarman, spAniS, raSyan modalAda bhAShegaLannADuva janaru amerikA, AsTrEliyA, AphrikA modalAda bEre bhUkhanDagaLigU valase hOgi allU vistAravAgi haraDikonDiddAre. idarindAgi, ivattu jagattina oTTu janasankhyeya lekkavannu hiDidalli, inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLige modalaneya sthAna siguttade.

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inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLu

I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLa sankhye nUrayvattakkinta jAstiyilla. I bhAShegaLannADuva janara mUla yurOp khanDavAgideyAdarU modalige hattirada ESyA khanDakke mattu ittIcege itara ellA khanDa gaLigU I janaru valase hOgi, ivattu iDI bhUmiyannE Akramisi konDiddAre. I kuTumbakke sErida ingliSh bhAShe ivattu jagattina bhASheyeniside.

sumAru mUru sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde ivattina Tarkiyalli baLakeyalliddu, anantara naSisihOgidda hiTTayT emba bhAShe inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLige sambandhisiddendU, mattu I bhASheyannu inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLondige sErisi oTTAgi inDO-hiTTayT emba innU doDDa bhAShAkuTumbavondannu sAdhisalu sAdhya vendU kelavaru vAdisiddAre.

inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLannu Sa-ka bhEdada AdhArada mEle pUrva mattu paScima bhAShegaLendu vingaDisuva krama baLake yallittu. Adare kakAravannu SakAravAgi mADiruva bhAShegaLa naDuve kakAravannu uLisikonDiruva hiTTayT bhASheyideyembudannu kanDu hiDidAga, I vibhajanege beleyilladAyitu. sadyakke inDO- yurOpiyan bhAShegaLannu inDO-irEniyan, jarmEnik, slAvik, bAlTik, kelTik, iTAlik, modalAda oTTu hanneraDu upakuTumbagaLalli vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. I upakuTumbagaLalli grIk,

ArmEniyan mattu albEniyan‌gaLalli ondondu bhAShe (mattu avugaLa upabhAShegaLu) mAtra ide.

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itara bhAShegaLu

yurAlik kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLalli madhyayurOpinalli baLake yalliruva sumAru hadinaydu miliya janara manemAtAda hangEriyan mukhyavAdudu. idallade, phin‌lEnDinalli sumAru aydu miliya janara manemAtAgiruva phinniS bhASheyU I kuTumbakke sEruttade. esTOniyAda estOniyan, skEnDinEviyAda lAp, karEliyan, mOrDvin modalAda I kuTumbada itara mUvattu bhAShegaLannADuva janara oTTu sankhye aydu miliyakkinta jAsti illa. ESyAda uttara bhAgadallU I kuTumbakke sErida athavA sambandhisida yukAghir, mAnsi modalAda bhAShegaLive.

I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare ivugaLa padagaLallella svaragaLa sAmarasya kANisuttade. idakkAgi padagaLalli baruva svaragaLannu pUrva mattu paSca emba eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuva avaSyakate yide. ikAra mattu ekAragaLu pUrva svaragaLu, mattu ukAra, okAra mattu akAragaLu paSca svaragaLu. yAva padadallU pUrva mattu paSca svaragaLu oTTAgi baralAravu. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLalli baruva pratyaya gaLigella pUrvasvarayukta mattu paScasvarayuktagaLemba eraDeraDu rUpa gaLiruttave.

udAharaNegAgi, hangEriyan bhASheyalli ‘mEle’ emba arthada pratyayakke en mattu on emba eraDu rUpagaLive. ondu nAmapada pUrvasvarayuktavAgiddare adarondige I pratyayada en emba rUpa vannU (vidsen ‘nIrina mEle’), mattu paScasvarayuktavAgiddare on emba rUpavannU (lovon ‘kudureya mEle’) baLasabEkAguttade.

I bhAShegaLalli vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhye sAmAnyavAgi bahaLa doDDadu. udAharaNegAgi, per‌myAk emba bhASheyalli ೨೮ vibhakti pratyayagaLive. I pratyayagaLu mukhyavAgi halavu bageya sthAnagaLannu sUcisalu baLakeyAguttave. kannaDadalli inda mattu ge emba eraDu asthAyi sthAnagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLU, alli emba sthAyi sthAnavannu sUcisuva vibhaktiyU ideyAdare, I bhAShegaLalli halavu bageya sthAyi sthAnagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLive.

kavkESiyan vibhAgakke sErida bhAShegaLalli heccinavU hindina sOviyeT yUniyan‌nallidda kavkasas pradESadalli baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli jArjiyan mukhyavAdudu. ab‌khAj, cecan, ghastAni, dargvA, lej‌gi modalAda oTTu sumAru ೩೭ bhAShegaLannu I vibhAgadalli sErisuvudu rUDhi. nijakkU I ellA bhAShegaLannU oTTAgi ondu bhAShAkuTumbavendu parigaNisuvudakke sAkaShTu AdhAravinnU doretilla. hAgAgi, kavkESiyan embudu ondu bhAShAkuTumba vennuvudakkintalU ondu prAdESika vibhajaneyendu hELuvudE lEsu.

