kannaDa nuDi naDedu banda dAri

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pariviDi

adhyAya 1 — munnOTa
adhyAya 2 — bErina svaragaLu
adhyAya 3 — oTTina svaragaLu
adhyAya 4 — taDeyuligaLu
adhyAya 5 — itara vyanjanagaLu
adhyAya 6 — padagaLa oLaracane
adhyAya 7 — kriyApadagaLa oLaracane
adhyAya 8 — kriyArUpagaLu
adhyAya 9 — nAmapadagaLu
adhyAya 10 — ADuga mattu tOruga padagaLu
adhyAya 11 — guNapadagaLu
adhyAya 12 — vAkyagaLa oLaracane

(I pustaka‘‘hosa baraha’dallide)

Di. en. Sankara baT

bASA prakASana, heggODu

KANNADA NUDI NADEDU BANDA DARI (The path that Kannada language has covered - A history of Kannada language) by D.N.Shankara Bhat, Ninasam, Heggodu, Sagara 577417. Phone: 9900829345.

modalaneya mudraNa : 2007

bi barahagAra

prakaTaNe bASA prakASana, heggODu,
sAgara 577 417

vitaraNe atri buk senTar, 4, SarAvati kaTTaDa, balmaTa, mangaLUru 575 001.

mudraNa SrI Sakti elekTrik pres, 13nE krAs, jayanagara, maysUru 570 014.

munnuDi

‘hosa baraha’ I pustakadalli nAnu kannaDada ‘hosa baraha’vannu baLasiddEne. samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga hAgeyE bareyuva hEgiveyO avu avaSyakateyilla; avu namma uccAraNeyalli hEgiveyO hAge baredare sAku emba nirNayada mEle I ‘hosa baraha’vannu yOjisalAgide.

samskrutadalli

bEre bASegaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu nAvu namma uccAraNeganusAravAgi bareyuttEvallade A bASegaLalliruva hAge vakAragaLive, eraDu bareyuvudilla. ingiSnalli eraDu SakAragaLive, eraDu sakAragaLive. Adare ivannella nAvu ondE rIti bareyuttEve.

nAvu adannU

haLegannaDadallEnE La-Za mattu ra-RagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavittu; Adare hosagannaDadalli biTTukoTTiddEve. hIgiruvAga, haLegannaDada samayakkintalU hinde samskrutadalli iddirabahudAda vyatyAsagaLannu samskrutakkinta tIra bErAgiruva

kannaDa bASeya barahagaLalli ivattigU uLisikoLLabEkendu hELuvudu yAva rItiyallU samatranIyavalla.

samskruta

kannaDigara

padagaLalli

mAtinalli

baruva mahAprANAkSaragaLu alpaprANAkSaragaLAgi uccAravAguttave; ShakAra SakAravAgi, xkAra ru embudAgi, visarga svarada modalu hakAravAgi mattu vyanjanada modalu A vyanjanada ottakSaravAgi, ay mattu avgaLu ay mattu avgaLAgi uccAravAguttave. (endare, A rIti nAvu OduttEve). hAgAgi, samskruta padagaLalli mAtravE baruva I ellA akSaragaLannu (mattu kannaDa padagaLallU ‘hosa baraha’dalli avugaLa baruva ay, avgaLannu) uccAraNeganusAravAgi bareyalAguttade.

idallade, rakArakke kannaDada lipiyalli mUru rUpagaLive (ra, ra mattu ra). ivugaLalli eraDaneyadu nijakkU avaSyavillavAda kAraNa adannU biTTukoDalAgide. idE rItiyalli kannaDa lipiyalli viSiSTavAda sandabragaLalli mUguli(anunAsika)gaLa badalu baLasuva kAraNa, Y mattu GgaLa avaSyakateyilla. hAgAgi, avannU biTTukoDalAgide.

sonne(m)(anusvAra)vannu

kelavu

I ‘hosa baraha’da kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu nAnu 2005ralli baredu prakaTisiruva kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa! pustakadalli nODabahudu.

samskrutadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu I rIti bareyuvu darinda avu bandiruva vAkyagaLannu Odi arta mADikoLLuvalli tondareyU Aguvudillavembudu I pustakavannu yAva Odidavarige spaSTavAgadiradu.

I barahavannu baLasuvudarinda kannaDavannu kaliyuva makkaLige (adarallU keLavargada makkaLige) mattu adannu AmEle baLasuva janarige bahaLaSTu upakAravAgaballudembudE adannu baLakege tara bEkemba I prayatnakke mukya kAraNa.

mIsalAtiyindAgi hEge heccu heccu mandi keLavargada janaru samAjadalli mEle baruttiddArO hAgeyE I hosa barahada baLakeyindAgi heccu heccu mandi keLavargada janaru kannaDa barahavannu baLasuvantAgaballarembudaralli samSayavilla.

kILarimeyillade

mEle sUcisida nanna kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa! pustakavannu Odidavaralli halavaru ‘hAge mADidare bahaLa oLLeyadittu, Adare mADuvudu yAru?’ endu kELiddAre. adara vimarSakarobbaru ‘bekkina kuttigege ganTe kaTTuvavaru yAru?’ endu praSnisiddAre.

kannaDada barahagAraru I ‘hosa baraha’vannu baLasidare oLLeya dendu anisidarU baLasuva edegArikeyannu tOrisadiruvudakke hAge mADidalli avara barahakke kannaDada ivattina halavu vidvAmsara mannaNe doreyadirabahudu mattu adakke sigabahudAda praSastigaLu mukya kAraNavirabEku.

tappihOgabahudu emba

hedarikeyE

nanage vidvAmsara mannaNe doreyadirabahudemba hedarikeyilla; yAkendare, adannu pustakada yOgyate nirdarisabEkallade adakkAgi baLasida barahada svarUpavalla. innu praSastigaLa mEle nanage svalpavU Aseyilla.

hAgAgi, ‘hosa baraha’vannu baLasalu surumADuvudakke nAnE takka vyakti endu nirdarisi I pustakadalli adannu baLasalu modalu mADiddEne. nanna mundina pustakagaLallU adannE baLasuva nirdAra vannU mADiddEne.

I ‘hosa baraha’vannu baLasidudarinda kelavu mandi Odugarige svalpa himseyAgabahudu. adarallU bEre barahagArara hesarugaLu (bAlakruSNan, kruSNamUrti, gavDa, modalAduvu) intaha anisikege kAraNavAgaballuvu. Adare idu barahada mAdyama bErAdudara pariNAmavallade bErEnalla.

baNNada citradalli kempAgi kANisuva tuTi kappu-biLupu citradalli kappAgi kANisuttade. Adare, idarinda yArigU himseyAguvudilla. adannu nODi baLakeyAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa. hosa barahavU hAgeyE. baLakeyAdAga adarinda yArigU himseyAgadu.

kannaDaddE padagaLu I pustakadalli AdaSTu maTTige kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu baLasalu prayatnisiddEne. idu kannaDada vidvAmsaru sAmAnyavAgi baLasuva vidAnakkinta tIra bErAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa padagaLalli kANisikoLLuva uligaLannu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyalli

padagaLa

mattu

kannaDa

mattu

baLakeyAguva niyamagaLannu vivarisabEkAdAga halavAru hosa intaha padagaLannu unTumADabEkAguttade. viSayagaLannu tiLisalu yOgyavAda padagaLilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

kannaDadalli

intaha

sandarbagaLalli

kannaDada vidvAmsaru

samskrutada morehoguttAre. A nuDiyalli IgAgalE baLakeyalliruva padagaLannu avaru eravalAgi paDeyuttAre mAtravalla, hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkAgiruvallU kannaDa padagaLannu baLasuva badalu samskruta padagaLannu baLasuttAre (kempEgavDa 1976 nODi). Adare antaha padagaLannu baLasida kannaDa baraha kagganTAguttade.

hAge mADuva badalu nAnu I pustakadalli heccu heccu
kannaDaddE Ada padagaLannu unTumADi baLasiddEne. taDeyuli, maDacida taDeyuli, ujjuli, mundina svara, mElina svara, udda svara modalAda I padagaLannu kaliyuvudu mattu nenapinalliTTu koLLuvudu kannaDigarige heccu sulabavendu nanage tOruttade. ivugaLa artavannu pustakada koneyalli koDalAgide.

I pustakada kuritu kannaDa nuDi mUladrAviDadinda badalAguttA banda bage hEge embudannu vivarisuvalli idu nanna mUraneya prayatnavAgide. idakke modalu 1979ralli kannaDa bASeya sankSipta caritre emba pustakavannu mattu 1995ralli adannE tiddi doDDadu

mADiruva kannaDa bASeya kalpita caritre emba pustakavannu baredidde.

I pustaka averaDakkintalU bErAgiddu, kannaDa nuDiyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLannu vivarisuva ondu hosa prayatnavAgide. mUladrAviDada svara mattu vyanjanagaLu kannaDada caritreyalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu A viSayadalli ittIcegina varegU naDediruva samSOdanegaLannu gamanadallirisikonDu illi heccu vivaravAgi koDalAgide.

naDeda badalAvaNegaLu

kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli, adarallU karAvaLi mattu baDaga kannaDada caritreyannu oLanuDigaLalli tiLiyabEkendiruvavarige bahaLa prAmukyavAdavugaLu. yAkendare, kannaDada baraha oLanADina oLanuDiyondarinda beLedu bandideyAda kAraNa, adu kannaDa nuDiya caritreya ondu amSavannu tiLiyuvalli mAtra sahAyakavAgaballudu. adakkU haLegannaDakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu artamADikoLLabEkiddarU karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa tiLivu avaSya.

I kAraNakkAgi, karAvaLi mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLige I pustakadalli heccina prAmukyateyannu koDalAgide. idallade ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli kannaDakke ati samIpadalliruva tamiLu nuDiya pada mattu padarUpagaLannu allalli koDuva mUlaka, kannaDa nuDi naDedu banda dAriyannu heccu spaSTavAgi tOrisikoDalu illi prayatnisalAgide.

I pustakadalli vyanjanagaLannu sUcisabEkAdAga avannu akAra dondige koDalAgide. Adare I akArakke beleyilla embudannu gamanisabEku. ‘ka, ca, tagaLu’ endare ‘k, c, tgaLu’ endE

arta. kakAra embudakkU k emba vyanjana emba artavide. allU akArakke beleyilla.

kannaDada caritreyannu varNisuvalli svara mattu vyanjanagaLa kuritu heccu hELalu sAdyavAgide, Adare pada mattu padarUpagaLa kuritu idakkinta svalpa kaDime mattu vAkyagaLa kuritu bahaLa svalpa mAtra tiLisalu sAdyavAgide. mUladrAviDada kuritAgi iduvarege naDediruva samSOdanegaLalliruva korateyannu idu sUcisuttade. I viSayadalli naDesabEkendiruvavaru idannu gamanisabEku.

samSOdane

I pustakada mudraNadalli ‘baraha’ tantrAmSavannu ucitavAgi baLasikoLLalu oppige koTTiruva SrI SESAdrivAsu candraSEkaran avarannu, idannu andavAgi mudrisikoTTiruva SrI rA. SrI. mOhana mUrti avarannu, idara mArATada hore hottiruva atri buk senTarina SrI. ji. en. aSOkavardana avarannu, hAgU idara kaybarahavannu Odi halavu salahegaLannu koTTa mattu bErellA rIti yallU nanna bennelubAgi ninta nanna maDadi SrImati bArati baT avarannu illi nenapisabayasuttEne.

heggODu agOsTu 1, 2007

Di. en. Sankara baT

oLapiDi

1 munnOTa 1.1 naDedu banda dAri 1.1.1 nuDigaLa naDuvina nanTastike 1.1.2 oDedukoLLuva vidAnagaLu 1.1.3 mUlanuDiya kalpane
1.1.4 vyatyAsa mattu sAmya 1.2 drAviDa nuDigaLu 1.2.1 ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLu 1.2.2 drAviDara mUla nele 1.2.3 tenkudrAviDadalli kannaDada jAga 1.3 kannaDa nuDi oLanuDigaLAgi oDedukonDa bage 1.3.1 karAvaLi mattu oLanADina oLanuDigaLu
1.3.2 baDaga oLanuDi 1.3.3 itara oDetagaLu 1.4 pustakada svarUpa

2 bErina svaragaLu 2.1 svaragaLa eNike mattu uccAraNe
2.1.1 ay mattu av svaragaLu 2.1.2 uligaLu mattu ulikantegaLu
2.1.3 bErugaLu mattu oTTugaLu 2.2 bErina svaragaLu 2.2.1 mElina giDDa svaragaLu naDuvina svaragaLAdudu 2.2.2 naDuvina giDDa svaragaLu mElina svaragaLAdudu 2.2.3 ekAra, okAragaLu ya mattu vagaLAdudu

15 15 16 16 19 20 21 22 24 25 27 28 31 33 34

2.2.4 naDuvina svaragaLu keLagina svaragaLAdudu
2.2.5 akAra ekAravAdudu 2.3 svarada uddadalli badalAvaNegaLu
2.3.1 mUladrAviDadallidda vyatyAsa
2.3.2 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu 2.4 svaragaLa eNikeyalli heccaLa 2.4.1 akArada oDeta 2.4.2 dunDagillada u 2.4.3 mUgisida svaragaLu
2.4.4 maDacida svaragaLu 2.5 tiruLu

3 oTTina svaragaLu
3.1 munnOTa
3.2 mUladrAviDada oTTugaLu 3.3 udda svara giDDavAguvudu 3.4 eraDu giDDa svaragaLu sEri udda svaravAguvudu 3.5 eraDaneyasvaradalli badalAvaNe
3.5.1 eraDanE svara bidduhOguvudu 3.5.2 mUgisida svaragaLu
3.6 padagaLa koneya svaragaLu 3.6.1 ay embudu ekAravAguvudu 3.6.2 akAra ekAravAguvudu 3.6.3 ekAra ikAravAguvudu 3.6.4 ukArada sErike 3.6.5 ukAra akAravAguvudu 3.6.6 ukArada oDeta 3.7 tiruLu

4 taDeyuligaLu
4.1 munnOTa

4.1.1 taDeyuligaLu 4.1.2 koraLisida mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLu 4.2 padagaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLu 4.2.1 pakAra hakAravAgiruvudu mattu biddu hOgiruvudu 4.2.2 cakArada badalAvaNegaLu 4.2.3 kakAra-gakAragaLu cakAra-jakAragaLAgiruvudu 4.3 svaragaLa naDuvina otte taDeyuligaLu 4.3.1 pakAravu vakAra mattu bakAragaLAgiruvudu 4.3.2 cakAravu sakAravAgiruvudu
4.3.3 RakAravu rakAravAgiruvudu
4.3.4 TakArada badalAvaNegaLu 4.3.5 kakAra bidduhOgiruvudu 4.4 svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi taDeyuligaLu
4.4.1 immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAgiruvudu 4.4.2 koraLisuva mattu koraLisada immaDi taDeyuligaLAgi

oDeta

4.4.3 udda svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu 4.4.4 giDda svarada anantarada bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu 4.4.5 havyakadalli giDDa svaragaLa anantara badalAvaNeyilla
4.5 mUguliya anantarada taDeyuligaLu 4.6 itara vyanjanagaLondige banda taDeyuligaLu 4.6.1 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu 4.7 tiruLu

5 itara vyanjanagaLu 5.1 munnOTa
5.2 mUguligaLu
5.2.1 padagaLa modalina mUguligaLu 5.2.2 svaragaLa naDuvina otte mUguligaLu 5.2.3 svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi mUguligaLu
5.2.4 taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUguligaLu




   101     106     108     108     113     114     116     117     118     118 

121 123 125 128 129 132 133 136

137 137 137 138 140 142 144

5.2.5 itara vyanjanagaLondige banda mUguligaLu 5.2.6 padagaLa koneyalli banda mUguligaLu
5.3 hoDeyuli mattu pakkaduligaLu
5.3.1 lakArada badalAvaNegaLu 5.3.2 LakArada badalAvaNegaLu 5.3.3 rakArada badalAvaNegaLu 5.4 taDeyillada vyanjanagaLu 5.4.1 padagaLa modalige banda taDeyilladuligaLu 5.4.2 padagaLa naDuvina yukAra mattu vakAragaLu 5.4.3 ZakArada badalAvaNegaLu 5.4.4 padagaLa koneya taDeyilladuligaLu 5.5 tiruLu

6 padagaLa oLaracane 6.1 munnOTa
6.2 bErugaLa svarUpa 6.3 ulikantegaLalli hagura mattu tUka 6.4 padaracaneyalli bErugaLa baLake
6.5 tiruLu

7 kriyApadagaLa oLaracane
7.1 munnOTa
7.2 Aguvike mattu mADuvike 7.2.1 tamiLinalli kelasada pariNAma
7.2.2 kannaDadalli Aguvike mattu mADuvike
7.2.3 mUladrAviDada vyatyAsa 7.3 kriyAbErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu
7.3.1 a, i, u oTTugaLu
7.3.2 taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLu
7.3.3 oTTugaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu 7.4 Aguvikeya oTTugaLu

150 151 152 153 154 156 161 162 165 166 172 173

174 174 176 179 180 181

182 182 182 183 186 189 190 190 191 193 193

7.5 mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva oTTu 7.5.1 kannaDadalli *t oTTina paLeyaLikegaLu
7.5.2 samayada oTTina anantara *t oTTina baLake 7.5.3 baDaga kannaDadalli *t oTTu
7.5.4 havyakadalli *t oTTu 7.6 mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva bEre oTTugaLu 7.7 nAmabErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu
7.8 guNabErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu
7.9 kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu
7.10 tiruLu

8 kriyArUpagaLu 8.1 munnOTa
8.1.1 vAkyada koneya kriyArUpagaLu 8.1.2 vAkyada naDuvina kriyArUpagaLu 8.2 samayada oTTugaLu 8.2.1 hindina samayada oTTu 8.2.2 mundina samayada oTTu 8.3 haLegannaDadalli samayada oTTugaLu 8.3.1 hindina samayada oTTinalli badalAvaNegaLu 8.3.2 mundina samayada oTTinalli badalAvaNegaLu 8.3.3 karAvaLiyalli mundina samayada oTTu
8.3.4 baDaga kannaDadalli samayada oTTugaLu
8.3.5 sangatiyannu tiLisuva kriyApadagaLu 8.4 allagaLeyuva oTTu 8.5 ADuga oTTugaLu 8.5.1 ADuga illavE kELugarannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu
8.5.2 itararannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu 8.5.3 kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli ADuga oTTugaLu 8.5.4 ADuga illavE kELugarannu sUcisuva innondu oTTu 8.6 kelasavannu mADisuva kriyArUpagaLu

195 196 197 199 201 204 205 207 208 213

215 215 215 216 217 218 224 226 229 232 234 239 240 241 243 243 245 246 249 250

8.7 vAkyada naDuve baruva kriyArUpagaLu 8.8 tiruLu

9 nAmapadagaLu
9.1 munnOTa
9.2 nAmapadagaLa oLaracane
9.2.1 nAmabErugaLinda nAmapadagaLu 9.2.2 kriyAbErugaLinda nAmapadagaLu 9.2.3 guNabErugaLinda nAmapadagaLu 9.2.4 jODupadagaLa oLaracane 9.3 linga mattu vacana 9.3.1 eraDu lingagaLu 9.3.2 eraDu vacanagaLu 9.3.3 lingabEdadalli badalAvaNe 9.4 nanTastikeya padagaLu
9.5 sambanda oTTu 9.5.1 mUladrAviDadalli sambandada oTTu 9.5.2 vibakti oTTugaLondige baLake
9.6.3 kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu 9.6 vibakti oTTugaLu 9.6.1 oTTugaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu 9.6.2 kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu 9.7 tiruLu

10 ADuga mattu tOruga padagaLu 10.1 munnOTa
10.2 ADuga padagaLu 10.2.1 vyavasteyalli badalAvaNe 10.2.2 mUraneya vyakti
10.2.3 ADuga padagaLu mattu nAmapadagaLu
10.3 tOruga padagaLu

252 253

255 255 256
256 263 269 270 272 272 273 275 276 278 278 280 281 284 284 285 286

287 287 287 288 291 293 294

10.3.1 modalaneya angadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu
10.3.2 eraDaneya angadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu 10.4 tiruLu

11 guNapadagaLu
11.1 munnOTa
11.1.1 nAma-guNapadagaLa kelasa 11.1.2 kriyA-guNapadagaLa kelasa
11.2 nAma-guNapadagaLa oLaracane
11.2.1 guNabErugaLinda nAma-guNapadagaLu
11.2.2 nAmabErugaLinda nAma-guNapadagaLu 11.2.3 kriyAbErugaLinda nAma-guNapadagaLu 11.3 nAma-guNapadagaLa baLake 11.3.1 mUladrAviDada sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu 11.3.2 kannaDadavE Ada sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu 11.4 kriyA-guNapadagaLu
11.5 aNakisuva padagaLu
11.6 guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu
11.7 tiruLu

12 vAkyagaLa oLaracane 12.1 munnOTa
12.2 jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu
12.3 sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLu
12.4 Sarattina kriyArUpagaLu 12.4.1 haLegannaDada rUpagaLu 12.4.2 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu 12.5 tiruLu

kelavu pAribASika padagaLu
AkarasUci

297 298 299

301 301 301 304 305 305 306 307 308 309 311 313 314 316 318

319 319 321 324 325 326 326 328

329 339

viSayasUci

343

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1. munnOTa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.1 naDedu banda dAri

ivattu nAvu mAtanADalu mattu bareyalu baLasuva kannaDa nuDi yAva dAriyAgi naDedu bandide, endare mUladrAviDa nuDiya ondu kavalinalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuvudara mUlaka adu ‘hosagannaDa’ emba ivattina rUpavannu paDedide embudannu tiLiyuva ondu prayatnavannu I pustakadalli mADalAgide.

idakkAgi kannaDavannu adarondige ‘nanTastana’vannu tOrisuva tamiLu, malayALa, telugu, tuLu, gOnDi, kUyi, kuDuk modalAda bEre ippattu-ippattaydu drAviDa nuDigaLondige hOlisi nODalAgide. I ellA nuDigaLU ‘mUladrAviDa’ emba ondu mUla nuDiyinda beLedu bandirabEkemba kalpaneyE I prayatnakke aDigallAgide.

baraha kannaDavannu I rIti adarondige nanTastanaviruva bEre halavu nuDigaLondige hOlisuvudu mAtravallade kannaDaddE Ada halavu oLanuDigaLondigU hOlisuva mUlaka, kannaDa nuDi tanna tanavannu paDeda mEle adaralli entaha badalAvaNegaLella naDedive embudannU illi tiLiyalu prayatnisalAgide.

idakkAgi, hindina kAladinda uLidu bandiruva SAsanagaLalli mattu itara barahagaLalli kANisuva kannaDada rUpagaLannu mattu

ivattu kannaDa nADina bEre bEre UrugaLalli (adarallU kANisuva mukyavAgi oLanuDigaLalli) baLakeyalliruva kannaDada rUpagaLannu (endare kannaDada ‘oLanuDi’gaLannu) baLasikoLLalAgide.

mattu oLanADugaLalli

karAvaLi

I vyatyAsa yAva rIti irabEku embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLabEkiddalli modalige ondu nuDi eraDu (illavE illavE oDedukoLLuvudu hEge embudannu tiLiyuvudu avaSya.

nuDigaLAgi badalAguvudu

heccu)

(1) ondu Urinalliruva janaralli kelavaru dUradalliruva bErondu Urige hOgi nelesidarAdare, avarigU hinde uLida varigU naDuvidda samparka pUrti kaDidu hOguttade mattu idarindAgi avaru baLasuva nuDiyalli hinde uLidavara nuDiyalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLiginta tIra bErAgiruva badalAvaNegaLu naDeyatoDaguttave.

idarindAgi, A eraDu UrugaLalli nelesiruva janara nuDi modalige ondu iddudu kaLedante eraDAgi oDedukoLLuttade mattu anantara I eraDu oLanuDigaLu eraDu svatantravAda nuDigaLenisuttave.

samaya

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa nuDiyannADuttidda kelavu janaru sumAru nAnUru varSagaLaSTu hinde maysUrannu biTTu nIlagiriyalli hOgi nelesirabEku mattu anantara avarigU maysUrina hOgirabEku.

kannaDigarigU

naDuvidda

samparka

pUrti

I rIti samparka tappihOdudarindAgi maysUrinallE uLididda kannaDigara nuDiyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLiginta tIra bErAgiruva halavu badalAvaNegaLu nIlagiriyalli nelasidavara

nuDiyalli naDedirabEku mattu idarindAgi nIlagiriyalli nelisidavara kannaDa mAtu ‘baDaga’ emba hesarina bEreyE ondu oLanuDiyAgi badalAgirabEku.

kelavara abiprAyadante baDaga embudu ivattu kannaDakkinta bErAgiruva ondu svatantravAda nuDiyAgide (hOkingsa mattu paylaT-raycUr 1992 nODi).

(2) ondu nuDiyannADuva janaru vistAravAda ondu pradESa dalli nelesiruvarAdare, adara bEre bEre jAgagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDeyaballuvu. A jAgagaLalli nelesida janara naDuve entaha samparkavittu embudara mEle idu ava lambiside.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDavannADuva pradESavannu ‘karAvaLi’ mattu ‘oLanADu’ embudAgi mattu oLanADannu ‘baDagu oLanADu’ mattu ‘tenku oLanADu’ embudAgi vingaDisaballevu. ivugaLalli karAvaLi mattu oLanADugaLa naDuve durgamavAda paScimagaTTagaLu taDeyAgi nintive mattu I taDeyindAgi A eraDu jAgagaLalli nelesidda janara naDuve hindina kAladalli bahaLa kaDime samparkaviddirabEku.

baDagu mattu tenku oLanADugaLa naDuve intaha durgamavAda naDuviruva

taDeyillavAdarU, avugaLa eraDu antaradindAgi samparkakke svalpa maTTigina taDe bandirabEku.

tudigaLa

naDuve

karAvaLi

mattu oLanADugaLa

samparka bahaLa kaDimeyiddudarindAgi, karAvaLiya kannaDigara nuDiyalli naDeda halavu badalAvaNegaLu oLanADina kannaDigara nuDiyalli naDeyalilla mattu oLanADinalli naDeda halavu badalAvaNegaLu karAvaLiyalli naDeyalilla (1.3.1 nODi).

idarindAgi, ivattu karAvaLiya kannaDa mattu oLanADina kannaDagaLa naDuve ondu niScitavAda gaDiyiruvudannu kANabahudu. karAvaLiyinda oLanADina baDagu illavE tenku karnATakada kaDegAgi sancarisidAga, dATuttiddante ommegEnE karAvaLiya oLanuDi mugidu oLanADina oLanuDi suruvAguvudu kANisuttade.

paScimagaTTagaLannu

idakke badalu, oLanADina baDagu mattu tenku oLanuDigaLa naDuve intaha ondu niScitavAda gaDiyannu kANalu sAdyavAguvu dilla. avu baDagininda tenkakke hanta hantavAgi bErAguttA hOguttave. avugaLa naDuvina yAvudE ondu UrallU baDagu kannaDada oLanuDi kannaDada oLanuDi suruvAguttideyundu niScitavAgi hELalu sAdyavAguvudilla.

mugidu

mEle sUcisida hAge, oLanADinalli baDagu mattu tenku karnATakagaLa naDuve durgamavAda taDe yAvudU illadiruvudE I rIti A eraDu oLanuDigaLa naDuve niScitavAda gaDiyilladiralu kAraNa. bariya antara mAtravE avannu bErpaDisaballudu. hAgAgi, oLanADina janara nuDiyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa harahu bEreyE ondu rUpadallide.

avugaLalli naDeda kelavu badalAvaNegaLu iDI oLanADannE vyApisiveyAdare, bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu baDagu pradESadalli mAtra naDedive illavE tenku pradESadalli mAtra naDedive. innu kelavu badalAvaNegaLu iveraDara naDuvina pradESadalli mAtra naDedive. idarindAgi, ivattu kannaDada oLanADina oLanuDigaLu UrindUrige hanta hantavAgi bErAguttiruvudannu kANabahudu.
mUladrAviDavemba ondu nuDi kannaDa mattu adarondige nanTastikeyannu tOrisuva tamiLu, malayALa, telugu, tuLu,

koDagu, gOnDi, kuDuk modalAda sumAru ippattAru drAviDa nuDigaLAgi oDedukoLLalu mEle vivarisida eraDu rItiya vidAnagaLalli yAvudu kAraNavirabahudu embudannu Iga hELuvudu kaSTa. I eraDu rItiya vidAnagaLU oTTAgi idakke kAraNavAgirabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, ivattu balUcistAna(pAkistAna)dalli nele siruva brAhuyI janAngada nuDi ondu svatantra nuDiyAgi badalAgalu adannADuva janaru bAratadinda balUcistAnakke valase hOdudE kAraNavAgirabahudu. Adare, tamiLu mattu malayALa nuDigaLu eraDu svatantra nuDigaLAgi badalAgalu antaha valasegintalU avannADuva janaru vAsisuva jAgagaLa naDuviruva antaravE kAraNavirabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.1.3 mUlanuDiya kalpane

eraDu nuDigaLu ondE mUlanuDiyinda beLedu bandiveyundu vAdisabEkiddalli avugaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLirabEku embudu mElina vivaraNeyinda spaSTavAguttade. A vyatyAsagaLella mUlanuDiyannADuttidda eraDu gumpugaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu mUDibandive embudAgi tOrisikoDalu sAdyaviddalli mAtra A eraDu nuDigaLu ondE vAdisalu mUlanuDiyinda sAdyavAguttade.

beLedu bandiveyumbudAgi

naDedudarindAgi

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa mattu tamiLu nuDigaLu tenkudrAviDa vemba mUlanuDiyinda beLedu bandiveyumbudAgi vAdisalu namage sAdyavAgide. endare, I eraDu nuDigaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLella kalpitavAgiruva tenkudrAviDavemba mUlanuDiya

eraDu kavalugaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDeduda rindAgi mUDibandiveyumbudAgi tOrisikoDalu sAdyavAgide.

I mUlanuDiyannADuttidda janara ondu gumpinalli ondu rItiya badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi kannaDa nuDi siddavAgide mattu innondu badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi tamiLu nuDi siddavAgide embudAgi tOrisi koDalu sAdyavAgide.

gumpinalli

bEreyE

idE rItiyalli telugu, koDagu, tuLu modalAda itara drAviDa nuDigaLU mUladrAviDa nuDiyannADuttidda janara bEre bEre gumpugaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDeduda rindAgi mUDibandiveyumbudAgi tOrisikoDalu sAdyavAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.1.4 vyatyAsa mattu sAmya

nuDigaLa naDuvina nanTastana I rIti avugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLu entahavu embudannu avalambisideyallade avugaLa naDuve entaha sAmyavide illavE eSTu sAmyavide embudannu avalambisilla. nuDigaLa naDuviruva nanTastike eSTu hattiraddu illavE eSTu dUraddu emba viSayadalli idondu atyanta prAmukyavAda sangati. Adare heccinavarU idannu sariyAgi artamADikonDiruvudilla.

kannaDa mattu samskruta nuDigaLa naDuve halavu rItiya sAmyagaLannu kANaballevu. karNa-kivi, mukha-mOre, modalAda halavu sAmyavideyundu padagaLa tOrabahudu; vyAkaraNadallU intaha kelavu sAmyagaLannu I eraDu nuDigaLa naDuve kANalu kaSTavAgadu.

samskruta-kannaDa

naDuve

Adare I sAmyagaLannavalambisi, samskruta mattu kannaDa nuDigaLa naDuve nanTastikeyideyundAgali illavE kannaDa samskrutadinda

(‘vikruta’gonDu)

beLedu sAdyavAgadu.

bandideyundAgali

vAdisalu

idakke kAraNavEnendare, eraDu nuDigaLa naDuvina sAmyakke halavu kAraNagaLirabahudu. avugaLoLage halavu SatamAnagaLa samparkavideyAdalli avugaLalli ondu innondarinda halavAru padagaLannu illavE vyAkaraNAmSagaLannu eravalAgi paDediralu sAdyaviddu, adarindAgi avugaLa naDuve sAmya kANisaballudu.

idallade, nuDigaLa naDuvina sAmya AkasmikavAdudAgiralU sAdyavide. ellA nuDigaLU mAnavana vikAsada ondu angavAgi mUDi bandiveyAda kAraNa, avugaLa naDuve antaha sAmya kANisuvudaralli accariyEnilla.

nuDigaLAgi

Adare nuDigaLa naDuvina nanTastikeyumbudu ondu mUlanuDi yalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi adu hEge halavu oDedukonDideyumbudannu tiLisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, adakke nuDigaLa naDuvina sAmyavannu AdAravAgi koDalu sAdyavAguvudilla. A nuDigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannella ondE mUla nuDiya eraDu bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa kavalugaLalli tOrisikoDalu sAdyavAguvudondE adakke AdAravAgaballudu.

naDeda

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.2 drAviDa nuDigaLu

ondaroDanondu nanTastanavannu tOrisuva (endare ondE mUla nuDiyinda badalAgi bandiruva) nuDigaLannella oTTige ondu ‘nuDi kuTumba’vembudAgi parigaNisalAguttade.

kannaDa, tamiLu, telugu, malayALa modalAda nuDigaLu ‘drAviDa’ emba ondu nuDikuTumbakke sEridavugaLembudannu

modalige tOrisi koTTavaru rObarTa kAlDavel (kAlDavel 1913). avara anantara I nuDikuTumbada mEle mattu adakke sErida nuDigaLa mEle halavu mandi vidvAmsaru samSOdanegaLannu naDesiddAre mattu I samSOdanegaLa mUlaka I viSaya innaSTu spaSTa mattu kacitavAguva hAge mADiddAre.

oTTu ippattArakkintalU heccu nuDigaLu I nuDikuTumbakke sEruttave. mEle sUcisida hAge, modalige I drAviDa janaralli ondE ondu mUlanuDi baLakeyalliddirabEku; anantara adannADuva I janaru bEre bEre UrugaLige hOgi (illavE ondu viSAlavAda jAgadalli nelesidudarindAgi nelesidudarindAgi), avara mAtinalli samayadinda samayakke naDeda badalAvaNegaLu bEre bEre UrugaLalli bEre bEre dikkugaLannu hiDidirabEku; mattu idarindAgi, A mUla nuDi halavu nuDigaLAgi oDedirabEku embudu vidvAmsara kalpane

modalige

kareyalAgide. adu

iddirabahudAda I

mUlanuDiyannu ‘mUladrAviDa’ endu tenkudrAviDa, naDudrAviDa mattu baDagu drAviDa emba mUru kavalugaLAgi oDediddu, avugaLalli tenkudrAviDavemba kavalininda kannaDa nuDi beLedu bandirabEku embudu ivattina halavu vidvAmsara kalpaneyAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.2.1 ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLu

tenkudrAviDa kavalininda kannaDa nuDi (janasankye: mUru kOTi) mAtravallade, tamiLu (aydu kOTi) malayALa (mUru kOTi), koDagu (93 sAvira), toda (1,600), kOta (1,400), iruLa (5,200) mattu kuRumba (5000) emba bEre ELu

nuDigaLU beLedu bandive. ivugaLalli koneya nAlku nuDigaLu (toda, kOta, iruLa mattu kuRumba) nIlagiriya guDDa kADugaLalli baLakeyallive.

idallade, karnATakada karAvaLiyalli baLakeyalliruva tuLu (hadinAru lakSa) mattu koraga (nAlku sAvira) nuDigaLU I kavalige sEruttaveyundu sadyakke tIrmAnisalAgide. Adare I viSayadalli kelavu sandEhagaLu innU uLidive. ivugaLalli tuLu nuDi tenku drAviDa nuDigaLinda halavu viSayagaLalli bErAgiddu, naDudrAviDada nuDigaLondige hattirada nanTastanavannu tOrisuva hAge kANisuttade. koraga nuDiyU kelavu viSayagaLalli baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLige samIpaviruva hAge kANisuttade. hAgAgi, I eraDu nuDigaLa viSayavAgi innaSTu samSOdanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

nIlagiriyalli baLakeyalliruva ‘baDaga’ embudu (janasankye: ondUkAlu lakSa) kannaDakkinta bErAgiruva ondu svatantra nuDiyumbudAgi kelavaru vAdisiddAre; Adare illi adannu kannaDada oLanuDiyundE parigaNisalAgide. idakke keLage (1.3.2)ralli vivarisalAgide.

kAraNavannu

naDudrAviDa kavalinalli telugu, gOnDi, konDa, kUyi, kUvi, pengo, manDa, kOlAmi, nAyki, nAykiDi, pArji, ollAri mattu gadaba emba hadimUru nuDigaLu sEruttave. telugu nuDiyannADuvavara janasankye sumAru ArUvare kOTi.
uLidavugaLalli gOnDi nuDi sumAru ippattanAlku lakSa janara mAtAgiddu, madyapradESa, mahArASTra, orissa mattu Andra pradESagaLalli baLakeyallide. ArUvare lakSa janara mAtAgiruva kUyi nuDi orissAdalli baLakeyallide.

kUvi nuDi sumAru eraDUvare lakSa janara mAtAgiddu, orissA mattu AndrapradESa (viSAkapaTTaNa)gaLalli baLakeyallide. konDa nuDi sumAru hadinenTu sAvira janara mAtAgiddu, AndrapradESadalli baLakeyallide. sumAru ondUvare sAvira janara mAtAgiddu, orissAda navarangapura jilleyalli baLakeyallide. adE jilleyalli baLakeyalliruva manDa nuDi eSTu janara mAtAgideyumbudinnU niScitavAgi tiLidilla.

pengO

baDagudrAviDa kavalinalli kuDuk, mAltO mattu brAhuyi emba mUru nuDigaLu sEruttave. ivugaLalli kuDuk nuDi sumAru hadinAlku lakSa janara mAtAgiddu, bihAra, madyapradESa mattu orissAgaLalli baLakeyallide. nEpALadallU I nuDiyannADuva sumAru hattu sAvira janariddAre.

sumAru ondu lakSa janara mAtAgiruva mAltO nuDi bihArada rAjamahAl guDDagaLalli baLakeyallide mattu sumAru hadinELu lakSa janara mAtAgiruva brAhuyI nuDi pAkistAnada balUcistAnadalli baLakeyallide.

I hancikeginta svalpa maTTige bErAgiruva hancikeyondannu kruSNamUrti (2003) sUcisiddAre. mEle koTTiruva tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLannu mEle naDudrAviDadalli sErisida telugu, gOnDi, konDa, kUyi, kUvi, pengo mattu manDa nuDigaLannu ‘tenkudrAviDa-2’ embudAgi parigaNisabEkendu avaru vAdisiddAre.

‘tenkudrAviDa-1’ embudAgi

mattu

ivannu biTTu uLida kOlAmi, nAyki, pArji, ollAri mattu gadaba nuDigaLannu mAtra ‘naDudrAviDa’ kavalinalli irisabEkembudu avara abiprAya. tamiLu, kannaDa modalAda nuDigaLalli naDeda

kelavu badalAvaNegaLu telugu, gOnDi, kUyi modalAda nuDi gaLallU kANisuttiruvudE avara I abiprAyakke AdAra.

gaDipradESada

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.2.2 drAviDara mUla nele

drAviDa nuDigaLannADuva janaru tenku ESyA illavE yurOp ninda ISAnya valase bandirabEkendu heccina vidvAmsarU abiprAyapaDuttAre. idu bAratakke Aryaru valase bandudakkinta sumAru eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde naDedirabEkendU kUDa ivaru vAdisuttAre. bAratakke Aryaru valase bandudu sumAru mUrUvare sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde.

bAratakke

mUlaka

Adare, I abiprAyagaLige samAdAnakaravAda AdAravEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. drAviDa nuDigaLige urAl- AlTEyik kuTumbakke sErida hangEriyan, phinniS modalAda halavaru vidvAmsaru nuDigaLondige mattu japAnIs vAdisiddAre. idallade, ilAmayTa nuDigaLondigU drAviDa nuDigaLige nanTastanavideyundu sAdisalu kelavaru prayatnisiddAre. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudU iduvarege ellarU oppuvantaha stitige talapilla.

nanTastanavideyundu

tamiLu,

idallade, namage tiLidiruva hAge, ivattu mUladrAviDada pada mattu vyAkaraNa svarUpagaLannu heccu badalAyisade koDagu, malayALa uLisikonDiruvudu modalAda drAviDa nuDigaLannADuva janara valase bAratadalli tenku dikkininda baDagu dikkige sAgirabEkallade baDagu dikkininda tenku dikkigalla (kruSNamUrti

kannaDa, nuDigaLE.

tenkudrAviDa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.2.3 tenkudrAviDadalli kannaDada jAga

tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli tuLu mattu koraga nuDigaLu motta modalige bErAgirabEku. avu halavu viSayagaLalli itara tenku drAviDa nuDigaLinda bErAgiruvudE I nirdArakke baralu kAraNa. mEle sUcisida hAge, halavu viSayagaLalli tuLu nuDi naDu drAviDa tOruvudu idE hattiravideyundu kAraNakkAgiyU irabahudu.

nuDigaLige

mElina eraDu nuDigaLa anantara, tenkudrAviDadinda kannaDa nuDi bErAgirabEku mattu adara anantara kOta hAgU toda nuDigaLu mattu AmEle koDagu mattu kuRumba nuDigaLu bErAgirabEkendu vidvAmsaru kalpisikonDiddAre. bAki uLidiruva nuDige ‘tamiLu’ emba hesaru bandiddu, adarinda ittIcege andare sumAru ondUvare sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde iruLa mattu malayALa nuDigaLu bErAgirabEku.

nuDigaLa I caritreginta avu baLasuva lipigaLa caritre tIra bErAdudembudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. kristapUrva mUranE SatamAnadalli (endare aSOkana kAladalli) prAkruta SAsanagaLannu bareyalu baLakeyAguttidda brAhmI lipiyE bAratada heccina lipigaLigU mUla. drAviDa nuDigaLu baLasuva lipigaLU idarindalE beLedu bandiveyendu vidvAmsaru nirNayakke bandiddAre.

kannaDa mattu telugu nuDigaLu baLasuttidda lipi hadinaydanE SatamAnada varegU heccu kaDime ondE lipiyAgi uLidittu. anantara adu eraDu bEre bEre lipigaLAgi oDedukonDitu. I lipigaLannu mudraNakke aLavaDisikoLLuva samayadalli avugaLa naDuve beLedu bandidda vyatyAsagaLu innaSTu spaSTavAduvu.

kannaDa mattu telugu lipigaLa naDuviruva I sAmyadindAgi, A eraDu nuDigaLa naDuveyU hattirada nanTastanavirabEkendu halavu mandi bAvisuttAre. Adare idu tappu. haLegannaDavannu haLetamiLu mattu haLetelugugaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, halavu viSaya gaLalli kannaDa nuDi telugigintalU tamiLige heccu hattiraviruvudu kanDubaruttade.

telugu nuDiyannu kannaDa, tamiLu modalAda tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLinda dUra mADuva sangatigaLalli kelavannu illi gamanisa bahudu.

vastu,

viSaya

modalAduvannu

(1) tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli manuSyarannu horatupaDisi itara prANi, sUcisuva nAmapadagaLondige halavacanavannu sUcisuva gaL oTTannu baLasalEbEkemba niyamavilla. avaSyaviddalli mAtra adannu baLasidare sAku. Adare telugu mattu itara naDudrAviDa nuDigaLalli halavacanada artaviruvallella I oTTannU baLasalEbEkemba niyamavide.

(2) tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli kANisuva avan ‘avanu’ embudu telugu mattu itara naDudrAviDa nuDigaLalli *avanR emba rUpadallide. teluginalli idu vADu endAgide.

(3) mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli mUladrAviDada ppa oTTu baLakeyAguvudAdare (haLegannaDada pOpem, barpem), telugu mattu itara drAviDa (cEstAnu nuDigaLalli ‘mADuttEne’). haLegannaDadalli I tta oTTu aTTuttum, oDeyuttum embantaha jODisuva rUpagaLalli mAtra uLidide. hosagannaDadalli I tta oTTu mundina samayavannu

baLakeyAguttade

sUcisuvudakkAgiyU (mADuttEne), Adare idakke kannaDadalli ittIcege naDeda badalAvaNe kAraNa (8.3.2 nODi).

baLakeyAguttadeyEnO

(4) naDudrAviDada telugu, gOnDi, konDa, kUvi, kUyi, pengo mattu manDa nuDigaLalli eraDu giDDasvaragaLiruva padagaLalli modalaneya svarada anantara T, R, l, L, r illavE Z bandideyAdare, modala svara eraDaneya svaraviddallige hOgi adarondige sEri udda svaravAguttade. ikAra mattu ekAragaLu I rIti oTTu sEridAga EkAravU, ukAra mattu okAragaLu oTTu sEridAga OkAravU doreyuttave. I badalAvaNe tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli naDedilla.

kannaDa
mara(n) oraLu
bare(yu) kiL (keLage) kuruDa
koZave

telugu rmAnu rOlu vrAyu, rAyu lOnu gruDDi krOvi

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.3 kannaDa nuDi oLanuDigaLAgi oDedukonDa bage

mUla tenkudrAviDadinda kannaDa ondu svatantra nuDiyAgi oDedu konDa mEle, adu halavu oLanuDigaLAgi oDedukonDide. idu yAva rItiyalli naDedirabEku embudannu adara ivattina

oLanuDigaLa pariSIlaneya mUlaka tiLidukoLLabahudu.

kANisuva

naDuve

sAmya mattu vyatyAsagaLa

mEle (1.1.2)ralli sUcisida hAge, kannaDa nuDiyannADuva janaralli kelavaru karAvaLiyallU, innu kelavaru oLanADinallU nelesirabEku mattu hIge nelesida mEle, I eraDu gumpugaLa naDuvina samparka pUrti tappi hOgirabEku. idarindAgi, anantara kannaDa nuDiyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLalli heccinavU I eraDu pradESagaLalli tIra bErAgiruva dikkugaLalli naDedirabEku.

karAvaLi mattu oLanADugaLa oLanuDigaLAgi I rIti oDedu konDiruvudE kannaDada atyanta haLeya kavaloDetavAgide. I kavaloDetavannu bembalisuvantaha badalAvaNegaLalli kelavannu keLage 1.3.1ralli sUcisalAgide. avugaLa kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu mundina adyAyagaLalli koDalAguvudu.

I oLanuDigaLondige baDaga oLanuDiyannu hOlisidAga, kelavu viSayagaLalli adu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa hAge mattu kelavu viSayagaLalli oLanADina oLanuDigaLa hAge bEre kANisuttade. idakke kAraNavEnirabahudembudannu 1.3.2ralli sUcisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.3.1 karAvaLi mattu oLanADina oLanuDigaLu

karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLigU oLanADina oLanuDigaLigU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli kelavu avugaLa naDuvina oDetavannu atyanta prAcInavAda kannaDa barahagaLindalU hindakke konDuhOguttave.

tenkudrAviDadalli

sUcisuva kriyApadagaLige t oTTannu sErisi avannu mADuvikegaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdyavittu. oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli idu pUrti

Aguvikeyannu

illavAgide; Adare karAvaLiya havyaka oLanuDiyalli idara avaSESagaLannu halavu kriyApadagaLalli kANabahudu (7.5.4 nODi).

(2) naDuvina giDDa svaragaLu (ekAra, okAragaLu) avugaLa anantara mElina svaragaLu (i illavE u) bandAga mElina giDDa svaragaLAguvantaha badalAvaNeyondu kannaDadalli enTu- ombattanE SatamAnadalli naDedirabEkendu SAsanagaLa AdArada mEle hELalAguttade. I badalAvaNe kannaDada oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli naDedide, Adare karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli naDedilla (2.2.2 nODi).

(3) taDeyuliya modalu bandidda mUguli udda svarada anantara illavE eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara biddu hOguva badalAvaNe haLegannaDada samayadalli naDedittu. oLanADina oLanuDi gaLalli I mUguli uLidilla, Adare karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa halavu padagaLalli adu uLidide (5.2.4 nODi).

(4) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuli haLegannaDakkintalU hindina samayadallEnE biddu hOgalu toDagirabEku. haLegannaDadalli intaha kelavu padagaLu mAtra uLidukonDive. oLanADina oLanuDigaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedide, Adare karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli TakAravannu horatupaDisi itara taDeyuligaLalli adu naDedilla (4.4.5 nODi).

(5) mUladrAviDadalli ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *yAm padavannu baLasalAguttittu mattu ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *YAm haLegannaDa padavannu baLasalAguttittu. I

vyatyAsavannu

uLisikonDide (Am mattu nAm padagaLa mUlaka) mattu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLU uLisikonDive (havyakadalli engo mattu nAvu padagaLu idakkAgi baLakeyAguttave). Adare, oLanADina oLanuDigaLu idannu uLisikonDilla (10.2 nODi).

(6) mUladrAviDada kriyArUpagaLallU mElina vyatyAsa kANisuttiddirabEku. avugaLa koneyalli baruva *am oTTu ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudAdare *em oTTu ADuga mattu (kELuganannu horatupaDisi) itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuttade.

I vyatyAsavannu haLegannaDa uLisilla mattu oLanADina oLanuDi gaLU uLisilla. Adare karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDa bEre vidAnada mUlaka (am oTTina badalu tu oTTannu baLasuva mUlaka) uLisikonDide (8.5.3 nODi).

(7) haLegannaDada va (pa) oTTannu oLanADina oLanuDigaLu kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva rUpagaLalli (mADuva, koDuva) mAtra uLisikonDive, Adare karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLu adannu kelasavannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLallU uLisikonDive.

I rUpakke mundina kelasada kuritAgi ADugana Uheyannu tiLisuva arta bandideyembudu mAtra karAvaLiyalli naDeda koDuve hOpe badalAvaNe ‘koTTEnu’) (8.3.3 nODi).

‘hOdEnu’,

(havyakada

(8) haLegannaDada bandapem

‘baruttEne’, muridapem ‘muriyuttEne’ embantaha karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli uLidilla, oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli bandEnu, muridEnu embantaha rUpagaLalli uLidukonDive. ivugaLa arta mAtra I oLanuDigaLalli badalAgide; avu mundina kelasavannu

kriyArUpagaLu

tiLisuva badalu A kelasagaLa kuritAgi ADugana Uheyannu tiLisuttave (8.3 nODi).

(9) haLegannaDadalli mundina samayada kelasada kuritu ADugana Uheyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadadondige kum (gum) oTTannu baLasalAguttittu. oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli I oTTu uLidilla. Adare karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli idu ADuga mattu kELugarannu horatupaDisi, itarara kelasada kuritu ADugana Uheyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttade (8.3.3 nODi).

idallade, hindina samayadalli rUDiyallidda kelasavondannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU I oTTannu haLegannaDadalli baLasalAguttittu; intahadE baLake havyakadalliyU ide.

(10) mundina samayada kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDada ellA oLanuDigaLU kriyApadakke utta oTTannu sErisiruva rUpagaLannu baLasuttave (baDaga kannaDa idakke apavAda - 1.3.2 nODi). Adare I oTTina anantara baruva ADuga oTTina svarUpadalli karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLu oLanADina oLanuDigaLinda bErAgive.

oLanADina oLanuDigaLu Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpagaLinda siddavAda Ene, Eve, Iri modalAda oTTugaLannu baLasuttave (mADuttEne, koDuttEne) Adare karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLu hindina samayada oTTinondige baruva ADuga oTTugaLannE illiyU baLasuttave (mADutte, koDutte).

(11) mUladrAviDada allagaLeyuva kriyArUpa haLegannaDa dalli uLidide (nODem ‘nAnu nODuvudilla’, nODar ‘avaru nODuvudilla’) mattu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalliyU uLidide; (idara artadalli mAtra svalpa badalAvaNeyAgide:

havyakada mADe ‘nAnu mADalikkilla’, nODavu ‘avaru nODalikkilla’). baDaga oLanuDiyallU uLidide (barO ‘nAvu baralikkilla’). Adare oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli idu uLidilla (8.4 nODi).

(12) haLegannaDadalli Sarattannu sUcisuva oDe oTTannu nEravAgi hindina illavE mundina samayada oTTugaLa anantara mattu allagaLeyuva oTTina anantara baLasalu sAdyavittu (bandoDe ‘bandare’, bapopaDe ‘baruvudiddare’, bAradoDe ‘bAradiddare’).

karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadallU idE rItiyalli Sarattannu sUcisuva are oTTannu hindina mattu mundina samayada oTTugaLa anantara illavE allagaLeyuva oTTina anantara baLasalu sAdyavide (bandare ‘bandare’, battare ‘baruvudiddare’ bAraddare ‘bAradiddare’).

Adare oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli Sarattannu sUcisuva are
oTTannu mundina samayada oTTina anantara illavE allagaLeyuva oTTina anantara nEravAgi baLasalu sAdyavAgadu (12.4. nODi). karAvaLi mattu oLanADina kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli intaha halavu badalAvaNegaLu bEre bEre dikkugaLalli naDediddu, avu I eraDu oLanuDigaLa naDuve ivattu kANisuva vyatyAsagaLige kAraNagaLAgive. kannaDada oLanuDigaLa oDetadalli karAvaLi mattu oLanADugaLa naDuvina oDetavE atyanta haLeyadembudu I vyatyAsagaLinda spaSTavAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.3.2 baDaga oLanuDi

baDaga kannaDa kelavu viSayagaLalli karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLannu hOluttade mattu bEre kelavu viSayagaLalli oLanADina oLanuDigaLannu hOluttade. idallade, innu kelavu viSayagaLalli adu tannavE Ada badalAvaNegaLannU mADikonDide.

I ellA viSayagaLannU vivarisuvudakkAgi, adannADuva jana modalige karAvaLiyalliddirabEkendu mattu AmEle allinda oLa nADige (maysUrige) valase hOgirabEkendu kalpisikoLLabahudu. idara anantara avaru nIlagirige valase hOdudarindAgi, avara nuDiyalli adaradE Ada kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDedirabEku.

(1) kriyApadagaLalli kANisuva Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa karAvaLiya havyakadallide mattu baDagadallU ide; Adare, oLanADina oLanuDigaLalliruva hAge kANisuvudilla (7.5.3-4 nODi).

(2) karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa hAge baDagavU mundina samayada v (p) oTTannu uLisikonDide mattu suLyada gavDa kannaDada hAge haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ kriyArUpada badalu utta rUpavannu baLasade adannE uLisikonDide (8.3.3-4 nODi).

(3) allagaLeyuva kriyArUpavannu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa hAge baDagavU uLisikonDide. idallade, illa padavannu (baDagadalli ile embudannu) hindina, mundina mattu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLondige baLasuva karAvaLiya vidAna baDagadallU uLidide (8.4 nODi).

(4) ADuga padagaLalli mattu kriyArUpagaLalli ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisi mattu sErisade hELuvantaha eraDu rItiya

kUDikeya rUpagaLannu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa hAge baDagavU uLisikonDide (10.2.1 mattu 8.5.3 nODi).

(5) ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva padagaLa halavacanada rUpagaLalli karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLa hAge baDagavU ga (<gaL) oTTannu baLasuttade (10.2.1 nODi).

(6) halavacanavannu sUcisuva gaL oTTu go endAgiruvalli baDaga nuDi karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLannu hOluttade (9.3.2 nODi).

(7) kriyArUpagaLalli manuSyarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisuva itu oTTannu manuSyarannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU baLasuva vidAna baDagadalliyU ide (8.5.2 nODi).

karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalliruva

(8) ELu-enTanE SatamAnadalli naDeda naDuvina giDDa svaragaLu mElina svaragaLAguva badalAvaNe baDaga kannaDadallU naDedide. idu I oLanuDiyannADuvavaru maysUrige valase hOda anantara naDedirabEku. yAkendare, karAvaLiyalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla (2.2.2 nODi).

mUguli

modalu bandidda

(9) uddasvarada anantara mattu eraDu giDDasvaragaLa anantara taDeyuliya karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli uLidukonDide (5.2.4). idu baDaga kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli uLidideyAdarU (Engu ‘hambalisu’, nIndu ‘Iju’, tAnDu ‘hAri dATu’, tAngu ‘tALme’), bEre kelavu padagaLalli uLidilla (nUku (havyaka nUnku), sAku (havyaka sAnku), tATu (havyaka tAnTu), marago (havyaka marango).

(10) nIlagirige valase hOda mEle adaralli naDediruva badalAvaNegaLalli (ka) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda

mUguli mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLa sErike immaDi taDeyuli yAgi badalAgiruvudu (5.2.4 nODi) mattu (ca) LakAra mattu ZakAragaLu biddu hOgi avugaLa hattira idda svaragaLu maDacida svaragaLAgi badalAgiruvudu mukyavAdavugaLu (2.4.4 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.3.3 itara oDetagaLu

kannaDadalli mElina oLanuDigaLa oDeta mAtravallade bEreyU halavu oDetagaLu naDediruvudannu kANabahudu. ivugaLa svarUpa entahadembudinnU spaSTavAgilla. kannaDigaru karnATakada bEre bEre jAgagaLalli nelesiddu, I jAgagaLa naDuvina antaradindAgi avaru baLasuva nuDiyalli vyatyAsagaLErpaTTive. oLanADinallEnE kANisuva baDagu (dAravADa) mattu tenku (maysUru) emba vyatyAsa intahadu.

karAvaLiya havyakadallU tenku havyaka, baDagu havyaka mattu gaTTada mElina havyaka endella vyatyAsagaLive. Adare I yAva oDetagaLU mEle sUcisida karAvaLi-oLanADu oDetadaSTu mukya vAduvalla.

intaha nuDiyannADuvavara jAgavannavalambisida oDetagaLu mAtravallade ondE jAgadallU bEre bEre jAtigaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDavU bEre bErAgide. I jAti illavE samAjakke sambandisida oLanuDigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa yAva rItiyadu embudara kuritAgiyU innaSTu samSOdanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

I ella vyatyAsagaLU kannaDa nuDiyannu baLasuva I bEre bEre rItiya pangaDagaLa naDuve kaLeda nUrAru varSagaLalli entaha samparkavittu embudara mEle avalambiside embudannu illi mareyabAradu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.4 pustakada svarUpa

mUladrAviDadinda kannaDada varege mattu allinda ivattina kannaDada oLanuDigaLa varege kannaDa nuDiya caritreyalli entaha badalAvaNe gaLella naDedive embudannu vivarisuvudE I pustakada guriyAgide. mUladrAviDa svaragaLu bErinalli mattu oTTinalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiveyAda kAraNa avannu bEre bErAgi eraDu mattu mUranE adyAyagaLalli vivarisalAgide.

idakke badalu, vyanjanagaLalli

naDeda badalAvaNegaLannu taDeyuligaLalli naDedavu mattu itara vyanjanagaLalli naDedavu embudAgi vingaDisi, nAlku mattu aydaneya adyAyagaLalli vivarisalAgide.

mUladrAviDada padaracane hEgiddirabEku mattu adaralli entaha badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi kannaDada padagaLu siddavAgive embudannu Araneya adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneya kuritu halavAru sangatigaLannu IgAgalE kanDuhiDiyalAgideyAda kAraNa, adannu bEreyE ondu (ELanE) adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide. I padagaLinda racisabahudAda kriyArUpagaLa oLaracaneyannu mattu adaralli naDeda adyAyadalli kaygettikoLLalAgide.

badalAvaNegaLannu

nAmapadagaLa mattu nAmarUpagaLa oLaracaneyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLannu ombattanE adyAyadallU, ADuga mattu tOruga hattanE naDedavugaLannu adyAyadallU, hannondanE adyAyadallU vivarisalAgide.

guNapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli

padagaLa oLaracaneyalli

naDedavugaLannu

mUladrAviDadalli vAkyaracane hEgiddirabEku mattu I racane yalli entaha badalAvaNegaLannu kannaDa mADikonDide embudannu hanneraDanE adyAyadalli pariSIlisalAgide. I pustakadalli baLakeyAgiruva pAribASika padagaLannu koneyalli vivarisalAgide.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2. bErina svaragaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1 svaragaLa eNike mattu uccAraNe

mUladrAviDakke i, e, u, o mattu a emba aydu giDDa svaragaLannu mattu I, E, U, O mattu A emba aydu udda svaragaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide. kannaDadallU intahavE aydu giDDa svaragaLa eNike mattu mattu udda uccAraNegaLa maTTige mUladrAviDakkU kannaDakkU naDuve, Iga kalpisikonDiruva hAge, yAva vyatyAsavU illa.

svaragaLive. endare,

Adare, kannaDada kelavu ivattina oLanuDigaLalli svaragaLa eNikeya maTTigU badalAvaNegaLAgive embudannu munde nODaliruvevu (2.4 nODi).

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva I svaragaLannu hesarisuvudakkAgi eraDu mukya viSayagaLannu gamanisabEkAguttade. adakkAgi (1) nAligeya yAva bAgavannu baLasalAguttade embudondu; mattu (2) A bAgavannu bAyiya yAva jAgadalli nillisalAguttade embudu innondu.

kannaDa svaragaLa uccAraNeyalli I eraDu amSagaLu (nAlageya bAga mattu adu nilluva bAyiya jAga) yAva rItiyalli toDagikoLLuttave embudannu keLage sUcisalAgide.

bAyiya jAga

mundina bAga

hindina bAga

nAligeya bAga

mElina jAga naDuvina jAga
keLagina jAga

nAligeya mumbAgavannu bAyiya mElbAgadalli nillisi ondu svaravannu uccarisidalli adu i illavE I embudAgi kELisuttade; adE mumbAgavannu svalpa keLage endare bAyiya naDubAgakke sarisi uccarisidare A svara e illavE E embudAgi kELisuttade.

nAligeya mumbAgada badalu himbAgavannu bAyiya mElbAgadallirisi (mattu adarondige tuTiyannU dunDagAgisi) ondu svaravannu uccarisidevAdare, adu u illavE U embudAgi kELisuttade; naDubAgadallirisi (mattu tuTiyannu dunDagAgisi) uccarisidevAdare o illavE O embudAgi kELisuttade; mattu keLabAgadallirisi (tuTiyannu dunDagAgisade) uccarisidevAdare a illavE A embudAgi kELisuttade.

I rIti uccarisuva nAligeya bAga mattu adu nilluva bAyiya jAgagaLannu avalambisi, kannaDada svaragaLannu aydu gumpugaLalli hanci hesarisabahudu. i mattu I embavugaLu munmElina’svaragaLu; e mattu E embavugaLu munnaDuvina svaragaLu; u mattu U embavugaLu hinmElina’svaragaLu; o mattu O embavugaLu hinnaDuvina’svaragaLu; a mattu A embavugaLu hingeLagina’svaragaLu.

kannaDa svaragaLa I hesarugaLalli eraDu angagaLiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu nAligeya bAgavannu mattu eraDaneyadu adu

nilluva bAyiya jAgavannu sUcisuttadeyumbudannu gamanisa bahudu.

kannaDada svaragaLannu I rIti avugaLa uccAraNeyalli baLakeyAguva nAligeya bAga mattu A bAga nilluva bAyiya jAgagaLannavalambisi mAtravallade bEre viSayagaLannavalambisiyU hancalu sAdyavide. mEle sUcisida hAge, I svaragaLannu eSTu hottu uccarisalAguttade embudannavalambisi giDDasvaragaLu (i, e, u, o mattu a) mattu uddasvaragaLu (I, E, U, O mattu A) embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu.

idallade, ivugaLa uccAraNeyalli tuTi dunDagiruttadeyE illavE dunDagilladiruttadeyE embudannavalambisi, dunDagina svaragaLu (u, U, o mattu O), mattu dunDagillada svaragaLu (i, I, e, E, a mattu A) embudAgiyU hancabahudu.

kannaDada

caritreyalli I

svaragaLu entaha badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu varNisuvalli avugaLa uccAraNeyannanusarisi mADiruva I mUru rItiya hancikegaLu sahAyakavAguttave embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

hattu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1.1 ay mattu av svaragaLu

kannaDa barahadalli ay mattu av emba bEre eraDu svaragaLannu paTTimADalAguttade; Adare nijakkU ivu kannaDada (illavE mUladrAviDada) heccina svaragaLalla. akArada anantara yakAra bandiruvudannu bareyalAguttade mattu vakAra bandiruvudannu (av embudannu) av embudAgi bareyalAguttade.

embudannu)

kannaDadalli (mattu mUladrAviDadalli) I rIti akAradondige sEriruvudannu eraDu heccina

yakAra mattu vakAragaLu

svaragaLembudAgi parigaNisalu yAva AdAravU illa. I sandarbadalli keLagina kelavu viSayagaLannu gamanisuvudu avaSya.

(1) akArada anantara mAtravallade itara svaragaLa anantaravU yakAra baraballudu. udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDada *key ‘mADu’ mattu *koy’‘koyyu’’padagaLalli yakAra e mattu o svaragaLa anantara bandide. I baLakeya yakArakkU *kay (kay) padadalliruvantaha akArada anantarada baLakeyalliruva yakArakkU naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU illa.

