Chapters: Ch 1 · Ch 2 · Ch 3 · Ch 4 · Ch 5
bhAga mUru
mAtu mattu baraha
barahavuLLa bhAShegaLigU barahavillada bhAShegaLigU naDuve, avugaLa vyAkaraNada maTTige, yAva vyatyAsavU illa; I eraDu bageya bhAShe gaLallU paripUrNavAda vyAkaraNagaLE baLakeyAguttiruttave. idallade, ‘prabuddhateya’ maTTigU avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavAgadu.
ondu bhASheyu baLasuttiruva lipiya caritre A bhASheya caritre ginta tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavide. bhAratada bhAShegaLu nAlku bEre bEre mUlagaLinda beLedu bandive; Adare, avugaLalli heccinavU ondE mUladinda beLedu banda lipigaLannu baLasuttive. I lipigaLa mattu avugaLannu baLasuva barahagaLa mUla ittIceginadu; Adare, bhAShegaLa mUla miliyagaTTale varShagaLaShTu hinde, endare namma arivige eTukada kAlavondaralli aDagide.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve bEreyU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiddu, kelavomme baraha mAtininda bErAgi tannadE Ada ondu astitvavannu unTumADikoLLabahudu. hAgAdAga, adakkU mAtigU naDuvina konDi tappi hOgi, adaralli halavu bageya kxtakate gaLu tumbikoLLuttave; idarindAgi adu ondu ‘bhAShe’yendu kareyalu sAdhyavilladantaha rUpavannu paDeyaballudu.
bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLu entahavu, mattu avannu tiLidukoLLuvudu yAke avaSya embudannu I vibhAgada Aru lEkhanagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
೩.೧ mAtigU ondu phOTO
kyAmarAda eduru nintu nAvella namma phOTO tegesikoLLuttEvalla? hAgeyE namma mAtannU kyAmarAdeduru ‘nillisi’ adara phOTO tegeyalu sAdhyavE? idannu sAdhyavAgisiddAre indina vijYAnigaLu.
Adare, illi phOTO tegeyuvudu sAdhAraNa kemarA alla, spekTO grAm ennuva ondu viSiShTavAda upakaraNa. mAtu nimma bAyi yinda horaTu ale aleyAgi gALiyalli sancarisuvAga, I upakaraNa adannu hiDidiTTu, vicchEdisi, adara bhavtika citravondannu tayArisi koDuttade. nIvondu bhAShaNa koDuttiddIrAdare, adannu I upakaraNa calanacitravAgiyU parivartisaballudu. TeliviShanna mEle mAtina I calanacitravannu nODi, kivuDarU nimma bhAShaNavannu artha mADikoLLaballaru.
Oduva phOTO
Adare, I bageya upakaraNada samSOdhane ittIceginadu. mAtannu kaNNineduru hiDidu nillisuva prayatna idakkintalU eShTO varSha hindeyE prArambhavAgittu. andina kAlada mAnavana cANAkShateya phalavAgi, nIvindu nAnADabahudAda mAtina ‘phOTO’vannu I puTada mEle nODi, ‘Odi’, adara arthavannu grahisikoLLuttiddIri.
I dikkinalli kaDimeyendare mUru svatantravAda samSOdhane gaLAdarU naDedirabEkembudu lipiSAstrajYara Uhe. purAtana IjipTina llondu, purAtana cInAdallondu, mattu yukATanda mAyAdava ralli mattondu. ivallade, mesapoTEmiyAdallU svatantravAgi barahada samSOdhane naDedirabahudemba Uheyide. ivattu jagattinalli baLakeyalliruva lipigaLalli heccinavakkU IjipT mattu mesapoTE miyAgaLalli andu siddhavAgidda lipigaLE mUlavAgirabEku.
padasankEta mattu varNasankEta
padasankEta mattu varNasankEta embudAgi lipigaLalli eraDu mukhya vAda prabhEdagaLannu gurutisabahudu. padasankEtavendare, lipiyalli ondondu padakkU ondondu viSiShTavAda sankEtavannu koDuvudu. intaha lipigaLannu baLasuvavaru tamma bhASheyalli eShTu padagaLiveyO aShTE sankhyeya sankEtagaLannu kalitukoLLabEkAguttade. endare, intaha lipiyalli kaDimeyendare hattippattu sAvira sankEtagaLAdarU ira bEkAguttade.
varNasankEtavendare, bhASheyalliruva ondondu varNa (svara illavE vyanjana)kkU ondondu sankEtavannu koDuvudu. yAva bhASheyallU ೫೦-೬೦kkinta jAsti varNagaLiruvudillavAddarinda, intaha
lipiyannu baLasuvavaru nUrakkinta jAsti sankEtagaLannu kalitukoLLa bEkAguvudilla.
viSvada baravaNigegaLannella I eraDu gumpugaLoLage sErisikoLLalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, SuddhavAgi yAva lipiyannU padasankEta illavE varNasankEta embudAgi varNisalubaruvudilla. ingliSh baravaNige yalli pada mattu varNasankEtagaLeraDU sErihOgive. udAharaNe gAgi, no mattu know emba eraDu padagaLa naDuve uccAradalli vyatyAsavEnU illavAdudarinda avu eraDu bEre bEre padagaLannu sUcisuva padasankEtagaLendu hELabEkAguttade.
japAnIyara baravaNigeyalli padasankEtagaLondige varNaguccha gaLannu sUcisuva sankEtagaLU sErikonDive. padasankEtakke atI uttama udAharaNeyendare cInI baravaNige. Adare, I baravaNige yallU varNasankEtagaLa prayOga kelaveDe sErikonDide. iveraDa kkintalU bhinnavAgiruva arEbik baravaNigeyalli sAmAnyavAgi svara varNagaLannu biTTu, vyanjanavarNagaLannu mAtravE bareyuva rUDhiyide.
padasankEtada vaySiShTya
ondondu padakkU ondondu sankEtaviruva I padasankEtada lipi yalli sAvirAru bhinna bhinnavAda sankEtagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, caynIs lipiyalli sAmAnyavAgi padakkondu sankEta viruttade. adara halavAru padagaLa naDuve uccAraNeyalli vyatyAsa villadiddarU arthadalli vyatyAsaviruva kAraNa, barahadalli bEre bEre sankEtagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, henDati, ELu, mOsamADu, kAla, du:kha moda lAda halavu arthagaLannu sUcisalu caynIs bhASheyalli chI emba ondE uccAraNeyiruva padavannu baLasalAguttade, Adare ivakkella caynIs lipiyalli bEre bEre sankEtagaLive. idE rItiyalli, nuDi, are, baNNa, uppu, alli modalAda arthagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLige lipiyalli bEre bEre sankEtagaLive; Adare, ivellakkU uccAraNe jen embudondE.
cInI bhASheyalli bareda pustakagaLannu Odalu kaDimeyendare ELenTu sAvira sankEtagaLannAdarU kalitukoLLabEkAguttade. adara sampUrNa padakOSavondaralli oTTu sumAru ayvattu sAvira sankEta gaLive! idu vidyArthigaLigondu doDDa talenOvannE tandoDDa
balludEnO nija; Adare, tamma tamma bhAShegaLannu kaliyuvudarondige iShTellA sankEtagaLannU avaru kaDDAyavAgiyE kalitukoLLa bEkAguvu dAddarinda, eppattaydu kOTi janariruva cInAdESadalli bhAShA samasyeyE ELuttilla.
idu hEgendare, dUra dUrada UrugaLalliruva caynIs janaralli obbara mAtannu innobbaru arthamADikoLLalArarAdarU, obbaru baredudannu innobbaru Odi arthamADikoLLaballaru. udAharaNegAgi, mandArin emba ondu mAdariya caynIs bhASheyannADuvavanobba tanna bhASheyalli caynIs lipiyannu baLasi bareda patravannu kenTonIs ennuva innondu mAdariya caynIs bhASheyannADuvavanu tannadE bhASheyalli Odi arthamADikoLLaballanu. Adare, mandArinnavanu tanna bhASheyalli mAtanADahoraTare avanADida ondE ondu mAtU kenTonIsnavanige arthavAgadu
namma dESadallU intaha ondu lipi pracAradalliddiddare, SEkaDA eppattaydu mandiyAdarU obbaru baredudannu innobbaru yAva hosa bhASheyannu kalitukoLLadeyU sulabhadalli arthamADikoLLuvante Agabahudittu.
kannaDada lipi
nAvu bhAratadalli baLasuva lipigaLallella heccu kaDime varNakkondu sankEtavide. rOman lipigU, kannaDa lipigU naDuve iruva mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, rOman lipiyalli svara mattu vyanjanagaLeraDakkU svatantravAda astitvavuLLa sankEtagaLive, Adare kannaDa lipiyalli sAmAnya vAgi ondu vyanjanada anantara baruva svara illavE vyanjanagaLa sankEtagaLige padada Adiyalli illavE svarada anantara baruva sankEta gaLaShTu pUrNateyilla. idannu sariyAgi gamanisada kelavaru kannaDa lipiyalli svara mattu vyanjanagaLeraDakkU oTTAgi sankEtagaLiveyendu tappAgi tiLidukonDantide.
lipi samasye
bhAShAsamasyeyondige lipi samasyeyU namma dESadalli halakelavu hOrATagaLige kAraNavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, hindi-urdu vivAda heccu kaDime lipi vivAdavendE hELidarU tappAgadu. bhASheya
vyAkaraNada maTTige hindi mattu urdugaLoLage heccina vyatyAsavEnU illa.
samskxta, hindI mattu marAThi bhAShegaLu baLasuva dEvanAgari lipiyaShTu ‘vayjYAnika’vAda lipi bErillavendu kelavaru rAjakAraNigaLu mAtravalla, vidvAmsarendennisikoLLuvavarU hELuttiruttAre. Adare I mAtige AdhAravEnU illa.
dEvanAgari lipi vayjYAnikavendu hELalu adaralli baruva sankEta gaLannu vayjYAnikavAgi, endare avugaLa uccAraNeganusAravAgi, bEre bEre vargagaLalli vingaDisalAgide embudE mukhya AdhAra. Adare idu sankEtagaLa vingaDaNeya vayjYAnikateyallade, sankEtagaLa illavE avannu baLasuva lipiya vayjYAnikateyalla. yAva lipiyalli baruva sankEta gaLannu bEkiddarU I rIti uccAraNeganusAravAgi vingaDisuvudu kaShTa vEnalla.
nijakkU bhAratada lipigaLallella urdu lipiyannu biTTare dEva nAgari lipiyE atyanta kliShTavAda mattu toDakutoDakAda lipi. kannaDa lipi mattu dEvanAgari lipi iveraDU ondE mUladinda bandive yAdarU kannaDa lipi dEvanAgariginta halavAru viShayagaLalli saraLa vAgide mattu lalitavAgide. idannu arthamADikoLLalArada kannaDigaru kelavaru nammalli IgAgalE baLakeyalliruva uttamavAda lipiyannu horagesedu, dEvanAgariyannu baLasikoLLuva Aturadalliruvantide.
