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bhAga ondu
bhASheya svarUpa
nAvu dinanityavU lIlAjAlavAgi baLasuttiruva I bhAShe nammellarigU tumbA paricitavAdudu. hAgAgi, adara viShayavAgi nammalli halavaru ella tiLidavarante mAtanADuttAre. nijakkU namma nAligeya tudiyalli kuNiyuva I bhASheya kuritu nAvu tiLiyadiruva mattu tappAgi tiLidukonDiruva viShayagaLE heccu. halavu sandarbhagaLalli I tiLuvaLikeyilladiruvudu mattu tappu tiLuvaLikeyiruvudu nammannu mattu uLidavarannu bagebageya tondaregaLige oLapaDisuttade.
bhASheya kuritAgi nammalliruva I ajYAnada phalavannu nAvu elli bEkiddarU kANabahudu. obba vyaktiya yOgyateyannu avana mAti ninda aLeyuttEve. namagariyada bhASheyannADuvavarannu samSayadinda nODuttEve. namma bhASheyannADuvavaru sikkidare avarannu nambi sulabhavAgi mOsahOguttEve. bhASheya hesarinalli nammalli eShTella hoDedATagaLu naDedilla? naDeyuttilla? Adare, ivella sariyE, avaSyavE embudannu tALmeyinda parIkShisuvavaru mAtra bahaLa kaDime.
bhAShAsahiShNute embudu nammalli beLeyabEkAdare, mukhyavAgi bhASheya kuritu nammalliruva ajYAnavannu toDedu hAkuva avaSyakate yide. bhAShegaLalli kANisuva vayvidhyate bEre bEre kAraNagaLindAgi avugaLalli taledOruva badalAvaNegaLa phala. Adare I vayvidhyate bhAShe gaLannADuva janara yOgyate, viSvAsArhate, buddhivantike, modalAduva nnEnU pratibimbisuvudilla. ondE kuTumbada janaru dUradUrada eraDu UrugaLalli paraspara samparkavillade halavu varShagaLaShTu kAla uLidarAdare, avara bhASheyallU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu mUDibarade iralAravu.
hIgiddarU, bhAShe namma jIvanada ondu ati mukhya angavAgide. hAgAgi, horagina prapancavannu nAvu hEge kANuttEve mattu anubhavisuttEve embudara mEle svalpavAdarU namma bhASheya prabhAva Agadiradu. haLadi baNNada kannaDakavannu dharisida vyaktige hEge ellA vastu
gaLU haLadi baNNadavAgi kANisuttaveyO hAgeyE ondu viSiShTavAda bhASheyannADuvavarige horagina prapanca A bhAShe adannu hEge tOri suttadeyO hAge kANisuttade. namma AlOcane, anubhava ivella bahaLamaTTige namma bhASheyallE naDeyuvuvAda kAraNa, ivugaLa mElella namma bhASheya prabhAva iddE iruttade.
I ondu viShayavannu gamanadallirisikoLLadiddare, eraDu bEre bEre bhAShegaLannADuvavaroLage anavaSyakavAgi tappu tiLuvaLikegaLu tale dOraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, namma dESada ISAnya gaDipradESadalli kanDubaruva halavAru samasyegaLige intaha bhAShege sambandhisida ajYAna mattu asahiShNutegaLU svalpamaTTige kAraNavAgiralu sAdhyavide.
namma bhASheya jYAna nammalli arivige eTakuvantahadu mattu eTakadantahadu embudAgi eraDu bEre bEre staragaLalli sthApitavAgiru ide. mAtanADuvAgalella nAvu nUrAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu anavaratavAgi baLasuttiruttEve. I vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa jYAna namma miduLinalli namma arivige eTakada sthitiyalli nelasiruttade. nAvu ADuvantaha mAtannu gaNaka yantragaLu baLasuvante mADabEkiddalli intaha nUrAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kanDuhiDidu, avannella avuga LoLage aLavaDisikoLLabEkAguttade. idarinda, namma dinanityada mAti nallU intaha nUrAru niyamagaLa baLake namage tiLiyada hAge naDeyuttiruttade emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
intaha arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAna mAtravallade arivige eTakuva innondu rItiya vyAkaraNa jYAnavU nammallide. SAleyalli nAvu kaliyuva vyAkaraNa jYAna intahadu. I arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnada sahAyadinda nAvu namma bhASheyalli halavu bageya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLaballevu. hosa hosa padagaLannu sxShTisi adaralli baLasikoLLaballevu, mattu bEre bhAShegaLinda namage bEkenisida padagaLannu eravalAgi paDedukoLLaballevu. vAkyagaLa racaneyallU sandarbhakke takkante, I vyAkaraNa jYAnada sahAyadinda, halakelavu badalAvaNegaLannU nAvu mADikoLLaballevu.
Adare, kAladinda kAlakke namma bhASheyalli naDeyuva badalAvaNe gaLalli heccinavU nammalliruva arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAnada mUlaka naDeyuttave. avu yAra niyantraNakkU oLagAgade naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu. nirantaravAgi naDeyuva I badalAvaNegaLannu bhAShA panDitaru virOdhisuvarAdarU avannu taDeyuva Sakti yArigU illa. nammalliruva arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnada AdhArada mEle ivalli
kelavannu dUra irisuva prayatnavannEnO mADaballevu, Adare, idarindAgi bhAShe badalAgadiruvudilla. mAtina bhAShe badalAguttA iruttade, Adare barahada bhAShe kelavu viShayagaLalli badalAgade uLidu adakkU mAtina bhAShegU naDuve kandakavondu ErpaDuttade.
nammalliruva I arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAna namage gottAgada hAge namma dxShTikOnada mElU prabhAvavannu bIruttiruttade. I viShayadalli vidvAmsaroLage bhinnAbhiprAyaviruvudEnO nija; Adare, heccu heccu bhAShegaLannu abhyAsa mADidantella I arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAnadalli bhASheyinda bhAShege bahaLaShTu vayvidhyateyiralu sAdhya emba viShaya beLakige baruttide. bhASheyembudu namma anubhava mattu AlOcanA vidhAnagaLannu niyantrisaballudAdare, adaralli kANisuva I vayvidhyateyU namma anubhava mattu AlOcanA vidhAnagaLalli pratibimbitavAgaballudallavE?
bhASheya viShayavAgi nammalli beLedubandiruva ajYAnada svarUpa entahadu embudannu I modalanE vibhAgada lEkhanagaLu paricaya mADikoDuttave.
೧.೧ bhAShegaLoLage kILu mElilla
sulabhavAda bhAShe, kliShTavAda bhAShe, kivigimpAda bhAShe, kaThOravAda bhAShe, beLeyuttiruva bhAShe, kADu bhAShe endella bhAShegaLa mEle nUrAru viSEShaNagaLannEnO nAvu hEruttEve; Adare, ivellavU bhASheyannu kELuva illavE ADuva namma manassinalli mUDuva viSEShaNagaLallade bhAShegaLoLage I rItiya kILumElilla. I mAtannu bhAShAvijYAnigaLu naDesiruva nUrAru samSOdhanegaLa AdhArada mEle bareyalAgideyAdarU idannu heccinavarU sulabhadalli nambalArarembu dantU nijavE.
kaShTa-sulabha
yAva bhASheyU adannu tAynuDiyAgi ADuttiruvavarige kaShTavAgi kANisuvudilla. bhAShegaLallella kannaDavE atyanta sulabhavAdudu, caynIs iddudarallella kaShTavAdudendu nAvEnO hELaballevu. Adare, idE viShayavannu caynIs bhASheyannu ADuvavanobbanondige
hOgi kELi nODiri. Atanige khanDitavAgiyU kannaDakkinta jaynIsE heccu sulabhavAda bhASheyendenisadiradu.
bAlyadalli nAvu ondu vidhavAda bhASheyannu ADalu kalitiruttEve. A bhAShegU, munde kaliyaliruva eraDaneya bhAShegU naDuve ententaha vyatyAsagaLive, mattu eShTu vyatyAsagaLive embudara mEle A bhAShe heccu illavE kaDime kliShTavAdudendu namage anisuttade.
kannaDa mattu tamiLu bhAShegaLoLage halavAru viShayagaLalli sAmya vide. hAgAgi, tamiLannu nAvu bahaLa sulabhavAgi kalitu artha mADikoLLalu SaktarAguttEve. ingliShigU kannaDakkU naDuve intaha samAnategaLu bahaLa kaDime. Adudarinda mUru nAlku varSha kalitarU ingliSh namma hiDitakke sikkuvudilla.
bhASheyondu sulabhavAdudu illavE kliShTavAdudu endenisalu bEreyU kAraNagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, hindI bhaktarige adaralli ondu vAkya sariyAgi ADalu bAradiddarU hindiginta sulabhavAda bhAShe jagattinalli yAvudU illavendu avaru sAruttiruttAre.
bhASheyondara mEle barediruva vyAkaraNa bahaLa kliShTavAgide yAdarU A bhAShe kliShTavAgideyendu adannu kaliyalu prayatnisu vavarige anisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, samskxta bhASheya mEle bahaLa kliShTavAda, Adare atyanta uttamavAda vyAkaraNavannu siddhagoLisalAgide. samskxta bhASheyannu I vyAkaraNada sahAyadinda kaliyalu prayatnisu vavarige adu bahaLa kliShTavAda bhASheyendu anisadiradu.
kannaDakkU intahadE kliShTavAda vyAkaraNavannu tayArisi, adU bahaLa kliShTavAda bhASheyendu adannu antaha vyAkaraNada mUlaka kaliyalu prayatnisuvavarige annisuvante mADuvudu asAdhyavEnalla.
bhAShegaLalliruva vibhaktigaLa sankhye, lingabhEdagaLu, padaniShpatti, modalAda vyAkaraNAmSagaLa AdhArada mEle avugaLa sApEkSha kliShTate yannu nirdharisalu bhAShAvijYAnigaLu naDesida prayatnagaLellavU niShphala vAgive. kaShTa, sulabha embudella vyaktiniShTha mAtra, bhAShAniShTha vallavendE I vidvAmsaru koneya nirdhArakke barabEkAyitu. ondu bhASheya padaracane eShTondu sulabhavAgiruttadeyO adara vAkyaracane aShTE kliShTavAgiyU iruvante kANisuttade. bhAShegaLa ellA amSa gaLannU oTTige gamanakke tegedukonDevAdare, kliShTateyalli avugaLoLage heccu kaDimeyiralAradendE vidvAmsara abhiprAya.