(2) giDDa svaragaLa anantara mAtravallade udda svaragaLa anantaravU yakAra baraballudu. *kay (kay) - *kAy ‘kAyu’, *bay ‘bayyu’’- *bAy’‘bAyi’, *pay ‘oDe’

*pAy ‘jigi’’modalAda mUladrAviDa bErugaLalli I eraDu rItiya baLakegaLannu kANabahudu. giDDa akArada anantara baruva yakAravannu mAtravE ondu heccina svarada angavendu kareyuvudakke drAviDa nuDigaLallAgali, mUladrAviDadallAgali yAva AdAravU illa.

vyanjanagaLondigU

(3) svaragaLa anantara baruva yakAra mattu vakAragaLu mUladrAviDadalli rakAra, lakAra, LakAra modalAdavugaLa hAge halavu viSayagaLalli vyanjanagaLanteyE baLakeyAguttave. idallade, avugaLige sambandavide. udAharaNegAgi, *pay - *pacce’‘hasuru’, *muy - *muccu ‘hodisu’, *kay - *kac ‘kahi’, *piyar - *picar ‘hesaru’ modalAda padagaLalli yakAra mattu cakAragaLa naDuve mattu sambandaviruvudannu makAragaLondige intahadE sambandavide (4.3.1 mattu 5.2.2 nODi).

kANabahudu.

vakArakke

pakAra

(4) mUladrAviDada halavu bErugaLalli *ay embudara badalige *ey embudannu baLasabahudittu. ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli I padagaLu ay embudannu tOrisabahudu illavE ey embudannu tOrisabahudu.

idallade, mUladrAviDadalli idakkinta bErAda *ey embudU baLakeyallittu. adu ivattina ellA nuDigaLallU ey rUpadallE uLidide (dsvelebil 1970:70 nODi).

mUladrAviDadallidda *ay mattu *ey embavugaLa naDuvina I sambandavU avugaLalli ondu ‘ay emba svara’ mattu innondu ‘svara (e) mattu vyanjana(y)gaLa sErike’ embudAgi hELuvudu sariyallavembudannE sUcisuttade.

haLegannaDa

padyaracaneyalli

prAsavannu sUcisabEkAgiruvantaha sandarbagaLalli ay embudara badalige oy, uy, ey embavugaLannu baLasabahudittu embudU ay (ay) embudu kannaDadalli oy, uy, ey modalAdavugaLinda bEre rItiyadalla embudannE sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabAratada keLagina padyavannu gamanisabahudu.

aydaZivADadoLayvarumam nIm kUrtirisendoDamentumE geydudanollada kAraNadindam nODinitAdudu ninnoLE geydavanallane dharmatanUjam pEZdudaninnemagimbukay saydoreyAguZidAroLamEvangoLLadirim phaNikEtanA

mElina padyada modalaneya mattu koneya sAlina modalige baruva aydaZivADa mattu saydore embavugaLannu aydaZivADa mattu saydore embudAgi baredalli prAsa tappAgideyundu tOra

diradu. yAkendare, Aga naDuvina eraDu sAlugaLalli kANisuva yakAra modalaneya mattu koneya sAlugaLalli kANisadAguttade. (6) drAviDa nuDigaLa barahagaLalli ay mattu avgaLemba eraDu svarAkSaragaLu kANisikoLLalu avugaLalli antaha viSiSTavAda svaraga Lidduvembudu kAraNavalla; idakke badalu, brAhmI emba lipi I barahagaLige mUlavAgittu embudE kAraNavAgide.

I lipi modalige prAkruta mattu samskruta nuDigaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi baLakege bandittu. A nuDigaLalli ay mattu av embavugaLige ondu viSiSTavAda stAnavittAda kAraNa avannu svaragaLendu parigaNisalAgittu mattu idakkAgi A lipiyalli ay mattu av emba eraDu svarAkSaragaLannu huTTuhAkalAgittu (baT

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1.2 uligaLu mattu ulikantegaLu

kannaDada padagaLannu ulikantegaLAgi mattu uligaLAgi oDedu hELalu sAdyavide. udAharaNegAgi, Ane padadalli A mattu ne emba eraDu ulikantegaLive. ivugaLalli modalaneya ulikanteyalli A emba ondu uli (svara) mAtra ide; Adare eraDaneyadaralli n vyanjana mattu e svara embudAgi eraDu uligaLive.

ulikantegaLannu haguradavu mattu tUkadavu embudAgi tUkadavu; vingaDisabahudu. uddasvaraviruva ulikantegaLella udAharaNegAgi, Ane padada modalaneya ulikante tUkada

giDDasvaraviruva ulikantegaLalli svarada anantara ondu vyanjana bandideyAdare ulikanteyAguttade. tUkada udAharaNegAgi, hattu padadalli hat mattu tu emba eraDu

ulikantegaLiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu tUkada ulikante (yAkendare adaralli akArada anantara t vyanjana bandide) mattu eraDaneyadu hagurada ulikante (yAkendare adaralli ukArada anantara yAva vyanjanavU bandilla).

ulikantegaLalli svarada modalige bandiruva vyanjanagaLu avugaLa tUkada mEle yAva pariNAmavannU mADuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, avanu padada modala ulikanteyAda a embudaralli vyanjanavilla; mane padada modala ulikanteyAda ma embudaralli a emba svara mAtravallade adara modalu m emba ondu vyanjanavide; hIgiddarU I eraDu ulikantegaLU (a mattu ma) hagurada ulikantegaLu.

mUladrAviDa svaragaLa (mattu vyanjanagaLa) caritreyannu vivarisuvalli hagurada ulikantegaLu mattu tUkada ulikantegaLu emba I vyatyAsavannu AgAga baLasabEkAguttade embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1.3 bErugaLu mattu oTTugaLu

mUladrAviDada maTTige bErugaLalli baruva svaragaLu mattu avugaLa anantara oTTugaLalli baruva svaragaLu emba innondu rItiya vyatyAsavannU gamanadallirisikoLLabEkAguttade.

sAmAnyavAgi padagaLa modalige bErugaLu baruttave; ivannu ivattina ellA drAviDa nuDigaLU uLisikonDive. hAgAgi avugaLannu mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLuvudu sulaba. I bErugaLa anantara oTTugaLu baruttiddu, avu nuDiyinda nuDige bEre bErAgiruttave. hAgAgi, ondu nuDiya padagaLalli kANisuva rUpadalli oTTugaLalli

yAvudu

yAva

mUladrAviDadalliddirabahudu kanDuhiDiyalu sAdyavAguvudilla.

embudannu

heccineDegaLallU

mUladrAviDada bErugaLella ondE ulikanteyavAgidduvemba kalpaneyideyAda kAraNa, bErugaLalli baruva svaragaLella padagaLa modalaneya ulikanteyalli baruva svaragaLE endu hELaballevu.
idallade, oTTugaLalli baruva svaragaLella eraDaneya illavE mUraneya ulikanteyalli baruva svaragaLallade modalaneya uli kanteyalli baruva svaragaLalla.

hAgAgi, mUladrAviDada maTTige bErugaLalli baruva svaragaLu mattu oTTugaLalli baruva svaragaLu emba mElina vyatyAsa modalaneya ulikanteya svaragaLu mattu itara ulikantegaLa svaragaLu emba vyatyAsavU Agide (eraDu illavE adakkinta heccu padagaLu sEriruva jODupadagaLu mAtra idakke apavAdagaLu).
mUladrAviDa padagaLalli baruva svaragaLa baLakeya kuritAgi

keLage koTTiruvantaha kelavu niyamagaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide.

(1) mUladrAviDa padagaLa modalaneya ulikanteyalli mEle vivarisida ellA svaragaLU baraballuvAgidduvu; Adare, avugaLa anantara baruva ulikantegaLalli i, u mattu a emba mUru giDDa svaragaLu mAtravE baraballuvAgidduvu;

(2) padada modalige yakAra illavE YakAra bandideyAdare, adara anantara mUladrAviDadalli a mattu A emba eraDu svaragaLu mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu;

(3) padada modalige pakAra illavE makAra bandideyAdare vyanjanavAgi p, m illavE v mattu eraDaneya bandideyAdare, avugaLa naDuve i, I, e mattu EgaLannu (endare nAlageya mundina bAgada mUlaka uccarisuva

‘mundina’ svaragaLannu) biTTu uLida svaragaLu (endare u, U, o, O, a mattu A emba ‘hindina’ svaragaLu) mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu.

mUladrAviDada svaragaLa baLakeya kuritAgi kalpisikonDiruva I niyamagaLalli kelavu kannaDadalli hAgeyE uLidukonDive; Adare bEre kelavu badalAgive embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

padagaLa bErugaLalli

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2 bErina svaragaLu

mUladrAviDa modalaneya ulikanteyalli) bandidda svaragaLu kannaDada halavu padagaLalli badalAgade hAgeyE uLidive. I rIti avu badalAgade uLidiruvudakke kelavu udAharaNegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

mUladrAviDa *pul

kannaDa kallu nillu nIru hullu

mUladrAviDa *kEL *kol *kOl

kannaDa hU(vu) geyyu kELu kollu kOlu

Adare, kelavu sandarbagaLalli mUladrAviDa bErugaLalli bandidda I svaragaLu kannaDada padagaLalli mattu padarUpagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttave. I badalAvaNegaLa svarUpa entahadu mattu kannaDada caritreyalli avu yAvAga naDedirabEku embudannu I adyAyadalli vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAguvudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.1 mElina giDDa svaragaLu naDuvina svaragaLAdudu

kannaDa padagaLa bErinalliruva (endare modalaneya ulikante yalliruva) naDuvina giDDa svaragaLu (e mattu o embavugaLu) mUladrAviDa bErugaLa ekAra mattu okAragaLinda bandirabahudu illavE ikAra mattu ukAragaLinda bandirabahudu.

avu mUladrAviDa bErugaLa ikAra mattu ukAragaLinda bandiruvudakke tenkudrAviDadalli naDeda ondu badalAvaNeyE kAraNa. I badalAvaNeya mUlaka kelavu sannivESagaLalli mUladrAviDadallidda ekAra mattu ikAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa hAgU okAra mattu ukAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa - iveraDU illavAgidduvu.

Adare I badalAvaNe yAva sannivESagaLallella naDedittu embudannu sariyAgi kalpisikoLLalu vidvAmsariginnU sAdyavAgilla.
(1) I badalAvaNe mUladrAviDadalli giDDa i-e, u-o svaragaLidda mattu ondu otte vyanjanadalli konegoLLuttidda bErugaLalli mAtra naDedide. intaha bErugaLa anantara akAradalli modalAguva ondu tenkudrAviDa padadoTTu nuDigaLalli (mattu naDudrAviDada telugu, kUvigaLalli) i-e mattu u-ogaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa illavAgide.

sEridAga

kannaDadalli I badalAvaNeya mUlaka padada modalaneya uli kanteyallidda (ka) ikAra ekAravAgide mattu (ca) ukAra okAravAgide. teluginallU idE rIti naDedide.

Adare haLE tamiLinalli idakke viruddavAda, endare (ka) ekAra ikAravAguva mattu (ca) okAra ukAravAguva badalAvaNe mElina sannivESagaLalli naDedittu; ivattina barahada tamiLinallU hIgeyE ide. Adare ivattina tamiLu oLanuDigaLalli, kannaDa-

telugugaLa hAge, mElina sannivESagaLalli ekAra-okAragaLE kANisuttave.

kannaDa
(ka) eLatu

teRa
beLagu

hoge
togalu modalu hogaLu

telugu
celugu teRacu
pena velugu

poga
tovalu modalu pogaDu goDugu

tamiLu
viLangu

pukay tukal mutal pukaZ kuTay

(2) I rIti ikAra mattu ukAragaLu badalAgiruva pada gaLalli mUladrAviDa svara yAvudittu embudannu eraDaneya ulikanteyalli (ka) akArada badalu bEre svaragaLiruva illavE naDuve otte vyanjanada badalu immaDi (ca) avugaLa vyanjanaviruva padarUpagaLinda tiLiyalu kannaDadavE Ada sAdyavide.

ikAra ekAravAgiruvudu nil, nillu ir (ibbaru)
bittu

nelasu, nele bede‘‘bittane’’

tevaru’‘beTTa’’ tin, tinisu ’turike’ tenasu’‘turike’’

ukAra okAravAgiruvudu

suDu
munde
muLLu
kundu (<kunRu) sukru, sukku

soDaru’‘dIpa’’ mone moLe korate soragu

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLa modala ulikanteyalli ikAra mattu ukAragaLive mattu eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa mattu okAragaLive. modalaneya ulikanteyalli ekAra ivugaLallella mUladrAviDadalli ikAra mattu ukAragaLE iddirabEku; eraDaneya ulikanteyalli bandiruva akAradindAgi kAlannalliruva padagaLalli ekAra mattu ivu eraDaneya okAragaLAgi badalAgive.

nele, bede, mone mattu moLe padagaLa eraDaneya svaravAgi kannaDadalli ekAra kANisuvudAdarU adu mUladrAviDada akAra dinda (ay embudarinda) bandideyAda kAraNa (2.6.1 nODi), A padagaLalli mElina badalAvaNeyE naDedide.

tippe mattu munde padagaLalli idE ay embudarinda banda ekAra eraDaneya svaravAgi bandideyAdarU adara modalu eraDu vyanjanagaLu bandiruva kAraNa, A padagaLalli mElina badalAvaNe naDedilla.

tinisu mattu suDu padagaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve ondE vyanjanavideyAdarU, avugaLa eraDaneya svara akAra (illavE ekAra) vallavAda kAraNa, mElina badalAvaNe naDedilla.

(3) I badalAvaNege oLagAgadiruva bEre nuDigaLa pada gaLindalU mUladrAviDa padagaLalli yAva svara ittu embudannu Uhisalu sAdyavide.

(ka) ikAra ekAravAgiruvudu

kannaDa
eNe ‘jODi’’

badalAvaNegoLagAgada nuDi tuLu: ire tuLu: iNe gOnDi: kilAnA konDa: niRay

(ca) ukAra okAravAgiruvudu

togalu soragu noLe

konDa: oDol tuLu: tugal konDa: solu pAjri: cukra- kuDuk: nulganA

mEle koTTiruva kannaDada (ka) padagaLalli modalige ikAra
viddirabEku mattu (ca) padagaLalli ukAraviddirabEku embudannu avugaLa edurige koTTiruva (brAhmaNara) tuLu, gOnDi, konDa, pAjri mattu kuDuk padagaLinda tiLiyabahudu. yAkendare, I nuDigaLalli mElina badalAvaNe naDedilla. (tuLuvina brAhmaNara oLanuDiyalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla, Adare adara itara oLanuDigaLalli naDuvina svaragaLu mElina svaragaLAguva illavE

mElina svaragaLu naDuvina svaragaLAguva bErondu badalAvaNe ittIcege naDedide (baT 1966 nODi)).

(4) mUladrAviDa padagaLalli modalige cakAra bandiddu, adara anantara bandidda ikAra (mattu ekAragaLu) mElina badalAvaNege oLagAgillavendu tOruttade. kannaDadalli ikAra badalAgilladiruvudakke udAharaNeyAgi padagaLannu koDabahudu.

keLagina

telugu

kannaDa
jigaTu, cikaNi
cigari, cigare ‘hule’la’ sivangi ‘kattekiruba’’ civara civaru ‘paracu’’

(5) mElina badalAvaNe naDeyalu eraDaneya ulikanteyalli baruva akAravu ondu padadoTTina akAravAgiruva avaSyakateyide. adu ondu ‘padarUpa’doTTina akAravAgiruva sandarbagaLalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla.

udAharaNegAgi iru kriyApadada padarUpagaLAda iralu, irade modalAda rUpagaLalli bandiruva alu mattu ade embavugaLu padarUpadoTTugaLAda kAraNa, avu akAradalli modalAguvuvAdarU avugaLa modalidda ikAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide.

(6) kannaDada caritreyalli naDuvina giDDa svaragaLu mElina svara gaLAguva bErondu badalAvaNeyU naDediddu (2.2.2 nODi),

adannu tOrisuva padagaLannu mElina badalAvaNeyannu tOrisa diruva padagaLinda bEre mADabEkAguttade embudannU illi gamanisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, biLi - beLaku, usiru ‘hELu’’- osage ‘hELuvike’ modalAda padajODigaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsakke I badalAvaNe kAraNavalla. yAkendare ivugaLalli mUladrAviDada ekAra mattu okAragaLu ikAra mattu ukAragaLAgiveyallade ikAra mattu ukAragaLu ekAra mattu okAragaLAgilla.

(7) idallade, eraDaneya ulikanteyallidda svaragaLalli hala vAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLu kannaDada caritreyalli naDediddu, idarindAgiyU halavu apavAdagaLiveyundu tOrabahudu.

kannaDadalli

niyamakke

mElina

kannaDa

rUpagaLU

udAharaNegAgi, eraDaneya ulikanteya ikAra-ukAragaLu akAravAgiruvantaha padakOSagaLalli kANisuttave (digilu>digalu, iZita>iZata, uLuku>uLaku, tiruLu> tiraLu). Adare I badalAvaNe (3.5 nODi) kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli ittIcege endare mElina badalAvaNe naDeda anantara naDedirabEku. hAgAgi, nijakkU I padagaLu mElina badalAvaNege apavAdagaLalla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.2 naDuvina giDDa svaragaLu mElina svaragaLAdudu

naDuvina giDDa svaragaLAda ekAra mattu okAragaLu mElina svara gaLAgi (endare anukramavAgi ikAra mattu okAragaLAgi) badalA giruvudannu oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli (mattu baraha kannaDadalli) kANabahudu. karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla.

sannivESagaLalli mAtra

mEle vivarisida badalAvaNeya hAge, I badalAvaNeyU naDedide. adakke avaSyavidda kelavu SarattugaLendare, (ka) eraDaneya svaravAgi ikAra illavE ukAra (mElina svara) bandirabEku; mattu (ca) I eraDu svaragaLa naDuve ondE vyanjana bandirabEku.

udAharaNegAgi, baraha kannaDada biLi pada adakke hindina *beLi padadinda bandide. illi eraDaneya svaravAgi ikAra bandide mattu padada eraDu svaragaLa naDuge L emba ondE vyanjana bandide.

baraha kannaDadallEnE mElina SarattugaLannu pUraysadiruva padagaLalli illavE padarUpagaLalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla. hAgAgi, kelavu sandarbagaLalli kannaDadallEnE I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva mattu tOrisadiruva eraDeraDu pada illavE padarUpagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu.

(ka) badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva mattu tOrisadiruva padagaLu

biLi, biLupu
kivuDu

usiru ‘hELu’’ tuLilu
kuli ‘kolegAra’’

beLLage, beLaku beccage keppu neTTage

osage ‘hELuvike’’ toTTu tottu kollu

mEle eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva padagaLalli ekAra ikAravAguva illavE okAra ukAravAguva badalAvaNe naDedilla. idakke kAraNavEnendare (1) beLaku mattu osage padagaLalli

eraDaneya svaravAgi mElina svara (ikAra illavE ukAra) bandilla, akAra bandide; (2) keppu, toTTu, tottu mattu kollu padagaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve ondE vyanjana bandilla, ondakkinta jAsti (eraDu) vyanjanagaLu bandive; mattu (3) beLLage, beccage mattu neTTage padagaLalli I eraDu SarattugaLU neravErilla.

(ca) badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva mattu tOrisadiruva padarUpa gaLu

pugu
kuDu

pokka

illU kUDa, modalaneya kAlannalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve ondE vyanjana bandide, mattu eraDaneya kAlannalli eraDu vyanjanagaLu (immaDi vyanjana) bandive; hAgAgi, modalaneya kAlannalliruva padarUpagaLalli mElina badalAvaNe naDedide; Adare, eraDaneya kAlannalliruva padarUpagaLalli naDedilla.

(1) kannaDada caritreyalli I badalAvaNe ELu-enTanE SatamAnadalli naDedirabEkendu hELuvudakke SAsanagaLa AdAravide. Aru-ELanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli kANisuva koDu, keDu mattu periya padagaLu anantarada SAsanagaLalli kuDu, kiDu mattu piriya emba rUpadallive. SAsanagaLalli idallade, enTu-ombattaneya intaha padagaLige I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva rUpa mattu

SatamAnada

adannu tOrisadiruva rUpa embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLu kANisuttave (gAy 1946). enTu-ombattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLu

badalAgiruva rUpa

badalAgada rUpa
edir ‘munde’’ eRidu ‘cucci’’ iRidu keDisu ‘hALu mADu’’kiDisu periya ‘doDDa’’ toRu ‘hasu’’
tuRu pogu ‘hogu’’ pugu

mEle koTTiruva eraDu rItiya (badalAgada mattu badalA giruva) rUpagaLU enTu-ombattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli kANisuttave.

(2) haLegannaDadalli I badalAvaNe bahaLa niyamitavAgi naDedirabEku; Adare I niyamitate hosagannaDadalli uLidilla. adakke apavAdavAgi kANisuva padagaLU hosagannaDadallive. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada halavu kriyApadagaLu ikAra mattu okAragaLannu anusAravAgiyE tOrisuttiveyAdarU, hosagannaDadalli avu ekAra mattu okAragaLannu tOrisuttiddu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi kANisuttave.

niyamakke

mElina

haLegannaDa kuDu
pugu

hosagannaDa koDu
hogu

tuDu

toDu

hosagannaDadalli I kriyApadagaLu mElina niyamakke apa vAdagaLAgi badalAgalu kAraNavEnendare, avugaLigiruva hindina samayada rUpadalli ekAra mattu okAragaLu kANisuttavallade, ikAra mattu ukAragaLu kANisuvudilla.

kriyApadagaLu
kuDu
pugu
tuDu

hindina samayada rUpagaLu pokka

mEle koTTiruva hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLa modala neya ulikanteyalli ikAra-ukAragaLu baruvudakke bEkAguva SarattugaLu (otte vyanjana mattu adara anantara mElina svara) illadiruvudE I rIti avugaLalli mElina badalAvaNe naDeyadiralu kAraNa embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu.

I hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLa prabAvadindAgi kuDu, kiDu, pugu mattu tuDu kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli koDu, keDu, hogu (<pogu) mattu toDu embudAgi badalAgive.

hindina samayada rUpagaLalli mElina niyamakke bEkAguva Sarattannu kANisuvantaha kuNi (kuNida), tuLi (tuLida), suli (sulida) modalAda kriyApadagaLu mElina kriyApadagaLa hAge hosagannaDadalli badalAgilla. avugaLallidda mElina svaragaLu (ikAra-ukAragaLu) naDuvina svaragaLAgi badalAgade hAgeyE uLidukonDive. I kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLalli hindina mattu

mundina samayada rUpagaLa naDuve modalaneya svarada maTTige illadiruvudE vyatyAsavU yAva badalAgadiruvudakke kAraNavirabEku.

yakAradalli

konegoLLuva ondakSarada kriyApadagaLallU naDuvina svaragaLu mElina svaragaLAguva mElina badalAvaNe haLegannaDadalli naDedittu (Adare I badalAvaNege okAra mAtravE oLagAgiruva hAge kANisuttade). intaha kriyApadagaLallU hosagannaDadalli naDuvina svaragaLE kANisuttave.

haLegannaDa kuy
tuy
puy

hosagannaDa koyyu toyyu oyyu
hoyyu

mUladrAviDa *koy *tOy *poy

I kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLalli naDuvina svaragaLE kANisuttaveyAda kAraNa (endare, antaha rUpagaLalli I badalAvaNege bEkAgiruva SarattugaLu iralillavAda kAraNa), kuDu, kiDu, tuDu modalAda kriyApadagaLa hAge avugaLa viSayadallU eraDeraDu tappisuvudakkAgi hosagannaDadalli I badalAvaNe illavAgirabahudu.

rUpagaLiruvudannu

haLegannaDa tuy-toydam kuy-koydam uy-oydam
puy-poydam

hosagannaDa toyyu-toyda koyyu-koyda oyyu-oyda hoyyu-hoyda

(3) karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli I badalAvaNe naDedillavembu dannu keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa padagaLannu baraha kannaDa pada gaLondige hOlisi nODuvudara mUlaka tiLidukoLLabahudu.

 ekAra ikAravAdudu  havyaka kannaDa  erugu  eduru  beSilu  beduru  seDilu

baraha kannaDa iruve bisilu bidiru

okAra ukAravAdudu havyaka kannaDa soli torikke

baraha kannaDa huDi, puDi suli

karAvaLiya itara oLanuDigaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedilla. udAharaNegAgi, hAlakki okkaligara kannaDadalli eduru ‘idiru’, kevi ‘kivi’, beLi ‘biLi’, heri ‘hiriya’, hori ‘huri’, ceDlu ‘siDilu’, tori ‘turisu’ modalAda padagaLive (AcArya 1967); suLya-puttUru gavDara kannaDadalli edr ‘idiru’, kebi ‘kivi’, hori ‘huri’, bedr ‘bidiru’, kodi ‘kudi’, toLi ‘tuLi’ modalAda padagaLive (gavDa 1970).

Adare baDaga

kannaDadalli I badalAvaNe

naDedide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva baDaga kannaDa padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

ekAra ikAravAdudu okAra ukAravAdudu

irupu ‘iruve’’ bisalu ‘bisilu’’ iduru ‘idiru’’

tuDi ‘tuTi’’ huDi ‘dULu’’ turi ‘turike’’

(4) I badalAvaNe naDeda anantara kannaDada kelavu oLanuDi gaLalli bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDediddu, avugaLindAgi kelavu padagaLu I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgiruva hAge kANisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, mUru ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli eraDa neya ulikanteyalli baruva mElina svara kelavu oLanuDigaLalli keLagina svaravAgi badalAgide (3.5 nODi). Adare, I badalAvaNe mElina badalAvaNe naDedu hOda anantara naDedideyAda kAraNa, adara mUlaka bandiruva keLagina svara mElina niyamakke apavAdavAgi kANisuttade.

barahada kannaDa

havyaka

mElina svara bidiru
bisilu
iRuve
tuRisu

keLagina svara bidaru
bisalu
tuRasu

beduru beSilu erugu torusu

mEle koTTiruva padagaLa modalaneya ulikanteyalli ekAra illavE okAravittembudannu havyakada rUpagaLu tiLisuttave. I svarada anantara eraDaneya ulikanteyalli ikAra illavE ukAra

iddudarindAgi modalaneya kAlanna padagaLu sUcisuva hAge modalaneya ulikanteya ekAra-okAragaLu baraha kannaDadalli ikAra-ukAragaLAgive.

eraDaneya kAlannalli kANisuva eraDanE ulikanteya akAra mElina badalAvaNe naDeda mEle ikAra-ukAragaLu akAravAdu darindAgi siddavAgive. hAgAgi ivu mElina niyamakke apavAda gaLalla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.3 ekAra, okAragaLu ya mattu vagaLAdudu

padagaLa modalige baruva ekAra mattu okAragaLu kannaDada halavAru ivattina oLanuDigaLalli ya mattu vagaLAgi badalAgive. Adare, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mattu baraha kannaDadalli I eraDu badalAvaNegaLu naDedilla.

oLanADina baDagu oLanuDigaLalli I eraDu rItiya badalA vaNegaLU niyamitavAgi naDedive. Adare tenku oLanuDigaLalli okAra va endAguva badalAvaNe niyamitavAgi naDedideyAdarU, ekAra ya endAguva badalAvaNe aSTondu niyamitavAgi naDedilla. adarallU eraDaneya ulikanteyalli mElina (i, u) svaraviruvalli I eraDaneya (e>ya) badalAvaNe naDediruvudu aparUpavendE hELabahudu.

(ka) ekAra ya endAguvudu (naDusvara illavE keLasvara anantara bandiruvalli)

baraha

maysUru yale
yalla

gulbagra yalla

(ca) ekAra ya endAguvudu (mElina svara anantara bandiruvalli)

baraha

maysUru

gulbagra yatta

(Ta) okAra va endAguvudu

baraha
oppu

maysUru vaLge vappu
vaNgu

gulbagra vaLga vappu vaNgu

kelavu padagaLalli avugaLa modalina udda E mattu O vA endAguva)

mattu

svaragaLU intahadE badalAvaNegoLagAgive.

baraha

maysUru vAle
yAlakki

gulbarga

padagaLa modalallidda hakAra biddu hOgiruva kelavu padagaLallU (3.2.2 nODi) ekAra mattu okAragaLu intahadE badalAvaNegoLagAgiruvudannu koTTiruva maysUrina padagaLalli kANabahudu. idallade, gulbarga kannaDadalli hakAra badalAvaNe uLididdarU naDedideyembudannU keLagina udAharaNegaLalli nODabahudu (upAdyAya 1976).

padagaLalli

kelavu

keLage

baraha
hokkuLu hoTTe
hola
hosatu hOgu hOta

maysUru vakkLu
vaTTe
vastu
vAgu

gulbarga honkLa hvaTTi hvala hosa hOgu hOta

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.4 naDuvina svaragaLu keLagina svaragaLAdudu

maDikEriya jEnukuruba oLanuDiyalli padagaLa modalige baruva makArada anantara okAra akAravAgide mattu padagaLa modalige baruva nakArada anantara ekAra akAravAgide (upAdyAya

baraha jEnukuruba baraha jEnukuruba mola mala
monne manne
moTTe maTTe

neraLu naLLu nene

idallade, jEnukuruba oLanuDiyalli e mattu E emba I eraDu svaragaLa anantara maDacida vyanjanavondu bandiruvallella avu (e mattu E svaragaLu) a mattu A svaragaLAgi badalAgive.

baraha jEnukuruba baraha jEnukuruba keLage kaLage
eNNe aNNe

bEDa bADa kELu kALu

baLLAriya kannaDa oLanuDiyallU makArada anantara intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide. A oLanuDiyalli makArada anantara okAra akAravAgide mAtravalla, O svara A svaravAgi badalAgide (upA dyAya 1976).

baraha kannaDa baLLAri kannaDa mogge
moLake
mola
mosaLe

magge maLike mala masuLe

mODa
mOsa

mADa mAsa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.5 akAra ekAravAdudu

(1) padagaLa modalalli baruva cakArada anantara giDDa akAra mattu giDDa ekAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa halavu kannaDa padagaLalli illavAgide. idu kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli niyamitavAgi naDeda badalAvaNeyirabahudu.

tamiLinalli cakArada anantarada akAra mattu ekAragaLu I rIti badalAgillavAda kAraNa, kannaDada padagaLannu keLage koTTiruva tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga mUla svara entahademba viSaya spaSTavAguttade.

mUladrAviDa akAra

tamiLu kannaDa callu, cellu callu canda, cenda cantam caTTi, ceTTi

mUladrAviDa ekAra tamiLu cakkay caNTay

kannaDa cakke, cekke canDe, cenDe cambu, cembu cempu

karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli cakArada anantara mAtravallade jakAra mattu gakAragaLa anantaravU halavu padagaLalli akAra ekAra vAgide.

baraha kannaDa

havyaka kannaDa

(ka) jari ‘jaridu bILu’’ jeri

jaDi (maLe)

(2) mUladrAviDada akAra nakArada anantara aniyamitavAgi

ekAravAgiruvudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.

kannaDa
nakku, nekku naccu, neccu
naDu, neDu nanTu, nenTu
nambu, nemmu
nane, nene

tamiLu nakku naccu naDu naNTu nampu nanay

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.3 svarada uddadalli badalAvaNegaLu

kannaDada kelavu padagaLige modalaneya ulikanteyalli uddasvara viruva rUpa mattu giDDasvaraviruva rUpa embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

udda svaraviruva rUpa giDDasvaraviruva rUpa

nInu
nEyu
kEDu
bALu
hALu
kEru

tinnu ninna neygu keDuku baduku haLatu gerase

kannaDa padagaLalli kANisuva svaragaLa I udda-giDDa vyatyAsakke eraDu kAraNagaLive. antaha vyatyAsa mUladrAviDa padagaLallE iddudu ondu kAraNa (2.3.1 nODi) mattu mUladrAviDa pada naDeda kannaDada gaLalli badalAvaNegaLindAgi antaha mUDibandiruvudu innondu kAraNa (2.3.2).

illadiddallU

caritreyalli

vyatyAsa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.3.1 mUladrAviDadallidda vyatyAsa

mUladrAviDadalli uddasvaraviruva bEru mattu giDDasvaraviruva bEru embudAgi eraDu rItiya bErugaLidduvu. udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDakke kalpisalAgiruva keLage koTTiruva bErugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

uddasvarada bEru *Ar ‘aracu’’
*kAr ‘kAravAgiru’’
*tAZ ‘taggu’’ *nUR ‘jajju, nuri’’
*pAR ‘ODu, hAru’’ *nAn ‘oddeyAgu’’

giDDasvarada bEru *kaL ‘kaLLu’’ *taL ‘taDe’’ *nil ‘nillu’’ *pari ‘hari’’ *min ‘hoLe’’

(1) ivugaLalli uddasvaraviruva bErugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva oTTu bandAga, A bErugaLa uddasvara giDDavAguvu demba niyamavondannu mUladrAviDakkEnE kalpisalAgide. I niyamada pariNAmavannu keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLalli kANa bahudu.

giDDasvarada rUpa nane ‘oddeyAgu’’ nere ‘oTTu sEru’’ neRa’‘nEtuhAku’’ taLe ‘tALu’ nuli ‘tirupu’’ nuRi ‘puDimADu’’

uddasvarada rUpa nAn ‘oddemADu’’
nEr ‘oppu’’
nERu ‘nEtADu’’ tAL ‘tALmeyindiru’’
nUl ‘nUlu mADu’’ nURu ‘jajju’’
mITu ‘tantiyannu miDi’’ miDi ‘siDisu’ pAr ‘ODu’’
kUn ‘bAgu, kusi’’
bIsu ‘ese’’

pari ‘ODu’ kuni ‘bAgu’’ bisuDu ‘ese’’

cIvu ‘kettu’’
civuTu
nURu ‘jajju’’
nuRugu ‘jajju’’ kIRu, cIRu ‘anji kUgu’’ kiRucu ‘kUgu’’

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva padagaLu mUla padagaLu; avugaLallella modalaneya ulikanteyalli (bErinalli) udda svaravide. I padagaLella ondu ulikanteya padagaLu illavE uccAraNegAgi sErisiruva ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu.

eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva padagaLannu e (<*ay), i, uDu, uTu, ugu, ucu emba svaradalli modalAguva oTTugaLannu sErisi racisalAgiddu, avugaLa modalaneya ulikante yallidda udda svaragaLu giDDa svaragaLAgi badalAgive.

bErAgiruva

nuDigaLalli adakkinta

kannaDa kriyApadagaLalli giDDa illavE udda svaraviddu bEre drAviDa svaraviruva udAharaNegaLU halavive. ivugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsakkU mElina badalAvaNeyE kAraNa. antaha padagaLalli kelavannu keLage koDalAgide.
ivugaLalli (ka) vibAgadalli bandavugaLu kannaDadalli badalAgive mattu (ca) vibAgadalli bandavugaLu bEre drAviDa nuDiyalli (tamiLinalli) badalAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu.

bEre drAviDa nuDigaLu telugu: pARu

kannaDa
paraDu, haraDu
musuRu ‘muccu’’ tamiLu: mUcu ‘suttuvari’’ seDe ‘seTedukoLLu’’ kOlAmi: sID ’

(ca) Ar ‘bobbiri’’

tamiLu: araRRu ‘halubu’’

pOr ‘hOrADu’’ tamiLu: porutu pAR ‘hAru’’

tamiLu: paRa

mEle

koTTiruva udAharaNegaLallella ondu kriyApadadinda bErondu kriyApadavannu tayArisalAgide. idallade eNikeya padagaLallU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide; ‘nAlku’, AR ‘Aru’’mattu EZ ‘ELu’ emba eNikeya padagaLalli kANisuva udda svara avugaLa anantara u oTTu bandAga giDDa svaravAgi badalAguttade.

‘eraDu’, nAl

sAmAnyavAgi, I eNikeya padagaLu ondu vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLa modalu intaha u oTTu sEriruva rUpadalli baruttave mattu svaradalli modalAguva padagaLa modalu hAgeyE yAva oTTU sErade baruttave.

oTTillada baLake oTTinondige baLake Ororva ‘obbobba’’ ornuDi ‘ondu mAtu’’ iruvAyi ‘eraDu bAyi’’ IraDi ‘eraDu aDi’’ ARALu ‘Aru ALu’’ aRudingaL ‘Aru tingaLu’’ EZaDi ‘ELu aDi’’

eZpattu ‘ELu hattu, eppattu’’

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli bandiruva eNikeya padagaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva orva, aDi mattu ALu padagaLu bandive mattu eraDaneya kAlannalli bandiruva eNikeya padagaLa anantara vyanjanadalli modalAguva nuDi, vAyi ‘bAyi’, tingaL mattu pattu ‘hattu’’padagaLu bandive.

nAl padada baLakeyalli I badalAvaNe naluvattu embu daralli mAtra kANisuttade. I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisadiruva nAlvattu emba rUpavU kannaDadallide. idallade, nAldingaL, nAltOL, nAlvaDi (nAl + maDi) modalAda padagaLallU vyanjanagaLalli modalAguva padagaLondige oTTillada rUpa bandiddu, udda A svara badalAgade uLidide.

mU ‘mUru’ padada baLakeyalli keLage (2.3.2ralli) sUcisida hAge kannaDaddE Ada badalAvaNeya mUlaka udda (mUgere, mUdale, mUnUR) mattu giDDa (muyyaDi, muyyIr, muyyEZ) rUpagaLu kANisikoLLuttave. mURu embudara baLakeyallU intahadE kAraNakke udda (mUsrUZ, mUgraL) mattu giDDa (mukkaN, muccAl, munnIr, muppuri) rUpagaLive.

(3) guNapadagaLa baLakeyallU kriyApada mattu eNikeya padagaLa baLakeyalli naDediruvantahadE badalAvaNe naDediruvudannu keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

oTTiruva rUpa

oTTillada rUpa
kEsakki ‘kempu akki’’ kisugaN ‘kempu kaNNu’’ kAraDavi ‘kappu aDavi’’karituLasi ‘kappu tuLasi’’ kIZale ‘keLagina ele’’ keLanAlige ‘keLagina nAlige’’ nARuva ‘nAtada’’ mARaNe ‘mattina’’

naRuney ‘parimaLada tuppa’’ marudivasa ‘mattina divasa’’

mElina udAharaNegaLalli oTTillada kEs, kAr, kIZ, nAR, mAR rUpagaLu svaradalli modalAguva akki, aDavi,

ele modalAda padagaLondige bandive mattu oTTiruva kisu, kari, keLa, naRu, maru rUpagaLu vyanjanadalli modalAguva kaN, tuLasi, mara modalAda padagaLondige bandive. koneya eraDu padagaLalli mAtra uddasvarada rUpagaLu svaradalli modalAguva padarUpada oTTugaLondige (a mattu aNe embavugaLondige) bandive.

(4) kriyApadadinda nAmapadavannu tayArisiruvalli I badalAvaNe aSTondu niyamitavAgi naDedilla. eraDakkinta heccu ulikantegaLiruva nAmapadagaLalli adu niyamitavAgi naDedide yAdarU eraDu ulikantegaLiruva nAmapadagaLalli aparUpavAgi mAtra kANisikoLLuttade embudAgi subrahmaNyam (1983) vAdisi

(ka) eraDakkinta heccu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLu

kriyApada tARu ‘oNagu’’ pOZ ‘sILu’’ sOnku, sOku cIvu ‘kettu’’
nEr ‘oppu’’

nAmapada taRagu ‘taragele’’ poTare ‘tUtu’’ oRate ‘nIrina cilume’’ sogaDu ‘sOnkuvike’’ sivaRu sippe’’
neravi ‘kUTa’ (nere ‘oTTusEru’)’

buruli ‘kADu kOLi’’tamiLu: pUZ musure musuDu ‘mUti’’

tamiLu: mUcu ‘keDu’’ tamiLu: mUnci

musuku hasuku ‘hasi vAsane’’ telugu: pAsu, pAyu ‘koLe’

tamiLu: mUcu ‘suttuvari’’

(ca) eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli mElina badalAvaNe naDediruvudakke udAharaNegaLu

kriyApada kAN ‘kANu’’
bIsu
pAsu ‘hAsu’’

nAmapada kaNi ‘nOTa’’ bese ‘hoDeta’’ pase ‘hAsuge’’

keLe ‘geLetana’’

tamiLu: kEL

(Ta) eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli mElina badalAvaNe naDeyadiruvudakke udAharaNegaLu

kriyApada hAyu ‘dATu, hOgu’’ tIru ‘mugi’’
mAyu ‘kANadAgu’’
mEyu

nAmapada hAdi ‘dAri’’ tIra ‘mugitAya’’ mAya
mEta ‘mEyuvike’’

(5) mEle vivarisidantaha badalAvaNe svaradalli modalAguva oTTugaLannu sErisi ondu padadinda illavE bErininda hosa pada gaLannu tayArisiruvalli mAtra naDeyuttadallade, padarUpagaLannu tayArisiruvalli naDeyuvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, hADu-hADalu, kELu-kELade, Agu- Agi, kADu-kADannu modalAda padarUpagaLalli svaradalli

modalAguva alu, ade, i, annu emba oTTugaLu bandiveyAdarU avu padarUpagaLannu tayArisuva oTTugaLAda kAraNa, avugaLalli udda svara badalAgade uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.

padarUpagaLalli

Adare, nAnu, nAvu, nInu, tAnu modalAda ADuga padagaLa kANisuva uddasvara giDDavAguva badalAvaNe mElina niyamakkoLapaTTilla embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. ivugaLondige padarUpagaLannu tayArisuva oTTugaLannu baLasidAgalU avugaLa uddasvara giDDavAguttade.

svaradalli

idallade, I oTTugaLu

suruvAgabEkemba niyamavilla (nAnu-nanage, nInu, ninage padagaLalli vyanjanadalli modalAguva ge oTTu bandide) mattu svaradalli suruvAguva oTTugaLannu baLasidAga ivugaLa koneya mUguli immaDiyAgi badalAgide (tAnu-tanna, nInu-ninnannu, ninninda).

(6) uddasvaraviruva kriyAbErina anantara vyanjanadalli modalAguva oTTu bandiruvalli mElina uddasvara giDDavAguva badalAvaNe naDediralilla embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

hAsu
sEru ‘kUDu’’ mIru
bALu

hAsuge sEruve ‘kUTa’’ mIruha bALte

(7) kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli uddasvaravannu giDDasvaravAgi badalAyisida oTTina svara anantara bidduhOgiruvudU ide; antaha padagaLalli mElina badalAvaNe vyanjanadalli modalAguva

oTTu sEridAgalU naDedideyundu anisuvudAdarU nijakkU antaha padagaLalli modalige ondu svara iddirabEku.

udda svarada rUpa
aZ ‘muLugu’’
URu ‘heccu’ kAr ‘kappu’’ sOru ‘baLalu’’
tAZ ‘taggu’’ nIL ‘uddavAgu’’

giDDa svarada rUpa aLdu, addu (aZuttu) ‘muLugisu’ urbu, ubbu (uRuppu) karpu, kappu (<karuppu) sorku, sokku (<sorukku) taZgu, taggu (<taZukku) niLku, nikku (niLukku) ‘niluku’’

immaDi vyanjanagaLa (illavE bEre ottakSaragaLa) modalu banda uddasvara kannaDadalli giDDasvaravAguvudembudannu nAvu keLage (2.3.2(1-2)ralli) nODaliruvevu. kannaDadallEnE naDeda I badalAvaNeyU mElina padagaLalli kANisuva giDDasvarakke kAraNa vAgaballudu.

(8) keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli nAmapadagaLu uddasvara dondigU kriyApadagaLu giDDasvaradondigU baruvudannu kANa bahudu. illi nAmapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLannu paDeyalAgiddu, adakkAgi svaradalli modalAguva aru, i, e oTTugaLannu baLasa

nAmapada UL ‘kUgu’’
ER ‘gAya’’
nUL ‘suLLu’’

kriyApada oLaru ‘kUgu’’ noLe ‘kaddu oLahOgu’’

(9) innu kelavu padagaLalli kANisuva uddasvara giDDasvaradinda bandiruvudu kANisuttade. mUladrAviDada kriyAbErugaLa kone

yallidda yakAra illavE kakAra bidduhOdAga (4.3.5 nODi) bErina svara mattu adara anantara bandidda oTTina svara - iveraDara badalu uddasvaravondu bandiruvudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.

giDDasvarada rUpa

kusi (*kuyi)
kosaru ‘heccu AsepaDu’’ nusi ‘oLahogu’’

uddasvarada rUpa kUlu ‘bILu’’ kORu ‘bayasu’’ nURu ‘nuggu’’

(10) keLage koTTiruva kannaDada padagaLU mElina niyamagaLige apavAdagaLAgi kANisuttave. ivugaLalli kriyApada giDDasvaravannu mattu nAmapada uddasvaravannu tOrisuttiddu, illi entaha badalAvaNe kanDuhiDiyalu innU sAdyavAgilla.

naDedide embudannu

nAmapadagaLu IDu ‘iDuvike, iTTaddu’’ kEDu ‘aLivu’’ kODu ‘koDuvike’’ kOL ‘hiDita’’

kriyApadagaLu
iDu ‘irisu’’
keDu ‘aLi’’ koDu
koL ‘hiDi’’
suDu ‘uri, urisu’’ sUDu ‘suDuvike, bisi’’ tin ‘tinnu’’
paDu ‘paDe’’

tIni ‘tinisu, tinDi’’ pADu’‘paDeyuvike’’ bIDu ‘biDuvike, mane’’

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2.3.2 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu

(1) kannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi uddasvarada anantara immaDi vyanjana baruvudilla; immaDi vyanjana bandiruva kannaDada halavu padagaLalli giDDasvara kANisuttade mattu avakke samanAda tamiLu padagaLalli uddasvara kANisuttade.

tamiLu: kannaDa
siLLu
pilli ‘kAlungura’’ pIli nETu niTTisu
tUval tuppuLa pUcal huyyalu uyyalu

intaha padagaLalli kannaDa immaDi vyanjanagaLa modalu

bandiruva uddasvaravannu giDDasvaravAgi badalAyisikonDirabEku.

immaDi

Adare sAmAnyavAgi tenkudrAviDadalli uddasvarada anantara vyanjanavAgi hAgeyE kANisuva

bandidda badalAyisuvudara uLisikoLLuvudE badalAvaNeyAgide (4.4.3 nODi).

svaravannu padagaLallU

vyanjanavannu mUlaka udda

kannaDada

heccina

(2) uddasvarada anantara ottakSara bandiruvallU kannaDa padagaLalli kelaveDe uddasvara giDDasvaravAgi badalAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLU kANisuttiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu haLeyadirabEku.

uddasvaraviruva rUpa
mArma ‘edurALi’’ ELnUru ANma ‘ALuvavanu’’ AmanDa
nAlvattu

giDDasvaraviruva rUpa

marma eLnUru aNmu ‘keccu’’
amanDa nalvattu

Adare mEle sUcisida hAge intaha heccina kaDegaLallU udda svaravannu hAgeyE uLisi, ottakSaradalli badalAvaNe mADuvudE kannaDada olavAgide.

yakAradalli

konegoLLuva ondu ulikanteya kannaDadalli bErugaLalli udda mattu giDDasvaragaLa vyatyAsaviruvudu nijavAdarU (bayyu ‘haLiyu’, bAyu ‘bAtukoLLu’) antaha kelavu bErugaLu udda illavE giDDa svaradondige baruvudu kANisuttade.

naDuve

uddasvarada rUpa toyyu ‘oddeyAgu’’ beyyu
say ‘mAyavAgu’’
suy ‘niTTusiru biDu’

giDDasvarada rUpa

tOyu bEyu sAy sUy

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2.4 svaragaLa eNikeyalli heccaLa

kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli mEle vivarisida hattu svaragaLalli kelavu hattakkinta jAstiyAgive.

badalAvaNegaLAgiruvudarindAgi

I badalAvaNegaLannu vivarisuvudakkAgi baraha kannaDadalliruva svaragaLiginta heccina svaragaLannu baLasabEkAguttadeyAda kAraNa, adakkAgi keLage sUcisida hAge, nAligeyannu munde, naDuve mattu hinde embudAgi mUru bAgagaLalli vingaDisabEkAguttade mattu bAyiya jAgavannu mEle, mElnaDuve, keLanaDuve mattu keLage emba nAlku amSagaLAgi vingaDisabEkAguttade.

bAyiya jAga mEle mElnaDuve

mundina bAga

nAligeya bAga naDuvina bAga

keLanaDuve keLage

hindina bAga

I rIti vingaDisidalli oTTu 12 svaragaLu doreyuttave; avugaLalli enTu svaragaLu mAtra kannaDada oLanuDigaLannu varNisalu bEkAguttaveyAda kAraNa, avakke mAtra mEle viSiSTavAda lipi gaLannu odagisalAgide. mungeLanaDuvina e:, hingeLanaDuvina o: mattu naDukeLanaDuvina a: embavugaLu illi bEkAguva heccina svaragaLu.

I heccina svaragaLannu hesarisuvudakkAgi ekAra okAragaLannu naDuvina svaragaLendu kareyuva badalu mElnaDuvina svaragaLendu kareyabEkAguttade. endare, ‘naDu’ emba bAyiya jAgavannu mElnaDu mattu keLanaDu embudAgi oDedukoLLabEkAguttade.

I enTu svaragaLannu mAtravallade, bEreyU kelavu svaragaLannu kannaDada oLanuDigaLannu vivarisuvalli baLasabEkAguttade. Adare ivugaLa uccAraNege kelavu amSagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

bEreyE

(1) ukAravannu uccarisuvAga tuTi dunDagirabahudu (u) illavE dunDagilladirabahudu (u^); I vyatyAsada mUlaka karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli eraDu svaragaLannu bErpaDisalAguttade.

(2) svaragaLannu uccarisuvAga usiru bAyiya mUlaka mAtravE hora hOgabahudu illavE mUgina mUlakavU hora hOgabahudu. I vyatyAsada mUlaka karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDa, gulbarga kannaDa, hAlakki kannaDa modalAda kelavu oLanuDigaLalli svaragaLannu bErpaDisalAguttade.

(3) svaragaLannu uccarisuvAga nAligeya tudi hindakke maDacirabahudu illavE maDacadirabahudu; maDaciruvallU adu bEre bEre pramANagaLalli maDacirabahudu. I vyatyAsada mUlaka soliga mattu baDaga kannaDagaLalli svaragaLannu bErpaDisalAguttade. I vyatyAsagaLa baLake hEge naDeyuttade embudannu keLage vivarisalAguvudu.

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2.4.1 akArada oDeta

kannaDada kelavu ivattina oLanuDigaLalli akAravu hingeLagina akAra mattu naDukeLanaDuvina a:kAra emba eraDu svaragaLAgi oDedu konDide. akArada anantara baruva svaragaLalli kelavu badalAvaNe gaLAdudE idakke mukya kAraNa.

I oLanuDigaLalli akArakke eraDu uccAraNegaLidduvu. adara anantara mElina svara bandiruva padagaLalli adu naDukeLanaDuvina

a:kAravAgi badalAgittu, mattu adara anantara itara svaragaLiruva padagaLalli hingeLagina akAravAgiyE uLidittu.

I badalAvaNe naDeda mEle, I oLanuDigaLalli bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLU naDedidduvu. udAharaNegAgi, intaha kelavu padagaLalli akArada anantara bandidda ekAra ikAravAgittu mattu bEre kelavu padagaLalli akArada anantara banda svara (idu mElinadirabahudu illavE naDu atavA keLaginadirabahudu) biddu hOgittu. I badalAvaNegaLindAgi mElina eraDu akAragaLige I oLanuDigaLalli artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva hoNe bandide.

keLage koTTiruva gulbarga kannaDada padagaLalli I eraDu rItiya akAragaLige artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva hoNeyide embudannu gamanisabahudu (upAdyAya 1976).

ikAravidda padagaLu gulbarga

baraha

b:as:ra

ekAra ikAravAda padagaLu gulbarga mare

baraha mare kaDale

katti padadalli eraDaneya svaravAgi mElina svara (ikAra) bandideyAda kAraNa, modalige adara akAra naDukeLagina a:kAravAgiyU mattu katte padadalli eraDaneya svaravAgi mElnaDuvina svara (ekAra) bandideyAda kAraNa, adara akAra akAravAgiyU gulbarga kannaDadalli uccAravAguttiddirabEku.

sUcisalu

anantara  katte  padada  eraDaneya  svara  (ekAra)  mElina  svaravAgi  (ikAravAgi)  badalAdudarinda  I  eraDu  padagaLa  naDuvina  artavyatyAsavannu  modalina  hAge  avugaLa  eraDaneya  svaragaLu  sAdyavAgada  hAgAyitu.  yAkendare,  eraDarallU Iga eraDaneya svaravAgi ikAravE baruttide. hAgAgi  A  artavyatyAsavannu  avugaLa  modalaneya  svaradallidda  a:-a  (naDukeLanaDuvina  a:kAra  mattu  hingeLagina  akAra)  vyatyAsavE  sUcisuvantAgirabEku. itara padagaLallU hIgeyE.  

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2.4.2 dunDagillada ukAra

karAvaLiya (suLyada) gavDa kannaDadalli ukAra dunDagina u mattu dunDagillada u^ emba eraDu ugaLAgi oDedukonDide. udA haraNegAgi, gavDa kannaDada ad ‘adu’’padada koneyalli dunDagillada ukAra bandide. koTTa ‘koTTu’’mattu koTTu ‘hAre’ embantaha padajODigaLalli I vyatyAsakke artavannu sUcisuva kelasa bandide.

Adare I badalAvaNe oTTina svaragaLalli mAtra naDedideyAda kAraNa adara svarUpavannu mundina adyAyadalli (3.6.6ralli) vivarisalAguvudu.

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2.4.3 mUgisida svaragaLu

eraDakkinta heccu ulikantegaLiruva pada illavE padarUpagaLa koneyalli bandiruva nakAra illavE makAra baraha kannaDada halavu pada mattu padarUpagaLalli biddu hOgide. Adare kannaDada

kelavu oLanuDigaLalli I biddu hOda mUguliya avaSESavAgi adara modalidda svara ‘mUgisida’ svaravAgi badalAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDada pada mattu padarUpagaLannu haLegannaDa mattu baraha kannaDada pada mattu pada rUpagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

haLegannaDa bandan
pOdan magan
akkan

baraha kannaDa hOda
maga

havyaka kannaDa hOda ᵒ maga ᵒ

Adare I mUgisida svaragaLu havyaka kannaDadalli padagaLa baruvudilla. oTTugaLalli bErugaLalliyU intaha mUgisida svara baruvudannu kannaDada bEre oLanuDigaLalli kANabahudu.

baruttavallade

bErugaLalli

udAharaNegAgi,

mUladrAviDada hosagannaDadalli hAvu embudAgi badalAgide; Adare kelavu oLanuDigaLalli idu hAᵒvu embudAgi uccAraNeyalliddu adaralli biddu hOgiruva makAra mUgisida A ᵒ svaradalli uLidukonDide.

pAmbu

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2.4.4 maDacida svaragaLu

kannaDada baDaga mattu soliga oLanuDigaLalli svaragaLu maDacida mattu maDacada svaragaLAgi oDedukonDive. ivugaLalli maDacida svaragaLannu uccarisuvAga nAligeya tudi, Ta, Da, Na, LagaLa soligara uccAraNeyalliruva hAge, oLakke maDaciruttade.

oLanuDiyalli idondu uccAraNeya sangati mAtra. Adare baDagara oLanuDiyalli idu artabEdavannU sUcisuttade.

soligara kannaDadalli intaha maDacida svaragaLu avugaLa anantara maDacida vyanjanavondu (T, D, N illavE L) bandiruvalli mAtra kANisuttade. idallade, intaha maDacida svara kANisabEkiddalli avugaLa modalu kakAra illavE gakAra irabEku illavE avugaLa anantara bandiruva maDacida vyanjanada anantara mElina svaravondu bandirabEku (gurubasavE gavDa 1968). hAgAgi, I vyatyAsakke soliga oLanuDiyalli artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva hoNeyilla.

Adare, baDaga oLanuDiyalli I badalAvaNe eraDu hejje munde hOgide. adaralli pUrti maDacida, are maDacida mattu svaragaLu maDacada uccAraNeyallive mattu avellakkU artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva hoNeyide.

svaragaLembudAgi

mUru

LakAra mattu ZakAragaLu hattiraviruvallella svaragaLu I rIti maDacida svaragaLAgi badalAgiddu, anantara A vyanjanagaLu (LakAra mattu ZakAragaLu) bidduhOdudarindAgi avakke artavyatyAsavannu horuva hoNe doretideyundu I badalAvaNeyannu stUlavAgi vivarisabahudu.
baDaga oLanuDiyalli kANisuva I svaragaLige keLagina padagaLannu udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu (emenO 1940):

baDagara kannaDa

aremaDacida svara pUrti maDacida svara maDacada svara katte ‘kalite’ katte ‘hiDi ele’’ katte ‘katte’’ bE ’‘bAyi’ bE ’‘baLe’’ bE ’‘beLe’’

gI ’‘gEyu’’ kI ’‘kILu’ kay ‘kay’’ kay ‘kaLe’

kIe ‘keLage’ kay ‘koLeta haNNu’

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli bandiruva padagaLalli modala neya svara maDacada svaravAgide; Adare eraDaneya kAlannalli bandiruva padagaLalli modalaneya svara aremaDacida svaravAgide mattu mUraneya kAlannalli bandiruva padagaLalli adu pUrti maDacida svaravAgide (idannilli cihnegaLa mUlaka sUcisalu prayatnisilla).

emenO avaru 1940ralli varNisida I vyatyAsada kuritu bAlakruSNan avaru 1999ralli barediruva baDaga vyAkaraNadalli (bAlakruSNan 1999) EnU hELilla. avara samayakkAguvAga A vyatyAsa illavAgittO atavA adannu uLisikonDiruva baDaga kannaDigaru avara gamanakke baralillavO tiLiyadu. idallade, emenO avara 1940ra barahavannu bAlakruSNan gamanisida hAgU kANisuvudilla.

emenO avara barahadallidda mElina padagaLu bAlakruSNan koTTiruva padakOSadalli ondE rUpadavAgi baruttave. udA haraNegAgi ‘bAyi’, ‘baLe’ mattu ‘beLe’ emba mUru artadallU bE emba ondE pada baruttade.

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2.5 tiruLu

mUladrAviDada bErugaLalli svaragaLa baLake hEgittu mattu adu kannaDadalli yAva rItiyallella badalAgide embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide. bErugaLa svaragaLallidda ’mEle-naDuve’ vyatyAsa mUlatenku drAviDada kAladallEnE avugaLa anantara oTTina jAgadalli akAra

bandiruvalli aLidu hOgittu. I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu tuLu mattu koraga nuDigaLannu horatupaDisi uLida ellA tenku drAviDa nuDigaLallU kANabahudu. idallade, nereya nuDiyAda teluginalli mattu bEre kelavu naDudrAviDa nuDigaLallU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide.

I badalAvaNeyallade, kannaDadalli naDeda bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu mUladrAviDada bErugaLalli baruttidda svaragaLa svarUpavannu badalAyisive.

bErugaLa

svaragaLallidda

vyatyAsa mUladrAviDadallEnE sErikeya niyamavondakke oLagAgittu. anantara kannaDada caritreyallU idu kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu kanDide. ivannella mEle vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

udda-giDDa

I svaragaLa anantara bandidda oTTugaLalli entaha svaragaLu baraballuvAgidduvu mattu ivu kannaDadalli hEge badalAgive embudannu mundina adyAyadalli vivarisalAguvudu.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3. oTTina svaragaLu

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3.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDa padagaLa modalina ulikanteyalli baruva svaragaLu bErinadAgidduvu mattu adara anantara eraDu, mUru illavE nAlkaneya ulikanteyalli baruva svaragaLu oTTinadAgidduvu. bErina svaragaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLigU avugaLa anantara bandidda oTTina svaragaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLigU naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLiveyAda kAraNa, oTTina svaragaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLannu illi I bEreyE ondu adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

oTTina svaragaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLannu bErina svaragaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLaSTu spaSTavAgi mattu niyamitavAgi vivarisalu sAdyavAguvudilla. idakke kAraNavEnendare, padagaLalli kANisuva bErugaLu ellA drAviDa nuDigaLallU samAnavAgiruttave; Adare avugaLa anantara baruva oTTugaLu bEre bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli bEre bErAgiruttave.

udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu bEre

drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

kannaDa

bEre drAviDa nuDigaLu tamiLu: aLavay, tuLu: aLake, telugu: alavi, kUyi: DAsa

tEpe

tamiLu: nANmay, koDagu: YANa telugu: nakka, gOnDi: narkal tamiLu: tayyal, kUvi: tacali

I padagaLallella modalaneya ulikante endare bEru samAna vAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. Adare adara anantara banda oTTina ulikantegaLu bEre bEre nuDigaLalli bEre bErAgive.

hAgAgi, halavu sandarbagaLalli kannaDa padagaLalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLu mUladrAviDadalli yAva rUpadalli iddirabahudu mattu avugaLalli entaha badalAvaNegaLella naDedirabahudu embudannu kalpisikoLLalu namage sAkaSTu AdAragaLu siguvudilla.

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3.2 mUladrAviDada oTTugaLu

mUladrAviDa padagaLalli baruttidda oTTugaLa kuritAgi kelavu niyamagaLannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdyavAgide.

(1) oTTina svaragaLAgi mUladrAviDadalli a, i mattu u emba mUru svaragaLu mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu. udAharaNe gAgi, kannaDada aRi ‘tiLi’, iZi ‘iLi’, piDi ‘hiDi’ padagaLalli mUladrAviDa bErina anantara i oTTu bandide; puZu ‘huLa’, kiRu ‘cikka’’ padagaLalli u oTTu bandide mattu nILa ‘udda’, tumba ‘bahaLa’, kUDa ‘oTTAgi’ padagaLalli a oTTu bandide.

kannaDa padagaLalli ekAravU oTTina rUpadalli bandiruvudannu kaTTu-kaTTe, modalAda padajODigaLalli kANabahudu. Adare, idu mUladrAviDadalli *ay emba rUpadallidda oTTAgittu. kannaDadalli adu e oTTAgi

kollu-kole

nagu-nage,

badalAgide. tamiLina kaTTay ‘kaTTe’, nakay ‘nage’, kolay ‘kole’ modalAda padagaLalli I oTTu mUladrAviDada rUpadalli uLidukonDide.

(2) taDeyuligaLalli konegoLLuva bErugaLa anantara uccA raNegAgi ukAravondannu sErisikoLLalAguttittu (6.2 nODi). bErugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva oTTu bandAga I ukAra bidduhOguttittu. I sErikeya niyamavannu kannaDada kUDu-kUDa, teRu-teRa padagaLalli kANabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, kUDu padada koneyalli kANisuva ukAra uccAraNegAgi bandudu; A padakke a oTTannu sErisi kUDa padavannu tayArisabahudu. Adare I rIti a oTTannu sErisuvAga kUDu padada koneyalliruva ukAra bidduhOguttade.

(3) bErugaLa anantara baraballa u oTTiginta bErAgiruva intaha uccAraNegAgi sEruva ukAravondannu kalpisikoLLalu mUladrAviDada kelavu sErikeya niyamagaLu kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDada bErugaLalli baruva immaDi taDeyuligaLu avugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva oTTu bandAga otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttaveyemba sErikeya niyamavondide (4.4.1 nODi).

Adare, intaha immaDi taDeyuligaLa anantara uccAraNegAgi ukAra bandideyAdare, antaha padagaLalli I rIti immaDi taDeyuli otte taDeyuliyAguva badalAvaNe naDeyuvudilla.

kannaDada nuggu mattu nugi padagaLannu I vyatyAsakke udA

haraNeyAgi koDabahudu:

nuggu padadalli bandiruva ukAra uccAraNegAgi bandudu;

hAgAgi, adara gga embudu otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgilla.

Adare nugi padadalli bandiruva i embudu ondu oTTu. gga embudu otte taDeyuliyAgi

hAgAgi, adarallidda badalAgide.

(4) uccAraNegAgi banda svarakkU oTTina svarakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsa samaya kaLedante nuDiyondaralli illavAgalu sAdyavide. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada kriyApadagaLige uccAraNegAgi sErisiruva ukArada svarUpa samaya kaLedante badalAgide.

haLegannaDadalli mADu, nODu, bEDu modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLa koneyalli bandidda ukAra avugaLa anantara oTTugaLu sEridAga bidduhOguvantahadAgittu (mAZpUDe, mALtudu).

Adare, anantarada samayadalli I ukAra biddu hOgade (mADuvoDe,

kriyApadada amSavAgiyE uLidiruvudannu mADidudu) modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli kANabahudu.

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3.3 uddasvara giDDavAguvudu

tamiLina kelavu padagaLalli oTTina jAgadalli kANisuva udda svara kannaDadalli giDDa svaravAgi kANisuttade. illi mElnOTakke udda svara kannaDadalli giDDa svaravAgideyendu tOruttade. udAharaNe gAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu. kannaDa
kaZal ‘majjige’’ nenTaru

kiZAn kAkkAy nATTAr

tamiLu

kannaDi

Adare, eraDu illavE mUranE ulikanteyalli uddasvara mattu giDDasvaragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa mUladrAviDadalli ittendu vAdisalu heccina AdAravEnU illa. hAgAgi, oTTina jAgadalli baraballa svaragaLella mUladrAviDadalli giDDavAgi mAtra (adarallU a, i, ugaLAgi mAtra) idduvu embudE Igina kalpaneyAgide.

I kalpaneyante mElina padagaLalli kannaDa mUladrAviDada oTTina rUpagaLannu uLisikonDide mattu tamiLu avannu udda svaradavannAgi badalAyiside.

Adare, idakke apavAdavAgi intaha kelavu padagaLu jODu padagaLAgiralu sAdyaviddu, avugaLalli baruva uddasvara bErina svaravAgiralu sAdyavide. kannaDa A bErannu oTTina rUpakke badalAyisi adara uddasvaravannu giDDassvaravAgi mADikonDide.

kannaDa
kaNave, kaNive

tamiLu kaNavAy aTikkAy kuNTikkAy

mElina kannaDa padagaLalli kANisuva giDDa ekAra tamiLinalli Ay rUpadalli kANisuttade. nijakkU idu bErina (vAy ‘bAyi’ mattu kAy ‘kAyi’) svaravallade oTTina svaravalla. kannaDada padagaLalli mAtra idu giDDasvaravAgi badalAgiddu oTTina rUpavannu paDedide.