I bhAShegaLannu uttara mattu dakShiNa (kartEliyan) emba eraDu gumpugaLAgi vingaDisabahudu. ivugaLalli uttarada bhAShegaLalli kANisi koLLuva varNagaLa sankhye sAmAnyavAgi bahaLa doDDadu. udAharaNe gAgi, yubikh bhASheyalli oTTu ೮೦ vyanjana varNagaLive. Adare I bhASheyalliruva svaragaLa sankhye mAtra barE eraDu (ivu eraDu bageya akAragaLu). I bhASheyalli u, o, i, e modalAda akArakkinta bhinnavAda svaragaLilla.

kartEliyan bhAShegaLalli vibhaktigaLa sankhye adhika. udAharaNegAgi, lAk bhASheyalli oTTu ೪೦ vibhaktigaLive. tabasAras emba innondu bhASheyalli ೪೬ vibhaktigaLive. idara kelavu upabhAShegaLalli innU jAsti vibhaktigaLive. ivugaLalli heccinavU bEre bEre sthAnagaLannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada saptamige badalAgi sthAnada svarUpavannAdharisi, endare ‘samataTTAda jAga’, ‘iLijArAda jAga’, ‘mElmay’, ‘keLamay’, ‘khAli jAga’, ‘tumbida jAga’, modalAda bhEdagaLannAdharisi, I bhAShegaLalli halavAru pratyayagaLannu baLasa lAguttade.

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೫.AphrikAda bhAShegaLu

AphrikAdalli oTTu sumAru ondUvare sAviradinda hiDidu eraDu sAviradaShTu bhAShegaLu baLakeyalliyendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAya paTTiddAre. I bhAShegaLannella AphrO-ESiyATik, naylO-saharAn, nayjar-korDOphEniyan, mattu khoysAn emba nAlku mukhya kuTumbagaLalli vingaDisabahudendu ivaralli heccinavarU abhiprAya paDuttAre. AphrikAdalli I nAlku kuTumbagaLigU sErade pratyEkavAgi uLiyuva bhAShegaLU kelavive.

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Aphri-ESiyATik bhAShegaLu

I vibhAgakke sEruva sumAru innUra naluvattu bhAShegaLu AphrikAda uttara bhAgadalli baLakeyallive. ivannu IjipTiyan, semiTik, berber, cAdik, mattu kuSiTik emba aydu upavibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. ivugaLalli kelavu bhAShegaLannu omOTik emba innondu pratyEkavAda vibhAgadalli sErisabEkendu kelavaru abhiprAya paTTiddAre. I upavibhAgagaLalli IjipTiyan embudakke sErida bhAShe gaLella Iga aLidu hOgive. haLE IjipTiyan bhASheya barahagaLu aydu sAvira varShagaLaShTu haLeyavu. adara ittIcegina prabhEdavendare hadinAranE SatamAnada kOpTik bhAShe.

semiTik kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu arab dESagaLAda savdI arEbiya, jOrDAn, irAk, isrEl, lebanAn, siriyAgaLallU, sOmAliyA mattu ithiyOpiyAda heccina bhAgagaLallU, mattu irAn hAgU Tarki dESagaLa kelavu bhAgagaLallU baLakeyallive. akkADiyan embudu I vibhAgakke sErida ondu haLE bhAShe.

nUru miliya janara manemAtAgiruva arEbik, enTu miliya janara mAtAgiruva amhArik, nAlku miliya janara mAtAgiruva tigrIniyA modalAdavugaLu I semiTik vibhAgakke sErida Adhunika bhAShegaLu. isrElina hIbrU bhASheyU idE vibhAgakke sEruttade. kraystana kAladalli heccu kaDime pUrti naShTavAgi hOgidda I bhAShe yannu punarujjIvanagoLisi Adhunika ADaLita bhASheyannAgi mADa lAgide. ivattu idannu baLasuttiruvavara sankhye sumAru mUru miliya.

semiTik vibhAgakke sErida I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLa padagaLalli heccinavugaLallU mUru vyanjanagaLa ondu dhAtu viruttade. I dhAtuvinondige kelavE kelavu svaragaLa vinyAsagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka, I bhAShegaLalli bEre bEre rItiya padagaLannu mattu padarUpagaLannu sAdhisabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, arEbik bhASheyalli k-t-b embudu ‘bare’ embarthada ondu dhAtu. idannu bEre bEre svaravinyAsagaLondige baLasi, kitAb ‘pustaka’, kAtib ‘lEkhaka’, kutubi ‘pustaka vyApAri’, kataba ‘baravaNigeyavanu’, kitAb ‘baraha’, kuttAb ‘prAthamika SAle’ modalAda padagaLannu sAdhisabahudu. idallade, ivakke bEre kelavu vyanjanagaLannu sErisi, makkUb ‘patra’, miktAb ‘Tayp‌rayTar’,

makkab ‘kacEri’, makkaba ‘granthAlaya’, istriktAb ‘hELi bareyisu’, iktitAb ‘nOndAyisu’ modalAda bEre halavu padagaLannu racisabahudu.

I rIti, dhAtugaLa naDuvina arthavyatyAsavannu sUcisalu I bhAShe yalli svaragaLa avaSyakateyillavAda kAraNa, idara barahadalli sAmAnya vAgi vyanjanagaLannu mattu dIrghasvaragaLannu mAtra bareyuva krama baLakege bandide. hrasva svaragaLannu, padagaLa koneyalli baruva vyanjana gaLannu, mattu ottakSharagaLannu cikkamakkaLa paThyapustakagaLalli mattu kurAn nalli mAtra sUcisalAguttade.

