kannaDa barahada sollarime — sampuTa ೧

lEkhakaru: Di. en. Sankara bhaT prakaTaNe: 2010 mUla: PDF (Google Drive) — OCR SuddhIkxta prati

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ingliS viSlEShaNe: en

kannaDa: kn

pariviDi (sampuTa ೧)

• adhyAya 1 — munnOTa
  • 1.1 vyAkaraNa mattu sollarime
    • 1.1.1 sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu
    • 1.1.2 gegegege rUpada hindiruva kaTTalegaLu
    • 1.1.3 bEre bageya kaTTalegaLu
  • 1.2 kannaDada halavu bagegaLu
    • 1.2.1 yAvudu ellara kannaDa?
    • 1.2.2 ellara kannaDa ivattu ellaradAgilla
    • 1.2.3 ellaradAgalu Enu mADabEku?
  • 1.3 nuDi mattu baraha
    • 1.3.1 mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu
    • 1.3.2 vyatyAsagaLige kAraNagaLu
    • 1.3.3 nuDiya sollarime mattu barahada sollarime
    • 1.3.4 mArpADugaLu barahadalli sahajavAgi naDeyuvudilla
    • 1.3.5 I hottageya hammugegaLu
  • 1.4 barahada ErpADu
    • 1.4.1 padagaLu mattu barigegaLu
    • 1.4.2 padagaLa iTTaLa
    • 1.4.3 gurutisuva kelasa
    • 1.4.4 esakavannu tiLisuva kelasa
    • 1.4.5 pariceyannu tiLisuva kelasa
    • 1.4.6 bEre kelasagaLu
    • 1.4.7 padarUpagaLa iTTaLa
    • 1.4.8 padakantegaLa iTTaLa
  • 1.5 sollugaLa iTTaLa
    • 1.5.1 kannaDada mukya solliTTaLagaLu
    • 1.5.2 esakagaLu mattu avugaLa pAngugaLu
    • 1.5.3 huruLupattuge mattu baLakepattuge
    • 1.5.4 nelegoLisuvudu
  • 1.6 barigegaLu mattu avugaLa ulipu
    • 1.6.1 barigegaLa ulipu
    • 1.6.2 barigegaLa rUpagaLu
    • 1.6.3 heccina barigegaLa baLake
    • 1.6.4 ingliS eravalugaLalli heccina barigegaLu
  • 1.7 barahada gurutugaLu
    • 1.7.1 uliya EriLitavannu tiLisuvudu
    • 1.7.2 ellegaLannu tiLisuvudu
  • 1.8 tiruLu
• adhyAya 2 — padagaLa iTTaLa: hesarupadagaLu
  • 2.1 munnOTa
  • 2.2 sErikeya olavugaLu
    • 2.2.1 padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguvudu
    • 2.2.2 tereyuligaLa modalu mucculi immaDiyAguvudu
    • 2.2.3 esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguvudu
    • 2.2.4 udda tereyuli giDDavAguvudu
    • 2.2.5 eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADugaLu
    • 2.2.6 mucculigaLa modalu baruva rakArada mArpADugaLu
    • 2.2.7 mucculigaLa modalu baruva mUguligaLa mArpADugaLu
    • 2.2.8 tereyuligaLa modalu baruva DakAra mattu rakAragaLu
    • 2.2.9 kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguvudu
    • 2.2.10 ha(pa)kAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLu vakAravAguvudu
    • 2.2.11 padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu
  • 2.3 hesarupadagaLa iTTaLa
  • 2.4 oTTisida hesarupadagaLu
