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adhyAya ೭ — esakapadada pAngugaLu
7.1 munnOTa
iruhagaLannu tiLisuva mattu esakagaLannu tiLisuva enbudAgi tiLisuva sollugaLannu mukyavAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli sErisi hELalu baruttade enbudannu nAvu modaLaneya pasugeyalli (1.5.1ralli) nODiruvevu. ivugaLalli iruhagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLa koneyalli sAmAnyavAgi iru enba ondE oru iruhapada baruttade; intaha kelavu bageya sollugaLalli A padavannu baLasadiruvUdu ide.
7.1.1 iruhagaLu mattu esakagaLu
iruhagaLannu tiLisalu kannaDadalli iru enba oru pada mAtra baLakeyallide; hAgAgi, adannu tiruLupadavAgi baLasi uNTumADaballa sollugaLalli hecca bagegaLilla. iruvikeyanu tiLisuva, pariceyanu tiLisuva, mattu pattugeyannu tiLisuva enba mUru muky bagegaLannu mAtra avugaLalli kANabahuda.
7.1.2 pAngugaLa bagegaLu
esakapadagaLondigeya enTaha pAngugaLu mattu eSaTu pAngugaLu baraballa enbudu mukyavAgi A esakapadagaLa huruLannu avalambisiruttade. iTTaLada pAngugaLu (mADuga, IDu, guri, suru, jAga) mattu nerevu pAngugaLu (hottu, imbu, muTTu, kaTA) enba eraDu muky bagegaLida.
7.1.3 Aykeya kaTTu
oru esakapadavannu oru sollu tiLisubEkAdalli, adara pAngITTaLadalli taDayana pAngugaLannu berayabEkAgi baruttade. yAvayu pAngugaLu bArabe enbudu Aykeya kaTTininda (selectional restriction) nirdharisalAguttade.
7.1.4 hesarupadagaLa pAngugaLu
hesarupadagaLu pAngugaLAgi baruva mUru bagegaLu: (1) oTTisida hesarupadagaLu, (2) esakapadagaLa hesaruRUpagaLu, (3) bEre bageya hesarupadagaLu.
7.2 iruhapadada pAngITTaLagaLu
iru pada oru esakapadavalla; iru pada solladalli esakavannu tiLisuvudilla, iruhavanu tiLisuttade. hAgAgi adara pAngITTaLa esakapadagaLa pAngITTaLadinada bErAgide.
7.2.1 iruhavanu tiLisuva sollugaLu
iru padavannu tiruLupadavAgi baLasida sollugaLalli: iruvikeyada iTTaLa, pariceyada iTTaLa, mattu pattugeyada iTTaLa enba mUru bagegaLu kANuttave.
7.2.2 iru padada pAngITTaLagaLu
iru padavannu baLasida sollugaLalli obbaru iru pAnga iTTaLadalli Aguga pAngAgi baruttAre; nerevu pAngugaLU baruttave.
7.2.3 iruvikeyada iTTaLa
iruvikeyada iTTaLadalli jAga pAng baruttade (SAmara_rAyaru maneyalliddAre). nereva pAngugaLU sAhiti bandu baLakeyAguva nidaSana kANutteve.
7.2.4 parice iTTaLa
parice iTTaLadalli Aguga pAng baruttade, mattu adara pariceyanu tiLisuva paricepadavU baruttade (Ake tuTi kempagide). Agu pada baLakeyAguva nidaSanagaLU kANutteve.
7.2.5 pattuge iTTaLa
pattuge iTTaLadalli Aguga, pattugeya SikkaLa rUpagaLu (nisida, bande, kUDide etc.) baruttave: A mudukanige nUru muDi gadde ide.
7.2.6 iruhada hottu
iru padada kaLe-bAL-nODu-iTTaLagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannu vivarisuttade. iruhada hAlahabbadannu tiLisuva nerevu pAngugaLU baruttave.
7.2.7 iruha mattu esaka
kelavu sollugaLalli iru pada esakapadada huruLalli baLakeyAguttade. iru padada pAngITTaLagaLu esakapadagaLa pAngITTaLagaLininda hEgE bErAgive enbudu vivarisalAgide.