mAtu mattu baravaNige
mAtige hOlisidevAdare baravaNigeyembudu bahaLa ittIceginadu. sAvirAru varShagaLa hindeyE IjipT mattu mesapoTEmiyAgaLalli manuShyanige baravaNige tiLidittembudu nija. Adare, sAmAnya janara kayge adu bandu innU innUru varSha kaLedilla. ivattigU baravaNigeyannu baLasikoLLuvantaha bhAShegaLu kelavu mAtra. jagattu iShTondu mundu varidideyAdarU Odalu mattu bareyalu balla janara sankhye SEkaDA ayvattakkintalU kaDime.
lipiyillada bhAShegU lipiyiruva bhAShegU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa vide? I praSnege ‘EnU illa’ embudAgi bhAShAvijYAnigaLu koDuva uttaravannu bahuSaH heccinavarU nambalAraru. Adare, jagattinalli baLake yalliruva halavAru bhAShegaLa mEle avaru naDesiruva samSOdhanegaLa phalavAgi tiLidu banda AScaryakara viShayagaLalli idU ondu.
bhAShegaLalli naDeyabahudAda badalAvaNegaLalli lipiyindAguva kArya sonneyendE hELabahudu. bhASheyondara yOgyateyU lipi yiruvudarinda illavE illadiruvudarinda heccukaDimeyAguvudilla. lipiyiruva bhASheyaShTE lipiyillada bhASheyU samxddha mattu sampanna vAgiraballudu.
samskxta bhAShege tannadE Ada lipi dorakuvudakkinta eShTO varSha gaLa hindeyE adaralli jagattina mahOnnata kxtigaLalli ondAgiruva vEdagaLa racaneyAgittembudu idakke ondu uttama udAharaNe. lipiyu bhASheya mEle mADabahudAda pariNAmavEnAdarU iddare, adu A bhASheya (barahada) vyAkaraNa niyamagaLigiruva apavAdagaLa sankhyeyannu svalpa maTTige heccu mADuvudu mAtra
೩.೨ bhAratakkella ondu lipi bEkE?
bhAratada bhAShegaLella ondE lipiyannu baLasatoDagidalli namma dESada bhAShAsamasyegaLellavU iddakkiddante mAyavAgi biDuvuvendu vAdisuva ASAvAdigaLu nammalli bahaLa mandi iddAre. tamiLu, kannaDa, bangAli, oDiyA modalAda I bEre bEre bhAShegaLannADuva janaru tammavE Ada lipigaLannu sampUrNavAgi biTTu koDalu siddharilladirabahudu. AdarU ‘rAShTrada aykyate’gAgi I bhAShegaLannADuva mandi tamma tamma lipigaLoDane intaha rAShTrIya lipiyondannU kalitu baLasatoDagi dalli, namma dESa bahaLaShTu uddhAravAdItendu ivarellarU nambiru vantide.
intaha vAdavannu munde taruvavaru bariya rAjakAraNigaLu mAtravalla; I viShayadalli sAkaShTu samSOdhanegaLannu naDesi pariNata rAgiruvevendu hELikoLLuva vidvAmsarU ivE abhiprAyagaLannu manDisuttiruvudu nijakkU AScaryakaravAda sangatiyAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, ೧೯೫೬ralli prakaTavAda adhikxta bhAShA samitiya varadiyu intaha rAShTrIya lipiyondara baLakeyu avaSyavendE samarthisittu. jasTis SAradAcaraNa mitraru ‘Ekalipi vistAra pariShat’ embudAgi ondu samstheyannE sthApisiddaru.
intaha Ekalipi vAdavannu manDisuvavaralli heccinavarU bhAratada I rAShTrIya lipi ivattu hindI bhASheyannu bareyalu baLasuttiruva
dEvanAgari lipiyE AgabEkendu vAdisuttiruvudu innondu gama nArhavAda sangatiyAgide.
Ekalipi avaSyavE?
illi eraDu mukhyavAda praSnegaLannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. bhAratada bhAShegaLella ondE lipiyannu illavE samAna lipiyondannu baLasuvudu avaSyavE, mattu hAge mADuvudarinda prayOjana vEnAdarU ideyE embudondu; mattu adu avaSyavAgide yAdarU, antaha samAna lipiyAgalu dEvanAgariyE arhavAdu demba vAdadalli huruLideyE embudinnondu.
ivugaLalli modalaneya praSneyannu yArU iduvarege sariyAgi vivEcisida hAge kanDubaruvudilla. Ekalipiya kuritu vAda naDesu vavarella adara avaSyakate svataHsiddhavAdudemba abhiprAyadindalE tamma vAdavannu prArambhisuttAre.
I viShayadalli adhikxta bhAShA samitiyu eraDu mukhyavAda kAraNagaLannu koTTide. dESada aykyatege adu sahAyakavAgabahudembu dondu; bEre bEre bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa adarinda sugama vAgabahudembudinnondu. iveraDU heccina maTTige kalpitavAda kAraNa gaLu. dESada aykyateyembudu tarkadeduru nillada viShaya. bhAratakkella ondu lipiyannu tandu hAkuva avasaradalli Iga iruva aykyateyU oDeduhOguva sambhavavE jAsti.
lipi mattu bhAShAbhyAsa
lipi bhEdavilladiddare nere prAntadavara bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa sugamavAgabahudu, mattu adarindAgi hAge kaliyuva janara sankhyeyU heccabahudu emba vAda satyadinda bahaLa dUra ide. telugu mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLige heccu kaDime ondE lipiyide yendarU salluttade. telugu bhASheyannu kaliyabEkemba iccheyuLLa kannaDigaru ardha ganTeyoLage adara lipiyannu kayvaSa mADikoLLa ballaru. Adare, indu eShTu mandi kannaDigaru illavE telugaru I savkaryavannu upayOgisikoLLuttiddAre?
marAThi mattu hindI bhAShegaLeraDU ondE lipiyannu baLasikoLLu ttive. hAgendu marAThiyannu kaliyuva hindI janara sankhye adE
bhASheyannu kaliyuva kannaDigara illavE gujarAtigaLa sankhyeginta jAsti yiruva hAgEnU kANisuttilla. nijakkU ondu bhASheyannu kaliyuva avaSyakate bandare cInI bhAShegiruvantaha atI kliShTavAda lipiyannU jana aragisikonDAru. bEDavAgiruva bhASheya lipi samAnavAgiddarU ondE, bhinnavAgiddarU ondE.
lipi bhEdavannu tegeduhAkidalli bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa sugama vAdItendu vAdisuvavarella lipi mattu bhAShegaLa naDuvina sambandha vannE sariyAgi arthamADikonDantilla. ingliShnantaha kelavu baraha gaLalli kliShTavAda ‘spelling’ samasyegaLiruva kAraNa, bhAShegaLannu kalitAda mElU avugaLa barahavannu Odi arthamADikoLLalu heccina prayatna naDesabEkAguttade. Adare, bhAratIya bhAShegaLalli heccinavU ondE mAdariya lipigaLannu baLasuttiveyAda kAraNa, avugaLalli ondu lipiyannu kalitavaru hosadondu lipiyannu onderaDu dinagaLallE kayvaSamADikoLLaballaru. lipigintalU bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuvudE illi heccina samasyeyAgiruttade.
hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLella samAna lipiyondannu baLasuvudarindAgi hosa bhASheyannu kaliyuvalli Aguva uLitAya barE onderaDu dina gaLaShTu mAtra. I alpa uLitAyakkAgi nAvu mADabEkAgiruva tyAga ventahadembudannu gamanisidalli, yArU I kelasakke kayhAkalAraru. EkalipivAda mAtravalla, samAnalipivAdavU bhAratada maTTige nirAdhAravAdudembudu idarinda spaShTavAguttade.
dEvanAgariya arhate
innu EkalipivAdigaLu I sthAnakke dEvanAgari lipiyE arhavendu vAdisuttiddAralla, I vAdadalli eShTu huruLide embudannu vivEcisu vudu avaSya. itara bhAratIya lipigaLigintella dEvanAgari lipiyannu baLasuva bhAratIyara sankhye bahaLaShTu jAstiyAgiruvudemba ondu kAraNa mAtra yuktiyuktavAgide. marAThi, hindi mattu samskxta - I mUru bhAShegaLU dEvanAgari lipiyannE baLasuttive. kelaveDegaLalli konkaNigU idE lipi baLakeyallide. hAgAgi, I lipige jana sankhyeya bembala bEkAdaShTide.
Adare, hindiyannu bhAratada rAjakIya bhASheyannAgi ArisikoLLu valli janasankhyeyannu gaNanege tegedukonDante dEvanAgari lipiyannu samAna lipiyAgi ArisikoLLuvallU adE amSakke mahatva koDa
bEkendEnilla. sAhajavAgi beLedu bandiruva bhAShegaLoLage mElu kILillavembudEnO nija. Adare lipigaLu mAnava nirmitavAgiruvu vAddarinda, avugaLalli kelavu atyuttamavAdavugaLu mattu saraLavAdavu gaLu, mattu kelavu atI kliShTavAdavugaLu embudAgi mavlyamApana mADalu baruttade. dEvanAgari lipige janasankhyeya (baLasuvavara sankhyeya) bembalavondannu biTTare bErAva yOgyateyU illa embudu I keLagina vicAragaLinda spaShTavAguttade.
lipiya vayjYAnikate
prapancadalli dEvanAgariyaShTu vayjYAnikavAda lipi bErondillavendu halavAru hindI bhaktaru mattu rAjakAraNigaLu sAruttiddAre. lipi yalli vayjYAnikateyendare Enembudannu svalpavU arthamADikoLLade hELuva mAtidembudaralli samSayavilla. nijakkU dEvanAgari bahaLa kliShTavAda mattu toDaku toDakAda lipi. ingliSh, phrenc, modalAda bhAShegaLu baLasuva rOman lipi adakkinta bahaLaShTu saraLavAdudu. kannaDa lipiyU dEvanAgari lipiginta heccu SrEShThavAdudu.
lipigaLa yOgyateyannu tulanAtmakavAgi abhyasisuvalli eraDu mukhya amSagaLannu gamanadalliTTukoLLuvudu avaSya. A lipiyalli baruva sanjYegaLa illavE sankEtagaLa oLaracane hEgide embudondu; mattu, adannu baLasuttiruva bhASheyalli baruva dhvanigaLannu I sankEta gaLu hEge pratinidhIkarisuttive embudinnondu. lipigaLa kuritu vAda naDesuvavarella I eraDu amSagaLannu sariyAgi bErpaDisikoLLalArade ellellO dikkutappi aleyuttiruttAre.
sTelling samasye
rOman lipiyannu baLasuva ingliSh barahadalli ati kliShTavAda ‘spelling’ samasyeyide. idaralli ondE sanjYege halavAru uccAraga Liruttave, mattu ondE dhvanige halavAru sanjYegaLU iruttave; sanjYegaLigU avugaLa uccArakkU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavilla. I kAraNakkAgi, ingliSh barahavannu tumbA kliShTavAda barahavendu hELalAguttade.