bhASheya impu
lAlitya, impu modalAdavugaLU vyaktiniShThavallade bhAShAniShThavalla. karnATaka sangItavannu kELi abhyAsavAgiruva dakShiNadavarige uttarAdi sangItadalli impU illa, andavU illa. Adare uttarAdiyannu kELi santOShapaDalu abhyAsavAdavarige karnATaka sangItadalli dakShiNadavarige kANisuvantaha andavEnU kANisuvudilla.
bhAShegaLallU hIgeyE. eLeya prAyadalli nAvu entaha samskAra kkoLagAgiruvevO adannAdharisi ondu vidhada mAtu andavAgi kELisuttade, mattu innondu vidhada mAtu karkaSavAgi kELisuttade. sAmAnyavAgi ellarigU tammadE Ada tAynuDi kivigimpAgi kELisu ttade.
bhASheya beLavaNige
bhAShegaLa mEle anavaSyakavAgi hEriruva innondu viSEShaNavendare, beLavaNige. bhAratada bhAShegaLannella beLeyuttiruva bhAShegaLendu kareyu vudu rUDhi. I mAtannu rAjakAraNigaLu mAtravalla, vidvAmsarU upayOgisuttiruvudu nijakkU SOcanIyavAda sangati. nijakkU ivattu pracalitavAgiruva bhAShegaLellavU pUrti beLediruva bhAShegaLE. avugaLalli kaDime beLedavugaLu mattu jAsti beLedavugaLu embudAgi illavE prabuddhavAdavugaLu mattu aprabuddhavAdavugaLu embudAgi vingaDisi hELuvudu asAdhya.
bhAShegaLa huTTu hEgAgirabEkembudannu tiLiyalu vidvAmsaru bahaLaShTu prayatna naDesiddAre mattu I viShayadalli halavAru grantha gaLannu barediddAre. Adare I viShayadalli naDediruva vAda vivAda gaLella niShpalagaLAgi uLididdu, I prayatnagaLellavU viphalagonDive. atI hindinadennabahudAda bhASheyU Adhunika bhASheyaShTE prabuddha vAgiruvante tOruvudE I vayphalyakke mukhya kAraNa.
prANigaLa illavE pakShigaLa kUginante mottamodalige kelavE kelavu padagaLannoLagonDidda bhAShe AmEle ondondAgi tanna padarASiyannu beLesikonDu indina vistratavAda rUpavannu tALirabEkendu kelavaru vAdisiruvarAdarU intaha vAdakke AdhAravEnU doretilla.
girijanara bhAShe
girijanara illavE kADujanara bhAShegaLannu ardhambardhavAgi abhyAsa mADida miSanarigaLu A bhAShegaLalli halavAru kundukorategaLannu kanDaru. avara matadante, I bhAShegaLalli padagaLa sankhye kaDime; iruva padagaLella kaNNige kANuva illavE kayge tagaluva vastugaLannaShTE sUcisaballavallade avugaLa guNadharmagaLannu sUcisalAravu; A bhAShegaLa dhvanigaLu tIra kliShTavAdavugaLu, mattu avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLu sAkaShTu balitukonDilla, ityAdi. anantara naDesiruva ALavAda abhyAsa gaLu mAtra, ivellA abhiprAyagaLU tappembudannu spaShTavAgi tOrisi koTTive.
udAharaNegAgi, pETeyalli vAsisuva janaru ayvattO, nUrO maragiDagaLa hesarugaLannu aritiruvarAdare, girijanara mAtinalli intaha hesarugaLa sankhye eraDu mUru sAviravAdarU irabahudu. pada sampattu AyA bASheyannu baLasuva janara mukhya kasubannAdharisi bEre bEre SAkhegaLalli vistarisiruttade. bestaravanobbana nenapinalliruvantaha mInugaLa hesarugaLannu mattu avakke sambandhisiruva itara hesarugaLannu sangrahisidare ondu padakOSavE siddhavAdItu. antU I ondu viShayadalli yAva bhASheyannU kILendu kareyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
vyAkaraNada viShaya innondu tera. idara kliShTate illavE saraLate beLavaNigeya vividha hantagaLannu sUcisuvudendu vAdisa horaTa vidvAmsarella ondakkondu viruddhavAda hELikegaLannu koTTu nage gIDAgiddAre. samskxtadante tIra kliShTavAda rUpAvaLigaLannu tOrisuva bhAShegaLE beLavaNigeya tuttatudiyannu muTTidavugaLendu hELu vavarannu samskxtakkintalU nAlku pAlu jAsti rUpAvaLigaLannu tOrisuva girijanara bhAShegaLu dangugoLisive.
nAgarikarennisuva ingliSh, phrenc modalAda janAngagaLa bhAShe gaLige I vikAsavAdadalli bahaLa keLagina sthAna doretItu! yAva rItiya rUpAvaLigaLannU tOrisada ‘sulabha’vAda bhAShegaLE beLavaNigeya tuttatudiyannu muTTidavugaLendu vAdisidalli, illU nAgarikara bhAShegaLannu mIri nillaballa girijanara bhAShegaLive.
vyAkaraNagaLu beLavaNigeya bEre bEre hantagaLalliveyendu hELi, idaralli bEre bEre vyAkaraNagaLa sApEkSha sthAnavEnembudannu nirdharisa horaTa vidvAmsara prayatnavU hIge sampUrNavAgi niShpalagonDide yendu hELabahudu. iduvarege bhAShAvijYAnigaLa abhyAsakkoLagA
giruva ellA sAhajika bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLU paryAptagaLAgiyE iruvudu kanDubandide. ivu talemArininda talemArige badalAguttira bahudu, Adare, I badalAvaNeyannu beLavaNigeya hantagaLendu kareyalu yAva AdhAravU iduvarege dorakilla.
bhAShe mattu vyAkaraNa
pratiyobba vyaktiyU tanna tAynuDiyannu kaliyuvAga oDahuTTidavara, tAyitandeyara, mattu ATada geLeyara mAtugaLannu kELi kELi, avannu artha mADikoLLalu mattu itararige arthavAguvante antahavE mAtu gaLannu sxShTisikoLLalu atyanta paryAptavAda ‘vyAkaraNa’vondannu racisikoLLabEkAguttade. I vyAkaraNavE A vyaktiya bhAShAjYAnavendu vidvAmsara abhiprAya. bhASheyannADuva vyakti panDitanirali, pAmara nirali, nAgarikanirali, anAgarikanirali, intaha paripUrNavAda vyAkaraNada sahAyavillade Atanige tanna bhASheyannu upayOgisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
Adare, intahadondu vyAkaraNajYAna tannallideyendAgali, adara svarUpaventadendAgali avanige tiLidilla. avanu mAtanADuvAga nUrAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu baLakeyAguvuvAdarU, A niyamagaLu entahavembudannu Ata vivarisi hELalAra. mAtanADuvAga avana arivilladanteyE avana sahAyakke baruvante I vyAkaraNa jYAna avana miduLinalli aDagi kuLitide.
tanna bhASheyalli iduvarege kELadE iddantaha mAtugaLannu racisi ADidarU Ata arthamADikoLLaballa, mattu antaha mAtugaLannu Ata tAnE racisikoLLaballa emba viShayadinda intahadondu vyAkaraNajYAna avanalli iralEbEkendu nAvu UhisikoLLabEkAguttade. I vyAkaraNa apUrNavAgiralAradu.
೧.೨ bhAShegaLa huTTu-sAvu
maguvondu huTTi beLeyuttiruvante adara todalu nuDiyAgi huTTi, beLedu, adu mudukanAgi sAyuvAga illavE bErAvudO kAraNa dinda mUkanAguvAga naSisi hOguvantaha bhAShe, ondu vidhadalli adakke AdhAravAgiruvantaha vyaktiyondige huTTi sAyuvudendU
vAdisabahudu. Adare, A vyaktiyinda avana makkaLige, avarinda avara makkaLige - hIge anavaratavAgi talemArininda talemArige sAguva idE bhAShe innondu vidhadalli naSvaravAgiruvudendU vAdisabahudu. bhAShe yondara huTTu-sAvugaLa praSne nijakkU iveraDu vAdagaLa naDuve nintide.
yAvudE ondu bhASheyannu naSvaravAgisuvantaha ondu samAjada nirantarate sAvu-nOvugaLindAgi kaDidu hOdalli, A samAjadoDane adara bhASheyU naShTavAgi hOgalu sAdhyavideyembudannu gamanisa bEku. udAharaNegAgi, amerikada mUla nivAsigaLalli baLakeyallidda halavAru bhAShegaLu A mUlanivAsigaLu nirnAmagonDAga avaroDa neyE naShTavAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. AsTrEliyAda mUla nivAsi gaLallU idE paristhiti naDedide.
bhAratadallU halavAru guDDakADugaLalli vAsisuttidda janara bhAShe gaLu I rIti naShTavAgiruvudu, mattu naShTavAguttiruvudu kanDu baruttide. ondu samAjavu tanna tAynuDiyannu biTTukoTTu bErondu nuDiyannu baLasalu prArambhisidAgalU idE phalitAmSa labhisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, dakShiNa kannaDa mattu uDupi jillegaLalli vAsisuva koragaru tammadE Ada koraga emba bhASheyannADuttAre. Adare, dakShiNa kannaDa jilleya dakShiNa bhAgadalli vAsisuva koragarella tamma I koraga bhASheyannu biTTukoTTu tuLu bhASheyannE tamma tAynuDi yannAgi aLavaDisikonDiddAre. uLidavarU idE dAri hiDidalli, I koraga bhAShe innonderaDu talemArugaLalli sampUrNa vAgi naSisi hOgaballudu.
tAynuDi
bhAShegaLige kalpitavAgiruva innondu vidhada nASa illavE sAvige samskxta bhAShe atyuttama udAharaNe. sAmAnyavAgi pratiyondu bhASheyallU halavAru prabhEdagaLu (upabhAShegaLu) baLakeyalliruttave. ivu bEre bEre pradESagaLalli pracalitavAgiruva prabhEdagaLirabahudu, illavE bEre bEre jAtigaLalli athavA pangaDagaLalli pracalitavAgiruva prabhEdagaLirabahudu. intaha prabhEdagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu prabhEdavu baravaNigeya prabhEdavendu parigaNisalpaTTu, sAhitya kxti gaLalli baLakeyAguttade.
