adhyAya ೯ — ADupadagaLu
nAnu, nInu, mattu tAnu — I mUru padagaLannu ‘ADupadagaLu’ emba bEreya gurUpinalli sErisal Aguttade. avugaLu sollinalli bandu tamma Aduge, kELuge, ilvE bErobbara samba nDavannu tiLisuttave. solla nirmisuvalli ivugaLa kArya viceShTavAgiruttade.
9.1 munnOTa
9.1.1 ADupadagaLa kelasa
nAnu, nInu, tAnu emba mUru padagaLu sollinallli tamma AdagE Adu kArya naDesuttave — sollinalli bandu oru pAngu Aduge, kELuge, ilvE bErobbara embudu tiLisuvudu. (1k) nAnu UnTa mADuttiddEne — illi ‘nAnu’ pAngu Aduge embudu tiLisuttade, A Aduge yAru endalla.
9.1.2 tAnu padada bErpaDuge
tAnu padavu nAnu-nInu padagaLinda bErevAgi bErobbara pAngu Aduge ilvE kELuga allada emba aLLagaLeya huruLannu koDuttade. udA: tanage nOvAdaru rAju mAtanADuvudilla — illi ‘tanage’ pAngu Aduge ilvE kELuga alla. I bErpaDuge tAnunnu viceShTa pada mADuttade.
9.1.3 hesarupadagaLinda bErAgiruvudu
ADupadagaLu hesarupadagaLantalla — avugaLu yAra hesarannu sUcisuttave embudu sollinalli yAru mAtanADidaru enbadannu nODi tiLidukoLLabEku. rAju, madhu hAge niccita hesaru koDuvudilla; nAnu ‘Aduge’ embudu mAtrana koDuttade.
9.1.4 tOrUpadagaLinda bErAgiruvudu
ADupadagaLu tOrUpadagaLantalla. avanu, avaLu emba tOrUpadagaLu yAradaru obbara hesarannu sUcisabahudAdarU avugaLa kElasa viceShTavAgi tOrkey a nIDisuvudu. ADupadagaLu mAtrana samba ndada sUcane koDuttave — tOrkey a alla.
9.1.5 sollannu unTumADuvalli bagegaLu
ADupadagaLa baLakeyinda sollannu nirmisuvalli mUru bagegaLu kANabAruttave: (1) nAnu/nInu pAngAgi baruva sollu, (2) tAnu pAngAgi baruva sollu, (3) bahuvacanada ADupadagaLu (nAvu, nIvu, tAvu) pAngAgi baruva sollu. pratyEka bageyU solla rUpadalli viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttade.
9.2 ADupadagaLa kelasa
ADupadagaLu sollinalli ‘mArikeyada padagaLu’ (substitutes) Agi kelasagaiyuttave — avugaLu solla nirmanada samparkadalli Aduge-kELugara samba ndavannu tiLisuttave. avugaLa baLake solladalli mArpADugaLige kAraNaAguva kelavu lacaNagaLannu I bAgadalli vidarisi.
9.2.1 mArikeyada padagaLu
ADupadagaLu hesarupadagaLa mArike mADisuttave enbA nambike sariyalla — avugaLu hesarannu sUcisuvudilla, kelasannu (Aduge/kELuge emba samba ndavannu) sUcisuttave. (2k) rAju ninage oru pustaka koDaliddAne — illi ‘ninage’ pAngu kELuge embudu tiLisuttade.
9.2.2 pAngugaLannu gurutisalu nEravallada holabu
ADupadagaLu sollinalli pAngugaLannu nEraDAgi guruti sade nEravallada (indirect) holabininda guruti suttave. udA: nAnu padavannu nODidare A sollinalli mADuga pAngu Aduge embudu tiLiyuttade, yAru endalla.