Adare ivella ingliSh janaru rOman lipiyannu tamma bhAShege tappu tappAgi aLavaDisikonDiruvudarindAgi huTTikonDiruva dOSha gaLu. I dOShagaLannu rOman lipiya Antarika dOShagaLendu
kareyalu endigU sAdhyavAgadu. idE lipiyannu hosadondu bhAShe yannu bareyuvalli baLasabEkAdAga, I samasyegaLalli ondU bAradante nODikoLLabahudu.
intaha spelling samasye lipiya dOShavalla, adara baLakeya dOSha embudakke dEvanAgari lipiyE ondu uttama udAharaNe. samskxta bhASheyannu bareyuvalli I lipiyannu bahaLa maTTige samarpakavAgiyE baLasalAguttide. Adare, adannu baLasuva marAThi mattu hindI bhAShegaLa barahagaLalli halakelavu spelling dOShagaLu sErikonDive.
indina hindI panDitaru kuDukh, bODO, kOlAmi moda lAda kelavu lipiyillada bhAShegaLige idE dEvanAgari lipiyannu baLasi konDiruva kramavannu nODidare mAtra, yArigU AScaryavAdItu. ingliShna barahagaLalliruvudakkinta hattaraShTu spelling bhUtagaLu I bhAShegaLa ‘dEvanAgari’ barahagaLalli sErikonDive
Antarika guNagaLu
lipigaLige irabahudAda Antarika guNagaLendare, avugaLalliruva sanjYe gaLa svarUpa, ondE sanjYegiruva upasanjYegaLa sankhye (kannaDa lipi yalli rakArakke ra, ೯, mattu embudAgi mUru upasanjYe gaLiruvante), eShTu SIghravAgi avannu bareyabahudu, Tayp mADa bahudu, mattu eShTu hattira hattiravAgi avannu mudrisabahudu, ityAdi. I ellA viShayagaLallU dEvanAgari lipige dorakuva anka gaLu bahaLa kaDime.
dEvanAgari lipiya sanjYegaLu bahaLa toDaku toDakAgive; hAgAgi avannu bareyuvAga kay heccu SIghravAgi ODalAradu; sanjYegaLa mEle baruva talekoTTu bareyuva vEgavannu innaShTu kaDime mADuttade; sanjYegaLu ondakkondu sErikoLLade dUra dUra nilluvuvAddarinda bareyuvAga lEkhaniyannu AgAga etti iDabEkAguttade; adaralli baruva ottakSharagaLu mattu svara sanjYegaLu I lipiyannu Tayp rayTarge aLavaDisuvalli bahaLaShTu tondare koTTive; mudraNadallU I lipiya sAlugaLannu rOman lipiya sAlugaLaShTu hattira hattira vAgi mudrisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
hAgiddare, dEvanAgari lipi atyanta vayjYAnika lipiyendu bahaLa mandi sAri hELuttiruvudakke kAraNavEnu? adara sanjYegaLa (sankEta
gaLa) paTTi (akSharamAle)yannu sanjYegaLu sUcisuva dhvanigaLa uccA raNege anusAravAgi siddhapaDisalAgideyembudE idakke mukhya AdhAra. Adare, akSharamAleya racanegU lipiya yOgyategU yAva sambandhavU illavembudannu I mahanIyaru gamanisidantilla. ondu lipiyalli baruva sanjYegaLannu hEge bEkiddarU paTTimADabahudu. idarindAgi A lipiya yOgyateyEnU heccu kaDimeyAguvudilla.
hindiyannu illavE samskxtavannu dEvanAgariyallade bErAva lipiyalli baredarU adara yOgyate aLiyuttade endu vAdisuva I hindI prEmigaLige, kannaDavE modalAda itara lipigaLannu baLasu vavarigU tamma tamma lipigaLalli Adaraviruttade emba viShaya artha vAguvudilla. dEvanAgari lipiginta vayjYAnikavAgi heccu yOgyateyuLLa kannaDa lipiyannu nUrAru varShagaLindalU namma hiriyaru beLesi konDu bandiruva kAraNa, adu namma samskxtiya avibhAjya anga vAgide. adannu khaDDAyavAgi toreyabEkiddarU A sthAnakke dEvanAgari lipi yAva vidhadallU arhavallavembudannu kannaDigaru mareyabAradu.
kannaDakke rOman lipi
ivattina kannaDalipiyondige Aykeya lipiyAgi baLasalu, rOman lipiyannu baLasi mADida ‘hala’ emba hesarina hosalipiyondannu bA. rA. kiraN avaru kannaDa barahagArara mundirisuttiddAre. rOman lipiya akSharagaLalli namage bEkAduvannu Arisi, avugaLalli kelavakke mEle gere eLeda mattu innu kelavakke keLage cukke irisida kelavu heccina akSharagaLannu sErisi, avaru I halalipiyannu unTumADiddAre. IgAgalE mobaylgaLa mUlaka essemayns kaLuhisuvudakkAgi kannaDavannu baLasuvavarellarU adakkAgi kannaDa lipiya badalu rOman lipiyannE baLasuttiddAre. Adare, hIge baLasuvAga obbobbaru ondondu rItiyalli A lipiya akSharagaLannu aLavaDisikoLLuva kAraNa, tumbA gondalagaLive. idakke badalu, ellarU ondE rItiyalli avannu baLasuva hAgAdare, I gondala illavAgabahudu. kiraN avara halalipi illi neravAgaballudu.
bEre kaDegaLallU kannaDavannu bareyalu I hosalipiyannu ondu Aykeya lipiyAgi baLasabahudu; adaralli pustakagaLannU accu hAkisabahudu. yAkendare, adara baLakeyinda nAvu halavu heccina prayOjanagaLannU paDeyaballevu: adaralli kannaDavannu Odalu-
bareyalu kalitavarige ingliSh kaliyalu heccu sulabhavAgaballudu embudondu; padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, Igina lipiyalliruva spelling toDakugaLu hosalipiyalli illavAguttave embudinnondu; mattu kannaDa mAtanADalu baruttiddarU adara lipiyannu kaliyadavaru mattu ingliSh tiLidiruvavaru sulabhavAgi I lipiyalli kannaDa barahagaLannu Odaballaru embudinnondu.
akSharagaLa racaneya maTTige, halalipiyannu baLasuvudu Igiruva kannaDa lipiginta halavu viShayagaLalli heccu anukUlavAgide. udA haraNegAgi, adaralli ottakSharagaLiruvudilla; hAgAgi, adara sAlugaLannu heccu hattira irisabahudu. tumbA cikkadAgi accuhAkisidarU adannu Odalu kaShTavAguvudilla. kannaDa lipiyannu aShTu cikkadAgi accu hAkisidare Odalu tumbA kaShTavAguttade. kannaDa lipiyalli vyanjanagaLa baLika baruva svaragaLannu mattu vyanjanagaLannu adarondige sErisi bareyuvudu idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
idallade, kampyUTar modalAda upakaraNagaLalli kannaDavannu I halalipiyalli baLasuvudu heccu sulabhavAguttade; ingliShnantaha yurOpina nuDigaLinda padagaLannu eravalu paDedu baLasuvudU sulabha; mattu, I lipiyindAgi kannaDakke jAgatika maTTada baLake sulabhavAguttade. intaha halavu prayOjanagaLiruva kAraNa, idannu ondu Aykeya lipiyAgi baLakege taruvudarinda yAva tondareyU illa.
೩.೩ xkArada aLivu-uLivu
kannaDada paThyapustakagaLalli x emba akSharavannu baLasuva badalu ru embudannE baLasuva mUlaka (xShi, kxShNa, mxga modalAda pada gaLannu ruShi, kruShNa, muruga ityAdiyAgi bareyuvudara mUlaka), kannaDa lipiyannu kaliyabEkAgiruva makkaLa horeyannu kaDimemADa bahudendu paThyapustaka samitiyavaru ondu nirdhArakke bandiddaru. Adare I nirdhAravannu halavu mandi gaNyara virOdhadindAgi kaybiDa bEkAyitendu dinapatrikegaLalli baredide. illi yAva nirdhAra sari mattu yAvudu tappu?
varNamAle mattu akSharamAle
bhASheyalliruva varNamAlegU adu baLasuva lipiyalli iruva akShara mAlegU naDuve vyatyAsagaLiraballuvu. heccina bhAShegaLU bEre yAvudO ondu bhAShegAgi siddhavAda lipiyannu tammadAgi mADi konDiruvudu idakke ondu kAraNa. bhAratada bhAShegaLu baLasuva lipi gaLalli heccinavakkU aSOkana kAladalli pAli bhASheyannu bareyalu baLasuttidda brAhmI lipiyE mUla. idallade, bhAratada horage baLake yalliruva TibeTan, barmIs, thAyi, lavOtiyan, kambODiyan modalAda itara halavu bhAShegaLu baLasuva lipigaLigU idE brAhmI lipi mUlavAgide.
ondu lipiyannu tammadAgi mADikoLLuvAga, bEre bEre bhAShe gaLu adaralli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLa bEkAguttade. ellA bhAShegaLallU varNamAle ondE AgilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, brAhmI lipiyannu kannaDakke aLavaDisi konDAga adaralli dIrgha ekAra mattu dIrgha okAra (E mattu O) emba eraDu heccina svarAkSharagaLannU, a mattu ಿ emba eraDu heccina vyanjanAkSharagaLannU sErisikoLLabEkAgittu.
eravalAgi paDeda lipiyalliruva anavaSyakavAda akSharagaLannu biTTu koDuvudU aparUpavEnalla. udAharaNegAgi, idE brAhmI lipi yannu tamiLige aLavaDisikoLLuvAga, vargAkSharagaLalli modalaneya mattu aydaneya akSharagaLannu mAtra (udA: kavargadalli ka mattu ji embavugaLannu mAtra) uLisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDubandittu. hAgAgi, uLida mUru akSharagaLannu (kha, ga, ghagaLannu) tamiLu lipige aLavaDisi konDiralilla. itara vargagaLallU idE vidhAnavannu anusarisalAyitu.
idallade, kAladinda kAlakke bhAShegaLalli naDeyuva badalAvaNe gaLindAgi avugaLalliruva varNagaLa sankhyeyalli heccu kaDimeyAgalu sAdhyavide, mattu I rIti naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLindalU avugaLa lliruva varNa mattu akSharagaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLunTAgalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli ra-a mattu Li-LagaLannu bhinna bhinnavAgi uccarisuttiddirabEku. I uccAraNAbhEda hosagannaDada kAladalli aLidu hOgide. adu I rIti aLiduhOguttiruva kAladalli barahakkU uccAraNegU naDuve antaravErpaTTirabEku. Adare, hosa gannaDada barahadalli a mattu Li emba eraDu vyanjanAkSharagaLannu tegedu hAkuva mUlaka, I antaravannu illavAgisalAgide.
sTelling samasye
bhASheyondara varNamAlegU adu baLasuva lipiya akShara mAlegU naDuve hondANikeyillavAdAgalella A bhASheya baravaNigeyalli spelling samasye taledOruttade. kannaDada lipiyalli baruva Sa mattu Sha emba eraDu akSharagaLigU uccAra ondE. endare, avu ondE varNavannu sUcisuttiddu, avugaLa baLakeyalli akSharakkU varNakkU naDuve hondANikeyilla. idE rItiyalli, ay mattu ay embavu gaLa naDuve, av mattu av embavugaLa naDuve, mattu alpaprANAkShara -mahAprANAkSharagaLa naDuve heccina kannaDigara mAtinallU uccAraNe yalli vyatyAsavilla.