ADunuDiyAgi baLakeyAguva prabhEdagaLu kAladinda kAlakke badalAgutta naDeyuvuvAdarU, I rIti baravaNigeyalli baLakeyAguva prabhEda mAtra, bEre bEre kAraNagaLindAgi, kelavomme bahaLa kAlada varegU jAsti badalAgade uLiyuvudide. A prabhEdadalli uttamavAda sAhitya kxtigaLu racitavAgiddu, antaha kAryakke A prabhEdavannu baLasuvudu anivAryavemba abhiprAya beLedu baruvudu intaha kAraNagaLalli mukhyavAdudu.
kAlakramENa, ADunuDi mattu I barahada prabhEdagaLa naDuve avu bEre bEre bhAShegaLennuvallivaregU vyatyAsagaLErpaDuttave, mattu krAntikArigaLa kayyalli I ADunuDiyU barahagaLalli baLakeyAga toDaguttade. idara pariNAmavAgi, heccinavarigU sulabhadalli artha vAguva ADunuDi haLeya kAladindalU pracAradallidda barahada bhASheya sthAnavannu AkramisatoDaguttade. I AkramaNa sampUrNa vAdAga, endare haLeya barahada prabhEdavannu baLasikoLLuvavara sankhye kaDimeyAguttA hOgi, illavE illavennuvantAdAga, adu ‘sattitu’ ennuva sthiti bandodaguttade.
samskxtada sthAnavannu adara ADunuDigaLAda prAkxta, hindi, marAThi, gujarAti modalAdavugaLu AkramisikonDu, adannu barahadalli (sAhitya racaneyalli) baLasuvavara sankhye kaDimeyAguttA hOguttide yembudannE adu ‘sAva’nnapputtideyendu varNisabahudu. idu samskxta bhaktarige apriyavAgi kANisabahudAdarU nijavAda sangati.
bhASheya huTTu
bhAShegaLu hEge sattuhOgaballuvembudannu vivarisidaShTu sulabhavAgi avu hEge huTTikoLLaballuvembudannu vivarisalu sAdhyavAgadu. ondu bhASheyannu baLasuttiruva samAjavu bEre bEre kAraNagaLindAgi eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda samAjagaLAgi oDedukonDAga, adu baLasuva bhASheyU A eraDu samAjagaLalli bEre bEre dikkugaLalli badalAgutta naDedu, konege eraDu bEre bEre bhAShegaLAgi oDedukoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare, idarindAgi ondu bhAShe eraDAyitendu hELa bahudallade, hosadondu bhAShe huTTikonDitendu vAdisuvudu kaShTa sAdhya.
bhUmiya huTTannu mattu adaralliruva jIvarASigaLa vikAsavannu susambaddhavAgi kalpisikoLLalu AturarAgiruvantaha jIva vijYAnigaLige
manuShyanalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bhASheyemba hesarina I viSiShTa vAda samparka sAdhanavu hEge huTTikonDirabEkembudannu sariyAgi pratipAdisalu sAdhyavAguvallivaregU samAdhAnavilla. I viShayadalli huTTikonDiruva siddhAntagaLa mattu avugaLa mEle bareyalAgiruva puTagaLa sankhyeyU I viShayaveShTu janapriyavAgittembudannu spaShTavAgi sUcisuttade.
manuShyanalli mAtravE kANisuva I bhAShe manuShyanu vikAsa gonDu itara jIvigaLinda bErpaDuttidda samayadalli huTTikonDira bEkendEnO vAdisabahudu. Adare bhAShe bArada itara prANigaLalli kANisikoLLuva yAva rItiya samparkasAdhanagaLU I huTTu hEgira bahudembudannu tiLiyalu sahAyakavAguttilla.
bhAShAvijYAnigaLU I viShayada mEle bahaLaShTu vAda vivAda gaLannu naDesiddAre. makkaLalli, mudukaralli, santrastaralli, kivuDaralli, bhASheyE bArada prANigaLalli – hIge ellA kaDegaLallU bhASheya ugamavannariyalu suLuhugaLEnAdarU doreyuvudE embudAgi prayatnapaTTu huDukiddAre. mattu ivellA prayatnagaLU niShphalagaLAgu tiruvudannu kanDu, I kelasa bhAShAvijYAnigaLadE allavendu, athavA idannu pUrtigoLisalu sAdhyavE illavendu halavu mandi vidvAmsaru vAdisiddAre. I rItiya nirASAvAdakke kAraNavilla dilla.
AdhAragaLa korate
indu baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLa AdhArada mEle, mattu namage doretiruva atI prAcInavAda bhAShAviShayaka avaSEShagaLa AdhArada mEle, halavAru mUlabhAShegaLannu kalpisalAgide. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudU Adhunika bhAShegaLiginta avugaLa dhvaniyallAgali, vyAkaraNa dallAgali svalpavU bhinnavAgilla. bhASheya ugamavu intaha kalpita mUlagaLinda miliyagaTTale varShagaLaShTu hindinadAgirabEkembudE idakke mukhya kAraNavirabahudu. A ugama hEgiddirabahudu embu dannu UhisuvudakkU kUDa I kalpita mUlagaLalli sUcane doreyu ttilla.
prapancadalliruva bEre bEre bhAShegaLannu tulanAtmakavAgi abhyasisi, bhAShAvikAsada bEre bEre hantagaLalli avannu hancikoLLalu naDesida prayatnagaLU idE rItiyalli niShpalagonDive. beLedantella ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNa samskxta bhASheyalliruvante kliShTavAgutta naDeyuvu
dendu bhAvisuvavarige samskxtajanyagaLAda hindi, marAThi modalA davugaLa illavE lyATinninda beLedu banda phrenc, spyAniSh modalAdavugaLa vyAkaraNagaLu lalitavAguttiruvudu doDDa tale nOvannE tandoDDide.
I vAdakke viruddhavAgi, bhAShe beLedantella adara vyAkaraNa lalita vAguttA hOguttadeyendu vAdisuvavarigU eduru nillaballa nidarSanagaLu halavive. kliShTa-lalita embantaha viSEShaNagaLu bhAShegaLige anvayisuvantahavE allavembudu Adhunika siddAntavAgiruvAga, I mElina vAdagaLigella nijakkU yAva beleyU illa.
bhASheya ugamada kuritu vAdavivAdagaLannu naDesuttiruvavaralli heccinavarU adu mottamodalige atyanta rUkSha rUpadalliddu, kramENa adannADuva jana heccu heccu nAgarikarAdante avara bhASheyU mellamellane pariShkxtagoLLutta indina viSiShTa rUpavannu taLedira bEkendu bhAvisuttAre. bhASheya ugamavannu anukaraNAtmaka pada gaLinda, prANigaLa kUgugaLinda, illavE bEre ati saraLavAda pada gaLinda sAdhisalu ivaru prayatnisuttiruvudakke idE mukhya kAraNa. Adare, jIvarASigaLa mattu avugaLa viSEShaguNagaLa vikAsavu I rIti sAvadhAnavAgi, svalpa svalpavE badalAgutta naDedirabEkendu vAdisuvu dakke iduvarege yAva AdhAravU doretilla.
dayvadattavAda vara
yAvudE ondu jIviya Antarika racaneyalli iddakkiddante viSiShTavAda badalAvaNe naDedu, adu beLedubaruvAga hosa hosa cAturya gaLannu kayvaSamADikoLLuvantaha navInavAdondu Saktiyannu paDedu koLLalu sAdhyavide; mattu mAnavana vikAsadallAda intahadE ondu Antarika badalAvaNeya phalavAgi bhASheyU huTTikonDirabahudendu kelavaru samSOdhakaru abhiprAyapaDuttAre.
uNNuvudu, naDeyuvudu modalAda itara kAryagaLante bhASheyU sAhajavAgi, vyaktiyobbana beLavaNigeya angavAgi mUDi baruvantahadu, adannu yArU prayatna pUrvakavAgi kaliyabEkAgilla mattu kalisabEkAgilla emba siddhAntavondannu I abhiprAyavannAdharisi manDisalAgide. idu nijavAdare, bhASheyu mAnavanirmitavalla, dayva dattavAdudu ennuva haLeya hELikeyu ondu maTTige sariyE endU vAdisidantAdItu.
೧.೩ bhAShegaLalli haLatu-hosatu
karNATakada karAvaLiya jillegaLalli nelesiruva havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAda kannaDavannADuva kelavu janAngagaLa mAtannu ‘haLagannaDa’ vendu kareyuva kramavide. Adhunika barahada kannaDakkU I janara mAtigU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLu sumAru ondu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hindina pampa-rannara kAlada kannaDavannu nenapige taruvudE idakke kAraNa virabEku.