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3.4 eraDu giDDa svaragaLu sEri udda svaravAguvudu

mUladrAviDada kriyAbErugaLa koneyallidda yakAra illavE kakAra bidduhOdAga (4.3.5 nODi) adara anantara bandidda oTTina svara mattu adara modalu bandidda bErina svara - iveraDu oTTu sEri ondu udda svara kANisikoLLuttade. idu mUladrAviDadallEnE naDeda badalAvaNeyAgirabahudu. I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva (badalAda) mattu tOrisadiruva (badalAgada) eraDu rItiya padagaLU kannaDadallive.

badalAgada pada
togalu moga
tigaDu ‘tikku’’

badalAda pada tOlu mOre

idallade, bEre drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLU I badalAvaNe naDe diruvudannu sUcisaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada jEnu padadalli I badalAvaNe naDedideyembudannu tuLuvina tiga ‘jEnu’ pada sUcisuttade; kannaDada kesavu padadalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla, Adare, tamiLina cEmpu ‘kesavu’ padadalli naDedide.

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3.5 eraDaneya svaradalli badalAvaNe

mUru ulikantegaLiruva halavu padagaLige kiTTel avara kannaDa- ingliS niganTinalli avugaLa eraDaneya svaravannavalambisi mUru mUru rUpagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. kannaDada padagaLalli I eraDaneya svara akAra, ikAra illavE ukAravAgiralu sAdya embudE avugaLige I rIti mUru mUru rUpagaLu kANisi

koLLalu kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

imaru
pAsage
kuDaka
huDagi

imiru
pAsike

aduru ‘naDugu’’ imuru ‘oNagu’’ uDugu ‘kuggu’’ pAsuge ‘hAsige’ kuDuka huDugi

innu kelavu padagaLige eraDaneya svaravannavalambisi eraDeraDu rUpagaLu kANisuttave; adu (1) akAra illavE ikAravAgira bahudu (aRave, aRive; okkal, okkil); (2) ikAra illavE ukAravAgirabahudu (aLipu, aLupu; oppige, oppuge); (3) akAra illavE ukAravAgirabahudu (alagu, alugu; ganDasu, ganDusu).

idallade, eraDaneya svaravAgi akAra illavE ekAravannu tOrisuva padagaLu (aLata, aLeta; baraha, bareha) kelavive mattu a, i, u, egaLemba nAlku svaragaLannU tOrisuva padagaLU (aLasu, aLisu, aLusu, aLesu) kelavive.

I heccina rUpagaLu yAva rItiya padagaLalli kANisikoLLu ttave, avugaLa hinde niyamavEnAdarU aDagideyE embudannu kanDuhiDiyuva avaSyakateyide.

udAharaNegAgi, eraDanE ulikanteyalliruva svara mUla drAviDada *ay (illavE *a) embudarinda bandideyAdare,

adu intaha padagaLalli akAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade emba ondu niyamavannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.

aLe aLate
naDate
bare baravaNige mere meravaNige beLe beLavaNige

kaLavu
neravu teravu naDavaLike nenapu nene bare baraha

idallade, I bEre bEre rUpagaLu kannaDada bEre bEre oLanuDigaLalli beLedubandu, allinda baraha kannaDakke bandiralu sAdyavide.

yAva

padagaLalli

svara eraDaneya

idu nijavE embudannu tiLiyalu ivattina oLanuDigaLalliruva svaravAgi kANisikoLLuttade embudannU kanDuhiDiyuva avaSyakateyide. niyamagaLigintalU ‘olavu’gaLu kANisikoLLuvudE jAsti embudu illi nAvu edurisabEkAgiruva tondareyAgide.

padaracaneyalli

sAmAnyavAgi

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.5.1 eraDanE svara biddu hOguvudu

mUru ulikantegaLallU svaraviddu, eraDaneya ulikanteyalli rakAra illavE ZakAravidda padagaLa eraDaneya giDDasvara kannaDada halavu padagaLalli bidduhOgiruvudannu (mattu anantara rakAra illavE ZakAra mundina vyanjanadondige sEri immaDi vyanjanavAgiruvudannu) kANabahudu. keLage koTTiruva tamiLu padagaLalli I svara bidduhOgilla.

kannaDa
urku, ukku
kurgu, kuggu gurbi, gubbi parti, hatti

urdu, uddu
karcu, kaccu maZgu, maggu

piZka, hikke

tamiLu urukku kuraGku kuruvi parutti

uZuntu kaZuvu maZuGku piZukkay

Adare I badalAvaNe kannaDadalli niyamitavAgi naDedilla. keLage koTTiruva padagaLa eraDanE ulikanteyalli rakAra illavE ZakAra bandideyAdarU eraDaneya giDDasvara bidduhOgilla.

kannaDa
erapu, eravu
gorasu saraku
aZivu
paZagu
moZagu

tamiLu irappu kuraccay carakku aZipu paZaku muZuGku

eraDaneya ulikanteyalli banda giDDa svaragaLu karnATakada indina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli bEre halavu sannivESagaLallU biddu hOgive.

udAharaNegAgi, oLanADina baDagu oLanuDigaLalli ivu heccina padagaLallU bidduhOgive; Adare, tenku oLanuDigaLalli kelavu

sannivESagaLalli (udA: eraDanE mattu mUranE ulikantegaLalli taDeyuli taDeyuliyiddu, ottakSaravAgiruvalli) avu hAgeyE uLidive mattu uLideDegaLalli biddu hOgive (upAdyAya 1976:256).

ulikanteya

eraDanE

(1) oLanADina baDagu oLanuDigaLalli mAtra bidduhOgiruvudu:

baraha

maysUru

gulbarga

(2) oLanADina tenku mattu baDagu oLanuDigaLeraDarallU

bidduhOgiruvudu:

baraha
kudure
sAsive
bAgilu

maysUru kudre
sAsve
bAglu

gulbarga kudri sAsvi bAgla

karAvaLiya tenku oLanuDigaLalli I svara bidduhOgade uLidideyumbudakke tenku havyakada kudure, sAsame, bAgilu, padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.

modalAda

(3) maDikEriya jEnukurubara kannaDadalli baruva mUru ulikanteya padagaLalli bEreyE ondu badalAvaNe kANisuttide. intaha padagaLa eraDaneya ulikanteyalli baruva svara I oLanuDiyalli uddasvaravAguttade (upAdyAya 1976). Adare

idu akAravannu mAtravallade bEre svaragaLannU badalAyisideyE embudannu tiLiyalu udAharaNegaLilla.

barahada kannaDa
hagalu
kanasu

kattale
kUdalu

jEnukuruba hagAlu vanAke kanAsu

kattAle kUdAlu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.5.2 mUgisida svaragaLu

eraDanE (illavE mattina) svarada anantara bandidda mUguli biddu hOdAga adara modalina svara kelavu oLanuDigaLalli mUgisida svaravAgi badalAguttade (5.2.6 nODi).

karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli intaha sannivESadalli bandidda LakAravU biddu hOdudarindAgi, mUgisida svarakke ‘ganDasu’ artavannu sUcisuva kelasa doretide. yAkendare, LakAra bidduhOgiruvalli adara modalu bandidda svara badalAgade

haLegannaDa

havyaka kannaDa

bandan
bandaL

mADidan mADidaL

mADida ᵒ mADida

Adare, haLegannaDada appan, ajjan (havyaka appa ᵒ, ajja ᵒ)
modalAda ganDasarannu sUcisuva padagaLalli mAtravallade, akkan (havyaka akka ᵒ)dantaha bEre kelavu padagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedideyAda kAraNa intaha padagaLalli mUgisida svarakke mElina artavilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6 padagaLa koneya svaragaLu

mUladrAviDa padagaLa koneyalli a, i mattu u emba mUru svaragaLu mAtravE baraballuvAgidduvu. Adare kannaDada halavu kANabahudu. padagaLa mUladrAviDa padagaLa koneyalli baruttidda ay embudu kelavu sannivESagaLalli ekAravAgi kannaDadalli badalAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa. idallade, kriyApadagaLa koneyallidda akAravU kannaDadalli ekAravAgide.

koneyalli ekAra bandiruvudannu

padagaLa koneyallidda bEre kelavu svaragaLu kannaDada oLanuDi gaLalli badalAgive. padagaLa koneya ekAra ikAravAguvudu, akAra a:kAravAguvudu mattu ukAra u mattu u^gaLAgi idallade, oDedukoLLuvudu ukAradalli vyanjanagaLalli konegoLLuvantAdudu hosagannaDada innondu badalAvaNe.

badalAvaNegaLu. padagaLu

konegoLLuva

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6.1 ay embudu ekAravAguvudu

mUladrAviDadallidda ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli bandAgalella kannaDadalli ekAravAgi badalAgide. tamiLinalli idu ay embudAgiyE kANisuttade.

illavE

kannaDa
hoge
beLe

tamiLu kaTTay tALay yAnay pukay viLay eccarikkay

kannaDadallU kelavu tenku oLanuDigaLalli ay embudu padagaLa koneyalli badalAgade uLidide. udAharaNegAgi, maysUru jilleya paScima vibAga(cAmarAjanagara)dalli adu ivattigU ay emba rUpadallE uccAraNeyAguttade.

barahada kannaDa cAmarAja nagara mane

kalay
manay baray

tamiLu manay varay (agaZ)

Adare idE Urina kelavara mAtinalli ay embudu a embudAgi (illavE nAligeya mumbAgavannu bAyiya keLabAga dalli nillisi uccarisida ’mungeLagina’svaravAgi) badalAdudU ide. mana (illavE mane:) ‘mane’, gvADa (illavE gvADe:) ‘gODe’, tala (illavE tale:) ‘tale’ modalAda baLakegaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

ondu ulikanteyiruva padagaLalli mAtra ay embudu haLegannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. hosagannaDadallU idu nAmapadagaLalli mattu kriyApadagaLa kelavu rUpagaLalli badalAgade uLidide (5.4.4 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6.2 akAra ekAravAguvudu

padagaLa koneyalli baruva akAravU kannaDadalli ekAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli kANabahudu.

kannaDa
mare moge

tamiLu
maRa
muka

padagaLa koneya ay embudu (3.6.1 nODi) mattu koneya akAra - iveraDU ekAravAgi kriyApadagaLa mattu ay badalAdudarindAgi, embavugaLalli konegoLLuttidda eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLU kannaDadalli ekAradalli konegoLLuvantAgide.

mUladrAviDadalli a

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6.3 ekAra ikAravAguvudu

mEle vivarisida eraDu badalAvaNegaLinda banda padagaLa koneya ekAra oLanADina baDagu oLanuDigaLalli, endare dAravADa, gulbarga, beLagAvi modalAda pradESagaLalli ikAravAgi badalAgide.
badalAvaNe naDedideyAdarU, adu kriyApadagaLannu mAtra badalAyiside; nAmapadagaLannu badalAyisilla.

oLanuDigaLallU

intahadondu

karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli I svara ekAravAgiyE ide. I vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDa, tenku oLa nADina maysUru kannaDa mattu baDagu oLanADina gulbarga kannaDa padagaLa naDuve kANabahudu.

(1) nAmapadagaLu:

havyaka
kudure
sAsave

(2) kriyApadagaLu:

havyaka
koLe
mase

maysUru kudre
yale
sAsve

maysUru masi

gulbarga kudri sAsvi

gulbarga masi

koneyallU baraballuvAgidduvu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6.4 ukArada sErike

mUladrAviDadalli taDeyuligaLannu biTTu itara vyanjanagaLu haLegannaDa I padagaLa mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyannu uLisikonDide. idallade, taDeyuliyAgidda adiruliyAgi badalAyisikonDideyAda kAraNa, adannU adu padagaLa koneya vyanjanavAgi baLasaballudu.

RakAravannu

haLegannaDa

hosagannaDa (baraha kannaDa) intaha padagaLellavannU svaradalli padagaLAgi badalAyiside. idakkAgi intaha konegoLLuva hosagannaDadalli uccAraNegAgi ukAravannu padagaLigella sErisalAguttade. I rIti ukAravannu sErisidAga padagaLa koneya vyanjanagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLU naDedive (udAharaNegaLige

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.9 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6.5 ukAra a:kAravAguvudu

nAmapadagaLa koneyalli baruva ukAra karnATakada baDagu oLanuDigaLalli (udAharaNegAgi gulbarga kannaDadalli) a:kAravAgi badalAgide.

padagaLalli

Adare, I badalAvaNe ellA padagaLallU naDedilla. eraDu ulikantegaLiruva svara uddavAgiruvalli mattu (2) modalaneya svarada anantara ottakSaraviruvalli mAtra naDedide.
(1) modalaneya svara uddavAgiruva eraDu ulikanteya pada gaLu:

modalaneya

barahada kannaDa

gulbargada kannaDa

hAlu
hUvu
kUsu

hU:va

kU:sa

(2) modalaneya svarada anantara ottakSaraviruva eraDu ulikanteya padagaLu:

barahada kannaDa

gulbargada kannaDa

kallu
manju
nekku

ne:kka

mUru ulikantegaLiruva

svara bidduhOduda rindAgi eraDu ulikantegaLiruvavugaLAgiruvantaha padagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedide.

padagaLa eraDaneya

barahada kannaDa
bisilu
nEgilu
guDugu hokkuLu

gulbargada kannaDa

bi:sla

nE:gla

gu:Dga

ho:nkLa

Adare, uddasvaravillada eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli I

badalAvaNe naDedilla.

barahada kannaDa
iruve
elubu
hasivu

gulbargada kannaDa yalu hosu

I badalAvaNe ellella naDedide embudannu sariyAgi

tiLiyalu heccina samSOdane naDeyabEkAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6.6 ukArada oDeta

karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDada oTTugaLalli baruva (endare modalaneya ulikanteyannu horatupaDisi itara ulikantegaLalli baruva) ukAra dunDagiruva ukAra mattu dunDagillada u^kAra emba eraDu svaragaLAgi oDedukonDide.

tuTiyannu baLasi uccarisuva va, pa, ba mattu ma vyanjanagaLa anantara mattu dunDagiruva (udda illavE giDDa) ukAra mattu okAragaLa anantara ukAra badalAgade uLidide, Adare itara sannivESagaLalli u^kAravAgi badalAgide.

kappu

ukAraviruva padagaLu u^kAraviruva padagaLu kants ‘muLugisu’’ avulu ‘avalakki’ kaTTa ‘kaTTu’ taTTa ‘taTTu’’ etta ‘ettu’ sikka ‘sigu’ hEL ‘hELu’

hOLu ‘tunDu’

kokku

tabbu

kuttu

Adare, I niyamakke halavu apavAdagaLU iveyAda kAraNa (duDka ‘duDuku’, moNNa ‘maNNu’, mUkti ‘mUguti’, antu ‘hAge’), I vyatyAsakke gavDa kannaDadalli artavannu sUcisuva hoNe

kelavu

jODupadagaLalli

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.7 tiruLu

mUladrAviDada oTTugaLalli baruttidda svaragaLu kannaDadalli yAva badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive emba viSayadalli namaginnU heccu tiLidilla. kANisuttidda uddasvara giDDavAgiruvudu, yakAra illavE kakAra biddu hOdudarindAgi avugaLa modalu mattu anantara bandidda svaragaLu oTTu sEri uddasvaravAgiruvudu mattu padagaLa koneya *ay mattu *a embavugaLu ekAravAgi badalAgiruvudu namage tiLidiruva mukya badalAvaNegaLu.

idallade, kannaDada caritreyallEnE adara oLanuDigaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannU I adyAyadalli naDediruva vivarisalAgide. vyatyAsa aLiduhOguvudu illavE A svaravE bidduhOguvudu, padagaLa koneyallidda ekAra ikAravAgi mattu ukAra a:kAravAgi

padagaLa eraDaneya

svaradallidda

illavE u^kAravAgi badalAguvudu mattu vyanjanagaLalli konegoLLuva padagaLa anantara ukAravondu sErikoLLuvudu ivugaLalli mukyavAda badalAvaNegaLu.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4. taDeyuligaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.1 munnOTa

kannaDada caritreyalli mUladrAviDa svaragaLa eNike mattu uccAraNegaLalli heccina badalAvaNegaLEnU naDedillavembudannu nAvu hindina adyAyadalli nODiruvevu. kelavu viSiSTavAda mattu jAgagaLalli sannivESagaLalli badalAvaNegaLAgive, aSTe (kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLu idakke apavAdagaLu).

svaragaLa udda

mAtra

Adare, mUladrAviDadallidda vyanjanagaLa eNike mattu kannaDada badalAvaNegaLindAgi, kannaDadalli

uccAraNegaLeraDarallU caritreyalli mUladrAviDadallidda ippattondu vyanjanagaLAgive.

halavAru badalAvaNegaLu

vyanjanagaLu

hadinAru

naDedive.

vidvAmsaru mUladrAviDakke kalpisikonDiruva vyanjanagaLannu

keLage sUcisida hAge paTTimADabahudu.

mUladrAviDa vyanjanagaLu

taDeyuli pa mUguli
pakkaduli
hoDeyuli taDeyilladuli

mUladrAviDada I vyanjanagaLalli pa, ta, ca, ka; ma, na, Ya; va, ya emba ombattu vyanjanagaLu mAtra padagaLalli modalige baraballuvAgidduvu.

YakAravannu biTTu itara ellA vyanjanagaLU eraDu svaragaLa naDuve baraballuvAgidduvu; avugaLalli taDeyuligaLu mattu mUguligaLu otte rUpadalli mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU (endare ottakSarada rUpadallU) baraballuvAgidduvu.

uLida vyanjanagaLalli ra-ZagaLannu biTTu itara vyanjanagaLu otte rUpadalli mattu immaDi rUpadalli baraballuvAgidduvu; ra- ZagaLu mAtra immaDi rUpadalli baruttiralilla.

taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUgulige A taDeyuligaLa jAgadallEnE naDeyuvantaha uccAraNeyittu. Adare I ondu modalina) jAgavannu horatupaDisi itara (taDeyuligaLa jAgagaLalli illavE immaDi rUpadalli ma, na, Na mattu YagaLu mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu. hAgAgi, mUladrAviDakke ma, na, Na mattu YagaLemba I nAlku mUguligaLannu kalpisikonDare sAkAguttade.

haLe tamiLinalli eraDu rItiya nakAragaLu baLakeyallidduvu; ivugaLalli ondakke takArada jAgadalli mattu innondakke RakArada jAgadalli uccAraNeyittu. udAharaNegAgi, verin ‘bennu’ padadalli takArada jAgadalli uccAravAguva nakAravide mattu varin ‘bandare’ padadalli RakArada jAgadalli uccAravAguva nakAravide. Adare I vyatyAsavannu mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyillavendu tOruttade.

malayALadallU I eraDu rItiya

mUguligaLu baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, ennAl ‘Adare’ padadalli baruva

immaDi nakArakke takArada jAgadalli uccAraNeyide mattu ennAl ‘nanninda’ padadalli baruva immaDi nakArakke RakArada jAgadalli modalinadu mUladrAviDada *nta illavE *nRdinda bandide mattu eraDaneyadu *nnadinda bandide (subrahmaNyam 1983:380 nODi).

uccAraNeyide.

ivugaLalli

mUguligaLa anantara baruva taDeyuligaLu otte illavE

immaDi rUpadalliralu sAdyavittu.

taDeyuligaLannu biTTu uLida ellA vyanjanagaLU padada kone

yalli baraballuvAgidduvu.

mUladrAviDadalli RakAra ondu taDeyuliyAgittu endu

vAdisuvudakke halavu kAraNagaLive:

(1) itara taDeyuligaLa hAge adu mUguligaLa anantara otte rUpadalli illavE immaDi rUpadalli baraballudAgittu (*tOnRu ‘tOru’, *kan‌RRay ‘kante’);

(2) svaragaLa naDuveyU adu otte illavE immaDi rUpadalli baraballudAgittu (ARu ‘taNi’, *mARRu ‘mAtu’).
(3) ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli I RakAra halavu sannivESagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. taDeyuliyAgiyE udAharaNegAgi, mUguligaLa modalu bandidda I RakAra giDDa svarada anantara kannaDadalli dakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade (onRu > ondu); svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi RakAravU giDDasvarada anantara tta embudAgi kANisikoLLuttade (*puRRam > hutta).

mUladrAviDada I hadinAru vyanjanagaLu kannaDadalli ippa ttondu vyanjanagaLAgi oDedukonDudu hEge embudannu mattu

bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLindAgi avugaLa baLakeyalli entaha vyatyAsagaLella unTAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli mattu mundina (aydanE) adyAyadalli vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAguvudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.1.1 taDeyuligaLu

ondu vyanjanavannu uccarisuvAga bAyiya mUlaka hora hOguva usirannu bAyiyoLage ellAdarU ondu kaDe pUrti mUlakavE) biDalAguttadeyAdare, adannu ‘taDeyuli’ endu kareyabahudu; pa, ta, ca, Ra, Ta, ka embavu mUladrAviDadalli baruttidda intaha taDeyuligaLu.

(bAyiya

anantara

taDedu

ivugaLa uccAraNe mUladrAviDadalli rItiyalli naDeyuttiddirabEkendu kalpisalAgide.

keLage vivarisida

(1) tuTigaLeraDannu oTTige taruva mUlaka uccarisuva pa;
(2) nAligeya tudiyannu hallugaLa himbadiyalli nillisuva

mUlaka uccarisuva ta;

(3) nAligeya tudiyannu adakkinta innU svalpa himbadiyalli

nillisuva mUlaka uccarisuva Ra;

(4) nAlageya mundiruva (endare adara tudiya hindiruva) cappaTe bAgavannu allE mElgaDeyiruva anguLige tAgisuva mUlaka uccarisuva ca;

(5) nAlageya tudiyannu maDaci adara aDibAgavannu anguLige

tAgisuva mUlaka uccarisuva Ta; mattu

(6) nAligeya himbAgavannu allE mElgaDeyiruva medu

anguLige tAgisuva mUlaka uccarisuva ka.

I ellA taDeyuligaLigU koraLisida mattu koraLisada

uccAraNegaLidduvu (4.1.2 nODi).

mUladrAviDadallidda I Aru taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli hattu taDeyuligaLAgi oDedukonDive. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mUla drAviDadalli artabEdavannu sUcisadiddantaha koraLisada (pa, ta, ca, Ta, ka) mattu koraLisida (ba, da, ja, Da, ga) taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kannaDadalli artabEdavannu sUcisuva hAgAgide.

idallade, mUladrAviDada taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegoLagAgive. adarallidda Ra emba taDeyuli haLegannaDadalli heccineDegaLallU rakArada hAgidda, Adare uccAraNe yalli adakkinta bErAgidda, ondu ‘hoDeyuli’yAgi badalAgide; anantara hosagannaDadalli adu uccAraNeyalli rakAravE Agide.
Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, kelavu sannivESagaLalli (eraDu svaragaLa naDuve immaDi rUpadalli bandiddAga illavE ondu mUguliya modalu bandiddAga) adu haLegannaDadallEnE takAra illavE dakAravAgiyU badalAgide. mUladrAviDada cakAra kannaDadalli heccineDegaLallU sakAravAgi badalAgide; Adare kelavu padagaLalli adu cakAravAgiyE uLidide illavE jakAravAgi badalAgide.

mUladrAviDada taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu, adarindAgi avu yAva padagaLallella baruttave emba viSayadalli mUladrAviDa mattu kannaDagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLu tOribaruttave.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.1.2 koraLisida mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLu

mUladrAviDadalli taDeyuligaLige ‘koraLisida’ uccAraNe mattu ‘koraLisada’ uccAraNe embudAgi eraDu rItiya uccAraNe gaLidduvu; koraLisida uccAraNeyalli avugaLondige ganTalinalli naDeyuva adiruvikeyU sEriruttade; koraLisada uccAraNeyalli I adiruvike sEriruvudilla. Adare, mUladrAviDa taDeyuligaLa uccAraNeyallidda I sUcisuva vyatyAsakke kelasavittendu vAdisalu yAva AdAravU dorakuvudilla.

naDuvina artavyatyAsavannu

padagaLa

hAgAgi, eraDu svaragaLa naDuve bandAga, illavE mUguli gaLa (manaNaYagaLa) anantara otteyAgi bandAga taDeyuligaLannu koraLisida vyanjanagaLAgi mattu itara sandarbagaLalli koraLisada vyanjanagaLAgi mUladrAviDadalli uccarisalAguttittu embudAgi kalpisabEkAgide.
naDeda halavAru badalAvaNegaLa kannaDada taDeyuligaLa pariNAmavAgi, naDuvidda I uccAraNeya vyatyAsakke artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva bele bandide.

koraLisida mattu

caritreyalli

koraLisada

udAharaNegAgi, katte mattu gadde emba eraDu padagaLa naDu viruva arta vyatyAsavannu avugaLalli baruva taDeyuligaLu koraLisada ka-ta rUpadalliveyE illavE koraLisida ga-da kannaDadalli rUpadalliveyE emba sUcisalAguttade. Adare padagaLu *kaZutay rUpadalliddirabEku (uccAraNeyalli *kaZuday mattu *kaZaday).

vyatyAsada mUladrAviDadalli I

*kaZatay emba

mUlaka

mattu

ivugaLalli modalaneya pada kannaDadalli katte embudAgi badalAgide. endare, ZakArada anantara bandidda ukAra biddu

hOgide mattu idarinda unTAda Zda ottakSara koraLisada tta embudAgi badalAgide. idallade, padada koneya *ay embudu ekAravAgi badalAgide.

idakke badalu eraDaneya pada gadde embudAgi badalAgide. endare, ZakArada anantara bandidda akAra bidduhOgide mattu idarinda unTAda Zda ottakSara koraLisida dda embudAgi badalAgide. idallade, padada modalina kakAravU koraLisida gakAravAgi badalAgide mattu padada koneya ay embudu ekAravAgi badalAgide.

taDeyuligaLa koraLisuvikeya maTTige kannaDadalli naDeda intaha badalAvaNegaLella heccina maTTige aniyamitavAdavugaLu. avugaLa svarUpa entahadu embudannu keLagina vibAgagaLalli (bEre bEre sandarbagaLalli) vivarisalAgide.

mattu

nAlku

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.2 padagaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDa padagaLalli modalige ka, ca, mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu; Ra mattu TagaLu A jAgadalli baruttiralilla.
idallade, I taDeyuligaLu padagaLa modalige koraLisada rUpadalli mAtra baLakeyAguttidduvu. adare kannaDa padagaLalli modalige avu koraLisada rUpadalli mAtravallade koraLisida rUpadallU baraballuvu.

taDeyuligaLu

I viSayadalli kannaDada (mattu itara drAviDa nuDigaLa) pada gaLu halavu rItiya aniScitategaLigoLagAgive. haLetamiLu nuDi mAtra idakke apavAdavendu hELabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada kelavu padagaLa modalige baruva taDeyuligaLu avugaLa ellA rUpagaLallU koraLisida rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttave.

ganDu, ganDa, ganDasu, ganDike, ganDiga jARu, jARike ’jAruvike’, jARa (jAruguppe) daTTa ‘dappa’, daDDa, daDAli ‘dappa hengasu’, danDi
‘doDDadu’

innu kelavu padagaLu avugaLa onderaDu rUpagaLalli mAtra modaligiruva taDeyuliyannu koraLisida rUpakke badalAyisive; uLida rUpagaLalli adannu koraLisada rUpadallE uLisikonDive. (I sandarbadalli cakAra kannaDadalli cakAravAgi uLidirabahudu illavE sakAravAgi badalAgirabahudu).

  gIru, gITu, gIcu; kIRu, kiRuku

guZi; koZave, kuZi jari, jarugu, jaggu; sari, saraku jambu; cAcu, cApu; sAgu

Adare, kannaDada heccina padagaLallU avugaLa modaligidda koraLisada

padarUpagaLallU

taDeyuligaLu taDeyuligaLAgiyE uLidive.

koLe, koLaku, koLace, kocce taDe, taDa, taDavu, taDeta pogaZ, pogaZka, pogaZta

I badalAvaNeya aniyamitateyindAgi, padagaLa modalige kANisuva koraLisida mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke kannaDadalli artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva hoNe sikkide. padajODiyalli idannu

katte-gadde

koTTiruva

mEle

kuri-guri

modalAda

mAtravallade, toTTi-doDDi, kuttu-guddu, taNi-daNi, kanDa- ganDa, capparisu-jabbarisu, sari-jari, taTTi-daTTi, paNa-baNave, pardu-bardu, padajODigaLallU kANabahudu. haLeya

drAviDa nuDigaLallU naDediruva I badalAvaNeya hinde entaha halavu niyamavide embudannu prayatnagaLannu mADiruvarAdarU heccina prayOjanavAgilla.

tamiLondannu biTTu uLida ellA

tiLiyalu vidvAmsaru

kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, I padagaLa eraDaneya mattu anantarada ulikantegaLalli baruva koraLisida taDeyuligaLindAgi mattu itara koraLisida vyanjanagaLindAgi avugaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLalli I badalAvaNe naDediralu sAdyavide.

idallade, drAviDa kuTumbakke sEradiruva itara nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLalli koraLisada mattu koraLisida taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva padagaLalli I mUladrAviDadinda banda beleyiruvudu badalAvaNe naDeyalu innondu kAraNavAgirabahudu.

I badalAvaNeyindAgi, mUladrAviDa padagaLa modaligidda kakAravu kakAra mattu gakAragaLAgiyU, cakAravu cakAra (illavE sakAra) mattu jakAragaLAgiyU, takAravu takAra mattu dakAra gaLAgiyU, pakAravu pakAra mattu bakAragaLAgiyU kannaDadalli oDedukonDive.

kannaDa

malayALa: kuDukh:

ca>ca canda

tamiLu:

ca>ja jARu

tamiLu:

ta>ta tiddu
ta>da diNNe

pa>pa pacce
pa>ba buruDe

malayALa: tuLu:

tamiLu:
telugu:

tiruttu

paccay puRRe

Adare, kannaDa padagaLa modaligidda bakAra mEle sUcisida hAge mUladrAviDada pakAradinda bandiruvudu kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra; heccinavugaLallU adu mUladrAviDada vakAradinda nODaliruvevu.

bandideyumbudannu

munde

padagaLa modaligidda taDeyuligaLu kannaDada caritreyalli bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu avannu keLagina vibAgagaLalli vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.2.1 pakAra hakAravAgiruvudu mattu bidduhOgiruvudu

padagaLa modaligidda pakAra hosagannaDadalli hakAravAgi badalA gide mattu ivattina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli bidduhOgide. pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe sumAru hattanE SatamAnadalli suruvAgittu embudAgi kannaDa SAsanagaLannu pariSIlisidAga tiLiyuttade.
ombattanE

mAtravE kANisuttade; Adare hattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli pakArada badalu hakAravannu tOrisuva kelavu padagaLu kANasiguttave.

SAsanagaLalli

SatamAnada

pakAra

anantarada SAsanagaLalli intaha padagaLa eNike jAstiyAguttA hOguttade mattu hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnakkAguvAga

modalige pakAra bandiruva padagaLu kaDimeyAguttA hOgi anantara avu pUrti illavAgibiDuttave (narasimhayya 1941,

I badalAvaNe sAhityaracaneyalli, adarallU padyagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva padagaLalli sariyAgi kanDubaruvudu hadimUru-hadinAlkanE SatamAnada anantara mAtra. mAtinalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu barahavannu talapalu svalpa samaya bEkAguttadeyumbudE idakke kAraNa. SAsanagaLa baraha mAtige heccu hattira iruva kAraNa, adaralli badalAvaNegaLu modalu kANisikoLLuttave.

haLegannaDa padagaLa modaligidda pakAra I rIti hakAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu hosagannaDada nUrAru padagaLalli kANabahudu. keLagina kelavu padagaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.

haLegannaDa pAl puli

hosagannaDa haNNu hAlu hIru huli

haLegannaDa percu pEZ

pogaZ pO

hosagannaDa hUvu heccu hELu hogaLu hOgu

idallade, padagaLa modaligidda pakArada badalige banda hakAravu hadimUranE SatamAnada SAsanavondarallEnE kelavu ‘hOdaru’) biddu ‘hOgu’, Odar padagaLalli hOgiruvudu kanDu baruttade. Adare, anantarada SAsanagaLalli mattu ivattina barahada kannaDadalli I hakAra uLidukonDide. ivattina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli mAtra idu pUrti bidduhOgide.

udAharaNegAgi, baLLAri mattu nanjanagUDina okkaligara mAti nalli idu pUrti bidduhOgide. gulbargadallU kelavu pradESagaLalli bidduhOgide. karAvaLiya kannaDadalli idu heccineDegaLallU uLidideyAdarU hAlakki kannaDadalli vikalpavAgi bidduhOgide. I badalAvaNegaLannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu (upAdyAya

baraha nanjanagUDu baLLAri haLLi hAlu huli hUvu U hedaru hola hOgu

vAgu

gulbarga haLLi huli hUva hedru hvala hOgu

I badalAvaNe kannaDada yAva oLanuDigaLalli naDedide mattu yAva oLanuDigaLalli naDedilla embudinnU sariyAgi gottAgilla. maysUru jilleyannu idu eraDAgi oDeyuttade. udAharaNe gAgi, ke. Ar. nagara, periyApaTTaNa mattu huNasUrina arevASi jAgadalli I badalAvaNe naDedilla; Adare huNasUrina uLida are vASi jAgadalli mattu maysUrina itara tAlUkugaLalli naDedide.

nanjanagUDina okkaligara mAtinalli hakAra bidduhOgide; Adare, brAhmaNara mAtinalli bidduhOgilla. idarinda I

badalAvaNege sAmAjika mEreyU ideyundu tiLiyuttade (baT 1967 nODi).

gulbarga jilleyannU I badalAvaNe eraDAgi oDeyuttade. Adare yAva rItiyalli adu I jilleyannu oDeyuttade embudannu tiLiyalu innU samSOdanegaLu naDeyabEkAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.2.2 cakArada badalAvaNegaLu

padagaLa modaligidda cakAravu kannaDada caritreyalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgide. itara taDeyuligaLa hAge cakAravU cakAra mattu jakAragaLAgi oDedideyumbudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu.

(1) Adare I rIti adu oDediruvudu kelavu padagaLalli

mAtra; heccina padagaLallU adu sakAravAgi badalAgide.

kannaDa
saTTuga
sappe sAru
sikku
sInu
suttu
sEru
sOru

tamiLu caTTuka cappay cIntu cuRRu cOr

tamiLinallU padagaLa modalige bandiruva cakAra indina

kelavu oLanuDigaLalli SakAra illavE sakAravAgi badalAgide.

kannaDadalli kANisuva I cakArada badalAvaNegU (elli adu cakAra illavE jakAravAgi badalAgide mattu elli sakAravAgide embudakkU) ondu niScitavAda niyamavannu kanDuhiDiyalu idu varegU sAdyavAgilla.

cakAradinda suruvAguva ellA padagaLU modalige sakAra vAgi badalAgiddu, hAge sakAravAda anantara, adakkinta hindina oLanuDiyinda cakAraviruva kelavu padagaLu eravalAgi bandira bahudu, mattu avugaLalli kelavu padagaLa modala cakAra jakAra vAgirabahudu.

innu kelavu padagaLannu suruvinalli cakAravannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva telugu modalAda nerehoreya drAviDa nuDigaLinda kannaDa eravalAgi paDedirabahudu.

tamiLu, malayALa,

kannaDa
cillaRa
cUpu ‘nOTa’’ celuvu
cokka ‘sogasu’’ jOLa

telugu: candamu tamiLu: cillaRay telugu: cUpu telugu: celuvu tamiLu: cokkam tamiLu: cOLam

(2) karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli baraha kannaDada sakAra

cakAravAgi kANisuttade. soligara kannaDadalliyU hIgeyE.

baraha
sAsive

hAlakki
cAcami ceDLu

soliga cAcave

sappu
sAru

coppu

(3) mUladrAviDa padagaLa modaligidda cakAra kannaDadalli innondu badalAvaNegU oLagAgide; adEnendare, kannaDada halavu padagaLalli adu aniyamitavAgi bidduhOgide. kannaDadalli mAtra vallade, tamiLu, malayALa, telugu modalAda itara tenku drAviDa nuDigaLallU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide.

kelavu padagaLa modaligidda cakAra I rIti avugaLa ellA rUpagaLallU bidduhOgideyAdare, bEre kelavu padagaLa kelavu keLage rUpagaLalli mAtra bidduhOgide. udAharaNegAgi, koTTiruva padagaLige kannaDadalli cakAra biddu hOgiruva rUpagaLu mAtravallade bidduhOgadiruva rUpagaLU ive.

cakAra biddiruvudu amaru ‘oTTu sEru’’
igaru ‘ciguru’
anuvu ‘savndarya’’
Iru ‘hEnina tatti’’ ugi ‘horageLe’’ uZal ‘suttu’’

cakAra uLidiruvudu samanisu ‘odagu’’ ciguru cannAgi sIru suZi

tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLa kelavu padagaLa ellA rUpagaLallU A padagaLa modaligidda cakAra bidduhOgide. hAgAgi, intaha padagaLa modalige cakAravittembudu kannaDadavE Ada (illavE

tenkudrAviDada) gottAguvudilla.

padagaLannu

mAtravE

gamanisidAga

Adare, naDu mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLalli I rIti padagaLa modaligidda cakAra bidduhOgiralillavAda kAraNa, mEle sUcisidantaha kannaDa padagaLannu naDu mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLalliruva padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, avugaLa modalige mUla drAviDadalli cakAra ittu mattu adu kannaDadalli bidduhOgide emba sangati gottAguttade.

naDu mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLu

kannaDa
aydu
iruLu
Iyu ‘koDu’’ uppu
avalakki

kOlAmi: kOlAmi: kOlAmi: nAyki:

cEdu sArung cirum cup cavali ‘oraLu’’ sAnikul sEru sIntel

(4) padagaLa modaligidda cakAra kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli takAravAgi badalAgide. I badalAvaNeyU kannaDada caritreyalli bahaLa aniyamitavAgi kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra kANisu ttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLige modalige cakAraviruva rUpagaLu mAtravallade takAraviruva rUpagaLU ive.

cakAraviruva rUpagaLu
sadaku, sade ‘hoDe’’
sappu, soppu
suZi, suZivu, suZuhu cappaLisu, cappALe

takAraviruva rUpagaLu

tadaku, tade toppalu tuZi, tuZisu, toZasu tappaLisu

anantara

(5) dAravADa, gulbarga, baLLAri modalAda kannaDada baDagu oLanuDigaLalli padagaLa modalige baruva cakAra mattu jakAragaLige avugaLa uccAraNegaLive. ivugaLa anantara hinmElina (u, U) mattu hinnaDuvina svaragaLu bandAga, ivakke hallina uccAraNeyide mattu itara svaragaLu bandAga, anguLina uccAraNeyide (hirEmaTa 1961).

svaragaLannavalambisi

baruva

(ka) hallina uccAraNe

baraha kannaDa cungu
cUru
jOru

(kha) anguLina uccAraNe

baraha kannaDa

dAravADa kannaDa tsungu tsUru dsUju
dsOru

dAravADa kannaDa

cakAra mattu jakAragaLalli kANisuva I oDeta padagaLa modalige mAtravallade, naDuveyU naDedide. idallade, I badalAvaNe kannaDada baDagu oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli mAtravallade, marATi, kelavu oLanuDigaLallU naDedide.

mattu oDiyAda

nuDigaLalli

telugu

(6) hoLEnarasIpura tAlUkinalliruva keLavargada janara mAtinalli padagaLa modalige bandidda cakAra mattu jakAragaLu avugaLa anantara munmElina (i, I) mattu munnaDuvina (e, E) svaragaLu bandAga kakAra mattu gakAragaLAgi badalAgiveyundu cidAnanda mUrti (1972, 1984) varadi mADiddAre.

barahada kannaDa
cennAgi
cELu
jiri ‘sAvirakAlu’’ jEnu

hoLEnarasIpura kennAgi kELu gEnu

I badalAvaNe niyamitavAdudalla. yAkendare, adakke cinna, ciluka, jiguTu, cikkaNNa modalAda halavu apavAdagaLive. arakalagUDinallU I badalAvaNe aparUpavAgi kelavu padagaLalli (cikki>kikki, cilaka>kilaka) kANisuttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.2.3 kakAra-gakAragaLu cakAra-jakAragaLAgiruvudu

maysUru jilleya ke. Ar. nagarada uttara bAgadalli (udA haraNegAgi, hosUru mattu sAligrAmagaLalli) mattu adara pakka dalliruva pradESagaLalli vAsisuva harijanara kannaDadalli kakAra mattu gakAragaLu avugaLa anantara mundina svaragaLAda i, I, e mattu EgaLu bandAga, cakAra mattu jakAragaLAgi badalAgive

(ka) kakAra cakAravAgiruvudu

barahada kannaDa
kIvu
kelasa
kELu

(kha) gakAra jakAravAgiruvudu barahada kannaDa
gellu

hosUru cIvu celasa cELu

hosUru jellu

I badalAvaNe maysUru jilleyalli mAtravallade, hAsana mattu cikkamagaLUrugaLallU kANisuttadeyundu cidAnanda mUrti (1972, 1984) varadi mADiddAre. akkapakkadalliruva hoLE narasIpura, cannarAya paTTaNa, arakalagODu, sakalESapura, mUDi gere mattu kruSNarAjapETe tAlUkugaLallU avaru I badalAvaNe naDediruvudannu gamanisiddAre.

avara abiprAyadante I badalAvaNe cannarAya paTTaNadalli brAhmaNarannu biTTu uLida ellA vagragaLa janara mAtinallU naDedide. Adare uLida tAlUkugaLalli idu keLavagrada janara mAtinalli mAtra kANisuttade.

sakalESapura pETeyalli I badalAvaNe padagaLa naDuve

bandiruva kakAra gakAragaLallU kANisuttade.

barahada kannaDa
kukke hoge

sakalESapura kucce hoje

intaha padagaLu cannarAyapaTTaNadallU kANisuttave; Adare alli padagaLa modalige baruva kakAra-gakAragaLalli kANisuvaSTu niyamitavAgi I badalAvaNe padagaLa naDuve baruva kakAra-gakAra gaLalli kANisuvudilla.

tamiLu mattu malayALa nuDigaLalli padagaLa modaligidda kakAra cakAravAguvantaha intahadE ondu badalAvaNe bahaLa hindeyE naDedittu. tamiLina atI hindina barahagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDediruvudu kANisuttade. idu munmElina mattu munnaDuvina svaragaLu anantara bandiddAga naDedidduvu, Adare avugaLa anantara maDacida vyanjanagaLu (Ta, Na, La, Za) bandiddAga naDediralilla.

kannaDada tenku oLanuDiyalli naDeda mElina badalAvaNe antahadE ittIceginadAdarU badalAvaNeyondannu malayALa modaligEnE pakkadalliddudu kAraNavAgiralu sAdyavide. Adare mEle sUcisida hAge kannaDa oLanuDiya badalAvaNe mattu malayALada badalAvaNegaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLive.

naDeyalu

naDesidda

heccina

svaragaLa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3 svaragaLa naDuvina otte taDeyuligaLu

taDeyuligaLige naDuve otteyAgi banda mUladrAviDadalli koraLisida uccAraNeyiddirabEku. kannaDadalli taDeyuligaLAgiyE uLidukonDive. hagalu, maga, sOge, kadiru, ode, uduru, hoDe, padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu. Adare I niyamakke

keLage vivarisida hAge

modalAda

koraLisida

maTTige

kelavu

apavAdagaLive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.1 pakAravu vakAra mattu hakAragaLAgiruvudu

(1) mUladrAviDada badalAvaNe: eraDu svaragaLa naDuve mUladrAviDadallEnE otte pakAra mattu otte vakAragaLa tOruttade. yAkendare, kannaDavE modalAda ivattina halavu drAviDa nuDigaLalli immaDi pakAra otte pakAravAgabEkidda halavu sannivESagaLalli otte pakArada badalu vakAra kANisikoLLuttade.

naDuve vyatyAsaviralillavendu

kannaDadalli I rIti eraDu

naDuve pakAra vakAravAgiruvudakke keLage koTTiruva kannaDaddE Ada padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. ivugaLalli pakAra immaDi

svaragaLa

rUpadalli bandAga pakAravAgi uLidide mattu otte rUpadalli bandAga bakAravAgade vakAravAgide.

immaDi rUpadalli kappu ‘muccu’
keppu ‘kivuDu’’ soppu, toppalu

otte rUpadalli

kavi, kavudi kivuDu toval ‘toppalu’’ tevaru ’‘ettarada udda kaTTe’

bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli immaDi rUpada ppa iddu, kannaDa dalli v iruva, mattu kannaDadalli ppa iddu itara nuDigaLalli v iruva padagaLU I badalAvaNege udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu.

kannaDadalli v
tavu ‘kaDimeyAgu’’ tappu, tavu

tamiLinalli ppa

kannaDadalli ppa
tappu
uppu
capparisu kuppaLisu

tamiLinalli v tavar uvaRu cavay ‘jagi’’ kovka ‘nege’’ (gOnDi)

haLetamiLina

kelavu

kriyArUpagaLalli otte

pakAra

uLidukonDide; Adare, kannaDadalli idu vakAravAgi kANisuttade.

haLetamiLu varupavan pADupa

kannaDa baruvavanu hADuvaru (hADuttAre)

caritreyalliyU

(2) kannaDadalli naDeda aniyamitavAda badalAvaNe: pakAra svaragaLa kannaDada vakAravAguva badalAvaNeyondu aniyamitavAgi naDedide. I badalAvaNege bEkAguva otte pakAra kannaDadallE naDedantaha mUladrAviDada pakAravAguva badalAvaNeyinda bandide.

naDuvina otte

immaDi

pakAra

svaragaLa naDuve baruva immaDi taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli udda svarada anantara illavE eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttave embudannu munde (4.4.1)ralli nODaliruvevu. I badalAvaNeya mUlaka doreta otte pakAra kannaDadalli aniyamitavAgi vakAravAgide.

nAvu

keLage koTTiruvantaha padagaLalli mattu padarUpagaLalli I

rIti pakAra vakAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.

tamiLu Oppu

kannaDa
sOvu ‘ODisu’’ toDavu ‘modalu’’ toTuppu kAva ’‘kAyuva’’ kuDiva

kAppa piTippa kuTippa

Adare, keLage koTTiruvantaha padagaLalli I pakAra badalAgade uLidiruva kAraNa, idannondu aniyamita badalAvaNeyundu parigaNisabEkAgide.

kannaDa
tOpu

tamiLu cAppay tOppu

tApALa baLapa
barapa (baraha)
biLupu
muDipu

appu tAZppAL paLappam varayppu akappay veLuppu muTippu

kannaDadallEnE pakAra mattu vakAragaLeraDannU tOrisuva pada

gaLiruvudU I badalAvaNe aniyamitavembudannu sUcisuttade.

kannaDa
aZipu, aZivu erapu, eravu
kaRupu, kaRuvu
keDapu, keDavu
nenapu, nenavu

tamiLu aZippu irappu ‘bEDuvike’’ kaRuppu kiTappu ninayppu

pampabAratadalli pakAraviruva poLepu, paDepu, karupu, kApu modalAda padagaLannu mattu vakAraviruva aRivu, uZivu, aZavu, sAvu modalAda padagaLannu kANabahudu.

I rIti vakAravAgade uLida pakAra anantara hakAravAgide (keLage (4) nODi). intaha kelavu padagaLige pakAra, vakAra mattu hakAragaLiruva mUru mUru rUpagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu (salapu, salavu, salahu; tirupu, tiruvu, tiruhu; koDapu, koDavu, koDahu; keDapu, keDavu, keDahu).

(3) pakAra vakAravAguva sErikeya niyama:

pakAra vakAravAguva I badalAvaNe kannaDada ELanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli ondu sErikeya niyamavAgi kANisikoLLuttade. I niyamadante, svaradalli konegoLLuva padada anantara pakAradalli modalAguva pada bandAga, eraDaneya padada modala pakAra vakAravAgi badalAguttade (narasimhayya 1941:3 nODi).

eDeviDiyal

eDe + piDiyal eDe + poZalnADu eDevoZalnADu pOge + pOgi manju + pOl

pOgevOgi manjuvOl

haLegannaDada  kAvyagaLallU  sErikeya  niyamavAgi  svaragaLa  naDuve  banda  pakAra  vakAravAgiruvudannu  keLage  koTTiruva  pampabAratada  udAharaNegaLalli  kANabahudu  (rAmacandra  rAv 

aDi + pajjeyam page + pADiyoL giLi + pinDina
oDa + puTTitu
poRa + poZaloL poRavoZaloL naccu + pOda

aDivajjeyam pagevADiyoL giLivinDina oDavuTTitu

naccuvOda

(4) otte pakAra hakAravAdudu: padagaLalli svaragaLa naDuve bandidda otte pakAra vakAravAguva mElina aniyamita badalAvaNe naDeda anantara A badalAvaNege oLagAgade uLididda otte pakAragaLu naDugannaDadalli hakAravAgi badalAgive.

haLegannaDa aRupu
aZipu
eDapu
barapa
pOpa

naDugannaDa aruhu aZihu eDahu baraha hOha

idallade, haLegannaDadalli svaragaLa naDuve bandidda immaDi pakAra kelavu sannivESagaLalli otte pakAravAgi badalAgiddu, antaha hakAravAgi badalAgide. I pakAravU SAsanagaLallEnE badalAvaNeyannu hadimUranE kANabahudu (narasimhayya 1941).

naDugannaDadalli

SatamAnada

immaDi pakAra otte pakAra
bappa antappa

hakAra

idakkU modalu, endare hannondanE SatamAnada ondu naDahidar emba SAsanadallEnE rUpadallide; hattanE SatamAnada ondu SAsanadalli hOhan (< pOpan) emba padarUpa ide (narasimhayya 1941).

naDappidar embudu

kelavu padarUpagaLallidda intaha hakAra bidduhOgi, giDDa svarada badalu udda svara bandiruvudannu kannaDada kelavu (bandahan > (oLanADina) oLanuDigaLalli bandAnu, bandahen > bandEnu).

kANabahudu

hosagannaDadalli I svaragaLa naDuvina hakAra kelavu padagaLalli mAtra uLidide (baraha, keDahu, salahu); bEre kelavu padagaLalli adara badalu pakAraviruva rUpavE kANisuttade (nenapu, biLupu). hosagannaDa ivannu pakAra hakAravAda anantara haLegannaDadinda eravalAgi paDedirabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.2 cakAra sakAravAgiruvudu

mUladrAviDa padagaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve kANisikonDidda cakAra kannaDadalli jakAravAgi kANisikoLLuva badalu sakAravAgi (endare koraLisada ujjuliyAgi) kANisikoLLuttade.

kannaDa
hasivu
masaku
mAsu
bIsu
musu
mosaru

tamiLu macanku mAcu vIcu mucu mucar

svaragaLa

nuDigaLalli naDuvidda cakAra halavu drAviDa yakAravAgi badalAgiddu, mUladrAviDadallEnE intahadondu badalAvaNe naDedirabEkendu UhisalAgide. idallade, I yakAra anantara biddu hOgiruvudannU kelavu nuDigaLalli kANabahudu. kannaDadalli I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva kelavu padagaLive (payir (*pacir), puyyal, huyyal (tamiLu: pUcal)).
Adare, heccineDegaLallU svaragaLa naDuvina otte cakAravannu kannaDa sakAravAgiyE uLisikonDiruva kAraNa, adu I

viSayadalli mUladrAviDada tOrisuttadeyundu hELabahudu.

svarUpavannu heccu

sariyAgi

kannaDa
hesaru
pusi
mosaru kisur

tamiLu peyar uyiru poy mOr (<*moyar) ceyir ‘kOpisu’’

kannaDadalli ivattu svaragaLa naDuve kANisuva otte cakAra heccineDegaLallU mUladrAviDada immaDi cakAradinda bandide. uddasvarada anantara banda immaDi cakAra kannaDadalli otte cakAravAgi badalAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa (4.4.1 nODi).

kannaDa
Aca ‘SAla mara’’ kUcu ‘kamba’’
pIcu ‘cikka’’
pIcu ‘cimmu’
pUci ‘huLa’’

tamiLu kUccam pIcca (malayALa) pIccu pUcci

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.3 RakAra rakAravAgiruvudu

mUladrAviDada RakAra eraDu svaragaLa naDuve koraLisida vyanjanavAgiyE uLidide; haLegannaDada kAladalli adu rakArakkinta bErAgiruva hoDeyuliyAgi uccAraNeyallittendu hELalu avakASavide.

soligara kannaDadalli I taDeyuli ivattigU rakArakkinta bErA rakArada hoDeyuliyAgi uccAraNeyallide. giruva uccAraNeyalli nAlige hallina himbadiyalliruva anguLige ondu bAri hoDeyuvu dAdare, RakArada uccAraNeyalli halavu bAri hoDeyuttade (gurubasavE gavDa 1968).

soligara kannaDa

rakAraviruva pada RakAraviruva pada aRa ‘banDe’
iru ‘iru’’ iRu ‘iruve’’
URu ‘kAlUru’’ Uru ‘haLLi’’ kaRa ‘barahELu’’ teRa ‘bAgilu tere’’ tere ‘nIrina tere’

kare ‘kale’

baDagara kannaDadallU rakAra mattu RakAragaLa naDuvina I rUpadalli vyatyAsa uLidukonDide. idakke keLagina kelavu padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu (naTarAjan 1962).

hoDeyuligaLa

baDagara kannaDa

RakAraviruva pada maRi ‘karu’’
mURu ‘mUru’’ moRa ‘kEru’’
muRi ‘muri’
cERu ‘kesaru’

rakAraviruva pada nari ‘nari’’ mAru ‘ede’’ orala ‘oralu’’ puri ‘huriyakki’’ bEru ‘bEru’’

Adare, bAlakruSNan bareda baDaga vyAkaraNadalli (bAlakruSNan 1999) ra mattu RagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa baDagadalli aLidu hOgideyundu koDalAgide. avaru samSOdisida oLanuDi bEreyadirabahudu illavE avaru samSOdisida samayakke I vyatyAsa baDaga kannaDadalli illavAgirabahudu.

ivattu baLakeyalliruva kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLallella haLe gannaDada RakAra rakAravAgi badalAgide. RakAra mattu rakAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa I rIti illavAgiruvudannu keLage koTTiruva hosagannaDa padagaLalli kANabahudu.

  mUladrAviDada rakAra  haLegannaDa  hosagannaDa

mUladrAviDada RakAra haLegannaDa hosagannaDa kaRa keRa teRa sARu

kare ‘hAlu kare’     kare 
Uru ‘nillisu’      Uru  Uru ‘haLLi’’ 
ere ‘huyyu’’ 
kere ‘nIrina kere’’    kere 
tere ‘bAgilu tere’’  tere 
sAru ‘kUgi hELu’’sAru 

ere ‘erehuLa’’ kere ‘paracu’’ tere ‘kaDalina tere’’ sAru ‘samIpisu’’

kare ‘barahELu’’

kannaDada caritreyalli I rIti RakAra mattu rakAragaLu ondAgi SatamAnadalli rakAravAgatoDagidudu hadinAlku-hadinaydanE embudannu Agina kAlada SAsanagaLa AdArada mEle hELabahudu.
hadimUranE SatamAnada SAsanagaLallEnE kelavu padagaLalli RakArada badalu rakAra kANisatoDagide; anantarada SAsanagaLalli intaha padagaLa eNike heccAguttA hOgi, hattombattanE SatamAnada hottige ellA padagaLallU RakArada badalu rakAravE kANisuttade (narasimhayya 1941, gAy 1946).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.4 TakArada badalAvaNegaLu

svaragaLa naDuvidda TakAra kannaDada heccina padagaLallU DakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. (1) I DakAra haLegannaDada kelavu padagaLalli aniyamitavAgi ZakAravAgiddu, hosagannaDadalli LakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade. nADiddu-nALiddu, aLavaDike-naDavaLike, EDisu-ELisu, poDapu-poLapu (hoLapu), tOLa (tamiLu: tONTan), toDaku-tuLuku padajODigaLalli I badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu. (2) DakAra ZakAravAguva sErikeya niyama:
padagaLa koneya ulikanteyalli baruva DakAra, adara anantara ondu taDeyuliyalli illavE mUguliyalli modalAguva oTTu illavE pada bandAga, adakkU adara anantarada oTTu illavE padakkU naDuviruva svara biddu hOgi, DakAra ZakAravAgi badalAguva sErikeya niyamavondu haLegannaDada kAladallittu.

modalAda

I niyama naDeyabEkiddalli DakAravu udda svarada anantara

barabEku illavE eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara barabEku.

DakAraviruva pada (ka) udda svarada anantara mADu
nODu mADu
bEDu

ZakAraviruva padarUpa

mAZpan ‘mADuttEne’’ nOZpUDe ‘nODuvudAdare’’ mAZgum ‘mADabahudu’’ kAZikacru ‘kADina benki’’ bEZkum ‘bEku’’

(ca) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara

bisuDu

bisuZpUDe ‘bisADuvudAdare’’ eraZkudure

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.5 kakAra bidduhOgiruvudu

eraDu svaragaLa naDuve bandidda kakAra (gakAra) kelavu padagaLalli bidduhOgi, adara modalu mattu anantara bandidda svaragaLu ondAgi uddasvara kANisuttade.

uddasvara giDDasvara
tOlu togalu tOTe togaTe
Iru ‘osaDu’’ mOre moga
siguLu ‘sILu’
sILu tigaDu ‘tikku’’
niguL ’neTTage nillu’’ nIL

Adare uLideDegaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuvina kakAra gakAra vAgiyE uLidide. idakke hoge, uguru, togalu, hagalu, hogaLu, magu, sigu, migu, bage modalAda padagaLannu udA haraNeyAgi koDabahudu.

kannaDada halavu padagaLalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve otte kakAra kANisuttiddu, idu mUladrAviDada immaDi kakAradinda bandide yumbudannu munde (4.4.1ralli) nODaliruvevu.

svaragaLa

naDuve bandidda immaDi

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4 svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi taDeyuligaLu

taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadallEnE kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttidduvu; ivugaLalli kelavannu kannaDada padagaLigiruva padarUpagaLallU kANabahudu.

idallade, kannaDada caritreyallU svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi taDeyuligaLu halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. I badalAvaNegaLalli kelavu mElina badalAvaNegaLannu hOluttave. Adare bEre kelavu kannaDadavE Ada badalAvaNegaLu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4.1 immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAgiruvudu

mUladrAviDadallEnE immaDi taDeyuligaLu kelavu sandarbagaLalli otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgiveyundu kalpisalAgide. I badalA vaNe hinde eraDanE adyAyadalli (2.3.1ralli) vivarisidantaha uddasvara giDDasvaravAguva badalAvaNeyannE hOluttade.

immaDi taDeyuligaLa anantara uccAraNegAgi sErisiruva ukAra bandideyAdare A taDeyuligaLu badalAgade uLiyuttave (kuTTu, muccu, kappu); Adare idakke badalu avugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva oTTu bandideyAdare, avu otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttave (kuTuku, mucuku, kavi). uccAraNegAgi banda ukAra intaha svaradalli modalAguva oTTu sEridAga bidduhOguttade.

kannaDadalli I vyanjanagaLu bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLige (otte cakAra sakAravAguvudu, otte pakAra vakAravAguvudu mattu otte RakAra adiruliyAguvudu) oLagAgive.

immaDi taDeyuligaLu avugaLa anantara vyanjanadalli moda lAguva oTTu bandAgalU badalAgade uLiyuttave; Adare antaha sandarbagaLalli avugaLondige uccAraNegAgi banda ukAra biddu hOgade uLidiruttade, illavE bEre rItiyalli badalAgiruttade (muccuge, kaTTaDa, bittige).

mUladrAviDadallEnE kANisikonDidda I badalAvaNe kriyA padagaLalli, guNapadagaLalli mattu mUru ulikantegaLiruva naDedide; Adare eraDu nAmapadagaLalli ulikantegaLiruva naDedide (subrahmaNyam 1983).

niyamitavAgi nAmapadagaLalli aniyamitavAgi

kriyApadagaLalli I badalAvaNe niyamitavAgi naDedideyumbu dannu keLage koTTiruva kannaDaddE Ada udAharaNegaLinda mattu tamiLu mattu kannaDa nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsadinda tiLiyabahudu.

immaDi taDeyuli nuggu ‘hisuku’’ kettu
kaTTu ‘ganTukaTTu’’ eTTu ‘muTTu’’ muccu ’

otte taDeyuli kedaku ‘age’’ kaDagu ‘gaTTiyAgu’’ eTaku ‘kaygu muTTu’’ musuR

kannaDa

tamiLu
attu ‘jODisu’’ aduku ‘jODisu’’ eRRu ‘cellu’’
koTTu ‘konDi’’

kuTuku ‘cuccu’’

ottakSaraviruva kriyApadagaLu ukAradalli mAtra konegoLLa balluvu mattu avugaLalli eraDu ulikantegaLu mAtra iraballuvu emba niyamavondu kannaDadallide (7.9 nODi). I niyamakke mElina badalAvaNe kriyApadagaLalli bahaLa niyamitavAgi naDediru vudE kAraNa.

nAmapadagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedide; Adare mUru uli kantegaLiruva padagaLalli kANisuvaSTu niyamitavAgi idu eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli kANisuvudilla. keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli I badalAvaNe naDediruvudannu kANabahudu.

(ka) mUru ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli

otte taDeyuli immaDi taDeyuli
pisuru ‘piccu’’ piccu ‘kaNNina koLe’’ musuku muccu
taDike ‘taTTi’’ taTTi ‘bidira cApe’’ toTTu ‘hani’’ taTaku ‘hani’ caTige ‘cikka maNNina pAtre’’ caTTi ‘maNNina pAtre’’ guDasu ‘uruTAdudu’’ guDDu ‘kaNNuguDDe’’ gudige ‘doNNe’’ guddu
kutta (<*kuRRa) ‘korate’’ koRate ‘korate’’ satte ‘koLe’’ beccage
pacce

sedage ‘kasakaDDi, koLe’’ bisilu hasuru

(ca) eraDu ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli

immaDi taDeyuli
bittu ‘bIja’’ kiTTu ‘muTTu’’
battu (<*vaRRu)

otte taDeyuli bede ‘bittuvike’’ kiDu, geDe ‘muTTuvike’’ baRa(gAla)

satte ‘koLe’’ mattu (<*maRRu)

sade ‘kasakaDDi, koLe’’ maRu(maduve)

mUladrAviDadallEnE naDedidda I badalAvaNe immaDi taDeyuligaLannu mAtravallade itara immaDi vyanjanagaLannU otte vyanjanagaLAgi badalAyiside (5.2.3 nODi). keLage koTTiruva padagaLu idakke udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu.

otte vyanjana

immaDi vyanjana
cimmu ‘horacellu’’ cimuku, cimukisu eNNu ‘eNisu’’ koLLu ‘hiDi’’

koLike

mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDada I badalAvaNe hinde eraDanE adyAyadalli (2.3.1ralli) vivarisida uddasvara giDDasvara vAguva badalAvaNeyannu hOluttade. I eraDu badalAvaNe tUkada gaLallU ulikantegaLu hagurada ulikantegaLAgi badalAguttave embudAgi iveraDu badalAvaNegaLannU oTTAgi vivarisalu sAdyavide.

svaradalli modalAguva oTTu

sEridAga

kannaDada caritreyalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuvidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu avannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4.2 koraLisada mattu koraLisida immaDi taDeyuligaLAgi

eraDu svaragaLa naDuve immaDi rUpadalli bandidda taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadalli koraLisada rUpadallidduvu. kannaDadalli ivu

kelavu sandarbagaLalli A rUpadallE uLidive; Adare bEre kelavu sandarbagaLalli koraLisida taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgive.

I badalAvaNe tamiLinalli naDedillavAda kAraNa, kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisuvudara mUlaka idakke udAharaNegaLannu koDabahudu.

(ka) koraLisada rUpadalli uLidiruvudu tamiLu vikku muccu kuttu kuppay

kannaDa
bikku
muccu
kuttu
kuppe

(ca) koraLisida rUpakke badalAgiruvudu kannaDa
tamiLu ugga ‘haggada hiDi’’ ukkam accan poccay bojju
kuttal guddu
tippay koppari kobbari

kannaDadallEnE kelavu padagaLige koraLisada mattu koraLisida immaDi taDeyuligaLiruva eraDeraDu rUpagaLiruvudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

koraLisada rUpa

koraLisida rUpa

cakkane
guccu ‘kiridu’
toTTi ‘bAni’’
kuttu
muttu
hoppuLa

jaggane gujju guddu muddu bobbe

kannaDadalli I badalAvaNe naDediruvudu aniyamitavAgi endu hELabEkAguttade. yAkendare elli immaDi taDeyuli koraLisida taDeyuliyAgi badalAgide mattu elli badalAgilla embudakke ondu niyamavannu racisalu innU sAdyavAgilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4.3 udda svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu

uddasvarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgive mattu immaDi RakAra otte takAravAgide. kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga I viSaya spaSTavAguttade.

(ka) otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgiruvudu

tamiLu kannaDa
tUkkam pOka ‘aleyuvAta’’ pOkkan pUci ‘huLa’’
nOTa

pUcci nOTTam

pOTi
mOte
tOpu

pOTTi mOttay cAppay tOppu

(ca) immaDi RakAra otte takAravAgiruvudu

kannaDa
kItu ‘tuNuku’’ mAtu

tamiLu ERRam kIRRu mARRu (malayALa) pARRa (malayALa)

I taDeyuligaLa anantara bandidda svara uccAraNegAgi mAtra bandudAgiruvalli A koraLisidavugaLAgiyU taDeyuligaLu badalAgive. Adare, intaha sannivESadalli RRa embudu otte dakAravAguva badalu otte RakAravAgiyE uLidide.