7.2.8 iruhada huruLinallli esakapadagaLa baLake
iru padada bAdalu bEre esakapadagaLannu iruhada huruLalli baLasalAguva nidaSanagaLu: kUri pada (kUri iru → ide), kANu pada (kANu → kANuttade), nila pada (nilluttade) etc.
7.3 esakapadagaLa pAngITTaLagaLu
esakapadagaLannu eraDu muky bagegaLalli gumpilAyitu: mADuha padagaLu (oDu, ODu, uNNu — mADugakke hAtOTi iru) mattu Aguha padagaLu (oDe, bILu, ciguRu — yAvuda pAngigU hAtOTi illa). I eraDu bageyU bEre bEre pAngITTaLagaLannu hondiruttave.
7.3.2 Aguha padagaDa pAngITTaLagaLu
Aguha padagaLu mukyavAgi Aguga pAngannu mAtrame hondiruttave. maDeya oDeyitu (Aguga mAtra). mattu kelavu Aguha padagaLige IDu pAngU baruttade: avanugeya cELu kaccitu (Aguga + IDu).
7.3.4 nanasina huruLu mattu nenasina huruLu
esakapadagaLa nanasa (real-world) huruLu mattu nenasa (abstract/hypothetical) huruLu naDuvina vyatyAsavannu vivarisuttade. I vyatyAsa pAngITTaLada aNattannu tiLisuttade.
7.4 iTTaLada pAngugaLa bagegaLu
iTTaLada pAngugaLannu Aguga, mADuga, IDu, guri, suru, jAga enba UpAdi bagegaLalli gumpilAyitu. I bagegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu mattu hOlikegaLannu vivarisuttade.
7.4.2 Aguga, mADuga mattu IDu
Aguga = pAtient/theme (esakadalli hAtOTiillada pAngu); mADuga = doer (hAtOTiyiruva pAngu); IDu = recipient/beneficiary. avanu maguvinige oru haNNu koTTa (mADuga + IDu + guri).
7.4.3 Aguga mattu mADuga pAngugaLu
Aguga mattu mADuga pAngugaLu sollinallli hEgE guruti sikkaduve enbudu, mattu avugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannu (karataka vs. akarataka) vivarisuttade.
7.4.5 guri, suru mattu jAga pAngugaLu
guri = goal/destination; suru = source/origin; jAga = location. avanu bengaLURige hOda (guri). avanu bengaLURininda banda (suru). avanu maneyalli kUta (jAga).
7.5 nerevu pAngugaLu: hottu mattu imbu
nerevu pAngugaLu solladalli muky pAngugaLalla (mADuga, IDu etc.) — avugaLu esakada hottu, imbu, muTTu, kaTa, aLabu moDaladavugaLannu tiLisuttave. I pasugeyalli hottu mattu imbu pAngugaLannu vistaravAgi nODalAyitu.
7.5.1 hottina tiLivu
hottu nerevu pAngugaLu esakada kALa-sambandha-sthiti tiLisuttave: padagaLa hondike, neleya haravu, hottina aLate, hottina gaDuvinige jAga pAngu, hottina nelegE guri pAngu etc. (8 bagegaLu).
7.5.2 imbina tiLivu
imbu nerevu pAngugaLu esakada jAga sambandha tiLisuttave: padagaLa hondike, saribadiya padagaLu, imbinallli mArpADu, hecca padakantegaLa baLake, imbina aLate (10 bagegaLu).
7.5.3 hottu mattu imbu
sollinalli hottu mattu imbu pAngugaLu ondigE bAra balla nidaSanagaLu mattu avugaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu vivarisuttade.
7.6 bEre nerevu pAngugaLu
hottu mattu imbinallAde bEre nerevu pAngugaLu: muTTu (instrument), kaTA (cause), aLabu (purpose), oDanADi (comitative), hOluga (comparison), mattu hAtOTi tappida mADuga (uncontrolled agent).
7.6.1 esakada muTTu
muTTu pAngu (instrument): avanu kattiyinda AdanU koccida. katti = muTTu pAngu; indu onta baLakeyAguva padagaLu (kattiyinda, kelasadininda etc.).
7.6.6 hAtOTi tappida mADuga
kelavu sollugaLalli mADuga pAngu esaka nadesidarU adara mEle hAtOTi hondiruvudilla: gALi marada tALe uDisibitTitu (wind = uncontrolled agent). I tarahada pAngugaLu suRu pAngAgi bAra balla.