9.2.3 horapaDikeyAgi madipu baLake
ADupadagaLu madipu oTTinondige bandare (nAnadrU, nInadrU) avugaLa sAmAnya kElasa mArpaTTaguttade — horapaDikeyAgi (exception-marker Agi) kelasagaiyuttave.
9.2.4 ettuge sollugaLalli baLake
ADupadagaLu ettuge sollugaLalli (quotative clauses — endu bandu oLasollugaLalli) viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttave. oLasollinalli bandu nAnu, nInu enbu padagaLu oLasolla nirmanisida Aduge-kELugarannu sUcisuttave.
9.2.5 endu padada baLake
‘endu’ pada (quotative complementizer) bayasuvudu, nambuvudu, hELuvudu hAge esaka padagaLondhige baLakeyAguva oLasollugaLannu joDisuttade. I oLasollugaLalli bandu ADupadagaLu oLasolla nirmanisida Aduge-kELugarannu nirdEsi suttave.
9.2.6 bEre mArpADugaLu
ADupadagaLu bandAga solladalli innaSTu mArpADugaLu tOruttave — esaka padada aLLagaLe rUpagaLu, pattuge rUpagaLalli vyatyAsagaLu, halavaNumba rUpagaLu.
9.2.7 ante padada baLake
‘ante’ pada (reportative/hearsay marker) ADupadagaLondhige sEridAga viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttade. ‘avanu bandanante’ hAge nEraDA gi hELadiruvudu (reported speech) sUcisuttade.
9.3 tAnu padada baLake
tAnu reflexive/logophoric pada. nAnu mattu nInu padagaLu yAra Aduge/kELuge enbudu sUcisuttave; tAnu pada yAra bErA sUcisuttade. I pada sollidalli oLagirabbEkAda koNDiyondhige samba ndakkE bandiruttade.
9.3.1 hOlikegaLu
kannaDada tAnu pada English ‘himself/herself/itself’ inda bErevAgi bEre mAtige bErE bEre lacaNagaLannu tOruttade. I hOlikeyinda tAnunna viceShTaLeyannu artamADisikOLLabahudu.
9.3.2 pAngu sollinOLagirabbEkemba kaTTale
tAnu koNDiya (antecedent) A tAnu bandu oLasollinallige sErida mukhya sollinOLage irabbEku — horasollinalli iruvudu sadyakke kaTTale mIrantu. (3k) rAju tAnE bandu — sarI; (3c) *tAnu rAjuvininda bande — tappAguttade.
9.3.3 ibbibbarugaLu ADugarU mattu kELugarirUva sollugaLu
oLasollinallli eraDu Aduge ilvE eraDu kELugara pAngugaLu bandu tAnu koNDiyEnu emba samsheya bAndAga, tAnunna koNDiya sollinalli oLagirabbEku emba kaTTale itta samsheya pariharisuva I bAgadalli vivarisuttade.
9.3.4 bEre bageyada oLasollugaLalli baLake
tAnu aLLagaLeya, pattugeyada, ilvE bEre bageya oLasollugaLalli (embedded clauses) viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttade. I bage vivecaneyinda oLasolla nirmAnada sU kShmatavannu tiLiyuttade.
9.3.5 sErikeyada sollugaLalli baLake
sambandhaka rUpa (converb) oLasollugaLalli (e.g. -u rUpa, -i rUpa) tAnu koNDiya kelavu kaTTalegaLu simItigOLLuttave. I lacaNeyinda sErikeyada sollanirmAnada viceShTateyanu tiLiyuttade.
9.3.6 pattugerUpadalli baLake
tAnu padada pattuge rUpagaLu (tanagE, tanninda, tanna hAge) baLakeyalli tAnu koNDiya pAngigU (antecedent participant) I rUpagaLu nirdEsisuttave emba kaTTale iruva I bAgadalli vivarisuttade.
9.3.7 madipu baLake
tAnu madipinondige (tAnE emba oTTinondige) sErida bAgagaLu koNDiyannu horapadisuvalli oTTu hAkuvudu evAgilAgu emba viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave.