AsTrO-ESiyATik kuTumbada kuSiTik emba innondu upa vibhAgakke sErida somAli, oromO, aphAr modalAda bhAShegaLu suDAn, ithiyOpiyA, somAliyA modalAda dESagaLalli baLake yallive. berber bhAShegaLu morokko mattu aljIriyAgaLalli baLakeyallive. cAdik bhAShegaLalli havsA atyanta mukhyavAdudu. I bhASheyannu manemAtAgi baLasuvavara sankhye sumAru hanneraDu miliya, mattu eraDanE bhASheyAgi baLasuvavara sankhye sumAru hadimUru miliya. I bhAShe mAtravallade, burA, mArba moda lAda bEre sumAru nUra ippattu bhAShegaLU I upavibhAgadallive. ithiyOpiyA mattu kenyAgaLalli baLakeyalliruva sumAru mUva ttaydu bhAShegaLu omOTik vibhAgakke sEruttave.

AphrO-ESiyATik bhAShegaLa innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivu gaLa vAkyagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi kriyApada modalige baruttade. (kannaDa dalli idu konege baruttade).

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naylO-saharAn bhAShegaLu

nayjIriyAda kanuri, cAd‌na nayjer, kenyAda luvO modalAda sumAru tombattu bhAShegaLu I kuTumbakke sEruttave. I bhAShegaLu AphrikAdalli AphrO-ESiyATik mattu nayjar-kOngO bhAShegaLa naDuve vistarisive. suDAn mattu IjipTgaLalli baLakeyalliruva nubiyan bhAShegaLU I kuTumbakke sEriddu, ivugaLa barahagaLu enTanE SatamAnadindalU uLisikonDu baralAgide; idakkAgi ivu grIk lipiyannu baLasuttive.

I bhAShegaLannu songhAy, pUrva suDAnik, mattu madhya suDAnik embudAgi mUru gumpugaLalli vibhajisabahudu. I ellA

bhAShegaLU vEda kAlada samskxtada hAge udAtta, anudAtta moda lAda nAdavayvidhyagaLannu tOrisuttave. kelavu bhAShegaLalli I vayvidhya vannu vibhaktigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU baLasalAgu ide. pUrva mattu dakShiNa pradESada bhAShegaLalli kriyApadavu vAkyada modala padavAgi baruttiddu, avu adakkanuguNavAda bEreyU halavu vaySiShTyagaLannu tOrisuttave.

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nayjar-koDOphEniyan bhAShegaLu

AphrikAkhanDadalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLalli heccinavU, endare sumAru eraDu sAvira bhAShegaLalli ondUvare sAvira bhAShegaLU nayjar-korDOphEniyan kuTumbakke sEruttave. I kuTumbavannu nayjar-kOngO mattu korDOphEniyan embudAgi eraDu mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu; idallade, nayjar-kOngO vannu paScima aTlAnTik, mAndE, gur, kvA, benu-kOngO, pUrva aDamAvA modalAda bEre bEre upavibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisa bahudu.

nayjIriyAda yorubA, suDAnina tegAli, senegal‌na phulakunda, pUrva AphrikAda halavu dESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva svahili, jimbAbveya SOnA, rvAnDA mattu yugAnDagaLalli baLakeyalliruva kinyAr‌vAndA, dakShiNa AphrikAda julu ityAdi bhAShegaLu I vibhAgakke sEruttave.

AphrikA khanDada dakShiNa bhAgadalli haraDikonDiruva sumAru aynUru banTu bhAShegaLU I nayjar-kOngO upavibhAgakke sEru ttave. I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLalli baruva nAma padagaLallella eraDu angagaLiruttave; A padagaLa lingavannu sUcisuva anga modalinadu, mattu adara arthavannu sUcisuva anga eraDa neyadu. udAharaNegAgi, banTu emba I bhAShegaLa hesarinalli ba embudu ondu lingasUcaka pratyaya; adu manuShyarannu sUcisuttade.

I bhAShegaLalli intaha hattu-hadinaydu lingasUcaka pratyaya gaLiruttave. ivugaLalli kelavakke Ekavacana mattu bahuvacanagaLalli bEre bEre rUpagaLiruttave. ivu vyakti, mara-giDa, jODi vastugaLu (kaNNu, kivi, ityAdi), prANi, aprANi, cikka vastugaLu, ityAdi vargagaLalli nAmapadagaLannu hancuttave. nAmapadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva I

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amerikAda bhAShegaLu

lingabhEdavannu vAkyadalli baruva bEre halavAru padagaLU sUcisu ttave.

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boysAn bhAShegaLu

AphrikAda nayxtya bhAgada kalahAri marubhUmi pradESadalli baLake yalliruva khU, nAma hoTTenTOT, sandAvE, hatsa modalAda sumAru mUvattu bhAShegaLu I kuTumbakke sEruttave. ivugaLa nnADuva janaralli heccinavarU kuLLaru. hindina kAladalli ivaru AphrikAda dakShiNa bhAgadallella haraDiddarendu tOruttade. Adare uttara dinda banTu bhASheyannADuva janarU, dakShiNadinda Dac bhASheya nnADuva vasAhatudArarU oTTige sEri ivarannu marubhUmige taLLi ddAre.

OShTya, tAlavya, ghOSha, aghOSha modalAda halavu bageya ‘klik’varNagaLiruvudu I bhAShegaLa ondu prAmukhyavAda vaySiShTya.