kannaDada lipiyalli xkArada sthAnavU intahadE. heccinavarU adannu ru illavE ri endu uccarisuttAre. (athavA rakAravannE ukAra mattu ikAragaLinda bhinnavAda bErondu svaradondige uccarisuttAre.) yArU adannu ondu svatantra svaravAgi uccarisuvu dilla. uccAraNeyallillada I vyatyAsavannu lipiyalli kANisabEkAgiru vudarinda, adondu sTelling samasyeyAgide.
barahadalliruva akSharagaLigU avugaLa uccAraNegU naDuve I rIti vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLalu lipiyannu bhAShege aLavaDisikoLLuvAga lipi panDitaru mADuva tappugaLu innondu kAraNa. hindina kAladalli barahavannu kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra baLasuttiddaru. Sa-ShabhEda, alpaprANa-mahAprANabhEda mattu x-ru bhEdavannu ivaru uccAraNe yalli spaShTavAgi mUDisuttiddirabahudu. Adare, ivattu barahavannu baLasuvavara sankhye bahaLaShTu jAstiyAgiruva kAraNa, heccinavara uccAraNeyallU I vyatyAsagaLu kANisade tondareyunTAgide.
ay-ay bhEda, av-av bhEda, mattu sonne-anunAsika bhEda kannaDada maTTige avaSyavillada vyatyAsagaLu. brAhmI lipiyannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvAga namma hindinavaru ivannu biTTukoDabahudittu. hAge mADadiddudE ivattina tondarege kAraNa.
a-ra mattu bi-LagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa uccAraNeyalli illavAdu dannu gamanisi, namma hiriyaru a mattu ಿ emba eraDu akSharagaLu hosagannaDakke anavaSyaka embudAgi nirdharisiddaru, mattu avannu namma barahadinda tegeduhAkiddaru. avaru hIge mADiradiddare ivattigU nAvu I eraDu heccina akSharagaLannu kaTTikonDu kaShTapaDabEkAguttittu.
uccAraNeyalli vyatyAsavillada itara akSharayugmagaLa sthitiyU intahadE. eShTO bAri elli Sha bareyabEku mattu elli Sa bareya bEku embudannu nirdharisalu nAvu arthakOSada marehogabEkAgu ttade. ivugaLa uccAraNeyalli vyatyAsavilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa. I eraDu vyanjanagaLannu bareyuvalli vidyArthigaLu tappu mADuvudakkU idE kAraNa. alpaprANa mattu mahAprANagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavU intahadE. heccina kannaDigara uccAraNeyallU ivugaLoLage yAva vyatyAsavU illa. barahadalli mAtra I vyatyAsavannu kANisabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, elli mahAprANa barabEku, mattu elli alpaprANa barabEku embudannu nirdharisalu nAvu AgAga arthakOSada marehogabEkAgu ttade.
samasyege parihAra
I rIti barahakkU mAtigU (uccAraNegU) naDuve hondANike tappihOdAgalella barahadalli badalAvaNeyannu mADi adu uccA raNege hondikoLLuvante mADuvudE spelling samasyege uttama parihAra. ingliShnantaha bhAShegaLalli spelling samasye bahaLa jaTila vAgide. hAgAgi, adannu pariharisuvudU bahaLa kaShTa. Adare, kannaDada barahadalli heccinaDegaLallU mAtinoDane nEravAda hondANike yiruvudAda kAraNa, kelavE kelavu badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka adaralli kANisuva spelling samasyeyannu nivArisabahudu.
illi kelavu mukhyavAda viShayagaLannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. kAla dinda kAlakke bhAShe badalAguttiruvudu ondu sahajavAda kriye. adu namma arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAnadalli naDeyuva badalAvaNeya phalavAda kAraNa, adannu yArU taDeyalAraru. Adare I badalAvaNe gaLannanusarisi namma baraha illavE lipiyalli badalAvaNegaLannu prayatna pUrvakavAgi mADikoLLabEkAguttade. hAge mADadiddalli bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuve hondANike tappihOgi, barahavannu spelling samasye kADuttade.
intaha badalAvaNegaLannu samAjada gaNyaru niShEdhisuvudU sahajavE. avaru sAmAnyavAgi I rIti lipiyalli mADabahudAda badalAvaNegaLannu mAtravalla, bhASheyalli sAhajavAgi naDeyuvantaha badalAvaNegaLannU sahisuvudilla. Adare, bhASheyalli naDeyuva badalA vaNegaLa mEle yArigU nEravAda niyantraNaviruvudilla. antaha
badalAvaNegaLu barahavannu sparSisadante avaru svalpamaTTige adannu niyantrisaballaru. Adare idarindAgi barahakkU mAtigU naDuve kandaka vErpaDuttade.
sTelling samasye svalpa svalpavAgi barahadalli sErikoLLuttiruttade. idu bahaLa jAstiyAdAga mAtra, janarige adondu samasyeyemba arivAguttade. intaha samayadalli krAntikArI yuvakaru gaNyara virOdhavannU lekkisade, barahavannu badalAyisikoLLaballaru. kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi ru-x, Sa-Sha, ay-ay, av-av, mattu alpaprANa- mahAprANagaLemba I akSharayugmagaLa baLakeyalli, mattu sonne hAgU visargagaLa baLakeyalli sTelling samasyeyiruvudantU nija.
I akSharayugagaLalli pratiyondarallU eraDaneya akSharavannu barahadinda tegeduhAki kannaDa barahada spelling samasyeyannu nivArisa bahudu. hIge mADidalli vidyArthigaLige kannaDada barahavannu kaliyalu mattu itararige adannu baLasalu sulabhavAdItu embudU nijavE. Adare, intaha badalAvaNegaLannu mADabEkE athavA bEDavE, mattu mADuvudAdare yAva badalAvaNegaLannu mADabEku embudannu samAjavE nirdharisabEku.
haLE mattu hosa barahagaLu
I anavaSyakavAda akSharagaLannu biTTukoTTalli, avugaLannu baLasuva haLeya barahagaLannu Odalu kaShTavAgabahudE, mattu hAge OduvAga gondalavunTAgabahudE embudannU cintisuvudu avaSya. nijakkU ondu hosa akSharavannu gurutisikoLLalu namage kelavE kelavu miniTu gaLaShTu samaya sAku.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada barahagaLannu modala bArige OduvAga avugaLalli hosadAgi kANisuva a mattu ಿgaLannu gurutisikoLLuvalli namage samasyeyEnU udbhavisuvudilla. ivattina uccAraNeyalli a-ra mattu ಿ-LagaLoLage vyatyAsavilla, haLegannaDada kAladallidda vyatyAsavannu avu pratinidhIkarisuttave endiShTannu mAtra namage yArAdarU tiLisi hELidare sAku.
nijakkU uccAraNeyalli kANisada vyatyAsavannu barahadalli kANisa bEkAgi bandAga mAtra samasye edurAguttade. elli x bareyabEku elli ru bareyabEku, illavE elli Sa bareyabEku elli Sha bareya bEku, elli mahAprANa baLasabEku elli alpaprANa baLasabEku
embudE namma samasye. itararu antaha vyatyAsavannu kANisiruvarAdare adannu Oduvalli namage yAva samasyeyU udbhavisalAradu. hAgAgi, x, ay, av, Sha, sonne, visarga modalAda anavaSyakavAda akSharagaLannu namma barahadinda tegedu hAkidevAdare, kannaDa barahadalli kANisuva spelling samasye bahaLa maTTige kaDimeyAgaballudallade, avannu baLasuva haLeya barahagaLannu Oduvalli entaha gondalavU unTAga lAradu.
yAvudu samskxti?
I mElina akSharayugmagaLu kannaDa bhASheya maTTige anavaSyaka embudaralli samSayavilla. samskxta bhASheyannu bareyuvalli avu avaSyavirabahudu. avugaLalli kelavu vEdakAladalli samskxta bhASheyannu nuDiyuttiddAga mADuttirabahudAda uccAraNAbhEdavannu pratibimbisu tive. innu kelavu sandhikAryadalli kANisuva vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi baLakege bandive. Adare I kAraNakkAgi samskxta padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga I lipibhEdavannu nAvu hAgeyE uLisi koLLabEku, illavAdare namma ‘samskxti’yE naShTavAguttade endu kelavaru gaNyaru vAdisuttiruvudu nijakkU AScaryakaravAda sangati.
I rIti samskxta lipiya vaySiShTyavannu hAgeyE uLisikoLLa diddare namma samskxtiyE nASavAguvudendu hELuva I gaNyaru yArU haLegannaDada a mattu LigaLannu kaybiTTiruvudarindAgi namma samskxti naShTavAgideyendAgali, illavE avannu punaH baLakege tara bEkendAgali hELuva hAge kANisuvudilla. samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu kannaDadalli nAvu hEge uccarisuttEveyO hAgeyE bareyuvudaralli tappEnilla. hAge mADuvudE namma samskxtiyendu tiLidukonDare sAku.
tamiLu barahadalli xkAra, visarga, sonne, mahAprANa modalA davugaLannu baLasuva kramavilla. hIge baLasadiruvudE tamma samskxti yendu avaru tiLididdAre. E-O, a-agaLu mAtravallade kannaDada llillada viSiShTavAdondu nakAravannU avaru tamma lipige avaSyavendu sErisikonDiddAre. namma bhASheyalliruva varNagaLannella tappillade sariyAgi sUcisuvantaha lipiyannu namma bhAShege aLavaDisikoLLuvudE samskxtiyallade anavaSyakavAda sanjYegaLannu kaShTadinda uLisikoLLuvudu bhrameyallade samskxtiyalla.
Tarki dESada lipikrAnti
nanna cikkandinalli juTTannu irisikoLLuvudu samskxtiyendu hiriyaru vidhisiddaru. Adare SAleyalli heccinavarU adannu tegeduhAki andavAgi krApu bAcikoLLuttiddarAda kAraNa, nanage juTTannu irisi koLLuvudu mujugaravendenisuttittu. hAgAgi, yAvAgalU nAnu ondu gAndhI Toppiyannu dharisuttiddu, juTTannu adara oLage aDagisi koLLuttidde. anantara uccavidyAbhyAsakkAgi dUrada UrinallirabEkAgi bandAga, dhayrya tandukonDu adannu tegesi hAki A ‘samskxti’ya horeyinda muktanAde.
xkAra, ShakAra, aykAra modalAdavugaLa horeyU intahadE endu nanna abhiprAya. A horeyinda muktarAgalu dhayrya bEku. gaNyarendennisikonDavara virOdhavannU lekkisade anavaSyakavAda I horeyannu tegeduhAkidalli, mundina pILigeyavarellara kxtajYategU nAvu bhAgigaLAgaballevu.