    • 2.4.1 esakapadagaLinda hesarupadagaLu
    • 2.4.2 hesarupadagaLinda bEre hesarupadagaLu
    • 2.4.3 paricepadagaLinda hesarupadagaLu
    • 2.4.4 oTTugaLa hOlike
    • 2.4.5 eNikebErugaLinda hesarupadagaLu
  • 2.5 jODupadagaLu
    • 2.5.1 hesarujODugaLu
    • 2.5.2 hesarujODugaLalli sErikeya horapaDikegaLu
    • 2.5.3 esakajODugaLu
    • 2.5.4 esakajODugaLalli sErikeya horapaDikegaLu
    • 2.5.5 paricejODugaLu
    • 2.5.6 bEre bageya jODupadagaLu
  • 2.6 tiruLu
    • 2.2.6 nODi) bandide, mattu adara baLika hattu pada pattu
• adhyAya 3 — padagaLa iTTaLa: uLida padagaLu
  • 3.1 munnOTa
  • 3.2 esakapadagaLa iTTaLa
    • 3.2.1 oTTisida esakapadagaLu
    • 3.2.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu
    • 3.2.3 oTTugaLa kogeta
  • 3.3 kUDupadagaLu
    • 3.3.1 modalaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu
    • 3.3.2 eraDaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu
    • 3.3.3 sErikeya mArpADugaLu
  • 3.4 paricepadagaLa iTTaLa
    • 3.4.1 paricebErugaLu
    • 3.4.2 hesaruparicegaLu
    • 3.4.3 esakaparicegaLu
    • 3.4.4 paricepadagaLu
    • 3.4.5 aNakaparicegaLu
  • 3.5 tOrupadagaLa iTTaLa
    • 3.5.1 eraDu angagaLu
  • 3.6 eNikepadagaLa iTTaLa
  • 3.7 eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa
    • 3.7.1 samskrutada eravalu padagaLu
    • 3.7.2 mArpaDisida padagaLu
    • 3.7.3 mArpaDisada padagaLu
    • 3.7.8 ingliSna eravalupadagaLu
  • 3.8 tiruLu
• adhyAya 4 — padarUpagaLa iTTaLa
  • 4.1 munnOTa
    • 4.1.1 sErikeya kaTTalegaLu
  • 4.2 esakapadagaLa padarUpagaLu
  • 4.3 Agisuva mattu sErisuva rUpagaLu
    • 4.3.1 Agisuva rUpagaLu
    • 4.3.2 sErisuva rUpagaLu
  • 4.4 konerUpagaLu
  • 4.5 konerUpagaLa iTTaLa: tiLisuva rUpagaLu
    • 4.5.1 esakada hottu
    • 4.5.2 mumbottina oTTu
    • 4.5.3 himbottina oTTu
    • 4.5.4 horapaDikegaLu
    • 4.5.5 Ipottina rUpagaLu
    • 4.5.6 korepadagaLu
    • 4.5.7 gurutina oTTugaLu
  • 4.6 konerUpagaLa iTTaLa: arikerUpagaLu
    • 4.6.1 ADuga, kELuga mattu heratu rUpagaLu
    • 4.6.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu
    • 4.6.3 korepadagaLu
  • 4.7 naDurUpagaLu
    • 4.7.1 paricerUpagaLu
    • 4.7.2 jODisuva rUpagaLu
    • 4.7.3 bEDikeya rUpa
    • 4.7.4 hesarurUpagaLu
  • 4.8 hesarupadagaLa padarUpagaLu
    • 4.8.1 eNikeya oTTu
    • 4.8.2 esakapattugeya oTTugaLu
    • 4.8.3 hesarupattugeya oTTugaLu
  • 4.9 bEre padagaLa padarUpagaLu
    • 4.9.1 paricepadagaLa padarUpagaLu
    • 4.9.2 ADupadagaLa padarUpagaLu
    • 4.9.3 tOrupadagaLa padarUpagaLu
    • 4.9.4 eNikepadagaLa padarUpagaLu
  • 4.10 tiruLu