(ka) koraLisida (otte) taDeyuliyAgi badalAgiruvudu

kannaDa
tUgu
nIgu
mUgu
kUDu ‘ondAgu’’ nIDu

tamiLu tAkku tUkku nIkku mUkku kUTTu nITTu

pUDu ‘jODisu’’ pUTTu

(ca) RRa embudu otte RakAravAgiruvudu

kannaDa
tORu
sARu
mARu
ARu ‘Sakti’’
tURu ‘suri’’

tamiLu tORRu cARRu mARRu ARRu ‘SaktanAgu’’ tURRi ‘cadarisu’’ kIRRu

mElina niyamakke apavAdavAgi kANisuva kelavu padagaLu kannaDadallive. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

kannaDa
nAdini

tamiLu kAkkay tEkku nAttanAr

mElina kannaDa padagaLalli udda svarada anantara banda immaDi taDeyuli adara anantara banda svara oTTinadAgideyAdarU koraLisida otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgide. Adare kAge pada kAke rUpadallU ide. havyakadallU adu kAke rUpadallide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4.4 giDDa svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu

(1) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli immaDi rUpadallE uLiyuttave. immaDi RakAra mAtra immaDi takAravAgi badalAguttade.

(ka) immaDi taDeyuligaLu badalAgadiruvudu

kannaDa
sikku
kaccu
kettu
tappu
majjige
koTTige
saTTuga
suttige
cappaTe
happaLa

tamiLu kaccu cettu tappu ukkaLam maccikay koTTikay caTTukam cuttika (malayALa) cappaTTay pappaTam, appaLam

(ca) immaDi RakAra immaDi takAravAgiruvudu

kannaDa
hutta
suttu
tuttu
mattu
muttige

tamiLu puRRe cuRRu tuRRu maRRu koRRi muRRikay

(2) Adare, eraDaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAguttave mattu immaDi cakAra sakAravAguttade.

(ka) immaDi taDeyuli otte taDeyuliyAgiruvudu

kannaDa
nambike
kammaTa
suruTu naDate
horatu aZipu ‘nASa’’ erapu ‘eravalu’’ sarapaLi

tamiLu nampikkay aTikkAy kampaTTam ciraTTay curuTTu ciRuttay naTattay puRatti aZippu
iRappu carappaLi

(ca) immaDi cakAra sakAravAgiruvudu

gorasu kaDasu ‘eLeya dana’’ kaTacci (malayALa)

kuraccay

otte pakAravAda immaDi pakAra anantara kannaDada caritreyalli aniyamitavAgi vakAra illavE hakAravAgi badalAguttade embu dannu nAvu mEle (4.3.1)ralli nODiruvevu.

I sannivESadalli immaDi RakAra otte RakAravAgalu sAdyavide; Adare idakke kannaDadalli udAharaNegaLu doretilla. padarUpadalli intaha badalAvaNe naDediruvudakke udAharaNegaLannu keLage (3)nE vibAgadalli koDalAgide.

udda svarada anantara immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuli haLegannaDada

badalAvaNe

nODi)

gaLAguva

samayakkintalU modalE naDedirabEku. Adare eraDaneya giDDa taDeyuligaLu otte svarada anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuligaLAguva haLegannaDada samayadallEnE naDediruva hAge kANisuttade.

badalAvaNe

mElina

yAkendare eraDu svaragaLa anantara immaDi taDeyuliyannu uLisikonDiruva nErittu, ballittu, padappu ‘hebbayake’ moda lAda padagaLu haLegannaDadallive. Adare I uLikeya harahu entahadembudu innU spaSTavAgilla.

guNapadagaLalli intaha ttu oTTiruva rUpa modalaneya uli kante muccida ulikanteyAgiddAga (endare, vyanjanadalli kone gonDiddAga) illavE adaralli udda svara bandiddAga mAtra kANisuttade (11.6 nODi).

(3) eraDu svaragaLa anantara banda immaDi taDeyuli padaracaneya oTTAgirade padarUpada oTTAgiddalli adu kannaDadalli koraLisida taDeyuliyAgi badalAguttade (subrahmaNyam 2004).

kannaDa
koLada
marada
hagege

tamiLu koLatta maratta enakku pakaykku tankaykku tEytta

I sannivESadalli immaDi pakAra otte bakAravAguva badalu vakAravAgide mattu immaDi RakAra otte dakAravAguva badalu otte RakAravAgide.

kannaDa
kuDiva

tamiLu kAppa kuTippa piTippa avaRRa

mElina niyamakke marakke, koLakke modalAda akAradalli (an embudaralli) konegoLLuva (mattu manuSyEtararannu sUcisuva) padagaLa vibakti rUpagaLu apavAdagaLAgi kANisuttave (subrahmaNyam 2004:134). yAkendare illi immaDi taDeyuli badalAgade uLidide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4.5 havyakadalli giDDasvaragaLa anantara badalAvaNeyilla

eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara bandidda immaDi taDeyuli karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. immaDi TakAra mAtra idakke apavAdavAgiddu, adu otte TakAravAgi badalAgide.

(ka) barahada kannaDa havyaka kannaDa

kaLacu
naDate
hurupu

kuDikke
kaLaccu
aLatte
naDatte
huruppu

tamiLu kuTukkay aTaykkAy aLattay naTattay

hoLapu

hoLappu

(ca) immaDi TakAra otte TakAravAgiruvudu barahada kannaDa havyaka kannaDa beraNi
suruTu

suruTu

tamiLu ciraTTay vaRaTTi curuTTu

uddasvarada anantara banda immaDi taDeyuligaLu havyakadallU otte taDeyuligaLAgi badalAgiveyumbudannu havyaka kannaDada tUka (tamiLu: tUkkam) ATa, hAte, mEpu modalAda padagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

idallade, eraDu

svaragaLa anantara banda immaDi taDeyuligaLu padaracaneya oTTinalli baruva badalu padarUpada oTTinalli bandiveyAdare, avu kannaDada hAge havyakadallU koraLisida otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAgive.

havyakada marada, enage ‘nanage’, kaDida, hiDiva ‘hiDiyuva’ idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi

padarUpagaLannu

modalAda koDabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.5 mUguliya anantarada taDeyuligaLu

mUladrAviDadalli mUguligaLa anantara avugaLadE jAgadalli uccAraNeyAguva taDeyuligaLu otteyAgi illavE immaDi rUpadalli baraballuvAgidduvu.

(1) ivugaLalli otteyAgi banda taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli taDeyuligaLAgi koraLisada

(mUladrAviDadallidda kANisuttave.

barahadalli

koraLisida

tamiLu

rUpadalliveyAdarU taDeyuligaLAgive.

uccAraNeyalli

koraLisida

kannaDa
pongu
nambu

tamiLu ponku nampu

mUladrAviDada RakAra mElina sannivESadalli RakAravAgi

uLiyade dakAravAgi badalAgide.

kannaDa
kundu

tamiLu onRu kanRu anRu panRi kunRu enRu

kannaDadalli

koraLisada otte

(2) mUguligaLa anantara immaDi rUpadalli bandidda taDeyuligaLAgi taDeyuligaLu badalAgive; RRa embudu mAtra ta embudAgi badalAgide. tamiLinalli immaDi rUpadalliruva taDeyuligaLu I rIti badalAgade uLidiveyAdarU avugaLa modalu bandidda mUguli bidduhOgide.

mUladrAviDa
*kalankku *mankku *tOnTTam

kannaDa
kalanku
manku
nanTa(ru)

tamiLu kalakku
makku tOTTam naTTAr

(ca) mUguliya anantarada immaDi RakAra otte takAravAgiru vudu

mUladrAviDa
*kan‌RRay

kannaDa

tamiLu kaRRay

naDeda

kannaDada

bErondu caritreyalli badalAvaNeyindAgi, I eraDu rItiya padagaLallU taDeyuliya modalidda mUguli kelavu sandarbagaLalli (mUguliya modalu uddasvaraviddAga illavE eraDu giDDasvaragaLiddAga) bidduhOgide. I badalAvaNeya kuritu heccina vivaragaLige (5.2.4) nODi.

I rIti mUguli biddu hOguva badalAvaNe kannaDadalli mUguligaLa anantara RakAra dakAravAguva badalAvaNeginta modalE sandarbagaLalli mUladrAviDa RakAra haLegannaDadalli dakAravAgi badalAgade RakAravAgiyE uLidide.

naDedirabEku. yAkendare, antaha

tamiLu

kannaDa
mURu ‘mUru’’ URu ‘nillisu’’ UnRu ‘ottu’’

mUnRu

tORu ‘tOru’’

tOnRu

(4) udda svarada anantara mUguliyondige pakAra bandiruvalli mEle sUcisida hAge mUguli bidduhOdAga, uLidukonDidda pakAra kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli vakAravAgi badalAgide.

kannaDa
hAvu
bEvu
Ovu ‘kAyu’’
kAvu ‘hiDi’’

tamiLu pAmpu vEmpu
kAmpu

Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli adu bakAravAgiyU badalA

kannaDa
nAmbu ‘saDilAgu’’
tUbu (havyaka: tUmbu)

tamiLu

nAmpu tUmpu

(5) kannaDada kelavu padagaLige (ka) mUguli mattu taDeyuli gaLiruva rUpa mattu (ca) immaDi taDeyuliyiruva rUpa kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDaddE Ada padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

rUpagaLiruvudu

eraDeraDu

mUguli mattu taDeyuli

immaDi taDeyuli

ingu ‘battu’’

gunguru sundu
ondu ‘sEru’’
kampu

dakku gugguru keccu
aTTu ‘sEru’’ pittil suttu gabbu

mUladrAviDadalli  kelavu  oTTugaLu  sEridAga  I  rIti  mUguli  mattu  taDeyuligaLa  jODiya  badalu,  immaDi  taDeyuli baruvantaha sErikeya niyamavondittendu kalpisalAgide.  kannaDada mElina padagaLu A niyamada paLeyaLikegaLirabEku. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.6 itara vyanjanagaLondige banda taDeyuligaLu

taDeyuligaLu itara vyanjanagaLondige bandiruvalli entaha badalAvaNegaLella naDedidduvu emba viSayadalli innaSTu samSOdanegaLu naDeyuva avaSyakateyide. mUladrAviDadallEnE kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDediddu avannu vivarisuvantaha kelavu sErikeya niyamagaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide. ivugaLalli keLagina niyamagaLige kannaDadalli udAharaNegaLannu koDalu sAdyavide.

(ka) lakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu R mattu nR endAguttave (mattu lakAra biddu hOgu

(ca) LakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu T mattu NTa endAguttave (mattu LakAra biddu hOguttade);
(Ta) nakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu R mattu nR endAguttave (mattu nR embudara modalina nakAra biddu hOguttade); mattu (ta) NakArada anantara banda t mattu nta embavugaLu T mattu NTa endAguttave (mattu NTa embudara modalina NakAra bidduhOguttade).

I nAlku rItiya sErikeya niyamagaLigU udAharaNegaLannu  kannaDada kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLalli kANabahudu.  

kriyApada kol

hindina samaya
kondu

koL

konDu

tamiLu konRu ninRu

koNTu

enRu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.6.1 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu

(1) haLegannaDadalli LakAra, ZakAra mattu rakAra (illavE RakAra)gaLa anantara baruva vyanjanagaLige eraDu rItiya uccAraNegaLidduvu. heccina padagaLallU avu svalpa maTTige uddavAgi uccAraNeyAguttidduvu.

Adare kelavu viSiSTavAda jAgagaLalli mattu padagaLalli avu giDDarUpadallE uccAraNeyAguttiddirabEku embudannu A kAlada vayyAkaraNigaLu koTTiruva hELikegaLinda Uhisabahudu. intaha giDDa uccAraNeyiruva vyanjanagaLige ‘Sitiladvitva’ emba hesaru rUDiyallide.

mUru

illavE

sAmAnyavAgi

vyanjanakantegaLannu

heccu ulikantegaLiruva mattu modalaneya eraDu ulikantegaLu haguravAgiruva padagaLalli mAtra I rIti Sitiladvitvavannu tOrisuva nAmapadagaLige halavacanada gaL oTTu illavE vibaktiya ge oTTu sEriruvalli (esaZgaL, esaZga, cigurgaL, cigurge), kriyArUpagaLalli (tegaZdam, tegaZva, nusuLgum, toDardam), mattu kelavu jODupadagaLalli (alardOraNam, bemarvani, kuLigrALi) intaha uccAraNeyittendu tOruttade.

kANabahudu.

Adare, mElina niyamakke apavAdavAgi, erde, bardilam embantaha kelavu padagaLallU Sitiladvitvavittu. hosagannaDadalli erde pada edde endAgade (keLage (2)nE vibAga nODi) ede endAgiruvudu idE kAraNakkirabahudu (Adare, kiTTel avaru edde rUpavannU koTTiddAre).

(2) kannaDada caritreyalli eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara taDeyuli bandiruva padagaLalli modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara rakAra illavE ZakAravideyAdalli, avugaLa eraDaneya giDDa svara biddu hOguva badalAvaNeyondu aniyamitavAgi naDedittu.

I badalAvaNeyindAgi rakAra illavE ZakAradondige taDe yuli baralu sAdyavAgiddu (pordu ‘hondu’ - tamiLu: porutu; kaZta ‘katte’ - tamiLu: kaZutay), avugaLalli (ka)

ZakAra rakAravAguva (taZgu > targu) mattu (ca) rakAra taDeyuliyondige sEri immaDi taDeyuliyAguva (pordu > poddu) badalAvaNegaLu naDedidduvu. I eraDaneya badalAvaNege ZakAradinda banda rakAravU oLagAgittu (targu > taggu).

intaha padagaLalli eraDaneya svarada anantara bandidda otte taDeyuli kannaDadalli koraLisida taDeyuliyAgi badalAguttade mattu immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi badalAguttade (parti ‘hatti’ - tamiLu: parutti).

Adare, ivugaLalli modalaneya badalAvaNege poZtu (tamiLu: poZutu), kaZta (tamiLu: kaZutay), oZku mattu berku (tamiLu: veruku) padagaLalli takAra mattu kakAragaLu dakAra mattu gakAragaLAgilladiruvudu apavAdavAgi kANisuttade.

(3) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara mUguli mattu otte illavE immaDi taDeyuligaLu bandiruvantaha padagaLallU modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara rakAra illavE ZakAra bandideyAdare, eraDaneya svara aniyamitavAgi bidduhOguttade.

intaha padagaLalli rakAra illavE ZakArada anantara mUguli mattu otte illavE immaDi taDeyuligaLidduvAdalli, mUguli biddu hOguttade mattu idarindAgi, rakAra illavE ZakAragaLa anantara taDeyuligaLu baruvantAguttade.

intaha padagaLallU (ka) ZakAra rakAravAguttade (uZdu > urdu) mattu (ca) rakAra (mUladrAviDa rakAra mattu ZakAradinda banda rakAra) taDeyuliyondige sEri immaDi taDeyuli uLiyuvante mADuttade (pardu > paddu ‘haddu’ - tamiLu: paruntu; parti > hatti; urdu > uddu - tamiLu:

uZuntu). heccina vivaragaLige (5.2.5), (5.3.3) mattu (5.4.3) nODi.

(4) haLegannaDada kelavu padagaLalli DakArada anantara bEre taDeyuliyondu bandiruvalli adu ZakAravAgi badalAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. I badalAvaNe uddasvarada anantara illavE eraDu giDDasvaragaLa anantara mAtravE naDediruva hAge tOruttade (4.3.4 nODi).

svaragaLa naDuve

nODu mADu
bisuDu

taDeyuliya modalu nOZpUDe ‘nODuvudiddare’’ mAZgum ‘mADabahudu’’ kAZigacru ‘kADukiccu’’ bisuLpoDe ‘bisADuvudiddare’

I badalAvaNege avaSyaviruva sannivESa uLidillavAda kAraNa, heccina rUpagaLallU adu hosagannaDadalli munduvaridilla. Adare kelavu LakAravAgi jODupadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade (kALgiccu).

mAtra

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.7 tiruLu

mUladrAviDada taDeyuligaLu (ka, ta, Ra, Ta, ca, pa) kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

bariya uccAraNeyalli mAtravE kANisuttidda (endare arta mattu kelasavilladidda) vyatyAsavannu koraLisuva taDeyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kannaDadalli arta naDeda vyatyAsavannu

sUcisuvantAdudu I uligaLalli

koraLisada

sUcisuva

badalAvaNegaLalli mukyavAdudu. Adare I badalAvaNeya svarUpa entahadu embudanninnU spaSTavAgi vivarisalu sAdyavAgilla.

mUladrAviDa RakAra kannaDadalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLi goLagAgiddu tanna pratyEkateyannu kaLedukonDide. cakAra mattu pakAragaLU intahavE halavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddarU eravalugaLindAgi avu hosagannaDadalli ivattigU pratyEka taDeyuligaLAgi uLidukonDive.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5. itara vyanjanagaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.1 munnOTa

hindina adyAyadalli kannaDadalli embudannu vivarisalAgittu.

taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadallidda yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive

mUladrAviDadallidda itara vyanjanagaLu, endare nAlku mUguligaLu (ma, na, Na, Ya), ondu hoDeyuli (ra), eraDu pakkaduligaLu (la, La) mattu mUru taDeyilladuligaLu (ya, va, Za) kannaDadalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAguvudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2 mUguligaLu

mUladrAviDadalli ma, na, Na mattu YagaLemba nAlku mUguli gaLidduvu. ivugaLalli NakAravannu biTTu uLida mUru mUguligaLu (ma, na mattu YagaLu) mUladrAviDa padagaLa modalaneya vyanjanavAgi baraballuvAgidduvu mattu YakAravannu biTTu uLida mUru mUguligaLu (ma, na, NagaLu) eraDaneya vyanjanavAgi baraballuvAgidduvu. padagaLa eraDaneya vyanjanavAgi baruva mUguligaLu otte rUpadalli mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU baraballuvAgidduvu.

idallade, I nAlku mUguligaLU taDeyuligaLa modalu baraballuvAgidduvu. Adare I sannivESadalli kakAra, RakAra mattu

takAragaLa eduru nakAra mAtra baralu sAdyaviddu, adakke A taDeyuligaLadE Ada jAgagaLalli unTAguva mUru bEre bEre uccAraNegaLidduvu. uLida mUguligaLalli makAra pakAradeduru, NakAra TakAradeduru mattu YakAra cakAradeduru mAtra baraballu vAgidduvu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2.1 padagaLa modalina mUguligaLu

mUladrAviDadalli padagaLa modalige baraballa ma, na mattu YagaLalli ma mattu nagaLu kannaDadalli heccu badalAgade hAgeyE uLidive. YakAra mAtra nakAravAgi badalAgide.

(1) makAra mattu nakAragaLu kannaDadalli heccu badalAgade hAgeyE uLidiveyumbudakke udAharaNeyAgi mara, mAtu, mIru, muccu, mEle, mEyu; nAnu, nIru, nungu, nODu modalAda padagaLannu koDabahudu.

(2) padagaLa modalige baruttidda YakAra kannaDadalli nakAravAgi badalAgide mAtravalla, adara anantara bandidda A emba svaravU kelavu padagaLalli E emba svaravAgi badalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, YakAravannu mattu adara anantara bandiruva A emba svaravannu heccineDegaLallU badalAyisade uLisikonDiruva malayALa padagaLondige keLage koTTiruva kannaDada padagaLannu hOlisi nODa bahudu.

(ka) YakAra nakAravAgiruvudu

kannaDa
naraLu
nARu
nimiru, niguru

malayALa YARu Yimir (tamiLu)

nEgilu

YeGGOL

(ca) A svara E svaravAgiruvudu

kannaDa
nENu
nEsaR nElu
nEraLe
nEgilu

malayALa YAyiRu YAlu YARal YAYcal (tamiLu)

(3) karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli mUladrAviDa YakAra kelavu padagaLalli uLidukonDide. I oLanuDiya YaGGu illavE YaLi ‘naggu’, YANu ‘garigariyAgilladiru (happaLa)’, YONa ‘ganDu emmekaru’, YONi ‘heNNu emmekaru’, YOLi ‘lOLe’ padagaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.

padagaLannu adu

tuLuvininda illavE malayALadinda eravalAgi paDediralU sAdyavide. yAkendare, narambu ‘nara’, narakku ‘naraLu’, nakkuruLu ‘erehuLa’, nEgilu, nENu, nElu ‘nEtADu’, nAru, nerige ‘nirige’ modalAda bEre halavu havyaka kannaDa padagaLalli mUladrAviDada YakAra nakAravAgiyE kANisikoLLuttade.

(4) padagaLa modalige bandidda nakAra kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli bidduhOgide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu (ka) bEre drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLondige illavE (ca) kannaDadavE Ada bEre padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

itara drAviDa nuDigaLu

kannaDa
avuDu ‘keLaduTi’’ tamiLu: namuTu araL ‘hedarike’’

pAjri: nar tamiLu: nIndu

kannaDa
egaru ‘Eru’’

kannaDa

nIru

I badalAvaNe heccina drAviDa nuDigaLallU kANisuttideyAda kAraNa, adu mUladrAviDadallEnE naDedirabEkendu kalpisalAgide. Adare, ivattu adu bEre bEre drAviDa nuDigaLa bEre bEre padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli modalige bandidda nakAra kannaDadalli uLidide Adare bEre kelavu drAviDa nuDigaLalli bidduhOgide.

kannaDa
ninne nillu
nInu
nettaru

bEre drAviDa nuDigaLu nAyki: aDga- malayALa: innale kOlAmi: il- tuLu: I, gadaba: In nAyki: ettur

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2.2 svaragaLa naDuvina otte mUguligaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDa bErugaLa eraDaneya vyanjanavAgi na, ma mattu NagaLu mAtra baraballuvAgidduvu. hAgAgi, eraDu svaragaLa naDuveyU I mUru mUguligaLu

mAtra otte baraballuvAgidduvu.

rUpadalli illavE immaDi

rUpadalli

otte rUpadalli banda I mUru mUguligaLalli nakAra mattu NakAragaLu kannaDadalli heccineDegaLallU badalAgade uLidive. baraha kannaDada mane, kanasu, Ane, jinugu; haNige, beNe, taNi, padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLAgi koDabahudu.

modalAda

(1) Adare, eraDu svaragaLa naDuve banda makAra heccina pada gaLallU vakAravAgi badalAgide. haLegannaDadallEnE kelavu padagaLalli makAraviruva mattu adara badalu vakAra bandiruva eraDu rItiya rUpagaLannU kANabahudu.

makAraviruva rUpa amunku tAmare
temar ‘kaTTe, daDa’’
timir ‘kampina dravya’’
samanisu

vakAraviruva rUpa avunku tAvare tevar savanisu

idallade,

modalige

makAravidda

svaradalli konegoLLuva padada anantara bandAga, avugaLa makAra vakAravAguvantaha ondu aniyamitavAda sErikeya niyamavU haLegannaDada kAladallittu.

padagaLu

maRu + mAtu ini + mAtu
kaDu + maLe

maRuvAtu inivAtu kaDuvaLe

naTTe + mane
paZa + mAtu
biRu + maLe

naTTevane paZavAtu biRuvaLe

haLegannaDada padagaLalli badalAgade uLididda makAragaLalli keLagina

vakAravAgive embudannu

hosagannaDadalli

halavu udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

haLegannaDada makAra bemar
kimuZcu samaRu
tamar
cimuTu same
mAma

hosagannaDada vakAra bevaru kivucu savaru tavaru civuTu save mAva

idallade, haLegannaDa padagaLa koneyalli bandidda makArada anantara hosagannaDadalli ondu sEriddu, antaha makAragaLalli halavu hosagannaDadalli svaragaLa naDuvinadAgive; intaha makAragaLU hosagannaDadalli vakAravAgi badalAgive.

svara

haLegannaDada makAra nAm
nIm
kELuvem mADidem

hosagannaDada vakAra nAvu nIvu kELuvevu mADidevu

hosagannaDada padagaLalli svaragaLa naDuve makAra kANisuvudu aparUpa. amuku, uLume, gamana, kumuTu, kulume, kOmaTi, cimukisu, dumuku modalAda kelavu padagaLannu mAtra idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. ivu mElina badalAvaNe naDeda mEle haLeya oLanuDiyinda illavE bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLirabEku.

(2) karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli eraDu svaragaLa naDuve

banda NakAra nakAravAgide (AcArya 1967).

barahada kannaDa
eNisu

hAlakki kannaDa kAnu hane

intahadE

badalAvaNe

cAmarAjanagarada

kelavu oLanuDigaLallU naDedide. Adare illi NakAra nakAravAguva badalu, nakAra NakAravAgide. udAharaNegAgi, cAmarAja nagarada uppaligara kannaDadalli baraha kannaDada Ane embudu ANe endAgide (baT 1969 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2.3 svaragaLa naDuvina immaDi mUguligaLu

svaragaLa naDuve bandidda mUladrAviDada immaDi mUguligaLu (mma, nna mattu NNa) kannaDada halavu padagaLalli badalAgade uLidive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

kannaDa

tamiLu

amma
summage kaNNi ‘hagga’’

amma cumma cinnam ‘cinnada nANya’’

(1) mUladrAviDadallEnE svaradalli modalAguva oTTu mUguligaLAguva mUguligaLu otte sEridAga immaDi badalAvaNeyondu naDedittu. hindina adyAyadalli (4.4.1ralli) vivarisidantaha immaDi taDeyuligaLu otte taDeyuligaLAguva badalAvaNeyannu idu hOluttade.

otte mUguli

immaDi mUguli cimmu ‘horacellu’’ cimuku, cimukisu ammu ‘SaktanAgu’’ amagu ‘takkAgu’’ dimmi ‘ettarisida nela’’ temar ‘kaTTe’ eNNu ‘eNisu’

havyaka: uNungu cinivAra

haLegannaDa  padagaLa  koneyalli  giDDa  svarada  anantara    mattu  Na  mUguligaLu  hosagannaDadalli  bandidda  na  uccAraNegAgi  ukAra  mUguligaLAgi  badalAgive  (7.9  nODi).  Adare  ivE  mUguligaLa  anantara  sEridAga,  avu  otte  svaradalli  mUguligaLAgiyE  uLidive.  I  badalAvaNeyU  mElina  niyamavannE sUcisuttade. 

modalAguva oTTu

sEridAga immaDi

haLegannaDa

hosagannaDa uNNu, uNi ‘uNNuvavanu’’ tinnu, tinisu ennu, enisu

(3) immaDi rUpadalli banda baraha kannaDada NakAra karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli nakAravAgide mattu idakke viruddavAgi, immaDi rUpadalli banda nakAra cAmarAjanagarada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli NakAravAgide. iveraDarallU na-NagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa illavAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

baraha kannaDa beNNe

baraha kannaDa ninne

hAlakki kannaDa benne kannu

cAmarAjanagarada uppaligara kannaDa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2.4 taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUguligaLu

heccineDegaLallU taDeyuligaLa modalu banda mUguligaLu kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidive. tenka, tengu; kante, anda, tondare; ancu, manju; anTu, nenTa, hinDu; tampu, tumbu modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

I padagaLalli taDeyuligaLa modalu kANisuva sonnege mUla drAviDadallidda hAge A taDeyuligaLa jAgadallEnE unTAguva mUguligaLa uccAraNe kannaDadallU ide. I uccAraNeyannu sari yAgi sUcisabEkiddalli avannu teGka, teGgu; kante, anda, tondare; aYcu, maYju; aNTu, neNTa, hiNDu; tampu, tumbu embudAgi bareyabEku.
kannaDa barahadalli

modalu baruva mUguligaLannu A rIti bareyuva badalu, sonneya (anusvArada) mUlaka sUcisuva krama baLakeyallide. Adare idu kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva lipiya ondu viSESa guNa mAtra. uccAraNeyalli intaha padagaLallella bEre bEre mUguligaLE kANisuttave.

taDeyuligaLa

modalu banda

caritreyalli oLagAgive.

keLage vivarisidantaha

mUguligaLu

kannaDada kelavu badalAvaNegaLigU

(1) udda svarada anantara banda mUguli adara anantara taDeyuli bandiruvallella bidduhOgide. I badalAvaNe haLegannaDa kkintalU hindina kAladallEnE modalAgiddirabEku. yAkendare, intaha halavu padagaLalli tamiLinalli kANisuva mUguli haLegannaDa padagaLallU kANisuvudilla.

haLegannaDa bAgu bIgu nIgu

tamiLu vAGku vIGku nIGku

haLegannaDa kUdal mURu tORu

tamiLu kUntal mUnRu tOnRu

tODu bEDu

pUYcu tONTu vENTu

bEvu hAvu

vEmpu pAmpu Ompu

I rIti mUguli biddu hOda anantara uLida taDeyuligaLalli ka, ca, Ta mattu tagaLu kannaDadalli koraLisida taDeyuligaLAgi (ga, ja, Da mattu dagaLAgi) kANisikoLLuttave; Adare RakAra hoDeyuliyAgi (mattu anantara rakAravAgi) mattu pakAra vakAravAgi badalAgive embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

intaha bEre kelavu padagaLallidda mUguli hosagannaDadalli bidduhOgideyAdarU haLegannaDadalli uLidukonDide. I mUguli karAvaLiya kannaDada oLanuDigaLalliyU uLidukonDide embudannu keLage koTTiruva havyaka padagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

haLegannaDa mAnju sAndu
sEndu ‘- nAndu

havyaka kannaDa baraha kannaDa

mAju sAdu sEdu nAdu tUbu

nAndu
tUmbu

idallade, udda svaragaLa anantara mUguli mattu immaDi taDeyuligaLu bandiruvallU, kannaDada kelavu padagaLalli mUguli bidduhOgide; Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli uLidukonDide. I rIti mUguli uLidukonDiruva padagaLallU, adu hosagannaDa dalli bidduhOgide mattu havyaka kannaDadalli uLidukonDide.

intaha padagaLalli bandiruva immaDi taDeyuli kannaDadalli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi kANisikoLLuttade. tamiLinalli (mattu malayALadalli) I taDeyuli immaDi rUpadallE uLidideyAdarU, adara modaligidda mUguli biddu hOgide (4.5 nODi).

(ka) mUguli haLegannaDadallU kANisadiruva padagaLu

kannaDa
Apu ‘taDe’’ tamiLu: Appu (<An-ppu) OTe huLi gOTu ‘oNa’’ tuLu: gOnTu (<kONTTu) tamiLu: tOTTi, tuLu: dOnTi

tuLu: OnTe puLi (<ONTTay) tamiLu: Otti, tuLu: Onti (<Ontti)

(ca) haLegannaDada mUguli hosagannaDadalli biddu hOgiruvudu

haLegannaDa nUnku
bEnTe
hOnta

hosagannaDa nUku
bETe
hOta

tamiLu
nUkku vETTam pOttu ‘ganDu miga’’ tOTTam vETTam

intaha kelavu padagaLalli bandiruva mUguli karAvaLiya keLagina

oLanuDigaLalli uLidideyumbudannu havyaka udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

kannaDada

haLegannaDa sAnku
nUnku

havyaka kannaDa baraha kannaDa sAnku
nUnku

sAku nUku

pInku
mOnTu

pIku tATu ‘taTTu’’ mOTu

I eraDu rItiya padagaLallU udda svaravannu giDDa svaravAgi badalAyisi, adara anantara bandiruva mUguliyannu uLisi konDiruva kelavu padagaLU kannaDadallive.

(ka) mUguliya anantara otte taDeyuli bandiruvalli

uddasvara tUmbu, tUbu gOju IDu ‘sErike’’

giDDasvara tumbu

(ca) mUguliya anantara immaDi taDeyuli bandiruvalli

uddasvara sOnku, sOku tEnku, tEku
gUnTa, gUTa
bEnTa, bETa

giDDasvara sonku tenku ‘tElu’’

(2) eraDu giDDa svaragaLa anantara mUguli mattu padagaLalli

taDeyuligaLu oTTige bandiruvallU kANisidantahadE badalAvaNe kannaDadalli naDedide.

mElina

haLegannaDadallEnE intaha padagaLalli baruva mUguli biddu kANabahudu. keLagina udAharaNegaLalli hOgiruvudannu mUguliya anantarada otte koraLisida otte taDeyuliyAgi mattu immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi kannaDadalli badalAgide. idakke badalu, tamiLinalli otte taDeyuli mattu immaDi taDeyuligaLu badalAgade uLididdu, immaDi taDeyuliya modalu bandidda mUguli (ca) biddu hOgide.

taDeyuli

(ka) mUguli mattu otte taDeyuli bandiruvalli

kannaDa
beLagu
moZagu kavudi
kilubu
alubu

tamiLu
viLaGku
muZaGku kavanti cilumpu alampu

(ca) mUguli mattu immaDi taDeyuli bandiruvalli

tamiLu

kannaDa
amuku ‘ottu’’ alaku ‘alugisu’’ alakku (<alankku) nuRuku ‘jajju’ nuRukku (<nuRunkku)

amukku (<*amunkku)

hiduku ‘tikku’

pitukku (<*pitunkku)

bEre kelavu padagaLalli I mUguli haLegannaDadalli mattu karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli uLidukonDideyAdarU hosagannaDa dalli bidduhOgide.

haLegannaDa marangaL alumbu kilumbu

kalanku
avunku murunTu surunTu

havyaka kannaDa baraha kannaDa marango alumbu kilumbu

maragaLu alubu kilubu

kalanku
avunku murunTu surunTu

kalaku avuku (amuku) muruTu suruTu

intaha padagaLalli modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara rakAra illavE ZakAra bandideyAdare, haLegannaDadallEnE eraDaneya giDDa svara biddu hOgiruvudu kANisuttade; ivugaLallU eraDaneya svarada anantara bandidda mUguli biddu hOgi, adara anantara bandidda taDeyuli rakAradondige (illavE ZakAradondige) sEri immaDi taDeyuliyAguttade (5.2.5 nODi).

kannaDa
kavru, kabru, kabbu kugru, kuggu
sukru, sukku
tidru, tiddu

tamiLu karumpu kuraGku curukku (<*curunkku) tiruntu

madru, maddu
kugru, kuggu
bidru, biddu
padru, haddu

maruntu kuraGku viruntu ’‘avutaNa’’ paruntu

(ca) gaZda, gadre, gadde puZiga, puggi kiZgu, kigru udru, uddu

kaZani (kaZantay) puZuGku kiZakku (kiZanku, *kiZankku) uZuntu

I badalAvaNege oLagAgada padagaLU haLegannaDadallive. endare, idondu aniyamita badalAvaNeya hAge kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

kannaDa
kurumbe soragu moZagu muZugu

tamiLu kurumpay curuGku muZaGku muZuGku

(3) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandiruva mUguli mattu koraLisada taDeyuligaLa sErike baDaga kannaDadalli immaDi taDeyuliyAgi halavu padagaLalli badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.

baraha kannaDa kankuLu hancu
mincu

baDaga kannaDa tekku kakkuve haccu miccu

nanTaru

naTTaru satte

padagaLalli

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2.5 itara vyanjanagaLondige banda mUguligaLu

nEravAgi mUguligaLu mUladrAviDa taDeyuligaLondige mAtra baraballuvAgidduvallade itara vyanjanagaLondige baruttiralillavendu kalpisalAgide. mUguligaLalli konegoLLuva bEru illavE padagaLa anantara itara vyanjanagaLalli modalAguva oTTu illavE pada bandAga avugaLa naDuve ondu svara sErikoLLuvudE idakke kAraNa.

Adare, kannaDadalli I svara kelavu sannivESagaLalli biddu hOgiruvudannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada orme ‘omme’ (tamiLu: orumay) padadalli rakArada anantara bandidda ukAra bidduhOgide.

(1) intaha heccina padagaLallU mUguli mattu itara mUguliyAgiruvudannu

vyanjanagaLu oTTusEri immaDi kANabahudu.

(2) kannaDada aydu (tamiLu: ayntu) padadalli yakAra

mattu takAragaLa naDuve bandidda nakAra bidduhOgide.

(3) makAra vakAravAguvantaha sErikeya badalAvaNe haLe gannaDadalli lakArada anantaravU naDedide (mel + mAtu > melvAtu).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.2.6 padagaLa koneyalli banda mUguligaLu

padagaLa koneyalli banda mUguligaLu haLegannaDadalli hAgeyE uLididduvu, Adare munde ukAravondu sEri avu svaragaLa naDuvina mUguligaLAgive.

hosagannaDadalli avugaLa

(1) udda svarada anantara I rIti ukAra sEridAga NakAra- nakAragaLu badalAgade uLiyuttave. Adare makAra vakAravAgi bada lAguttade.

haLegannaDa nIn
mIn

nAm
nIm

hosagannaDa nInu mInu

nAvu nIvu

(2) modalaneya giDDa svarada anantara bandidda NakAra- koneyavAgiddalli avugaLa anantara

nakAragaLu uccAraNeya ukAra sEridAga immaDi rUpakke badalAgive.

padagaLa

haLegannaDa

hosagannaDa haNNu heNNu

tinnu

pon
ben

honnu bennu ennu

(3) Adare itara giDDa svaragaLa anantara nakAra kelavu padagaLalli badalAgade uLidide mattu bEre kelavu padagaLalli (padarUpagaLalli) bidduhOgide (2.4.2 nODi).

haLegannaDa avan
banden

hosagannaDa avanu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.3 hoDeyuli mattu pakkaduligaLu

mUladrAviDadalli rakAravemba ondu hoDeyuliyU lakAra mattu LakAragaLemba eraDu pakkaduligaLU (usirannu nAligeya pakkadalli biDuvudara vyanjanagaLU) baLakeyallidduvu. ivu mUrU padagaLa naDuve mattu koneyalli mAtravE baraballuvAgidduvu.

mUlaka siddavAguva

lakAra mattu LakAragaLu svaragaLa naDuve otte rUpadalli mAtra vallade immaDi rUpadallU baraballuvAgidduvu (ili, huli, alla, nelli; eLatu, aLiya, piLLe, kaLLa); Adare rakAra otte rUpadalli mAtra baraballudAgittu (mara, kari).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.3.1 lakArada badalAvaNegaLu

heccina padagaLallU mUladrAviDada lakAra kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidukonDide. ili, tale, kAlu, kal ‘kallu’, pAl ‘hAlu’, nellikAyi modalAda udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

padagaLannu

(1) lakArada anantara nakAra mattu takAragaLu bandiruvalli lakAra biddu hOgi takAra RakAravAguttade emba sErikeya niyama mUladrAviDadallittu. I RakAra kannaDadalli dakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade.

udAharaNegAgi, lakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara hindina samayavannu sUcisuva nta oTTu bandAga,
lakAra biddu RakAravAguttade kannaDadalli I RakAra dakAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade.

hOguttade

nta oTTina

nODi).

mattu

kol
sal

nindu (tamiLu: ninRu) kondu (tamiLu: konRu) sandu (tamiLu: cenRu)

(2) rakAra illavE RakArada anantara banda haLegannaDada

lakAra hosagannaDadalli LakAravAgi badalAgide.

haLegannaDa beral
koral
paral

nERal
neRal

hosagannaDa beraLu koraLu oraLu haraLu

nEraLe neraLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.3.2 LakArada badalAvaNegaLu

heccina padagaLallU mUladrAviDada LakAra kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. aLavu, aLate, eLatu, caLi, beLaku, oLitu, tALu modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu.

(1) Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli mUladrAviDa LakAra

aniyamitavAgi NakAravAgide.

tamiLu kuLam kELan nuLampu puLi kuLampu ‘gorasu’’

kannaDa
koLa, koNa geLeya, geNeya noLa, noNa
huLi, huNise
koLagu, koNagu mAL, mAN ‘taDe’’ mAL aLambe, aNabe
aLAmpu (malayALa) gALa, gANa ‘kokke’’ kALam (malayALa) noNe ‘nungu’

noL

(2) LakArada anantara TakAra (DakAra) bandiruvalli LakAra

niyamitavAgi NakAravAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade.

kannaDa
ginDu ‘civuTu’’ kuLike, konDi
kOL, konDe tenTu ‘gALisu’’

tamiLu

kiLLu koL kOL ‘cADi hELu’’ teLi ‘cimukisu’’

(3) mUladrAviDadallEnE LakArada anantara takAra bandAga LakAra NakAravAguva mattu takAra TakAravAguva sErikeya niyamavondu baLakeyalliddirabEku. idakke udAharaNeyAgi kannaDada koL kriyApadakkiruva hindina samayada konDu rUpavannu gamanisabahudu.

(4) kannaDada ivattina kelavu oLanuDigaLalli lakAra mattu vyatyAsa illavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, LakAragaLa karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli LakAra lakAravAgide (AcArya

naDuvina

baraha kannaDa teLu
haLaba
poLLu
beLLuLLi
koLalu

hAlakki kannaDa halaba
pollu beluli kollu

(5) baDaga kannaDadalli LakAra bidduhOgide mattu adara modalu mattu anantara bandidda svaragaLu oTTusEridudarindAgi
giDDasvaraviruvallU uddasvara kANisuttade. I LakAra mUladrAviDa ZakAradindalU LakAradinda bandirabahudu.

bandirabahudu

illavE

baraha kannaDa kaLa ‘kaNa’ kILu
dULu

baDaga kannaDa

eLe (nUlina)
jOLa

muLugu keLage
eLekaru

mUgu kIyu

bEre kelavu padagaLalli LakArada badalu yakAra illavE vakAra

bandiruvudannu kANabahudu (bAlakruSNan 1999).

baraha kannaDa suLi ’ hoLe huLi ’ moLe ‘moLake’’ bILu
sambaLa
kankuLu

baDaga kannaDa guyi suyi hoye huyi moye buy sambuva kakkuve

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.3.3 rakArada badalAvaNegaLu

(1) svaragaLa naDuvina rakAra kannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODuvudara mUlaka idannu tiLiyabahudu.

kannaDa
haraLu
birudu
oraLu

tamiLu paral virutu kAram

(2) padagaLa koneyallidda rakAravU kannaDadalli badalAgade

uLidide (bemar, usir, bar, tar).

hosagannaDadalli intaha padagaLa anantara ukAravondu sErikonDiddu, adu svaragaLa naDuvina rakAravE Agide. ir-iru, bar-baru, tar-taru, toDar-toDaru, konar-konaru, tIr-tIru modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

(3) bErugaLa koneyallidda rakAra, adara anantara bandidda oTTina svara bidduhOdudarindAgi, halavu padagaLalli vyanjanada modalu baruvantAgide. intaha padagaLalli adu kannaDadalli eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgide. kelavu sannivESagaLalli adu biddu hOgide mattu bEre kelavu sannivESagaLalli adu adara anantara bandidda vyanjanada rUpavannE paDedide.

(ka) uddasvarada anantara banda rakAra haLegannaDadalli uLidu konDittu; Adare hosagannaDada kelavu padagaLalli bidduhOgide. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada bArcu pada hosagannaDadalli bAcu endAgide. hosagannaDada pApa padadallU rakAra bidduhOgide (pAra ‘cikka magu’).

Adare tIrpu, tIrmAna, ErpADu modalAda bEre kelavu

padagaLalli rakAra hosagannaDadallU bidduhOgade uLidide.

vyanjanadoDane

(ca) giDDasvarada anantara banda rakAra adara anantara bandidda vyanjana immaDi sErihOgi, A vyanjanavAguva hAge mADide. I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva kaccu SAsanadallEnE kANasiguttade.

(<karcu) pada hattanE

SatamAnada

hosagannaDa haLegannaDa bekku
berku
poddu
pordu
pergaDe
heggaDe
percu, peccu heccu
biccu
bircu
beccu
bercu
hemme
perme
mommaga gubbi

tamiLu veruku porutu per ‘doDDa’’ per ‘doDDa’ veru ‘hedarike’’ pIrumay marumagan kuruvi

(Ta) bidduhOgiruva svarada anantara immaDi taDeyuliyidda padagaLalli immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi bada

lAguttade mattu adarondige rakAra sEri hosagannaDadalli koraLisada immaDi taDeyuli uLiyuvante mADuttade.

haLegannaDa karku
sorku

hosagannaDa kakku
sokku
pappu

tamiLu parutti karukku urukku cerukku paruppu

(ta) biddu hOgiruva svarada anantara mUguli mattu otte taDeyuligaLidda padagaLalli mUguli bidduhOgide mattu rakAra bAki uLididda taDeyuliyondige sEri A taDeyuli immaDi yAguvante mADide.

hosagannaDa

tamiLu haLegannaDa paruntu pardu, paddu haddu
maruntu maddu
mardu
parampu habbu
parvu, parbu karumpu kabbu
karvu, karbu
maggulu maruGku oggu ‘baggu’’ oruGku kuraGku kuggu
kurgu

haLegannaDada surku ‘nerige kaTTu’ pada hosagannaDadalli sukku endAgide. tamiLinalli curukku padavide. Adare kannaDada pada mUladrAviDada *curunkku embudarinda bandirabEku.

kannaDadalli idu modalige *surunku endAgiddu anantara eraDaneya ukAra mattu mUguli biddu hOgi surku endAgide; anantara rakAradondige kakAra sEri sukku endAgide. I eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLannU mUladrAviDada rakAra mAtravallade RakAra illavE ZakAradinda banda rakAravU tOrisu ttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mElina eraDu badalAvaNegaLu kannaDadalli RakAra (4.3.4 nODi) mattu ZakAragaLu (5.4.3 nODi) rakAravAguva badalAvaNeya anantara naDedirabEku.

(ka) uddasvarada anantara RakAra bidduhOgiruvudu

kannaDa
tORu, tOcu gIRu, gIcu

tamiLu tORu

(ca) giDDa svarada anantara modalige RakAra rakAravAgi, anantara vyanjanadondige sEriruvudu

kannaDa
guRutu, gurtu, gottu koRa, korcu, koccu peR, heppu
teRapu, teppage
kiRi, kirdu, kittu hekku
muRuku, murku, mukku goRaTe, koTTe

tamiLu kuRi kuRay peRuku ‘mosaru’’ teRu ‘taDamADu’’ peRukku muRukku ‘hemme’’ kuRaTTa (malayALa)

(ta) giDDa svarada anantara ZakAra modalige rakAravAgi anantara vyanjanadondige sEriruvudu

kannaDa

tamiLu koZu ‘dappa’ tAZ

korbu, kobbu
gaZda, garde, gadde
taZgu, targu, taggu taZka, tarbu, tabbu baZdunku, bardunku, baduku vAZ piLke, hikke oZku, uggu ‘cellu’’
kaZtu, kattu kaZta, katte urdu, uddu
aLdu, addu puZiga, puggi, huggi

piZukkay oZuku kaZuttu kaZutay uZuntu aZuntu puZuGku

(4) giDDa svarada anantara vyanjanagaLa modalu baruttidda rakAra A vyanjanagaLa rUpavannE paDeyuttidda samayadalli rakAra+vyanjanagaLigU vyanjana+vyanjanagaLigU naDuvidda vyatyAsa illavAgittAda kAraNa, mUladrAviDadalli vyanjana+vyanjanagaLidda kelavu padagaLU kannaDadalli rakAra+vyanjanagaLiruva padagaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave.

haLegannaDa porkuZ, pokkuZ
markaL, makkaL ‘makkaLu’’ bargu, baggu ‘kUguvike’’

tamiLu pokkuL makkaL vakuLi

purgu, puggu ‘jamba’’
karcu, kaccu ‘kaDi’’ orpu, oppu kircu, kiccu

pukalvu kaccu oppu

mElina padagaLalli kANisuva rakAra mUladrAviDaddendu

hELalu bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli yAva AdAravU siguvudilla.

(5) mUru ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli eraDaneya svara biddu hOdudarindAgi (3.4.1 nODi) kannaDada kelavu oLanuDigaLalli rakAra+vyanjanagaLu mUDibandiddu, avu bEre halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. I badalAvaNegaLa svarUpavEnu mattu avu ellelli mattu yAva yAva tiLiyalu innaSTu naDedive embudannu oLanuDigaLalli samSOdanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

intaha padagaLalli rDa embudu baLLAriyalli LDa endAgide, gulbargadalli DDa endAgide, hAlakki kannaDadalli yDa endAgide, mattu nanjanagUDinalli NDa endAgide embudannu I keLagina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu (upAdyAya 1976).

baLLAri gulbarga hAlakki nanjanagUDu

baraha kuruDa kuLDa kuDDa kuyDa kuNDa
karaDi kaLDi kaDDi kayDa –‘ buruDe buLDe buDDi –‘ buNDa horaDu vaLDu –‘ hoyDu vaNDu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.4 taDeyillada vyanjanagaLu

mUladrAviDadalli yakAra, vakAra mattu ZakAragaLemba mUru mattu taDeyillada

vyanjanagaLidduvu. ivugaLalli

yakAra

vakAragaLannu ‘aresvara’gaLendu parigaNisalu sAdyavideyAdarU avugaLa baLake itara vyanjanagaLa baLakeya hAgeyE iruva kAraNa avannu vyanjanagaLendu parigaNisuvudE oLLeyadu.

(1) drAviDa nuDigaLu baLasuva lipigaLalli ay, avgaLemba eraDu svaragaLannu sUcisaballa svara cihnegaLive. Adare antaha svaragaLa iruvikeyannu mUladrAviDadalli illavE ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli kalpisikoLLalu yAva AdAravU illa (2.1.1 nODi). nijakkU avu akAradondige yakAra mattu vakAragaLu bandiruva eraDeraDu uligaLa sErikegaLu mAtra.

(2) mUladrAviDada *at, A ‘adu, A’, *cat, cA ‘sAyu’, *uN, UN ‘uNNu’, *tar, tA ‘koDu’ modalAda hattu-hanneraDu padagaLalli giDDa-udda svaravyatyAsa kANisuttiddu, idara mUlavEnembudannu vivarisalu sAdyavAgilla.

intaha svaraviruvallella hakAravemba innondu taDeyilladuli yU iddirabEkendu kruSNamUrti (1997, 2003) vAdisiddAre. I hakAravannu avaru ‘lArinjal’ (ganTalinalli unTAguva vyanjana) embudAgi karediddAre; haLetamiLinalli baLakeyallidda ‘Aydam’ emba vyanjana idE hakArada paLeyaLikeyirabEkendU avaru vAdisiddAre.

I vyanjana yakAra mattu vakAragaLa hAge ondu taDeyilladuliyAgiddu bErugaLa koneya vyanjanavAgi mAtra baruttiddirabEkendu avaru vAdisiddAre. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada adu, idu, udu padagaLu mUladrAviDadalli *ah-tu, *ih-tu, *uh-tu endiddirabEkendu avaru sUcisiddAre.

I vyanjanada anantara (ka) yAva oTTU bAradiddalli adu adara modalu bandidda svaradondige sEri A svara uddavAguva hAge mADuttade (A mane, I mara); (ca) koraLisida vyanjana bandideyAdare, lArinjal) (hakAra bidduhOguttade (adu, idu, avanu, ivanu); mattu (Ta) koraLisada vyanjana (taDeyuli) bandideyAdare adu (lArinjal) bidduhOgi, taDeyuli immaDiyAguttade (atta, itta) - embudAgi mUla drAviDakke kelavu niyamagaLannU avaru kalpisiddAre.

illavE

Adare, nijakkU I kalpita vyanjanadinda mUladrAviDada kelavE kelavu padagaLallidda mElina udda-giDDa svaravyatyAsavannu vivarisu vudaralli sahAyavEnU siguva hAge kANisuvudillavembudAgi subrahmaNyam (baralide) vAdisiddAre.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.4.1 padagaLa modalige banda taDeyilladuligaLu

yakAra mattu vakAragaLemba eraDu taDeyilladuligaLu mAtra mUladrAviDadalli padagaLa modalige baraballuvAgidduvu. ZakAra vemba mUraneya taDeyilladuli padagaLa naDuve mattu koneyalli mAtra baraballudAgittu.

(1) yakAra: padagaLa modalina yakAra mUladrAviDadalli A emba svarada modalu mAtra baruttiddirabEkembudu sadyada kalpane yAgide. kannaDadalli idu bidduhOgideyumbudakke keLagina padagaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. haLeya tamiLinalli mAtra idu biddu hOgade uLidide.

kannaDa

haLeya tamiLu yAnay

Avan ‘yAru’

yAL yAn yAmay yAvan

Adare kannaDada yAru, yAke, yAva modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli I yakAra bidduhOgade uLidide. idallade Enu, Eke, EDu ‘varSa’ modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli yakAra biddu hOguvudarondige adara anantara bandidda udda A svara udda E svaravAgi badalAgide mattu I udda E svara bEre kelavu sannivESagaLalli (elli, endu, etta, emage, enna) tanna uddavannu kaLedukonDu giDDa e svaravAgide.

kannaDada oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli padagaLa modalige banda ekAra ya embudAgi badalAgiruvudarinda avugaLalli padagaLa modalige yakAra hosadAgi kANisikoLLuttade embudannu nAvu eraDanE adyAyadalli (2.2.3ralli) nODiruvevu (eDa > yaDa, ella > yalla).

(2) vakAra: mUladrAviDadalli padagaLa modaligidda vakAra tuTi dunDagillada svaragaLa (i, I, e, E mattu a, A embavugaLa) modalige mAtra baraballudAgittu. idu kannaDadalli bakAravAgi badalAgide.

SatamAnadalli

kannaDada caritreyalli I rIti vakAra bakAravAguva badalAvaNe vAdisalu Aru-ELanE SAsanagaLa adAravide. enTarinda hattanE SatamAnada varegina SAsanagaLalli intaha halavu padagaLige bakAraviruva rUpa mAtravallade vakAraviruva rUpavU kANisuttade.

modalAgirabEkendu

Adare tamiLu, telugu modalAda itara drAviDa nuDigaLalli vakAraviruva rUpagaLu mAtra ive (narasimhayya 1941, gAy

enTu-hattanE SatamAnada kannaDa vandu, bandu
vare, bare viTTa, biTTa viZda, biZda

tamiLu vantu varay

vakArada badalu bakArada baLake anantarada SatamAnagaLalli heccAguttA hOgi, padagaLa modalige vakAra illavE illavendu Aguvudannu kannaDada SAsanagaLalli kANabahudu.

kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli padagaLa modalige kANisuva bakAragaLalli heccinavU I rIti mUladrAviDa vakAradindalE bandiveyundu hELabahudu.

baraha kannaDa baDagu
bAgu
bIsu
beLaku
bEDu

tamiLu vaTaku varay vAnku vIcu viLakku vEnTu

Adare, kelavu padagaLalli avu mUladrAviDada pakAradindalU bandiralu sAdya embudakke kannaDada keLagina padagaLannu udAharaNe yAgi koDabahudu.

kannaDa
basaLe
bIDu
bUTATike bombe
bokke

tamiLu pacaLay pAnay puTTil pUTTakam pommay pokkay

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.4.2 padagaLa naDuvina yakAra mattu vakAragaLu

(1) yakAra: padagaLa naDuvina yakAra mUladrAviDadallEnE halavu padagaLalli cakAradondige sambandavannu tOrisuttiddira bEkendu kalpisalAgide. kannaDadallU kelavu padagaLige yakAravannu tOrisuva rUpadondige sakAravannu tOrisuva rUpavU kANisuttiddu, idu mUladrAviDadallidda ya-ca sambandada paLeyaLikeyirabEku.

yakAraviruva rUpa Ey ‘hoDe’
oy ‘konDuhOgu’
kay ‘kahi’ say ‘nillu’
naya ‘nuNupu, midu’
bAyu ‘bAtukoLLu’

sakAraviruva rUpa ese ‘hoDe’’ osage ‘suddi tiLisuvike’’ kasuru ‘kaTuvAda’’ sasane ‘alugADade’’ nase ‘mettage’’ bAsuZi ‘bAsunDe’’

bEreyU halavu padagaLalli kannaDada sakAra tamiLina yakAravAgi kANisuttade. Adare illi kannaDa mUladrAviDada

cakAravannu (sakAra vAgi) uLisikonDiddu (4.3.2 nODi) tamiLu adannu yakAravAgi badalAyiside.

kannaDa
hesaru
basiRu
besa ‘mADuvike’’ hAsu

tamiLu peyar vayiRu viyam ‘appaNe’’ pAy

(2) vakAra: padagaLa naDuve kANisuva vakAra heccineDegaLallU mUladrAviDada pakAra, makAra illavE kakAradinda bandiruva hAge kANisuttade (4.3.1). ivugaLalli pakAra mattu vakAragaLa naDuvina sambanda mUladrAviDadallEnE iddirabEku.

haLegannaDada kAladalli pakAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLalli modalAguva padagaLu svaradalli modalAguva padagaLa anantara bandAga, avugaLa modalaneya vyanjana vakAravAguttadeyumba sErikeya kelavu jODupadagaLalli I niyamada paLeyaLikeyannu kANabahudu (4.3.1 nODi).

niyamavondittu.

hosagannaDadallU

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.4.3 ZakArada badalAvaNegaLu

mUladrAviDada ZakAra padagaLa naDuve illavE koneyalli baraballudAgittu. haLegannaDada heccina padagaLallU idu badalAgade uLidide. Adare ivattina baraha kannaDadalli ellU kANisuvudilla.
ZakAra mattu LakAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsada mUlaka arta vyatyAsavannu sUcisuva padajODigaLu haLegannaDadalli halaviddu,

A jODigaLella ivattina baraha kannaDadalli eraDu arta koDuva padagaLAgive.

mUladrAviDada ZakAra haLegannaDa hosagannaDa baZasu

uLi ‘uLiyu’’ uLi eLe ’‘eLedADu’’ eLe baLasu ’’

mUladrAviDada LakAra hosagannaDa haLegannaDa uLi ’‘kettuva uLi’ eLe ‘eLatu’’ baLasu ‘nEravallada’

baLasu

hosagannaDadalli mEle koTTiruva uLi, eLe mattu baLasu padagaLige eraDeraDu artagaLive; Adare haLegannaDadalli I artagaLannu sUcisalu uZi-uLi, eZa-eLe mattu baZasu- baLasu embudAgi eraDeraDu padagaLidduvu embudannu gamanisabahudu.

haLegannaDadallidda ZakAra kannaDadalli kANeyAgalu adara caritre yalli naDeda keLage koTTiruva mUru rItiya badalAvaNegaLu

(1) ZakArada anantara yAvudAdarondu vyanjana bandiruvalli A ZakAra rakAravAgi badalAgide mattu
(2) itara kaDegaLalli adu LakAravAgi badalAgide;

idallade,
kelavu

padagaLalli

aniyamitavAgi

NakAravAgiyU badalAgide.

(1) I mUru badalAvaNegaLalli, ZakAra rakAravAguvantaha modalaneya badalAvaNeyannu haLegannaDada kAvyagaLallEnE kANa bahudu.

vyanjanada modalu ZakAra rakAravAgiruvudu

haLegannaDa taZgu, targu kiZgu, kirgu poZtu, portu baZdunku, bardunku gaZda, garde kaLcu, karcu ‘toLe’’ kaZuvu

tamiLu tAZ kIZ poZutu vAZ

mUladrAviDada

ZakAradinda bandidda I

mUladrAviDada rakArada hAge hosagannaDadalli adara anantarada vyanjanadondige sEri immaDi vyanjanavAguttade embudannu mEle (5.3.3)ralli nODiruvevu.

(2) itareDegaLalli ZakAra LakAravAgideyumbudannu tOrisi koDalu haLegannaDa padagaLannu hosagannaDa padagaLondige hOlisa bEkAguttade. yAkendare, haLegannaDa barahagaLalli I badalAvaNe naDeda mElU ZakAravannu uLisikoLLuva prayatna mADalAgittu.
udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjanu tanna vyAkaraNadalli ZakAravannu yAva padagaLalli baLasabEku embudakke ondu paTTiyannE mADiddanu mattu A padagaLalli avugaLa badalu LakAravannu baLasuvudu tappu embudAgi sAriddanu. Adare, hosagannaDadalli idu baravaNigeyallU LakAradondige sErihOgide.

(ka) eraDu svaragaLa naDuve ZakAra LakAravAgiruvudu

haLegannaDa

hosagannaDa

koZave
kOZi
maZa

koLave kOLi maLe

(ca) padagaLa koneya ZakAra LakAravAgiruvudu

haLegannaDa bAZ
bIZ
kIZ
pAZ
uguZ pogaZ

hosagannaDa bALu bILu kILu hALu uguLu hogaLu

LakAravAgiruvudu

haLegannaDadalli padagaLa koneyalli bandidda ZakAra hosagannaDa mAtravallade, adara anantara ukAravondu sEruvudarindAgi adu svaragaLa naDuvina LakAravE Agide embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

ZakAravu (ka) rakAravAguva mattu (ca) LakAravAguva I eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLU haLegannaDadallEnE hattu- SAsanagaLa hannondanE AdArada mEle hELalu sAdyavAguttade (narasimhayya 1941 nODi).

naDedirabEkembudAgi

SatamAnadalli

adakkintalU modalu, enTu-ombattanE SatamAnada SAsana gaLallU ZakArada badalu LakAravannu tOrisuva bILadu, kELdu, EL, bILisi, puLu embantaha padagaLa baLakeyAgide.

hattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli ZakAra LakAravAgiruva pogaLal, aLivinge, baLikke embantaha padarUpagaLu mAtravallade ZakAra rakAravAgiruva akrarindam, nOprpara, pogatrtege, negaprpin embantaha padarUpagaLU kANisuttave

SatamAnada

hadinAlku-hadinaydanE

SAsanagaLa samayakkAguvAga I badalAvaNe konegonDittendu hELabahudu. yAkendare, A kAlada SAsanagaLalli hinde ZakAravidda ellA padagaLallU (ka) svaragaLa naDuve LakAra kANisuttade mattu (ca) vyanjanada modalu rakAra kANisuttade (narasimhayya 1941 nODi). idakke kelavu udAharaNegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

enTu-ombattanE SatamAna anantarada SatamAnagaLu

aZida ‘nASavAda’’ puZu ‘huLa’’
pogaZ ‘hogaLu’’
eZpattu ‘eppattu’’ gaZda ‘gadde’’
negaZda ‘hesarAnta’’

puLu pogaL

erpattu negarda

ivugaLalli vyanjanagaLa modalu rakAravAgiruva ZakAra anantara A vyanjanadondige sEri immaDi vyanjanavAgide (eppattu, gadde) (5.3.3 nODi).

(3) eraDu svaragaLa naDuve (illavE padada koneyalli) padagaLalli NakAravAgi kelavu

bandidda ZakAra

kannaDada

badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. idu kannaDadalli aniyamitavAgi naDeda ondu badalAvaNe.

I rIti badalAgiruva padagaLalli (ka) kelavakke ZakAravannu tOrisuva rUpa mattu NakAravannu tOrisuva rUpa embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLive; Adare (ca) bEre kelavakke NakAravannu tOrisuva rUpa mAtra ide. (illi kamsadoLage koTTiruva LakAraviruva rUpagaLu hosagannaDadavu.)

(ka) eraDu rUpagaLiruva padagaLu

hUNu

gaZa (gaLe) pUZu (hULu) muZugu (muLugu) muNugu tuZi (tuLi) noZavu (noLa) moZa (moLa)
moZakay geZasu
kuZi (guLi) noZa
puZa, puZu

moNakay geNasu kuNi, guNi nuNucu puNugu, punugu

(ca) NakAra mAtra iruva padagaLu

kannaDa
koNasu ‘eLatu’’ taNalu ‘kenDa’’
paN, haNNu’
kaNanju ‘ondu tUka’

tamiLu kuZa ‘mettage’’ taZal ‘suDu’’ paZam kaZaYcu

gaNNa ‘gaddeya tunDu’
guNpu ‘neravi’
kuNike ‘konDi’
taNal ‘kenDa’
maNaka ‘karu’’
mENi ‘nEgila tudi, mETi’’ mEZi

kaZani ‘gadde’ kuZu
kuZayccu taZay ‘bahaLa bisi’’ maZa ‘eLeya’

baLLAri, haDagali mattu hospETegaLalli doreta hannondanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli itara kaDegaLalli doreta SAsanagaLa ZakArakke badalAgi I rIti NakAra kANisuvudAda kAraNa, kannaDada baDagu illavE mUDu-baDagu oLanuDiyalli I Za>Na badalAvaNe naDedirabahudendu Uhisabahudu.

(4) kannaDada bEre kelavu padagaLalli mUladrAviDa ZakAra DakAravAgi kANisuttade; Adare I padagaLu kannaDakke telugininda eravalAgi bandavugaLirabahudu; yAkendare, teluginalli svaragaLa naDuvina ZakAra niyamitavAgi DakAravAgide.

tamiLu

kannaDa ILam kaZay gaDe, gaZa gATu ‘kAra’’ kAZ koDa ‘eLave’’ koZuntu kODu ‘aLuku’’ kOZay bODi ‘bOLu’’ pOZu

telugu koDuku ‘maga’’ kODADu bODi

haLegannaDada ZakAra DakAradindalU bandideyumbudannu mEle

(4.3.4)ralli nODiruvevu. (mattu

kannaDadalli bidduhOgiveyumbudannu mattu karAvaLiya hAlakki kannaDadalli
lakAravAgiveyembudannu mEle (5.3.2)ralli nODiruvevu.