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೫.೫ amerikAda bhAShegaLu

amerikA khanDagaLannu yurOpina janaru kanDuhiDiyuvudakkinta modalu alli nUrAru bhAShegaLannADuva janaru vAsisuttiddaru. uttara mattu dakShiNa amerikAgaLalli oTTige intaha sumAru ondu sAvira bhAShegaLu baLakeyalli ddirabEku.

ivugaLalli halavu avugaLannADuva janAngagaLondige nASa gonDive. innu halavu nASada hAdiyallive. ivugaLalli kelavannu sadyakke baLasuttiruvavaru ibbarO mUvarO mudukaru mAtra. I rIti bahaLamaTTige aLidu hOgi, Iga uLidiruva, AdarU SIghravAgi aLiyuttiruva, sumAru ೬೫೦ bhAShegaLu I bEre bEre janAngagaLalli ivattu baLakeyallive.

amerikAda eraDu khanDagaLalli haraDiruva I bhAShegaLannella eskimO-aleyut, nA-Dene, mattu amerinD emba mUru mukhya kuTumbagaLalli sEruvante vibhajisabahudendu vidvAmsaru kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. I abhiprAyadante, eskimO-aleyut‌ge sErida hattu bhAShegaLu, mattu nA-Denege sErida mUvattamUru bhAShegaLannu biTTare uLiduvellavU amerinD emba bhAShA kuTumbakke sEruttave.

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eskimO bhAShegaLu

eskimO-aleyut bhAShegaLu alAskA, grIn‌lEnD, saybIriyA modalAda uttaradhruvakke samIpada pradESagaLalli baLakeyallive. aleyut, yUpik, inuyit, alAskan modalAda bhAShegaLu I kuTumbakke sEruttave.

eskimO bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ondu doDDa vAkya dalli baraballa viShayagaLannella barE ondu padadalli aDakavAgi hELuva krama I bhAShegaLallide. Adare, idakkAgi A padadondige halavAru pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELabEkAguttade. ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva padadondige yAru, yArannu, yAvAga, yAke, elli, yArigAgi A ghaTaneyalli toDagisidaru embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi I rIti halavu bageya pratyayagaLannu kriyApadagaLige sErisabahudu. I kAraNakkAgi, bhAratada munDAri bhASheya hAge, mattu amerikAda sAliSAn bhAShe gaLa hAge, I bhAShegaLannU ‘pOlisintheTik’ bhAShegaLendu parigaNisa lAguttade.

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nA-Dene bhAShegaLu

nA-Dene bhAShegaLendare mukhyavAgi athabAskan emba upakuTumbakke sErida navahO, apAcE, sArsI modalAda sumAru mUvattu bhAShegaLu, mattu ivakkinta bhinnavAda eyAk, haydA mattu tlingit emba bhAShegaLu. ivugaLalli eyAk bhASheyannADuvavaralli ivattu (೧೯೯೬ralli) obba vyakti mAtra jIvantavAgiddAne.

uttara amerikAdalli yuTO-aj‌Tekan bhAShegaLannu biTTare, ati heccu bhAShegaLiruva mattu ati heccu janaru baLasuva bhAShA(upa) kuTumbavendare, I athabAskan embudAgide.

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amerikan bhAShegaLu

amerinD embudu amerikan inDiyan embudara sankShipta rUpa. amerikA khanDagaLannu modala bArige talupida pAScAtyara tappu kalpaneyindAgi, inDiyan emba hesaru ivarige bandideyAdarU ivara bhAShegaLigU bhAratada bhAShegaLigU naDuve namage tiLidante yAva sambandhavU illa. kenaDAdinda hiDidu, dakShiNa amerikAda dakShiNada koneyavaregU I bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive.janasankhyeya

maTTige I bhAShegaLannADuvavaru dakShiNa amerikAdalli ivattigU prabalarAgiddAre. eppattu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva kvecuvA bhAShe kolambiyA, yukaDOr, peru mattu bolIviyAgaLallU, mUvattu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva guvArAnI bhAShe parAgvE, brEjil mattu arjenTInAgaLallU, hadinaydu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva ayyArA bhAShe peru mattu bolIviyAgaLallU, mattu hattu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva nahuvAts bhAShe dakShiNa meksikOdallU baLake yallive.

idakke viruddhavAgi, kenaDA mattu uttara amerikAgaLalli I bhAShe gaLannADuva janara sankhye heccendare kelavu sAviragaLaShTu mAtra kANisu ttade. dakShiNa amerikAdalli daTTavAda kADugaLidda kAraNa I bhAShegaLa nnADuvavaru pAScAtya vasAhatudArara gunDige sikkade tappisikonDu iddudu, mattu uttara amerikAdalli kADu pradESa kaDimeyidda kAraNa avaralli heccinavarU nASahondiddudE idakke mukhya kAraNa.

amerinD bhAShegaLannu uttara, madhya, chib‌chAn-pEjAn, AnDiyan, tukAnovan, mattu gE-pAnO-kArib emba Aru upakuTumbagaLalli vibhajisi hELalu sAdhyavideyendu kelavara abhiprAyavAdare, innu kelavara matadante, I bhAShegaLannoLagonDa bhAShAkuTumbagaLa sankhye nUrakkintalU jAsti.

ivugaLalli kelavu bhAShAkuTumbagaLannu heccinavarU oppikoLLu ttAre. algOnkiyan, sAliS, kaDOvan, siyovan, irOkvo yiyan, hOkan, penuTiyan, tanovan, yuTO-aj‌Tekan modalAda kuTumbagaLu intahavu.