sampuTa ೨ →

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kannaDa barahada sollarime-1

(idu kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa)

Di. en. Sankara baT

bASAprakASana
heggODu, sAgara

KANNADA BARAHADA SOLLARIME (A Grammar of Kannada) by D. N. Shankara Bhat, Ninasam, Heggodu, Sagara 577 417. Phone:

modalaneya accu: 2010

bi : barahagAra

horatarike bASAprakASana, heggODu, sAgara 577 417

hancike atri buk senTar, 4, SarAvati kaTTaDa, balmaTa, mangaLUru 575 001

accu SrISakti elekTrik pres, 13nE aDDaraste, jayanagara maysUru 570 014

munnuDi

ivattu nammalli baLakeyalliruva ‘kannaDa vyAkaraNa’gaLu nijakkU kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLE alla; yAkendare, avu kannaDada pada, padakante, mattu sollugaLannu unTumADuvalli entaha kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAgu ttave embudannu tiLisuva badalu, samskruta vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLannu kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisuttave embudAgi hattu varSagaLa hinde nanna kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa emba hottageyalli tOrisi koTTidde.

kannaDakke kannaDaddE Ada vyAkaraNavondannu bareyalu AvattinindalU nAnu prayatnisuttidde; Adare, adu Enu mADidarU munde hOgu ttiralilla. Iga adakke samaya bandiruva hAge kANisuttade; adara modalaneya tunDannu baredu mugisi, Odugara mundiDuttiddEne.

idaralli nAnu kannaDa barahada sollarime(vyAkaraNa)yannu bareyu ttiddEne; nuDiya sollarimeginta barahada sollarime halavu viSaya gaLalli bErAgiruttade embudannu idara modalaneya pasugeyAda munnOTadalli vivarisiddEne. ivattu kannaDa barahadalli entaha sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAguttave embudannu vivarisuvuda rondige, entahavu baLakeyAdare oLLeyadu embudannU adu tiLisa balludu.

kannaDa baraha mElvargadavaradAgi mAtravE uLiyade ellaradAga
bEku, mattu hAgAguvante adaralli kelavu mArpADugaLannu mADi koLLabEku embudu nanna niluvu. idakke neravAguvante, kannaDa barahadinda kannaDakke bEkillada kelavu barigegaLannu kaDimemADiruva ‘hosabaraha’vannu I hottageyallU baLasiddEne.

idallade, kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva samskruta eravalugaLannu kaDimemADikoLLuvalli neravAguvante, eraDu mattu mUranE pasuge gaLalli kannaDadavE Ada pada mattu oTTugaLannu baLasi hosa padagaLannu

hEge unTumADalAguttade embudannu vivarisiddEne. arimeya (vijnAnada) barahagaLalli hosa padagaLannu huTTuhAkabEkendiruvavaru samskrutada marehoguva badalu, kannaDadallEnE tamage bEkAgiruva pada gaLannu unTumADalu idu tiLivannIyaballudu.

nanna ittIcegina kannaDa vyAkaraNa yAke bEku? emba hottage yalli halavu bageya kalike mattu udyOgagaLalli kannaDada sollarime hEge neravige baraballudu embudannu vivarisiddEne. antaha neravannu koDaballa hottagegaLannu bareyuvavarige I kannaDa barahada sollarime aDigaTTannodagisuvantAgali embudu nanna hArayke.

I hottageyannu accuhAkisuvalli haNasahAya mADiruva geLeya rAda SrI heggere rAj avarannu, idannu andavAgi accuhAkisiruva SrISakti ilekTrik presna rA. SrI. mOhana mUrti avarannu, idara mArATada hoNe hottiruva atri buk senTarina ji. en. aSOka vardana avarannu, mattu idannu bareyuvalli halavu bageya neravannu nIDiruva nanna maDadi bArati baT avarannu nAnu illi nenapisa bayasuttEne.

heggODu, sAgara jUn 1, 2010

Di.en.Sankara baT

1nE pasuge : munnOTa

1.1 vyAkaraNa mattu sollarime
1.1.1 sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu
1.1.2 ge rUpada hindiruva kaTTalegaLu 1.1.3 bEre bageya kaTTalegaLu

1.2 kannaDada halavu bagegaLu 1.2.1 yAvudu ellara kannaDa?
1.2.2 ellara kannaDa ivattu ellaradAgilla
1.2.3 ellaradAgalu Enu mADabEku?