Adare, atyAdhunika kAladallE rUDhiyalliruva pracalita bhAShArUpa vondannu I rIti ‘haLe’ya kAladdendu kareyuvudaralli SAstrIya vAdantaha avcityavEnAdarU ideyE embudannu vicArisuvudu avaSya.
parivartaneya phala
kAladinda kAlakke bhAShegaLu badalAguttA hOguvuvembudannu ellarU ballaru. haLegannaDaviddaddu naDugannaDavAgiruvudu, mattu naDugannaDa viddaddu hosagannaDavAgiruvudu idakkondu uttama udAharaNe. I rIti parivartanegoLLuvAga, bhASheyalliruva padagaLa uccAraNeyalli halavAru vyatyAsagaLu tOribaruttave. idallade, A bhASheya padagaLalli kelavu rUDhiyinda biddu hOguttave, mattu avugaLa sthAnadalli hosa hosa padagaLu nirmANagonDu rUDhige baruttave. nerehoreya bhAShe gaLindalU padagaLu eravalAgi bandu I bhASheyalli sErikoLLuttave.
hIge bEre bEre rItiyalli unTAguva badalAvaNegaLu ondu pradESadalli naDeda hAge innondu pradESadalli naDeyuvudilla, ondu jAtiyalli naDeda hAge innondu jAtiyalli naDeyuvudilla, ondu pangaDadalli naDeda hAge innondu pangaDadalli naDeyuvudilla. idarindAgi, Urininda Urige, jAtiyinda jAtige, mattu pangaDa dinda pangaDakke ADumAtinalli vyatyAsagaLu mUDibaruttave.
haLegannaDada kAladinda hosagannaDada kAlakke barabEkAdare, intaha halavAru badalAvaNegaLannu dATikonDu barabEku. I badalAvaNe gaLalli kelavu iDI kannaDa nADannE vyApisikonDantahavugaLu. innu kelavu kannaDa nADininda horage bEre bhAShegaLigU habbidavugaLu. bEre
kelavu kannaDanADinoLage ondu pradESa, jAti illavE pangaDakke mAtravE sambandhisiruvavugaLu.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDa padagaLa Adiyalli baruva pakAravu sumAru hattaneya SatamAnadalli hakAravAgi parivartitavAyitu. I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavAgi, haLegannaDada pAl indu hAlu endAgide, pattu embudu hattu endAgide, pOgu embudu hOgu endAgide, peN embudu heNNu endAgide.
idE rItiyalli, haLegannaDadallidda a-La bhEda mattu a-ra bhEdagaLu hosagannaDadalli illavAgive. Adare, ivugaLalli a-ra bhEda kannaDada ellA prabhEdagaLallU naShTavAgilla. soligaru mattu baDagaru baLasuva kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli I bhEda indigU uLidukonDide.
karAvaLiyalli naDeyada badalAvaNegaLu
karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli mEle hELiruva badalAvaNegaLella naDediveyAdarU, bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDedilla. udAharaNe gAgi, kannaDada eraDu laghu akSharagaLiruva padagaLa modalaneya akShara dalli baruva ekAra mattu okAragaLu, eraDaneya akSharadalli i illavE u iddAga, anukramavAgi ikAra mattu ukAragaLAgi kannaDada heccina prabhEdagaLallU badalAgive.
I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavAgi, hinde keDi endidda pada Iga kiDi endAgide; beLe endiddudu biLiyAgide; kodi endiddudu kudi yAgide, mattu sori endiddudu suriyAgide.
I badalAvaNe sumAru hattanE SatamAnada hottige naDedira bEkendu vAdisalu SAsanagaLa AdhAravide. adakke hindina enTu- ombattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli edir ‘idiru’, pogu ‘pugu > hugu’, tolu ‘dana’, periya ‘hiriya’ modalAda padarUpagaLu kANa siguttiddu, avu I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuttilla.
I badalAvaNe karAvaLiya havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa, modalAda kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU naDedilla. udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli hosa gannaDada biLi emba pada beLe endide, suli embudu soli endide, uLi embudu baLi endide, mattu kuNi embudu koNi endide. karAvaLiya itara kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU hIgeyE.
haLegannaDada eraDu rItiya padagaLallidda anusvAra hosagannaDada eraDu bageya padagaLalli mAyavAgide. dAnTu embudu dATu endAdudu, nAnTu embudu nATu endAdudu, illavE nUnku embudu nUku endAdudu I badalAvaNegaLalli modalaneyadu; mattu avunku embudu avuku endAdudu, tuLunku embudu tuLuku endAdudu, kalinku embudu kaliku endAdudu, illavE kADinge embudu kADige endAdudu eraDaneyadu.
karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLallU anusvAra lOpagonDilla. udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli dAnTu, nUnku, kalinku, murunTu, kADinge modalAda padagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu rUDhiyallive.
karAvaLiyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu
intaha innU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu hosagannaDadalli, endare ivattina barahada kannaDadalli naDediddu, karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLAda havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAdavugaLalli naDedilla. hIgenda mAtrakke, A prabhEdagaLu ‘haLeya’vendEnU siddhavAguvudilla. barahada kannaDada hAge, mattu mElina badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuva kannaDada itara prabhEdagaLa hAge, I karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLU ivattu baLakeya lliruvantaha ‘hosa’gannaDagaLE.
idallade, bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLalli naDediddu, barahada kannaDadalli mattu itara kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli naDedilla. udAharaNegAgi, padAdiya cakAra, jakAra, mattu gakAragaLa anantara baruva akAravu havyakada halavu padagaLalli ekAravAgide, Adare barahada kannaDadalli idu badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide.
I badalAvaNeya phalavAgi, hosagannaDada cappara embudu havyaka dalli ceppara embudAgi kANisuttade, jari embudu jeri embudAgi kANisuttade, mattu gadde embudu gedde embudAgi kANisuttade.
mUrakSharada padagaLalli modalinaveraDu laghuvAgiruvAga mUranE akShara dvitvavAguvudu havyakadalli kANisuva, mattu barahada kannaDadalli kANisadiruva innondu badalAvaNe. idarindAgi, barahada kannaDada huDuku emba pada havyakadalli huDukku embudAgiyU, orate emba pada oratte embudAgiyU, mattu hurupu emba pada huruppu embudAgiyU kANisuttade.
bahuvacanada pratyaya
I rIti kannaDada bEre bEre prabhEdagaLu avu tOrisuva badalAvaNe gaLa maTTige bEre bErAgive. Adare, ivannAdharisi I prabhEdagaLannu hosatu-haLatendu vingaDisuvudu mAtra sariyalla. havyakavu ‘haLe gannaDa’vendu adannu kELuvavarige anisuvudakke bahuvacana pratyaya dalli naDeda (mattu naDeyadiruva) badalAvaNegaLu ondu mukhya kAraNavennabahudu. I pratyaya haLegannaDadalli akArAnta padagaLa munde ೦gaL endittu. mara-marangaL, dESa, dESangaL moda lAda padarUpagaLalli I pratyayada prayOgavannu kANabahudu.
Adhunika barahada kannaDadalli idara sonne mAyavAgi (mattu koneya vyanjanakke ukAra sEri) maragaLu, dESagaLu embantaha rUpagaLu siddhavAgive. idakke badalAgi, havyakadalli sonne uLidu konDide, Adare LakAra mAyavAgide, mattu gakArada anantara baruva akAra okAravAgi badalAgide. idarindAgi havyakadalli marango, dESango embantaha rUpagaLu siddisive.
illi gamanisabEkAda viShayavEnendare, Adhunika barahada kannaDa (illavE ‘hosagannaDa’) mattu Adhunika havyaka kannaDa - iveraDarallU badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. Adare, ondaralli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu innondaralli naDedilla. averaDarallU bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLu naDedive aShTe.
hosagannaDavannu kELi abhyAsavAdavarige havyaka kannaDada bahuvacana rUpadalli kANisuva sonneyannu kELidAga adu haLegannaDavira bahudemba bhrame mUDuttade. Adare, baraha kannaDadalliruva mattu havyaka kannaDadalli illadiruva LakAra baraha kannaDa haLeyadirabEkemba bhrameyannu yAkO mUDisuttilla. baraha kannaDavannu modaligEnE ‘hosa’gannaDavendu parigaNisiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
itara prabhEdagaLu
kannaDada itara prabhEdagaLannu gamanisidevAdare, avugaLallU idE rIti kelavu badalAvaNegaLu heccige kANisuttave, mattu bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, maysUrina kelavu prabhEdagaLalli padAdiya hakAragaLella biddu hOgive. hakki emba pada akki endAgide, hAlu emba pada Alu endAgide, hELi emba pada ELi endAgide.
ekArAntavAda dhAtugaLella I kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli ikArAnta gaLAgive. bare, age, kare modalAdavugaLu idarindAgi bari, agi, kari endAgive. Adare I kAraNakkAgi, maysUrina I prabhEdakkinta itara prabhEdagaLu ‘haLeya’vendu yArU vAdisuvudilla.
padagaLa aLivu-uLivu
haLegannaDadallidda padagaLallU kelavu ondu prabhEdadalli uLidira bahudu, mattu innondaralli aLidirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLe gannaDadallidda abbe (tAyi), kiccu (benki), pacce (hasiru) modalAda padagaLu havyakadalli uLidive, mattu itara kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli aLidive.
Adare, bEre kelavu padagaLu (udA: uguLu, teru, nOyu, modalAdavugaLu) havyakadalli aLidive, mattu itara prabhEdagaLalli uLidive. idarindAgi havyaka kannaDa ondu bhinnavAda prabhEdavendu siddha vAguttadeyallade haLeyadendEnU siddavAguvudilla.
ondE bhASheyannADuva eraDu samAjagaLu eShTu samaya mattu eShTu dUra ondarindondu bErAgiruttaveyO aShTaramaTTige avugaLoLagina bhAShAvyatyAsavU heccuttade. karAvaLiya kannaDigaru uLida kannaDigarinda bErpaTTu sAvirakkintalU heccu varShagaLu kaLedira bEkAddarinda, mattu I eraDu pradESagaLannu durgamavAda paScima ghaTTagaLu bErpaDisuttidduvAddarinda, I eraDu pangaDagaLa nuDigaLu bhinnabhinnavAgi beLedu bandive. idaralli haLetana-hosatanagaLa praSneyilla.
೧.೪ bhAShA svAtantrya
konkaNi marAThiya prabhEdavE, athavA adakkinta bhinnavAda mattu svatantravAda bhASheyE embudondu bahaLa maTTige kAvErisuva praSne. bahaLa mandi idakke ‘koneya’ uttaravannu koDalu prayatnapaTTiruva rAdarU I praSneyinnU praSneyAgiyE uLidide. mukhyavAgi rAja kAraNigaLa maTTadallE naDediruva I vAda vivAdagaLeDeyalli halavAru tarka vitarkagaLu mEleddive. ivugaLalli prastuta viShayakke svalpavU sambandhavilladantaha vAdagaLE jAstiyAgiruvudarinda, avu ‘kAva’ nnallade bErEnannU huTTisalAravu.
lipiya bele
udAharaNegAgi, konkaNige tannadE Ada ondu lipiyillavAdudarinda, adannu svatantravAda bhASheyendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavillavendu vAdisuva mandi halavariddAre. karnATakadalli idannu kannaDa lipiyalli bareyuttAre, gOvAdalli dEvanAgari illavE rOman lipiyalli bareyuttAre, mattu kEraLadalli malayALa lipiyalli bareyuttAre.