9.3.8 ottihELuva huruLu
tAnE (tAnu+E) rUpave sollinalli ottihELuva (emphatic) huruLannu koDabahudAdu. udA: rAjuvE bande enbadara bajaTTige tAnE bande — koNDiyannu ottihELuttade.
9.3.9 kaDitagoLisida haravu
tAnu haravu (scope) koNDiya haraviginta kaDime iruttade — kelavu iTTaLagaLalli tAnu koNDiyannu sUcisadE hoguva sAdyate yIl bAgadalli vivarisuttade.
9.4 ADupadagaLu mattu pattugerUpagaLu
ADupadagaLu kELugara samba ndadalli (pattuge) esaka padada rUpuvannu toraguvudu mattU viceShTa lacaNagaLannu kOrattave. I bAgadalli ADupadagaLa pattuge rUpagaLu, ALtana kaTTupADugaLu, halavu vacana baLakegaLu vivarisuttave.
9.4.1 pattuge oTTugaLondhige baLake
nAnu, nInu, tAnu padagaLu pattuge oTTugaLondhige (nanninda, ninage, tanage) sEridAga kelavu viceShTa rUpagaLu tOruttave — sandhigaLu, svara hOnuvanagaLu, mattaitu.
9.4.2 bEre kelavu oTTugaLondhige baLake
pattuge oTTugaLu allada bEre kelavu oTTugaLondhige ADupadagaLu sEridAga (nannadrU, nInella, tAnA) viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave.
9.4.3 ALtanada kaTTupADu
kannaDadalli ALtana (honorific/politeness) mUru nElegaLallli kANuttade: sAmAnya (nInu), gauravarava (nIvu), heccina gaurava (tAvu). I ALtana kaTTupADu esaka padada pattuge rUpannu toraguttade mattu sollanirmANadalli pAlisabEkAda niyamavannu nirdEsuttade.
9.4.4 halaveNikeyada baLake
ADupadagaLa halavacanada rUpagaLu (nAvu, nIvu, tAvu) oru bAgIda samUhakke nirdEsisu valli viceShTa lacaNagaLannu tOruttave. nAvu ‘nAnu + bEre yArO’ enbA huruLannu koDuttade.
9.4.5 sULunuDigaLalli baLake
sulabhe nudi (proverbs), OLagADa (riddles), nANuta (jokes) mattU bEre sAmAjika mAtigaLalli ADupadagaLa baLake viceShTavAgi kANuttade. I sandharbhadalli avugaLa huruLu sAhityika ilvE viceShTa pratipadeyAgi baDuttade.
9.4.6 gurtavyatyAsa
ADupadagaLu tOrUpadagaLU eraDU pAngugaLannu guruti suttave; Adare avugaLa guruti suvike karama vyatyAsagaLannu tOruttade — ADupadagaLu kelasa-mUlada gurutu koDuttave, tOrUpadagaLu tOrkey a-mUlada gurutu koDuttave.
9.4.7 hesaru mattu kogetha
kannaDadalli ADugana hesarannu kogetha (address) Agi baLasuvudu, ilvE pEru hELuvudu bErevEru niyamagaLige oLapaTTiruttade. nIvu/nInu baLake ALtanakke sambhandisuttade; nAVRu tanna pErannu sUcisuvudu bEre sandarbhadalli bErE ArthagaLu koDuttade.
9.4.8 ADuga mattu kELugara kuritu heccina tiLivu
ADuga mattu kELugara samba ndada lacaNegaLu — avaru parivartanagOLLabahudAda sandarbha, oru vyakti eraDU pAtragaLannu naDesisuva sandarbha — I bAgadalli vivarisuttade.
9.4.9 gamanarUpadalli baLake
ADupadagaLu gamana rUpagaLalli (vocative forms — ‘O rAja’, ‘O nInu’ hAge) viceShTa baLakegaLannu tOruttave. sAmAnyavAgi gamana rUpagaLu bahuvacanadalli bAruttave.