I bhAShegaLa mattu bhAShAkuTumbagaLa naDuviruva vayvidhyavannu sankShiptavAgi baNNisabEkiddarU adu ondu doDDa pustakavE AdItu. iDI vAkyada arthavannu ondu padadoLage tumbisaballa sAliSAn bhAShegaLinda hiDidu, caynIs‌na hAge padagaLalli svalpavU Antarika racaneyE illadiruvantaha bhAShegaLU I kuTumbadalli kANisuttave.

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೫. AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLu

AsTrEliyAdalli ellarU ingliSh mAtanADuttArendu heccinavarU bhAvisuttirabahudu; Adare, nijakkU ingliSh mAtanADuva jana

AsTrEliyA khanDakke bandu nelesuva modalu, ingliSh‌ginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva innUru-munnUru bhAShegaLannADuva jana alli nele siddaru.

vasAhatugArarAgi banda ingliShara kAla tuLitakke sikki, I mUla nivAsigaLalli heccinavarU Iga aLiduhOgiddAre. avarondige avaru ADuttidda nUrAru bhAShegaLU heccina maTTige aLiduhOgive. Iga allondu illondu embudAgi, guDDagADugaLalli mattu marubhUmi gaLalli mAtra kelavu bhAShegaLu uLidukonDive. avugaLalli mundina talemArina varege uLiyaballavugaLu ippattakkintalU kaDime.

AsTrEliyA khanDakke ingliSharu valase bandAga, endare sumAru innUru varShagaLaShTu hinde, alli bahaLa kaDimeyendarU sumAru mUru lakSha mUla nivAsigaLiddirabEkendu UhisalAgide. nijakkU ivara sankhye idakkintalU hecciddiralu sAdhyavide.

avara daynandinada jIvana nisargadondige heNedukonDittu. tamma parisaravannu svalpavU keDisade, adara ondu angavAgi badukuva krama sAvirAru varShagaLindalU avaralli paramparAgatavAgi beLedubandittu. tamma dinanityada avaSyakategaLige bEkAdaShTE AhAra mattu itara vastu gaLannu avaru tamma parisaradinda AydukoLLuttiddaru. bEkAddakkinta heccu sottugaLannu kUDihAkuva gOjigE avaru hOguttiralilla. idarindAgi, avara parisara nASavAgade ellarigU txptiyanna koDu tittu.

inglenD‌ninda mattu yurOpina itara dESagaLinda valase banda janaru I mUla nivAsigaLa hAge alpatxptarAgiralilla. tamage eShTu bhUmiyiddarU sAladu, eShTu sampattiddarU sAladu emba manO bhAva avaradAgittu. tamma kAlakke mAtravallade tamma makkaLa mattu avara makkaLa kAlakkU sAkAguvaShTu sampattannu kUDihAkidarU avarige samAdhAnavilla. avara I uddESakke aDDa banda mUla nivAsigaLannu ondO gunDininda suTTu hAkidaru, illavE phalavattAda bhUmiyannu biTTu maraLugADinoLakke ODihOguva hAge mADidaru.

tamma jIvanakke hondikonDidda bhUmiyinda bErAda I aLiduLida janAnga bahubEga naShTavAguttA hOyitu. ittIcegina ankesankhyegaLa prakAra, AsTrEliyAdalli mUla bhAShegaLannADuva janara sankhye kaLeda nUru-nUrayvattu varShagaLalli mUru lakShaviddudu mUvattu sAvirakkiLidide. avara heccina bhAShegaLU nASada hAdiyallive.

yoln‌gu, vArl‌piri, mattu paScima marubhUmiya kelavu bhAShegaLu mAtra ivattu SAlegaLalli ingliSh‌nondige paThyagaLAgive. intaha bhAShegaLa sankhye hattakkintalU kaDime.

AsTrEliyAdalli baLakeyalliruva mUla bhAShegaLalli heccinavU ondE bhAShAkuTumbakke sEridavugaLirabEkendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAya paTTiddAre. idakke apavAdavendare, miriyam emba pApuvAn bhAShe, mattu tAsmEniyAdalli baLakeyallidda, mattu Iga aLidu hOgiruva bEre eraDu bhAShegaLu.

AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLannu oTTu ೨೬ upakuTumbagaLalli pratyEkisa bahudu. ivugaLalli mAmA-nyungAn emba ondE ondu upa kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLE AsTrEliyAda heccina bhAgagaLallU baLake yallive. uLida ೨೫ upakuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLella AsTrEliyA khanDada uttara tudiyalli sangrahitavAgive.

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vyAkaraNada vaySiShTya

AsTrEliyAda I mUla bhAShegaLalli sAmAnyavAgi a, i mattu u emba mUru svaragaLu mAtra iruttave. ivakkinta bhinnavAda e mattu o svaragaLAgalI, dIrghasvaragaLAgalI ivugaLallilla. idallade, I bhAShegaLalli svaradinda suruvAguva padagaLu aparUpa.

vyanjanagaLalli ga, ja, Da, da mattu ba emba aydu sparSagaLu mAtra vallade, nAligeyannu hallugaLa naDuve irisi uccarisuva Araneya dondu sparSavU ivugaLalliruttade. idE rIti Aru anunAsikagaLU iruttave. Adare, ka, ca, Ta, ta, pa modalAda aghOSha sparSa gaLAgalI, kha, cha, Tha, tha, pha modalAda mahAprANAkSharagaLAgalI, illavE sa, Sa, ha modalAda UShma vyanjanagaLAgalI I bhAShegaLalli kANisuvudu aparUpa.