LakAragaLu) baDaga

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5.4.4 padagaLa koneya taDeyilladuligaLu

mUladrAviDa bErugaLa illavE padagaLa koneyalli vakAra kANisi koLLuvudu bahaLa aparUpa. Adare yakAra mattu ZakAragaLu sAkaSTu bErugaLalli mattu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave.

bErugaLa koneyallidda yakAra haLegannaDadalli badalAgade uLidide. Adare hosagannaDadalli idu kelavu sannivESagaLalli badalAgide mattu bEre kelavu sannivESagaLalli badalAgade uLidide. udAharaNegAgi kay, key, mey modalAda giDDa svaraviruva nAmapadagaLa koneyalli adu badalAgade uLidide.

idE rItiyalli kELuganinda kelasavondannu mADisuvudakkAgi baLasuva koy, bay, huy modalAda giDDasvaraviruva kriyArUpagaLallU adu badalAgade uLidide.

uddasvaraviruva nAyi, bAyi, kAyi modalAda kelavu nAmapadagaLalli mattu kelasa mADisalu baLasuva Ayi, sAyi, kAyi modalAda kelavu kriyArUpagaLalli yakAra badalAgade uLidideyAdarU adara anantara ikAravondu kANisikoLLuttade. Adare, udda I svaraviruva mI, I padagaLalli yakAra biddu hOgide.

oTTugaLa koneyalli baruva yakAra kannaDadalli biddu hOgide mattu adara hindiruva akAra ekAravAgi badalAgide (3.6.1 nODi).

kannaDa
gaZale
koTTige
dOse

tamiLu kaZalay kaZutay pAray kuTukkay koTTikay tOcay

padagaLa koneyalli banda ZakAra hosagannaDadalli LakAravAgi

badalAgiruvudannu mEle 5.4.3ralli vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

5.5 tiruLu

mUladrAviDada nAlku mUguligaLu (ma, na, Na, Ya), ondu hoDeyuli (ra), eraDu pakkaduligaLu (la, La), mattu mUru taDeyilladuligaLu (Za, ya, va) kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNe gaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

mUguligaLalli YakAra kannaDadalli artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva tanna Saktiyannu kaLedukonDide; karAvaLiya kelavu oLanuDigaLu mUguligaLU mAtra idakke apavAdagaLAgive. uLida hosagannaDadalli mattu ivattina itara oLanuDigaLalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgive.

lakAra-LakAragaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kelavu oLanuDigaLalli illa vAgide mattu ZakAravU bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi hosagannaDadalli

illavAgide. vakAra bakAravAgiruvudu kannaDadalli naDeda innondu badalAvaNe.

kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli I vyanjanagaLu bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgiddu, avugaLa svarUpa entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu innaSTu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

samSOdanegaLannu

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

6. padagaLa oLaracane

ಕನ್ನಡ →

6.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDadalli mukyavAgi kriyApada, nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru rItiya padagaLiddirabEku. I padagaLige kelasagaLannu tiLisuvudu (kriyApada), antaha kelasagaLalli toDagidda vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudu (nAmapada) mattu guNagaLannu sUcisuvudu (guNapada) embudAgi mUru rItiya kelasagaLidduvu mattu idakkAgi avu mUru rItiya artagaLannu mattu mUru rItiya oLaracanegaLannu paDedirabEkAgittu.

idallade, I mUru rItiya padagaLa oLaracaneyallU nAma bEru, kriyAbEru mattu guNabEru emba mUru bEre bEre rItiya bErugaLu baLakeyAguttiddirabEku. I bErugaLige yAva oTTannU sErisade avannu nEravAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLAgi vAkyagaLalli baLasalu sAdyavittAda kAraNa, avakke mElina hesarugaLannu koDalAgide.

mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLalu sAdyaviruvantaha kelavu bEru

gaLannu keLage udAharaNegaLAgi koDalAgide.

mUladrAviDada nAmabErugaLu

*AL ‘ALu’’
*kaN ‘kaNNu’’

*il ‘mane’ *kuppa ‘rASi’’
*kAy ‘kAyi’’

*kal ‘kallu’ *kAl ‘kAlu’
*nAT ‘nADu’
*peN ‘hengasu’’ *pul ‘hullu’

*kaL ‘kaLLu’’ *kUT ‘gUDu’’ *Yam ‘navilu’’ *tEr ‘tEru’ *nIr ‘nIru’

mUladrAviDada kriyAbErugaLu *pAT ‘hADu’’ *pU ‘araLu’ *mEy ‘mEyu’’ *col ‘mAtADu’’ *kappa ‘muccu’ *AR ‘Aru’ *niR ‘tumbu’’ *o ‘oppu’

*nakka ‘nakku’’
*key ‘mADu’’ *pO ‘hOgu’’ *vil ‘mAru’
*kAN ‘kANu’’ *pAr ‘nODu’’ *kuZ ‘honDa’’

mUladrAviDada guNabErugaLu

*eR ‘kempu’’ *kiR ‘cikka’ *mE ‘mEle’’
*pac ‘hasuru’’ *kar ‘kappu’ *coTTa ‘kunTu’’ *nal ‘oLLe’’

*kIZ ‘keLage’’ *mun ‘munde’’ *taN ‘taNNage’ *tE ‘sihi’ *kay ‘kahi’’ *pin ‘hinde’’ *veL ‘biLi’

I mUru rItiya bErugaLu mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu rItiya bErugaLu mattu padagaLu mUladrAviDadallidduvu. udAharaNegAgi, ADuga padagaLu, tOruga padagaLu mattu eNikeya padagaLu embantaha mUru rItiya padagaLiddu avugaLalli mUru rItiya bErugaLu baLakeyAguttidduvu. Adare ivugaLalli pratiyondu rItiya padagaLallU kelavE kelavu bErugaLu mAtra baLakeyAguttidduvu.

udAharaNegAgi, *An, *nIn mattu *tAn emba mUru

bErugaLu mAtra ADuga padagaLalli baLakeyAguttave.

eNikeya padagaLalli idakkinta svalpa heccu, endare hannondu bErugaLive. vyakti illavE vastugaLa pramANavannu sUcisuva *kil-a ‘kelavu’, *pal-a ‘halavu’, *el-a ‘ella’ mattu *ko-Yca- gumpinallirisabahudAgiddu, ivugaLalli bEre kelavu bErugaLu baLakeyAgive.

padagaLannu

innondu

tOruga padagaLalliyU heccu bErugaLu baLakeyAguvudilla. avannella *A, *I, *U mattu *yA emba nAlku bErugaLondige bEre bEre oTTugaLannu sErisi racisalAgide.

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6.2 bErugaLa svarUpa

mUladrAviDa padagaLalli baruva bErugaLa kuritu keLage koTTiru vantaha kelavu sAmAnya sangatigaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide.

(1) I bErugaLalli ondE ondu ulikante mAtra iddirabEku mattu A ulikanteyalli ondu udda illavE giDDa svara avaSyavAgiyU bandirabEku. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva mUladrAviDa bErugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

uddasvaraviruva bErugaLu: *Ay ‘tAyi’, *kAl ‘kAlu’,

*pU ‘hUvu’.

giDDasvaraviruva bErugaLu: *ten ‘tenka’, *eN ‘eNisu’,

*kol ‘kollu’.

(2) I svarada modalu mattu anantara vyanjanagaLu baruttira bahudu illavE adarondige yAva vyanjanavU bAradirabahudu. bErugaLannu koTTiruva udAharaNegaLAgi koDabahudu.

mUladrAviDa

keLage

ondu svara mAtra iruva bErugaLu: *o ‘oppu’, *I

‘hAru’, *A ‘dana’.

svarada modalu ondu vyanjana bandiruva bErugaLu: *po

‘tUtu mADu’, *kA ‘kApADu’, *tE ‘sihi’, *pU ‘hUvu’.

svarada anantara ondu vyanjana bandiruva bErugaLu: *ir

‘iru’, *EZ ‘tirugu’ *or ‘ondu’.

svarada modalu ondu vyanjana mattu svarada anantaravU ondu vyanjana bandiruva bErugaLu: *kaL ‘kadi’, *kAN ‘kANu’, *pAR ‘hAru’, *tEr ‘tEru’.

(3) mUladrAviDa bErugaLalli svarada modalu ondu vyanjana mAtra baraballudu. idu Ra, Ta, ra, la, La illavE Za vyanjanagaLannu vyanjanavU Agiraballudu: *kaN ‘kaNNu’, *col ‘mAtanADu’, *ten ‘tenku’, pal ‘hallu’, *YanT ‘EDi’, *nakka ‘nakku’, *mIn ‘mInu’, *yAn-(ay) ‘Ane’, *vAy ‘bAyi’.

horatupaDisi

yAva

bEre

(4) bErugaLa modalige v, y illavE Y vyanjana bandideyAdare, adara anantara ukAra mattu okAragaLu baralAravu. yakAra mattu YakAragaLu bandiveyAdare avugaLa anantara akAra vyatyAsakke mattu ekAragaLa artavyatyAsavannu sUcisuva Saktiyilla.

naDuvina

(5) bErugaLa koneyalli Ya mUguliyondannu biTTu bEre ellA vyanjanagaLU baraballuvu: *pak-(al) ‘hagalu’, *kec- (aR) ‘kesaru’, *oT-(ay) ‘oDe’, *AR ‘Aru’, *kut- (i) ‘nege’, *cup ‘uppu’, *peN ‘heNNu’, *in ‘sihi’, *kem ‘kempu’, *koy ‘koyyu’, *pav-(aL) ‘havaLa’, *AL ‘ALu’, *kal ‘kallu’, *kIZ ‘keLage’, *pAr ‘nODu’.

(6) bErugaLa koneyalli baruva taDeyuli otte rUpadalli

mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU iraballudu.

udAharaNegAgi, *kaTTa ‘kaTTu’ embudara koneya vyanjana immaDi rUpadallide, Adare *keT ‘keDu’ embudaralli adu otte rUpadallide.

(7) svarada anantara bErugaLa koneyalli banda vyanjana taDeyuliyAgiddalli, adara anantara uccAraNegAgi ondu ukAra bandiruttade.

udAharaNegAgi, *iT-u ‘iDu’, *AT-u ‘ADu’, *nakka- u ‘nakku’, *ampa-u ‘ambu’, *vitta-u ‘bIja’ modalAda bErugaLa koneyalli intaha ukAravide. mEle koTTiruva udA haraNegaLalli uccAraNegAgi baruttidda I ukAravannu tOrisilla.

mUladrAviDada I

mukyavAgi kriyAbErugaLa mElina samSOdaneya mEle avalambiside. nAma

bErugaLa

svarUpa

mattu guNabErugaLa kuritAgi heccina samSOdane naDedilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa svarUpa idakkinta bErAgiralU sAdyavide.

nAmabErugaLigU kriyAbErugaLigU naDuve kANisuva ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, kriyAbErugaLalli heccinavU avugaLa bErina rUpadallE ondalla ondu drAviDa nuDiyalli baLakeyAgu ttiruttave. idallade, avugaLinda paDeyalAguva nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLallU bEru mattu oTTugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa spaSTavAgi kANisikoLLuttade. hAgAgi, avugaLa bErina svarUpavannu tiLiyalu mattu oTTugaLinda adannu bErpaDisalu kaSTavAguvudilla.

Adare, heccina nAmapadagaLU ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli avugaLa pUrNarUpadalli, endare bEru mattu oTTugaLu sEri baruttave. bErugaLannu oTTugaLinda bErpaDisuva kelasa aSTondu sulabavalla.

hAgAgi avugaLalli

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada handi, tamiLina panRi, tuLuvina panji, gOnDiya paddi, pengOvina panji, kUyiya paji padagaLannu hOlisuva mUlaka mUladrAviDadalli panRi nAmapadaviddirabEkendu kalpisikoLLabahudu. Adare, idaralli nAmabEru yAva rUpaddu (pan embudE illavE *panR embudE) emba viSayadalli ondu nirdArakke baralu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli yAva AdAravU siguvudilla.

idallade, kriyAbErugaLinda bEre bEre oTTugaLannu baLasi halavAru nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdya, Adare nAmabErugaLinda oTTugaLannu baLasi bEre nAmapada, guNapada illavE kriyApadagaLannu bahaLa aparUpavAgi mAtravE tayArisalAguttade.

nAmabErugaLa

hIgiddarU, kriyAbErugaLa vivarisidantaha iddirabahudu embudAgi sadyakke kalpisikoLLalAgide.

mUlasvarUpada

mUlasvarUpa

mEle hAgeyE

bErugaLa

rUpadallEnE

guNabErugaLu

kriyAbErugaLa

mUladrAviDada

nAmapadagaLondige

sulabavAgi oTTugaLinda bErpaDisalu sAdyavAguvantahavAgive. jODupadagaLalli baruvuvAda kAraNa, I kelasa sulabavAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, permara, cengoral, kEsakki, beLgaDal, oLgaruL, nalluNisu kannaDada jODupadagaLalli guNabErugaLannu sulabavAgi bErpaDisabahudu. ivugaLa mUlasvarUpa mEle vivarisidantaha kriyAbErugaLa mUla svarUpada hAgeyE ideyumbudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

modalAda

taNNelar,

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6.3 ulikantegaLalli hagura mattu tUka

mUladrAviDada ulikantegaLannu haguradavu mattu tUkadavu embudAgi eraDu rItiyavugaLendu vingaDisuva avaSyakateyide embudannu nODiruvevu. padaracaneyalli kANisuva halavu sErikeya niyamagaLu mattu padagaLa caritreyalli kANisuva halavu badalAvaNegaLu I hancikeyannavalambisive.

mEle

nAvu

uddasvaraviruva ulikantegaLu mattu ondu vyanjanadalli kone tUkadavu; uLida ulikantegaLella goLLuva ulikantegaLu haguradavu. ulikantegaLa modalige baruva vyanjanakke avugaLa I hancikeyalli yAva kelasavU illa.

udAharaNegAgi,

ulikantegaLiddu (ke mattu Du) averaDU hagura ulikantegaLu.

padadalli

idE rItiyalli *iTu ‘iDu’ padadallU eraDu ulikantegaLiddu (i mattu Du) averaDU haguradavE. Adare, *kaTTu padadalliruva eraDu (kaT mattu Tu) ulikantegaLalli modalaneyadu tUkada ulikante mattu eraDaneyadu hagurada ulikante. *I ‘noNa’, *al ‘alla’, *kal ‘kallu’, *AL ‘ALu’, *kEL ‘kELu’ modalAda padagaLalli ondE ulikanteyiddu avellavugaLallU adu tUkada ulikanteyAgide.

ondu padadalli baruva bEru mattu oTTugaLa naDuvina vingaDaNegU adara ulikantegaLa naDuvina vingaDaNegU naDuve yAva sambandavU illa embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. tUkada mattu hagurada ulikantegaLu padagaLa ‘racane’yannu vivarisuvalli baLakeyAguttave mattu bEru-oTTugaLu avugaLa ‘oLaracane’yannu vivarisuvalli baLakeyAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, *pakal ‘hagalu’ padada racaneyalli pa mattu kal emba eraDu ulikantegaLannu kANabahudu. Adare adE padada oLaracaneyalli *pak bErina anantara *al oTTu

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6.4 padaracaneyalli bErugaLa baLake

mEle sUcisida mUru rItiya bErugaLu (nAmabEru, kriyA bEru mattu guNabEru) mUladrAviDa padagaLa oLaracaneyalli hEge baLakeyAguttidduvu emba viSayadalli innU bahaLaSTu samSOdanegaLannu naDeda samSOdanegaLalli heccinavU kriyAbErugaLannu baLasi kriyApada, nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLannu paDeyuva bage hEge embudannu mAtravE vivarisalu prayatnisive.

naDesabEkAgide.

iduvarege

kriyAbErugaLiginta bErAgiruva halavAru nAmabErugaLu mattu guNabErugaLu mUladrAviDadalli idduvAda kAraNa mattu avannu baLasiyU kriyApadagaLannu (illavE nAmapadagaLannu mattu paDeyalu mUladrAviDadalli A rItiya padagaLa racane hEgiddirabahudu mattu adu hEge ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli uLidukonDide embudannU tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

guNapadagaLannu)

sAdyavittAda

mEle

I viSayada

heccina ottu

koDuvudakkAgi mUladrAviDada kriyApadagaLa, nAmapadagaLa mattu guNapadagaLa racaneyalli I mUru bEre bEre rItiya bErugaLa baLake hEge naDedirabahudu mattu kannaDa A baLakeyannu yAva rItiyalli uLisikonDide embudannu mUru bEre bEre adyAyagaLalli (ELu, ombattu mattu hannondanE adyAyagaLalli) vivarisalu illi prayatnisalAgide.

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6.5 tiruLu

I adyAyadalli mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyAguttidda bErugaLa svarUpaventahadu embudannu mattu padaracaneyalli avugaLa baLake hEgiddirabahudu embudannu bahaLa cuTukAgi vivarisalAgide.

nAmabEru, kriyAbEru mattu guNabEru embudAgi mUru mukya gumpugaLalli hancikeyAgaballa bErugaLu mUladrAviDa dalliddirabEku. kannaDadallU I mUru rItiya bErugaLu baLake yallive.

mEle sUcisida hAge, I mUru rItiya bErugaLu mattu bEre kelavu rItiya cikka cikka gumpugaLalli baruva bErugaLu padaracaneyalli hEge baLakeyAguttave, avugaLa baLakeyalli kannaDa

entaha badalAvaNegaLannella mADikonDide embudannu heccu vivaravAgi mundina adyAyagaLalli sUcisalAguvudu.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7. kriyApadagaLa oLaracane

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7.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDada kriyApadagaLalli ondu bEru mAtra bandiralu sAdyavittu mattu A bErina anantara halavu rItiya oTTugaLU bandiralu sAdyavittu.

kannaDadallU intahadE paristitiyannu kANabahudu. nil, uN, key modalAda kriyApadagaLalli ondu bEru mAtra baLakeyAgide. Adare beLe, tiLi, toDagu, bevaru modalAda kriyApadagaLalli ondu bEru mAtravallade ondu illavE eraDu oTTugaLU baLakeyAgive.

I rIti bErugaLondige oTTugaLU bandiruva kriyApadagaLa adyAyadalli

embudannu

oLaracaneyuntahadu pariSIlisalAgide.

vyatyAsada AdArada

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7.2 Aguvike mattu mADuvike

mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLa racaneyannu heccina vidvAmsarU sakarmaka-akarmaka mEle vivarisalu prayatnisiddAre. I vyatyAsa kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva kelasagaLalli eSTu mandi vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu (illavE avugaLa gumpugaLu) toDagikonDive (ondu illavE jAsti) emba viSayada mEle avalambiside.

ondu kelasadalli toDagikonDiruvudu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu mAtravE AgideyAdare, A kelasavannu sUcisuva

kriyApadavannu ‘akarmaka’vendu kareyalAguttade mattu adaralli ondakkinta jAsti vyakti illavE vastugaLu toDagikonDiveyAdare, antaha kriyApadavannu ‘sakarmaka’vendu kareyalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, bILu kriyApadavu sUcisuva kelasadalli obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu mAtravE toDagikonDiraballudu; hAgAgi, bILu kriyApada akarmaka. Adare, kollu kriyApadavu sUcisuva kelasadalli kolluva vyakti mattu koleyAguva vyakti (illavE prANi) embudAgi kaDimeyundare eraDu vyakti illavE prANigaLAdarU toDagikonDirabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, kollu kriyApada sakarmaka (halavacanadalli baruva pada halavu vyakti illavE vastugaLannu sUcisuvudAdarU, adu avugaLa ondu gumpannu sUcisuva kAraNa, adannU illi ‘ondu’ embudAgi parigaNisalAguttade).

mUladrAviDa vyAkaraNagaLalli mAtravallade heccina drAviDa nuDigaLa vyAkaraNagaLallU kriyApadagaLa racaneyannu I sakarmaka- akarmaka vyatyAsada mElEnE vivarisalAgide.

Adare, nijakkU idu samskruta, lyATin, ingliS modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan nuDigaLa kriyApadagaLannu vivarisuvalli anukUlavAgiruvantaha vyatyAsavAgideyallade, drAviDa nuDigaLa kriyApadagaLannu vivarisuvalli anukUlavAdantaha vyatyAsavalla. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kelasadalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa eNikegintalU kelasada svarUpakkEnE drAviDa nuDigaLalli heccina beleyide.

udAharaNegAgi, tamiLu mattu kannaDa kriyApadagaLa kuritu

naDesida eraDu samSOdanegaLannu illi pariSIlisabahudu.

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7.2.1 tamiLinalli kelasada pariNAma

tamiLinalli ondu kelasada pariNAma adannu mADida vyaktiya mEle AgideyE illavE bErobba vyaktiya mEle (illavE bEre prANi illavE vastuvina mEle) AgideyE emba viSayada mEle adara kriyApadagaLannu vingaDisuvudu avaSya embudAgi paramaSivam avaru tOrisikoTTiddAre (paramaSivam 1979).

tamiLinalli idakkAgi eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLannu illavE kriyArUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, vaLay ‘suttuvari’ kriyApadakke ‘suttuvaridu’ emba artavannu koDuva vaLayntu mattu vaLayttu emba eraDu kriyArUpagaLive.

avugaLalli modalaneyadu suttuvariyuva kelasada pariNAma suttuvariyuva vyaktigaLa (gumpina) mEle naDeyuttadeyumbudannu vyaktigaLu sUcisuttade suttuvaridiruvantaha vyaktiya mEle naDeyuttadeyumbudannu sUcisuttade.

eraDaneyadu

mattu

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva eraDu tamiLu vAkyagaLa

naDuvina vyatyAsavannu gamanisabahudu.

(1ka) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayntukonTArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridaru’ (1ca) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayttukonTArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridaru’

mElina eraDu vAkyagaLU ‘sakarmaka’ vAkyagaLE. yAkendare averaDarallU naTikay mattu racikarkaL emba vyakti hAgU vyaktigaLa gumpannu sUcisuva eraDu nAmapadagaLu bandive. Adare

tamiLinalli I eraDu vAkyagaLa naDuve artadalli mattu baLakeyalli vyatyAsavide. (kannaDadalli I vyatyAsavannu nEravAgi sUcisaballa kriyArUpagaLilla).

(1ka) vAkyadalli vaLay ‘suttuvari’ kriyApada vaLayntu emba rUpadalli bandiddu, adu naTiya abimAnigaLige EnAyitu embudannu tiLisuttade; Adare (1ca) vAkyadalli adE kriyApada vaLayttu emba rUpadalli bandiddu, adu naTige Akeya abimAnigaLu Enu mADidaru embudannu sUcisuttade.

I kAraNakkAgi, abimAnigaLige bEre EnAyitu embudannu sUcisuva kriyArUpavannu (1ka) vAkyada anantara baLasalu sAdyavideyallade (1ca) vAkyada anantara baLasalu sAdyavAgadu.

(2ka) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayntukoNTu ATinArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridu kuNidaru’
(2ca) *racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayttukoNTu ATinArkaL ‘abimAnigaLu naTiyannu suttuvaridu kuNidaru’

(2ca) vAkyadalli abimAnigaLige bEre EnAyitu embudannu sUcisuva ATinArkaL kriyArUpavannu avaru naTige Enu mADidaru embudannu tiLisuva vaLayttukoNTu kriyArUpada anantara baLasalAgideyAda kAraNa, A vAkya vyAkaraNada maTTige sariyalla. (illi ondu vAkya vyAkaraNada maTTige sariyalla embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nakSatra cihne(*)yannu baLasalAgide).

idE rItiyalli abimAnigaLu naTige bEre Enu mADidaru embudannu sUcisuva kriyArUpavondannu avaru naTige Enu mADidaru embudannu tiLisuva (1ca) vAkyada anantara baLasalu

sAdyavideyallade abimAnigaLige EnAyitu embudannu tiLisuva (1ka) vAkyada anantara baLasalu sAdyavAgadu.

(3ka) *racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayntukoNTu aTittArkaL naTiyannu

suttuvaridu

‘abimAnigaLu hoDedaru’’

(3ca) racikarkaL naTikayay vaLayttukoNTu aTittArkaL naTiyannu

suttuvaridu

‘abimAnigaLu hoDedaru’’

(3ka) vAkya vyAkaraNada maTTige tappAgalu adaralli abimAni gaLige EnAyitu embudannu sUcisuva vaLayntukoNTu kriyA rUpada anantara vAkyada koneyalli avaru naTige bEre Enu mADidaru embudannu tiLisuva aTittArkaL kriyArUpavannu baLasidudE kAraNa.

mEle sUcisida hAge, heccina vayyAkaraNigaLU tamiLina halavu kriyApadagaLalli mattu kelavu kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsavendu varNisiddAre. Adare I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLallU eraDeraDu nAmapadagaLa baLake yAgideyAda kAraNa mattu avugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLa eNikeya mEle avalambisillavAda kAraNa, adannu akarmaka-sakarmaka vyatyAsavendu kareyuvudu sariyalla embudAgi paramaSivam vAdisiddAre.

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6.2.2 kannaDadalli Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa

kannaDadalli intahadE ondu vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi isu oTTannu baLasalAguttade. idannU vayyAkaraNigaLu akarmaka-sakarmaka

vyatyAsavendE karediddAre. Adare kannaDada maTTigU idu sariyalla. yAkendare, kannaDadallU vAkyagaLu sUcisuva kelasagaLalli eSTu mandi toDagikonDiruvaremba viSayakkintalU A kelasagaLu AguvikegaLE illavE mADuvikegaLE emba viSayakkEnE heccina prAmukyateyannu koDuva avaSyakateyide.

sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsaviruva nuDigaLalli akarmaka kriyApada gaLannu sakarmaka kriyApadagaLannAgi mADuva vidAnakkinta kannaDadalli kriyApadakke isu oTTannu sErisuva vidAna halavu viSayagaLalli bErAgide. idannu sUcisuvantaha nAlku viSayagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) isu oTTina mUlaka kannaDadalli obba vyakti mAtra toDagikonDiruva akarmaka kriyApadagaLannu mAtravallade ibbaru vastu) vyaktigaLu vyakti toDagikonDiruva ‘sakarmaka’ kriyApadagaLannU badalAyisalu sAdyavide.

(illavE obba

mattu ondu

(4ka) rAju ODida (4ca) hari rAjuvannu ODisida

(5ka) rAju haNNu tinda (5ca) hari rAjuvige haNNu tinnisida

(5ka)dalli bandiruva tinnu kriyApada akarmakavalla, sakarmaka; yAkendare, adarondige eraDu nAmapadagaLu (rAju mattu haNNu) baLakeyAgive. hIgiddarU, adakke isu oTTannu sErisalu sAdya embudannu (5ca)dalli kANabahudu.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli I isu oTTina kelasa akarmaka kriyApadavannu sakarmakavAgi mADuvudalla; ondu kelasada

mEle obba vyaktigiruva hiDitavannu tappisi adannu innobba vyaktige koDuvudE adara kelasa. mEle (ka) vAkyagaLalli ondu kelasada mEle rAjuvigidda hiDitavannu (ca) vAkyagaLalli tappisi, A hiDitavannu harige koDalAgide.

(2) kannaDadalli koLLu embudara baLakeyU idE rItiyalli sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsagaLiruva nuDigaLalliruva hAge bariya sakarmaka kriyApadagaLige mAtra sImitavAgilla. obbanE vyakti toDagikonDiruva kriyApadagaLondigU adannu baLasalu sAdyavide. ondu kelasa pUrti adannu naDesuva vyaktiya hiDitadallide mattu adu Atana hitakkAgiyE naDedide embudannu sUcisuvudE adara kelasa.

(6ka) magu nintide (6ca) magu nintukonDide

(7ka) hari rAjuvannu dUrida (7ca) rAju tannannE dUrikonDa

vAkya (6)ralli bandiruva nillu kriyApada akarmaka mattu (7)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva dUru kriyApada sakarmaka. Adare kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLondigU koLLu embudannu baLasalu sAdyavide (nintukonDide, dUrikonDa). takkudAdudalla embudu kannaDakke sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsa idarindalU siddavAguttade.

(3) bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeda kriyApadagaLannu kannaDadalli baLasuvudakkAgi Agu mattu mADu emba eraDu kriyApadagaLannu avugaLondige sErisi baLasalu sAdyavide. udAharaNegAgi, ingliSna avTAgu, bavlAgu, avTumADu,

bavlamADu modalAda eravalugaLannu gamanisabahudu. illi akarmaka-sakarmaka vyatyAsakkintalU Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavE mukyavAgide.

(4) kannaDadalli eraDu vAkyagaLannu mADi, mADuttA, mADalu mattu mADade emba nAlku rItiya jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka jODisi hELalu sAdyavide.

(8ka) rAju UTa mADi nammondige mAtanADida. (8ca) rAju UTa mADuttA nammondige mAtanADida. (8Ta) rAju UTa mADalu nammallige banda. (8ta) rAju UTa mADade nammallige banda.

eraDu vAkyagaLannu I rIti jODisabEkiddalli avu mADu vikegaLE illavE AguvikegaLE embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakate yide. yAkendare, mADuvikegaLannu (endare obba vyaktiya hiDitadalliruva kelasagaLannu) sUcisuva eraDu vAkyagaLannu intaha jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka jODisabEkiddalli averaDannu mADuva vyakti obbanE Agiruva avaSyakateyide.

(9ka) rAju tarakAri tandu aDuge mADida. (9ca) *rAju tarakAri tandu jAnaki aDuge mADidaLu.

tarakAri taruvudu mattu aDuge mADuvudu emba I eraDu kelasagaLU mADuvikegaLAda kAraNa, avannu tandu kriyArUpada mUlaka jODisabEkiddalli averaDannU obbanE vyakti mADiruva avaSyakateyide. I kAraNakkAgi (9ca) vAkya sariyAdudalla.

eraDu kelasagaLU AguvikegaLAdalli illavE ondu mADuvike mattu innondu Aguvike endiruvalli mAtra I rIti bEre bEre vyaktigaLu kelasagaLannu jODisi hELalu sAdyavide.

toDagikonDiruva

(10ka) jOrAgi gALi bIsi taragelegaLella oLage banduvu. (10ca) nAvu iSTu bEga bandu avaLige tondareyAyitu.

(10ka)dalli gALi bIsuvudu mattu oLage baruvudu embavu eraDU AguvikegaLu; mattu (10ca)dalli bEga baruvudu ondu mADuvike mattu tondareyAguvudu ondu Aguvike; I kAraNakkAgi, mElina eraDu jODaNegaLU sariyAgive (baT 2006 nODi). sakarmaka-akarmaka

mukyavAdudalla embudannu mattu Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa mukya embudannu tOrisikoDalu intaha innU halavu viSayagaLannu AdAravAgi koDabahudu (heccina vivaragaLige baT 1991 nODi).

kannaDadalli

vyatyAsa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.2.3 mUladrAviDada vyatyAsa

mEle vivarisida kAraNagaLigAgi, sakarmaka-akarmaka artavyatyAsada badalu tamiLu mattu kannaDa nuDigaLalli kANisikoLLuva I eraDu rItiya artavyatyAsagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu illavE bErondu artavyatyAsavannu samAnavAgiruva averaDakkU mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

kelasada pariNAma Agugana illavE mADugana mEleyE naDedideyAdare adannu Aguvikeyundu mattu bErobba vyakti illavE vastuvina mEle naDedideyAdare adannu mADuvikeyundu sAdyavide. hAgAgi, mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLa kareyalu

racaneyannu illi sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsada mUlaka vivarisuva badalu Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsada mUlaka vivarisalAgide.

mUladrAviDadalli kriyAbErugaLEnE AguvikegaLannu illavE mADuvikegaLannu sUcisalu sAdyaviddu, I vyatyAsavannavalambisi avannu keLage sUcisida hAge eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu.

mADuvikegaLu AguvikegaLu *koTTa ‘hoDe’’ *pU ‘araLu’’
*kaL ‘kadi’’ *niR ‘tumbu’’ *kol ‘kollu’’ *mAR ‘badalu’’ *vIZ ‘bILu’’ *yAL ‘ALu’’ *coT ‘toTTikku’’ *vil ‘mAru’’ *kay ‘kahiyAgu’’ *pUN ‘uDu’’ *nI ‘uddavAgu’’

*nil ‘nillu’’ *koy ‘koyyu’’

I kriyAbErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi bEre kriyApadagaLannu racisuvallU ADuvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavE mahatvada pAtra vahisuttade embudannu keLagina vivaraNeyinda tiLiyabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.3 kriyAbErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu

mUladrAviDa kriyAbErugaLannu avakke yAva oTTannU sErisade hAgeyE kriyApadagaLAgi baLasabahudittu. idallade avakke halavu hosa kriyApadagaLannu racisabahudittu.

padadoTTugaLannu

sErisiyU

hosa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.3.1 a, i, u oTTugaLu

vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLa anantara a, i mattu kriyApadagaLannu tayArisabahudittu. Adare, I oTTugaLu yAva artadalli baruttiddirabahudu embudannu kalpisikoLLalu innU sAdyavAgilla. keLage koTTiruva kannaDa kriyApadagaLalli I mUru oTTugaLa

mUru oTTugaLannu

sErisi

baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

(ka) i oTTina baLake

nUl ‘nUlu mADu’
nURu ‘jajju’
pAr ‘ODu’
kUn ‘bAgu, kusi’

nuli ‘tirupu’’ nuRi ‘puDimADu’’ pari ‘ODu’’ kuni ‘bAgu, muduDu’’

(ca) u oTTina baLake

bIsu ‘bisADu’’

bisu ‘bisADu’’ agu ‘Agu’’

(Ta) a(y) oTTina baLake

nAn ‘oddemADu’’
nEr ‘oppu’’
tAL ‘tALmeyindiru’’

nane ‘oddeyAgu’’ nere ‘oTTu sEru’ taLe ‘tALu’

mEle (Ta) vibAgadalli koTTiruva kannaDa udAharaNegaLalli e oTTu kANisuvudAdarU adu mUla drAviDadalli *ay emba rUpadallE baruttittu (tamiLu: nanay, niRay) embudAgi kalpisikoLLalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.3.2 taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLu

(ka) svaradalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLa anantara mattu (ca) vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLige, mEle sUcisida hAge, a, i, u oTTugaLannu sErisida anantara, taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva mUru rItiya oTTugaLu baraballuvembudAgi kalpisalAgide. I oTTugaLu kakAradalli, takAradalli illavE pakAradalli konegoLLaballuvAgidduvu.

I mUru rItiya oTTugaLallU taDeyuli otte rUpadalli (ku, tu, pu) illavE immaDi rUpadalli (kku, ttu, ppu) baraballudAgittu mattu adara modalu ondu mUguli baraballu dAgittu (nku, nkku, ntu, nttu, mpu, mppu) embudAgi kruSNamUrti (1997, 2003) vAdisiddAre. avara matadante, I oTTugaLu mUladrAviDadalli akarmaka-sakarmaka vyatyAsavannu mattu hindina samaya - mundina samaya vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva hAge sUcisuttiddirabEku.

akarmaka

sakarmaka

mundina samaya *mpa *nka
*mppa *nkka

hindina samaya *ntta

(1) Adare, keLage 7.5ralli sUcisida hAge, Aguvikeya kriyApadagaLinda mADuvikeya kriyApadagaLannu paDeyuvudakkAgi avakke mUladrAviDadalli t oTTannu sErisalAguttittemba kalpane sariyAdalli, mEle koTTiruva mADuvikeya oTTugaLella (ppa, *kka, *tta mattu *mppa, *nkka mattu *ntta) Aguvikeya

oTTugaLige (kruSNamUrtiyavara ‘akarmaka’’oTTugaLige) adE *t oTTannu sErisi paDeda rUpagaLallade svatantravAda oTTugaLalla embudAgi vAdisalu sAdyavide. I ellA oTTugaLallU (mattu ivugaLalli mAtravE) immaDi taDeyuligaLu bandiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu (p+t>ppa, mpa+t>mppa, ityAdi).

konegoLLuva

(2) mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi pakAradalli mattu oTTugaLu kakAradalli mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyalliddirabEkendu mEle koTTiruva kOSTakadalli sUcisalAgide. Adare, ivugaLa naDuve artadalli kalpisikoLLalu innU sAdyavAgilla.

vyatyAsavittu embudannu

(3) pakAra mattu kakAragaLalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLige mUla drAviDadalli modalige mundina samayavannu sUcisuva artaviddirabEku mattu takAradalli konegoLLuva oTTugaLige hindina samayavannu sUcisuva artaviddirabEku embudAgi kalpisikoLLalAgide. Adare I artavyatyAsavU ivattina nuDigaLalli uLidukonDilla. adara kelavu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu.

paLeyaLikegaLannu

mAtra

mattu

udAharaNegAgi,

hOgu kannaDada Agu kriyApadagaLalli kANisuva gakAra mUladrAviDadalli baruttidda samayada oTTina paLeyaLikeyumbudAgi hELalu mundina sAdyavide. yAkendare, adu mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLalli (Aguttade, Agali; hOguttade) kANisuttadallade hindina hOda, samayada hOyitu) samayavannu sUcisuva Agi mattu hOgi rUpagaLu idakke apavAdagaLu).

(Ada, Ayitu; (Adare hindina

kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuvudilla.

kannaDada piZi kriyApadada artadallE pinDu, hinDu rUpa gaLU baLakeyalliruvudu mElina kalpanege innondu udAharaNe yAgaballudu. ivugaLalli kANisuva NDa oTTu mEle koTTiruva hindina samayada nta oTTina paLeyaLikeyirabEku. (ZakArada anantara banda nta embudu NDa endAgide). Adare I rUpagaLu kannaDadalli hindina samayakke sImitavAgilla.

vyatyAsavannU

(4) mUladrAviDadalli I oTTugaLu akarmaka-sakarmaka (Aguvike-mADuvike) koDuttiddirabEkembudAgi mElina kOSTakadalli sUcisalAgide. I vyatyAsa tamiLu, malayALa modalAda halavu tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli ivattigU uLidukonDide; Adare, kannaDadalli idu bahaLa maTTige aLidu hOgide (vivaragaLige 7.5.1 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.3.3 oTTugaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu

mEle vivarisida taDeyuligaLu mAtravallade c, R mattu T taDeyuligaLU nuNucu, eDaRu, bedaRu, kadaDu, horaDu).

kANisikoLLuttave

kriyApadagaLalli

Adare, ivu mUladrAviDa bErugaLalli illavE oTTugaLalli bandiruva vyanjanagaLalli naDeda kelavu sErikeya badalAvaNegaLinda mUDibandiveyallade, mUladrAviDa oTTugaLallidda vyanjanagaLalla embudAgi kruSNamUrti (2003) vAdisiddAre.
kANisuva kriyApadagaLalli

T embudu LakAradondige takAra sEridAga naDeda badalAvaNeya pala embudannu keLagina udAharaNeyalli kANabahudu.

kannaDada

kannaDa
suruTu (*suruL-tu)

tamiLu curuL

teraTu ‘uruLu’’

teraL

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.4 Aguvikeya oTTugaLu

svaradalli konegoLLuva bErugaLa anantara mattu vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva kriyAbErugaLige a, i, u oTTugaLannu sErisida anantara (7.3.1 nODi), avugaLondige la, La, ra, Za, va modalAguva oTTugaLU illavE baraballuvAgidduvu.

vyanjanagaLalli

mUladrAviDadalli mElina oTTugaLige sakarmaka kriyApadagaLannu mADuvikegaLannu akarmaka AguvikegaLannAgi) badalAyisuva kelasaviddirabEkendu kruSNamUrti (2003) vAdisiddAre.

kriyApadagaLannAgi

drAviDa nuDigaLalli intaha oTTugaLiruva kriyApadagaLalli hecci navU AguvikegaLAgiveyumbudu I Uhege ondu AdAra. udA haraNegAgi, kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli la, La, Za illavE ra oTTina sAmAnyavAgi ondu jAgadalli bandideyAdare, avu Aguvikeyannu sUcisuttave.

LakAraviruvavu tevaL ‘tevaLu’’ naraL ‘naraLu’’

lakAraviruvavu
saDil ‘saDilu’’ kaZal ‘kaLacu’
kaLal ‘uduru’’ uruL ‘uruLu’’ kaval ‘kavaloDe’’ kanal ‘siTTAgu’’ eZal ‘nEtADu’’

temaL ‘jAru’’ muguL ‘muccu’’ poraL ‘horaLu’’

ZakAraviruvavu

rakAraviruvavu

negaZ ‘vyaktavAgu’’ bidir ‘cellu, haraDu’’ tumuZ ‘beLagu’’ adir ‘naDugu’’ jaguZ ‘jAru’’ aguZ ‘muLugu’’ cigur ‘ciguru’’ podaZ ‘kANisu’’ maguZ ‘magucu’’ bemar ‘bevaru’’

pasur ‘hasurAgu’’

kuLir ‘caLiyAgu’’

mEle koTTiruva kannaDa kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva oTTinalli la, La, Za illavE ra vyanjanaviddu avellavU AguvikegaLannu sUcisuttave embudannu gamanisabahudu. intaha oTTugaLannu mADuvikeyannu sUcisuvantaha aval ‘onakeyinda kuTTu’, agaZ ‘age’, savaru ‘kattarisu’ embantaha kelavE kelavu mAtra kannaDadallive.

kriyApadagaLalli

paDediruva

idallade, baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLAda kuDuk mattu mAltO gaLalli mADuvikegaLannu AguvikegaLannAgi mADalu rakAraviruva oTTondu baLakeyallideyumbudu mElina kalpanege innondu AdAra. udAharaNegAgi, mAltO nuDiyalli idakkAgi r oTTannu baLasalAguttade.

mADuvike Eg ‘bILisu’’
asga ‘anTisu’
ey ‘kaTTu’
bAg ‘kere’

Aguvike Egra ‘bILu’’ asgra ‘anTu’’ eyra ‘kaTTikoLLu’’ bAgra ‘keredukoLLu’’

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.5 mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva *t oTTu

mUlatenkudrAviDadalli Aguvikeyannu sUcisuva kriyAbErugaLige *t oTTannu sErisi avu mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva hAge mADalu sAdyavittu. kannaDa (mattu tuLu, koraga) nuDigaLannu biTTu itara ellA tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLU I oTTannu bahaLa spaSTavAgi uLisikonDive.

udAharaNegAgi, tamiLina halavu kriyApadagaLige Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLannu rUpagaLiddu avugaLalli eraDaneya (mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva) rUpavannu modalaneyadakke t oTTannu sErisuvudara mUlaka paDeyalu sAdyavide.

sUcisuva eraDeraDu

(ka) I kriyApadagaLa koneya vyanjana k, T illavE R iddalli, mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu avugaLadE rUpa vannu paDeyuttade; (ca) n illavE l iddalli A vyanjana mattu oTTina takAra eraDU R rUpavannu paDeyuttave mattu (Ta) N illavE L iddalli eraDU T rUpavannu paDeyuttave; (ta) itara kriyApadagaLa anantara adu tta rUpadalli baruttade.

idallade, (pa) kriyApadagaLa koneya vyanjana ondu taDe yuliyAgiddu, adakke modalu mUguliyondu bandiddare, antaha kriyApadakke mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTannu sErisidAga taDeyuliya modalidda mUguli bidduhOguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva tamiLu kriyApadagaLa

Aguvike mattu mADuvikeya rUpagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.

Aguvike
pOku ‘hOgu’

mADuvike pOkku ‘hOgisu’’

ERu ‘Eru’

OTTu ‘ODisu’’ ERRu ‘Erisu’

(ca) tin ‘tinnu’

akal ‘haraDu’

tiRRu ‘tinnisu’ akaRRu ‘haraDisu’’

mAL ‘sAyu’

UTTu ‘uNisu’ mATTu ‘kollu’

(ta) alar ‘araLu’

alarttu ‘araLisu’’

(pa) iRaGku ‘iLi’’

irakku ‘iLisu’

INTu ‘oTTu sEru’’ ITTu ‘oTTu sErisu’’ poruntu ‘oppu’ tirumpu ‘tirugu’

poruttu ‘oppisu’ tiruppu ‘tirugisu’

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.5.1 kannaDadalli *t oTTina paLeyaLikegaLu

AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLAgi badalAyisuva I vidAna kannaDa dalli uLidilla. adara paLeyaLikegaLannu mAtra haLegannaDada kelavu kriyApada jODigaLalli kANabahudu.

Aguvike
aDagu ‘mareyAgu’’
amugu ‘ottihOgu’
tuRugu ‘otti tumbiru’’ aNungu ‘nASavAgu’

mADuvike aDaku ‘bacciTTukoLLu’’ amuku ‘ottu’ tuRuku ‘otti tumbisu’ aNunku ‘nASamADu’

kannaDada

idallade,

kriyApadagaLu

gu embudaralli konegoLLuvuvAdare avu AguvikegaLAgiruvudu heccu mattu ku embudaralli konegoLLuvuvAdare mADuvikegaLAgiruvudu heccu. ivugaLalli baruva gu mattu ku embavugaLu mUlatenkudrAviDada ku mattu *kku (<k+*t) embavugaLa (illavE *nku mattu nkku embavugaLa) kannaDa rUpagaLAgive embudannu idarindalU Uhisabahudu.

AguvikegaLu moZagu muZugu miRugu soragu naDugu
paZagu
koragu
jinugu
karagu

mADuvikegaLu tadaku kusuku peRuku (hekku) huDuku hisuku tuRuku siDuku
cimuku

idallade, kannaDada halavu nAmapadagaLalli mADuvikeyannu

sUcisuva kriyArUpa uLidukonDiruvudannu kANabahudu.

modalAda

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada tUgu-tUka, nARu-nAta, ADu- jODigaLalli mUladrAviDada Aguvikeya modalaneyadu rUpadinda (*tUnku, *nARu mattu *ATu embudarinda) bandirabEku mattu eraDaneyadu (nAmapada) mADuvikeya

kriyApada-nAmapada

(kriyApada)

rUpadinda (*tUnkku, *nARRu mattu *ATTu embudarinda) bandirabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.5.2 samayada oTTina anantara *t oTTina baLake

kannaDa (mattu tuLu) nuDigaLannu horatupaDisi itara tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva *t oTTu kelavu kriyApada gaLige nEravAgi sEruva badalu samayada oTTina anantara baruttade embudAgi vidvAmsaru kalpisikonDiddAre (subrahmaNyam 1971 nODi).

ikAradalli illavE y, r atavA Z vyanjanadalli kone goLLuva halavAru kriyApadagaLa kriyArUpagaLalli (mattu keTu ‘keDu’, viTu ‘biDu’, vaRu ‘huri’yantaha kelavu ukAradalli konegoLLuva mattu eraDu hagura ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLa kriyArUpagaLalli) intaha baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva hindina samayada tamiLu

kriyArUpagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.

Aguvike

kriyApada kuZay ‘koLe’’ kuZayntatu camay ‘same’’ camayntatu kuni ‘bAgu’’ kunintatu cari ‘jAru’’ carintatu
taRi ‘tunDAgu’ taRintatu cEr ‘sEru’ cErntatu tAZ ‘taggu’’ tAZntatu tOy ‘nene’’ tOyntatu

mADuvike

kuZayttEn camayttEn kunittEn carittEn taRittEn cErttEn tAZttEn tOyttEn

koTTiruva

kriyApadagaLige Aguvike

sUcisuva eraDeraDu hindina

mEle mattu samayada mADuvikegaLannu rUpagaLive. ivugaLalli Aguvikeyannu sUcisuva modalaneya kriyArUpadalli mattu mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva eraDaneya kriyArUpadalli tta samayada oTTu bandide.

samayada oTTu bandide

tamiLu

rUpavAgide

ivugaLalli modalaneya oTTu mUla tenkudrAviDada *nta tamiLinalli samayada oTTina badalAgade uLidide); oTTinondige mUlatenkudrAviDada mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva *t oTTu sEri Agiruva *ntta embudara tamiLu rUpavAgide (illi nakAra biddu hOgide - 7.5(pa) nODi).

eraDaneya

samayada

intahadE Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLallU kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, tamiLina utir ‘uduru’ kriyApadakke utirva ‘uduruva’ mattu utirppa ‘udurisuva’ emba eraDu mundina samayada rUpagaLive.

ivugaLalli modalaneyadu mundina samayada p oTTu v Adudarinda tayArAgide mattu eraDaneyadu mundina samayada p oTTinondige mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu sEri ppa Adudarinda tayArAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.5.3 baDaga kannaDadalli *t oTTu

kriyArUpagaLu

Aguvike

mattu

mADuvikegaLannu

sUcisuva kannaDadallU uLidukonDive.

udAharaNegAgi pariSIlisabahudu (emenO 1967).

keLage

koTTiruva

kriyArUpagaLannu

AguvikegaLu siguduttu ‘hariyitu’
hogadattu ‘hoge bantu’ iDudattu ‘oDeyitu’
agiduttu ‘biTTitu’ suladuttu ‘suliyitu’ nanade ‘oddeyAde’ sEde ‘sEride’

mADuvikegaLu
sigutte ‘haride’ hogatte‘hoge bariside’ iDutte ‘oDede’ agitte ‘biTTe’ sulatte ‘sulide’ nanatte ‘odde mADide’ sEtte ‘sEriside’

modalaneya

Aguvikeyannu

sUcisuvantaha

kriyArUpagaLalli *nta oTTu d

kAlannalli mUlatenkudrAviDada hindina koTTiruva samayada mattu rUpakke badalAgide mADuvikeyannu sUcisuvantaha eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva kriyArUpagaLalli adarondige mADuvikeya *t oTTu bandiddu averaDU sEriruva *ntta embudu tta rUpakke badalAgide.

Adare, idu baDaga nuDiyalli tenkudrAviDada uLikeyE illavE bEre tamiLu, toda modalAda tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLa samparkadinda beLedu (illavE eravalAgi) bandudE emba viSayadalli samSayavide. yAkendare, baDaga kannaDada bEre padagaLalli tamiLinalli naDeda I eraDaneya (*ntta > tta) badalAvaNe naDedilla.

Adare, kannaDadalli paLeyaLikeyAgi mAtravE uLidiruvantaha Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsakke (7.5.1 nODi) samanAda vyatyAsa baDaga kannaDada halavu kriyApadagaLalli

kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu (bAlakruSNan 1999).

mADuvike

Aguvike
alugu ‘allADu’’ aluku ‘allADisu’’ oNagu ‘oNagu’’ kulugu ‘allADu’’ mangu ‘mankAgu’’ makku ‘manku mADu’’ tirugu ‘tirugu’

oNaku ‘oNagisu’ kuluku ‘allADisu’’

Iku ‘iLisu’ tiruku ‘tirugisu’

idallade,  bEre  kelavu  rItiya  vyatyAsagaLannu  tOrisuva  kriyApadagaLU  baDaga  kannaDadalli  Aguvike-mADuvike  artavyatyAsa  vannu sUcisaballudu. 

mADuvike Aguvike
mAtu ‘badalAyisu’’ mAru ‘badalAgu’ nAtu ‘odde mADu’ nAnu ‘oddeyAgu’ ATu ‘allADisu’ ADu ‘allADu’ kUTu ‘sErisu’ kUDu ‘sEru’’
bUku ‘bILisu’’ bU ‘bILu’ suruLu ‘suttikoLLu’ suruTu ‘sundu’’

ivugaLalli kelavu kriyApadagaLu tamiLininda eravalAgi bandiralu sAdyavideyAdarU, kelavu mUladrAviDada vyatyAsavannu baDaga kannaDa uLisikonDideyumbudakke AdAravAgiralu sAdyavide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.5.4 havyaka kannaDadalli *t oTTu

havyaka kannaDadallU Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLannu sUcisuva kANisuttave. kelavu hindina kannaDada udAharaNegAgi, kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

samayada keLage

kriyArUpagaLu

koTTiruva

havyaka

Aguvike
muruttu ‘muriyitu’’ haruttu ‘hariyitu’ siguttu ‘sigiyitu’ kaDuttu ‘kaDiyitu’ iLuttu ‘iLiyitu’ hiDuttu ‘hiDiyitu’’
oDattu ‘oDeyitu’ taLattu ‘saveyitu’ marattu ‘mareta’

mADuvike murudattu ‘murida’’ harudattu ‘harida’ sigudattu ‘sigida’ kaDudattu ‘kaDida’ iLudattu ‘iLida’ hiDudattu ‘hiDida’’ oDadattu ‘oDeda’ taLadattu ‘saveda’ maradattu ‘mareta’’

havyaka

kannaDada

kriyArUpagaLannu

sandarbagaLalli adu

gavravArtadalli baLasabEkAdAga mAtra avugaLalli lingabEda sUcitavAguttade, mEle sUcisuva koTTiruvantaha Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavannu kriyArUpagaLu mAtra gavravArtavannu kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLa koneyallU ttu ADuga oTTu baLakeyAgide.

sUcitavAguvudilla.

sUcisadiruvalli

ivugaLalli modalaneya rUpavannu kriyApadakke hindina samayada ‘sonne’ oTTannu (mattu ttu ADuga oTTannu)

sErisuvudara mUlaka racisalAgide mattu adu ondu vastuvige EnAyitembudannu (endare Aguvikeyannu) tiLisuttade.

eraDaneya rUpavannu kriyApadakke hindina samayada d(a) oTTannu (mattu adara anantara ttu oTTannu) sErisuvudara mUlaka racisalAgide mattu adu obba vyakti Enu mADida embudannu (endare mADuvikeyannu) tiLisuttade.

I eraDu rItiya

vyatyAsa akarmaka-sakarmakagaLa

kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyuntahadu embudannu keLagina havyaka vAkyagaLu spaSTapaDisuttave. illi kANisuva naDuvinadu endu hELuvudakkintalU Aguvike-mADuvikegaLa naDuvinadu endu hELuvudE udAharaNeyinda nAmapadagaLa vAkyagaLallU ondakkinta baLakeyAgideyumbudannu gamanisabahudu.

koTTiruva keLage spaSTavAguttade. I eraDu

sari embudu

heccu

(11ka) aLage oDattu

’‘maDike oDeyitu’’ (11ca) kUsu aLageya oDadattu

’‘huDugi maDikeyannu oDedaLu’

(12ka) kUsinge pada marattu

‘‘huDugige pada maretitu’’

(12ca) kUsu padava maradattu

’‘huDugi padavannu maretaLu’’

I rItiya rUpavyatyAsa havyaka kannaDadalli ekArAnta mattu ikArAnta kriyApadagaLalli, adarallU ADuga-kELugarannu biTTu

itara vyaktigaLa kelasavannu sUcisuva mattu gavravArtavillada kriyA rUpagaLalli mAtravE kANisuttade.

subrahmaNyam (baralide) avara abiprAyadante, havyakada I rUpavyatyAsakkU tamiLu illavE baDaga kannaDadalli kANisuva rUpa vyatyAsakkU naDuve yAva sambandavU illa. havyakadalli kANisuva vyatyAsakke avaru koTTiruva hAge vivaraNeyannu odagisiddAre.

keLage

havyakada heccina kriyArUpagaLallU hindina samayada oTTige adara anantara baruva Aguga oTTannavalambisi eraDeraDu rUpagaLive; gavravavannu sUcisuva Aguga oTTu bandideyAdare adakke d rUpavide (mADide, hELide, baDude) mattu gavravavannu sUcisadiruva Aguga oTTu bandideyAdare sonne rUpavide (mADittu, hELittu, baDuttu).

gavravavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli baruva d oTTannu gavravavannu sUcisadiruva kriyArUpagaLallU baLasuva mUlaka havyaka kannaDa kelavu kriyApadagaLa maTTige Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsavannu hosadAgi tayArisikonDirabEku; endare, havyaka kannaDada I vyatyAsa mUla tenkudrAviDadallidda Aguvike- mADuvike vyatyAsada paLeyaLikeyalla embudAgi subrahmaNyam vAdisuttAre.

Adare subrahmaNyam avara I vivaraNe ondu viSayadalli

tondare koDuvantahadAgide.

mEle (7.5.2ralli) sUcisida hAge, tamiLinalli mADuvike yannu sUcisuva t oTTu samayada oTTina anantara baruvudu mukyavAgi ikAradalli mattu ya, ra, Za vyanjanagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara mAtra.

ekAradalli

havyaka kannaDadallU mElina artavyatyAsavannu kANisuvalli antahadE nirbandavideyundu hELabahudu. adu ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli mAtra kANisuttade. ivugaLalli kriyApadagaLu mUladrAviDadalli *ay embudaralli konegoLLuttidduvAda kAraNa, avu tamiLina yakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLige samanAgive. (rakAra mattu ZakAradalli konegoLLuva mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLu havyakadalli ukAradalli konegoLLuva kAraNa antaha kriyApadagaLalli I vyatyAsa kANisuvudilla).

konegoLLuva

mEle koTTiruva subrahmaNyam avara vivaraNeyannu oppi konDalli, tamiLu mattu baDaga kannaDagaLalli mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu samayada oTTina anantara baruvudakkiruva nirbandavE havyakadalli mEle sUcisida Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa kANisikoLLuvudakkU yAke ide embudannu vivarisalu sAdyavAgadu.

hAgAgi, havyakadallU mElina vyatyAsa mADuvikeya oTTu samayada oTTina anantara bandudarindAgi mUDibandideyundu vAdisuva avaSyakateyide. keLage kANisida hAge A rIti vAdisalu ondu dAriyU ide.

hindina samayada nta oTTina anantara nEravAgi gavravavannu sUcisadiruva ttu oTTu bandAga adu havyakadalli sonne rUpa vannu paDedide mattu adarondige mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTU bandAga averaDara jODi (ntta embudu) d rUpa havyakadallU hELuva vannu tamiLinantahadE nirbanda yAke ide embudannu vivarisalu sAdyavide.

paDedide endu

mUlaka

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.6 mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva bEre oTTugaLu

*ipu mattu *icu emba bEre eraDu oTTugaLa mUlakavU mUladrAviDadalli AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLAgi badalAyisalu sAdyaviddirabEku. ivugaLalli modalinadu mundina samayada kriyApadagaLondige baruttiddirabEku mattu eraDaneyadu hindina samayada kriyApadagaLondige baruttiddirabEku. haLegannaDada kelavu kriyApadagaLalli I eraDu oTTugaLa baLakeyannU kANabahudu.

Aguvike

karagu

mADuvike

mundina samaya karagipar aLipar
gelipar

hindina samaya karagisidar aLisidar gelisidar

Adare hosagannaDadalli isu oTTannE ellA sandarbagaLallU

baLasalAguttade.

Aguvike

karagisu
gellu

mADuvike

mundina samaya keDisuttAre karagisuttAre
aLisuttAre gellisuttAre

hindina samaya keDisidaru karagisidaru aLisidaru gellisidaru

bEre

rUpagaLallU haLegannaDadallEnE cu oTTu AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLAgi

kriyApadagaLa

kelavu

badalAyisalu baLakeyAguttittu. idU kUDa mUladrAviDada *icu oTTina paLeyaLikeyAgirabEku.

Aguvike
uruL
tirugu

mADuvike agalcu tIrcu uruLcu tirucu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.7 nAmabErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu

mUladrAviDadalli nAmabErugaLinda illavE nAmapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavittE embudinnU spaSTavAgilla. kannaDada kriyApadagaLannu kannaDaddE Ada nAmapadagaLondige illavE tamiLu modalAda itara drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga avugaLa oLaracaneyalli keLage sUcisida kelavu oTTugaLu baLakeyAgiruva hAge tOruttade.

nAmapada puZu ‘huLa’’
nUlu

kriyApada puZi ‘huLa hiDi’’ nuli ‘tirucu, nUlu tege’’

(2) ku\gu oTTu: nAmapada miDi ‘duguDa’
kU ‘kUgu’ maZa ‘masuku’

kriyApada miDuku ‘aLalu’’ kUgu maZgu, maggu ‘masukAgu’’

(3) cu oTTu:

nAmapada nAN ‘nAcuge’’ koral ‘uli’
tamiLu: veru ‘hedarike’ bercu ‘beccu’’

kriyApada nANcu ‘nAcu’ koralcu ‘uli mADu’

mElina oTTE su rUpadalli innU halavu padagaLalli

baLakeyAguttade.

nAmapada tunDu
hesaru
konDe ‘cADi’
nUlu
bOLu bayake
besa ‘appaNe’’
beppaLa ‘accari’

(4) mu oTTu: nAmapada AL ‘keccu’’

(5) l oTTu:

kriyApada tunDisu hesarisu kattarisu konDisu ‘cADi hELu’’ nUlisu ‘nUlu mADu’’ bOLisu

bayasu besasu ‘appaNe mADu’ beppaLisu ‘accaripaDu’

kriyApada aNmu ‘keccu tOrisu’

nAmapada maZa ‘masuku’

kriyApada maZal ‘masakAgu’’

mUladrAviDadallEnE halavu nAmapadagaLu mattu kriyApada gaLu ondE rUpadallidduvendu kalpisalAgide. kannaDadallU idakke halavu udAharaNegaLannu koDabahudu.

kriyAbEru higgu
nagu dUru
hADu

nAmapada higgu
nagu dUru hADu

mUlaka

Adare, intaha sandarbagaLallella kriyAbErugaLinda ‘sonne’ paDeyalAgideyundE nAmapadagaLannu kalpisikoLLalAguttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, nAmabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi kriyApadagaLannu paDeyuva vidAna drAviDa nuDigaLalli heccu baLakeyallilla; Adare, kriyAbErugaLige halavu rItiya oTTugaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmapadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavide (9.3 nODi)

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.8 guNabErugaLinda kriyApadagaLu

guNabErugaLige i oTTannu sErisi tayArisida kriyApadagaLu
kannaDadalli kelavive. bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLalli i oTTina anantara mUladrAviDada *tu oTTu bandiddu adu kannaDadalli cu rUpakke badalAgide.

guNabEru kriyApada taN ‘taNNage, tampu’’ taNi ‘taNNagAgu’, daNi ‘baLalu’ nasu ‘cikka, svalpa’’

nasi ‘taLe, cikkadAgu’’

pin ‘hinde’’
per ‘doDDa’’

pincu ‘hinde sari’’ percu, peccu ‘heccu’’

guNapadagaLinda isu oTTina mUlaka kriyApadagaLannu

racisuva kannaDada krama idE oTTina munduvarikeyAgirabahudu.

guNapada iduru
kampu
cokka

kriyApada idurisu kampisu ‘parimaLisu’’ aDDavisu sogayisu daTTaNisu paZasu

guNabErugaLige gu oTTannu sErisi racisiruva kriyApadagaLU

kelavive.

guNabEru kiZ ‘keLa, keLage’’ pin ‘hinde’ per ‘doDDa’’
oN-a ‘oNagida’’ oNagu ‘nIrAru’

kriyApada kiLgu ‘taggu’’ pingu ‘hinde sari’’ higgu ‘doDDadAgu, ubbu’

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.9 kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu

mUladrAviDa kriyApadagaLu haLegannaDadalli heccu badalAgade uLidukonDive (haLetamiLu illavE haLegannaDadalli kANisuva rUpavembudAgi rUpavE

mUladrAviDada

heccukaDime

kalpisikonDiruvudE hosagannaDadalli avugaLa rUpa bahaLa maTTige badalAgide.

kAraNavirabahudu).

mUladrAviDada hAge haLegannaDadalli halavu AkAragaLalliruva kriyApadagaLidduvu; Adare hosagannaDadalli ukAra, ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva mUru rItiya kriyApadagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. adarallU, ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLallella eraDu hagura ulikantegaLu mAtra baraballuvu (nuDi, maDi, ari, hari; kare, tere, seLe, hoLe, bare).

itara ulikantegaLu (kaTTu, anju, tUgu) mattu eraDakkinta jAsti ulikantegaLu (oNagu, duDuku, appaLisu, mUdalisu) ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli mAtra baraballuvu.

keLage

sUcisida badalAvaNegaLindAgi, mUladrAviDadalli illavE haLegannaDadallidda halavAru bageya kriyApadagaLu I rIti hosagannaDadalli illavAgive.

idduvAdarU

(1) taDeyuligaLalli konegoLLuva halavu kriyApadagaLu koneyalli mUladrAviDadalli uccAraNegAgi ukAravondu baruttittembudannu nAvu hinde AranE adyAyadalli nODiruvevu. I ukAra hosagannaDallU uLidukonDide (iDu, kaTTu, sigu, hekku, hattu, appu).

avugaLa

(2) mUladrAviDadalli taDeyuliyAgidda RakAra kannaDadalli svaragaLa naDuve taDeyuliyAgi uLiyade hoDeyuli (illavE adiruli)yAgi badalAgideyAda nODi), RakAradalli kriyApadagaLa anantara halavu haLegannaDadalli uccAraNegAgi ukAra baruva avaSyakateyiralilla. hAgAgi avu vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva padagaLAgidduvu (tAR ‘oNagu’, AR ‘nandu’, uR ‘iru’ eZcaR ‘niddetiLi’).

konegoLLuva

Adare, hosagannaDadalli intaha kriyApadagaLella ukAradalli

konegoLLuvuvAgive (nAR > nAru, peR > heru).

(3) idallade, mUladrAviDadalli na, Na, ya, va, ra, la, La mattu ZagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLidduvu mattu ivella konegoLLuva haLegannaDadalli vyanjanagaLalli kriyApadagaLAgiyE uLididduvu; Adare hosagannaDadalli ivellavU svaradalli (ukAradalli) konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLAgi badalAgive.

I kriyApadagaLalli ondE ulikanteyiddu, adaralli giDDa svara bandideyAdare, adara koneya vyanjana hosagannaDadalli immaDi rUpavannu paDeyuttade. (rakAra illavE RakAradinda banda rakAra (bar > baru, teR > teru) mattu ZakAradinda banda LakAra (aZ > aLu) mAtra I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgive).

giDDa svara iruvalli haLegannaDa hosagannaDa tinnu koy koyyu gellu koLLu koL teR aZ aZu

udda svara iruvalli haLegannaDa hosagannaDa sIn sInu nOy nOyu sOl sOlu kELu kEL hIru nAR nAru bAZ bALu

(4)  Adare,  eraDu  ulikantegaLiruva  kriyApadagaLalli  giDDa  svarada  anantaravU  lakAra  mattu  LakAragaLu  otte  rUpadallE  uLidive. 

haLegannaDa kanal
pogaL
tegaZ

hosagannaDa kanalu hogaLu tegaLu

(5)  intaha  kelavu  kriyApadagaLa  koneyalli  uccAraNegAgi  sErida  ukAra  avugaLa  kriyArUpagaLallU  uLidukonDiruva  kAraNa, adu kriyApadada amSavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDa  mattu  hosagannaDagaLalli  keLagina  kriyApadagaLigiruva  hindina  samayada rUpagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu. 

  haLegannaDa   bemar   kanal    bAZ   kEL   

pIrda
bemarda
kanalda
bAZda
kEZda

hosagannaDa  hIru    bevaru   kanalu    bALu    kELu

bevarida kanalida bALida kELida

mEle koTTiruva hosagannaDa kriyApadagaLa koneyalli bandiruva ukAra bariya uccAraNegAgi bandudalla. yAkendare, avugaLa anantara hindina samayada d oTTu sEridAgalU I ukAra ikAravAgi badalAguttadallade bidduhOguvudilla.