Adare, ivara I tarkavannu oppikoLLalu sAdhyavideyAdare, samskxta mattu hindI bhAShegaLigiruva lipiginta bhinnavAda mattu tannadE ennisikoLLabahudAda lipi marAThigU illavAdudarinda, adannU ondu svatantra bhASheyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. maNipuri bhASheyannu bangAli lipiyayalli bareyalAguttade, mattu sindhi bhASheyannu dEvanAgari, parsO-arEbik mattu rOman lipigaLalli bareya lAguttade.
nijakkU nammalli bahaLa mandi bhAShe mattu lipigaLoLagiruva sambandhavannu sariyAgi artha mADikonDantilla. manuShyanigondu phoTo iruva hAge bhAShegondu lipi. phoTo tegesikoLLalillavemba ondu kAraNakke mAtravE manuShyanobbana svAtantryakke illavE astitvakke hEge dhakke baruvudillavO hAgeyE tannadE Ada lipiyillavemba kAraNa mAtradinda bhASheyondara yOgyatege cyuti baruvudilla.
allade, jagattina lipigaLella mUrO nAlkO mUla lipigaLinda beLedubandavugaLAddarinda, heccina bhAShegaLU avu baLasuttiruva lipi gaLannu ondalla ondu kAladalli bEre yAvudAdarondu bhASheyinda eravalAgi paDedukonDiddiralE bEku. bhAratada lipigaLalli heccinavU aSOkana kAlada brAhmI lipiyinda beLedu bandavugaLendu vidvAmsara abhiprAyavide.
sAhitya mattu bhAShe
konkaNige niScitavAdondu sAhitya parampareyillavAddarinda adannu svatantravAdondu bhASheyendu kareyalu sAdhyavillavendu vAdisuva mandiyU kelavariddAre. Adare, I vAdavannu munde taruvavaru bhASheya atI mukhyavAda kAryavEnembudannE maretantide. dinanityada jIvanadalli obbana manassinalliruva ingitavannu innobbanige tiLisi hELalu sAdhakavAgiruvantahadE bhAShe. adannu baLasuttiruvavaru ibba rirali, eraDu kOTi janarirali, sAhajavAgi beLedu bandiruva bhAShe
gaLellavU I kAryavannu txptikaravAgi naDesaballuvu. I viShayadalli samskxta mattu asamskxta janara bhAShegaLoLage yAva vyatyAsavU illa.
sAhitya racaneyembudu bhAShegiruva amukhyavAda baLakegaLalli ondu mAtra. manuShyanu tanna kaykAlugaLannu naDeyuvudu, uNNu vudu, modalAda jIvanAvaSyaka kelasagaLige mAtravallade, kuNiyu vudu, abhinayisuvudu modalAda kalAtmaka kAryagaLallU baLasikoLLa ballanu.
hIgeyE, tanna bhASheyannU dinanityada vyavahAragaLalli mAtravallade kate kaTTuvudu, kavite racisuvudu modalAda kalAtmaka kAryagaLallU baLasikoLLaballanu. yAvudE ondu bhASheyalli intaha kalAtmaka kxti gaLu racitavAgiveyE, athavA illavE embudu avannu racisaballa vyaktigaLannu avalambisideyallade, avaru baLasuva bhASheyannalla. pratibhAvantanAda vyakti yAva bhASheyannu kayge tegedukonDarU adaralli mEru kxtigaLannu racisaballanu.
hAgAgi, bariya prabhEdavendu kareyabEkE, illavE svatantravAda bhASheyendu parigaNisabEkE emba I praSnege uttara koDalu yAva bhASheyallU AntarikavAda purAvegaLu sigalAravu. rAjakIya, sAmAjika illavE cAritrika kAraNagaLindAgi bEre bEre bhAShA prabhEdagaLige bEre bEre rItiya mahatva labhisuttade.
hIge labhisida mahatvadindAgi, hosa hosa sannivESagaLalli prayukta vAguvantaha sandarbhagaLu avugaLige baruttave. Adare, hIge viSiShTa vAda kAryagaLalli prayuktavAgiveyAddarinda A bhAShegaLallEnO vaySiShTyavirabEkendu vAdisuvudakke mAtra antaha bhAShegaLa abhyAsa dinda iduvarege yAva AdhAravU doretilla.
vyatyAsada parimANa
eraDu prabhEdagaLannu ondu bhASheya prabhEdagaLendu parigaNisuva badalu, bEre bEre bhAShegaLendu kareyalu avu eShTara maTTige bhinna vAgirabEku embudu innondu praSne. idakkU kUDa, rAjakIya illavE sAmAjika AdhAragaLa mEle uttara koDalu sAdhyavideyallade, bhAShAviShayaka AdhAragaLa mEle uttara koDalu sAdhyavAgadu.
udAharaNegAgi, hindi mattu urdugaLoLagina vyatyAsavannu gamanisabahudu. kelavu viSiShTavAda padagaLannu biTTare, iveraDaroLage
bhAShAviShayakavAda vyatyAsagaLEnU illa. AdarU rAjakIya mattu sAmAjika kAraNagaLindAgi, mattu I eraDu bhAShegaLige bhinna bhinnavAda lipigaLiveyembudakkAgi, avannu bEre bEre bhAShegaLendu parigaNisa lAgide.
idakke vyatiriktavAgi, caynIs bhASheya prabhEdagaLAda mandArin, kanTonIs modalAdavugaLa naDuve bahaLaShTu antaravide. avugaLalli ondannu mAtanADuvavarige innondannu kELidAga svalpavU artha vAgadu. AdarU avannella ondE bhASheya prabhEdagaLendu parigaNisa lAguttide. idakke rAjakIya mattu lipi viShayaka AdhAragaLu mAtra kAraNavallade, bhAShA viShayaka AdhAragaLalla.
cAritrika sambandha
konkaNi mattu marAThigaLoLage atyanta nikaTavAda cAritrika sambandha vide. averaDU ondE mUladinda eraDu kavalugaLAgi oDedu bandavugaLu. Adare, intaha cAritrika sambandhada AdhArada mEle avu bhinna bhinna bhAShegaLallavendu vAdisalu baruvudilla.
yAkendare, intahadE nikaTa sambandha bangAli mattu oDiyAgaLa naDuve ide, tamiLu mattu malayALagaLa naDuveyU ide. Adare, ivannu ondE bhASheya prabhEdagaLendu yArU vAdisuvudilla. illi nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, eraDu samAjagaLalli baLakeyalliruva mAtugaLu ondE nuDiya prabhEdagaLendu hELalu avugaLa naDuve cAritrika sambandhaviralEbEku, endare averaDU ondE nuDiyinda beLedubandirabEku. idallade, avu tumbA hattiravU irabEku; Adare, mEle sUcisida hAge, eShTu hattira irabEku emba praSnege sariyAda uttara koDuvudu kaShTa.
prabhEdagaLa yOgyate
nijakkU konkaNi svatantra bhASheyE athavA marAThiya prabhEdavE emba praSneya uttara konkaNiyannADuva konkaNigara kayyallide. tAvu maneyallADuva mAtu sAhityaka bhASheyAgi virAjisabEkemba AkAnkShe avarallideyAdare, avarE adannu A sthAnakke Erisaballaru.
idakke sAdhakavAgaballantaha Sakti illavE yOgyate konkaNigilla vendu yArAdarU hELuvudiddare mAtra, antaha vAdavannu vayjYAnika
vAgiyE khanDisabahudu. yAkendare, sAhajavAgi talemArininda talemArige sAgi bandiruva ellA bhAShe mattu bhAShAprabhEdagaLigU intaha Antarika Sakti iddE iruttade. I viShayadalli bhAShegaLoLage kILumElilla. A Saktiyannu baLasi, uttamavAda sAhityaka kxtigaLannu A bhASheyalli racisuvavaru adannADuva samAjadalli huTTi bandare sAku.
bhAShegaLa caritreyalli I abhiprAyakke sAkaShTu nidarSanagaLU doreyuttave. ondu kAladalli bariya hengasara mattu keLagina starada janara bhASheyendu parigaNitavAgidda pAli mattu prAkxtagaLu bavddhara mattu jaynara kayyalli kAvyagaLa racanegU SAstragaLa carcegU yOgya venisuva nuDigaLAduvu.
avugaLindalE beLedu bandiruva bangAli, marAThi, hindi modalA davugaLu ravIndranAtha, tuLasIdAsa modalAdavarindAgi indina sAhityaka bhAShegaLAgive. ondu kAladalli lyATin, phrencgaLinda tuLisi konDu, bahaLa hInAya sthitiyallidda ingliSh bhAShe indu antarAShTrIya bhASheyeniside. ivellA nidarSanagaLU bhAShegaLannu kILu -mElendu, svatantra-asvatantragaLendu vibhajisalu avugaLalli Antarika vAda AdhAragaLEnU dorakalAravu embudannu spaShTamADikoDuttave.
೧.೫ bhASheyu tarkabaddhavEnu?
kannaDadalli mUru kAlagaLu, mUru vacanagaLu, enTu vibhaktigaLu endella iveyendu varNisuttiruva namma vayyAkaraNigaLu bhAShegaLella tarkabaddhavAgi iruttave, illavE irabEku emba bhAvaneyanniTTu konDantide. avaru mADida I tappinindAgi, vyAkaraNavembudu kannaDa dalli kabbiNada kaDaleyAgide. kannaDadallillada enTu vibhaktigaLannu ive yendu yArE hELali, kaliyuvudu asAdhya tAnE?
karNATakadalli mAtravalla, jagattina itara bhAgagaLallU vayyAkaraNi gaLu I rItiya tappannu padE padE mADutta bandiddAre.
kAlabhEda
kAlavembudu bhUta, vartamAna mattu bhaviShyat embudAgi mUru vidhavendu vAdisabahudu. Adare, kAlada I vibhajane namma mAtige sambandhisidudu: ondu ghaTaneyu adannu mAtina mUlaka tiLisi
hELuva samayadalli naDeyuttideyAdare adara kAla vartamAna; A samayakkinta hindeyE adu naDedu hOgideyAdare adara kAla bhUta; mattu adu A samayada anantara naDeyuvantahadAdare adara kAla bhaviShyat. kAlavannu yAva rItiyallE Agali vibhajisabEkiddalli, adakke I rIti ghaTaneyondara AdhAra bEkAguttade.
