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adhyAya ೧೦ — tOrUpadagaLu
i- mattu A- Adharadinda nirmitavAda tOrUpadagaLannu (ivanu, avaLu, idu, adu hAge) I adhyAyadalli vivarisuttade. tiLida tOrUpadagaLu (definite), tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu (indefinite) — eraDu mukhya bagegaLu. horatOrkey a mattu angutOrkey a (anaphora) sEride tOrkey ada mukhya bageya nirdEsanegaLannu biccisuttade.
10.1 munnOTa
10.1.1 tOrUpadagaLa iTTaLa
i- (hattira/proximal) mattu A- (dUra/distal) emba eraDu mUla rUpagaLinda tOrUpadagaLu nirmANaAguttave: ivanu, ivanaLu, ivaru; avanu, avaLu, avaru. linga, vacana, vibhakti oTTugaLondhige I rUpagaLu sErisuttave.
10.1.2 tOrUpadagaLa niruge
tOrUpadagaLa pUrNa niruge (paradigm): ivanu/avaLu/idu/adu/illi/alli/iga/Aga hAge sthala, kAla, vastu, vyakti bagegaLalli viceShTa rUpagaLannu kaDe maDuttade.
10.1.3 kelavu heccina tOrUpadagaLu
iSTu/aSTu (quantity), ittana/attana (such-a), ivarU/avarU (all these/those) hAge heccina tOrUpadagaLu I bAgadalli vivarisuttave.
10.1.4 tOrkey a bagegaLu
tOrkey a nAlu mukhya bagegaLu: (1) horatOrkey a (exophoric — jagattannu nEraDAgi sUcisuvudu), (2) angutOrkey a (anaphoric — mEla hELida sOLLannu sUcisuvudu), (3) sollu tOrkey a (discourse anaphoric), (4) tiLiyada tOrkey a (indefinite reference). I bagegaLu tOrUpadagaLa baLakeyalli kANuttave.
10.1.5 arivina eraDu bagegaLu: baLake mattu nanasu
tiLida tOrUpadagaLa baLake eraDu bageya arivina Adharadinda: (1) baLake arivu (use/pragmatic knowledge — mAtigAraru iru jagattinallli nODidu tiLiyuttare), (2) nanasu arivu (factual knowledge — mAtigAraru munadE A vastu bagge tiLidukondiddu tiLiyuttare).
10.2 tOrUpadagaLa haravu
tOrUpadagaLu sollinallli bErE bErE iTTaLagaLalli bararuttave mattu bErE bErE kElasagaLannu naDeyuttave. I bAgadalli avugaLa vyAkaran ATTa haravu (scope) mattu vividha baLakegaLannu vivarisuttade.
10.2.1 hesarupadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguva tOrUpadagaLu
ivanu, avaLu, idu, adu I rUpagaLu sollinallli hesarupadagaLa hAge (as noun phrases) pAngAgi bararuttave. udA: avanu bandanu, idu maneyalla.
10.2.2 esakaparicegaLa hAge baLakeyAguva tOrUpadagaLu
tOrUpadagaLu esaka parice (verb predicative) Agi bararuttave: avanu ivane, idu adE. I baLakeyalli tOrUpada sollinalli viceShTa iTTaLavannu toraguttade.
10.2.3 hesaruparicegaLa jAgadalli baLakeyAguva tOrUpadagaLu
tOrUpadagaLu hesarupadada mEle (as noun modifier/adjective) A hesarupadavannu viSheShisuttave: A huDuganu, I mane. illi tOrUpada parice Agi kelasagaiyuttade.
10.2.4 pattuge oTTugaLondhige baLake
tOrUpadagaLu pattuge oTTugaLondhige sEridAga (avaninda, ivarigu, adannu hAge) viceShTa rUpagaLu tOruttave.
10.2.5 pAngugaLannu gurutisuvudu
tOrUpadagaLu sollinalli pAngugaLannu tOrkey a Adharadinda guruti suttave — mEla hELida ilvE horage iruva vastu, vyakti ilvE jagattannu sUcisi A pAnga guruti suttave.
10.2.6 pAngugaLa pariceyanu tiLisuvudu
tOrUpadagaLu pAngugaLa bage (quality/category) tiLisuvudu: avanu oddavanu, idu doDDadu. I baLakeyalli tOrUpada sollinalli viceShTa pAngu nirdEsuttade mattu A pAnga bage tiLisuttade.
10.2.7 pAngugaLa aLaviyannu tiLisuvudu
iSTu/aSTu rUpagaLu pAngugaLa aLavi (quantity/extent) tiLisuttave: I kaLasa iSTu nIru, A haNNu aSTu sAkAguttade.