9.4.10 pAngu mattu pAngina bage
ADupadagaLu pAngAgi bandu A pAngina bage (type/quality) tiLisuva sollugaLalli (nAnu oddavanu, nInu chaturanu) ADupadagaLu viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave.
9.4.11 pAngugaLa parice mattu sarigaTTuvike
ADupadagaLondhige sarigaTTuvike (equative) sollugaLu (nAnu nIne, avanu avane) viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave.
9.5 ADupadagaLu mattu tOrUpadagaLu
ADupadagaLu mattu tOrUpadagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannu I bAgadalli sistematically vivarisuttade. eraDU bageya padagaLU pAngugaLannu nirdEsisabahudAdarU avugaLa kArya, iTTaLa, haravu mattU hondANikeyalli vyatyAsagaLu kANuttave.
9.5.1 iTTaLadalli vyatyAsa
ADupadagaLu sollinalli mukhya pAngu iTTaLadalli (nuclear position) bAruttave; tOrUpadagaLu mukhya pAnga ilvE naravina pAnga Agi baruttave.
9.5.2 kelasadalli vyatyAsa
ADupadagaLa mukhya kElasa: samba nda (Aduge/kELuge/bErA embudu) tiLisuvudu. tOrUpadagaLa mukhya kElasa: tOrkey a (spatial/anaphoric deixis) nIDuvudu.
9.5.3 haravinallli vyatyAsa
ADupadagaLa haravu bEre pAngugaLannu (oLasollinalli) sErisikOLLuva lacaNe illadhiruva sAdyateyidde; tOrUpadagaLa haravu viceShTa iTTaLadalli koNDiyannu sErisuttave.
9.5.4 pattuge oTTugaLondhige baLake
ADupadagaLu pattuge oTTugaLondhige sErisuva karama tOrUpadagaLinda vyatyAsagaLannu tOruttade — svarOccaraNe, sandhikAraNa mattaitu.
9.5.5 pAngugaLannu gurutisuvudu
ADupadagaLu pAngugaLannu guruti suvudu kelasa-Adharadinda; tOrUpadagaLu pAngugaLannu guruti suvudu tOrkey a-Adharadinda.
9.5.6 mArikeyada huruLu mattu tOrkey a huruLu
tAnu pada kelavu sandarbhagaLalli mArikeyada huruLannu (reflexive substitution) koDuttade, kelavu sandarbhagaLalli tOrkey a huruLannu koDuttade — I vyatyAsa tiLiyabEku.
9.5.7 hondANikeyalli vyatyAsa
ADupadagaLu esaka padada pattuge (agreement) sollidalli toraguvudu; tOrUpadagaLu esaka padakke pattuge koDuvudu bEre lacaNegaLannu tOruttave.
9.5.8 suLusollinallli baLake
oLasollinalli (relative clause) ADupadagaLu mattu tOrUpadagaLa baLake viceShTa lacaNegaLannu tOruttave — oLasollinalli ADupadagaLu pAngAgi banda, mUla sollinallli koNDiyAda sandarbha.
9.5.9 immaDigaLa baLake
ADupadagaLa immaDigaLu (nAnu-nAnu, nInu-nInu) baLakeyalli olleya ADupadagaLa nirmAna kAraNagaLu mattu ArthagaLannu vivarisuttade.
9.6 tiruLu
nAnu, nInu, tAnu ADupadagaLa mukhya lacaNegaLannu I adhyAyadalli vivarisalAyitu: samba nda nirdEsana (Aduge/kELuge/bErA), koNDiya kaTTale (tAnu), ALtana, halavacanada rUpagaLu mattU tOrUpadagaLinda vyatyAsagaLu. I padagaLu kannaDada sollada rachana tiLiyalu pramukha kaDega koDuttave.