Adare I rIti mAtige sambandhisidante vingaDisi hELabahudAda kAlabhEdavannu ellA bhAShegaLU ondE rItiyAgi avugaLa kriyA rUpagaLalli kANisabEkemba niyamavEnilla. kelavu bhAShegaLu avugaLa kriyArUpagaLalli kAlabhEdavannE tOrisuvudilla. namma dESada uttara kkiruva maynmArna barmIs bhAShe intahadu. namma dESadallEnE nAgAlEnDina kelavu bhAShegaLallU (udA: khEjO bhAShe) kAlabhEda vannu tOrisuva kriyArUpagaLilla.
barmIs bhASheya kriyApadagaLalli avu tiLisuva ghaTaneya kAla bhEdavannu sUcisuva badalu, avugaLa nayjateya kuritu mAtanADu vavana anisikeyannu sUcisuttade. ondu ghaTane naDeyuvudu illavE naDediruvudu nijavembudu Atana anisikeyAdare kriyApadada ondu rUpavannu baLasalAguttade, mattu nijavallavembudu Atana anisikeyAdare illavE A viShayadalli Atanige samSayavideyAdare innondu rUpavannu baLasalAguttade.
kriyApadagaLalli kAlabhEdavannu tOrisuva bhAShegaLU bEre bEre bageyalli adannu tOrisaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, antaha kelavu bhAShegaLalli kShaNika ghaTanegaLannu tiLisuva kriyApadagaLige vartamAna rUpagaLiruvudilla.
kannaDadalli iru emba ondu kriyApadakke mAtra mUru kAlarUpagaLive (iddAne, iruttAne mattu idda); Adare, kuDi, tinnu, bILu, ODu modalAda uLida ellA kriyApadagaLigU eraDu kAlarUpagaLu mAtra ive (kuDiyuttAne, kuDida; bILuttAne, bidda). bILuvanu embantaha mUraneya rUpavU ideyendu vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli baredirabahudu (idakkanuguNavAgi iru emba kriyApadakke iruvanu emba nAlkaneya rUpavannU koDabahudu); Adare, I heccina rUpa kannaDadalli ondu heccina kAlarUpavAgi baLakeyAguttilla.
lingabhEda
prakxtiyalli lingavu pullinga, strIlinga, mattu napumsakalingavembudAgi mUru vidhavAgideyendu vAdisabahudu. Adare idu bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bEre rItigaLalli vyaktavAguttade. avugaLalli kANisuva lingabhEdakkU prakxtiyalliruva lingabhEdakkU yAva sambandhavU illadiralu sAdhyavembudakke hindi, samskxta modalAda bhAShegaLu uttama udAharaNegaLu.
bhAShegaLalli kANisuva lingabhEdagaLu sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLa vibhajanege sambandhisidavugaLu. ivugaLa sankhye mUrakkinta kaDimeyU irabahudu, illavE jAstiyU irabahudu. banTU kuTumbakke sErida Aphrikada kelavu bhAShegaLalli nAmapadagaLu ippattakkintalU heccu ‘linga bhEda’gaLannu tOrisuttave.
sarvanAmadalli vaySiShTya
namage paricitavAgiruva bhAShegaLallella uttama, madhyama, mattu prathama embudAgi mUru puruShabhEdagaLive. mAtanADuvavanu, mAtannu kELuvavanu, mattu itararu embudAgi mAtige sambandhisi dante mUvaru vyaktigaLannu sUcisuva I puruSha bhEda tarkabaddhavAdu dendu namagEnO anisabahudu. Adare idakkinta heccina vayvidhyate yannu tOrisuva bhAShegaLU kelavive.
algonkiyan kuTumbakke sErida amerikAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli nAlkaneyadondu puruShavide. ‘avanu avana (innobbana) tandeyannu kareda’ embantaha vAkyagaLalli baruva eraDu ‘avanu’gaLannu I bhAShe gaLalli baruva eraDu prathama puruShagaLu pratyEkisuttave.
kannaDadalli nAvu emba padavannu ‘nAvu mAtra’, ‘nAvu mattu avaru’, ‘nAvu mattu nIvu’, ‘nAvu, nIvu, avaru, ellarU’ modalAda halavu bageya arthagaLalli baLasabahudu.
dakShiNa kannaDada havyakara mAtinalli nAvu emba padavannu ivu gaLalli koneya eraDu arthagaLalli mAtra baLasalAguttade; ‘nAvu mAtra’ illavE ‘nAvu mattu avaru mAtra’ embarthadalli engo emba bErondu sarvanAmavannu baLasalAguttade. intahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDadallU ittu.
munDa kuTumbakke sErida bihArina santAli emba bhASheyalli puruSha mattu vacanagaLa vyavasthe innaShTu kliShTavAgide. adaralli Ekavacana, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLembudAgi mUru vacanagaLiddu, dvivacana dalli nAvibbaru, endare ‘nAnu mattu avanu’, ‘nAnu mattu nInu’, ‘nIvibbaru’, ‘avaribbaru’ embavannella bEre bEre sarvanAmagaLa nnupayOgisi tiLisabahudu. bahuvacanadallU ‘ninnannuLidu nAvu mAtra’, ‘nAvella’, ‘nIvella’, ‘avarella’ endella pratyEka pratyEkavAgi tiLisabahudu.
nAlku vacanagaLu
vacanagaLa sankhyeyAdarU hIgeyE. mUru vacanagaLiruvudarinda samskxtakkondu vaySiShTya baruvudilla; eraDE iruvudarinda kannaDakke kundU baruvudilla.
linnATOn dvIpadalli vAsisuva kADujanara bhASheyalli Ekavacana, dvivacana, trivacana mattu bahuvacana embudAgi nAlku vacanagaLive. phijiyan bhASheyalli halavaru embudannu sUcisuva bahuvacana vallade, kelavaru embudannu sUcisuva innondu vacanavU ide.
idakke viruddhavAgi, mEksikOda tarahumara bhASheyalli Ekavacana mattu bahuvacana emba bhEdavU kANisuvudilla. adaralli iruvudu ondE vacana. bahutvavannu sUcisabEkAdAgalella I bhASheyannADuva janaru sankhyeyannupayOgisuttAre.
gaNanA paddhati
nammalli baLakeyalliruva daSamAmSa paddhatiyu atyanta tarkabaddhavAda gaNanApaddhatiyendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaDuttAre. I abhiprAyadalli tappEnU illa. Adare idakke namma bhAShegaLu sankhyegaLalli daSamAmSa paddhatiyannu baLasuttiruvudE kAraNavembudannu mareyabAradu.
ondu, eraDu, mUru embudAgi lekka hAkuvAga, nAvu namma bhAShegaLalli I eNikeyannu hattakke nillisi, anantara hannondu, hanneraDu embudAgi mundakke hOguttEve, enTakke nillisi enTondu, enTeraDu endAgalI illavE aydakke nillisi aydondu, ayderaDu endAgalI mundakke hOguva aShTamAmSa illavE
pancamAmSa paddhatiyannu nAvu anusarisuvudilla. hAgAgi, daSamAmSa paddhati namma bhAShegaLa maTTige mAtra tarkabaddhavAdudu.
Adare, bhAShegaLellavU eNikeyalli I rIti daSamAmSa paddhatiyannE anusarisabEkendEnilla. aShTamAmSa paddhatiyannO pancamAmSa paddhati yannU anusarisalU sAdhyavide, mattu intaha bhAShegaLannADuvavarige daSamAmSa gaNanApaddhati tarkabaddavAgalAradu.
udAharaNegAgi, assAmina bODO janAngadavaru tamma bhAShe yalli sankhyegaLannu nAlkakke nillisi anantara nAlkondu, nAlayraDu embudAgi munduvariyuttAre. ivara bhASheyalli hattu ennabEkiddare ‘eraDu nAlkugaLu mattu eraDu’ endu hELabEku.
eraDu niShEdhagaLiddarU niShEdhavE
eraDu niShEdha padagaLannu ondu vAkyadalli prayOgisidevAdare, adakkiruva niShEdhArtha mAyavAgi ide emba artha baruttade emba vAda (udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli illavendilla endare ide emba artha baruttade embudu) namagEnO tarkabaddhavAgi tOrabahudu. Adare phrenc mAtanADuvavanobbana hattira hOgi kELi nODidare, idakke viruddhavAda abhiprAya dorakItu. eraDu niShEdhArthaka pada gaLiddarU vAkyada artha niShEdhavAgiyE uLiyaballudendu Ata vAdisabahudu. yAkendare, phrenc bhASheyalli intaha prayOgagaLu kANasiguttave. tarkabaddhateyembudu bhASheyannavalambideyallade bhAShe adannavalambisilla.
bhASheya svacchandate
jarmaniyavanobba hELidanante, ‘I phrencaru nijakkU tIra vicitra manuShyaru. yAkendare, avaru roTTiyannu DuvE endu kareyu ttAre. idu huccutanavallade mattEnu? yArEnE kareyali, nija vAgiyU adu brOT endu entaha humbanigU gottide’ (jarman bhASheyalli roTTige brOT endu hesaru).
bhASheya svacchandateyannu mElina kate bahaLa sundaravAgi vivarisu ttade. ondu vastuvannu nAvu angi endu kareyuttEve. illi A vastu vigU mattu angi emba padadalli baruva akAra, anusvAra, gakAra illavE ikAragaLigU naDuve nEravAgi yAva tarada sambandhavU illa.
namma hiriyaru A vastuvannu angi endu karedaru, adannu kELi nAvU hAgeyE kareyuttiddEve.
vastuvigU adannu hesarisuva padakkU naDuve sahajavAda sambandha videyAdare, kannaDada angi embudu ingliShnalli SarT AgalAradu, illavE hindiyalli kamIj AgalAradu. pada mattu arthagaLa naDuviruva sambandha I rIti rUDhimUlavAdudu. I rUDhi illavE parampare bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bErAgiruttade.
padagaLannu sErisi vAkyagaLannu mADuva kramavU idE rIti bhAShe yinda bhAShege bEre bErAgiruttade. illU kUDa sAkaShTu vayvidhyatege eDeyiddu, ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNa (endare vAkya racaneya vidhAna) innondu bhASheya vyAkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavide. idaralli ondu sari, innondu tappu illavE ondu innondakkinta uttama endu vAdisuvudendare, mEle jarmaniyavanu phrAnsinavana mAtannu hIgaLedantallade bErEnalla.