I bhAShegaLa sarvanAmagaLu Ekavacana, dvivacana, mattu bahuvacana embudAgi mUru vacanagaLannu sUcisaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, dvirbal emba bhASheyalli baygu endare ‘nAnu’, bili endare ‘nAvibbaru’, mattu jana endare ‘nAvu mUvaru’ illavE ‘jAsti jana’ emba artha baruttade.

idallade, uttama puruSha dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLalli madhyama puruShayukta mattu madhyamapuruSharahita emba vyatyAsavannU I bhASheya sarvanAmagaLu tOrisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, aylitya

endare ‘nInu mattu nAnu’ endU, jili endare ‘ninnannu biTTu nAvibbaru’ endU artha baruttade. hIgeyE, jantu endare ‘nInu mattu nAvu (mUru illavE heccu mandi)’ endU, jinnu endare ‘ninnannu biTTu nAvu (mUru illavE heccu mandi)’ endU artha baruttade.

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hinde-munde, eDakke-balakke

sthAnasUcaka padagaLa baLakeyallU AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLalli kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu kANisuttave. obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu ellide embudannu tiLisuvudakke nAvu hinde-munde, eDakke-balakke, mEle-keLage emba viSEShaNagaLannu baLasuttEve. Ata maneya munde nintiddAne, tengina mara maneya eDakke ide embantaha vAkyagaLalli ivugaLa prayOgavannu kANabahudu.

AsTrEliyAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu ellideyembudannu hIge innondu vastuvina illavE mAtanADuvavana dxShTikOnada mUlaka tiLisuva badalu, pUrva-dakShiNa-paScima- uttara emba dikkugaLa sahAyadindalEnE tiLisalAguttade.

gUgu-yim‌dhir emba bhAShe intahadu. mEle koTTiruva eraDu vAkyagaLu tiLisuva sangatiyannu I bhASheyalli dikkugaLa sahAyadinda mAtravE (maneya pUrvakke, maneya paScimakke, ityAdi) tiLisalAguttade.

citravondaralli kANisuva ibbaru vyaktigaLalli obbanu innobbana balabadige nintiddAne ennalU I bhASheyalli sAdhyavAgadu. allU nijavAda dikkannE tiLisabEku, mattu citravannu svalpa tirugisi hiDidare, dikku badalAgiruvudannU sariyAgi aritu hELabEku.

I rIti cikka cikka vastugaLa sthAnavannU dikkugaLa sahAyadinda tiLisuvudu namage tIra vicitra mattu bahaLa kaShTada kelasa endu anisa bahudu. Adare, AsTrEliyAda I mUlanivAsigaLu marubhUmiyalli sancarisuttirabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, avarige I rIti yAvAgalU dikkugaLa ariviruvudu tumbA upayuktavAguttade. marubhUmiyalli sthAna sUcakagaLAgi baLasalu mara, guDDa modalAda gurutugaLAvuvU iruvudilla; hAgAgi, dikkina jYAnavondarindalE avaru yAvAgalU tAvelli iruvevembudannu tiLidukonDirabEkAguttade.

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attebhAShe

AsTrEliyAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli atte, mAva, attige, bhAva modalAda sambandhigaLondige mAtanADuvAga baLasuva bhAShe itara sandarbha gaLalli baLasuva bhASheginta tIrA bhinnavAgiruttade. eraDarallU vyAkaraNa ondE; Adare, padagaLu mAtra bEre bEre. itararondige mAtanADu vAga baLasuva padagaLalli ondannU I attebhASheyalli baLasalu sAdhya villa.

udAharaNegAgi, dyarbala emba bhASheyalli sAmAnyavAgi ‘horage bA’ ennalu mayin ennuttAre, Adare adara attebhASheyalli yil vun ennuttAre; ‘tinnu’ ennuvudakke sAmAnya bhASheyalli dyang‌iು ennuttAre, Adare attebhASheyalli yal‌miiು ennuttAre.

I viSiShTavAda attebhASheyannu ganDasaru tamma atte (henDatiya tAyi), sose (magana henDati), attige (tAyiya sahOdarana illavE tandeya sahOdariya magaLu) - ivarondigU, hengasaru tamma mAva (ganDana tande), aLiya (magaLa ganDa), mattu bhAva (tAyiya sahOdarana illavE tandeya sahOdariya maga) - ivarondigU kaDDAyavAgi baLasabEkAguttade.

bEre kelavu sambandhigaLondigU (udA: ganDasara maTTige tAyiya sahOdarana maga, mattu hengasara maTTige tAyiya sahO darana magaLu) attebhASheyannu baLasabahudAdarU, idaralli kaDDAya villa. uLidavarondige mAtra, I attebhASheyannu baLasabAradu; sAmAnya bhASheyannE baLasabEku.

I attebhASheya ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, adaralli baLakeyAguva padagaLu bahaLa kaDime, endare sAmAnya bhASheyalli iruvudara kAlu bhAgadaShTu padagaLu mAtra idaralli baLakeyAguttave. hIgiddarU, hELa bEkendiruva sangatigaLannella adara mUlaka hELalu EnU tondare yAguvudilla. I rIti padagaLa sankhye attebhASheyalli kaDimeyiralu mukhya kAraNavEnendare, sAmAnya bhASheyalli baruva mUru-nAlku padagaLige badalAgi, attebhASheyalli ondE padaviruttade.

udAharaNegAgi, attebhASheyalli ‘nODu’ embarthada immal emba ondu padakke badalAgi, sAmAnya bhASheyalli vabal ‘mEle nODu’, biDidsay ‘eveyikkade nODu’, gindal ‘rAtri hottu dIpada beLakinalli nODu’, mamil ‘gottAgada hAge nODu’, buDal ‘obbana kaDege nODu’ modalAda padagaLive.