೩.೪ Tarki dESada lipikrAnti
sumAru eppattaydu varShagaLaShTu hinde, Tarki dESadalli ondu doDDa lipikrAnti naDeyitu. aduvarege heccinavarU tamma barahagaLalli baLasu tidda arEbik lipiyannu biTTukoTTu, adara badalige lyATin lipi yannu baLasuva nirdhAra mADalAyitu. idarindAgi, mElvargada kelavE kelavu janara sottAgi uLididda TarkiSh baraha ellara sottAgalu sAdhyavAyitu.
baraha ellara sottAgabEku, ellarU ‘sAkShararAgabEku’ emba prayatna nammallU halavu varShagaLinda naDeyuttide, mattu idakkAgi namma sarakAra kOTigaTTale haNavannU kharcu mADuttide. Adare, idara pratiphala mAtra tumbA kaDime. kaShTapaTTu baraha kalitarU adannu tamma dinanityada jIvanadalli baLasikoLLaballavaru ivattigU nammalli heccu mandiyilla.
keLavargada janaru kannaDa barahavannu kaliyadiruvudakke, mattu kalitarU adannu tamma dinanityada jIvanadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAga diruvudakke nAvu kannaDadalli baLasuva lipiya dOShavEnAdarU kAraNa virabahudE? mattu idu nijavAdare, TarkiSh dESada I lipikrAnti
yinda nAvEnAdarU kalitukoLLalu sAdhyavE embudannu illi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide.
arEbik lipiya dOShagaLu
TarkiSh bhASheyannADuva janaru muslimarAgi matAntaragonDAga lEnE arEbik lipiyannu tamma bhAShege aLavaDisikonDirabEku. hAgAgi, A lipiya baLakege TarkiSh bhASheyalli sAvira varShagaLi gintalU heccu dIrghavAda caritreyide. Adare, A lipi halavu rItiyalli TarkiSh padagaLa uccAraNeyannu sariyAgi sUcisalu SaktavAgiralilla.
udAharaNegAgi, TarkiSh bhASheyalli enTu svaravarNagaLiddu vAdarU adu baLasuva arEbik lipiyalli mUru svaragaLannu mAtra sUcisalu sAdhyavittu. idallade, arEbik mattu parSiyan bhAShe gaLinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvAga, uccAraNeyalli illadantaha halavu vyatyAsagaLannu lipiyalli tOrisuva paddhati baLake yallittu. barahadalli intaha padagaLa baLakeyU bahaLa jAstiyittu. idarindAgi, barahada bhAShe mAtina bhASheginta bahaLa bhinnavAgi beLedu bandittu.
I ellA kAraNagaLindAgi, TarkiSh baraha A dESadalli kelavara sottAgi mAtra uLidittu. SEkaDA hattakkinta kaDime jana mAtra A dESadalli barahavannu ballavarAgiddaru. I paristhiti hindina kAlakke sarihOgabahudittAdarU, ippattanE SatamAnakke kAlirisuttiddante, yurOpina itara dESagaLalli kANisuva hAge, Tarki dESadallU baraha ellara sottAgabEkemba kaLakaLi allina vidvAmsaralli mattu rAjakAraNi gaLalli unTAyitu.
lipiya badalAvaNe
೧೯೨೩ralli Tarki ondu prajAprabhutvavuLLa gaNarAjyavAyitu. Aga I kaLakaLige innaShTu heccina mahatva bantu. prajAprabhutvadalli baraha ellara sottAguvudu rAjakIyavAgi mAtravallade, sAmAjikavAgi mattu ArthikavAgiyU atyavaSya. heccina vidvAmsarU I rIti TarkiSh baraha ellara sottAgadiruvudakke adu baLasuva arEbik lipiyE kAraNa emba nirdhArakke bandiddaru.
Tarki dESada lipikrAnti
hattombattaneya SatamAnada madhyabhAgadindalU arEbik lipi yalli TarkiSh bhASheyannu bareyuva kuritu vidvAmsaralli asamadhAna kANisalu suruvAgittu. A samayadalli heccinavarU TarkiSh bhAShe yannu bareyalu arEbik lipiyannu baLasuttiddarAdarU, alpamata davarAda kriSciyannaru rOman lipiyannu baLasuttiddaru. idallade, bEre kelavaru grIk lipiyannU I bhAShege aLavaDisikonDiddaru.
pakkada dESavAda albEniyAdalli ೧೮೭೯rallEnE albEniyan bhAShege arEbik lipigintalU rOman lipiyE uttamavembudAgi nirdharisi, aduvarege baLakeyallidda arEbik lipige badalAgi rOman lipiyannu baLasalu toDagiyAgittu. sudhAraNeya hesarinalli hIge mADuvudu dharmanindaneyembudAgi matAdhikArigaLu phatvA horaDi siddarAdarU I kelasa naDeduhOgittu.
೧೯೨೮ralli Tarki dESavU TarkiSh bhAShege arEbik lipiyannu baLasuva badalu rOman lipiyannu baLasabEkemba nirdhArakke bantu. Agina janapriya adhyakSharAgidda mustAphA kamal avaru I viShayadalli heccina Asakti vahisidudarindAgi, I badalAvaNe iDI dESadalli kelavE kelavu tingaLugaLalli naDedu hOgalu sAdhyavAyitu. idarindAgi, A dESadalli heccu heccu jana TarkiSh barahavannu tammadannAgi mADi koLLalu SaktarAdaru.
kannaDada paristhiti
kannaDada paristhiti bahaLamaTTige I TarkiSh paristhitiyannu hOluttade: TarkiSh bhAShege arEbik mUlada lipiyannu aLavaDisikonDidda kAraNa, arEbik mattu parSiyan mUlada padagaLannu A bhAShegaLalli hEge bareyuttArO hAgeyE TarkiShnallU bareyabEku emba niyamavannu tamma mEle horisikoLLalu avarige sAdhyavAgittu.
kannaDadallU hIgeyE. I bhAShege brAhmI lipiyannu aLavaDisi konDidda kAraNa, samskxta padagaLannu A bhASheyalli hEge bareyu tArO hAgeyE kannaDadallU bareyabEkemba kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAda niyamavannu namagU mADikoLLalu sAdhyavAgittu.
Tarki dESada janaru I anavaSyakavAda horeyannu tegedu hAkalu tamma lipiyannE badalAyisikonDaru. kannaDadallU Igiruva lipiyannu biTTukoTTu rOmannantaha bErondu lipiyannu aLavaDisikonDalli, sulabhavAgi mElina hore nammannu biTTuhOdItu.
Adare, arEbik mUlada lipi bEreyU kelavu viShayagaLalli TarkiSh bhAShege anukUlavAgiralilla; udAharaNegAgi, mEle tiLisida hAge, TarkiSh bhASheya ellA svaragaLannU A lipiyalli sariyAgi sUcisalu sAdhyavAguttiralilla. hAgAgi, A lipiyannu biTTukoTTu bEre lipiyannu baLasatoDaguvudu I heccina kAraNagaLigAgiyU avarige avaSyavAgittu.
kannaDadalli kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu bareyuvalli yAva samasyeyU illa. hAgAgi, kannaDada Igina lipiyallEnE avaSyavillada akSharagaLannu tegeduhAkuva mUlaka, mElina horeyinda muktarAga ballevu.
೩.೫ kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
mEle ೩.೩nE lEkhanadalli vivarisida hAge, kannaDa barahadalli kannaDakke bEkAguva akSharagaLannu mAtravE uLisikonDiruva ‘hosa baraha’ emba hesarina kannaDa barahavondannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa (೨೦೦೬, ೨೦೦೯) emba pustakadalli Odugara mundirisidde; idallade, AmEle bareda nAlku pustakagaLalli adannE baLasidde. (Adare, I pustakada lEkhanagaLannu nAnu adakke modalE barediddenAda kAraNa, avugaLalli baLakeyAgidda haLe barahavannu badalisahOgilla; idaralli hosadAgi sErisiruva lEkhanagaLallU adannu baLasilla.)
kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu bareyalu a, A, i, I, u, U, e, E, o, O emba hattu svaragaLu mattu k, c, T, t, p; g, j, D, d, b; N, n, m; s, S, r; l, L; y, v emba ೨೧ vyanjanagaLu embudAgi oTTu ೩೧ akSharagaLu mAtra sAkAguttade; Adare, samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi x, ay, av emba mUru heccina svaragaLu, mattu kh, ch, Th, th, ph; ph, jh, Dh, dh, bh; Y, Y; H emba ೧೪ heccina vyanjanagaLu embudAgi oTTu ೧೭ heccina akSharagaLannu ivattu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasuttiddEve.
haLegannaDadalli L mattu L emba innU eraDu heccina akShara gaLu baLakeyallidduvu; Adare hosagannaDada kAladalli, ivu heccina kannaDigara uccAraNeyallU r mattu L embavugaLinda bhinnavAgilla
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
embudannu gamanisida namma hindina barahagAraru A eraDu akShara gaLannu barahadinda tegeduhAkiddaru.
adE rItiyalli, samskxta padagaLannu bareyuvalli baLakeyAgu tiruva mElina ೧೭ akSharagaLU ivattu heccina kannaDigara uccAraNe yallU bhinnavAgi kANisikoLLuvudillavembudannu gamanisi, nAvu ivattu avannU namma barahadinda tegeduhAkabEkAgide. I kelasavannu ‘hosa baraha’dalli mADalAgide.
ingliShninda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvallU mukhya vAgi Sh, ph mattu th emba mUru heccina akSharagaLannu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasalAguttade; Adare, ivugaLalli modalinadannu heccina kannaDigarU t embudAgiyE uccarisuttAre, mattu ingliShnalliyU adara uccAra t embudAgiyE ide; hAgiruvAga, adannu t embudAgi bareyade Sh embudAgi bareyuvudu nijakkU vicitravE! (ingliS eravalu padagaLannu bareyuvAga t embudannu nAvu baLasuvudE illa!) ‘hosa baraha’dalli adannu t embudAgiyE bareyalAguttade. uLida eraDu akSharagaLa badalAgiyU p mattu t embavugaLannE, heccina kannaDigara uccAraNeyannanusarisi, baLasabahudu.
vimarSegaLu
೨೦೦೬ralli nAnu Odugara mundirisidda I ‘hosa baraha’da kuritAgi halavu vimarSegaLu bandive; halavaru adarindAgabahudAda tondare gaLa kuritU barediddAre. Adare, avaru kalpisikonDiruva I tondare gaLu nijakkU tondaregaLE alla; bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuvina sambandha entahadu embudannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLade avaru I AkShEpaNegaLannu ettiddAre. I vyatyAsa entahadu embudannu nAnu vivaravAgi mundina (೩.೬) lEkhanadalli bareyaliddEne.
ondu barahadalli baredudannu yAva rItiyalli OdalAguttade embudannu Oduganige tiLisuvudE adaralli baLakeyAguva lipiya mukhya kelasa; padagaLa caritreyannu tiLisuvudAgali, bErondu bhAShe yalli avannu hEge bareyalAguttade embudannu tiLisuvudAgali adara kelasavalla. intaha bEDada kelasagaLa horeyannu adara mEle horisi dAga, baraha kliShTavAguttA hOguttade.
samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga, avannu samskxtadalli hEge bareyalAguttadeyO hAgeyE bareyabEku
emba niyama kannaDada maTTige intaha tIrA anavaSyakavAda ondu hore. hindina kAladalli kannaDa barahagArarige samskxtada mEle atiyAda pUjyabhAvavittu; mattu I kAraNakkAgi, adara padagaLannu ‘keDisa’hOgade adaralliruva hAgeyE avannu kannaDadallU bareyabEku emba I niyamavannu avaru tamma mEle horisikonDiddaru.