೧.೬ vartamAna kAla
kAlavembudu anavaratavAgi sAguttalE iruttade. adannu bEre bEre tuNukugaLAgi oDeyalu, mattu A tuNukugaLannu bEre bEreyendu gurutisalu kAladalli jaraguva ghaTanegaLannu nAvu baLasikoLLabEkAgu ttade. gaDiyArada muLLugaLa calaneyannAdharisi kAlavannu nAvu sekenDu, miniTu mattu ganTegaLAgi oDeyuttEve, mattu gaDiyAradalliruva doDDa muLLu mattu saNNa muLLugaLu yAva ankeya munde nintive embudannAdharisi, intiShTanE ganTeya intiShTanE miniTu embudAgi A tuNukugaLallondannu gurutisuttEve.
idE rItiyalli sUryana calaneyannAdharisi kAlavannu dinagaLAgi mattu dinada bhAgagaLAgi oDeyuttEve mattu A bhAgagaLannu beLagge, madhyAhna, sanje, rAtri ityAdiyAgi gurutisuttEve. idallade, dina gaLannu vAra, tingaLu mattu varShagaLalli jODisuttEve mattu avakke tArIku, vAra, tingaLu mattu isavigaLa hesaru koTTu gurutisuttEve.
kAlavannu I rIti oDedu hesarisuva vidhAna hindina kAladalli UrindUrige bEre bErAgittu. Adare Ivattu nAvella kayge vAcu
kaTTi, gODege kelenDar tUga hAki, prapancadalliruvavarellarU ondE vidhAnavannanusarisuva hAgAgide.
vyAkaraNadalli kAla
Adare, vyAkaraNadalli kANisuva kAlada vibhajane idakkinta tIrA bhinna vAdudu, mattu bhASheyinda bhAShegU bhinnavAgiruvantahadu. ellA bhAShegaLU ondE rItiya kAlavibhajaneyannu baLasidare uttama endu nAvu bhAvisabahudu, Adare, hAge baLasuvante mADalu yArigU sAdhyavAgadu.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, bhASheyannu baLasuvavarige tAvu tamma bhASheyalli kAlada vibhajanegAgi entaha vidhAnavannu baLasuttiruttEve embudE tiLidiruvudilla. adara baLake avara arivige eTakada rUpadalli naDeyuttiruttade. vayyAkaraNigaLu tAvu varNisuva bhASheyalli kAlada baLake hEgide embudannu pariSIlisuva mUlaka tiLiyaballarAdarU, avarU adannu tamma arivige eTakada rUpadallEnE baLasabEkAguttade.
kannaDada eraDu vidhAnagaLu
kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, nAvu kAlada vibhajanegAgi eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu anusarisuttEve. ivugaLalli modalaneya vidhAnada mUlaka nAvu ondu ghaTaneya kAla yAvudembudannu sUcisuttEve, mattu innondu vidhAnada mUlaka eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve kAlada maTTige entaha sambandhavideyembudannu tiLisuttEve.
ondu ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayakkinta modalu naDe dirabahudu illavE adara anantara naDeyalirabahudu. I vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDada kriyApadagaLigella eraDeraDu kAlarUpagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, ‘rAju pETege hOgu’va ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayakkinta modalE naDedideyAdare, adannu sUcisalu hOda emba rUpavide mattu anantara naDeyaliruvudAdare hOgu ttAne emba rUpavide.
eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve mUru rItiya sambandhagaLiraballuvu: ondu ghaTane innondu ghaTaneya modalu naDedirabahudu, anantara naDedirabahudu, illavE averaDU oTTige ondE kAladalli naDediraba hudu (athavA naDeyalirabahudu). idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi eraDu
ghaTanegaLalli modalaneyadannu sUcisuva kriyApadakke kannaDadalli mUru rUpagaLive.
udAharaNegAgi, ‘tinDi tinnuva’ ghaTane mattu ‘manege hOguva’ ghaTanegaLa naDuviruva I mUru rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi avugaLalli modalinadannu sUcisuva kriyApadavannu mUru bEre bEre rUpagaLalli baLasaballevu:
- (೧) jAnaki tinDi tindu manege hOguttALe.
- (೨) jAnaki tinDi tinnuttA manege hOguttALe.
- (೩) jAnaki tinDi tinnalu manege hOguttALe.
mElina vAkyagaLalli ‘tinDi tinnuva’ ghaTaneyannu tindu, tinnuttA mattu tinnalu emba mUru kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.
kannaDadalli I rIti ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva ellA kriyApadagaLigU kAlavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi eraDu pUrNa rUpagaLive mattu mUru apUrNa rUpagaLive. pUrNarUpagaLa mUlaka ondu ghaTaneya samayavannu adannu varadi mADuva samayakke sambandhisidante sUcisu tEve, mattu apUrNa rUpagaLa mUlaka samayada maTTige eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuviruva sambandhavemhadu embudannu sUcisuttEve. ivu samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva eraDu vidhAnagaLu.
iru kriyApadada vaySiShTya
iru emba ondu kriyApadakke mAtra kannaDadalli (idda, iruttAne mattu iddAne embudAgi) mUru bEre bEre kAlagaLannu sUcisuva pUrNarUpagaLive. ivu varadi mADuva samayakkinta modalu, adara anantara, mattu adE samayagaLalli kANisuva iruvikegaLannu sUcisu ttave.
iru embudu ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva badalu ‘iruvike’ emba ondu sthitiyannu sUcisuttiruvudE adakke I rIti mUru pUrNarUpagaLiruvudakke kAraNavirabEku. (idallade, itara kriyApada gaLa hAge iru embudakkU iddu, iruttA mattu iralu embudAgi mUru apUrNa rUpagaLive).
vartamAna kAla
ondu ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayadallEnE naDeyuttide embudannu sUcisalu kannaDadalli viSiShTavAda ‘vartamAna’ kAlada kriyA rUpavilla. hAgAgi, I arthavannu sUcisabEkAdAga nAvu ondu ghaTanegU adara iruvikegU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvantaha baLasudAriyannu hiDiyabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, ‘rAju hOguva’ ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayadallEnE naDeyuttide embudannu sUcisabEkiddalli rAju hOguttA iddAne (illavE hOguttiddAne) embudAgi hOgu vikegU iruvikegU naDuviruva sambandha ondE kAladdu (mattu A iruvike Iginadu) embudAgi apUrNarUpa mattu pUrNarUpagaLa jODiyannu baLasabEkAgide.
kAlabhEda tOrisada padagaLu
bal mattu Ar emba eraDu kriyApadagaLige kannaDadalli kAlavannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu (mADaballe, hOga lAre, modalAda prayOgagaLalli avugaLa munde kAlapratyaya bandilla embudannu gamanisabahudu). ivu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva badalu, ghaTaneyalli toDagalu vyaktiyobbanigiruva (athavA illadiruva) ‘sAmarthya’vannu sUcisuttave. ivakke nEravAgi kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuva Saktiyilla. hAge sUcisabEkAdalli, mADaballavanAgidde, mADaballavanAguttEne embantaha prayOgagaLalli kANisuva hAge, baLasudAriyannu hiDiyabEkAguttade.
mUru kAlagaLu
kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLallella sAmAnyavAgi bhUta, vartamAna mattu bhaviShyat embudAgi mUru kAlagaLiveyendu, mattu ivannu sUci suvudakkAgi kannaDadalli banda, baruttAne mattu baruvanu embantaha mUru kriyArUpagaLiveyendu hELuvudu rUDhi.
Adare I mUru kriyArUpagaLalli baruvanu embantaha rUpa gaLannu kannaDada kelavu barahagAraru mAtra baLasuttiddAre; mattu hAge baLasiruvallU avakke baruttAne embantaha rUpagaLa arthavE iruva hAge kANisuttade.
haLegannaDadallU ‘vartamAna’ rUpavembudAgi vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva mADidapam, ettidapam embantaha rUpagaLu hosagannaDada mADuttA iddAne (mADuttiddAne), ettuttA iddAne emba rUpagaLa hAge, mEle vivarisida eraDu vidhAnagaLa sErikeyinda (endare apUrNa mattu pUrNa kriyArUpagaLa sErikeyinda) tayArAda rUpagaLallade, ondE vidhAnadalli tayArAda (ondE kriyA padada) rUpagaLalla.
udAharaNegAgi, mADidapam embudaralli mADida emba apUrNa kriyArUpada mUlaka mADuva ghaTanegU Aguva ghaTanegU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisalAgide, mattu apam (appam) emba bErondu kriyApadada pUrNa kriyArUpadada mUlaka Aguva ghaTane naDeyuvudu (endare mADuva ghaTane konegoLLuvudu) varadi mADuva samayada anantara embudannu sUcisalAgide.
idallade, haLegannaDadalli I kriyArUpavannu vartamAnArtha mattu bhaviShyadarthagaLemba eraDu arthagaLallU baLasalAguttittu; udAharaNe gAgi, pampana kAvyagaLalli I kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu gamanisidAga I viShaya spaShTavAguttade (nanna nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu? pustakavannu nODi); haLegannaDada va rUpakkU intahadE baLakeyide; adannU vartamAnArtha mattu bhaviShyadarthagaLemba eraDu arthagaLallU baLasalAguttittu. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada dapa mattu va rUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kAlada vyatyAsavE alla endu hELabEkAgu ttade.
maNipuriyalli kAlabhEda
kAlavannu vibhajisuva vidhAna, mattu adannu kriyApadagaLa mUlaka sUcisuva vidhAna, mEle tiLisida hAge, bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgiruttade. udAharaNegAgi, maNipuri bhASheyalli kAlavannu sUci suvudakkAgi kannaDadalliruva hAge eraDu pUrNa kriyArUpagaLive yAdarU avugaLa baLake kannaDada kriyArUpagaLa baLakeginta bhinnavAgide:
kannaDadalli Iga naDeyuttiruva mattu munde naDeyaliruva ghaTane gaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU, hinde naDedidda ghaTanegaLannu innondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU sUcisalAguttade; Adare, maNipuri bhASheyalli hinde naDedidda mattu Iga naDeyu tiruva ghaTanegaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU,
munde naDeyaliruva ghaTaneyannu bErondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU sUcisalAguttade.
mUru dxShTikOnagaLu
samayavannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLa baLakeyalli bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva ondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, avu ghaTanegaLa samayavannu ondE dxShTikOnadinda pariSIlisuvudilla.
kannaDa, maNipuri, ingliSh modalAda bhAShegaLu varadi mADuva samayakkU ghaTane naDeyuva samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhakke prASastra koDuvuvAdare, samskxta, hindi, marAThi, mAlTIs, hOpi modalAda bhAShegaLu ghaTanegaLa Antarika kAlavyavasthege, endare avu sampUrNavO, asampUrNavO, kShaNikavO, nirantaravO, omme naDedavugaLO, halavu bAri naDedavugaLO embantaha viShayagaLige heccina prASastra koDuttave.
idallade, ghaTaneya yathArthatege (adu nijakkU naDedideyE athavA illavE, naDedideyennalu entaha purAvegaLive mattu adu naDeyuvante mADuva SaktigaLu entahavu embantaha viShayagaLige) prASastra koDuva bhAShegaLU halavive.
udAharaNegAgi barmis bhASheya kriyApadagaLige eraDu rUpa gaLiddu, ivu ghaTane yathArthavE athavA allavE embudannu sUcisu ttave. naDediruva ghaTane mattu naDeyuttiruva ghaTane iveraDannU ondu kriyArUpa sUcisuttade, mattu naDeyaliruva ghaTane mattu naDedira bahudAda (Adare I viShayadalli samSayaviruva) ghaTane iveraDannu eraDaneya rUpa sUcisuttade.