13 14 16 16

18 19 21 22

28 1.3 nuDi mattu baraha
29 1.3.1 mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu
30 1.3.2 vyatyAsagaLige kAraNagaLu 33 1.3.3 nuDiya sollarime mattu barahada sollarime 1.3.4 mArpADugaLu barahadalli sahajavAgi naDeyuvudilla 35 36 1.3.5 I hottageya hammuge

1.4 barahada ErpADu 1.4.1 padagaLu mattu barigegaLu
1.4.2 padagaLa iTTaLa 1.4.3 gurutisuva kelasa
1.4.4 esakavannu tiLisuva kelasa 1.4.5 pariceyannu tiLisuva kelasa
1.4.6 bEre kelasagaLu

38 39 40 42 44 45 46

1.4.7 padarUpagaLa iTTaLa 1.4.8 padakantegaLa iTTaLa

1.5 sollugaLa iTTaLa
1.5.1 kannaDada mukya solliTTaLagaLu 1.5.2 esakagaLu mattu avugaLa pAngugaLu 1.5.3 huruLu pattuge mattu baLake pattuge 1.5.4 nelegoLisuvudu

1.6 barigegaLu mattu avugaLa ulipu 1.6.1 barigegaLa ulipu
1.6.2 barigegaLa rUpagaLu 1.6.3 heccina barigegaLa baLake 1.6.4 ingliS eravalugaLalli heccina barigegaLu

1.7 barahada gurutugaLu 1.7.1 uliya EriLitavannu tiLisuvudu 1.7.2 ellegaLannu tiLisuvudu

1.8 tiruLu

48 49

50 52 56 58 60

62 64 74 76 78

81 82 84

85

2nE pasuge padagaLa iTTaLa : hesarupadagaLu

87 2.1 munnOTa
89 2.2 sErikeya olavugaLu
2.2.1 padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguvudu 90 2.2.2 tereyuligaLa modalu mucculi immaDiyAguvudu 95 97 2.2.3 esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguvudu 99 2.2.4 udda tereyuli giDDavAguvudu 2.2.5 eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADugaLu 101 2.2.6 mucculigaLa modalina rakArada mArpADugaLu 103 2.2.7 mucculigaLa modalina mUguligaLa mArpADugaLu 105 2.2.8 tereyuligaLa modalu baruva DakAra-rakAragaLu 107

2.2.9 kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguvudu
108 2.2.10 hakAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLu vakAragaLAguvudu 112 114 2.2.11 padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu

2.3 hesarupadagaLa iTTaLa

117

2.4 oTTisida hesarupadagaLu 2.4.1 esakapadagaLinda hesarupadagaLu

118 120

1. ga oTTu (120), 2-3. ike mattu ge oTTugaLu (121), 4. ta oTTu (126), 5. ha oTTu (128), 6. te oTTu (128), 7. ka oTTu (129), 8. alu oTTu (130), 9. a oTTu (130), 10. vu/pu/hu oTTu (132), 11. me/ve oTTu (133), 12. vaLi oTTu (135), 13. e oTTu (136), 14. i oTTu (136),
2. tana oTTu (137), 16. sonne oTTu (137), bEre kelavu oTTugaLu (139).

2.4.2 hesarupadagaLinda bEre hesarupadagaLu:

1. iga oTTu (142), 2. gAra oTTu (143), 3. tana oTTu (143), 4. ike oTTu (144), 5. ige oTTu (144), 6. a oTTu (146), 7. vaLi oTTu (147),
2. aLi oTTu (147), 9. vu/pu/hu oTTu (147),
3. e oTTu (148), 11. me/ve oTTu (149), bEre kelavu oTTugaLu (149), hengasara huruLina oTTugaLu: itti oTTu (150), ti oTTu (151), i oTTu (151), e oTTu (151). 2.4.3 paricepadagaLinda hesarupadagaLu:

1-2. a mattu i oTTugaLu (152), 3. tana oTTu (153), 4. pu/hu oTTu (154), 5. me oTTu (155), 6. sonne oTTu (155), bEre oTTugaLu (156)

141

152

2.4.4 oTTugaLa hOlike
2.4.5 eNikebErugaLinda hesarupadagaLu

156 158

2.5 jODupadagaLu 2.5.1 hesarujODugaLu

(1) pattugeyannu baLasi gumpisuvudu (2) esakapadavannu baLasi gumpisuvudu 2.5.2 hesarujODugaLalli sErikeya horapaDikegaLu 2.5.3 esakajODugaLu

(1) hottina iTTaLa (2) pattugeyalli vyatyAsa
(3) hOlikeya esaka (4) esakapada illavE hesarupada
2.5.4 esakajODugaLalli sErikeya horapaDikegaLu
2.5.5 paricejODugaLu

(1) hesaruparicegaLa baLake
(2) esakaparicegaLa baLake

2.5.6 bEre bageya jODupadagaLu

2.6 tiruLu

158 160 161 168 170 172 173 174 175 175 175 176 178 184 189

192

mUranE pasuge padagaLa iTTaLa: uLida padagaLu

3.1 munnOTa
3.2 esakapadagaLa iTTaLa
3.2.1 oTTisida esakapadagaLu 3.2.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu 3.2.3 oTTugaLa kogeta:

194 194 195 195 198

1. isu oTTu (198), 2. cu oTTu (201), 3. gu oTTu (202), 4. ku oTTu (203), 5. pu/vu/hu oTTu (204), bEre oTTugaLu (205)

3.3 kUDupadagaLu 3.3.1 modalaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu (1) modala pada hesarupada

205 207 207

(2) modala pada paricepada 210 (3) modala pada esakapadada jODisuva rUpa 213 216 (4) modala pada esakapadada bEre rUpa
216

3.3.2 eraDaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu

1. koLLu (218), 2. ADu (219), 3. Agu mattu mADu (220), 4. iDu (222), 5. koDu (222),
2. kaTTu (223), 7. hOgu (224), 8. bILu (225), 9. hAku (225), 10. keDu (226), 11. biDu (227), 12. ikku (227)

3.3.3 sErikeya mArpADugaLu

228

230 231 231

238 238

3.4 paricepadagaLa iTTaLa
3.4.1 paricebErugaLu 3.4.2 hesaruparicegaLu

1. alu oTTu (233), 2. ku oTTu (234), 3. a oTTu (235), 4. i oTTu (236), 5. u oTTu (236), 6. e oTTu (236), 7. ka oTTu (237), bEre oTTugaLu (237)

3.4.3 esakaparicegaLu 3.4.4 paricepadagaLu

1. age oTTu (239), 2. are oTTu (239), 3. e oTTu (240), bEre oTTugaLu (240)

3.4.5 aNakapadagaLu

(1) tusu hottu naDeyuva aNakapadagaLu
(2) ommegE naDeyuva aNakapadagaLu

3.5 tOrupadagaLa iTTaLa 3.5.1 eraDu angagaLu

3.6 eNikepadagaLa iTTaLa
3.6 eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa 3.6.1 samskrutada eravalu padagaLu 3.6.2 mArpaDisida padagaLu

240 241 243

244 245

247 248 248 250

3.6.3 mArpaDisada eravalu padagaLu 3.6.4 ingliSna eravalu padagaLu

3.7 tiruLu

nAlkanE pasuge padarUpagaLa iTTaLa

4.1 munnOTa
4.1.1 sErikeya kaTTalegaLu

(1) ukAra bidduhOguvudu (2) yakAra bandu sEruvudu (3) akAra bidduhOguvudu

4.2 esakapadagaLa padarUpagaLu
4.3 Agisuva mattu sErisuva rUpagaLu
4.3.1 Agisuva rUpagaLu
4.3.2 sErisuva rUpagaLu