hindina kAladalli samAjada kelavE kelavu mandi panDitaru mAtra barahavannu baLasuttiddaru; hAgAgi, mElina kaTTaleyinda heccu tondareyAguttiralilla; tondareyAdarU, samskxtada mElina pUjya bhAvadindAgi avaru adannu sahisikonDiddaru. Adare, ivattu ellA kannaDigarU barahavannu baLasalu kaliyabEkAgide. hAgAgi, I sandarbha dalli, kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAgiruva I niyamavannu tegedu hAkuvudE buddhivantike.
yAkendare, hAge mADuva mUlaka, kannaDa barahavannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa heccu sulabhavAguvante mADabahudu. samskxtada eravalugaLannu heccina kannaDigarU hEge OduttAre embudannu tiLisu valli I ೧೭ heccina akSharagaLu svalpavU sahAyamADuvudillavAda kAraNa, nijakkU avu kannaDa barahakke bEkAgiyE illa.
nanna I vAda tappu endu hELuvavaru yArU samskxta eravalu gaLannu samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyuvudarinda kannaDada Odugarige yAva rItiyalli sahAyavAguttade embudannu ellU tOrisi koTTilla. bEre EnEnO viShayakke sambandhisada vAdagaLannu mundiTTu konDu avaru I badalAvaNeyannu virOdhisuttiddAre.
udAharaNegAgi, da-dha vyatyAsavannu barahadalli tOrisadiddare dana -dhana, madya-madhya modalAda padagaLannu barediruvalli gondala vunTAgaballudu emba vAdavannu gamanisabahudu. haLegannaDada ra-a mattu La-i vyatyAsavannu biTTukoTTAgalU intahadE samasye eddira bahudallavE? yAkendare, kare ‘barahELu’, kaL ‘hAlu kare’; sAru ‘hattira hOgu’, sALu ‘kUgi hELu’; eLe ‘eLatu’, el ‘eLedADu’ embantaha halavAru padagaLannu bareyuvalli, a mattu igaLannu tegeduhAkidAga, modaligidda vyatyAsa illavAgittu; hAgiddarU namma hindinavaru dhayryadinda I mAppADannu mADikonDiddaru. ivattu yArigU idondu samasyeyendu tOruvudE illavalla! nijakkU avaru I badalAvaNeyannu mADiradiddare adu namage ondu doDDa samasyeyAguttittu
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
idallade, mAtinalli I vyatyAsa illavAdarU tondareyAguvu dillavenda mEle, barahadalli yAke tondareyAgabEku? innondu viShayavEnendare, bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva heccina padagaLigU onda kkinta heccu arthagaLiruttave; samskxtada padagaLigantU innaShTu heccu arthagaLiruttave; kelavu padagaLige ippattu-mUvattu arthagaLiruttave. samskxtada ondu padakOSavannu biDisi nODidare idu spaShTavAdItu. hAgiddarU, Odugarige yAva tondareyU Aguvudilla. heccineDe gaLallU baLasida sandarbhadindalE avugaLalli sariyAda arthavannu ArisikoLLalu namage gottAguttade. hAgAgi, kannaDa barahadallU Odina llillada mElina vyatyAsagaLannu tegeduhAkuvudarinda Odugarige yAva heccina tondareyU AgalAradu.
barahavannu saripaDisuvudu
‘bhAShAvijYAnigaLu bhAShegaLannu varNisahOgabEkallade avannu badalA yisuva prayatna mADabAradu; hAgiruvAga, nAnu yAke I rIti kannaDavannu badalAyisalu horaTiddEne?’ embudu avaru ettiruva innondu AkShEpa. Adare, nAnilli badalAyisahoraTiruvudu kannaDa bhASheyannalla, kannaDa barahavannu. bhAShegU barahakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu arthamADikoLLade avaru I AkShEpavannettiddAre.
bhAShe tAnAgiyE kAladinda kAlakke badalAguttA hOguttade, mattu A mUlaka adu tannannu saripaDisikoLLuttA iruttade. hAgAgi, adakke bhAShAvijYAniya neravu bEkAgilla. Ata tanna neravannu koDalu hOdarU adu adannu svIkarisuvudilla.
Adare, baraha A rItiyadalla. hosa hosa sandarbhagaLige hondi koLLuva hAge, adannu barahagArarE prayatnapaTTu badalAyisikoLLu tirabEkAguttade. bhASheya hAge tAnAgi badalAguva Sakti adakkilla. kelavomme barahada oLaguTTannariyadavaru intaha mArADugaLannu naDesalu horaDuttAre, mattu A mUlaka tamma nuDiya baraha innaShTu kliShTavAguva hAge mADuttAre.
udAharaNegAgi, ingliShnalli ivattu kANisuva heccina spelling samasyegaLigU sAmyuvel jAnsan emba padakOSakAra adara baraha dalli naDesidda halavu tappu mArADugaLE kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, padagaLa rUpa avugaLa caritreyannU sUcisabEku (know mattu no padagaLa uccAraNe ondE iddarU, avugaLa caritre bEre embudannu
rUpabhEda sUcisuva hAge) emba anavaSyakavAda horeyannu Ata ingliSh barahada mEle horisidda. bEre yArAdarU barahagAraru illavE vidvAmsaru munde bandu, Ata horisida intaha horegaLannu tegeduhAkuvalli varegU, ingliSh barahada I spelling samasyegaLu hAgeyE uLidiruttave mAtravalla, kAladinda kAlakke heccAguttA hOguttave. ivannu tAnAgi saripaDisikoLLuva Sakti barahakkilla.
tamma barahavannu tappu mADade saripaDisidavarU halavariddAre. udAharaNegAgi, koriyan barahadalli baLakeyAguttidda caynIs mUlada hAjA lipi tumbA toDaku toDakAgittu; adannu kaliyalu halavu varShagaLE bEkAguttidduvu; kalita mEle adannu baLasuvudU tumbA toDakina kelasavAgittu. ellA janarU barahavannu kaliyalu sulabhavAguvante, ೧೯೪೫ralli adakkinta tumbA cannAgiruva hangul emba ondu hosa lipiyondannu sxShTisi, koriyan bhAShege aLavaDisalAyitu.
I lipiyalli padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, ivattu adannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa tumbA sulabhavAgide. I hosa lipiyannu baLasatoDagidudarindAgi, koriyAdalli Odu-baraha balla vara eNike tumbA heccAgideyendu hELalAguttade.
TarkiSh bhASheyallU intahadE ondu mArpADannu mADalAgittu; toDaku toDakAgidda adara arEbik mUlada lipiyannu biTTukoTTu rOman lipiyannu baLasatoDaguva mUlaka, adara barahadallidda halavu bageya horegaLannu tegeduhAkalAgittu, mattu idarindAgi ivattu TarkiyallU Odu-baraha kalitavara eNike tumbA heccAgide. I mArpADina svarUpavannu hindina lEkhanadalli (೩.೫) vivarisa lAgide.
I rIti haLE lipiyannu biTTukoTTu hosalipiyannu baLasalu horaDuva badalu, baLakeyalliruva lipiyannE saripaDisiruva udA haraNegaLU halavive: phinniSh bhASheyannu bareyuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgu tidda haLE lipiyalli halavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADi adannu saripaDisa lAgide. hindina lipiyalli padagaLa OdigU baravaNigegU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLu (spelling samasyegaLu) idduvu; avannella tegeduhAkuva mUlaka, phinniSh barahavannu saripaDisalAyitu. idarindAgi, ivattu iDI yurOpinallE kaliyalu mattu baLasalu atyanta sulabha vAgiruva baraha phinniSh barahavembudAgi hELalAguttade.
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
barahavannu kaliyabEkendiruvavaru caynIsnantaha tumbA kliShTa vAda barahavannU kalitAru embudAgi nAnu mEle baredidde. hAgendu, namma barahadalliruva anavaSyakavAda toDakugaLannu tegedu hAkabAradendEnU illavalla? nAlkaydu maylu dUra naDedu hOgiyU kuDiyuva nIrannu taruvavariddAre, nija; Adare, nIrina bAvi angaLada tudiyallE iddarU mEle TEnk kaTTisi, adaralli nIrannu pampininda tumbisi, maneya nalligaLalli baruva hAge mADu vavarU iddAralla? heccinavarU tamma kelasagaLu sulabhavAgi naDeya bEkendu prayatnisuttiruttAre. sOmArigaLu mAtra badalAvaNegaLannu virOdhisutta ninta nIrina hAge koLeyuttiruttAre.
heccina dhvanigaLannEke kalisabAradu?
mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, xkAra modalAda I heccina akSharagaLu heccina kannaDigara Odu illavE uccAraNeyallU illa; hAgAgi, Odu kaliyuvalli mattu baraha baLasuvalli tondare koDuva I akSharagaLannu tegeduhAkuvudE oLLeyadu embudAgi nAnu vAdisidde; hIge hELu vAga, nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisahoraTidde.
idannu virOdhisuvavarobbaru mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, xkAra modalAduvannu sariyAgi Oduvudu illavE uccarisuvudu kaShTada kelasavEnalla; makkaLige avannu sulabhavAgi kalisabahudu embudAgi vAdisiddAre. nijakkU idu mElina viShayakke nEravAgi sambandhisa dantaha innondu vAdavAgide. yAkendare, idu Odannu endare mAtannu saripaDisuva kelasa; barahavannu saripaDisuva kelasavE alla. avarE innondu kaDe hELida hAge, mAtannu illavE bhASheyannu saripaDisuvudu bhAShAvijYAniya kelasavalla; Ata hAgellAdarU adannu saripaDisahoraTarU bhAShe adannu oppikoLLade pakkakkesedubiDabahudu. yAkendare, yArigU bhASheya mEle hatOTiyannu sAdhisalu sAdhya vAgadu.
idallade, sAviragaTTale adhyApakarige mattu miliyagaTTale vidyArthi gaLige I heccina akSharagaLannu sariyAgi uccarisalu kalisuvudu avaru UhisidaShTu sulabhada kelasavEnalla; ondu cikka ippattaydu-mUvattu vayaskara taragatiyalli ellarigU I akSharagaLannu sariyAgi uccarisalu kalisahoraTavarige mAtravE I kelasa eShTu toDakinadu embudara arivAgaballudu. adu hEgE irali, A rIti heccina dhvanigaLannu
uccarisalu kalitu kannaDigarige AgabEkAddEnu? ivattina samAjadalli samskxtada I heccina akSharagaLannu kaliyuvudakkintalU ingliShna heccina akSharagaLannu kaliyuvudakkEne janaru Asakti tOrisabahudu.
kannaDa barahadalli I ೧೭ heccina akSharagaLiruvudu adara SrImantike embudAgi kelavaru bhAvisiddAre; hAgAgi, adannu tegeduhAkuvudendare baDavarannu mElettuva badalu SrImantarannu baDavara maTTakke iLisuva hAge embudAgi avaru vAdisuttAre. nijakkU Odinalli kANisadiruva akSharagaLu barahadalliruvudu SrImantikeyalla, yAva prayOjanakkU bArada ondu hore! haLegannaDadallidda a-agaLannu biTTukoTTuda rindAgi hosagannaDa baraha hEge baDavAgalillavO hAgeyE I ೧೭ akSharagaLannu biTTukoTTAgalU adu baDavAguvudilla, innondu hore yannu kaLacikoLLuttade, aShTe
‘hosa baraha’da prayOjanagaLu
illi namma mundiruva praSne nijakkU tumbA saraLavAdudu: samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga, avu samskxtadalli hEgiveyO hAgeyE bareyabEkO, illavE avannu heccina kannaDigarU kannaDadalli hEge OduttArO (uccarisu tArO) hAge bareyabEkO embudu.
avannu nAvu hEge OduttEvO hAge baredare sAku, samskxta dalliruva hAgeyE kannaDadallU bareyabEkAgilla embudu ‘hosa baraha’da niluvu; ivattu hIge mADuvudarinda nAvu halavu prayOjanagaLannu paDeyaballevu. ivugaLalli mukhyavAda kelavannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:
(೧) cikka makkaLige mattu baraha bArada doDDavarige kannaDa baraha vannu kalisuva kelasa sulabhavAguttade. yAkendare, avarige ೪೮ akSharagaLa badalu barE ೩೧ akSharagaLannu kalisidare sAku. ivannella Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, kaliyuvudU sulabha.