I rIti kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka kAlasambandha illavE kAlavyavasthe yannu sUcisuva badalu, ghaTaneya yathArthateyannu sUcisuva bhAShe gaLU halavive. ‘senekA’dantaha amerikAda uttara irokviyan bhAShe gaLu, ‘munA’dantaha pOlinESiyan bhAShegaLu, ‘kayAradil’nantaha AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLu, ‘manAm’nantaha OSiyAnik bhAShegaLu intahavu. (jAsti vivaragaLige ೧೯೯೯ralli amsTarDAmina jAn benjamins kampeni prakaTisida nanna pustaka The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood emba pustakavannu nODabahudu).
illi ondu viShayavannu nAvu nenapinallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. tArkikaru namma mundirisuva niyamagaLu ellA kAlakkU mattu ellA
pradESagaLigU ondE rItiyalli anvayisuvantaha niyamagaLu. avu ellA bhAShegaLigU samAnavAgi anvayisuttave.
Adare, vyAkaraNada niyamagaLu ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, ondu bhASheya ondu prabhEdakke mAtra anvayisuvantahavugaLu. haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli halavu hosagannaDakke anvayisalAravu, mattu hosagannaDada halavu niyamagaLu hindigAgali, marAThigAgali, samskxta kkAgali anvayisalAravu.
ellA bhAShegaLigU mUru kAlagaLannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyide, hAgAgi, ellA bhAShegaLallU kriyApadagaLige mUru kAlarUpagaLira bEku endu vAdisuvavaru tArkika niyamagaLigU vyAkaraNa niyama gaLigU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisilla embudu spaShTa.
vyAkaraNagaLa maTTigantU intaha niyamagaLannu hAkalu sAdhyavE illa. yAkendare, ghaTanegaLa samayakkU avannu varadi mADuva samayakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu kriyApadagaLa mUlaka nEravAgi sUcisadE iruvantaha (tenseless) halavu bhAShe gaLive. ivu kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka ghaTanegaLa kAlavyavasthe illavE yathArthateyannu mAtravE sUcisuttave.
೧.೭ eNikeyallU vayvidhyavide
lekka hAkuvAga nAvu ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku ityAdiyAgi hattaravarege eNisi, anantara hannondu ‘hattara ondu’, hanneraDu ‘hattara eraDu’, hadimUru ‘hattara mUru’ embudAgi punaH onda rinda surumADuttEve. I rIti namma eNike hattu hattara gumpugaLalli sAguttade.
intaha hattu gumpugaLa doDDa gumpige nUru emba hesaru koDuttEve. hIge sAguva namma eNike hattara paddhatiyadu. (namma ombattu emba padakke mAtra ‘hattarinda ondu kaDime’ emba mUlArthavide.)
ingliSh, hindi, marAThi modalAda halavAru bhAShegaLalli idE hattara paddhati jAriyallide. Adare eNikegaLellavU intahadE hattara paddhatiyalli sAgabEkemba niyamavEnilla. eNikeya gumpugaLannu
hattaralli mADuva badalu idaralli mADabahudu, illavE ippatta rallU mADabahudu.
nAlkara paddhati
assAminalli vAsisuva kasAri janAngadavara boDo (illavE boro) bhASheyalli nAlkara paddhati kANasiguttade. I bhASheyalli ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku embudAgi nAlkara varege lekka hAki, mundakke ondnAlkara ondu (endare aydu), ondnAlkara eraDu (endare Aru), ondnAlkara mUru (endare ELu) mattu eraDAlku (endare enTu) ityAdiyAgi eNike sAguttade. hannondu ennalu I bhASheyalli eraDAlkara mUru ennabEku, hadinAlku ennalu mUrnAlkara eraDu ennabEku, ityAdi.
boDO bhASheyalli aydakkU ondu pada ideyAda kAraNa, I nAlkara paddhatiyalli ippattara varege lekka hAkalu baruttade; adakkinta heccina eNikeyannu naDesalu, adakke hosadondu paddhati bEkAguttade. idakkAgi nammalli nUrara paddhatiyiruvante, bODO bhASheyalli ippattara paddhatiyide.
I paddhatiyante, ippattAru ennalu ‘ondippattu ondnAlkara eraDu’ ennabEku. ‘mUrippattu mUrnAlkara ondu’ endare eppattamUru (೩ x ೨೦) + (೩ x ೪) + ೧ endAguttade. intaha eNike nammadarinda toDakAdudendu namage tOrabahudu, Adare bODO bhASheyalli mAtanADuvavarige nammalliruva hattara paddhatiginta avara nAlkara paddhatiyE lEsendu anisadiradu.
eNisuva vastugaLa sUcane
bODO janara eNikeyalli I vaySiShTya mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu vaySiShTyagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, avarige namma hAge ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku embudAgi bariya ankegaLannu eNisuvudE tiLiyadu. hAge ankegaLannu baLasabEkAgi bandAgalella, avaru yAva rItiya vastugaLanneNisuttiddEve embudannU kaDDAyavAgi tiLisabEku embudAgi avara bhASheyalli ondu vyAkaraNa niyamavide. idu avara bhASheya eNikeyalli tOruva innondu vaySiShTya.
udAharaNegAgi, avaru eNisuttiruvudu haNNu, cenDu, kaNNu modalAda uruTAgiruva padArthagaLannAdare, A eNikeyalli prati salavU tAy emba padavannu sErisikoLLabEku; idara badalu pustaka, kAgada, ele, rekke muntAda cappaTeyAda padArthagaLannu eNisabEkAgi bandAga, gAj emba padavannu sErisikoLLabEku; janarannu lekka hAkuvAga kA emba padavannu sErisabEku, prANigaLannu lekka hAkuvAga mA emba padavannu sErisabEku, ityAdi.
idarante, ondnAlkara ondu endu hELidare I bhASheyalli adakke yAva arthavU illa; hAge avaru hELuvudU illa. ondnAlkara mA ondu endare aydu prANigaLu endAguttade; ondnAlkara tAy ondu endare aydu haNNugaLantaha uruTAda vastugaLu emba artha baruttade; ondnAlkara gAj ondu endare aydu pustakagaLantaha cappaTeyAda vastugaLu endAguttade. ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku modalAda ankegaLigU bODO bhASheyalli kannaDada ankegaLiginta bhinnavAda sE, nay, tAm, ba modalAda padagaLive endu bEre hELabEkAgillavaShTe
lekka hAkuvAga I rIti vastugaLa svarUpavannu sUkShmavAgi tiLisi hELuva krama bODO bhASheyalli mAtravallade, namma dESada uttara mattu ISAnya gaDi pradESagaLalli vAsisuva bEreyU halavAru girijanara bhAShegaLalli baLakeyallide. I janara samparkadindAgi intaha krama inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLAda assAmi, bihAri modalAdavu gaLallU baLakege bandive. bihArina rAjamahAl parvata SrENigaLalli vAsisuva namma ‘dAyAdi’gaLAda mAlTO janara mAtinallU I vaySiShTya kanDubaruttideyendu vidvAmsaru varadimADiddAre.
kriyApadagaLa vaySiShTya
bODO bhASheyannADuva kasAri janAngadavaru tamma bhASheya itara vibhAgagaLallU idE rItiya halavAru vaySiShTyagaLannu paDediddAre. vastugaLannu cappaTeyAdavugaLu, uruTAdavugaLu, kOlinantiruvavu gaLu, haggadantiruvavugaLu ityAdiyAgi sUcisade avarige A vastu gaLannu lekkahAkalu hEge sAdhyavAguvudillavO hAgeyE kriyApada gaLannu baLasuvAgalU kriyegaLalli kANisuva sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisade avarige avara bhASheyalli mAtanADalu bAradu.
nammalli tinnu, endiruva ondE ondu kriyApadakke samanAgi I bhASheyalli innUrayvattu kriyArUpagaLive: entaha vastuvannu tinnu tEve, hEge tinnuttEve, eShTu tinnuttEve, yAroDane tinnuttEve, modalAda vividha viShayagaLiganusAravAgi, avaru ArisikoLLabEkAda kriyArUpa vyatyAsagoLLuttade. kattaleyalli tinnuvudu ennuvudakke ondu rUpavide, kaddu tinnuvudu ennuvudakke innondu rUpavide, maDaci tinnuvudu ennuvudakke mattondu rUpavide, tUtu mADi tinnuvudu ennuvudakke innondu rUpavide.
bhASheyu manuShyana AlOcanAkramavannE tanna kayhiDitadalli iTTu koLLuvudendu kelavaru vAdisuttAre. suttalU kaNNige kANisuva jagattE I bhASheganuguNavAgi bhinna bhinnavAgi tOruvudendU ivara vAdavide. I vAda nijavAdare, bODO janara jagattigU kannaDigara jagattigU naDuve bahaLaShTu vyatyAsavideyenda hAgAyitu. idu nijavAdare, bhinna bhinnavAda halavAru bhAShegaLannu abhyasisuvudara mUlaka namma jagattannu innaShTu vyApaka mattu vayvidhyayuktavannAgi mADalu sAdhya vAdItallavE?