10.2.8 pAngugaLannu neLegoLisuvudu
tOrUpadagaLu pAngugaLannu sollinalli neLe (position/anchoring) goLisuttave — A pAngu kELugarige tiLida enbA neLe sThApana mADuttave.
10.2.9 nEravallada holabina baLake
tOrUpadagaLu pAngugaLannu nEraDAgi nirdEsisade (indirect reference) baLasuvudu kelavu sandarbhagaLalli kANuttade.
10.2.10 U, O, mattu E oTTugaLondhige baLake
tOrUpadagaLu ippaTTige (U = ‘even’), pOlisike (O = ‘like/as’), ilvE viceShTa (E = ‘only/indeed’) oTTugaLondhige sEridAga arthapUrNa viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave.
10.2.11 tOrUpadagaLa baLakeyalli hondANikegaLu
tOrUpadagaLu sollinallli linga, vacana hondANikeyalli (agreement) viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave — eraDu tOrUpadagaLu ondu koNDiyondhige sEridAga A hondANike karaNa.
10.2.12 gurutu mADisuvalli baLake
tOrUpadagaLu ‘I vastu adu alla’ hAge, gurutu mADuvudu (identification/pointing out) mArisuvudu kelasagaLalli viceShTa baLakeyalli kANuttave.
10.3 tiLida tOrUpadagaLa baLake: horatOrkey a
tiLida tOrUpadagaLu mAtigArare mEle iruva vastu/vyaktiyanu nEraDAgi sUcisuvudu (exophoric) mattU munadE hELida sollinallli bandu vastu/vyaktiyanu sUcisuvudu (anaphoric) — eraDu mukhya bagegaLalli baLakeyAguttave.
10.3.1 horatOrkey a baLake
horatOrkey a (exophoric/deictic reference): saMbhAShaNaveliya parisar adalli iruva vastu/vyaktiyanu sUcisuvudu. i- rUpa hattirada (proximal), A- rUpa dUrada (distal) vastu/vyaktiyanu sUcisuttade. I hattira-dUra vyatyAsa saMbhAShaNaveliya parisar adalli kANuttade.
10.3.2 eraDu bageyada tiLida tOrUpadagaLu
tiLida tOrUpadagaLu eraDu bageya tiLivina Adharadinda baLakeyAguttave: (1) baLake tiLivu (pragmatic/use-based — saMbhAShaNaveliya jagattinallli iruva vastu bagge), (2) nanasu tiLivu (epistemic — A vastu bagge mAtigAranu munadE tiLidukondiruvudu).
10.3.3 hottina hattira mattu dUra
spatial (jAgada) hattira-dUra vyatyAsa allada kAladalli (temporal) hattira-dUra vyatyAsavU tOrUpadagaLalli kANuttade: i-rUpa hattiraTTa hOdadannu (recent past, near future), A-rUpa dUravAda kAladannu sUcisuttade.
10.3.4 hattira-dUra vyatyAsa bEkilladata baLake
kelavu sandarbhagaLalli A- rUpagaLu hattira-dUra vyatyAsa mADade (neutralized) tiLida tOrky a nIDuvudu — A mukhyavAgi angutOrkey a baLakeyalli kANuttade.
10.4 tiLida tOrUpadagaLa baLake: angutOrkey a
angutOrkey a (anaphoric reference) — munadE hELida solla ilvE munadE paricar adalli kanda vastu/vyaktiyanu I tOrUpadagaLu sUcisuvudu. A- rUpa mukhyavAgi angutOrkey ayannu nIDuttade; i- rUpa hattira kAladalli bandu vastu/vyaktiyanu sUcisuttade.
10.4.1 pAngutOrkey a baLake
pAngutOrkey a (argument anaphora): munadE hELida sollinallli bandu oru pAngu A vastu ilvE vyaktiyanu avanu/avaLu/adu hAge tOrUpadagaLinda anta nirdEsuvudu.
10.4.2 yAva padavannu baLasadiruvudu
angutOrkey a baLakeyalli tOrUpada baLasadE (zero anaphora) baDuvudu kannaDadalli sahaja. pAngAnnu tOrUpada mUrte mADadiddarU saMdarbhAnusAra A pAngu tiLiyuttade.
10.4.3 dUrada tOrUpadagaLa baLake
A- rUpagaLu munadE hELida sollinallli bandu pAngannu (distal — already established in discourse) sUcisuttave. avanu, avaLu, adu hAge rUpagaLu mukhyavAgi I kElasannu naDeyuttave.
10.4.4 dUrada tOrUpada mattu adara hinnuDita
dUrada tOrUpada (A-rUpa) mEle mElu baruva solla (cataphora / discourse retake) kelavu sandarbhagaLalli kANuttade — adu/avanu munadE hELi, nantar A koNDiyannu vivarisu vatte bandu.