(6) Adare bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa koneyalli adu bariya uccAraNegAgi sAdyavide. mAtravE bandudendu hELalu yAkendare, avugaLa anantara hindina samayada oTTu sEridAga I ukAra bidduhOguttade.

  haLegannaDa  

hosagannaDa 

sOl
sAy

sOlta satta

tinnu
gellu
sOlu sAyu

sOta satta

haLegannaDada tin kriyApadada koneyalli ukAra sEri adu hosagannaDadalli tinnu endAgideyAdarU hindina samayada kriyArUpadalli tin emba rUpadallE uLidide. itara kriyApadagaLa koneya ukAravU hosagannaDada hindina samayada rUpagaLalli uLidillavembudannu gamanisabahudu.

(7) ondE ulikanteyiruva mattu svaradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hosagannaDadalli intaha ukAra sEri avu eraDu ulikanteya kriyApadagaLAgive. idallade, I ukArada modalu yakAravondu sEriruttade.

Adare, I ukAra mattu yakAragaLu bariya uccAraNegAgi sEridavugaLendu hELalu sAdyavide. yAkendare, I kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLalli averaDU uLiyuvudilla.

haLegannaDa mE

mEda

hosagannaDa

kAyu tEyu mEyu

mEda

(8) mElina badalAvaNegaLu mAtravallade, haLegannaDadallidda halavu rItiya vyanjanakantegaLu hosagannaDadalli illavAgive

(vivaragaLige badalAvaNegaLindAgiyU kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli illavAgive.

haLegannaDadallidda

nODi). I halavu rItiya

udAharaNegAgi, eraDu ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLa modalaneya ulikanteyalli uddasvaravideyAdalli adara anantara hosagannaDadalli ondu vyanjana mAtra baraballudu.

haLegannaDa bArcu
sOnku nUnku
mInTu

hosagannaDa bAcu sOku nUku mITu

giDDasvara

modalaneya ulikanteyalli

iruvallU hosagannaDadalli A svarada anantara immaDi vyanjana (kaTTu, tinnu, koyyu) illavE mUguliyondige banda taDeyuli (nungu, tumbu, anTu) mAtra baraballudallade itara vyanjanakantegaLu baralAravu.

haLegannaDa kaZku
kurgu
poNmu

hosagannaDa kakku kuggu hommu

mUru ulikantegaLiruva

haLegannaDadalli vyanjanakantegaLu baraballuvAgidduvu. Adare hosagannaDadalli ivella illavAgive.

padagaLallU

haLegannaDa baZdunku kalanku
murunTu palumbu

hosagannaDa baduku kalaku muruTu halubu

mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi kANisuva hosagannaDada kriyApadagaLella isu oTTinalli konegoLLuttave (niTTisu, Alisu, jankisu). idallade, jAsti ulikantegaLiruva mUrakkinta hosagannaDa kriyApadagaLella isu oTTinalli konegoLLuttave (appaLisu, kanavarisu, bEsarisu).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

7.10 tiruLu

mUladrAviDada kriyApadagaLannu kriyAbErugaLinda illavE guNa bErugaLinda paDeyalu sAdyavittu; Adare nAmabErugaLindalU avannu paDeyalu sAdyavittE emba viSayadalli samSayavide.

kriyAbErugaLige t oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka AguvikegaLannu mADuvikegaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdyavittu mattu la, La, ra, Za, va illavE ya vyanjanagaLinda modalAguva oTTugaLannu sErisuva mUlaka mADuvikegaLannu AguvikegaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdyavittu. kannaDadalli I eraDu vidAnagaLU paLeyaLikegaLalli mAtra uLidukonDive.

Adare, I mUladrAviDa vidAnagaLige badalAgi kriyApadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisuvantaha tannadE Ada vidAnavannu kannaDa kalpisi

kriyApadagaLu

haLegannaDadalli

mUladrAviDada

heccu badalAgilla, Adare hosagannaDadalli avu halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. idarindAgi hosagannaDadalli kelavE mAtra kelavu baLakeyAguttave.

tOrisuva kriyApadagaLu

rUpabEdagaLannu

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8. kriyArUpagaLu

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8.1 munnOTa

vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAguva kriyArUpagaLannu vAkyada koneyalli baruvavu mattu naDuve baruvavu embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu. mADuttAne, mADida, hOgu, barali modalA davu vAkyada koneyalli baraballa kriyArUpagaLu; mADi, mADalu, mADuva, mADidare modalAdavu vAkyada naDuve baraballa kriyArUpagaLu.

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8.1.1 vAkyada koneya kriyArUpagaLu

mUladrAviDadalli mukyavAgi tiLisuva vAkyagaLu mattu kelasavannu mADisikoLLuva vAkyagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLiddira bEku. kannaDadallU intahavE eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLive.

udAharaNegAgi, avanu manege hOguttAne embudu ondu tiLisuva vAkya mattu avanu manege hOgali embudu ondu kelasavannu mADisikoLLuva vAkya. I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa koneyallU kriyArUpagaLu baruttiddu avugaLa naDuve kelavu mukyavAda vyatyAsagaLannu kalpisalAgide.

(1) tiLisuva vAkyagaLa koneyalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDu oTTu gaLiruva kriyArUpagaLu baruttave. I eraDu oTTugaLalli naDeyaliruva) naDediruva modalaneyadu samayavannu sUcisuttade mattu eraDaneyadu kelasada Aguga illavE mADuganu mAtina ADuganE, kELuganE illavE itararE

(illavE

kelasa

embudannu sUcisuttade. kannaDada tiLisuva vAkyagaLa koneyallU intaha eraDu oTTugaLiruva kriyArUpagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada taLLide kriyArUpadalli taLLu kriyA padada anantara hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d ‘samaya’ oTTu bandide mattu adara anantara taLLuva kelasavannu mADidavanu vAkyada ADuga embudannu sUcisuva e ‘ADuga’ oTTu bandide.

ondu kelasa naDedide illavE naDeyalide embudannu tiLisuva badalu, ondu kelasa naDedilla illavE naDeyuvudilla embudannu tiLisabEkiddalli samayada oTTina jAgadalli allagaLeyuva *A oTTannu baLasalAguttittu.

intaha allagaLeyuva kriyArUpa haLegannaDadalli uLidide (piDiyam ‘(avanu) hiDiyuvudilla’), Adare hosagannaDada halavu oLanuDigaLalli (mattu baraha kannaDadalli) uLidilla.

(2) kelasavannu mADisuva vAkyagaLa koneyalli kriyApadavu orvacanadalli yAva oTTannU sErisikoLLade hAgeyE baruttade. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada avanigondu pustaka koDu vAkya mADisikoLLuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttiddu, adara kelasavannu koneyalli koDu kriyApada yAva oTTannU sErisikoLLade hAgeyE bandide.

halavacanadalli mAtra kriyApadadondige vacanavannu sUcisu vudakkAgi kELuganannu sUcisuva halavacanada ADuga oTTu baruttade. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada nIvu manege hOgi vAkyada koneyalli hOgu kriyApadadondige halavacanavannu sUcisuva i oTTu bandide.

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8.1.2 vAkyada naDuvina kriyArUpagaLu

vAkyagaLa naDuve baruva kriyArUpagaLalli kriyA-guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballa ‘jODisuva’ rUpagaLu mattu nAma-guNa padagaLa jAgadalli baraballa ‘sambandisuva’ rUpagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiyavugaLannu kANabahudu. jODisuva rUpagaLalli samayavannu sUcisuva oTTu mAtra bandiruttade; Adare sambandisuva rUpagaLalli sambandavannu sUcisuva a oTTU bandiruttade (12.2-3 nODi).

I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLu mAtravallade, Sarattannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLu mattu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballa kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu embudAgi bEre eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLU vAkyada naDuve baLakeyAgaballuvAgidduvu.

mUladrAviDadalli I bEre bEre rItiya kriyArUpagaLa oLa racane hEgiddirabahudu mattu avu kannaDada caritreyalli hEge badalAgirabahudu embudannu I adyAyadalli (mattu munde ombattu mattu hanneraDanE adyAyagaLalli) vivarisalAguvudu.

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8.2 samayada oTTugaLu

mUladrAviDakke mundina samaya mattu hindina samaya sUcisuvantaha embudAgi eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLallU oTTugaLannu intahavE eraDu rItiya samayada oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDada eraDu vAkyagaLannu

samayagaLannu kannaDada

kalpisikoLLalAgide.

pariSIlisabahudu.

(1ka) nAnu mumbayige hOguttEne. (1ca) nAnu mumbayige hOde.

(1ka) vAkyadalli hOguttEne kriyArUpa bandiddu, adu A vAkyavannADida samayada anantara naDeyaliruva (endare ‘mundina’ samayada) kelasavannu sUcisuttade; idakke badalu (1ca) vAkyadalli hOde kriyArUpa bandiddu, adu A vAkyavannADida samayakkinta modalE naDeda (endare ‘hindina’ samayada) kelasavannu sUcisuttade.

mundina samayada kriyArUpakke ondu vAkyavannADiruva samayada anantara jaraguva kelasavannu mAtravallade, rUDiyalli jaruguva kelasavannu sUcisuva artavU ide. idannu keLage koTTiruva (1Ta) vAkyadalli kANabahudu.

(1Ta) nAnu angaDige dinAlU enTu

hOguttEne.

(1Ta) vAkyavu rAju angaDige hOguva kelasa A vAkyava nnADida samayada anantara naDeyuttadeyundEnU sUcisuttilla; idakke badalu vAkyada ADuganu (nAnu) (rUDiyalli) angaDige hOguva samaya yAvudu embudannu mAtravE sUcisuttade. (A vAkyavannADiruva divasa Ata angaDige hOgadiralU sAdyavide).

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8.2.1 hindina samayada oTTu

mUladrAviDadalli hindina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *nta oTTina baLakeyAguttiddirabEku. idakke mUladrAviDadallEnE bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli *nta, *t, *c mattu *k emba rUpagaLidduvendu kalpisabEkAguttade. Adare I rUpagaLu baruva sannivESagaLu entahavu embudannu niScitavAgi hELalu innU sAdyavAgilla.

mUladrAviDada ondu kavalAda tenkudrAviDadalli I oTTina svarUpa hEgiddirabahudemba viSaya heccu spaSTavAgide. adaralli I oTTige kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara *nta emba rUpa mattu bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara *t emba rUpa embudAgi eraDu mukya rUpagaLidduvendu hELabahudu. idallade, sErikeya niyamagaLa mUlaka bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu adaralli naDediruvudannu kalpisikoLLabahudu.

(1) taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara I oTTu *nta emba rUpadallE baruttiddirabEku mattu adu sEridAga, I kriyApadagaLa koneyalli uccAraNegAgi baruttidda ukAra ikAravAgi badalAguttiddirabEku.

kannaDadalli mElina kriyApadagaLondige baruva I oTTina nakAra bidduhOgi, adara anantarada t vyanjana d emba rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade. idakke badalu, tamiLu, malayALa, koDagu, toda modalAda itara tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli adara takAra bidduhOgi, n mAtra uLididdu, I oTTu n emba rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade. I eraDu rItiya nuDigaLallU kriyApadada koneyalli uccAraNegAgi bandidda ukAra ikAravAgi badalAgide.

kriyApada tUgu (<tUnGku) nambu
aDagu (<aDaGku) aDagide(n) aTaGkanEn amuku (<*amukku) amukide(n) amukkinEn

kannaDa
tUgide(n) nambide (n) kaTTide(n)

tamiLu ATinEn tUGkanEn nampinEn kaTTinEn

I ikAravU mUladrAviDadalli hindina samayada oTTina amSavAgirabEkendu heccina vidvAmsarU vAdisuttAre. Adare idu sariyendu nanage tOruvudilla.

illi nAvu mukyavAgi gamanisabEkAgiruva amSavEnendare, I rIti ikAra kANisuvudu taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva mattu uccAraNegAgi koneyalli ukAravannu paDediruva kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLalli mAtra. I ikArada anantaravU *nta oTTina amSagaLu bEre bEre nuDigaLalli bEre bEre rUpagaLalli kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, avannu mAtravE hindina samayada oTTina rUpagaLendu parigaNisidare sAku.

I samayada oTTina anantara orvacanadalli manuSyEtararannu sUcisuva tu oTTu bandAga adakke (samayada oTTige) kannaDadalli sonne rUpavide (ADitu, tUgitu, nambitu).

idallade, I kriyApadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLalli tamiLu mattu kannaDa nuDigaLeraDarallU hindina samayada oTTige sonne rUpavide (endare adara nakAra mattu takAragaLeraDU biddu hOgive); Adare kriyApadada koneyalli uccAraNegAgi banda ukAra ikAravAgi badalAgiddu, A rUpadallE uLidide.

kannaDa
amuki

tamiLu tUGka nampi amukki

taDeyuliyalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli giDDa svaraviruva mattu giDDa svarada anantara otte taDeyuliyiruva koDu, biDu, nagu, sigu, peR(u) modalAdavugaLu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLu. ivugaLa anantara banda hindina samayada *nta oTTu kannaDadalli T, k mattu t emba rUpagaLallide.

idallade, I kriyApadagaLa koneyulli uccAraNegAgi bandidda ukAra bidduhOgi, adara hindiruva taDeyuli koraLisada T, k mattu t rUpagaLalli uLidide.

tamiLinalliyU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedide. Adare, RakArada anantara I oTTina takAra RakAravAgide. (kannaDadallU modalige intahadE badalAvaNe naDedirabahudu; Adare RR tta embudAgi embudu anantara kannaDada caritreyalli badalAgiruva kAraNa (4.4.4 nODi), mEle vivarisidantaha niyama kannaDadallide.

kriyApada nagu koDu
heru (<peRu)
teru (<teRu)

kannaDa
nakke koTTe
hette

tamiLu nakkEn iTTEn koTTEn peRRIn teRRIn

I kriyApadagaLa jODisuva rUpadalli hindina samayada oTTu bidduhOgilla (endare, adakke sonne rUpavilla). idakke badalu, A oTTina anantara uccAraNegAgi ukAravondu sErikonDide.

kannaDa
nakku
koTTu
hettu

tamiLu nakku koTTu peRRu

(2) kriyApadagaLa koneya akAra kannaDadalli ekAravAgide. intaha eraDu ulikantegaLiruva kriyApadagaLa anantara bandidda hindina samayada *nta oTTu tamiLinalli badalAgade uLidide; Adare kannaDadalli nakAravannu kaLedukonDu d rUpakke badalAgide.

kriyApada naDe (<naTa)
toRa (<toRa) teRa (<teRa)
kaRa (<kaRa)

kannaDa
naDede
toRade teRade
kaRade

tamiLu naTantEn
tuRantEn tiRantEn kiTantEn kaRantEn

tamiLinalli ekAra-okAragaLu, avugaLa anantara oTTina akAra bandiruvalli, ikAra-ukAragaLAgi badalAgiruva kAraNa (2.2.1 nODi), *toRa, *teRa mattu *keTa kriyApadagaLu tuRa, tiRa mattu kiTa rUpadalli kANisuttave. keLage (3)nE vibAgadalli koTTiruva kriyApadagaLallU intahadE badalAvaNe tamiLinalli naDedide.

(3) *ay embudaralli konegoLLuttidda eraDu ulikante gaLiruva kriyApadagaLU kannaDadalli ekAradalli konegoLLuttave (tamiLu: uTay kannaDa: oDe, tamiLu: kuZay kannaDa: koLe).

ivugaLa anantara baruva hindina samayada *nta oTTige tamiLi nalli eraDu rUpagaLive: avugaLa anantara mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu bandiruvalli (7.5.2 nODi) adu nakAravannu kaLedukonDu t rUpadalli uLidide; mADuvikeya t oTTu baradiruvalli adu nta rUpadallE uLidide.

Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa kannaDadalli uLidilla (havyaka mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLu idakke apavAdagaLu 7.5.3-4 nODi). hAgAgi, intaha kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hindina samayada nta oTTige kannaDadalli d emba rUpavE ide (adara anantara tu ADuga oTTu bandiruvalli mAtra adakke sonne rUpavide mattu kriyApadada koneyallondu ikAra kANisikoLLuttade (neneyitu). idu kannaDadalli mAtra naDeda badalAvaNe).

kannaDa

tamiLu

Aguvike/mADuvike

Aguvike

mADuvike

nenede naneyitu

uTayntatu iRayntatu ninayntatu taTayntatu nanayntatu

uTayttEn iRayttEn ninayttEn taTayttEn nanayttEn

(4) ikAra mattu ukAragaLalli konegoLLuva mattu eraDu ulikantegaLiruva halavu kriyApadagaLa anantara, hAgU yakAra, rakAra illavE ZakAragaLalli konegoLLuva mattu ondu illavE eraDu ulikantegaLiruva halavu kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hindina samayada nta oTTige tamiLinalli eraDeraDu rUpagaLive. avugaLa anantara mADuvikeyannu sUcisuva t oTTu bandideyAdare

adakke t rUpavide mattu mADuvikeya t oTTu bAradiruvalli nta rUpavide.

mEle sUcisida hAge, kannaDadalli I Aguvike-mADuvike vyatyAsa uLidilla (havyaka mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLu idakke apavAdagaLu). hAgAgi, intaha kriyApadagaLa anantaravU hindina samayada oTTige kannaDadalli d rUpavE ide (illU A oTTina anantara tu ADuga oTTu bandiruvalli adakke sonne rUpavide mattu kriyApadagaLa anantara ikAravondu bandide (biriyitu)).

kannaDa

tamiLu

Aguvike/mADuvike

Aguvike

mADuvike

biriyitu
muriyitu, muride

virintatu
muRintatu iruntEn

virittEn murittEn iruttEn

nOyu, mIyu, bEyu, taru mattu baru emba aydu kriyApadagaLa anantara mAtra hindina samayada oTTu kannaDadalli nda(<*nta) rUpadallE uLidide. Adare I oTTu sEriruvalli kriyApadagaLa eraDaneya ulikante bidduhOgide.

kriyApada nOyu

kannaDa
nonde

tamiLu nontEn vantEn tantEn

(5) nakAra illavE NakAragaLalli konegoLLuva ondu uli kanteya kriyApadagaLa anantara hindina samayada oTTige tenku drAviDadalli *t emba rUpaviddirabEku. kannaDadalli idu nakArada

anantara d embudAgi mattu NakArada anantara D embudAgi kANisikoLLuttade.

kriyApadagaLu

hindina samayada rUpa

(6) lakAra illavE LakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara hindina samayada oTTu tenkudrAviDadalli yAva rUpa dalliddirabahudembudu innU spaSTavAgilla. lakAra mattu LakAragaLu kelavu sErikeya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiruvudu I aspaSTatege ondu kAraNa. I badalAvaNegaLu aniyamitavAgi kANisuvudu innondu kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, l+nta embudu nR endAguvudu mattu L+nta embudu NTa endAguvudu intaha ondu badalAvaNe. kannaDada nindu (nil) mattu konDu (koL) kriyArUpagaLalli I badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu (kannaDada nindu embudu tenkudrAviDada *ninRu embudarinda bandide (4.5(1) nODi); tamiLinalli idu ninRu rUpadallE ide).

Adare, I niyamakke kannaDadalli halavu apavAdagaLU ive. udAharaNegAgi, niltu (nittu), kaltu, geldu (geddu), kaLdu (kaddu), kELdu kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

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8.2.2 mundina samayada oTTu

mundina samayada oTTige mUladrAviDadalli ppa, kka, tta, um mattu n emba rUpagaLiddirabEkendu kalpisalAgide (subrahmaNyam 1971 nODi).

(1) ivugaLalli mukyavAgi modalaneya ppa rUpavE haLegannaDadalli uLididdu, heccina kriyArUpagaLallU idu v embudAgi kANisuttade.

kriyApada

pEZ
naDugu

mundina samayada rUpa pELvan ‘hELuttAne’’
gelva ‘gelluva’’ anjuvir ‘hedaruttIri’’ biDuvuvu ‘biDuttave’ naDuguva

Adare, kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara mElina oTTige haLegannaDadalli p, ppa illavE b emba rUpagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu (vivaragaLige 8.3 nODi).

kriyApada

nODu esagu

toLagu

mundina samayada rUpa irpan ‘iruttAne’’ nOZpan ‘nODuttEne’’ esapan ‘ODisuttAne’ appar ‘AguttAre’ toLappa ‘hoLeyuva’’ timben ‘tinnuttEne’

koL

uNben ‘uNNuttEne’’ komben ‘tegedukoLLuttEne’’

(2) mUladrAviDada kka oTTina baLake haLegannaDada kELgum, puTTugum, irkum, mALkum modalAda padarUpagaLalli kANisu ttade. ivattina barahada kannaDadalli idu bEku mattu sAku emba eraDu rUpagaLalli mAtra uLidide.

mUladrAviDadalli mundina samayada I eraDu (ppa, kka) oTTugaLa naDuve entaha sambandavittu embudinnU spaSTavAgilla. haLegannaDadalli kum (gum) oTTina baLake ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararu naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli mAtra kANisuttade.

I oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLannu haLegannaDadalli mUru kAla gaLallU baLasalAguttittendu heccina vidvAmsarU hELuttAre. Adare kAvyagaLalli avugaLa baLakeyannu pariSIlisidAga mundina samayada kelasavannu tiLisuvalli A kelasa naDeyuva bagege Uheyannu sUcisabEkAgiruva sandarbagaLalli mAtravE avu baLakeyAguttaveyendu tOruttade.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabAratada baLakeyannu

gamanisabahudu.

bEDidoDe balada bariyuman IDADugum (1.100) ‘yAcisidare (karNanu) balapakkeyannu kattarisi esedAnu’

(2)nE vAkyadalli IDADugum kriyArUpa mundina samayadalli naDeyaliruva kelasada kuritu ADugana Uheyannu

sUcisuttadallade niScitavAgiyU munde naDeyaliruva kelasavannu sUcisuvudilla.

idallade, hindina samayada kelasagaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLake yAdAgalella, avu rUDiyallidda kelasagaLannu mAtravE sUcisuva hAge kANisuttade (baT 2005:210-13 nODi).

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabAratada kandapadyadalli kum (gum) oTTiruva mUru kriyArUpagaLu hindina samayavannu sUcisuvalli baLakeyAgive. Adare ivellavU subadre viraha ‘rUDiya’ tApadinda sUcisuva kelasagaLannu artadallE baLakeyAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu.

mADuttidda

nuDiyisi kELgum harigana paDemAtane mAtu tapopaDam mattamadam nuDiyisugum modalindA nuDi paRipaDe muLidu nODugum keLadiyaram (4.56)

I kum (gum) oTTinalliruva kakAra mAtravE mUladrAviDada mundina samayada kka oTTina munduvarikeyendu hELalu sAdyavide. hAgiddalli, adara anantara baruva um embudu ADuga mattu kELugarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisuva ‘ADuga’ oTTendu vAdisabahudu.

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8.3 haLegannaDadalli samayada oTTugaLu

kannaDada heccina vidvAmsarU haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli da, dapa mattu va embudAgi mUru samayada oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttidduvu mattu ivakke anukramavAgi hindina (bUta), Igina (vartamAna) mattu mundina (baviSyat) kAlagaLannu sUcisuva artavittu embudAgi hELuttAre. Adare idu sariyalla.

yAkendare, nijakkU da mattu va emba eraDu samayada oTTugaLiginta bEreyAgiruva dapa emba oTTE haLegannaDadalli iralilla. kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu antaha dapa oTTu baLakeyAgide pELdapam embantaha yundu kriyArUpagaLu eraDeraDu kriyArUpagaLalli baLakeyAgiveyallade dapa emba oTTu baLakeyAgilla.

bandapam,

hELuva

udAharaNegAgi, bandapam embudaralli baru kriyApadada hindina samayada banda rUpa mattu Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada apam (<appam) rUpa embudAgi eraDu kriyArUpa gaLu sErikonDive. I viSaya paredappar ‘cadarihOguttAre’ embudaralli innaSTu spaSTavAgi kANisuttade. idaralli Agu kriyA padada mundina samayada rUpa appar embudAgiyE ide.

intaha baLakegaLalli

modalaneya

rUpadalli

(‘bUtakrudanta’

kiTTel avaru

nODi). Adare idU

kriyApada adara rUpadalli) (kiTTel sariyundu

hELuttAre

sambandisuva baLakeyAgideyundu tOruvudilla.

yAkendare, kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva (krudanta) rUpagaLannu A rIti innondu kriyApadadondige sErisi hELuva krama baLakeyallilla. nAmapadagaLa viSESaNagaLAgi mAtra avu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyAgaballuvallade, (krudantagaLu) viSESaNagaLAgi (illavE bEre rItiyalli kriyApadagaLondige nEravAgi sambandisi) baLakeyAgalAravu.

hAgAgi, mElina racanegaLannu bandan appan, paredar kriyApadagaLa

appar embantaha

racanegaLinda

hELikeyU

kanDubaruva

sariyallavendu

pampabAratadalli

nAmarUpadondige Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpavannu sErisi tayArisiruva racanegaLinda) paDeyabEkAguttade. bandapam, paredappar embantaha I racanegaLige haLegannaDadalli Igina (vartamAna) samayavannu sUcisuva artavittemba kannaDa tOruttade. vayyAkaraNigaLa udAharaNegAgi, kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu pariSIlisidAga, avakkU va (pa) oTTiruva barpam, nilvam embantaha kriyArUpagaLigU naDuve samayada sUcaneyalli yAva vyatyAsavU illadiruvudu spaSTavAguttade (vivaragaLige baT 2005:202 nODi). baruttAne hosagannaDadalli

mattu bandavanAguttAne emba eraDu rUpagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsavideyO antahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDadalli barpam mattu bandapam nAvu rUpagaLa kalpisikoLLabEkAguttade.

naDuveyU iddirabEkendu

ivattu karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli mattu nIlagiriya baDaga kannaDadalli haLegannaDada I ‘dapa’ rUpadinda bandirabahudAda kelasavannu kriyArUpavondu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttide (8.3.3-4) nODi.

samayada

mundina

mAtravE

idallade, oLanADina oLanuDigaLallU adu baLakeyalliddu, mundina samayadalli kelasavondu naDeyabahudu emba Uheya artavannu baLakeyAguttade. niScitavAgiyU mundina samayadalli naDeyaliruva kelasavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli utta oTTiruva rUpavannu baLasiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu (baruttAne, tinnuttAne).

koDuvudakkAgi

dapa kriyArUpagaLu oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli bEreyU kelavu badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgive. avugaLa eraDaneya angavAgidda appan embudu naDugannaDadalli ahan endu badalAgide mattu anantara adara hakAra bidduhOdudarindAgi Anu emba rUpavannu paDedide (bandapan > bandahan > bandAnu).

bandEnu, bandAru, bandALu

modalAda itara rUpagaLallU idE rItiyalli pakAra hakAravAgide mattu anantara bidduhOgide. I pakArada paLeyaLikeyAgi adara anantara bandidda svara ivattu uddasvaravAgi uLidukonDide.

naDugannaDa haLegannaDa bandahem bandapem bandapay bandahe
bandaham bandapam bandahaL bandapaL

dAravADa bandEnu bandAnu bandALu

samayagaLannu

I niyamakke baraha kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva iru kriyApadada rUpagaLu apavAdagaLAgiruva hAge kANisuttave. nijakkU I kriyApadakke baraha kannaDadalli mundina, Igina mattu hindina rUpagaLive sUcisaballa (iruttAne, iddAne, idda). ivugaLalli modalaneya iruttAne rUpa mattu mUraneya idda rUpagaLu itara kriyApadagaLa mundina mattu hindina samayada rUpagaLa hAge utta mattu d oTTugaLa sErikeyinda racitavAgive.

mUru

Adare Igina samayavannu sUcisuva iddAne rUpa haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallidda irdapan rUpadinda bandiruva hAge

kANisuttade (irdapan > irdahan > iddAne). Adare, I kriyArUpa mEle vivarisidantaha Uheyannu sUcisuva iddAnu rUpadinda bErAgideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. I rUpada koneyalli ekAravideyAdare, Uheyannu sUcisuva rUpada koneyalli ukAravide. I ukArada mUlavEnu embudu spaSTavAgilla.

kannaDada karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mattu baDaga kannaDadalli haLegannaDada va (pa) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLu uLidukonDive Adare oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli avu uLidilla.

kelasavondu niScitavAgiyU

Adare, I eraDu oLanuDigaLallU adakke kelasavondu munde naDeyabahudu emba Uheya arta mAtravE ide. mundina kAla naDeyabahudembudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baDaga kannaDadalli mattu karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ rUpavannu baLasiruvudu mattu karAvaLiya itara oLanuDigaLalli utta oTTiruva rUpavannu baLasiruvudu idakke kAraNavirabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.3.1 hindina samayada oTTinalli badalAvaNegaLu

haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallidda hindina samayada oTTu kannaDada anantarada caritreyalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgide. I badalAvaNegaLalli halavakke kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLE (7.9 nODi) kAraNavendu hELalu sAdyavide.

(1) haLegannaDadalli r, R, l, L mattu Z vyanjanagaLalli konegoLLuttidda kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli ukAradalli kone goLLuvantAgide. I kAraNakkAgi ivugaLalli halavu kriyApadagaLa

hindina samayada rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLAgiruvudannu keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

kriyApada bedaR
kanal
kEL
bAZ

haLegannaDa pIrdan
bedardan kanaldan kELdan
bAZdan

hosagannaDa hIrida(nu) bedarida kanalida kELida bALida

Adare, I niyamakke apavAdavAgi halavu kriyApadagaLa hindina rUpagaLa rUpagaLu munduvarikegaLAgiyU uLidukonDive. ivugaLalli halavu haLegannaDadallEnE mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgidduvu.

samayada

haLegannaDa

kriyApada kuLir
kol
sal koL

haLegannaDa kuLitan bandan
tandan
geddan
kondan nindan
sandan
konDan

hosagannaDa kuLita

innu kelavu kriyArUpagaLu bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiruvudE mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi uLiyalu kAraNavirabEku. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada lta embudu udda

svarada anantara t embudAgi badalAgiruva kAraNa, keLagina kriyArUpagaLu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgive.

kriyApada nEl
sOl
nUl

haLegannaDa nEltan sOltan nUltan

hosagannaDa nEta sOta nUta

idE rItiyalli, (ka) giDDa svarada anantara banda Zta embudu tta endAdudu mattu (ca) rda, Zda mattu Lda embavugaLu dda endAdudu keLage koTTiruva kriyArUpagaLu mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi uLiyalu kAraNavirabEku.

kriyApada (ka) aZ

bIZ

haLegannaDa aZtan
uZtan
kiZtan

irdan
eZdan
biZdan
kaLdan

hosagannaDa

(2) nakAra mattu NakAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLu hosagannaDadalli eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. ivu gaLalli svara bandideyAdare, ukAra mAtra sErikoLLuttade (sInu, Anu, kANu); (ca) giDDa svara bandideyAdare, avugaLa koneyallidda nakAra illavE NakAra immaDi rUpavannU paDeyuttade (tinnu, ennu, uNNu).

Adare, I eraDu badalAvaNegaLU I kriyApadagaLa hindina samayada rUpagaLa mEle yAva pariNAmavannU mADilla. avu haLegannaDadallidda rUpadallE uLidive. udda svarada anantara mUguli biddu hOguva ondu badalAvaNe mAtra illi naDedide.

kriyApada

haLegannaDa

hosagannaDa

Atu(konDa)

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.3.2 mundina samayada oTTinalli badalAvaNegaLu

haLegannaDadalli mundina samayada oTTige v, b mattu p emba mUru rUpagaLidduvembudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. (1) NakAra mattu nakAragaLalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara idakke b rUpavittu, mattu (2) rakAra, RakAra, ZakAra mattu nakAragaLalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantara p rUpavittu. idallade, isu oTTinalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara mattu gu illavE Du ulikantegaLalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLa anantaravU idakke p rUpavittu.

I rIti, p rUpa iruvalli kriyApadagaLa koneya isu mattu gu ulikantegaLu biddu hOguttave mattu Du embudu Z endAguttade (udAharaNegaLannu keLage (3)nE pArAda anantara koDalAgide).

(3) uLida kriyApadagaLa anantara adakke v rUpavittu. Adare, elli p illavE b rUpavittu mattu elli v rUpavittu embudannu tiLisuva niScitavAda niyamagaLilla.

kriyApadagaLa paTTiya mUlakavE idannu vivarisabEku. I ellA badalAvaNegaLigU kelavu udAharaNegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

p(b) rUpa

tOR kIZ nOn nODu

tOrpa nOnpa nOZpa

v rUpa

kuDu

pEZ bEDu

bIsu

kuDuva

pIrva pEZva aRiva bEDuva

aLeva bIsuva

I oTTina rUpagaLu naDugannaDadalli heccukaDime badalAgade uLidive. pakAra hakAravAguva ondu badalAvaNe mAtra ivugaLalli kelavu rUpagaLannu mArpaDisive. modalige I badalAvaNe immaDi pakAraviruva ippa>iha, bappa>baha, tappa>taha rUpagaLalli kANisikonDiddu anantara bELpa>bEha, pOpa> hOha rUpagaLallU kANisikonDide.

ivattina baraha kannaDadalli mundina samayada I v (p) oTTu kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva rUpadalli (ALuva, bILuva, sILuva) mAtra uLidide. kelavu viSiSTavAda barahagaLalli mAtra, adu vAkyada koneya kriyArUpagaLallU (mADuvenu, mADu varu) kANisikoLLuttade.

vAkyagaLa

koneyalli baLasuvudakkAgi I oTTiruva kriyArUpakke badalAgi baraha kannaDadalli utta emba bEreyE

ondu oTTiruva kriyArUpa baLakeyAguttade (mADuttAne, baruttEne, hOgu ttALe). idu eraDu kriyArUpagaLa jODaNeyinda siddavAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

jODisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgiruva kriyArUpagaLu yAvuvu endu hELuvudu mAtra svalpa kaSTa. kiTTel avara matadante, Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu utta oTTinalli konegoLLuva mADutta, barutta, hOgutta modalAda jODisuva kriyArUpagaLondige rUpagaLannu nODi) tayArisalAgide.

mUlaka I

sErisuva

mundina

kriyApadada

ivugaLalli Agu

samayada (appen, appem, appan, appaL kriyArUpagaLu modalAduvu) Ene, Eve, Ane, ALe modalAda kuggisida rUpagaLalli bandiveyembudAgi avaru sUcisuttAre (kiTTel 1903: 133 nODi).

Adare illi samasyeyEnendare, mADuttum appen ‘mADuttA Aguvenu’ embantaha racane kannaDada maTTige aSTondu sariyAdudendu tOruvudilla

baraha kannaDada sambandisuva rUpagaLalli v(p) oTTu ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLa anantaravU v emba ondE rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade (emba sambandisuva kriyArUpa mAtra idakke apavAda; adaralli b rUpa uLidide). kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli naDeda halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLE (7.9 nODi) I rIti ivattina baraha kannaDadalli haLegannaDada mUru (v, p, b) rUpagaLa badalu v emba ondE rUpa uLidiralu kAraNavirabEku. keLagina udAharaNegaLu idannu spaSTapaDisuttave.

haLegannaDa kriyApada kriyArUpa
pO

bEva
kILpa
pOpa

hosagannaDa

kriyApada bEyu
tinnu
kILu
hOgu

kriyArUpa ALuva bEyuva tinnuva iruva kILuva hOguva

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.3.3 karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mundina samayada oTTu

mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDada mundina samayada oTTu karA vaLiya oLanuDigaLalli sambandisuva rUpagaLalli mAtravallade idallade, I kriyArUpagaLalli halavu rUpabEdagaLU uLidukonDive.

rUpagaLallU uLidukonDide. mundina

samayada oTTina

(1) udAharaNegAgi, havyaka

kannaDadalli I oTTige haLegannaDadalli kANisuva p, b mattu v emba mUru rUpagaLU ive.

haLegannaDa pOpen barpen
uNben
kANben

havyaka kannaDa hOpe bappe

gelven
pADuven naDeven

gelluve hADuve naDeve

Adare, I rUpagaLa baLakeyalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLU naDedive. kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLalli (kriyApadagaLa rUpadalli) naDedantaha halavu badalAvaNegaLu (7.9 nODi) havyakadallU naDediruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.

haLegannaDadalli halavu kriyApadagaLa anantara baruttidda p rUpada badalu, havyakadalli v rUpa kANisuvudu intaha badalAvaNegaLalli mukyavAdudu.

haLegannaDa kIL - kILpen mADu - mAZpan nODu - nOZpan tarisu - taripen mADisu - mADippen mADusu - mADusuve tUgu - tUpen

havyaka kannaDa kILu - kILuve mADu - mADuve nODu - nODuve tarusu - tarusuve

tUgu - tUguve

havyaka kannaDadalli I kriyArUpagaLa artadallU badalAvaNe yAgide. mEle sUcisida hAge, avu mundina samayada sangati yondannu tiLisuva badalu, adara kuritAgi ADugana Uheyannu sUcisuttave. niScitavAgiyU ondu sangati mundina samayadalli jaragalide embudannu tiLisalu, ivakke badalu utta oTTiruva mADutte ‘mADuttEne’, tarusutte ‘tarisuttEne’ modalAda kriyArUpagaLannE havyaka kannaDavU baLasuttade.

idallade, havyaka kannaDadalli Uheyannu sUcisuva mElina kriyArUpagaLannu ADuga mattu kELugaru naDesaliruva kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtravE baLasalAguttade. itararu naDesaliruva

kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade.

oTTiruva

haLegannaDa An barpen Am barpem
nIm baprir
avan bapran
avar baprar

havyaka kannaDa Anu bappe engo bappeyoᵒ ningo bappi ave bakku avu bakku

mEle (8.2.2)ralli sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadallU kum (gum) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyalli I eraDu nirbandagaLidduvu; (ka) avu ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararu naDesuva kelasagaLannu mAtravE sUcisuttidduvu mattu (ca) mundina samayada kelasagaLa kuritAgi Uheyannu mAtravE sUcisuttidduvu.

hAgAgi, I oTTina maTTige havyaka kannaDa haLegannaDada kAladallidda baLakeyannE munduvariside. Aguga mattu kELugaru naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuvalli mAtra adu badalAvaNeyannu mADikonDide; mundina samayada kelasagaLannu sUcisuva v (p) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLannu antaha kelasagaLa kuritAgi Uheyannu sUcisabEkAgiruvalli mAtra baLasuvante adu avugaLa vyAptiyannu kaDime mADikonDide.

idallade, haLegannaDada hAge havyaka kannaDadallU kum (gum) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLu rUpadalli) hindina samayadalli rUDiyallidda kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyavannu gamanisa bahudu.

(4) avu puNelippaga umbale hOTelinge hOku

‘avaru puNeyalliddAga UTakke hOTelige hOguttiddaru’

mElina vAkyadalli hOku kriyArUpa hindina samayadalli rUDiyalli naDeyuttidda kelasavondannu sUcisuttade. Adare, v (p) oTTiruva hOpe ‘hOdEnu’, hOpi ‘hOdIri’ kriyA rUpagaLige I rIti hindina samayada (rUDiya) kelasagaLannu sUcisuva baLakeyilla.

I kAraNakkAgi, ADuga illavE kELuga naDesuttidda kelasagaLannu (avarondige itararannU sErisi hELiruva sandarbagaLalli) ku (gu) oTTiruva rUpagaLa mUlakavEnE hindina samayada rUDiya kelasagaLannu sUcisalAguttade.

(5) nAvu puNelippaga umbale hOTelinge hOku

puNeyalliddAga UTakke

‘nAvu hOguttiddevu’

hOTelige

I viSayadalli havyaka kannaDa haLegannaDakkinta bErAgiruva hAge

kANisuttade.

mundina samayada kelasada kuritAgi Uheyannu sUcisuva I artadalli v (p) oTTiruva kriyArUpagaLa baLake karAvaLiya bEre oLanuDigaLallU kANisuttade. Adare, I oLanuDigaLalli ADuga mattu kELugaru naDesaliruva kelasagaLannu mAtravallade itararu naDesaliruva kelasagaLannU I kriyArUpagaLa mUlakavE sUcisalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, hAlakki kannaDadalli (AcArya 1967) kuDIve ‘kuDidEnu’, embantaha rUpagaLu mAtravallade, kuDIva ‘avanu

kuDidAnu’, baruva ‘avanu bandAnu’ embantaha rUpagaLU

(2) suLyada gavDa kannaDavU haLegannaDada v(p) oTTannu uLisi konDide mattu adannu aniScitavAgiruva mundina samayavannu sUcisuva artadalli baLasuttade (kuSAlappa gavDa 1970).

tin - timbo
kAN - kAmba
aLi - aLive

koDu - koDuve

‘(avanu) tindAnu’ ‘(nInu) nODabahudu’ ‘(nAnu) aLedEnu’ ‘(nAnu) koTTEnu’

niScitavAda mundina samayavannu illavE Igina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, baraha kannaDa illavE karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDada hAge, utta oTTannu baLasuva badalu gavDa kannaDa hindina samayada oTTinondige bErondu oTTannu baLasuttiruva hAge kANisuttade. idu haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ kriyArUpada illavE antaha bErondu rUpada munduvarikeyAgirabEku.

koDu
hOgu
hAru
koDu

koTTane ‘koDuttEne’ tandane, tanne ‘taruttEne’ hOdane, hOne ‘hOguttEne’ hAriya ‘hAruttI’ aLdiya ‘aLeyuttI’ attave ‘aLuttAre’ koTTade ‘koDuttade’

keLage 8.3.4ralli koTTiruva baDaga kannaDada mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLigU I karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDada kriyArUpagaLigU naDuviruva hOlikeyannu gamanisuvudu avaSya.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.3.4 baDaga kannaDadalli samayada oTTugaLu

nIlagiriya baDagara kannaDa oLanuDiyalli hindina samayada kriyA rUpagaLu heccukaDime kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLalliruva hAgeyE keLage uLidukonDive. idakke koDalAgide.

kelavu udAharaNegaLannu

mADide
hOda

‘nInu mADide’’ ‘avanu hOda’’ ‘avanu edda’ ‘avanu banda’

Adare, mundina

sUcisuvudakkAgi baDaga samayavannu kannaDadalli haLegannaDada dapa oTTu munduvaridiruva hAge kANisuttade. endare, adaralli hindina samayada kriyArUpakke Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada kriyArUpavannu sErisi racisidantaha haLegannaDada kriyArUpavE mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttiruva hAge kANisuttade.

udAharaNegAgi, baDaga kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva kelavu mundina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu. ivu mEle 6.3.3ralli rUpagaLannu hOluttave.

koTTiruva

kannaDada

gavDa

naDadAra
mADina

‘avaru naDeyuttAre’ ‘avanu mADuttAne’

bandano

‘nIvu ujjuttIri’ ‘nAnu uLuttEne’ ‘nAvu baruttEve’ ‘nAnu ODuttEne’

idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttidda v (p) oTTiruva kriyArUpavU baDaga kannaDadalli uLidukonDide. Adare, karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDada hAge, adannu baDaga kannaDa ADuga mattu kELugaru naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtra baLasuttade. idallade, orvacanadallU adara baLakeyilla.

hOpO

aLibO

‘nIvu baruviri’ ‘nAvu (mattu nIvu) hOguvevu’ ‘nIvu aDige mADuviri’ ‘nAvu (mattu nIvu) nASavAguvevu’

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.3.5 sangatiyannu tiLisuva kriyApadagaLu

haLegannaDada heccina kriyApadagaLU ondu kelasavannu (Aguvike illavE mADuvikeyannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. I kAraNakkAgi avu hindina illavE mundina samayada oTTinondige (illavE allagaLeyuva oTTinondige - 8.4 nODi) baraballuvu. I niyamakke apavAdavAgi haLegannaDadalli oL ‘iru’, bal ‘tiLidiru’, al ‘alla’ embantaha sangatigaLannu tiLisuva kelavu kriyApadagaLive. ivu kelasagaLannu tiLisuvudillavAda kAraNa, avuga Londige samayada oTTugaLu baralAravu. hAgAgi, vAkyagaLa kone

yalli baLakeyAgaballa kriyArUpagaLalli avakke ADuga oTTugaLannu nEravAgi sErisalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva oL kriyApadada haLegannaDa

kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

kELuga:
ganDasu:
hengasu:

orvacana
oLay
oLaL

halavacana oLevu oLavu

I kriyApadagaLa sambandisuva rUpadallU samayada oTTu kANisuvudilla (uLLa ‘iruva’, balla ‘tiLida’). I rUpagaLallU sambandisuva a oTTannu avakke nEravAgi sErisalAgide. alla kriyApadada sambandisuva allada rUpadalli d oTTu kANisuvu dAdarU adakke samayavannu sUcisuva artavilla.

hosagannaDadalli I kriyArUpagaLa kelavu paLeyaLikegaLu mAtra uLidive (uLLavaru, unTu, (mADa)balle). kUDupadada angavAgi baruva bal embudu mAtra ellA ADuga oTTugaLondigU baLakeyAguttade (mADaballa, hOgaballaru, tinnaballevu, kELaballiri, koDaballaLu).

I rIti, samayada oTTannu paDeyadiruva kriyApadagaLannu mUladrAviDakkU kalpisabEkAguttadeyE emba viSayavannu innU pariSIlisabEkAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.4 allagaLeyuva oTTu

mUladrAviDadallEnE samayada oTTige badalAgi A jAgadalli allagaLeyuva oTTannu irisuva mUlaka kelasa naDediruvudannu illavE naDeyaliruvudannu allagaLeyalu sAdyavittu. heccina drAviDa nuDigaLU I mUladrAviDa racaneyannu uLisikonDive.

tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli I allagaLeyuva oTTige eraDu rUpagaLive. (ka) ADuga illavE kELuga oTTugaLa modalu mattu (ca) itararalli manuSyarannu sUcisuva oTTugaLa modalu adu sonne rUpadallide mattu manuSyarallada itararannu sUcisuva oTTugaLa modalu adu A rUpadallide (tuLu nuDi idakke apavAda).

haLegannaDadalliyU adakke intahavE eraDu rUpagaLive. Adare, allagaLeyuva A oTTu mAtra a embudAgi (giDDasvaravAgi) badalAgide. nODem nODay nODam nODaL nODadu

nODevu nODir nODar nODavu

nODadu mattu nODavu kriyArUpagaLalli allagaLeyuva oTTu a rUpadallide (a+udu, a+uvu) mattu itara kriyArUpagaLalli sonne rUpadallide endu hELabahudu.

haLegannaDada I allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLige mUru kAlada kelasagaLannU allagaLeyuva baLakeyittendu vidvAmsaru hELuttAre. Adare, I kriyArUpagaLa heccina baLakegaLallU avakke mundina kelasagaLannu allagaLeyuva artavE kANisuttade.

hindina

idallade,

kelasagaLannu sUcisuva allagaLeyabEkAdallella kriyArUpadadondige illa padada baLakeyE kANisuttade. idannu keLagina haLegannaDa vAkyadalli nODabahudu.

kelasagaLannu

samayada

(6) I kanneyan padmajan paDedan illa ‘I kanyeyannu padmajanu paDedilla’

mUladrAviDadalli I allagaLeyuva oTTige yAva rUpa iddirabahudu emba viSayadalli ommatavilla. adara baLakeyalli kANisuva kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu vivarisuvudakkAgi adakke a svaradondige ‘lArinjal’ vyanjana (5.4 nODi) sEriruva *ah rUpavannu kalpisikoLLabEkAguttadeyundu kruSNamUrti (2003: 348) vAdisiddAre.

I oTTannu paDediruva mattu vAkyada koneyalli baruva kriyArUpagaLu ivattina baraha kannaDadalli mattu oLanADina oLa nuDigaLalli uLidilla. Adare, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli avu uLididdu, mundina samayada kelasagaLannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi mAtravE baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.

(7ka) Anu avana manege hOge

‘nAnu avana manege hOgalikkilla’’

hindina samayada kelasavannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi havyaka samayada kriyArUpadondige ille

kannaDadallU hindina padavannE baLasalAguttade.

(7ca) Anu avana manege hOyidille ‘nAnu avana manege hOgalilla’’

hOyidille embudaralli hOyide ‘hOgiddEne’ kriyA rUpadondige ille ‘illa’ padavannu baLasalAgide. idallade, havyaka kannaDadalli mundina samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLa anantaravU ille padavannu baLasalu sAdyaviddu (battille ‘nAnu baruvudilla’, battaville ‘avaru baruvudilla’), adu allagaLeyuva oTTiruva mElina kriyArUpadinda artadalli bErAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu (hOge ‘hOgalikkilla’, hOvuttille ‘hOguvudilla’).

baDaga kannaDavU haLegannaDada I allagaLeyuva rUpavannu uLisikonDide (bara ‘avanu baralikkilla’, tina ‘tinnalikkilla’, ODa ‘ODalikkilla’). idallade, kriyApadagaLondige Ar embudannu sErisiyU adu allagaLeyuva rUpavannu paDeyaballudu (barAra ‘avanu baralikkilla’).

idallade, ille (ile) ‘illa’ padavannu baLasiyU baDaga kannaDadalli allagaLeyuva kUDupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdyavide ‘bandiralilla’, (bappile bappadille ‘bandiralikkilla’).

‘(avanu) baralikkilla’, bandadille

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5 ADuga oTTugaLu

mUladrAviDa kriyArUpagaLalli samayada oTTina anantara ADuga oTTugaLu (kelasada Aguga illavE mADuganu ADuganE, kELuganE atavA itararE embudannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu)

baraballuvAgidduvu. I ‘ADuga’ oTTugaLa svarUpavEnembudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.1 ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu

(1) ADuganannu sUcisuva oTTu mUladrAviDadalli *En emba rUpadalliddirabahudendu kalpisalAgide. haLegannaDadalli idara udda svara giDDavAgide (mAZpan, mADiden) mattu vikalpavAgi adara koneya nakAra bidduhOgide (mAZpa, mADide).

mUladrAviDadallEnE idakke (mattu kELuganannu, hAgU avaribbara bEre bEre kUDikegaLannu sUcisuva oTTugaLige) udda mattu giDDa svaragaLiruva eraDeraDu rUpagaLu (*En mattu *en) iddirabahudendu kelavara abiprAya.

(2) kELuganannu sUcisuva oTTu mUladrAviDadalli *Ay mattu *I emba eraDu rUpagaLalliddirabahudendu kalpisalAgide. haLegannaDadalli idu ay rUpadalli (uddasvara giDDavAgi) baLake yAguttade (mAZpay, mADiday).

(3) halavacanadalli iveraDakke mUru kUDikeya rUpagaLiddira bEku (10.2 nODi). idakkAgi mUladrAviDakke (ka) ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *em oTTu, (ca) kELuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *ir oTTu (modalige idu *im endE iddirabahudu) mattu (Ta) ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *am oTTu embudAgi mUru oTTugaLannu kalpisikoLLalAgide.

(4) ivugaLalli modala eraDu oTTugaLu haLegannaDadalli badalAgade uLidive (mAZpam, mADidem; mAZipar, mADidir). Adare mUraneya oTTu kelavu kriyArUpagaLalli

uLidukonDide (mADuvam ‘mADONa’) mattu bEre kriyA kUDikeyannu rUpagaLalli adakkU ADuganondige itarara sUcisuva em oTTigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa aLiduhOgi, ellA sandarbagaLallU em embudE baLakege bandide.

udAharaNegAgi, pampabAratada keLagina baLakeyannu gamanisa

bahudu.

nAmellam onde garuDiyoL Odida mAnasarevu ‘nAvellarU ondE garaDiyalli kalita manuSyarAgiddEve’’

(8)nE vAkyadalli ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva nAm ADuga pada bandideyAdarU kriyApadada jAgadalli bandiruva nAmapadadondige am oTTu bandilla; adakke badalu em (<evu) oTTE bandide.

mattu

kELugarannu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.2 itararannu sUcisuva oTTugaLu

itararannu sUcisabEkAdAga mUladrAviDadalli yAva rItiya oTTugaLu baLakeyalliddirabahudu emba viSayadalli vidvAmsaroLage ommatavilla. I oTTugaLalli bEre bEre drAviDa nuDigaLu bEre bEre rItiya lingabEdavannu tOrisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

horatupaDisi

tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli manuSya mattu itara emba lingabEda vide. orvacanadalli mAtra manuSyaroLage ganDasu mattu hengasu emba heccina lingabEdavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDada kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

orvacana

halavacana

manuSya, ganDusu hengusu

hELuttAne hELuttALe hELuttade

hELuttAre hELuttave

idakke badalu, naDudrAviDa nuDigaLalli ganDusu (manuSya) mattu itara emba lingabEdavide (telugu idakke apavAda) mattu baDagu drAviDa nuDigaLAda kuDuk, mAltOgaLalli mattu telugu nuDiyalli orvacanadalli mAtra ganDusu mattu itara emba bEdaviddu, halavacanadalli mattu itara emba lingabEdavide.

manuSya

I mUru rItiya lingabEdagaLu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli kANisikoLLalu mUladrAviDada entaha paristiti kAraNavirabahudu sUcisida hAge, I embudannu tiLiyabEkAgide. mEle viSayadalli vidvAmsaroLage ommatavilla. orvacanadalli (1) ganDusu *an mattu (2) itara *at emba bEdaviddu, halavacanadalli (1) ganDusu illavE manuSya *ar mattu (2) itara *av emba bEdaviddirabahudendu kelavara mata.

tenkudrAviDadalli hengasannu sUcisuvudakkAgi orvacanadalli *aL emba bEreyE ondu oTTu anantarada kAladalli baLakege bandirabEku.

haLegannaDadalli mUladrAviDada I ADuga oTTugaLu heccu badalAgade uLidive. manuSyarannu biTTu itararannu sUcisuva *at mattu *av oTTugaLu mAtra udu, tu, uvu embudAgi badalAgive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.3 kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli ADuga oTTugaLu

kelasavannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLalli (1) ADuga mattu kELugara kUDike hAgU (2) ADuga mattu itarara kUDikegaLa naDuve mUladrAviDadallidda haLegannaDadalli uLidilla embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. oLanADina oLanuDigaLallU I vyatyAsa uLidilla.

vyatyAsa

mattu

(1) Adare, baDaga kannaDadalli idu uLidukonDide. ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli adu O oTTannu baLasuttade mattu kELuganannu horatupaDisi ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi iyo oTTannu baLasuttade (bAlakruSNan 1999).

(9ka) nanga bandO

‘nAvu (nAnu mattu nInu) bandevu’’

(9ca) enga bandeyo

‘nAvu (nAnu mattu avanu) bandevu’’

havyaka

karAvaLiya

vyatyAsa uLidukonDide; Adare adannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mElina eraDu oTTugaLannu baLasuva badalu, adaralli bEreyE ondu krama baLakege bandide.

kannaDadallU I

ADuga mattu itarara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi *em oTTu eyoᵒ rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade mattu ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi manuSyarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisalu baLasuva tu (du) oTTannE baLasalAguttade. hIge mADuvudara mUlaka, adaralli mElina mUru kUDikegaLa sUcisalu naDuviruva

kriyArUpadallU

vyatyAsavannu

sAdyavAguttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva havyaka vAkyagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

(10ka) engo hOvutteyoᵒ

‘nAvu (nAnu mattu avanu) hOguttEve’’

(10ca) ningo hOvutti

‘nIvu (nInu mattu avanu) hOguttIri’’

(10Ta) nAvu hOvuttu

‘nAvu (nAnu mattu nIvu) hOguttEve’’

(3) haLegannaDadallidda itara ADuga oTTugaLa rUpadallU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu ivattina kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli naDedive. en mattu an oTTugaLa koneya nakAra avugaLa munde bEre oTTu bAradiruvalli biddu hOgiruvudu intaha ondu badalAvaNe (banden >bande, bandan>banda). kELuganannu sUcisuva ay oTTina badalu i oTTu baLakege bandiruvudu mADidi, innondu pELiday>hELidi).

(mADiday>

badalAvaNe

idallade, ir embudu iri rUpakke mattu ar embudu

aru rUpakke badalAgive (bandir>bandiri, bandar>bandaru).

orvacanadalli itararannu sUcisuva *at oTTige haLegannaDa dallEnE halavu rUpagaLidduvu. heccineDegaLallU idakke udu rUpa vittu (irdudu, barpudu, koTTudu). Adare hindina samayada oTTu t illavE sonne rUpadalliruvalli adakke tu rUpavittu (mADittu, aDangittu, pOytu, biZdattu).

al ‘alla’ kriyApadada anantaravU tu rUpavittu (altu) mattu uL ‘iru’ kriyApadada anantara Tu rUpavittu

hosagannaDadalli idu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva oTTina anantara ellA kriyArUpagaLallU tu rUpadalli kANisuttade (biTTitu, tinditu, bareyitu, tiLiyitu, nungitu).

(4) itararannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli manuSyaru mattu itararu emba vyatyAsa tenkudrAviDadallittu mattu orvacanadalli mAtra manuSyaroLage ganDusu mattu hengusu emba vyatyAsavittu embudannu nAvu mEle (8.5.2)ralli nODiruvevu. I vyatyAsa haLegannaDadalli mattu oLanADina kannaDa nuDigaLalli uLidukonDide; Adare, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli bEreyE vyatyAsa baLakege

(ka) hAlakki kannaDadalli ganDasaru mattu itararu emba vyatyAsa

baLakege bandide (AcArya 1967).

mADida ‘avanu mADida’’ mADutu ‘avaLu mADidaLu, adu mADitu’’

(ca) havyaka kannaDadalli bErondu rItiya badalAvaNe naDedide. orvacanadalli mUru lingarUpagaLu uLidiveyAdarU mAtra modala eraDu kANisikoLLuttade. itara sandarbagaLallella mUraneya rUpavE baLakeyAguttade.

rUpagaLa baLake

gavravArtadalli

(11ka) ava ᵒ banda ᵒ

‘avanu banda’ (gavravArtadalli)

(11ca) ava banda

‘avaLu bandaLu’ (gavravArtadalli)

(11Ta) adu bantu

‘avanu banda, avaLu bandaLu, adu bantu’’

(11ka)dalli haLegannaDadallidda avan mattu bandan rUpagaLa koneya nakAra biddu hOgi adara hindina svara mUgisida svara vAgide; idakke badalu (11ca)dalli avaL mattu bandaL embavugaLallidda LakAra bidduhOgi adara hindina svara badalAgade uLidide. idarindAgi, I eraDu rUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa uLidukonDide.

halavacanadalli ellA

sandarbagaLallU ondE

rUpa baLakeyAguttade mattu itara kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli kANisuva manuSya-itara lingabEda havyakadalli illavAgide. idannu keLage koTTiruva (11ta) vAkyadalli kANabahudu.

(11ta) avu bandavu

‘avaru bandaru, avu banduvu’

gavravArtavannu sUcisabEkAdallU mElina (avu ‘avaru’)

rUpavE havyakadalli baLakeyAguttade.

(Ta) baDaga kannaDa I viSayadalli karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLannu hOluttade. mundina samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli adu orvacanadalli ganDasu (ana), hengasu (iya) mattu itara (ara) emba mUru oTTugaLannu baLasuttade. Adare halavacanadalli manuSyarannu sUcisuva Ara emba ondu oTTannu mAtra baLasuttade.

hindina

badalu,

samayavannu

sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli adu orvacanadallU manuSyarannu sUcisuva (a) mattu itararannu sUcisuva (a/itu) emba eraDu oTTugaLannu mAtra baLasuttade. idallade, havyakada hAge, itu oTTannu adu manuSyarannu (hengasarannu mattu ganDasarannu) sUcisabEkAgiruvallU baLasaballudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.4 ADuga illavE kELuganannu sUcisuva innondu oTTu

mUladrAviDadalli vAkyada ADuga illavE kELuganu

(1) kelasada Aguga illavE koneyAgiddalli illavE
(2) kelasavannu vAkyada ADuganigAgi illavE kELuganigAgi

naDesuttiddalli

antaha kelasavannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLigU itara kriyArUpa gaLigU naDuve vyatyAsavittendu kelavaru vidvAmsaru vAdisiddAre (emenO 1945 nODi). naDudrAviDa vibAgakke sEruva kUyi nuDiyalli intaha vyatyAsa kANisuvudE idakke AdAra.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kUyi nuDiya kriyArUpa

gaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.

itararannu sUcisuvavu

ADuga-kELugarannu sUcisuvavu

sIi ’avarige koDuttEne’ sIne ’avanige koDuttALe’ ’avanannu eLeyuttEne’ pehii ‘avanannu ODisuttEne’ vEi ‘avanige hoDeyuttEne’

sIai ’nimage koDuttEne’ sIane ‘nanage koDuttALe’ jejai ’ninnannu eLeyuttEne’ pehai ’ninnannu ODisuttEne’ vEtai ’ninage hoDeyuttEne’ tugdai ’ninagAgi kaTTuttEne’

’avanigAgi kaTTuttEne’ ’avaneDege kay hiDiyuttEne’ enDai ’ninna kaDege kayhiDiyuttEne’ ’avanu hELiddu kELisuttade

venjai ‘nInu hELiddu kELisuttade

ADuga illavE kELugarannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli ondu heccina akAra bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. (idarondige jejai, pehai, vEtai modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva hAge j, i, t, d, D modalAdavu bandiruvudakke kUyi nuDiya sErikeya niyamagaLu kAraNa.)

kannaDadalli mattu itara drAviDa nuDigaLalli I oTTu heccina maTTigU illavAgide. bA mattu tA kriyApadagaLigiruva bArade, tArade rUpagaLalli kANisuva Ar embudu I oTTina paLeyaLike yAgirabahudu. Adare, I kriyApadagaLa baruttA, baralu modalAda rUpagaLige allagaLeyuva artavillavAdarU avugaLalli ar amSa uLidiruvudu I viSayadalli samSayakkeDemADide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.6 kelasavannu mADisuva kriyArUpagaLu

(1) kELugana mUlaka kelasavannu mADisuvudakkAgi kriyApadavannu hAgeyE yAva oTTannU sErisade baLasuva krama mUladrAviDa dallEnE baLakeyalliddirabEku mattu idE krama kannaDadallU uLidukonDide.

halavaru kELugarinda illavE kELuga mattu itararinda kelasavannu mADisabEkAdalli kriyApadakke nEravAgi halavacanada oTTannu sErisi baLasalAguttittu. haLegannaDadalli idu im rUpadallittu (pELim ‘hELi(ri)’, mADim ‘mADi(ri)’). ivattina baraha kannaDadalli adu iri illavE i rUpadallide.

mUladrAviDakke halavacanada *im (um) oTTannu kalpisi koLLalAgide. baraha kannaDada iri rUpa mEle (8.5.1)ralli vivarisida kELuga+itararannu sUcisuva iri (Iri) oTTina (hELidiri, hELuttIri) vistaraNeyAgirabahudu.

kelasavannu

mADadante

(pOgal

taDeyuvudakkAgi kriyApadadondige al oTTannu baLasuva krama haLegannaDadalli nODal baLakeyallittu ‘nODabEDa’). idakke im oTTannu sErisi halavacanada rUpavannu paDeyabahudu (pOgalim ‘hOga bEDi’). I al kriyApadadinda bandirabEkendu UhisalAgide.

‘hOgabEDa’,

mUladrAviDada

kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli I oTTu uLidiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. adara badalu bEDa (bEDi(ri)) rUpavE baLakege bandide. havyaka kannaDadalli idu Da oTTAgi badalAgide (hOgaDa ‘hOgabEDa’, baraDi ‘barabEDi’).

haLegannaDadalli

sUcisuvudakkAgi

(3) ADuganu ondu kelasavannu kELuganondige naDesuva bayakeyannu kriyApadakke mundina samayada p (v) oTTannu mattu ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva am oTTannu baLasiruva mADuvam ‘mADONa’, pOpam ‘hOgONa’, tORuvam ‘tOrisONa’) rUpagaLannu baLasalAguttittu.

haLegannaDada I kriyArUpa mUladrAviDadalli ADuga mattu kELugaru oTTAgi mundina samayadalli naDesuva kelasavannu tiLisu vantaha kriyArUpavAgiddirabEku. mundina samayada p (v) oTTinondige ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva *am oTTu bandiruva I kriyArUpakke haLegannaDadalli mEle sUcisidantaha bEreyE arta baLakege bandide.

karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli haLegannaDada I kriyArUpa haLegannaDada artadallEnE uLidukonDide. adara am oTTu

mAtra oᵒ embudAgi (endare mUgisida okAravAgi) badalAgide (mADuvoᵒ ‘mADONa’, hOpoᵒ ‘hOgONa’ umboᵒ ‘UTa mADONa’).

kannaDada itara oLanuDigaLalli I kriyArUpa uLidilla. adakke badalu, kriyApadakke nEravAgi ONa oTTannu sErisi racisiruva kriyArUpagaLu baLakege bandive (mADONa, hOgONa).

baLakeyallittu.