I eraDu rItiya bhAShegaLu dyarbal‌nalli haLabaralli mAtra uLi diveyallade, taruNa-taruNiyara mattu huDuga-huDugiyara mAtinalli uLidilla. I mUlanivAsigaLa itara sampradAyagaLa hAge, I bhAShA sampradAyavU naSisi hOguttide.

AsTrEliyAda mUlanivAsigaLa bhASheyalli kANisuva innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, avara samAjadalli yArAdarU sattare Atana hesarannu hOluva pada avara bhASheyalli yAvudiddarU adannu anantara uccarisuvantilla; hAge uccarisidalli Atana Atma avariru vallige bandItemba nambikeyE idakke kAraNa. I sampradAyadindAgi, avara bhASheya halavu padagaLu ondondAgi baLakeyinda hora bILuttiruttave, mattu avugaLa jAgavannu bEre padagaLu Akramisu tiruttave. Adare, ondu samAjadalli I rIti kANeyAda padagaLannu pakkada samAjadalli kANabahudu.

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೫.೭ OSiyAnAda bhAShegaLu

pesiphik mattu hindU mahAsAgaragaLalli haraDiruva sAvirAru dvIpa gaLalli vAsisuva janaralli sAvirAru bhinna bhinnavAda bhAShegaLu baLake yallive. I dvIpagaLalli kANisuva bhAShegaLa sankhye jagattina oTTu bhAShegaLa SEkaDA naluvattaraShTAgabahudendu kelavaru lekka hAkiddAre. ivannu mukhyavAgi AsTOnESiyan mattu inDO-pesiphik emba eraDu bhAShAkuTumbagaLalli vingaDisabahudu.

ivugaLalli AsTrEnESiyan bhAShegaLu bahaLa vistAravAgi I eraDu mahAsAgaragaLalliruva ellA dvIpagaLallU endare, AphrikA khanDada hattiraviruva meDagAskar dvIpadinda hiDidu inDOnESiyA, philipayns dvIpagaLannu dATi, munde pesiphik mahAsAgaradalliruva havAyi dvIpagaLavaregU habbikonDiruvuvAdare, inDO-pesiphik bhAShegaLu nyUgini mattu adara suttumuttalina dvIpagaLalli mAtra baLakeyallive.

Adare, AsTrEnESiyan bhAShegaLella ondakkondu tIra hattirada sambandhavannu tOrisuttive, mattu idakke viruddhavAgi, inDO- pesiphik bhAShegaLu ondE kaDe sEriddarU halavAru rItiya vayvidhya gaLannu tOrisuttiddu, avannella ondE kuTumbadalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavE emba viShayadalli vidvAmsaroLage matabhEdavide.

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AsTOnESiyan bhAShegaLu

maDagAskar‌na malagAsi, malayESiyAda malay, inDOnESiyAda bahasA inDOnESiyA, jAvanIs, sunDanIs, mAdurIs, bAli, philipayns‌na pilipinO (tagalOg), pOlinESyAda samOvan, tahitiyan mattu havAyiyan modalAda oTTu ondu sAvira bhAShegaLu AsTOnESiyan kuTumbakke sEruttave. I bhAShegaLannu mukhyavAgi malayO-pOlinESiyan emba ondu doDDa upa kuTumbadallU, atAyalik, tsavyik mattu payvanik emba mUru cikka upakuTumbagaLallU sErisi hELabahudendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

I kuTumbakke sErida sumAru innUrarinda munnUraraShTu bhAShe gaLu nyUginiyinda paScimakke baLakeyalliddu, ivannADuvavara sankhye ೨೦೦ miliyadaShTide. nyUginiyinda pUrvakke idakkintalU jAsti, endare sumAru munnUrarinda nAnnUrara varege bhAShegaLiveyAdarU, ivannADuvavara sankhye mAtra eraDu miliyadaShTu mAtra ide. ೬೫ miliya janara jAvanIs, ೨೦ miliya janara sunDanIs, mattu ೧೦ miliya janara tagalOg (philipayns‌na bhAShe) embavu I bhAShegaLalli janasankhyeya maTTige mukhyavAdavugaLu.

sAmAnyavAgi I bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa sankhye bahaLa cikkadu. udAharaNegAgi, mavori bhASheyalli oTTu hattu vyanjanagaLu (k, t, p, ph, h, m, n, j, r, v) mAtra baLakeyallive. Adare, svaragaLu hattu (hrasva mattu dIrgha svaragaLu sEri) ive.

malayO-pOlinESiyan kuTumbada ondu vibhAgavAda OSiyAnik illavE melanESiyan bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTya vEnendare, ivugaLalli nirdESaka sarvanAmagaLu ‘mAtanADuvavana hattira’, ‘kELugana hattira’, mattu ‘ibbarindalU dUra’ embudAgi mUru viSiShTavAda sthAnagaLannu sUcisuttave. bhAratadalli baLake yalliruva kelavu TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLallU, yurOpina yurAlik bhAShegaLallU intaha mUru rItiya sthAnanirdESaka sarvanAmagaLannu kANabahudu.

bhAShegaLa bagge nIvEnu balliri?