10.4.5 hattirada tOrUpadagaLa baLake
i- rUpagaLu (ivanu, idu, illi) angutOrkey adalli baLakeyAguvudu: hELuvavaru hattiraTTagE (recently) paricita mADisida ilvE tiLisida pAnga sUcisuttave.
10.3.6 sollutOrkey a baLake
sollutOrkey a (discourse anaphora): munadE hELida oru pUrNa sollannu adu/idu rUpagaLinda sUcisuvudu. udA: avanu bandanu — idu sata. illi ‘idu’ munadE hELida A solla-samAcAravannu sUcisuttade.
10.4.10 pAngutOrkey a mattu sollutOrkey a
pAngutOrkey a (one participant from the previous clause) mattu sollutOrkey a (the entire previous proposition) — eraDarU A-rUpagaLannu baLasuttave; Adare arthada vyatyAsagaLu kANuttave.
10.5 tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu
tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu (indefinite demonstratives): yAru, yAva, Edu, Ellige, Entu hAge padagaLu. I padagaLu tOrkey ayannu koDuvudu alla — hELuvavanu A vastu/vyakti bagge tiLiyadu enbA sUcane nIDuttade.
10.5.1 kUDikeyada ilvE Aykey a oTTinondige baLasuvudu
yAru, yAva, Edu hAge tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu kUDike oTTinondige (ilvE = ‘or’; U = ‘also’) ilvE Aykey a (one of several) oTTinondige sEridAga bEre bageya arthannu koDuttave — yArU, yAvudU (any/all), yArO, yAvudO (some unknown one).
10.5.2 tiLiyadikeyada aydu bagegaLu
tiLiyadike aydu mukhya bagegaLu: (1) yAravO (some unknown person), (2) kELviyAgi (interrogative), (3) heccina tiLivu illada (general indefinite), (4) AykeyadAgi (free choice any), (5) tiLiyadE (speaker explicitly ignorant).
10.5.3 pattugeya oLasollugaLalli baLake
tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu pattugeyada oLasollugaLalli (relative clauses) viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttave — yAru bandanO, yAva maneyallO hAge.
10.6 tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLa baLake
tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu hELuvavanu vastu/vyakti bagge tiLiyadu enbA sUcane nIDuvalli, kELvigaLalli, bEregaLa (exclamatory) sollugaLalli mattU oLasollugaLalli viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttave.
10.6.1 ADugana ariyameyanu tiLisuvalli baLake
yArO, yAvudO, EkO hAge rUpagaLu ADuganu A vastu/vyakti bagge tiLiyadu embudu tiLisuttave. udA: yArO bandaru (someone came, I don’t know who).
10.6.2 ADugana ariyameyanu tiLisuvalli kaTTupADugaLu
tiLiyadu enbA baLakeyalli kaTTupADugaLu: hELuvavanu A vastu bagge tiLiyadadare mAtrana baLasabahudAdu — kELugarige tiLidiruvudu bErE vishaya. udA: *tiLidavaru yArO bandaru — illi yArO sari alla.
10.6.3 kELvigaLalli baLake
yAru, Edu, Entu, Enu hAge kELvi padagaLu (interrogatives) tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLinda nirmitavAgive. avugaLu kELugarinda uttara hELisuttave.
1.6.4 beragannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli baLake
kELvi rUpagaLu EnO, yArO hAge bEraga (exclamatory) sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave — arthadalli kELvi alla, bEraga/vismaya.
10.6.5 pattugeya oLasollugaLalli baLake
kELvi tOrUpadagaLu pattuge (relative clause) joDisuva kArya mADuttave: yAru bandanO avanu bandanu. I ‘free relative’ rUpagaLu kannaDadalli mahattvavannu tOruttave.
1.6.6 bEre bageyada oLasollugaLalli baLake
tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu EnO, yAvudO, Elligeyō hAge rUpagaLu endu/ante oLasollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. udA: avanu yAru embudu tiLiyadu — illi ‘yAru’ kELvi anbadEla, tiLiyadike emba arthadalli bAruttade.
10.7 tiruLu
tOrUpadagaLa mukhya lacaNegaLannu I adhyAyadalli vivarisalAyitu: i-/A- mUlada rUpagaLu, tiLida tOrUpadagaLu (horatOrkey a + angutOrkey a), tiLiyada tOrUpadagaLu (kELvi + tiLiyadike), sollutOrkey a mattu pAngutOrkey a. I padagaLu kannaDada hALikeyada (deixis) mattu angutOrkey ada (anaphora) tOrukeyada mUla kaDegaLu.