(4) ADuga mattu kELugarannu horatupaDisi itararinda ondu kelasavannu mADisikoLLuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli ke (ge) kriyApadakke idannu sErisalAguttittu (barke ‘barali’, Ige ‘koDali’, tinge ‘tinnali’).
haLetamiLinalliyU intahadE oTTu ka (kka) rUpadalli baLake yallittu (kANka ‘kANali’, oZikka ‘nASamADali’). tenkudrAviDakke intahadondu oTTannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdyavideyAdarU mUla drAviDadalli idara jAgavEnu embudu spaSTavAgilla.

nEravAgi

ivattina kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli I oTTu uLidiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. idakke badalu ali oTTannu sErisiruva barali, hOgali modalAda rUpagaLu baLakege bandive. ivu anantarada kelasavannu sUcisuva jODisuva kriyArUpagaLinda (12.3 nODi) bandive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.7 vAkyada naDuve baruva kriyArUpagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, vAkyagaLa naDuve halavu rItiya kriyA rUpagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttave. jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu (mADi, mADalu, mADuttA, mADade), sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLu Sarattina kriyArUpagaLu (mADidare) mattu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu

(mADuva, mADida, mADada),

(mADuvudu, mukyavAdavugaLu.

mADidudu,

mADadudu)

ivugaLalli

bEre

avannu

I kriyArUpagaLu mUladrAviDadindalEnE bandirabahudE nuDigaLu bEre illavE kalpisikonDirabahudE embudinnU mUladrAviDadindalE bandiveyAdare avakke alli yAva svarUpa avugaLa iddirabahudu badalAvaNegaLella kannaDada caritreyalli naDedirabahudu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

drAviDa spaSTavAgilla.

svarUpadalli

mattu

ivugaLalli jODisuva, sambandisuva mattu Sarattannu tiLisuva kriyArUpagaLa caritreyannu munde vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuva pariSIlisalAguvudu. kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmarUpagaLa caritreyentahadu embudannu nAmapadagaLa mattu nAmarUpagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuva mundina (9nE) adyAyadalli pariSIlisalAguvudu.

hanneraDanE adyAyadalli

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8.8 tiruLu

kriyArUpagaLa oLaracane mUladrAviDadalli hEgiddirabahudu mattu adu kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide. I viSayadalli kannaDada oLanuDigaLu, adarallU karAvaLi mattu oLanADina oLanuDigaLu, halavu rItiyalli bErAgiddu, halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.

hindina samayada nta oTTinallidda nakAra heccineDegaLallU biddu hOgide; mundina samayavannu sUcisuva v(p) oTTu haLegannaDadalli uLidideyAdarU hosagannaDadalli adara badalu utta oTTu baLakege bandide. Adare, baDaga kannaDadalli mattu

karAvaLiya gavDa kannaDadalli utta oTTina badalu haLegannaDada ‘dapa’ rUpa uLidiruva hAge kANisuttade.

karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli haLegannaDada v(p) oTTige mundina samayadalli naDeyuva kelasada kuritAgi ADugana Uheyannu sUcisuva arta bandide. baDaga kannaDadallU I oTTu

Uheyannu sUcisuva ku oTTu mattu allagaLeyuva A oTTu haLegannaDadalli, karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mattu baDaga kannaDadalli uLidive, Adare oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli mattu baraha kannaDadalli uLidilla.

kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli

kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli baruva ADuga oTTugaLallU halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. udAharaNegAgi, ADuga mattu kELugara kUDikeyannu sUcisuva oTTu baDaga kannaDadalli mAtra uLidide; havyakadalli I oTTu halavacanadallidda aLidideyAdarU artavyatyAsa uLidide; manuSya-itara lingabEda kannaDadalli aLidide; orvacanadallU gavravArta illadalli linga bEda havyaka mattu baDaga oLanuDigaLalli aLidide.

havyaka

kriyArUpagaLa caritreya kuritAgi nAvu tiLiyabEkAgiruva amSa innU bahaLaSTu ide embudannu illi nenapisuvudu avaSya.

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9. nAmapadagaLu

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9.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDadalli nAmabEru, kriyAbEru mattu guNabEru embudAgi mUru rItiya bErugaLidduvu. I mUru rItiya bErugaLindalU nAmapadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavittu. avugaLalli nAmabErugaLannu hAgeyE avakke yAva oTTannU sErisade nAmapadavAgi baLasalu sAdyavittu. udAharaNegAgi, *kay, *AL, *Ur, *kaN, *kAl, *pal ‘hallu’, *peN ‘hengasu’, mUladrAviDada modalAdavu I rIti baLakeyAgaballa nAmabErugaLu.

kannaDadallU intaha halavu nAmabErugaLiddu, avannu yAva oTTina sahAyavU illade hAgeyE nAmapadavAgi baLasalu sAdyavide. udAharaNegAgi, bErige halavacanavannu sUcisuva gaL oTTu (kaNgaL), koneyannu sUcisuva vibakti oTTu (kaNge), modalAduvannu nEravAgi sErisalu sAdyavide.

haLegannaDadalli

kriyAbErugaLalliyU halavannu hAgeyE (endare avakke ‘sonne’ oTTannu sErisi) nAmapadavAgi baLasalu sAdyavittu; kannaDadalliyU idu sAdyavide. udAharaNegAgi, hADu, uri, beLe, uguLu, kemmu, guDugu, tappu modalAduvannu kriyApadagaLAgi nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLasalu sAdyavide. (hADu pada avanu ondu hADannu hADida

mAtravallade

vAkyadalli modalige nAmapadavAgi baLakeyAgide mattu adara anantara kriyApadavAgiyU baLakeyAgide). intaha halavAru bErugaLu kannaDadallive.

I mUru rItiya (nAma, kriyA mattu guNa) bErugaLigU kelavu padaracaneya oTTugaLannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavittu. udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDada kA ‘kADu’ nAma bErige *Tu oTTannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kannaDada kADu nAmapadavannu, mUladrAviDada *vil ‘mAru’ kriyAbErige *ay oTTannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kannaDada bele (<vilay) nAmapadavannu mattu mUladrAviDada per ‘doDDa’ guNabErige *may oTTannu kannaDada hemme sErisuvudara mUlaka (<perumay) paDeyalAgideyembudannu nAmapadavannu gamanisabahudu.

mUru

idallade, I

bEru(pada)gaLigU nAmapadagaLannu sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuva vidAnavU mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyalliddirabEku. udAharaNegAgi, *eL ‘eLLu’ mattu *ney ‘eNNe, tuppa’ emba eraDu mUladrAviDa nAmapadagaLa sErikeyinda kannaDada eNNe nAmapadavannu, *vAv ‘kittukoLLu’ (kriyApada) mattu *yAl ‘prANi’ (nAmapada)gaLa sErikeyinda kannaDada bAvali nAmapadavannu mattu *veL ‘biLi’ (guNapada) mattu *ney ‘tuppa’ (nAmapada)gaLa sErikeyinda kannaDada beNNe nAmapadavannu tayArisiruvalli I vidAnada baLakeyAgide.

mattu

kriyAbEru

nAmabEru,

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9.2 nAmapadagaLa oLaracane

mUladrAviDada nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli mEle sUcisida guNabErugaLu baLakeyAguttiddirabEku embudAgi kalpisikoLLalAgideyAdarU, ivugaLalli kriyAbErugaLa baLakeya viSayadalli mAtravE iduvarege heccina samSOdanegaLu naDedive.
uLida bErugaLa, adarallU samSOdane

nAmabErugaLa baLakeya viSayadalli heccina naDeyadiruvudakke antaha samSOdanege ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLa sahAya sigadiruvudE kAraNavirabEku (9.2.1 nODi). I mUru rItiya bErugaLa mUlaka nAmapadagaLannu racisuva vidAnaventahadu embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

kriyAbEru

nAmabErugaLella,

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9.2.1 nAmabErugaLinda nAmapadagaLu

mUladrAviDada mattu guNabErugaLa hAge, ondu ulikanteyavugaLAgiddirabEkembudu ivattina kalpaneyAgide. Adare, sadyakke idu bariya kalpane mAtra. yAkendare, ondakkinta jAsti ulikanteyiruva handi, uguru, hoge, nUrAru nAmapadagaLalli bErannu oTTininda pratyEkisalu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLu sahAyakavAguvudilla.

kaNaja, giDuga

modalAda

kALaga,

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada handi padakke mUladrAviDadalli entaha bEru mattu oTTugaLa sErike kAraNavAgirabahudembudannu kalpisikoLLuvudu sulabavalla. I pada mUladrAviDadalli *panRi emba rUpadalliddirabahudendu hELabahudEnO nija; Adare adaralli bandiruva oTTu i embudE illavE Ri embudE

embudannu tiLiyalu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli AdAra siguvudilla.

hAgAgi, I viSayadalli heccina samSOdane naDedu, mUla drAviDada nAmapadagaLalli baraballa nAmabErugaLa mattu avuga Londige baraballa oTTugaLa svaSTavAda citraNa siguvavaregU mUla drAviDada nAmabErugaLella namma ASayavaSTE allade ulikanteyavAgiddirabEkembudu tiLuvaLikeyAgalAradu.

idE kAraNakkAgi, kriyAbEru illavE guNabErugaLinda paDe yalu sAdyavilladantaha uguru, hoge, kALaga, kaNaja modalAda nUrAru nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli entaha nAmabEru mattu oTTugaLa baLakeyAgide mattu avu kannaDada caritreyalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu vivarisalu sadyakkantU namage sAdyavAgadu.

kannaDadallEnE baLakeyAguva nAmapadagaLannu hOlisi nODi dAga illavE avannu tamiLu padagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, avugaLa oLaracaneyalli keLage sUcisidantaha kelavu oTTugaLu baLakeyAgiruvudannu UhisikoLLalu sAdyavide. Adare, ivugaLalli yAva oTTugaLannu mUladrAviDakkU sAdya embudannu tiLiyalu heccina samSOdane naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

kalpisikoLLalu

(1) a oTTu: keLagina padagaLalli I oTTige ‘sambandisiruva

vyakti’ emba artavide.

eggu ‘nAcuge’
kAdal

egga ‘heDDa’ kATa ‘kADinavanu’

keppu ‘kivuDu’
tuDugu ‘kaLLatana’ birudu
aDi ‘kAlina aDi’

keppa ‘kivuDa’ tuDuga ‘kaLLa’ biruda ‘biruduLLava’ aDiya ‘sEvaka’

Adare konDe : konDeya ‘cADi’, imbu ‘uLiyuva jAga’: imba ‘agala’, nIr ‘nIra’ : Ira ‘tEva’ modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli I oTTige mElina artavilla.

(2) i oTTu: kelavu padagaLalli idu a oTTige badalAgi baruttiddu, sUcisaballudu. ivugaLalli kelavakke u oTTinalli konegoLLuva guNapadavannU koDalu sAdyavide.

ganDu-heNNu artabEdavannu

nAmapada

guNapada

kuruDa
kuLLa kivuDa
maruLa
hucca
heDDa

heNNu
kuruDi
kuLLi maruLi
hucci

kuruDu kuLLu kivuDu arasu(tana) maruLu huccu heDDu

Adare, muduka-muduki, ajja-ajji modalAda bEre konegoLLuva

padagaLige intaha u oTTinalli

kelavu

beDagu-beDagi, basiRu-basiRi guNapadagaLilla. idallade modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLige a oTTinalli konegoLLuva ganDusannu sUcisuva padavU illa.

keLage koTTiruva bEre kelavu padagaLalli i oTTige bEreyE

artagaLive.

sUDu ‘hullina kaTTu’ sUDi ‘hullina cikka kaTTu’’ nAr ‘nAru’’
puruL ‘yOgyate’’ puruLi ‘yOgya vyakti’’

nAri ‘billina hagga’’

tamiLu
kUn ‘‘kaDAyi’

kannaDa kUni ‘maNNina pAtre’

(3) e oTTu: kAdala-kAdale padagaLalli idakke ‘hengasu’’ emba artavideyAdarU, keLage koTTiruva bEre halavu padagaLalli bEreyE artavide.

nAL ‘dina’’
guDDa
kombu (danaddu)
pul ‘hullu’’
kunDa ‘gunDi’
koppa ‘cikka haLLi’

nALe ‘marudina’ guDDe ‘rASi’ kombe (maraddu) pulle ‘jinke’’ kunTe ‘gunDi’’ kompe ‘cikka haLLi’’

nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi I oTTu kannaDadalli heccu baLakeyallide (9.3 nODi). Adare, nAmabEru illavE nAmapadagaLindalU bEre

kriyAbErugaLinda

nAmapadagaLannu keLagina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

racisalu adara baLakeyAguttadeyumbudannu

puDike ‘buTTi’ gaNike ‘ganTu’

puTTi ‘buTTi’
kaN ‘kabbina ganTu’ kanDu ‘nUlina unDe’ kanDike ‘nUlina unDe’’ kuDike ‘mosara kuDike’’ koDa ‘nIrina koDa’ taDike ‘taTTi’’ taTTi ‘bidira cApe’’ horike ‘nIruLLiya sippe’’ pore ‘podaru’
halike ‘halliruva sAdana’’ pal ‘hallu’’

(5) ga oTTu: kannaDadalli idakke ondu vastu illavE viSayakke sambandisidavanu illavE ondu vastuvannu baLasuvavanu emba artavide.

ambi ‘dONi’’ pE ‘huccu’’
bEru ‘marada bEru’’ bEruga ‘bEru mAruvavanu’

ambiga ‘dONi naDesuvavanu’ IDiga ‘henDa mADuvavanu’’ hEga ‘hucca’

keLagina udAharaNegaLalli I oTTinondige i oTTU sEriruva

iga embudu bandide.

gANa ‘eNNeya gANa’’ gANiga ‘gANadavanu’’ heNNu ‘hengasu’’ bEnTe ‘bETe’
sAla ‘kaDa’’

heNNiga ‘pukka’ bEnTiga ‘bETegAra’ sAliga ‘sAla koTTavanu’

dAri ‘mArga’’

dAriga ‘prayANika’

Adare, kannaDada giDuga ‘haddu’ (tuLu: giDi) koLaga ‘gorasu’ (tamiLu: kuLampu) mattu konDe, konDega ‘cADi’ padagaLalli I oTTige mElina artavilla.

(5) ge oTTu: idu mUladrAviDada *kay oTTininda bandira bEku. kelavu padagaLalli idu i oTTinondige baruttade. kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvallU I oTTina baLakeyAguttade (9.3 nODi).

caTTi ‘maNNina pAtre’’ caTTige ‘cikka caTTi’ sade ‘kasa’ niRi ‘nerige’

sedage ‘kasa’ niRige ‘nerige’

kunDa ‘taggu’’
cembu ‘tArma’
mALa ‘mElmane’’

gunDige ‘edeya taggu’ tambige ‘tArmada pAtre’’ mALige ‘mALa’

kannaDada keLagina padagaLallU I oTTu bandideyumbudannu

tamiLina padagaLu sUcisuttave.

kUn

tamiLu

kannaDa
gUge ‘gUge hakki’’ kEdige ‘kEdige hU’’ kaytay koTTige ‘haTTi’
koTTam suttige ‘koDati’ sutti
nAlige
nA, nAkku

(6) pu oTTu: kriyAbEru mattu guNabErugaLinda nAmapada

gaLannu paDeyuvallU I oTTina baLakeyAguttade.

kera ‘ekkaDa’’
gunDi ‘taggu’’
nanTu ‘sambanda’’

kerpu ‘ekkaDa’ keppu ‘kivuDu’ guNpu ‘ALa’ naNpu ‘geLetana’

keravu ‘ekkaDa’, kesu, kesavu ‘kesuvina soppu’, tiru, tiruvu ‘billina hede’, elu, eluvu ‘elubu’, maDu, maDuvu ‘koLa’ padagaLalli I oTTu vu rUpadallide.

(7) me oTTu: kelavu padagaLalli idakke ve rUpa bandide.

(ka) aDi ‘kAlina aDi’’ aDime ‘kILme’’ kAdalme ‘nalme’’

kAdal ‘nalme’

kAlu ‘kAluve’’ pal ‘hallu’
mada ‘maduve’

kAluve halive maduve

kannaDa nuDiya kulume (tamiLu: kol ‘kammAra’), oDave (tamiLu: uTay ‘sampattu’) mattu iruve (havyaka: erugu) padagaLallU me illavE ve oTTina baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

(8) l oTTu: idu

nAmapadadondige bandirabahudu illavE a oTTinondige sEri bandirabahudu. keLagina padagaLalli idarondige uccAraNeya ukAra sEride.

nEravAgi

kuDi ‘tudi’’
maTTi ‘tengina gari’’ maNNu
mada ‘maduve’
vanDu ‘kesaru’
kaN ‘bidirina ganTu’ kunca ‘kuccu’
pukku ‘aLuku’
soppu ‘sappu’’ dodde ‘uggu’

kuDilu ‘moLake’ maDalu maNalu ‘maraLu’ madal ‘maduve’’ banDalu ‘kesaru’ kaNalu ‘ganTu’ goncalu pukkalu ‘aLuku’’ toppalu ‘sappu’ todalu

keLage koTTiruva padagaLallU I oTTu bandideyumbudannu

tamiLu (mattu telugu) padagaLu sUcisuttave.

tamiLu

kannaDa
oDalu ‘mey’’ uTampu eccam iddalu
tuNDam sonDilu tadalu ‘muLLupaDi’ teRRu mIsalu ‘tegedirisiddu’ micay mUDal ‘beraNi’ muTTay vIZ bILalu telugu: ceda iddalu

(9) su oTTu: keLagina kannaDa padagaLalli I oTTu bandide embudannu avugaLa eduru koTTiruva tamiLu padagaLinda tiLiya bahudu.

tamiLu kanA, kanAvu

kannaDa
kanasu
kaDasu ‘eLeya dana’’ kaTavu poRasu ‘pArivALa’’ puRa mAsu ‘garbASaya’’ mA geNasu

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9.2.2 kriyAbErugaLinda nAmapadagaLu

mUladrAviDa kriyAbErugaLinda nAmapadagaLannu paDeyuvudakkAgi halavu oTTugaLu baLakeyalliddirabEku. avugaLalli kelavannu kannaDa dallU kANabahudu.

mUladrAviDada I oTTugaLalli kannaDa halavAru badalAvaNe gaLannu mADikonDide mAtravalla, avugaLalli kelavu oTTugaLa baLakeyannu bahaLaSTu heccisikonDide.

mattu u

kriyAbErugaLu vyanjanadalli konegoLLuvuvAgiddare, avugaLa anantara a, i svaradoTTugaLannu baLasi nAmapadagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavittu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa padagaLalli I mUru svaragaLu oTTugaLAgi bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

kriyAbEru kal ‘kali’’

nAmapada kali ‘kalitavanu’

kaNi ‘nOTa’ kuli ‘kolegAra’

ADu ‘ATavADu’ kAN ‘kANu’
kol ‘kollu’
kAy ‘kAyi biDu’ kAyi ‘kAyi’ koR ‘tunDumADu’’koRi ‘tunDu gellu’

nAmapada

kriyAbEru nUl ‘nUlu mADu’ nUlu ‘nUlu’ aRu ‘oNaguvike’ AR ‘oNagu’
ore ‘saddu mADu’ uru ‘saddu’ kiTTu ‘muTTu’
iZi ‘iLiyu’

kiDu ‘muTTuvike’ iZu ‘iLiyuvike’

kriyAbEru gel ‘gellu’’
iZ ‘eLe’ oDDu ‘rASihAku’ ettu ‘mElettu’

nAmapada gela ‘geluvu’’ iZa ‘eLeyuvike’ oDDa ‘rASi’ etta ‘ettuvike’

uruLi ‘uruTAda pAtre’, eccaRa ‘eccara’ modalAda nAma padagaLalli I oTTugaLannu nEravAgi kriyAbErugaLige sErisuva badalu, antaha kriyAbErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi racisiruva uruLu ‘uruLu’, eccaR ‘niddetiLi’’embantaha kriyApadagaLige sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgide.

(4) *ay oTTu: kannaDa padagaLalli ekAravU oTTina jAgadalli baraballudu; Adare, idu mUladrAviDada *ay oTTininda bandide.

kriyAbEru

nagu kol ‘kollu’’ kaTTu ‘gaTTiyAgu’ kiR ‘muccu’ kiTTu ‘muTTu’ kettu

nAmapada kaTTe ‘kaTTida kaTTe’ kole ‘kolluvike’ keRa ‘nIrina kere’ geDe ‘muTTuvike’ kette ‘cakke’’

tamiLu

kaTTay nakay kolay — — —

mUladrAviDadalli iddirabahudAda bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koTTiruva kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kANabahudu.

rakArada anantara

(5) *kay oTTu: kannaDadalli idakke ge emba rUpavide; rUpavide. bErugaLondige uddavAgiruva paDedu mAtravallade kriyApadagaLondigU I oTTu baraballudu.

oTTugaLannu

kriyApada appu
koDu

nAmapada appuge adduge ‘muLuguvike’’ iDuge ‘iDuvike’’ koDuge

geluge

sArke ‘samIpisuvike’’ sAr ‘baLige baru’ aLur ‘muccu’ aLurke ‘muccuvike’ amar ‘ottAgi sEru’ amarke ‘amaruvike’

irke, ikke ‘nele’

kannaDada aRike ‘tiLivu’ (aRi ‘tiLi’), uZike ‘uLidudu’ (uZi ‘uLi’) modalAda bEre kelavu nAmapadagaLalli mUla drAviDada *(i)kkay oTTu bandiruva hAge kANisuttade.

kannaDada caritreyalli I oTTina baLake bahaLaSTu heccide. idallade, hosagannaDadalli ike emba rUpadalliruva padarUpa yAva oTTondu baLakege bandiddu, adara kriyApadadinda bEkiddarU nAmarUpagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavide (baT 2002:96 nODi).

mUlaka

kriyApada koDu
tinnu
horaDu

nAmarUpa iruvike iLiyuvike bareyuvike koDuvike tinnuvike ADuvike horaDuvike

(6) *am oTTu: kannaDadalli idu a emba rUpadallide; idara koneyalli ondu makAra iddirabEkembudannu keLage koTTiruva tamiLu padagaLu sUcisuttave. I oTTu sEridAga,

bErugaLa koneya otte taDeyuli immaDi taDeyuliyAguttade mattu kannaDadalli I immaDi taDeyuli koraLisada otte taDeyuliyAgi kANisikoLLuttade.

nAmapada

kriyApada AZ ‘muLugu’ AZa ‘kereya ALa’
nil ‘nillu’ aDaku ottihiDi’ aDaka ‘ottuvike’ naDugu

Ota ’Oduvike’ naDuka

tamiLu

AZam nilam aTakkam ATTam OTTam naTukkam

(7) *al oTTu: hosagannaDadalli idu uccAraNegAgi banda

ukAra sEridudarindAgi alu emba rUpadallide.

kriyApada Udu ‘ubbu’
okku ‘kALannu bEpraDisu’ oTTu ‘rASimADu’ kAy ‘kAyu’
kUDu ‘sEru’
tappu
tURu ‘haniyAgi bILu’ tongu ‘nEtADu’ paDu ‘malagu’

nAmapada Udalu ‘ubbuvike’’ okkalu ‘bEpraDisuvike’ oTTalu ‘rASi’ kAvalu kUDalu ‘sEruva jAga’ tappal ‘tappu hejje’ tUralu ‘hani maLe’ tongal ‘goncalu’ paDal ‘malaguvike’’

poy ‘hoDe’ bILu
meTTu

puyal ‘hoDeta’’ bILalu meTTalu

(8) bErina giDDa svaravannu uddasvaravAgi badalAyisuvudu: mUladrAviDada kelavu kriyAbErugaLa giDDasvaravannu uddasvaravAgi badalAyisuvudara mUlakavU avannu nAmapadagaLannAgi badalA yisalu sAdyaviddirabEku. kannaDadalli I badalAvaNeyannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.

kriyApada

koDu
iDu ‘irisu’’
keDu ‘hALAgu’’ iRi ‘cuccu’

nAmapada kODu ‘koDuvike’’ IDu ‘gurige iTTudu’’ kEDu ‘pIDe’ ERu ‘gAya’

(9) ta oTTu: idu kannaDadalli ikAra mattu ekAra (mUla drAviDada ay)gaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara baLakeyAguvudE jAsti. idara anantara e (ay) oTTU baraballudu.

(ka) ta oTTina baLake:

kriyApada

nAmapada

(ca) ta oTTinondige e (*ay) oTTina baLake:

naDate

ekAra illavE ikAradalli konegoLLadiruva kriyApadagaLa keLagina

baraballudembudakke

anantaravU I udAharaNegaLannu koDabahudu.

kriyApada tappu
mEyu koyyu

negaL
pogaL
bAL

nAmapada tappita mEta koyta

negaLte pogaLte bALte

(10) pu oTTu:
kriyApada nene

nAmapada nenapu
maDipu
tIrpu
balpu

kelavu padagaLalli idu (ka) hu rUpakke mattu innu kelavu

padagaLalli (ca) vu rUpakke badalAgide.

kriyApada nene

nAmapada nenahu

muri

muruhu biguhu

sAy
mare

tiLivu sAvu geluvu marevu

(11 me (<*may) oTTu: nAmapada balume tALme sOlme kUrme geyme

kriyApada sOlu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.2.3 guNabErugaLinda nAmapadagaLu

guNabErugaLinda nAmapadagaLannu paDeyuvudakkAgi avakke (ka) *ppu (>pu, bu, hu) illavE (ca) *may (>me) oTTugaLannu sErisiruvudakke kannaDadalli kelavu udAharaNegaLive.

guNabEru

kam kem

nAmapada karpu, kappu kampu kempu tampu

guNabEru mudu nuN nILa nEr

nAmapada kaDupu muppu biLupu nuNupu nILpu nErpu

mun

(ca) kIL

teLpu oLpu balpu

mumbu biRubu

kILme perme eLave

mel say

nal

kUrpu melpu saypu

oLuhu

nalme balme

kay-kayppuembudaralli pe (<*ppay) oTTu mattu biN-

bimmu embudaralli mu oTTu kANisuttade.

ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu guNapadagaLige a (<an) oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka ganDasarannu sUcisuva nAmapadagaLannu mattu i oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka hengasarannu sUcisuva nAma padagagaLannu kannaDadalli paDeyalu sAdyavide.

guNapadagaLu kuruDu
kivuDu
kuLLu
maruLu huccu
celuvu heDDu

nAmapadagaLu kunTa, kunTi kuruDa, kuruDi kivuDa, kivuDi kuLLa, kuLLi maruLa, maruLi hucca, hucci celuva, celuvi heDDa, heDDi

Adare iveraDU inDO-Aryan nuDigaLinda ittIcege erava

lAgi paDeda oTTugaLirabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.2.4 jODupadagaLa oLaracane

sErisi hosadondu padavannu eraDu padagaLannu oTTu tayArisidalli adannu jODupadavendu kareyalAguttade. idu nAmapadagaLige mAtravE sImitavAgiruva padaracaneya kramavAgide (baT 2002 nODi).

I rIti jODisiruva eraDu padagaLalli eraDaneyadu yAvA galU mUladrAviDadalli ondu nAmapadavAgiruttittu. Adare modalaneyadu nAmapadavAgirabahudu, kriyApadavAgirabahudu illavE guNapadavAgirabahudu.

I viSayavannavalambisi, mUladrAviDada jODupadagaLannu mUru gumpugaLalli hancalu sAdyavide (kruSNamUrti 2003:200 nODi). baLakeyallide (baT 2002). (1) nAmapada + nAmapada

kannaDadallU intahadE

jODupadagaLa

kaNNIru kaN + nIru
kAlALu kAlu + ALu
eL + ney
kannaDi ten ‘tenka’ + kAy tengu

(2) kriyApada + nAmapada kannaDada bAvali nAmapadavannu mUladrAviDadalli *vAv ‘kittukoLLu’ kriyApadakke *yAl ‘prANi’ nAmapadavannu sErisi tayArisirabEku (kruSNamUrti 2003:204). kannaDadalli suLigALi, surimaLe, siDimaddu, bIsugallu, nilugaDe, jArubanDi,

UrugOlu modalAda bEreyU halavu jODupadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi racisalAgide.

(3) guNapada + nAmapada

mun + nAL ‘dina’
per + puli mut ‘mudi’ + ajji
kem + tALi
mun + kaDa

monne hebbuli muttajji mungaDa

kannaDada mattu bEre halavu drAviDa nuDigaLa vyAkaraNagaLalli jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvudakkAgi samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda tatpuruSa, karmadAraya, bahuvrIhi modalAda hesarugaLannu baLasalAguttade. Adare, nijakkU I hesarugaLu drAviDa nuDigaLalli baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannu sariyAgi vivarisalAravu.

padagaLalli

idakke kAraNavEnendare, mElina hesarugaLu jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva eraDu yAvudu A jODupadada kEndrabinduvAgiruttade emba viSayada mEle avalambisive. Adare, mEle sUcisida hAge, drAviDa nuDigaLalli I viSayakkintalU jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi entaha pada (nAmapadavE, kriyApadavE, guNapadavE) bandide emba viSayavE mukyavAdudarinda, adannavalambisiruva hesarugaLannu baLasuvudE oLLeyadu (baT 2002 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.3 linga mattu vacana

nAmapadagaLa hancikege baLakeyAguva tatvavannu lingavendu kareya lAguttade. mUladrAviDadalli mattu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli idu nAmapadagaLa artavannavalambiside.

lingabEda

mUladrAviDada I

vacanabEdadondige sErikonDideyundu hELabahudu. yAkendare, averaDannU mUladrAviDadalli sUcisalAguttittu. idallade, ivattina kelavu drAviDa nuDigaLalli
bEre bEre vacanagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya lingabEdavide.

mUlaka

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.3.1 eraDu lingagaLu

mUladrAviDada nAmapadagaLannu avugaLa artavannavalambisi (1) ganDasaru mattu (2) itararu (hengasaru mattu manuSyarallada itararu) embudAgi hancuva krama baLakeyalliddirabEku (kruSNamUrti 2003); tenkudrAviDa nuDigaLalli kANisuva hancike idaralli svalpa badalAvaNe mADidudarinda unTAgirabEku.

orvacanadalli aL oTTannu baLasuvudara mUlaka I nuDigaLalli hengasarannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ondu hosa lingavannu baLakege taralAyitu mattu halavacanadalli ganDusaru mAtravE iruva gumpannu sUcisuttidda ar oTTige ganDusaru mattu hengusaru oTTigiruva sUcisuva artavannU gumpannu koDalAyitu; anantara, hengasaru mAtra iruva gumpannu sUcisuva artavannU adakke koDalAyitu. I badalAyisida hancikeyE ivattu kannaDadalli baLakeyallide.

kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli mAtra, tenkudrAviDada I linga- vacanada svarUpadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLAgive (9.3.3 nODi).

nAmapadagaLa I hancike vAkyagaLalli baruva kriyApadagaLalli, guNapadagaLalli, tOruga padagaLalli mattu eNikeya padagaLalli sUcitavAguttade.

mattu

vacanagaLiganusAravAgi orvacanadalli

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLige nAmapadagaLa mUru rUpagaLive mattu halavacanadalli eraDu rUpagaLive. Adare, I kELugarannu biTTu itararannu lingabEda ADuga sUcisabEkAdAga mAtra kriyArUpagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

mattu

ganDasu
hengasu

orvacana
bandan
bandaL
bandudu

halavacana banduvu

ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararannu sUcisuvalli kANisuva mElina lingabEda ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuvalli kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, nAn banden mattu nIn banday emberaDu vAkyagaLa mUlaka ADuga mattu kELugara baravannu sUcisalAguttade; Adare, hIge sUcisiruva illavE hengasAgirabahudu.

ganDasAgirabahudu

kELugaru

mattu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.3.2 eraDu vacanagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, mUladrAviDadalli orvacana mattu halavacana embudAgi eraDu vacanagaLu baLakeyallidduvu. halavacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, ganDasarannu sUcisuva padagaLa anantara *ar oTTannu sErisalAguttittu mattu itararannu sUcisuva padagaLa anantara *kaL oTTannu sErisalAguttittu.

idaralli svalpa badalAvaNe mADiruva (*Ar embudaralli ganDasarondige hengasarannU sErisiruva) baLake kannaDadallU ide (arasar, huDugaru, huDugiyaru; marangaL, elegaLu).

tenkudrAviDadalli orvacana mattu ganDasu-hengasu lingabEda iveraDannu oTTige sUcisuvudakkAgi, manuSyarannu sUcisuva kelavu padagaLa anantara *an mattu *aL oTTugaLannu sErisuva baLake yittu. kannaDadallU I oTTugaLive (magan, magaL).

kannaDada gaL oTTu karAvaLiya kelavu oLanuDigaLalli tanna

LakAravannu kaLedukonDide.

karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLu
havyaka
Anego ettugo marango

maranga

baraha AnegaLu ettugaLu maragaLu

Adare, I halavacana oTTina anantara otti hELuva ude oTTu bandAga, I rIti bidduhOgiruva LakAra tirugi kANisikoLLuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(1ka) sarkassili mUru Anego ittiddavu ‘sarkassinalli mUru AnegaLu idduvu’

(1ca) sarkassili mUru AnegaLude ittiddavu ‘sarkassinalli mUru AnegaLU idduvu’

(1ka)dalli bandiruva Anego pada (1ca)dalli AnegaL emba rUpadallE ide; adara anantara ude oTTu bandiruvudE idakke

suLyada gavDa kannaDadallU gaL oTTu LakAravannu kaLedukonDu ga rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade; Adare I rIti biddu hOgiruva LakAra vibakti oTTugaLannu sErisidAgalU kANisikoLLuttade. maranga ‘maragaLu’ : marangaLnda ‘maragaLinda’. ’ baDaga oLanuDiyallU halavacanavannu

embudu go embudAgi badalAgide (mora ‘mara’ : morago
‘maragaLu’, ettu ‘ettu’ : ettugo ‘ettugaLu’, nanDu ‘EDi’: nanDugo ‘EDigaLu’).

sUcisuva

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.3.3 lingabEdadalli badalAvaNe

karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli mattu baDaga kannaDadalli mEle vivarisi dantaha kannaDada lingabEda svalpa maTTige badalAgide.

(1) baDaga kannaDadalli hengasaru mattu ganDasara naDuvina vyatyAsavannu tOrisadiruva halavacanada ar oTTige antaha vyatyAsavannu tOrisadiruva baLake mAtra ide. hengasu-ganDasu vyatyAsavannu tOrisuvantaha nAmapadagaLondige adara badalu go oTTannE halavacanada oTTAgi baLasalAguttade.

kaLLa ’‘kaLLa’ karpa ‘kariya’ ssseTTi ‘seTTi’

ganDusaru kaLLago
karpago
seTTigo

hengusaru kaLLigo
karpigo
seTTicigo

vyatyAsavilla kaLLaru karparu seTTiyaru

I kAraNakkAgi, nanTastikeyannu sUcisuva hetta ‘ajja’, hette ‘ajji’, aNNa ‘aNNa’, amma ‘tAyi’ modalAda padagaLU (ganDusu-hengusu lingabEdavannu (hettago halavacanadalli ‘ajjandiru’, hettego ‘ajjiyaru’, aNNago ‘aNNandiru’, ammago ‘tAyiyaru’).

go oTTinondige baruttave

sUcisuva

(2) havyaka kannaDadalli go(ko) (<gaL) mattu ar oTTugaLa baLake bErondu rItiya badalAvaNegoLagAgide. adaralli nanTastikeyannu mUgisida akAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLondige mAtra ar oTTu baLakeyAguttade (idakke modalu nanTastikeyannu sUcisuva (9.4 nODi) nda oTTu baruttade).

sUcisuva

mattu

itara nanTastikeyannu sUcisuva padagaLondige gaL oTTu (a)kko rUpadalli baruttade; mattu itara ellA padagaLondigU adu go rUpadalli baruttade.

(ka) mUgisida akAradalli konegoLLuva nanTastikeya padagaLu:

ovracana appa ᵒ
tammaᵒ
aLiya ᵒ

halavacana appandru akkandru tammandru aLiyandru

(ca) itara nanTastikeya padagaLu: abbe ‘tAyi’

abbekko ajyakko tangekko

appacci ‘cikkappa’‘

appacyakko

(Ta) itara nAmapadagaLu: kaLLa ᵒ
mara kUsu ‘huDugi’ mane

kaLLango marango kUsugo manego

idallade, gavravavannu sUcisabEkAdallU kko oTTannu baLasalAguttade. I baLakeyannu mASTrakko, baTTakko modalAda udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

suLyada gavDa kannaDadallU intahadE baLake kANisuttade. akAradalli konegoLLuva nanTastikeya padagaLondige ndar oTTu (appandar), itara nanTastikeya padagaLondige ka oTTu (atteka ‘atteyaru’), mattu itara padagaLondige ga oTTu (arsuga ‘arasaru’, kottiga ‘bekkugaLu’, maranga ‘maragaLu’) adaralli baLakeyAguttave.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.4 nanTastikeya padagaLu

mUladrAviDadalli tande, tAyi, akka, aNNa, tamma, tangi modalAda nanTastikeyannu sUcisuva nAmapadagaLige ondu viSiSTavAda jAgavannu kalpisabEkAguttade. ivu kannaDadalli iruva hAge, bariya nanTastikeyannu mAtravE tiLisade, A nanTastike yAroDanide embudannU tiLisuttiddirabEku. idakkAgi, mUladrAviDadalli I padagaLannu en, nin mattu tan emba ADuga, kELuga mattu itararannu sUcisuva mUru ADuga padagaLondige sErisiyE baLasuttiddirabEku. ivattu I

vidAnavannu kOlAmi, kuDuk modalAda kelavE kelavu drAviDa nuDigaLu mAtra uLisikonDive. haLeya tamiLinallU intaha ADuga padagaLa baLakeyittu.

haLeya tamiLu nuntay tantay

nunkay tankay

kuDuk nimbas tambas

kannaDa nanna tande ninna tande avana tande

nanna tangi ninna tangi avana tangi

kannaDada tamma, tangi, tande mattu tAyi padagaLa suruvige baruva takAra mUladrAviDadalli ‘avana’ emba artavannu koDaballa mUladrAviDadalli adakkidda I arta kannaDadalli aLiduhOgide.

paLeyaLikeyAgide.

padada

hAgAgi, I padagaLannu kannaDadalli nanna, ninna modalAda ADuga padagaLondige sErisiyU (nanna tamma, ninna tamma modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge) baLasalu sAdyavAguttide.

kannaDada nanTastikeya padagaLu innondu viSayadallU itara padagaLiginta bErAgive. Ekavacanadalli ganDasannu sUcisuva oTTu rUpadalliddirabEkendu mUladrAviDadalli kalpisalAgide. kannaDadalli mattu tenkudrAviDada itara nuDigaLalli idu an emba rUpakke badalAgide.

*anR emba

Adare nanTastikeyannu sUcisuva padagaLa halavacana rUpadalli ivattigU I oTTu anR emba rUpadallEnE (endare anR embudu anda emba mUlaka)

rUpakke badalAguva

paLeyaLikeyAgi kannaDadalli kANisikoLLuttade. tAyandiru emballi idu akAradalli konegoLLadiruva padagaLigU haraDiruva hAge kANisuttade.

mAva

aNNandiru akkandiru mAvandiru

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.5 sambandada oTTu

mUladrAviDadalli sambandada oTTembudu ondu vibaktiya oTTAgiralilla. yAkendare, nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadadondige sambandisuvudakkAgi adannu baLasuttiralilla.

sambandisabEkAdAga

idakke badalu, ondu nAmapadavannu innondu nAmapada (endare adannu eraDanE dondige nAmapadada viSESaNavAgi guNapadada jAgadalli baLasabEkAdAga), adakke I sambandada oTTannu sErisalAguttittu. kannaDadallU idE kelasakkAgi sambandada oTTannu baLasalAguttade (bekkina kaNNu, huliya hallu, huDugana kAlu). nAmapadagaLige

oTTugaLannu sErisabEkAdAgalU modalige avakke sambandada oTTannu sErisuva avaSyakateyittu. mUladrAviDada vibakti oTTugaLella modalige nAmapadagaLAgiddudE idakke kAraNavirabEku.

idallade,

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.5.1 mUladrAviDadalli sambandada oTTu

eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandavannu sUcisuva I oTTige mUladrAviDadalli akAra illavE ikAradondige tta illavE na embudannu (illavE averaDannU) sErisiruva *atta, *itta, *ana, *ina, *attina, *ittina, *anta modalAda halavu

rUpagaLiddirabEku. ivugaLalli yAvudannu elli baLasalAguttittu embudannu spaSTavAgi nirdarisalu innU sAdyavAgilla.

kannaDadalli I sErikegaLu hEge kANisikoLLuttave embudannu

keLage vivarisalAgide.

(1) atta/itta embudu da rUpadalli an (illavE am) embudaralli manuSyarannu konegoLLuva horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisuva padagaLa sambanda rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade (maran - marada, polan - polada, nelan

nelada).

mattu

(2) *ina embudu ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLa anantara kANisikoLLuttade (andu- andina, indu - indina, maDu - maDuvina).

(3) *ana embudu *aNa rUpadalli attaNa, ittaNa, tenkaNa, paDuvaNa, baDagaNa, mUDaNa emba I enTu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. dikkannu sUcisuva mEgaNa, keLagaNa, poRagaNa, attaNa, ittaNa padagaLallU idE aNa oTTu bandide. illi nakAra NakAra hEgAyitembudu spaSTavAgilla.

(4) *anta embudu tenkudrAviDadalli anRa embudAgi badalAgiddu, kannaDadalli adara mUguli bidduhOgi ara (<aRa) endAgide. idu keLagina sannivESagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. (ka) eNikeya padagaLu (ondara, eraDara, mUrara),
(ca) manuSyarannu biTTu itararannu sUcisuva tOruga

padagaLu (adara, idara, yAvudara),

(Ta) tu, ttu, su, TugaLalli konegoLLuva mattu

pramANavannu sUcisuva padagaLu (anitara, aSTara),

(ta) tu, ttu, dugaLalli konegoLLuva guNapadagaLu (kiridara,

doDDadara),

(pa) udu mattu adugaLalli konegoLLuva kriyArUpagaLu

(mADidudara, mADuvadara),

(ga) ella embudu (ellara), mattu
(ja) En embudu (EtaRa).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.5.2 vibakti oTTugaLondigina baLake

mUladrAviDadalli vibaktiya oTTugaLannu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLige sErisuva badalu avugaLa sambanda rUpakke sErisalAguttittendu mEle sUcisalAgittu. mUladrAviDada vibakti oTTugaLella nAma padagaLa paLeyaLikegaLAgiddudE idakke kAraNavirabEku. I kAraNa kkAgi, avannu nAmapadagaLa anantara baLasabEkAdAgalella A nAma padagaLige sambandada oTTannu sErisi avannu viSESaNa rUpakke badalAyisabEkAgittu.

mattu

jAgagaLemba uLida

haLegannaDada nAlku vibaktigaLalli Agugavondannu biTTu suru, kone mUru vibaktigaLu mUladrAviDada I baLakeyannu uLisikonDive. avannu sUcisuva oTTugaLannu nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi sErisuva badalu, avugaLa sambandarUpadondige sErisalAguttade. Adare, Aguga oTTu mAtra nAmapadakke nEravAgi sErikoLLuttade.

sambanda magana

maganoL

kiccinoL

ATadoL

suru maganin

kiccinin

kone magange

maganan

kiccan

ATaman

adaRUL

adaRin

ettaNin

mElina udAharaNegaLalli kANisida hAge, jAga, suru mattu  konegaLannu sUcisuva oL, in mattu ge oTTugaLu sEridAga,  nAmapadagaLa  munde  in,  d,  aR  mattu  aN  embavugaLu  baruttave. 

sambandisuva a oTTigU I nAmapadagaLa anantara in, d, aR mattu aN sEriruva rUpagaLiruvudannu modalaneya kAlannalli kANabahudu. hAgAgi, illi jAga, suru mattu kone oTTugaLu nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi sEruva badalu sambandisuva oTTina anantara sEruttaveyundu hELalu sAdyavide.

Adare, I nAmapadagaLige Agugavannu sUcisuva an oTTannu sErisidAga, in, d, aR mattu aN embavugaLu baruvudilla. A oTTannu nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi sErisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.5.3 kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu

sambandisuva oTTina rUpadalli mattu baLakeyalli kannaDada oLanuDi gaLu kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADikonDive. avugaLalli kelavannu keLage sUcisalAgide.

(1) ombattanE SatamAnakkintalU hindina kannaDa barahagaLalli sambandada oTTige A emba uddasvaraviruva rUpavittu. udAharaNegAgi, Araneya SatamAnada SAsanavondaralli bandiruva EZaneyA narakadA puZu akkum vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

(2) karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli suru mattu jAgagaLannu sUcisuva oTTugaLannu nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi sErisalAguttade. avakkU nAmapadagaLigU naDuve sambandisuva oTTu baruvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDada padarUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(ka) suru oTTu:

havyaka kannaDa maranda
kallinda
meDinda manenda

(ca) jAga oTTu:

havyaka kannaDa maralli
kallili
meDili
maneli

baraha kannaDa maradinda kallininda miDiyinda maneyinda

baraha kannaDa maradalli kADinalli kallinalli miDiyalli maneyalli

baraha

kannaDadalli

nAmapadagaLige inda mattu alli oTTugaLannu sErisuva modalu avakke d, in modalAduvannu sErisabEkAguttade, havyaka kannaDadalli idu avaSyavilla embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

Adare, sambandisuva rUpadalli a embudarondige ar embudannu paDeyuva nAmapadagaLige mAtra havyaka kannaDadallU suru mattu jAga oTTugaLu nEravAgi sErade ar embudara anantara (endare nAmapadagaLa sambandisuva rUpadondige) sEruttave. havyaka kannaDada adaranda, adaralli, mUraranda,

mUraralli modalAda rUpagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu. suLyada

padarUpagaLu baLakeyallive (maranda, ENinda, adaranda; marali, ENili,

kannaDadallU intahavE

gavDa

(3) baDaga kannaDadalliyU enda (<inda) oTTannu nAmapada gaLige nEravAgi sErisalu sAdyavide. Adare, A rIti paDeda padarUpagaLannu adaralli ondu kelasada ‘karaNa’ (2ka) illavE ‘kAraNa’vannu (2ca) sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade. ‘calaneya suru’ emba artavannu koDabEkAdalli mAtra (2ta) baraha kannaDada hAge inda oTTannu sambanda oTTina anantara baLasalAguttade.

(2ka) morAnda mane keTTu ‘maradinda mane kaTTu’ (2ca) amaga danAnda haNa kiTTira ‘namage danadinda haNa sikkide’

(2ta) moraninda haNNu budda ‘maradinda haNNu bittu’

(4) karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli nAmapadagaLige Aguga oTTannu sErisuva modalu in mattu ar embavugaLannu (sambandisuva oTTannu) sErisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare kannaDada itara oLanuDi gaLalli idu avaSyavilla.

havyaka kannaDa

baraha kannaDa kADannu

kallina
hattara

kallannu hattannu adannu

intaha sandabhragaLalli karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLu Aguga oTTannU nEravAgi nAmapadakke sErisade avugaLa sambanda rUpakke sErisuttaveyundu mattu I viSayadalli avu mUladrAviDada baLakeyannu uLisikonDiveyundu hELalu sAdyavide.

Adare, akAradalli konegoLLuva mara, ATa modalAda padagaLige nEravAgiyE sErisalAguttade. ivugaLa AgugarUpa mattu sambandisuva rUpagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide.

Aguga oTTannu

havyakadallU

Aguga rUpa marava
bIjava

sambandisuva rUpa marada

suLyada gavDa kannaDadallU mara padada Aguga rUpa marana

endide mattu sambandisuva rUpa marada endide.

(4) baDaga kannaDadalli sambandisuva oTTu bEre kelavu badalA vaNegaLigoLagAgide. adara da rUpa A oTTina anantara jAgavannu sUcisuva vibakti oTTu (o (<oL) embudu bandiruvalli mAtra) uLidide (kUTado ‘kUTadalli’, morado ‘maradalli’). uLideDegaLalli adakke na rUpavide (morana ‘marada’, dananinda ‘danadinda’).

idallade, ukAradalli konegoLLuva nAmapadagaLa anantaravU jAga oTTinondige baruva sambandisuva oTTige baDaga kannaDadalli da rUpavide (kADudo ‘kADinalli’, kaNNudo ‘kaNNinalli’).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.6 vibakti oTTugaLu

nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa sambandagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mUladrAviDadalli aydu vibaktigaLa baLakeyAgu ttiddirabEkendu kalpisalAgide. Aguga, suru, kone, jAga mattu oDane embudAgi I vibaktigaLannu hesarisabahudu. ivugaLalli modalaneya nAlku vibaktigaLu mAtra kannaDadalli uLidive.

naDuviruva

nAmapadakke eraDu

I vibaktigaLannu sUcisuva oTTugaLannu nAmapadakke sErisuva modalu, A naDuvina sambandavannu sUcisuvantaha oTTondannu sErisuva avaSyakate mUladrAviDadallittu embudannu vivarisalAgide.

nAmapadagaLa

mEle

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.6.2 oTTugaLa rUpadalli badalAvaNegaLu

mUladrAviDadalli Aguga oTTige an mattu ay embudAgi eraDu rUpagaLidduvendu kalpisalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneyadu kannaDadalli uLidukonDide mattu eraDaneyadu tamiLinalli uLidu konDide (kannaDa: maganan; tamiLu: makanay).

manuSyarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisuva nAmapadagaLa anantara I oTTannu baLasadiddarU Agabahudu embudu mUladrAviDadallEnE iddirabEku. I vyavaste kannaDadallU uLidukonDide.

(3ka) avanondu kAgada bareyuttiddAne

(3ca) avanobba huDuganannu ODisuttiddAne

(3ka)dalli kAgada embudu vastuvannu sUcisuva kAraNa, adara anantara annu oTTu bandilla; Adare (3ca)dalli huDuga embudu manuSyanannu sUcisuva kAraNa, adara anantara annu bandide (baT 2006:55 nODi).

kone oTTige mUladrAviDadalli *nkka emba rUpaviddira bEkendu kalpisalAgide. kannaDadalli idakke kke mattu ge emba eraDu rUpagaLive (marakke, manege).

itara vibakti oTTugaLige mUladrAviDadalli entaha rUpaviddira

bahudu embudinnU spaSTavAgilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.6.2 kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu

sUcisuva an oTTige ombattanE (1) Agugavannu SatamAnakkintalU hindina barahagaLalli An emba udda svaraviruva rUpavittu (idAn aZivOn).

I oTTina koneyalli baruva nakAra haLegannaDada kelavu baLakegaLalli bidduhOgiruvudannu kANabahudu (tenkanADam mareyalke, tenkanADa mareyalke).

karAvaLiya kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli Aguga oTTige intaha nakAra bidduhOgiruva a emba rUpavE ide. Adare idara anantara bEre oTTu bandAga, modaligidda an rUpa kANisikoLLuttade.

udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli Aneya nODide ‘Ane yannu nODide’ embudaralli Agugavannu sUcisalu a oTTu bandide, Adare Aneyannude nODide ‘AneyannU nODide’

embudaralli annu oTTu bandide. Aguga oTTina anantara otti hELuva ude oTTu bandiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

baDaga kannaDadallU Aguga oTTige a rUpavide (amana ‘ava

nannu’, kUsuna ‘maguvannu’).

(2) suruvannu sUcisuva oTTige haLegannaDadalli in mattu indam (inde) emba rUpagaLidduvu; ivugaLalli eraDaneyadu hosagannaDadalli mAtra uLidukonDide.

rUpadalli)

ivattu

baDaga kannaDadalli idu karaNa illavE kAraNavannu sUcisuva enda mattu suruvannu sUcisuva inda emba eraDu oTTugaLAgi oDedideyumbudannu nODiruvevu (morAnda : moraninda; avAnda : avvinda; ninnenda : ninninda).

mEle

(3) jAgavannu sUcisuva oTTige haLegannaDadalli oLa(ge) mattu halavu

padagaLinda siddavAdantaha

alli emba eraDu rUpagaLidduvu (akkanoL, nIralli).

ivugaLalli alli embudE ivattu hosagannaDadalli jAgavannu sUcisuva oTTAgi baLakeyallide (maneyalli, kADinalli). Adare, baDaga oLanuDiyalli oL rUpa o rUpakke badalAgi uLidide ‘kiviyalli’, (kiviyU morado kADudo ‘maradalli’, maneyo ‘maneyalli’).

‘kADinalli’,

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.7 tiruLu

mUladrAviDadallidda nAmapadagaLa oLaracane kannaDadalli hEge uLidukonDide embudannu mattu mUladrAviDa nAmapadagaLa

padarUpagaLu kannaDadalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

oTTugaLannu illavE

nAmapadagaLannu nAmabErugaLige, kriyAbErugaLige illavE mUlaka guNabErugaLige paDeyalAguttittu hAgeyE nAmapadagaLAgi baLasalU sAdyavittu. idallade, nAmapada, kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi racisida jODupadagaLannU nAmapadagaLAgi baLasalu sAdyavittu. ivellA vidAnagaLU kannaDadalli uLidukonDive.

sErisuvudara nAmabErugaLannu

mADikonDide. lingabEdavannu

nAmapadagaLinda nAmarUpagaLannu paDeyuvalli kannaDa halavu mattu badalAvaNegaLannu adarondige mattu vibakti oTTugaLannu baLasuvalli intaha badalAvaNegaLu naDediruvudannu kANabahudu.

vacanabEdavannu

tOrisuvalli

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10. ADuga mattu tOruga padagaLu

sambandisiruva

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyAguva ADuga padagaLu eraDu padagumpugaLalli baruttave. vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itararannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva ‘ADuga’ padagaLadu ondu gumpu; mattu vyakti, vastu, viSaya, dikku, samaya, pramANa, vidAna, namUne modalAdavugaLa jAgavannu ADugana sUcisuva illavE avu jAgakke tiLidillavendu sUcisuva ‘tOruga’ padagaLadu innondu gumpu.
I ellA padagaLannU oTTAgi ‘sarvanAma’vemba padagumpinalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDi. Adare, mUladrAviDadalli illavE kannaDa dalli ivu mEle sUcisida hAge eraDu bEre bEre padagumpugaLalli baruttave. ADuganige sambandisive emba ondu viSayavannu biTTare ivannu ondE gumpinalli sErisi hELalu bEre AdAragaLEnU illa (heccina vivaragaLige baT 2003:18 nODi). idallade, ADuganige sambandisidantaha bEreyU halavu padagaLu baLakeyalliddu (mEle, keLage, ninne, nALe, Iga) ivannella sarvanAmagaLa gumpinallirisuva rUDiyilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10.2 ADuga padagaLu

mUladrAviDadalli vAkyada ADuganannu sUcisuva *yAn, kELuga nannu sUcisuva *YIn mattu avaribbarannu horatupaDisi itara vyaktigaLallobbanannu sUcisuva *tAn embudAgi mUru ADuga padagaLu baLakeyalliddirabEku.

halavacanadalli I mUru padagaLige mUrara badalu nAlku rUpagaLidduvu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, I padagaLa halavacana rUpagaLu nAmapadagaLa hAge obbaniginta jAsti ADuga, kELuga mattu itararannu sUcisuva badalu, A vyaktigaLa bEre bEre ‘kUDike’gaLannu sUcisabEkAgide. hAgAgi, nijakkU avannu ‘halavacana’da kUDikeya kareyuvudakkintalU rUpagaLendu rUpagaLendu kareyuvudE oLLeyadu.

(1) ADuga mattu itara:
(2) ADuga mattu kELuga: (3) kELuga mattu itara: (4) itara mattu itara:

*yAm *YAm *YIm *tAm

mEle koTTiruva padagaLalli ADuga mattu kELugarannu oTTAgi sUcisuva *YAm embudu eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda siddavAgideyundu kalpisalAgide. ADuganannu mAtravE sUcisuva *yAn mattu kELuganannu mAtravE sUcisuva *YIn emba eraDu padagaLu adaralli oTTu sErive.

endare, ADuganannu sUcisuva *yAn padada modalaneya vyanjanakke (yakArakke) badalAgi kELuganannu sUcisuva *YIn padada modalaneya vyanjanavannu (YakAravannu) baLasi mattu

kUDikeya artavannu koDuvudakkAgi A padada koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisi *YAm embudannu tayArisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10.2.1 vyavasteyalli badalAvaNe

mUladrAviDada I ADuga padagaLa vyavaste haLegannaDadalli uLidu konDide; Adare hosagannaDada heccina oLanuDigaLalli (mattu baraha kannaDadalli) bahaLa maTTige badalAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, pampabAratadalli ADuga, kELuga mattu itara emba mUru rItiya vyaktigaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi An, nIn mattu tAn emba mUru padagaLu baLakeyallive; ivugaLalli mUla drAviDa padagaLa suruvina yakAra bidduhOdudarindAgi *yAn mattu YakAra nakAravAdudarindAgi *YIn embudu nIn Agide.

embudu

I padagaLige pampabAratadalli Am, nAm, nIm mattu tAm emba nAlku kUDikeya (halavacanada) rUpagaLive mattu ivakke mUladrAviDadalliddantahadE artavyatyAsagaLannu sUcisuva baLakeyU ide (baT 2005:77-8 nODi).

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabAratada vAkyadalli Am mattu nAm emba eraDu ADuga padagaLU bandiddu, modalaneya emmam embudu avugaLalli kELuganannu horatupaDisi ADuganannu sUcisuttade; Adare, eraDaneya nAm embudu ADuganondige kELuganannu (mattu itararannU) sErisi sUcisuttade.

mAtravE

nAmellam onde garuDiyoL Odida mAnasarevu;
emmam nimmaDi kemmane baZalisavEDa (9.48 vacana) ‘nAvella ondE garaDiyalli kalita manuSyarAgiddEve; nIvu

nammannu summage AyAsapaDisabEDi’’

vaDDArAdaneyallU, kELuganannu horatupaDisi ADuga mattu itararannu sUcisalu Am, emman, emage mattu emma padagaLa baLakeyAguttade mattu ADuganondige kELuganannU sErisi hELabEkiddalli nAm, namman, mattu namage padagaLa baLakeyAguttade (gAy 1955 nODi).

(1) haLegannaDa uLisikonDidda I mUladrAviDada arta (mattu padarUpa) vyatyAsa karAvaLiya kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli ivattigU uLidukonDide. udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDadalli ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuvudakkAgi Anu mattu nInu padagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

idallade, mElina eraDu padagaLige havyaka kannaDadalli engo, nAvu mattu ningo embudAgi mUru kUDikeya rUpagaLive mattu ivu haLegannaDada Am, nAm mattu nIm embavugaLa hAge, mUru rItiya kUDikegaLa artagaLallE baLakeyAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDada eraDu vAkyagaLannu avugaLa keLage koTTiruva baraha kannaDada vAkyagaLoDane hOlisi nODabahudu.

(2ka) engo pETege hOvutteyo ᵒ ‘nAvu pETege hOguttEve’’

(2ca) nAvu pETege hOpo ᵒ ‘nAvu pETege hOgONa’

(2ka-ca) vAkyagaLeraDarallU baraha kannaDadalli nAvu embudE baLakeyAgide; Adare adakke (2ka)dalli ADuganondige kELuganannu

sErisadiruva artavide mattu (2ca)dalli kELuganannu sErisiruva artavide embudu I vAkyagaLa koneyalli bandiruva kriyArUpa gaLinda (hOguttEve mattu hOgONa embavugaLinda) spaSTa vAguttade.

havyaka kannaDadalli I vyatyAsavannu sUcisalu engo mattu nAvu emba eraDu bEre bEre padagaLannu (mEle (2ka) mattu (2ca) vAkyagaLalli) baLasalAgide; Adare ivattina baraha kannaDadalli iveraDu sandarbagaLallU nAvu embudannE baLasalAguttade.

haLegannaDada Am embudu havyaka kannaDadalli engo emba rUpakke, nAm embudu nAvu emba rUpakke mattu nIm embudu ningo emba rUpakke badalAgide. illi Am embudara A (udda svara) giDDa ekAravAgide, nAm embudara makAra vakAravAgi adara munde ukAra sEride mattu Am mattu nIm embavugaLige halavacanada go oTTu heccAgi sErikonDide.

(2) baDaga kannaDadallU ADuga padagaLige mUru kUDikeya rUpagaLiddu adu haLegannaDada (mattu mUladrAviDada) vyavaste yannu uLisikonDide. adaralli enga ‘nAnu mattu avanu’, nanga (illavE anga) ‘nAnu mattu nInu’ mattu ninga ‘nInu mattu avanu’ emba mUru kUDikeya rUpagaLu baLakeyallive.

(3) haLegannaDadallidda Am padada baLake naDugannaDadalli kaDimeyAguttA hOguttade mattu adara jAgadalli nAm embudara baLake jAstiyAguttA hOguttade. idakke modalE avugaLa naDuvidda artavyatyAsavU illavAgirabEku. ivattu baraha kannaDadalli mattu oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli iveraDara badalu

nAm emba uLidukonDide.

pada mAtra

(nAvu emba

rUpadalli)

idallade, ADuganannu sUcisuva An embudara modalige nakAra sErikonDudarindAgi nAnu emba hosa rUpavondu baLakege bandide.

kELugarannu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10.2.2 mUraneya vyakti

mUraneya mattu vyaktiyobbanannu mUladrAviDadalli sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttidda *tAn mattu *tAm padagaLu haLegannaDadalli badalAgade uLidive.

horatupaDisi

idallade, mUladrAviDadallidda hAgeyE tAn embudakke ADuga mattu kELugarinda bEreyAgiruva mUraneya (itara) vyaktiyannu sUcisuva mattu tAm embudakke antaha vyaktigaLa kUDikeyannu sUcisuva artavU haLegannaDadallittu.

(1) ivattina baraha kannaDadalli I padagaLu tAnu mattu tAvu emba padagaLige rUpadalli baLakeyAguttave. I ‘AtmArta’videyumba kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa hELikege pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLa prabAvavE kAraNavirabEku. yAkendare, nijakkU ‘AtmArta’dalli ivattina baraha baLakeyAguvudilla.

kannaDadalli I

padagaLu

baraha kannaDadalli ‘AtmArta’vannu endare ‘ondu kelasavannu Aguga illavE mADuganu tanna hitakkAgi (illavE bEreyavara sahAyavillade) naDesiddAne’ emba artavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadadondige koLLu embudannu baLasalAguttade.

(3ka) rAju mUru puTa bareda (3ca) rAju mUru puTa baredukonDa

(3ka) vAkyada prakAra, mUru puTa bareyuva kelasavannu rAju tanna hitakkAgi mADirabahudu, illavE bErobbarige bEkAgiyU mADirabahudu; Adare, (3ca) vAkyada prakAra A kelasavannu Ata tanna hitakkAgi vAkyadalli mAtravE ‘AtmArta’vide; Adare tAnu pada baLakeyAgilla.

mADiddAne.

(2) tAnu mattu tAvu padagaLannu avanu, avaLu modalAda tOrugapadagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, nijakkU hosagannaDa vAkyagaLalli avugaLigiruva kelasavEnu emba viSaya spaSTavAguttade.

tAnu embudu ondu vAkyadalli hesarisiruva vyaktiyannu mAtravE sUcisaballudu; Adare avanu embudu yAva vyaktiyannU sUcisaballudu.

(4ka) rAju sIteya hattira avana aNNanannu dUruttiddAne (4ca) rAju sIteya hattira tanna aNNanannu dUruttiddAne

(4ka) vAkyadalli bandiruva avana pada rAjuvannAgali illavE bEre yArO obba (vAkyadalli hesarisadiruva) vyaktiyannAgali sUcisaballudu; Adare (6ca) vAkyadalli bandiruva tanna pada rAjuvannu mAtra sUcisaballudu.

idallade, tAnu pada vAkyada ADuga illavE kELugarannu

sUcisalAradu. (4Ta) rAju nanna hattira tanna aNNanannu dUruttiddAne

(4Ta) vAkyadalli bandiruva tanna pada rAjuvannu mAtravE sUcisaballudallade, A vAkyada ADuganannu sUcisalAradu. tAnu embudakke vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarondige sambandavide embudu idarinda spaSTavAguttade. (jAsti vivaragaLige baT 2003: 60 nODi).

(3) kannaDada heccina oLanuDigaLallU mUladrAviDada I eraDu padarUpagaLu uLidukonDive. avugaLa artadalli mAtra, mEle sUcisida hAge, badalAvaNeyAgide. Adare, karAvaLiya kelavu oLanuDigaLalli I padarUpagaLu baLakeyinda bidduhOgive. udAharaNegAgi, tenku havyakadalli tAnu mattu tAvu padagaLu baLakeyallilla. avugaLa badalu, avanu, avaLu modalAda tOruga padagaLE baLakeyAguttave.

baDaga kannaDadalli mAtra, tAnu mattu adara halavacanada rUpavAda tanga padagaLu ‘ADuga mattu kELugarinda bErAgiruva mUraneya vyakti’ emba artadallE baLakeyAguttive. Adare, ivannu I artadalli Iga mudukaru mAtra baLasuttiddAre; cikkavara mAtinalli avu baraha kannaDadallAda hAge badalAgive (bAlakruSNan 1999).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10.2.3 ADuga padagaLu mattu nAmapadagaLu

nAmapadagaLa hAge ADuga padagaLu vibakti oTTugaLondige baraballuvAgidduvu. I oTTugaLu sEridAga ellA ADuga pada mattu padarUpagaLallU modalaneya svara udda iddudu giDDa svaravAgi badalAguttadeyundu mUladrAviDakkEnE kalpisalAgide (yAn> *yan, *nIn>nim, tAn>tam, *yAm>

yam, *YAm>Yam, nIm>nim mattu *tAm> tam).

intahadE

badalAvaNe

haLegannaDadalli

(mattu hosagannaDadallU) kANisuttade (nIn, ninage; nIm, nimage; tAn, tanage; tAm, tamage). idallade, mUladrAviDada *yan mattu *yam embavugaLu haLegannaDadalli en mattu em embudAgi badalAgive (An, enage; Am, emage).

svaradinda suruvAguva Aguga, suru mattu jAga oTTugaLu sEridAga mElina ellA padagaLa eraDaneya vyanjana (nakAra illavE makAra) immaDiyAguttade (enna, emma, ninninda, nimminda).

vibakti oTTugaLondige baLakeyAguva viSayadalli ADuga padagaLu nAmapadagaLannu hOluttiveyAdarU bEre halavu viSayagaLalli avu nAmapadagaLinda bErAgive. udAharaNegAgi, mEle sUcisida hAge, avakke halavacana rUpagaLiruva badalu kUDikeya rUpagaLive, mattu I kAraNakkAgi mUladrAviDadalli mattu haLegannaDadalli mUru ADuga padagaLige nAlku kUDikeya rUpagaLive (Am, nAm, nIm, tAm).

guNagaLannu

nAmapadagaLondige avugaLa

sUcisaballa padagaLannu (guNapadagaLannu) baLasaballevu; Adare ADuga padagaLondige antaha padagaLannu baLasalArevu. doDDa pustaka ennuva hAge *doDDa nAnu illavE *doDDa nInu endu hELalu sAdyavAgadu (heccina vivaragaLige baT 2003 nODi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

10.3 tOruga padagaLu

mUladrAviDadalli padagaLu baLakeyallidduvu. ivugaLalli mUru ADugana jAgakke sambandisida

tOruga

nAlku

hAge vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa jAgavannu tOrisuttidduvu mattu nAlkaneyadu avu tiLidillavembudannu sUcisuttittu.