4.4 konerUpagaLu 4.5 konerUpagaLa iTTaLa: tiLisuva rUpagaLu 4.5.1 esakada hottu 4.5.2 mumbottina oTTu 4.5.3 himbottina oTTu
4.5.4 horapaDikegaLu 4.5.5 Ipottina rUpagaLu 4.5.6 korepadagaLu 4.5.7 gurutina oTTugaLu

4.6 konerUpagaLa iTTaLa: arikeya rUpagaLu 4.6.1 ADuga, kELuga mattu heratu padagaLu 4.6.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu 4.6.3 korepadagaLu

252 254

255

257 258 258 260 262

262 264 265 267

269 270 270 271 272 275 288 289 289

292 293 293 293

4.7 naDurUpagaLu 4.7.1 paricerUpagaLu 4.7.2 jODisuva rUpagaLu 4.7.3 bEDikeya rUpa
4.7.4 hesarurUpagaLu

4.8 hesarupadagaLa padarUpagaLu
4.8.1 eNikeya oTTu 4.8.2 esakapattugeya oTTugaLu
4.8.3 hesarupattugeya oTTugaLu

4.9 bEre padagaLa padarUpagaLu
4.9.1 paricepadagaLa padarUpagaLu
4.9.2 ADupadagaLa padarUpagaLu
4.9.3 tOrupadagaLa padarUpagaLu 4.9.2 eNikepadagaLa padarUpagaLu

4.10 tiruLu

294 295 300 305 306

307 307 310 315

317 318 320 321 323

324

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1. munnOTa

vyAkaraNa

emba padada badalu, kannaDaddE Ada

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.1 vyAkaraNa mattu sollarime

sollarime samskrutada emba padavannu nAnilli baLasiddEne. kannaDigara maTTige hELuvudAdare, ‘vyAkaraNa embudu yAva kelasakkU bArada toDaku toDakAda ondu kagganTu’ emba anisike ivattu adannu kaliyuvavara manassinallide. adara kelavomme haLegannaDadinda, mattu bEre kelavomme hosagannaDadinda ettugegaLannu koDabEkAgi baruvudu I anisikeyannu gaTTimADuttade.

samskrutadinda,

niyamagaLige

kelavomme

kannaDa vyAkaraNa intahadondu kagganTAgalu adannu modalige
bareyahoraTa vidvAmsaru Agina kAladalli samskrutakkidda tumbA kliSTavAda pANiniya vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgi irisikonDudE mukya kAraNa. adu tumbA kliSTavAgidda kAraNa, adarallidda kaTTalegaLannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuva kelasavannaSTE mADalu avarige sAdyavAgittu. kannaDada nijavAda vyAkaraNa entahadu embudannu kanDukoLLalu I kliSTavAda samskruta vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLu avarige aDDiyAgidduvu.

kannaDada

gamanisi,

avara baLika bandavarigU I toDakininda horabaralu AgalE illa. idallade, haLegannaDada samayadinda hosagannaDada samayakke baruvAga kannaDa nuDiyallU halavu mArpADugaLu naDedidduvu; ivannella vyAkaraNavannu badalAyisikoLLuva kelasavannU sariyAgi naDesalu avarige sAdyavAgalilla. I kAraNakkAgi, ivattina SAlAvyAkaraNagaLalli baruva kaTTalegaLannu hosagannaDada padagaLannu, padarUpagaLannu mattu sollugaLannu mAtravE koTTu vivarisalu baruvudilla. nijakkU I vyAkaraNagaLu hosagannaDada vyAkaraNagaLE alla embudannu nAnu nanna kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa emba pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.

vyAkaraNavembudu antaha vicitravAda viSayavEnalla. nAvu mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga salIsAgi baLasuttiruva sollugaLa iTTaLa entahadu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudaSTE adara

guriyAgiruttade. I viSayada mEle ottukoDuvudakkAgi, mattu vyAkaraNa anisikeyannu hOgalADisuvudakkAgi, I pustakadalli A padada badalu ‘sollugaLa ALavAda tiLuvaLike’avemba huruLannu koDaballa sollarime emba bEreyE ondu padavannu baLasiddEne.