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inDO-pesiphik bhAShegaLu

I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLa sankhye sAvirakke hattira ideyAdarU, ivannADuva janara sankhye oTTu ippattu lakShakkinta jAstiyilla. mukhya vAgi nyUgini emba ondE ondu dvIpadalli haraDiveyAdarU, I bhAShegaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiddu avannella ondE kuTumba dalli sErisi hELabahudemba vAdavannu ellarU oppuvudilla.

bhAratada anDamAn dvIpadalli baLakeyalliruva kelavu bhAShe gaLannU I kuTumbadalli sErisabahudendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTi ddAre. ivallade, Iga pUrti aLidu hOgiruva tasmIniyAda bhAShe gaLu, nyUginiya madhyabhAgadalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLu, paScimada pApuvAn bhAShegaLu, pUrvada bhAShegaLu, vAyavyada bhAShegaLu mattu pesiphik bhAShegaLu embudAgi I bhAShegaLannu ELu vibhAgagaLAgi hancalu sAdhyavideyendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

nyUgini dvIpadalli baLakeyalliruva oTTu ondu sAvira bhAShegaLalli mukkAlu pAlaShTu, endare sumAru ೭೫೦ bhAShegaLu pApuvAn emba ondu vibhAgakke sEruttave. I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLalli svatantra mattu asvatantragaLemba eraDu rItiya kriyApada gaLiruttave. AkhyAta mattu kAla pratyayagaLalli heccinavU svatantra kriyApadagaLondige mAtra baruttave.

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೫.೮ muktAya

jagattinalliruva janarella ondE bhASheyannADuva hAgiddare bahaLa oLLeyadu endu bhAvisuva mandi nammalli kelavariddAre. hIgAdalli, bEre bEre bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa tappabahudu mAtravalla, bhASheya hesarinalli ivattu naDeyuttiruva nUrAru hOrATagaLU illavAgabahudendu I janaru bhAvisuttAre.

Adare, nijakkU namage intaha EkarUpate bEkE embudannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. ellarU ondE rItiya baTTegaLannu uDuva hAgAdalli, ondE rItiya sAmAnugaLannu baLasuva hAgAdalli, mattu ondE rItiya giDagaLannu neDuva hAgAdalli halavu bageya samasyegaLannu mattu tondaregaLannu kaDime mADabahudEnO

nija; Adare, idarindAgi namma jIvanadalli Iga kANisuva vayvidhyateyE illavAgi, ellavU nIrasavAgaballudu.

idallade, kAla badalAdantella prapancadalli kANisuva jIvigaLalli kelavu hosa kAlakke hondikoLLalu asamarthavAgi nASagoLLuvudannu nAvu kANuttEve. yAva rItiya jIvi I rIti aLiduhOgaballudu, mattu yAvudu uLiyaballudu embudannu nAvu avugaLa ivattina naDateya illavE sAmarthyada AdhArada mEle nirdharisalArevu. hAgAgi, jIvigaLalli kANisuva vayvidhyateyannu aLisi hAkidalli, munde baraliruva ondu kAladalli uLiyabahudAda jIviyE illavendAgalu sAdhyavide.

bhASheyalli kANisuva vayvidhyateyU idE rItiyadu. namma jIvanadalli kANisuva itara vayvidhyategaLanteyE adU atyavaSya vAdudu. ivattina avaSyakategaLannu pUraysalu ingliSh illavE hindi bhAShe atyanta samarthavendu kelavaru bhAvisabahudu. Adare munde baruva ondu divasadalli avugaLa badalu Iga tIrA keLamaTTadalliruva guDDagADina janara ondu bhAShe heccu samarthavendu siddhavAgalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, bhASheya uLivE adaralli kANisuva vayvidhyateya mEle avalambisideyendu hELabahudu.

bhAShegaLalli kANisuva I vayvidhyateyannu aritaShTU bhASheya svarUpa namage heccu heccu spaShTavAguttA hOguttade. Adare, I viShayadalli nAvu tiLiyabEkAdaddu innU bahaLa jAsti ide. nUrAru varShagaLindalU sAvirAru mandi samSOdhakaru ingliSh bhASheya mEle samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuttA bandiddAre; hAgiddarU, A bhASheya kuritAgi ivattigU hosa hosa viShayagaLu horabaruttive. hIgiru vAga, obbarO ibbarO samSOdhane naDesuttiruva itara bhAShegaLa pADEnu?

idallade, samSOdhakaru sAmAnyavAgi jAsti samSOdhane mADida bhASheya svarUpavannE itara bhAShegaLallU kANuttAre. samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDadalli kanDa kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa avasthe intahadu. tAvu abhyAsa mADuva bhASheya nijavAda svarUpavEnu embudannu tiLiyalu ivaru innaShTu ALavAda samSOdhanegaLannu mADa bEkAguttade. prapancadalliruva sAviragaTTale bhAShegaLalli eShTannu I rIti abhyAsa mADalu sAdhya?

bhAShegaLa kuritu namagiruva ajYAna entahadu embudannu idu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade. I ajYAnavannu nivArisalu nAvu prayatnisabEku mAtravalla, AdaShTu maTTige bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vayvidhyateyannu uLisikoLLuvudakkU nAvu prayatnisabEku. kannaDada upabhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu kannaDada SrImantikeyannu pratibimbisuttave. A upabhAShegaLalli ondu sari uLiduvella tappu emba bhAvaneyannu nAvu toDedu hAkabEku. nijakkU kannaDada uLivu I vayvidhyateyannavalambiside embudannu nAvu mareyabAradu.