I padagaLa oLaracaneyalli eraDu angagaLiruttave; avugaLalli modalaneyadu padagaLa kelasavEnembudannu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneyadu avu entahadara (vyakti, vastu, jAga, samaya, pramANa, namUne modalAdavugaLalli yAvudara) kuritAgi I kelasavannu naDesuttave embudannu tiLisuttade.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada alli padada modalaneya angavAda a embudu ‘A pada ADuganiginta svalpa dUradalliruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa jAgavannu tOrisalu baLakeyAguttade’ embudannu tiLisuttade (I viSayadalli adu illi mattu elli embavugaLinda bErAgide; illi embudu ADugana hattira iruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa jAgavannu tOrisuttade mattu elli embudu ADuganige tiLiyadiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa jAgavannu sUcisuttade).

alli padada eraDaneya angavAda lli embudu ‘A pada ondu jAgada kuritAgi I kelasavannu naDesuttade’ embudannu tiLisuttade (I viSayadalli adu aSTu, andu, atta, Aga modalAdavugaLinda bErAgide; aSTu embudara eraDaneya angavAda STu embudu pramANavannu sUcisuttade; andu embudara eraDaneya angavAda ndu embudu samayavannu sUcisuttade; atta embudara eraDaneya angavAda tta embudu dikkannu sUcisuttade).

mUladrAviDadalli I padagaLa modalaneya angavAgi *A, bErugaLu

mattu

nAlku

baraballuvAgidduvu; haLegannaDada tOruga padagaLalli I nAlku bErugaLU uLidukonDive.

ADuganinda dUra ADugana hattira A mattu IgaLa naDuve tiLiyadudu

tOruga

mUladrAviDada

padagaLalli I

nAlku bErugaLondige eraDaneya angavAgi halavu bErugaLu illavE baLasi oTTugaLu tayArisalAgiruva padagaLannu, keLage koTTiruva hAge, ondu kOSTakadalli paTTi mADabahudu.

baraballuvAgidduvu.

avugaLannu

(1) nAmapadagaLu dUradavu avan avaL

naDuvinavu uvan uvaL

hattiradavu ivan ivaL Itan Utan

tiLiyadavu Avan AvaL Avudu Avuvu

(2) nAma-guNapadagaLu

dUradavu

hattiradavu

naDuvinavu

tiLiyadavu

(3) kriyA-guNapadagaLu

hattiradavu

naDuvinavu

dUradavu antu(Tu) intu(Tu) untu(Tu) atta(l)

itta(l) utta(l)

tiLiyadavu etta(l)

ivugaLalli A, I, U mattu Ava (E) emba guNapadagaLalli mAtra eraDu angagaLilla. nijakkU ivu nAmapadakantegaLalli kelasavannu sUcisuva modalaneya angavAgi baruttave mattu entahadara kuritAgi avu I kelasavannu naDesuttave embudannu padakantegaLalli avugaLa anantara baruva nAmapadagaLE sUcisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, A mane padakanteyalli A embudu modalaneya angavAgi bandide mattu mane nAmapada intaha tOruga padagaLa eraDaneya angakke badalAgi bandide.

haLegannaDada En mattu Eke emba ‘tiLiyada’ padagaLU I paTTige sErabEku; Adare, avugaLige samanAda itara (‘tiLida’) padagaLilla.

idE rItiyalli, Evan, EvaL, Evar, Evudu mattu Evuvu emba kriyArUpagaLa gumpige sEraballa ‘tiLiyada’ padagaLU haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallidduvu mADuttAne?’). ivakkU samanAda itara (‘tiLida’) padagaLilla.

(Evan

Avan, AvaL, Avudu, elli, entu modalAduvannu sAmAnyavAgi ‘praSnArtaka’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. Adare avannilli ‘tiLiyada’ padagaLendu kareyalAgide.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, praSne (kELvi)ya artavannu koDuvuda kkintalU ADuganige avu tOrisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa viSaya tiLidillavembudannu sUcisuvudE I padagaLa nijavAda kelasa. idannu nAnu (baT 2003, 2004)ralli spaSTavAgi tOrisikoTTiddEne.

mElina kOSTakadalli koTTiruva padagaLige badalAgi, kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli halavu avugaLiginta bErAgiruva padagaLu baLake yAguttave. idakke I oLanuDigaLalli naDediruva bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLu kAraNa.

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10.3.1 modalaneya angadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu

haLegannaDadalli A, I, U mattu Ava (E) emba nAlku bErugaLu baLakeyAguttidduvu embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. mUladrAviDadalliyU bErugaLu baLakeyalliddirabEkendu kalpisalAgide.

modalaneya

tOruga

padagaLa

nAlku

mElina kOSTakadalli kANisida hAge, I bErugaLige udda rUpa (Atan, Itan, Utan, Ava) mattu giDDa rUpa (alli, illi, ulli, elli) embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLidduvu. mUla drAviDadalliyU intahadE vyatyAsa iddirabEku.

I rUpavyatyAsavannu varNisuvudakkAgi mUladrAviDadalli avugaLa svarada anantara ondu ‘lArinjal’ (hakAra - 5.4 nODi) bandittu embudAgi kalpisuva avaSyakateyideyendu

kruSNamUrti (2003:253) vAdisiddAre. Adare, nijakkU antaha kalpaneyinda Enu prayOjana embudinnU spaSTavAgilla.

kannaDada oLanuDigaLalli I modalaneya angadalli naDeda

kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) haLegannaDada tOruga bErugaLallidda mUraneya U bEru kannaDada ivattina oLanuDigaLalli uLidilla. Adare, adara paLeyuLikeyannu kriyArUpagaLalli baruva udu oTTinalli (mADuvudu, hOguvudu) kANabahudu.

(2) tiLiyadudannu sUcisuva haLegannaDada Ava mattu E bErugaLu hosagannaDadalli yAva mattu yA emba rUpadallive (yAru, yAvanu, yAke); I yakAra dakAravAgiruva dAru, dAvanu rUpagaLU kelavu oLanuDigaLallive (kiTTel 1903:

(3) havyaka kannaDadalli tiLiyadudannu sUcisalu Eva ‘yAva’, entage ‘yAke’, Aru ‘yAru’, Evadu ‘yAvadu’, modalAda bandillavembudannu rUpagaLiddu ‘yAva’, evaka gamanisabahudu. baDaga ‘yAru’’Edu ‘yAvudu’ embantaha rUpagaLive.

yakAra kannaDadallU E

avugaLalli

manuSyara

padagaLa baLakeyAguttade;

(4) baDaga kannaDadalli tiLiyadudannu sUcisalu mUru tOruga hELuvudiddare dAru ‘yAru’ padada baLakeyAguttade mattu itarara kuritAgi hELuvudiddare Edu ‘yAvudu’ padada baLakeyAguttade. idallade Ena emba mUraneya padavondu embudu tiLiyadiruvalli baLakeyAguttade (bAlakruSNan 1999).

naDeyuttittu’

naDeyuttide

illavE

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10.3.2 eraDaneya angadalli badalAvaNegaLu

tOruga padagaLa eraDaneya angavAgi vyakti, jAga, samaya, pramANa modalAduvannu tiLisuva oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. mUladrAviDadalli ivu yAva rUpadallidduvu emba viSayadalli innU sAkaSTu samSOdanegaLu naDedilla.

vyaktigaLannu sUcisuva padagaLalli manuSyaru mattu itararu emba vyatyAsa mattu manuSyarallEnE orvacanadalli ganDasu- hengasu emba heccina vyatyAsa I eraDaneya angadalli kANisuttade.

manuSyaru: ganDasu
hengasu
itararu

ovracana (a)vanu (a)vaLu

halavacana (a)varu

halavacanadallidda manuSyaru-itararu vyatyAsa karAvaLiya oLanuDigaLalli illavAgide. udAharaNegAgi havyaka kannaDadalli avu embudannE ‘avaru’ mattu ‘avu’ emba eraDu artagaLallU baLasalAguttade. suLyada gavDa kannaDadallU hIgeyE.

orvacanadalliyU adu embudakke intahadE baLakeyiddu, gavravArtadalli mAtra ava ᵒ ‘avanu’ mattu ava ‘avaLu’ padagaLa baLakeyAguttade.

ahage, ihage mattu ehage padagaLu ivattina baraha kannaDadalli hAge, hIge mattu hEge embudAgi badalAgive. illi eraDaneya angadallidda hakAra modalaneya angada munde bandu nintide. havyaka kannaDadalli ivu hAnge, hInge mattu hEnge

emba rUpadallive. ahage modalAdavugaLa hindidda rUpagaLalli ondu mUguliyU baruttitembudu idarinda tiLiyuttade.

mEle

sUcisida

hAge, eraDanE angadalli

naDeda badalAvaNegaLa kuritAgi innaSTu samSOdanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide. idakkAgi kannaDada bEre bEre oLanuDigaLalli entaha tOruga padagaLella baLakeyallive embudannu paTTi mADuva avaSyakateyide.

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10.4 tiruLu

mUladrAviDada ADuga padagaLu mattu tOruga padagaLu kannaDadalli entaha badalAvaNegaLigella oLagAgive embudannu I adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

ADuga padagaLa kUDikeya rUpagaLallidda vyatyAsavondu sErisade halavu oLanuDigaLalli

(ADuganondige sUcisuvantaha vyatyAsa) illavAgiruvudu ivugaLalli mukyavAdudu.

sErisi illavE

kELuganannu

kannaDada

idE rItiyalli, tOruga padagaLa modalaneya angadallidda ondu vyatyAsavU ivattina kannaDa oLanuDigaLalli illavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, alli, illi, ulli emba mUru tOruga padagaLa badalu ivattu alli mattu illi emba eraDu tOruga padagaLu mAtra uLidukonDive.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

11. guNapadagaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

11.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDa vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAguttidda kriyApada mattu nAmapadagaLa mattu avugaLa padarUpagaLa svarUpa entahadu embudannu nAvu hindina nAlku adyAyagaLalli nODiddEve. ivugaLalli kriyApadagaLige mADuvikeyannu illavE Aguvikeyannu sUcisuva nAmapadagaLige antaha kelasadalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasaviddirabEku.

kelasaviddirabEku mattu

mUladrAviDadalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtravallade guNapadagaLemba innondu rItiya padagaLU sAkaSTu eNikeyalli baLakeyAguttiddirabEku. ivakke nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa kelasadalli sahAya mADuvantaha keLagina starada kelasavittu. I kAraNakkAgi, avannu ‘nAma-guNapada’ mattu ‘kriyA-guNapada’ embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu.

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11.1.1 nAma-guNapadagaLa kelasa

mUlaka, nAmapadagaLondige avugaLa vyAptiyannu kaDime mADuvudE nAma-guNapadagaLa ati mukyavAda kelasa.

padakantegaLalli baLakeyAguva

hUvu

udAharaNegAgi,

nAmapadadondige

kempu guNapadavannu baLasidAga, hUvu padada vyApti kaDimeyAguttade. yAkendare, hUvu padavu sUcisuva vastugaLalli kelavannu mAtra (‘kempu baNNa’ iruvavugaLannu mAtra) adarondige kempu guNapadavannu baLasi tayArisiruva kempu hUvu padakante sUcisaballudu.

nAma-guNapadagaLigiruva I kelasakkAgi avu ondu niScitavAda guNavannu svalpavU samSaya bAradante sUcisuva avaSyakateyide. guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva halavu nirbandagaLu I avaSyakateyannu beLedu bandive. pUraysuvudakkAgi udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva keLagina ondu nirbandavannu illi pariSIlisabahudu.

kannaDadalli ‘modalAda’ emba artavannu koDuvudakkAgi nAma padagaLondige illavE kriyApadagaLondige avugaLa modalaneya akSarada badalu gi illavE gI embudannu baLasi racisida padavannu sErisi hELalAguttade. (A padada modalaneya svara giDDa iddare gi embudannu baLasabEku mattu udda iddare gI embudannu baLasa bEku). intaha padagaLa baLake mUladrAviDadallU iddirabEku.

(1ka) idaralli EnAdarU kallugillu ideyO nODi. (1ca) avaLige hAvugIvu bandItendu hedarike. (1Ta) A huDuga elliyAdarU biddugiddAnu.

(1ka)dalli kallugillu embudakke ‘kallu modalAdavu’ emba arta ide mattu (1Ta)dalli bandiruva biddugiddAnu embudakke ‘biddAnu illavE bEre yAvudAdarU apAyakara kelasavannu mADiyAnu’ emba artavide.

nAma-guNapadagaLondige I rIti gi illavE gI embavugaLinda modalAguva padagaLannu nEravAgi sErisi hELalu sAdyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, kempu guNapadadondige gimpu embudannu sErisi kempugimpu hUvu ennalu baruvudilla. gimpuhUvu antahadannu embudAgi iDI padakantegEnE sErisabEku.

sErisuvudiddare,

kempuhUvu

I nirbandakke kAraNavEnendare, ‘modalAda’ emba artavannu koDuva gimpu pada sEridAga kempu guNapadada arta aspaSTavAguttade; Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, nAmapadada ondu niScitavAda guNavannu guNapada sUcisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, adara I mukya kelasakke gimpu embudara sErike aDDiyAguttade.

mUladrAviDada nAma-guNapadagaLannu keLage sUcisida hAge ELu gumpugaLalli hancalu sAdyavide. ivakke udAharaNegaLannu keLage kannaDadinda koDalAgide.

gumpugaLu

bele
manuSyara guNagaLu
vastugaLa guNagaLu

kannaDada udAharaNegaLu udda-giDDa, dappa-teLu
kar, kem, beL posa-paZa, eL-mudi pol, can
kuruDu, kivuDu, pOli, gaTTi in, eL, kay, kUr, taN

dikku

mUDu, ten, paDu, baDa

nAmapada kantegaLalli I guNapadagaLa baLakeyuntahadu embudannu keLage koTTiruva haLegannaDa mattu hosagannaDa udAharaNegaLu tOrisikoDuttave.

haLegannaDa permaram oLgannaDam pEraDavi niDudOL paZavAvi kIZgaDe
kiRigUsu cendAvare

hosagannaDa doDDa mara oLLe kannaDa doDDa kADu udda tOLu haLebAvi keLagaDe cikka magu kempu tAvare

intaha guNapadagaLu mAtravallade, nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa eNikeyannu sUcisuva on/Or/ ok, Ir, mU, nAl, cay, *cAR, EZ, eN, *toL/toN, pat, nUR mattu ar, kel (<*kil), pal emba eNikeya bErugaLu hAgU A, I, U mattu yA nAma- guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyalliddirabEku.

mUladrAviDadalli

bErugaLu

tOruga

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11.1.2 kriyA-guNapadagaLa kelasa

nAmapadagaLa guNagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nAma-guNapadagaLa baLakeyAguva guNagaLannu baLakeyAguttade. sUcisuvudakkAgi

kriyA-guNapadagaLa

kriyApadagaLa

hAgeyE,

udAharaNegAgi, nADam nADe keDisidan emba haLegannaDa vAkyadalli bandiruva nADe guNapadavu keDisu kriyApadada ondu guNavannu sUcisuttade.

Adare, kriyApadagaLa guNagaLannu sUcisuvantaha kriyA-guNa padagaLalli heccinavannU nAmabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka racisalAguttade. doppane, taTTane, sarasarane modalAda aNakisuva guNapadagaLu mAtra idakke apavAdagaLAgiddu, avannu A rIti nAmabErugaLinda paDeyalu sAdyavAguvudilla. Adare, intaha padagaLu bEre halavu viSayagaLalli itara guNapadagaLinda bErAgiddu padakOSada horage nilluttave (11.5 nODi).

I kAraNakkAgi, kriyA-guNapadavemba bEreyE ondu gumpi nalli baruva guNabErugaLu mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyallidduvE emba viSayada kuritu samSayaveddide mattu I viSayadalli innaSTu samSOdane naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

mAtravallade,

intaha kriyA-guNapadagaLu

guNapadagaLa guNagaLannu sUcisuvantaha guNa-guNapadagaLU mUladrAviDadalli baLakeyalliddirabEku. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada heccu doDDa mane padakanteyalli bandiruva heccu guNapada doDDa guNapadada ondu guNavannu sUcisuttade. Adare nAma-guNapada mattu kriyA-guNapadagaLa hAge I guNa-guNapadagaLa eNike heccilla.

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10.2 nAma-guNapadagaLa oLaracane

mUladrAviDada nAma-guNapadagaLu bariya guNabErugaLAgira bahudu illavE antaha guNabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi racisida padagaLAgirabahudu. idallade, kriyAbErugaLige illavE

nAmabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi racisida padagaLU nAma- guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada beLgudure padakanteyalli beL guNabEru nEravAgi nAmapadadondige baLakeyAgide. Adare biLi gaRike padadalli idE guNabEru i oTTinondige bandide

egga ‘nAcuva’ guNapadavannu eggu ‘nAcike’ nAmabErige a oTTannu sErisi racisalAgide mattu soDa ‘uriyuva’ guNapada vannu suDu kriyAbErige a oTTannu sErisi racisalAgide. (I akAra sEridudarindAgi suDu padada modalina ukAra soDa embudaralli okAravAgide (2.2.1 nODi)).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

11.2.1 guNabErugaLinda nAma-guNapadagaLu

mUladrAviDada guNabErugaLige kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka halavu heccina guNapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdyavittu. u, i mattu a emba mUru oTTugaLu mUladrAviDadallEnE sErisidAga idakkAgi baLakeyAguttidduvembudakke mUladrAviDakkEnE sErikeya kalpisikoLLaballa badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave embudannu AdAravAgi koDabahudu. kannaDada guNapadagaLalli I mUru oTTugaLa baLakeyannu keLage

avannu kelavu

koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

(1) u oTTina baLake AR ‘Aru’ kEs (kEsakki)
pEr (pEraDavi) kaT (kaTTaDavi)

aRu (arutingaLu) kisu (kisugaN) peru (perukiccu) kaDu (kaDugALi)

(2) i oTTina baLake

kAr (kAriruLu) in (innuNisu) pEr (pEraDavi) beL (beLgaDal)

kari (karijIrige) ini (inivAtu) piri (piriyaNNa) biLi (biLigUdalu)

(3) a oTTina baLake

uL (uLgaruL) beL (beLgoDe)

oLa (oLamAtu) beLa (beLadingaLu)

nAma-guNapadagaLannu

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11.2.2 nAmabErugaLinda nAma-guNapadagaLu

nAmabErugaLinda tayArisi baLasuvu dakkintalU avannu illavE avannu baLasi racisida nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi nAma-guNapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare nAmapadagaLa vyAptiyannu avugaLondige padakantegaLalli) baLasuva vidAnavE drAviDa nuDigaLalli heccu baLakeyallide. idakkAgi nAmabErugaLige illavE nAmapadagaLige oTTannu nAmapadagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade (9.5.1 nODi).

sambandisaballa a

mADuvudakkAgi

kaDime

I rIti a oTTannu sErisiruva nAmapadagaLannu avugaLa guNa rUpagaLendu (illavE sambandisuva rUpagaLendu) kareyabahudu.

marada gellu
mosarina maDike hUvina esaLu
kallina gODe
hAvina hutta

maneya mADu cinnada hU magaLa maduve hallina hoLapu baNNada gombe

idallade, nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi yAva oTTannU sErisade bEre nAmapadagaLondige baLasi halavu rItiya jODupadagaLannu racisalu kannaDadalli sAdyaviddu, intaha racanegaLalli nAmapadagaLu nEravAgi guNapadagaLa kelasavannu naDesuttave.

a oTTinondige
benkiya peTTige nUlina ENi taleya kUdalu kaNNina nIru hUvina giDa kADina kiccu

nEravAgi benkipeTTige nUlENi talegUdalu kaNNIru hUgiDa kALgiccu

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11.2.3 kriyAbErugaLinda nAmaguNapadagaLu

kriyAbErugaLige a oTTannu sErisi guNapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdya embudannu kannaDada keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

guNapada

kriyApada baR ‘oNagu’
nIL ‘uddavAgu’’ nILa ‘udda’ kUDu ‘sEru’’

kUDa ‘oTTige’’

Adare, kriyAbErugaLige I rIti nEravAgi a oTTannu sErisi guNapadagaLannu tayArisikoLLuva vidAna drAviDa nuDigaLalli heccu baLakeyallilla. adakke badalu kriyApadagaLige mundina (koDuva, tinnuva), hindina (koTTa, tinda) illavE allagaLeyuva (koDada, tinnada) oTTugaLannu sErisi, avugaLa anantara a

oTTannu baLasi racisikoLLuvudE jAsti.

kriyApadagaLa ’guNarUpagaLannu

mundina rUpa mADuva kelasa tinnuva haNNu hOguva dAri kELuva hADu kaTTuva mane

allagaLeyuva rUpa

hindina rUpa mADida kelasa mADada kelasa tinda haNNu hOda dAri kELida hADu kaTTida mane

tinnada haNNu hOgada dAri kELada hADu kaTTada mane

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11.3 nAma-guNapadagaLa baLake

mUladrAviDadalli nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLu bErugaLa rUpadallEnE baLakeyAguttiddirabahudu, illavE kelavu oTTugaLondige sEriyU baLakeyAguttiddirabahudu embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya nAma- guNapadagaLa baLakeyannU kANabahudu.

(ka) bErugaLa rUpadalli baLake

mum
nal beL

kembaNNa, kembaral, kembisil, kemmaNNu mungaNNu, mungAlu, mungoral
taNgadir, taNNelar, taNbani, taNgoLa nalgudure, nalgAde, nalluNisu beLgaDal, beLgoDe, beLnore, beLLAne

(ca) oTTugaLondige baLake pos-a paZ-a

posa kampu, posa pU, posadaLir kisugaN, kisuvaNNa, kisugal, kisugADu biLigaRike, biLigaDDa, biLigUdalu paZagannaDa, paZanel, paZanavir

niDudOL, niDugaruL, niDugiccu

mEle sUcisida hAge, eNikeya padagaLa mattu tOruga padagaLa modalaneya amSagaLU (or, ir, mU; A, I, U, yAva) guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvAgiddu, mUladrAviDada I baLake haLegannaDadallU uLidukonDide.

eNikeya pada
irkAlu
mUgoLa nAldingaL orpesar

tOruga pada A mane I bandar (bandavaru)

U banam

Ava AnegaL

Adare, hosagannaDadalli tOruga padagaLa modalaneya amSa mAtra I rIti nAma-guNapadavAgi baLakeyAgaballudallade eNikeya padagaLa modalaneya amSakke antaha baLakeyilla. kelavu jODupadagaLalli mAtra adu nAmapadagaLondige A rIti bandiruvudannu kANabahudu (ibbaru, mUvaru, oggaTTu).

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11.3.1 mUladrAviDada sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu

nAma-guNapadagaLannu bErugaLa rUpadalli baLasidAga, avu kelavu sErikeya niyamagaLigoLagAguvudannu kANabahudu. I niyama gaLalli kelavu mUladrAviDadallEnE baLakeyalliddirabEku.

(1) udda svaraviruva kIZ ‘keLa’, pEr ‘doDDa’, kAr ‘kappu’ mattu mAR ‘mattina’ guNapadagaLa anantara mattu Or ‘ondu’, Ir ‘eraDu’, mUR ‘mUru’ mattu AR ‘Aru’ eNikeya padagaLa anantara (<*cAR) svaradalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga avugaLa uddasvara badalAgade

uLiyuttade; Adare vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga adu giDDa svaravAgi badalAguttade (endare, I bErugaLige eraDeraDu rUpagaLive).

uddasvarada rUpa kIZale, kIZasaL pEraDavi, pErarbi kAreLLu, kAraDavi mARaDi, mARUDDu OraDi, Ororme IraDi, Iraydu mURu, mURaDi ARaDi, ARATa

giDDasvarada rUpa kiZgaval, kiZgaNNu pergaDal, pergiccu karpoge, karvisil maRumAtu, maRuvAL ornuDi, orpesar irtale, irkivi mukkaN, munnUru aRunURu, aRuvattu

(2) mElina niyamavannu hOluva innondu niyama kaTTa ‘heccina’, kuRR ‘cikka’, naTTa ‘naDuvina’, niTTa ‘udda’ mattu mutta ‘mudi’ guNabErugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuttade.

I bErugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga avugaLa koneya immaDi vyanjana badalAgadiruttade mattu vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga A immaDi vyanjana otte rUpakke badalAguttade.

immaDi vyanjana kaTTiruve, kaTTubbasa kuttesaL, kuttaLe naTTaDavi, naTTiruL niTTusir, niTTeluvu muttajja, muttappa

otte vyanjana kaDugempu, kaDubaDava kuRugaDDa, kuRuvajje naDugaDal, naDugamba niDudOL, niDugombu mudugAge, muduvardu

kANisalu

(3) mEle vivarisida sErikeya niyamagaLu I bErugaLa kAraNavEnendare, avugaLa anantara baLakeyalli vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga avugaLa koneyalli u emba ondu svara oTTu sErikoLLuttade; I rIti bErugaLa anantara ondu svara oTTu (illavE svaradalli modalAguva oTTu) sEridAga, avugaLa udda svara giDDavAguttade mattu koneya immaDi vyanjana otte vyanjanavAguttade embudannu nAvu (2.3.1) mattu (4.4.1)ralli nODiddEve.

(ka) udda svaraviruva kIZ, pEr, kAr, mAR, Or, Ir, mUR, AR bErugaLa anantara vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAgalella avugaLondige u oTTu sErikoLLuttade; mattu idarindAgi avugaLa uddasvara giDDavAguttade.

Adare, mElina kannaDa padagaLalli I oTTu heccineDegaLallU bidduhOgide embudannu kiZgaval (<kiZugaval), pergaDal (<perugaDal, ornuDi (<orunuDi), irtale (<irutale) modalAda baLakegaLalli kANabahudu.

Adare, maRumAtu, maRuvAL, aRunURu, aRuvattu embavugaLalli I u oTTu bidduhOgade uLidide. mukkaN, munnUru embavugaLalli kannaDadavE Ada bEre kelavu vyanjanagaLa badalAvaNegaLU naDedive (11.3.2 nODi).

mUru ulikantegaLiruva padagaLalli giDDa svaragaLu mAtra bandiddu, A padagaLa eraDaneya ulikanteyalli rakAra illavE ZakAraviddAga, eraDaneya giDDa svara bidduhOguttade emba kannaDada niyamavE (3.5.1 nODi) I rIti mEle koTTiruva

padagaLalli bErugaLa anantara bandidda u oTTu bidduhOgalu

(ca) immaDi vyanjanaviruva kaTTa, kuRR, naTTa, niTTa, mutta (<*muRR) bErugaLa anantara svaradalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga avugaLa immaDi vyanjana badalAgade uLidideyumbudannu kaTTiruve, kuttesaL, kaTTaDavi modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

idakke badalu, avugaLa anantara vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga avugaLondige u oTTu sErikoLLuttade embudannu mattu idarindAgi avugaLa immaDi vyanjana otte vyanjanavAgi (kaDu, kuRu, naDu, niDu mattu mudu embudAgi) badalAguttade embudannu kaDugempu, kuRugaDDe, naDugaDal modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

uddasvara giDDavAguva mElina (ka) niyamakke kannaDadalli kelavu apavAdagaLU ive. mUladrAviDada badalAvaNe naDeda anantara kannaDadallEnE tayArAgirabahudAda jODupadagaLalli intaha apavAdagaLannu kANabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, mUgAvuda, mUgandAya, mUgoLa, mUvattu (<mUR pattu) jODupadagaLalli mU(R) padada anantara padagaLu bandiveyAdarU adara uddasvara giDDasvaravAgade uLidide.

vyanjanagaLalli

modalAguva

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11.3.2 kannaDadavE Ada sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu

kannaDadavE Ada kelavu sErikeya badalAvaNegaLannU guNapadagaLa vyanjanagaLalli kANabahudu. ivu baLakeyalli konegoLLuva modalAguva guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLondige bandAga kANisikoLLuttave.

mukyavAgi vyanjanagaLalli

(1) rakAradalli konegoLLuva kAr ‘kappu’, pEr ‘doDDa’, Or’‘ondu’, Ir ‘eraDu’ mattu mUR ‘mUru’ padagaLige vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu sEridAga u oTTinalli konegoLLuva mattu bErina uddasvara giDDavAgiruva karu, peru, oru, iru mattu muru rUpagaLalli baruttave embudannu mEle 11.3.1ralli nODiruvevu.

heccineDegaLallU ivugaLa koneya u oTTu kannaDadalli biddu hOgide. idallade, I bErugaLa koneyalliruva rakAra mattu RakAragaLu avugaLa anantara banda vyanjanagaLondige sErihOgi averaDU halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, or ‘ondu’ bErina koneya rakAra, adara anantara ka, ca (sa), ta mattu pa vyanjanagaLu bandAga, avugaLadE rUpavannu paDeyuttade (okkaTTu, occeragu, ottaTTu, opopattu); I vyanjanagaLu koraLisida rUpavannu paDediruvalli mattu vakAra bakAravAgiruvalli rakAravU antahadE rUpavannu (oggaTTu, obba). adara anantara mUguli paDeyuttade bandiruvallU antahadE rUpavannu paDeyuttade (omme).

(2) mUguliyalli konegoLLuva in ‘sihi’, kem/cem ‘kempu’, taN ‘tampu’, pin ‘hinde’, mun ‘munde’ guNapadagaLa koneya vyanjanavU avugaLa anantara vyanjanadalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, kem ‘kempu’ padakke keN, ken mattu kem emba rUpagaLiruvudannu kengaN, kenjaDe, keNDa, kendaLir, kennIr, kembisil, kemmaN modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

kannaDada

kagganTu,

kaggAyi,

kaggattale,

kaggole modalAda kelavu jODupadagaLalli kaTTa guNapada kaDu rUpakke koneya u oTTu badalAgideyAdarU anantara adara bidduhOgide kakAra(illavE mattu gakAra)dondige sEri averaDU gakAragaLAgive (kaDu+ganTu > kagganTu, kaDu+ kattale > kaggattale).

mundina

padagaLalli

modalAda

(4) per-piri, hiri; beL-biLi, biLimODa, biLpu; bec- bisi, bisilu, bisinIr; edur-idir; kec-kisu, kisgAra, kisuvon kannaDada oLanADina oLanuDigaLalli naDeda ekAra ikAravAguva badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu (2.2.2 nODi). jODupadagaLalli

badalAvaNegaLella sAmAnyavAgi aniyamitavAgiruttave (baT 2002:148 nODi). I kAraNakkAgi mElina badalAvaNegaLigU kannaDadallEnE halavu apavAdagaLannu kANabahudu.

naDeyuva

udAharaNegAgi, nEr ‘nEra’ padada uddasvara nErgOl, nErpu padagaLalli giDDasvaravAgilla; nuN ‘nuNNage’ padada NakAra nuNgadapu, nuNdoDe, nuNbani, nuNmAtu padagaLalli adara anantara banda vyanjanakkanuguNavAgi badalAgilla. intaha badalAvaNegaLella nijakkU ondu nuDiya illavE oLa nuDiya ‘olavu’gaLallade ‘niyama’gaLalla.

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11.4 kriyA-guNapadagaLu

kriyA-guNapadagaLu kriyApadagaLa mukyavAgi kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva kelasada jAga (mEle, keLage, oLage, alli, illi,

sUcisaballa rItiyavugaLAgiruttave.

guNavannu

mUru

hattira), samaya (nALe, andu, indu, Aga, baLika, oDane, kUDale, beLigge) mattu prakAra (intu, hAge, baRide, matte, gaDagaDane, baggane, katakatane, diDI rane) embudAgi mUru rItiya guNagaLannu ivu sUcisuttave.

I mUru rItiya guNapadagaLAgiyU tOruga padagaLa baLakeyAguttadeyembudannu gamanisabahudu (alli, andu, hAge). uLidavugaLalli samayagaLannu sUcisuvavugaLu mukyavAgi nAmapadagaLige illavE nAma- guNapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi racisidavugaLu mattu prakAravannu sUcisuvavugaLu mukyavAgi aNakisuva padagaLu.

mattu

nAma-guNapadagaLige age illavE ane oTTannu sErisi kannaDadalli kriyA-guNapadagaLannu tayArisalAguttade. ivu an ‘hELu’ mattu Agu kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda oTTugaLirabEku.

guNapada mel
dunDu

teLLage
mellage
neTTage
karrage
dunDage

ane oTTu teLLane
mellane neTTane karrane dunDane

jAgavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLondige baruva (keLage, oLage, horage) oTTu idakkinta bErAgiruva kone oTTu (9.6 nODi).

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11.5 aNakisuva padagaLu

arivu, tOrike, uli modalAduvannu aNakisuvantaha sarrane, doppane, taTakkane, kilakilane, baDabaDane modalAda halavu

padagaLu kriyApadagaLa guNagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi heccina drAviDa nuDigaLallU baLakeyAguttiddu, avannu mUladrAviDa padagaLendu tiLiyalu sAdyavide.

Adare intaha aNakisuva padagaLu mEle sUcisida hAge halavu viSayagaLalli itara padagaLinda bErAgiruva kAraNa, avu ondu rItiyalli vyAkaraNa mattu padakOSagaLa horage nilluttave. nuDigaLalli naDeyuva halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLu avannu muTTuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi,

pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe pakkane, paTapaTane, pacakkane, parrane, paLapaLane modalAda aNakisuva padagaLannu taTTilla mattu (2) kilakilane ikAra ekAravAguva badalAvaNe modalAduvannu taTTilla.

naDediruva

kannaDadalli

giragirane,

(3) mUladrAviDa padagaLallidda immaDi RakAra kannaDadalli takAravAgi badalAgide (4.4 nODi). Adare aNakisuva padagaLalli adu badalAgade uLidide (giRRane, baRRane, tiRRane, DaRRane, suRRane).

drAviDa

padagaLiginta

nuDigaLa itara

bEre halavu viSayagaLallU I padagaLu mUladrAviDada illavE bErAgi kANisikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, (4) ivu itara padagaLa hAge svaradalli modalAguvudilla. avugaLa modalige yAvAgalU ondu vyanjana bandiruttade (aykane mattu oykane emba eraDu svaradalli modalAguva aNakisuva padagaLu idakke apavAdagaLAgi kANisuttave).

(5) intaha guNapadagaLu jODiyAgi baruvudiddare (gaDa gaDa, gamagama, gusugusu) avugaLalli ottakSaragaLu illavE

udda svara iruvudilla mattu otteyAgi baruvudiddare ottakSara, uddasvara (illavE mahAprANakSara) illadiruvudilla (barrane, baggane, doppane, sarakkane, paTArane, dhigilane, ghaZilane) embantaha niyamavannU kannaDada maTTige mADalu sAdyavide.

(6) itara padagaLallilladiruva mahAprANAkSaragaLu intaha padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave (khaLilane, bhugillane, duDhummane, bhOnkane, chaTachaTa).

(7) intaha mUladrAviDa padagaLalli modalige koraLisida daDabaDa) taDeyuligaLU baraballuvAgidduvu embudAgi emenO mattu hArTa (1993) vAdisiddAre. itara padagaLalli I rIti padagaLa modalige koraLisida taDeyuligaLu mUladrAviDadalli baruttiralilla embudannu nAvu mEle nAlkanE adyAyadalli (4.1.2) nODiruvevu.

(dabakkane,

intaha bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi, ivu mUladrAviDadalli (mattu ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli) itara padagaLinda bErAgi nilluva mattu nuDiya vyavasteyinda horagiruva padagaLendu parigaNisabEkAguttade.

padagaLannu kannaDada

aNakisuva mattu

mUladrAviDakke kalpisikoLLabahudu entahadAdarU badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgiveyE embudannu tiLiyalu I padagaLa kuritAgi innaSTu samSOdanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

caritreyalli

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11.6 guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu

guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasabEkiddare avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisabEkAguttade. haLegannaDadalli idakkAgi

avugaLondige linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva oTTugaLannu (am, aL, ar, tu, uvu embavugaLannu) sErisabEkAguttade.

guNapadagaLigiruva intaha nAmarUpagaLa svarUpavannavalambisi

haLegannaDada guNapadagaLannu eraDu gumpugaLalli hancabahudu.

(ka) modalaneya ulikante mucciruva (vyanjanadalli kone goLLuva - oLLitu, oLLittu; teLLitu, teLLittu) mattu modalaneya ulikante terediddu (svaradalli konegoLLuttiddu), udda svaraviruva padagaLadu (nEritu, nErittu; kUritu, kUrittu) ondu gumpu.

(ca) modalaneya ulikante terediddu, giDDa svaraviruva

padagaLadu (asidu, inidu) innondu gumpu.

mUru ulikantegaLiruva agala guNapada modalaneya (ka)

gumpinallE baruttade (agalitu, agalittu).

I eraDu gumpugaLalli baruva guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu bEre bEre rItiyavAgiruttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva rUpAvaLigaLannu gamanisabahudu.

ganDasu
hengasu

orvacana
oLLidaL oLLittu, oLLitu

ganDasu
hengasu

piriyaL

halavacana oLLidar oLLiduvu

piriyar piriduvu

linga-vacanada oTTannu sErisuva modalu (ka) gumpinalli bandiruva guNapadagaLige d embudannu sErisabEkAguttade; mattu (ca) gumpinalli bandiruva guNapadagaLige y embudannu sErisa bEkAguttade; ganDasu mattu hengasarannu horatupaDisi itararannu sUcisuva ‘itara’ rUpagaLalli mAtra idu avaSyavilla.

Adare, I ‘itara’ rUpagaLalli baruva orvacanada oTTige (ka) gumpina guNapadagaLa anantara tu illavE ttu emba rUpavide mattu (ca) gumpina guNapadagaLa anantara du emba rUpavide. idallade, I eraDu gumpugaLallU halavacanada vu oTTu orvacanada du oTTina anantara baruttade.

modalige tUkada ulikanteyiruva guNapadagaLu (ka) gumpi nalli baruttave mattu hagurada ulikanteyiruva guNapadagaLu (ca) gumpinalli baruttave embudAgiyU illi niyamavannu racisabahudu.

hosagannaDadalli guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi avanu, avaLu, avaru, adu, avu emba tOruga padagaLannu sErisalAguttade.

ganDasu
hengasu

orvacana
doDDavanu doDDavaLu doDDadu

halavacana doDDavaru doDDavu

idu ellA guNapadagaLigU samAnavAgiddu haLegannaDadalli

kANisuva mElina vyatyAsa hosagannaDadalli uLidilla. doDDadu-uddaddu;

haLedu- tOraddu; biLidu, karidu; agaladdu; hosatu, haLatu, eLatu

hosagannaDada

guNapadagaLalli I

modalAda kelavu oTTugaLu tOrisuttave. I rUpavyatyAsagaLannu haLegannaDadalliddantaha vyatyAsagaLu mEle vivarisida niyamada paLeyaLikeyirabahudendu tOruttade.

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11.7 tiruLu

mUladrAviDadalli nAmapadagaLa guNagaLannu sUcisuvavu mattu kriyApadagaLa guNagaLannu sUcisuvavu embudAgi eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLiddirabEku. kannaDadallU intaha eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLu baLakeyallive.

bErina

nAma-guNapadagaLu

rUpadallU ivugaLalli baLakeyAgaballuvu. nAma- guNapadagaLinda illavE nAmapadagaLinda (mattu kriyApadagaLinda) tayArAguttave; avu bErina rUpadalli baruvudilla. kelavu tOruga padagaLU kriyA-guNapadagaLAgi baraballuvu.

kriyA-guNapadagaLu

idallade, padakOSada horage nilluva halavu rItiya aNakisuva padagaLU nAma- illavE kriyA-guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu. padagaLa

kuritAgi innaSTu

samSOdane

naDesuva

avaSyakateyide.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12. vAkyagaLa oLaracane

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.1 munnOTa

mUladrAviDada vAkyaracaneya viSayavAgi heccina samSOdanega LinnU naDeyabEkAgide. adakke modalu, ivattina drAviDa nuDigaLalli mattu oLanuDigaLalli entaha vAkyaracaneyide mattu I viSayadalli avugaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLive embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, adaralli kelasagaLannu tiLisuva vAkyagaLu mattu sangatigaLannu tiLisuva vAkyagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLu baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLalli (1ka) vAkya ondu kelasa (marakke hattuvudu) naDediruvudannu tiLisuttade mattu (1ca) vAkya ondu sangatiya iruvikeyannu (SAlege raje iruvudannu) tiLisuttade.

(1ka) huDuga marakke hattida. (1ca) makkaLige ivattu SAlege raje ide.

kelasagaLannu illavE sangatigaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi mAtravallade, avannu allagaLeyuvudu, avugaLa kuritAgi AScarya sUcisuvudu, samSaya sUcisuvudu, praSnisuvudu, innobbarinda avannu mADi

suvudu, modalAda bEre halavAru rItiya mAtina kelasagaLallU intaha vAkyagaLannu baLasalu sAdyaviddu, adakkAgi I vAkyagaLa koneyalli bEre bEre rItiya kriyArUpagaLannu baLasabEkAgu ttade (heccina vivaragaLige baT 2006 nODi).

(2ka) huDuga marakke hattalilla. (2ca) huDuga marakke hattidanO? (2Ta) huDuga marakke hattali. (2ta) huDuga marakke hattabAradu. (2pa) huDuga marakke hattabahudu.

(3ka) makkaLige ivattu SAlege raje illa. (3ca) makkaLige ivattu SAlege raje ideyO? (3Ta) makkaLige ivattu SAlege rajeyirabahudu. (3ta) makkaLige ivattu SAlege rajeyiralAradu.

kelasagaLannu

sUcisuvudakkAgi

kannaDadalli kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyAguttade mattu kelasagaLalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu illavE nAmarUpagaLa baLakeyAguttade.

gurutisuvudakkAgi

viSayagaLannu

udAharaNegAgi, mEle (2ka) vAkyadalli kelasavannu hattu kriyApadada hattalilla kriyArUpa tiLisuttade, mattu A kelasadalli toDagiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLannu huDuga mattu mara emba nAmapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu tiLisuttave.

kelasagaLalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu vidAnagaLa mUlaka gurutisalu kelasavannu nAmapadagaLa mUlaka naDesalAguttade mattu varNisuva kelasavannu

sAdyavide. ivugaLalli

hesarisuva

nAmapadagaLondige guNapadagaLannu sErisi racisida padakantegaLa mUlaka mADalAguttade.

(4) cikka huDuga doDDa marakke hattida.

(4)nE vAkyadalli cikka huDuga mattu doDDa mara emba eraDu padakantegaLa mUlaka hattuva kelasadalli toDagida vyakti padakantegaLannu mattu racisuvudakkAgi huDuga mattu mara padagaLondige cikka mattu doDDa guNapadagaLannu sErisalAgide.

gurutisalAgide. I

vastugaLannu

kannaDada I vAkyaracaneya vidAnavE mUladrAviDadallU

iddirabEkembudAgi sadyakke kalpisikoLLabahudu.

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12.2 jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu

eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi mUladrAviDadallEnE kelavu jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu baLakeyalliddirabEku. I kriyArUpagaLalli kriyApadadondige samayada oTTu illavE allagaLeyuva oTTu mAtravE baruttiddirabEku.

bEre

bEre tiLisuva

jODisi hELuvudakkAgi modalaneya vAkyada kriyApadavannu I rIti jODisuva rUpakke badalAyisalAguttade.

vAkyagaLannu

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisa

bahudu.

(5ka) rAju manege hOda. (5ca) rAju UTa mADida. (5Ta) rAju manege hOgi UTa mADida.

naDuve

kelasagaLa

(5ka) mattu (5ca) vAkyagaLannu jODisuva mUlaka (5Ta) vAkyavannu racisalAgide mattu idakkAgi (5ka) vAkyada kriyApada vannu adara hOgi emba jODisuva rUpakke badalAyisalAgide. samaya sambandagaLiralu sAdyavide: (1) modalaneyadu eraDaneyadara modalu naDedirabahudu, (2) anantara naDedirabahudu, illavE (3) averaDU ondE samayadalli naDedirabahudu. idallade, avugaLa naDuve allagaLeyuva (endare modalaneyadu naDeyade eraDaneyadu naDeyuvantaha) nAlkaneya sambandavannU kANalu sAdyavide.

mUru rItiya

hAgAgi, vAkyagaLannu jODisi hELuvudakkAgi nAlku rItiya jODisuva kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva intaha nAlku jODisuva kriyArUpagaLannu keLagina jODisida vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

avaSyakateyide.

kriyArUpagaLa

(6ka) Odi hOda.
(6ca) Odalu hOda. (6Ta) OduttA hOda. (6ta) Odade hOda.

I kriyArUpagaLalli modalina kelasavannu sUcisuva sonne rUpadalliruva oTTu (6ka)dalliyU, anantarada kelasavannu sUcisuva alu oTTu (6ca)dalliyU, ondE samayada kelasagaLannu sUcisuva uttA oTTu (6Ta)dalliyU, allagaLeda kelasavannu sUcisuva (a)de oTTu(6ta)dalliyU bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. haLegannaDadalli ivu sonne, al, utte (uttum) mattu (a)de rUpadallidduvu.

ivugaLalli allagaLeda kelasavannu sUcisuva jODisuva rUpa dalli allagaLeyuva A oTTinondige jODisuva de oTTu bandide yendu hELabahudu. haLeya SAsanagaLalli baruva tappAde, veLe yAde padagaLalli I allagaLeyuva oTTu A rUpadallE ide (narasimhayya 1941: 208).

kelasavannu kannaDadalli ivattigU allagaLeda sUcisuvudakkAgi Ade oTTannE baLasalAguttade (gOrAde ‘bAcade’, bUvAde ‘bILade’, sAvAde ‘sAyade’).

modalina

kelasavannu

sonne oTTinondigU sUcisuva jODisuva i oTTu bandideyundu hELabahudu. intaha kelavu jODisuva rUpagaLalli kriyApadondige hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d oTTu bandiddu (karedu, tindu, unDu), adara anantara jODisuva oTTu u rUpadalli baruttade.

Adare, haLegannaDadallEnE intaha jODisuva rUpagaLallU jODisuva oTTu i rUpadalli bandiruvudannu teraLdi ‘teraLi’, nAndi kANabahudu. modalAda oLanADina kelavu oLanuDigaLallU idu i rUpadallide.

‘oddemADi’

rUpagaLalli

allagaLeyuva A oTTina anantara baruva t (d) vyanjana mUladrAviDada hindina samayada oTTina paLeyaLikeyirabEkendu subrahmaNyam (1971:390) vAdisiddAre.

havyaka kannaDadalli I vyanjana immaDi rUpadallide (hOgadde

‘hOgade’, tinnadde ‘tinnade’, hOgadda ‘hOgada’).

haLegannaDada jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli al emba ondE rUpadalliruva eraDu bEre bEre oTTugaLa baLakeyAguttittu. avugaLalli ondu anantarada kelasavannu sUcisuttittu mattu

modalina

innondu baLakeyalli eraDu kANisikoLLuttave.

kelasavannu

sUcisuttittu. iveraDara bEre rItiya nibrandagaLu

bEre

kelasavannu

(1) anantarada

sUcisuva al oTTannu baLasideyAdalli, antaha vAkyagaLu bEre bEre vyaktigaLu svEcceyinda naDesuva eraDu kelasagaLannu jODisalAravu. modalina kelasavannu sUcisuva sonne oTTina baLakeyallU intahadE nibrandavide.

(7ka) kIcakam tammakkanam kANal pOdam

‘kIcakanu tanna akkanannu kANalu hOdanu’

(7ca) nI enna kALegamam peRagirdu nODim

‘nIvu nanna kALagavannu horage iddu nODi’

mElina eraDu vAkyagaLallU obbanE vyakti svEcceyinda naDesuva eraDu kelasagaLannu jODisalAgide. ibbaru bEre bEre vyaktigaLu svEcceyinda naDesuva eraDu kelasagaLannu ivugaLa mUlaka jODisalu sAdyavAgadu.

Adare, modalina kelasavannu sUcisuva al oTTannu baLasuvu

diddalli I nirbandavilla.

(7Ta) endu nuDidu kaZipal A dravpadi ante geyvunendu

pOgi…. ‘(kIcakanu) hAge hELi kaLisidAga dravpadi hAgeyE
mADuttEnendu (hELi hOdaLu); hOgi….’

mElina (7Ta) vAkyadalli bandiruva al oTTu modalina kelasavannu sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, kaLisu mattu hOgu emba

eraDu bEre bEre vyaktigaLu (kIcaka mattu dravpadi) svEcceyinda naDesuva kelasagaLannu sUcisuva eraDu vAkyagaLannu adara mUlaka jODisalu sAdyavAgide.

idallade, modalina kelasavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi e emba innondu oTTU haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallittu. idara baLakeyallU mElina nirbandavilla (7ta nODi). I eraDu oTTugaLU ivattina baraha kannaDadalli uLidilla.

(7ta) pAnDyan

tOmaradinda iDe

gurutanUjam

eDeyoL kaDidam ‘pAnDyanu tOmaradinda hoDedAga gurutanUjanu
(adannu) naDudAriyallE kaDidanu’

naDeyuva

samayadalli

kelasagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi havyaka kannaDadalli utta oTTina badalu koL gonDu kriyApadada jODisuva (<konDu) kriyArUpavannu baLasalAguttade.

embudannu

rUpavAda

sErisiruva

modalina

(8) Anu sangIta kELigonDu uNNutte

‘nAnu sangItavannu kELuttA UTamADuttEne’

utta oTTannu mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi badalAvaNeyannu havyaka I

baLasiruva mADikonDirabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.3 sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLu

kelasavannu nAmapadadondige sambandisi padakanteyannu racisalu sAdyavide. idakkAgi A vAkyada

sUcisuva ondu vAkyavannu

koneyalli ADuga oTTina badalu sambandisuva a oTTannu sErisalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisa

bahudu. (9ka) huDugi manege bandaLu (9ca) huDugi UTa mADidaLu (9Ta) manege banda huDugi UTa mADidaLu

vAkyavannu

vAkyadalliruva

huDugi nAmapadadondige sambandisuva mUlaka, (9Ta) vAkyavannu racisalAgide. idakkAgi (9ka) vAkyada koneyalliruva bandaLu kriyApadada koneya aLu oTTannu tegedu hAki, adara badalu sambandisuva a oTTannu sErisalAgide. idallade, I eraDu vAkyagaLigU samAnavAgiruva huDugi padavannu (9ka) vAkyadinda tegeduhAkalAgide.

kriyApadagaLa hindina, mundina mattu allagaLeyuva rUpagaLinda mUru rItiya sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLannu paDeyalu sAdyavide (manege banda huDugi, manege baruva huDugi, manege bArada huDugi). ivugaLalli kANisuva sambandisuva a oTTannu mUladrAviDakkEnE kalpisalAgide.

kelasakke innondu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.4 Sarattina kriyArUpagaLu

Sarattu embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, eraDaneya kelasavannu sUcisuva kriyApadavannu Sarattina (jODisuva) rUpakke badalisalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.

kelasa

(10) rAju bandare hari manege hOguttAne.

(10)nE vAkyadalli ‘rAju baruva’ kelasa ‘hari manege hOguva’ kelasakke SarattAgide. idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ‘baruva’ kelasavannu sUcisuva kriyApadavannu bandare emba Sarattina jODisuva rUpakke badalisalAgide.

sUcisuva

jODisuva

bEre bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli bEre bEre oTTugaLu intaha kriyArUpagaLannu Sarattannu tayArisuvudakkAgi mUladrAviDadalli adu yAva rUpadalliddirabahudu embudannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdyavAgilla. udAharaNegAgi, tamiLinalli idakkAgi Al oTTannu baLasalAguttade (kanTAl ‘kanDare’).

baLakeyAguttiveyAda

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.4.1 haLegannaDada rUpagaLu

haLegannaDadalli intaha Sarattina jODisuva rUpagaLannu tayArisu vudakkAgi sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLige oDe oTTannu sErisalAgu ttittu.

mEle (12.3)ralli sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli mundina, hindina mattu allagaLeyuva embudAgi mUru sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLiddu, I mUrarondigU oDe oTTannu baLasalu sAdyavittu.

(11ka) pOpoDe barpem ‘hOguvudiddare baruttEne’’ (11ca) pOdoDe barpem ‘hOdare baruttEne’ (11Ta) pOgadoDe barpem ‘hOgadiddare baruttEne’

Adare I Sarattina jODisuva rUpagaLalli v (p) mattu d oTTugaLige mundina mattu hindina samayagaLannu sUcisuva artavilla. idakke badalu, avu mADaliruva kelasakke modalu

illavE anantara naDeyabEkAda kelasavannu SarattAgi sUcisalu baLakeyAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, ADuganu baruva kelasakke (11ka) vAkyadalli innobba vyakti anantara (endare kelasa mugida mEle) hOguvudu Sarattu, mattu (11ca) vAkyadalli innobba vyakti kelasa Sarattu (vivaragaLige baT 2005:227 nODi).

modalE hOguvudu

suruvAguvudakkinta

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.4.2 kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu

haLegannaDadallidda aDe oTTu hosagannaDadalli are rUpavannu paDedide. Adare, ivattina baraha kannaDadalli I oTTannu nEravAgi hindina samayada sambandisuva kriyArUpakke mAtravE sErisalu sAdyavallade (bandare, hOdare) mundina samayada (baruva, (bArada, hOgada) hOguva) illavE allagaLeyuva sambandisuva sErisalu sAdyavAgadu.

rUpagaLondige adannu

nEravAgi

karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDa I viSayadalli haLegannaDada vidAna vannu uLisikonDide. adaralli Sarattannu sUcisuva are oTTannu hindina samayada sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLondige mAtravallade mundina mattu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLondigU sErisi hELalu sAdyavide. idallade, haLegannaDadallidda artavyatyAsavannU mUlaka havyakadalli I sUcisalAguttade.

jODisuva

rUpagaLa

Sarattina

(12ka) nInu koDuttare batte

‘nInu (anantara) koDuvudiddare (Iga) baruttEne’’

(12ca) nInu koTTare batte

‘nInu (Iga) koTTare (anantara) baruttEne’’

(12Ta) nInu koDaddare batte

‘nInu koDadiddare baruttEne’’

baraha kannaDadalli allagaLeyuva kriyArUpadondige are oTTannu baLasabEkiddalli adarondige iru kriyApadada hindina samayada rUpavannu baLasabEkAguttade (koDade iddare) mattu mundina kriyArUpadondige baLasabEkiddalli kriyApadada nAmarUpavannu baLasabEkAguttade (koDuvudu iddare) embudannu koTTiruva udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

samayada

mEle

baDaga kannaDadalli Sarattannu sUcisuva oTTu ale rUpadallide. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina baDaga vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu (bAla kruSNan 1999:181, 220).

mE hUdale koravu appara irA ‘maLe suridare caLi heccu iralikkilla’
mE illAdOle hola ella hALAgibuTTara ‘maLe illadiddare hola ella hALAgibiTTItu’

I ale oTTannu baDaga kannaDavu tamiLininda eravalAgi

paDediralu sAdyavide. tamiLinalli Al oTTu baLakeyallide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.5 tiruLu

vAkyaracaneyalli kannaDa nuDi naDedu banda dAri entahadu naDesuva embudannu tiLiyalu innaSTu

samSOdanegaLannu

avaSyakateyide. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mUladrAviDa vAkyada svarUpa hEgittu embudinnU spaSTavAgilla.

hAgAgi, kannaDa vAkyagaLa svarUpa mattu avugaLalli kannaDada oLanuDigaLu tOrisuva kelavu vyatyAsagaLannaSTE illi vivarisalu sAdyavAgide.

AkarasUci

upAdyAya, yu. pi. 1976. m chiomThiciDiciNaive sNaujathi oji EciTiTicijaci

emenO, em. bi. 1940. ‘khihe votieTas oji Hcijacigci TaciTigucige’.

emenO mattu hArTa, ke. 1993. khicimiTa exThiDiessives tiiNah iTiiNaiciTa

kAlDavel, Ar. 1913. m aomThiciDiciNaive gDicimmciDi oji Nahe

kumArasvAmi rAja, en. 1969. PosNa-TicisciTa voichieTaess ThiTaosives

kempEgavDa, ke. 1976. bASAvijnAna kOSa. maysUru:

maysUru viSvavidyAnilaya.

kruSNamUrti, ba. 1997. khihe oDiigiTi ciTija evoTauNaioTi oji ThiDiimciDithi

kruSNamUrti 2001ralli innomme mudritavAgide).

gavDa, ke. kuSAlappa 1970. uotijaci EciTiTicijaci. nTiTicimciTaciiTicigciDi:

gavDa, ke. es. gurubasavE 1968. AeschiDiiThiNaive ciTiciTathisis oji SoTaigci.

cidAnanda mUrti, em. 1972. ‘m ThiciTaciNaciTaiziTig ciTija veTaciDiiziTig

dsvelebil, kamil 1970. aomThiciDiciNaive ADicivijaiciTi ThihoTioTaogthi.

narasimhayya, e. en. 1941. m gDicimmciDi oji Nahe oTajaesNa EciTiciDiese

narasimhAcAr, Ar. 1969. UisNaoDithi oji EciTiTicijaci TaciTigucige.

(eraDanE Avrutti). othisoDie: othisoDie UTiiveDisiNathi.

paramaSivam, ke. 1980. ijijiechiNaiviNathi ciTija chiciusciNaiviNathi iTi khicimiTa.

barO, Ti. mattu emenO, em. bi. 1961. khihe ADicivijaiciTi

—-1995. kannaDa bASeya kalpita caritre. hampi: kannaDa

viSvavidyAlaya.

—-2002. kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane. (eraDanE Avrutti).

maysUru: bASAprakASana.

—-2003. kannaDada sarvanAmagaLu. maysUru: bASAprakASana.

—-2005. nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu? maysUru:

bASAprakASana.

—-2005. kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa. maysUru:

bASAprakASana.

—-2006 kannaDa vAkyagaLa oLaracane (eraDanE mudraNa).

maysUru: bASAprakASana.

bAlakruSNan, Ar. 1999. Hcijacigci – m ADicivijaiciTi TaciTigucige.

rAmacandrarAv, bi. 1972. m jaeschiDiiThiNaive gDicimmciDi oji PcimThici

rAmacandrarAv, bi. 1998. kannaDa bASeya itihAsa.

maysUru: Di.vi.ke.mUrti.

venkaTAcala SAstrI, Ti. vi. 1994. ’upOdgAta’. venkaTAcala SAstrI (sam.) kESirAja viracita SabdamaNi darpaNam, puTa 1-

bengaLUru: kannaDa mattu samskruti nirdESanAlaya.

sItArAmayya, vi. 1979. prAcIna kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu.

maysUru: maysUru viSvavidyAnilaya.

subrahmaNyam, pi. es. (baralide) ADicivijaiciTi chiomThiciDiciNaive

hOkingsa, pi. mattu paylaT-raycUr, si. 1992. m

viSayasUci

aNakisuva pada 304, 313-15 anusvAra 144 artavyatyAsa 97 arakalagUDu 106 aresvara 161 allagaLe 216, 241, 321 Aguvike 193-5
Aguvike-mADuvike 182-93, 195-206, 221-3 AtmArta 291-2 Aydam 162 Aryaru 24 inDO-Aryan 270 inDO-yurOpiyan 16, 183 immaDi RakAra 314

iru kriyApada 229 iruLa 22 ilAmayTa 24 Igina samaya 226-7

uddasvara 267 upAdyAya 55-6, 70, 100 urAl-AlTEyik 24 179, 209, 213, 221-3, 315-16; hagura-tUka 39-40, emenO 72-3, 249 ay-avgaLu 38-9 olavu 313 oLanADu 18, 21-31, 47, 163, 291, 312 kannaDa-telugu lipi 39

kAlDavel 21

kuDuk 23, 45, 195, 245, 277 kuRumba 22 kUDupada 240 kUyi 23, 75, 249-50 keArnagara 106 kelasa 319-20 kESirAja 168 kELuga 273, 276, 287-8 koDagu 22, 75 kone 280, 285, 293, 313 koraga 22, 25, 195 koraLisida uccAraNe 94, 95- kOta 22 kOlAmi 23, 60, 64, 140, 277 krudanta 227 kruSNamUrti 24, 162, 242, 270-2, 191-2, 193-4, 297 gavDa kannaDa 52, 69-70, 89, 132, 2378, 274, 276, 282-3,

gavDa, kuSAlappa 52

gavDa, gurubasavE 72, 115 gavravArta 201, 203-4, 248, 276 gulbarga 54-5, 69-70, 82, 86-7, 100-1 cAmarAjanagara 85, 141, 144 cidAnanda mUrti 105-6 japAnIs 24 jEnukuruba 55-6, 83 jODisuva rUpa 216, 321-4 jODupada 41, 134, 136, 179, 256, 270-2, 306, 309,

taDeyilladuli 137, 161-73 tiLiyada pada 295-7 tenku oLanuDi 54, 82, 85-6, 108

dapa oTTu 226 dAravADa 105, 228 dikku 279

dunDagillada svara 163 dsvelebil 38 nanjanagUDu 100-1 nanTastike 15-6, 20, 24, 275-8 nakAra, eraDu rIti 92 naTarAjan 115 naDugannaDa 112, 229 naDudrAviDa 22-3, 103, 245, 249 narasimhayya 99, 111-12, 116, 164, 169, 322 nAykiDi 23 niyama-olavu 81 nuDikuTumba 21 pampabArata 38, 111, 226-7, 244, 289 padakOSa 304, 314 paylaT-raycUr 17 paramaSivam 183 paScimagaTTa 18 paLeyaLike 196, 203, 205, 240, 277-8, 280, 317, 122 pAScAtya vyAkaraNa 291 pengo 23 pramANa 279 praSnArtaka pada 297 prAsa 38-9

baDagu oLanuDi 54, 82, 86, 110-4, 171 baDagudrAviDa 22-3, 103, 195, 245 baraha 144 balUcistAna 19 baLLAri 56, 100, 171 bAlakruSNan 73, 115, 200, 246, 298, 327 bEru 40, 42, 75-6 brAhuyI 19, 23-4 brAhmI lipi 25, 39 manDa 23 maDacida vyanjana 107 manuSya 128, 219, 284-5, 298-9 maysUru 54-5, 82-3, 86-7, 101 marATi 105

mahAprANAkSara 315 mADuvike 194, 195 mAtina kelasa 319 mAltO 23, 195, 245 mungeLagina svara 85

mundina samaya 26, 191-2, 217, 224-29, 232 mundina svara - hindina svara 41 mUguli 137, 152 mUDu-baDagu oLanuDi 171 mUlanuDi 19-29 racane-oLaracane 180 rAmacandra rAv 111 rUDiya kelasa 217-8, 237 lArinjal 162, 242, 297 lingabEda 201, 245, 249, 272 vacana 272, 316 vaDDArAdane 289 vayyAkaraNi 133, 226-7, 291 varNisu 320 viSESaNa 278, 280 Sarattu 325

Sitiladvitva 134 sambandada oTTu 278-9, 306 sambandisuva rUpa 216, 324-5 samskruta 16, 20, 21, 127

sakarmaka-akarmaka 182-6, 189, 191, 193-4, 202 sakalESapura 107 samayada oTTu 216, 240-1, 321 sarvanAma 287 subrahmaNyam 62, 92, 119, 127-8, 162, 198, 202-3, 224,

suru 280, 285, 293 sErikeya badalAvaNe 309-11 sonne 144, 322 sonne oTTu 207, 255 soliga 69, 72, 102, 114-5 svara, giDDa-udda 35-6, 41, 58, 61, 83; mUgisida 71, 83-4; maDacida 72; bidduhOgu 81-3; dunDagillada 70-1, 89; hesaru 35; eNike 35, 68

svEcce 323 halavacana 26, 134, 183, 216, 245, 251, 272-3, 288-9,

haLetamiLu 92, 96, 98, 109, 163, 208, 252, 277 hindina samaya 191, 198, 217-24, 227, 229-31 hirEmaTa 104 hengasu 269, 270, 272, 298, 316

hesarisu 320 hoDeyuli 114, 119, 137, 145, 152, 156-61 hosUru 106 hoLEnarasIpura 105 hOkingsa 17 (pustakada heccina puTagaLalliyU kANisuva kannaDa, haLegannaDa,

mattu tamiLu padagaLannu I sUciyalli sErisalilla)

bASAprakASanada itara pustakagaLu

Di. en. Sankara baT bareda itara pustakagaLu:

kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa, 2000, 2001; doDDa mADiruva 3nE mudraNa 2006; puTa 248, rU 140.
kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa! 2005, puTa 247, rU.
nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu? 2005, puTa 265,
kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane, 1999; doDDa mADiruva eraDanE

mudraNa 2002, puTa 239, rU. 120.

kannaDada sarvanAmagaLu, 2003, puTa 192, rU. 46.
bASeya bagege nIvEnu balliri?, 1970, 1998, doDDa

mADiruva mUranE mudraNa 2002, puTa 191, rU. 100.

kannaDa vAkyagaLa oLaracane, 2004, eraDanE mudraNa 2006,

puTa 280, rU. 120.

bArati baT bareda pustakagaLu:

nanna beljiyam pravAsa, 2000, puTa 160, rU. 50.
tAyandirige kivimAtu, 2007, puTa 224, rU. 120.

dabre nArAyaNa SAstrigaLu bareda pustaka: sanAtanatvada iNukunOTagaLu, 2007, puTa 264, rU. 140

pratigaLige bareyiri:

atri buk senTar, 4, SarAvati kaTTaDa, balmaTa, mangaLUru 575 001

dUravANi: 0824-2425161, -249397