koDuva

emba

pada

kahi

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1.1.1 sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu

nAvu mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga halavAru sollugaLannu embudaralli ondu sollide; unTumADuttiruttEve. elligU hOgabEDa. illE iru. bEga bandubiDuttEne embudaralli mUru sollugaLive.

manege hOgu

I rIti sollugaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi nAvu halavAru manege hOgu kaTTalegaLannu baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, emba sollannu unTumADabEkiddalli mane padakke ge oTTannu sErisabEku. idakke badalu, emba sollannu mane emba bErondu oTTannu unTumADabEkiddalli, sErisabEku, mattu hAge sErisuvAga mane padada baLika ondu yakAravannU baLasabEku.

maneyinda bEga bA inda

padakke

nAvu intaha

sollugaLannu mattu avugaLalli baruva padagaLa rUpagaLannu kaTTalegaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi baLasabEkAguttade. ivannu endu kareyabahudu. mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga ivellavannU nAvu suLuvAgi baLasuttiruttEve. avannu baLasade nAvu ondu sollannU ADalArevu mattu bareyalArevu.

kaTTalegaLu

sollarimeya

nUrAru

cikkandinalli mAtanADalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuttiruvAgalEnE intaha nUrAru kaTTalegaLannu nAvu kalitukonDiruttEve. Adare, avannu baLasuvudu hEge embudannu nAvu kalitiruttEvallade, avu entahavu embudannu tiLidiruvudilla. avu namma miduLinalli arivige eTakada rUpadallE rUpadalli baLakeyAguttiruttave.

nelenintiruttave,

mattu A

ettugegAgi, manege mane mattu kke

sUcisida hAge, oTTige ge, ige

emba padavannu baLasabEkAdAga, mEle ge oTTannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade. I haLLige embudaralli

padakke emba mUru rUpagaLive:

rUpa ide (haLLi+ge), kADige embudaralli ige rUpa ide beTTakke embudaralli kke rUpa ide (beTTa+kke). sariyAgi kannaDavannu ballavarellarU

rUpagaLannu

ge (kADu+ige), mattu mUru F baLasaballaru.

idallade, ge oTTina I rUpagaLannu padagaLige sErisuvAga, padagaLallU D kelavomme mArpADugaLannu kelavu ige embudannu sErisuvAga mADikoLLabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, kADu padada koneya ukAravannu tegeduhAkabEkAguttade. ge oTTigiruva mUru rUpagaLalli tammedurigiruva padakke takkudAda rUpavannu baLasuva, mattu hAge baLasuvAga A padadalli takkudAda mArpADugaLannu naDesuva bage hEge embudu kannaDa ballavarigellarigU gottide; Adare, avaralli heccinavarU adannu innobbarige vivarisi hELalAraru. yAkendare, I mAtina illavE barahada hindiruva kaTTalegaLu avara miduLinalli tiLivige eTakuva rUpadallilla.

nAvu sulabavAgi baLasaballa I kaTTalegaLu entahavu embudannu tiLiyabEkendiddalli (endare avu namma tiLivige eTakuva hAge mADabEkiddalli) namma mAtinalli illavE barahadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLigiruva ge rUpagaLannu oTTu sErisabEku, mattu avugaLa hinde entaha kaTTalegaLu aDagive embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEku. idannu nAvu nEravAgi yArannU kELi tiLidukoLLalu baruvudilla. yAkendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, avu ellara miduLinallU arivige eTakada rUpadalli mAtravE iruttave, mattu arivige eTakada rUpadallE baLakeyAguttiruttave.

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1.1.2 gegegege rUpada hindiruva kaTTalegaLu

namma barahadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLa ge rUpagaLannu gamanisidalli, avugaLa baLakeya hinde keLage koTTiruva kaTTalegaLu aDagiruvudu kANisuttade.