(೨) ellA padagaLannU Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, ivattu kannaDadalliruva spelling samasye pUrti illavAguttade.
(೩) ivattu kannaDada dinapatrikegaLalli mattu kate-kAdambarigaLalli tumbA heccu accina tappugaLu kANisuvudu mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, mattu xkAragaLa baLakeyalli. ivu sAmAnyavAgi ‘hosa baraha’dalli baruvudillavAda kAraNa, I tappugaLellavU illavAguttave. (halavu
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
janarige hakArada (illavE SakArada) baLakeyU tondareyadAgi kANisuttade; Adare sadyakkantU A viShayadalli nAvEnU mADalArevu).
- (೪) barahagArarige elli yAva akSharagaLannu baLasabEku emba
- viShayadalli samSayavELuvudu, mattu AgAga padakOSagaLannu biDisi
- nODabEkAguvudu mElina akSharagaLa baLakeyalli mAtra. avannu
- Oduva hAge bareyadiruvudE idakke kAraNa. ‘hosa baraha’dalli I
- samSayagaLella illavAguttave.
- (೫) keLavarada makkaLige uccAraNeyallillada I heccina akSharagaLannu
- kaliyalu tumbA kaShTavendenisuva kAraNa, avaralli kILarimeyunTAgu
- ide; mattu, avaru tamma kalikeyannu naDuvinallE biTTubiDuttAre.
- ‘hosa baraha’da baLakeyAdalli I tondareyilla.
- (೬) ‘hosa baraha’dalli beraLaccu mADuvudu mattu kampyUTarinalli
- bareyuvudu sulabha; SiphT kIyannu tumbA kaDime bAri ottabEkAgu
- ide.
- (೭) padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, barahakkU ADu
- mAtigU naDuviruva antara kaDimeyAguttade.
- (೮) barahada kliShTate mattu kxtakategaLu kaDimeyAguttave, mattu
- idarindAgi baraha heccu jIvantavAgi kANisuttade.
- nanna ittIcegina kannaDa vyAkaraNa yAke bEku emba pustakadalli
- innondu mukhyavAda prayOjanavannU koTTiddEne:
- (೯) kannaDa barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLu adaralli akShara
- gaLannu jODisi (mara padavannu ma mattu ra emba akSharakantegaLannu
- jODisi, mattu ma emba akSharakanteyannu m mattu a emba akShara
- gaLannu jODisi) padagaLannu bareyalAguttade embudannu, mattu baraha
- dalli kANisuva akSharagaLigU bAyiyinda horaDisuva [m], [a],
- [r], [a] modalAda dhvanigaLigU naDuve sambandha ide embudannu
- kanDukonDalli mAtra, avarige adannu salIsAgi Odalu baruttade.
akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambandha ideyAdare, idannu kanDukoLLuvudu tumbA sulabha; barahadalliruva ‘sTelling’ samasyegaLu I sambandhavannu keDisuttave; hAgAgi, intaha samasyegaLu tumbA hecciruva ingliShnantaha barahagaLannu makkaLige sariyAda krama dalli Odalu kalisuvudu tumbA kaShTa. ivattu ingliSh barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLalli heccinavarigU sariyAda kramadalli Odu
vudu hEge embudu gottAguvudE illa embudAgi samSOdhanegaLu tOrisikoTTive.
kannaDa barahadallU, mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, xkAra modalAda heccina akSharagaLu spelling samasyeyannu tandoDDuttave; yAkendare, avu akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavillada hAge mADuttave. hAgAgi, avannu barahadinda horagirisidalli makkaLu bahaLa bEgane sariyAda kramadalli Oduvudu hEge embudannu kaliyaballaru.
haLE barahavannu uLisikoLLuvudarinda prayOjanavideyE?
samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba niyamavannu Igiruva hAgeyE uLisikonDalli kannaDigarige prayOjanagaLEnAdarU sigaballuvE embudannU pariSIlisa bahudu.
nanage anisuvudEnendare, I padagaLannu badalAyisahOgade, samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyuttiruvudarinda sigaballa prayOjana gaLella tAtkAlikavAdavugaLu. udAharaNegAgi, avannu haLE rUpadalli nODi baLakeyAgiruvavarige hosa rUpavannu kanDAga adu tappendu anisuttade; intaha anisike unTAgadante, ivarigAgi I badalAvaNe yannu mADadirabEku. Adare, hosa rUpavannu kanDu baLakeyAdavarige adu tappendu anisuvudE illavalla
hosa barahavannu kalitavarige haLE barahadalliruva pustakagaLannu Odalu tusu tondareyAgabahudu; idU kUDa tAtkAlikavAda tondare. samaya kaLedante intaha sandarbhagaLu kaDimeyAguttA hOguttave.
barahadalli entaha badalAvaNeyannu mADuvudiddarU intaha tAtkAlikavAda tondaregaLu bandE baruttave; avakke hedari badalAvaNe yannu mADikoLLadiddare, spelling samasyeyannu yAvAgalU anubhavi suttalE irabEkAguttade. yAkendare, kannaDa barahavannu mEle sUcisida hAge badalAyisuvudarinda namage dorakuva prayOjana gaLalli pratiyondU namage yAvAgalU dorakuvantahavu.
ingliShna spelling samasyeyU intahadE. adannu saripaDisa hOdare halavAru tAtkAlika tondaregaLannu edurisabEkAguttade. Adare, ingliShnalli intaha tAtkAlika tondaregaLu tumbA jAsti; hAgAgi, heccinavarigU adannu saripaDisabEkendu anisuvudilla.
kannaDadalli tondaregaLu heccillavAda kAraNa (kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa maTTige EnU illa), adannu sulabhavAgi saripaDisabahudu. idannu nAnu nanna ittIcegina pustakagaLalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
೩. bhAShe mattu baraha
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive; I vyatyAsagaLu mAtigillada halavu anukUlategaLannu barahakke tandukoTTive; Adare, ivE vyatyAsagaLu kelavu sandarbhagaLalli barahakke hAnikArakagaLAgiyU pariNamisive.
I vyatyAsagaLindAgi, kelavu barahagaLige bhASheya kaTTannu muridu horabaralu, mattu tammadE Ada svatantra astitvavannu sAdhisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgide. Adare, hAge svatantravAgi nintiruva barahagaLannu ‘bhAShe’gaLendu kareyuvudu mAtra sariyallavendu nanage tOruttade. yAkendare, bhAShegaLalliruva jIvantike I barahagaLalli uLidiruvudilla. mAtannanusarisi badalAguttA hOguva barahagaLu mAtra tamma jIvantikeyannu uLisikoLLaballuvu.
I viShayavannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLalu modalige mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLentahavu, mattu I vyatyAsagaLu mAtu mattu barahagaLa mEle entaha pariNAmavannu bIraballuvu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
mAtu kShaNika, baraha SASvata
mAtina mAdhyama dhvaniyAda kAraNa, ADuttidda hAgeyE adu aLiduhOguttA iruttade. Adare, kAgadada mEle mUDisuva baraha heccu SASvatavAdudu. mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa dindAgi, avugaLa naDuve halavu tumbA mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLu mUDibandive.
omme nuDida mAtannu nAvu hindakke paDeyalArevu; hAgAgi, adaralli badalAvaNegaLannU mADalArevu; adu tappAgiddare, adannu saripaDisuva bErondu mAtannu hELaballevallade, adannE hindakke paDedu saripaDisuva hAgilla. Adare, baredudannu Odi nODi, adaralli
tappugaLiddare avannu tiddi saripaDisi, bEkiddare adannE innomme baredu, AmEle adannu Odugareduru irisaballevu.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa avugaLa naDuve innU halavAru vyatyAsagaLannu tandu hAkide. mAtinalli baruva vAkyagaLu sAmAnyavAgi tunDu tunDAgiruttave; avugaLalli halavu tappAgiyU iraballuvu. idallade, mAtinalli halavu bAri hELiddannE hELuttiruttEve; ondu viShayada naDuve innondu viShaya talehAku tiruttade; obbanu mAtanADuttiruvAga naDuve innobbana mAtU bandiruttade.
Adare, barahadalli vAkyagaLu iDiyiDiyAgiruttave, mattu avu sari yAgiruvanteyU nODikoLLalAguttade. tiLisabEkendiruva viShaya gaLannu ondu kramadalli jODisalAguttade, mattu avugaLalli punarukti dOSha illadante nODikoLLalAguttade.
mAtinalli baLakeyAguva vAkyagaLu cikka cikkavu; uddudda vAkya gaLiddarU avannu cikka cikka vAkyagaLa jODaNeyinda unTumADalAgu ttade. Adare, barahadalli heccAgi uddudda vAkyagaLE baLakeyAguttiru ttave. idallade, ondu vAkyadoLage innondu vAkyavannu irisiru vantaha sikkalu vAkyagaLu barahadalli kANisikoLLuva hAge mAtinalli kANisikoLLuvudilla.
mAtigU barahakkU naDuve intaha halavu vyatyAsagaLiruvuda rindAgi, baraha mAtiginta SrEShTha emba anisike nammalli beLedubandide. Adare, nijakkU miliyagaTTale varShagaLinda bhASheya mAdhyamavAgi baLakeyAguttiruvudu mAtallade barahavalla. mAtige svalpamaTTigina SASvatateyannu tandukoDuvudakkAgi kelavE kelavu bhAShegaLalli mAtra baraha baLakege bandide. ivattigU barahavannu baLasuva bhAShegaLigintalU baLasada bhAShegaLE heccive.
barahavannu makkaLu huTTinindalE paDeyuvudilla
mAtigU barahakkU naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavendare, mAtannu makkaLu huTTinindalE paDeyuttAre; adannu avarige yArU kalisikoDabEkAgilla; maneyalli doDDavaru mAtanADuvudannu kELi, avaru tAvAgiyE adannu kalitukoLLuttAre; ArOgyadalliruva yAva maguvU tanna tAynuDiyannu kalitukoLLadiruvudilla. idallade, ellA makkaLU tamma tAynuDiyalli ondE bageya pariNatiyannu paDeyu
ttAre: idannu paDeyalu kelavarige tusu heccu samaya tagalaballudu, mattu kelavarige tusu kaDime samaya tagalaballudu; Adare, yAva maguvU tanna tAynuDiyalli sampUrNavAda pariNatiyannu paDeya diruvudilla.
Adare, barahavannu makkaLu huTTinindalE paDeyuvudilla. adannu avarige maneyallAgali, SAleyallAgali yArAdarU kalisabEkAguttade. hAge kalisadiddare, avaru adannu kaliyuvudE illa. idallade, ellA makkaLU barahadalli ondE bageya pariNatiyannu paDeyuvudilla; kelavarige adannu tumbA cannAgi baLasalu baruttade, mattu bEre kelavarige adannu eShTu kalitarU sariyAgi baLasalu baruvudilla. I ellA viShayagaLallU, Ijuvudu, saykal tuLiyuvudu, vAhanagaLannu ODisuvudu modalAdavugaLa hAge, barahavembudu namma maTTige huTTinindalE paDeyada, mattu kalitu paDeyabEkAgiruva kavSalyavAgide.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa avugaLa naDuve bErondu tumbA mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu tandiriside: hEge bareya bEku, mattu Enu bareyabEku embudannu makkaLige kalisikoDabahudu; doDDavaru hEge kalisikoDuttArO, hAgeyE makkaLU bareyalu kaliyuttAre.
Adare, hEge mAtanADabEku, mattu Enu mAtADabEku embu dannu makkaLige kalisikoDalu baruvudilla; avaru tamma tAynuDiyalli mAtanADalu kaliyuttiruvAga avarannu tandetAyiyaru tiddalu hOdarU, adu avara mAtina mEle yAva pariNAmavannU bIruvu dilla. idallade, tAynuDiyannu kaliyuvalli kelavu niScitavAda hanta gaLiddu, ivugaLalli ondondannU niScitavAda kramadalli makkaLellarU dATuttiruttAre. I viShayadallU avara mEle doDDavara kalisuvike yAva pariNAmavannU bIruvudilla.
makkaLu mAtu mattu barahagaLannu kaliyuva kramadalliruva I vyatyAsadindAgi, avugaLa naDuve innondu mukyavAda vyatyAsa mUDi bandide. mAtu kAladinda kAlakke, mattu talemArininda talemArige badalAguttA hOguttade, mattu sahajavAgi naDeyuva I badalA vaNeya mUlaka, mAtu yAvAgalU tanna hosatanavannu uLisi konDiruttade. I badalAvaNe mukhyavAgi makkaLu tamma tAynuDiyannu kalitukoLLuva samayadalli naDeyuttade. doDDavara mAtinalli kxtakate gaLEnAdarU sErikonDiveyAdare, avellavU intaha badalAvaNegaLa
mUlaka makkaLa mAtinalli pUrti illavAguttave. mAtinalli naDeyuva I badalAvaNeya mEle yAra hatOTiyU iruvudilla.
Adare, barahadalli intaha yAva badalAvaNeyU naDeyuvudilla. adannu makkaLige kalisikoDabEkAguttadeyAda kAraNa, hAge kalisikoDu vAga adannu makkaLu ‘sariyAgi’ kaliyuvante mADalu sAdhyavAguttade. hAgAgi, samaya kaLedantella barahadalli kxtakate tumbikoLLuttade, mattu adu mAtininda dUravAguttA hOguttade. I kxtakateyannu hOgalADisabEkAdalli, mattu mAtigU barahakkU naDuve beLedu baruva antaravannu kaDime mADabEkAdalli, yArAdarU barahagAraru tamma barahagaLalli adakke bEkAda badalAvaNegaLannu mUDisalu prayatna paDabEkAguttade.
yAvudu bhAShe?
mAtigU barahakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisidAga, innondu mukhyavAda viShaya namma gamanakke baruttade: nAvu ‘bhAShe’ emba padada mUlaka janara mAtannu hesarisabEkallade avara baraha vannalla. miliyagaTTale varShagaLinda bhASheya mAdhyamavAgiddudu mAtallade barahavalla. mAtinalli hELida sangati tusu SASvatavAgi uLiyuvante mADalu barahavannu baLasalAguttade, aShTe. bhASheyinda mAtu, mattu mAtininda baraha embudAgi barahakkU bhAShegU naDuve mAtu ondu konDiyAgi nintiruttade. idallade, monne monneya varegU barahavannu samAjada kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra baLasu ttiddaru.
Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, mAtigU barahakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, I vyatyAsagaLindAgi barahakke mAtininda bErAgiruva tannadE Ada astitvavondannu kaTTikoLLalu sAdhyavAgide, mattu idarindAgi, janara manassinalli ivattu mAtigintalU barahakke heccina mahatva bandide. idallade, barahavillada mAtu bhASheyE alla emba anisike ivattu halavarallide. Adare idu nAyi tanna bAlavannu bIsuva badalu, bAlavE nAyiyannu bIsuva hAge
kAladinda kAlakke badalAguttA hOguva mAtannanusarisi baraha badalAgadiddare EnAguttade? idakke samskxta baraha ondu oLLeya udAharaNe. halavAru oLLeya barahagAraru samskxtadalli barahagaLannu baredaru; ivannAdharisi, pANiniyantaha vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtakke
ondu kaTTuniTTAda vyAkaraNavannU baredukoTTaru. ivugaLindAgi, samskxta baraha mAtannanusarisi badalAgalu hOgade niScalavAgi uLiyuvantAyitu. kaLeda eraDu sAvira varShagaLalli I rIti samskxta baraha mAtannanusarisi badalAgade uLidide.
nijakkU ivattu samskxtavannu ondu bhASheyendu kareyuvudu sariyalla. yAkendare, eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde mAtininda bErpaTTAgalE adu ‘bhAShe’ emba hesarannU kaLedukonDittu. ivattu kelavaru tAvu samskxtavannu ADuttiddEvendu hELabahudu; Adare, kAladinda kAlakke mattu talemArininda talemArige badalAguvantaha, mattu A mUlaka tanna hosatanavannu uLisikoLLuvantaha bhASheya mukhya svabhAva adakkilla. yAkendare, A rIti badalAdare adu samskxta vAgi uLiyade bErondu bhASheyAgibiDuttade
hAgAgi, samskxtavannu mAtinalli baLasuvavarellarU ivattu pANiniya vyAkaraNakke mattu mahAkavigaLa baLakege hondikoLLuvante tamma mAtannu saridUgisikoLLuttalE irabEkAguttade. adaralli badalA vaNegaLEnAdarU naDedarU avu svAbhAvikavAgi naDeyuva badalu, barahagAraru (kavigaLu) vayyaktikavAgi naDesidudarindAgi unTAguttave. I rIti mAtina AdhAravannu biTTukoTTudarindAgi samskxta barahagaLu kxtakavAguttA hOguttive.
idannu tiLiyalu, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva samastapadagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu: sAmAnyavAgi, bhAShegaLalli samastapadagaLigU pada kantegaLigU naDuve vyatyAsaviruttade; udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli karihalage embudu ondu samastapada, biLihalage embudu ondu padakante.
intaha padakanteyannu ondu viSiShTavAda arthadalli tayArisi baLasidAga, mattu A arthadalli adu mAtinalli baLakege bandAga mAtra samastapadavendennisuttade. beNkallu, huTTuhabba, hurigaDale modalA davugaLu I rIti viSiShTavAda arthadalli baLakege bandu kannaDadalli samastapadagaLenisive.
samastapada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve bhAShegaLalli kANisikoLLuva I vyatyAsa samskxta barahadalli illavAgide. adaralli kelavu samasta padagaLige viSiShTavAda arthavideyAdarU, avannu antaha arthadalli mAtravallade bariya padakanteya arthadallU kavigaLu baLasaballaru. hAgAgi, ‘samAsa’vemba vyAkaraNa vidhAna samskxtadalli eraDu illavE
heccu nAmapadagaLannu oTTusErisi sankShipta rUpadalli baLasuva ondu sAdhana mAtravAgi uLidukonDide.
samskxtada padakantegaLalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige baLasa bEkAdalli, averaDakkU linga, vacana, mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. kxShNam sarpa೦, kxShNana sarpENa embantaha padakantegaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. samastapadagaLalli I pratyaya koneya padadalli mAtra iruttade embu dannu kxShNasarpa೦, kxShNasarpENa embantaha padarUpagaLalli kANa bahudu.
mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada kavigaLa kayyalli I vidhAna pada gaLannu vAkyagaLalli sankShiptavAgi baLasuva ondu vidhAnavAgi badalAgide. yAva eraDu (illavE heccu) nAmapadagaLannu bEkiddarU oTTu sErisi mattu sankShiptagoLisi, adannu avaru tamma kAvyagaLalli baLasaballaru.
udAharaNegAgi, bANabhaTTana kAdambariyalli ippattu-mUvattu nAmapadagaLannu oTTusErisi tayArisiruva udduddavAda samastapada gaLannU kANabahudu. intaha samastapadagaLige tayArike emba ondE ondu hantaviraballudallade, adakkinta bhinnavAda baLake emba innondu hantaviralAradu. yAkendare, antaha udduddavAda padagaLannu tiru tirugi baLasuva mUlaka avu ondu bhASheyalli rUDhige baralu sAdhyavE illa
kavigaLu vayyaktikavAgi naDesiruva intaha halavu mArpADu gaLindAgi, samskxta barahadalli kxtakegaLu tumbikonDive. kAladinda kAlakke sahajavAgi munduvariyuva bhAShegaLalli intaha kxtakegaLu tAvAgiyE bidduhOguttave; Adare, samskxta barahakke eraDu sAvira varShagaLindalU mAtina AdhAra tappihOgideyAda kAraNa, adaralli sErikonDiruva kxtakegaLu hAgeyE uLidive. ninta nIrina hAge adu jaDavAgide, mattu tanna jIvantikeyannu kaLedukonDide.
‘klAsikal’ bhASheyO, barahavO?
samskxta, lyATin modalAda kelavu barahagaLannu klAsikal bhAShe gaLendu kareyalAguttade; nUrAru varShagaLinda badalAgade uLidiru vudu, mattu halavu bageya uttamavAda granthagaLannu avugaLalli barediruvudu avakke I ‘klAsikal’ emba hesaru baralu mukhya kAraNa. Adare, mEle sUcisida hAge, nUrAru varSha badalAgade uLidira
bEkAdare, avu mAtina AdhAra tappihOgiruva barahagaLAgirabEkallade bhAShegaLAgiralu sAdhyavilla.
ivattu kannaDakkU bhArata sarakAra ‘klAsikal’ padaviyannu koTTide. Adare, kannaDa baraha samskxta mattu lyATin barahagaLa hAge badalAgade uLidilla; adu modalige haLegannaDaviddudu AmEle naDu gannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgide. kannaDa bhAShe mAtinalli badalAguttiruvante, adannanusarisi kannaDa barahavU badalAguttA hOgide. hAgAgi, ivattigU kannaDa baraha jIvantavAgide.
hAgAdare, kannaDadalli yAvudannu ‘klAsikal’ embudAgi kareya bahudu? nanage anisuvudEnendare, haLegannaDa barahakke bEkiddare I padaviyannu koDabahudu. yAkendare, vaDDArAdhaneyinda toDagi muddaNNanavaregU nUrAru varShagaLa baLake adakkideyendu hELa bahudu.
bhASheya bagege nIvEnu balliri?