(1) i barigeyalli illavE e barigeyalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika adu ge rUpadalli baruttade (ajji-ajjige; kuri-kurige; hakki- hakkige; atte-attege; mane-manege; kere-kerege);

(magaLu-magaLige;

(2) u barigeyalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika ige rUpadalli kADu-kADige; haNNu-haNNige; baruttade hallu-hallige), mattu adannu sErisidAga padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade; idallade, intaha padagaLalli eraDu barigekantegaLu mAtra iddu, avugaLalli ottubarige illavE udda tereyuli illavAdalli, A rIti ukAra bidduhOguva badalu, avugaLigU ige oTTigU naDuve ondu v barige sErikoLLuttade (magu-maguvige, karu-karuvige, gaDu-gaDuvige);

barigeyalli konegoLLuva pada mAnavanannu gurutisuvudAdare, adara baLikavU I oTTu ige rUpadalli baruttade, mattu adara modalu ondu n barige sErikoLLuttade (aNNa-aNNanige; heDDa- heDDanige; akka-akkanige);

(3) C

(4) mAnavarannu horatupaDisi itara prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvantaha a barigeyalli konegoLLuva padada baLika I oTTu kke rUpadalli baruttade (mara-marakke; aTTa-aTTakke, huLa- huLakke, heggaNa-heggaNakke).

idu ge-oTTina baLakeya hindiruva kaTTalegaLa aDakarUpa mAtra. idakke kelavu horapaDikegaLive, mattu bEreyU kelavu toDarugaLive. ettugegAgi, akAradalli konegoLLuva keLa padakke keLakke emba rUpa mAtravallade keLage emba bErondu rUpavU ide; idallade, averaDara naDuve huruLinalli vyatyAsavU iruva hAgide.

ondu, eraDu, mUru, hattu, nUru modalAda eNikeya padagaLu ukAradalli konegoLLuttaveyAdarU, avugaLa baLika idakke kke rUpa ide (hattakke, nUrakke); intaha viSayagaLannella vivarisidAga mAtra, ge emba ondu oTTannu baLasalu bEkAguva kaTTalegaLa iDI rUpa sigaballudu (4.8.2 nODi).

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1.1.3 bEre bageya kaTTalegaLu

padagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisuvalli mAtravalla, padagaLannu padakantegaLAgi mattu sollugaLAgi jODisuvalli, mattu sollugaLannu kuraLugaLAgi halavu kaTTalegaLu jODisuvalliyU mattu barahagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave. ettugegAgi, cikka huDugi ennuttEve; Adare,

ennuvudilla;

huDugi cikkavaLu *huDugi cikka ennuttEve. banda mEle ennuttEve; Adare, *baruva mEle ennuvudilla; baruva modalu ennuttEve; nanna kappu kUdalu ennuttEve; Adare, *kappu nanna kUdalu illavE *kUdalu nanna kappu ennuvudilla.

eraDu sollugaLannu sErisi ondu sollAgi mADi baLasalu halavu holabugaLive; ettugegAgi, mattu, illavE, Adare modalAda kelavu padagaLannu baLasi sollugaLannu jODisabahudu: (rAju manege banda mattu UTa mADida); illavE, modalanE sollina esakapadada konerUpavannu jODisuva rUpakke mArpaDisiyU adannu eraDaneya sollinondige jODisabahudu: (rAju manege bandu UTa mADida). Adare ellA bageya sollugaLannU I eraDaneya holabannu baLasi jODisalu baruvudilla; adara baLakeya hinde ondu kaTTaleyiddu, ellarigU adu tiLidide. Adare, A kaTTaleyentahadu embudannu heccinavarU vivarisi hELalAraru.

‘jODisabEkAgiruva eraDu sollugaLU mADuhagaLAgiddalli avugaLa mADugaru obbanE vyaktiyAgirabEku’ embudE I kaTTale. ettugegAgi, mEle koTTiruva rAju manege bandu UTa mADida sollinalli ‘manega banda’ vyaktiyU ‘UTa mADida’ vyaktiyU obbanE. jODisabEkAgiruva vyaktigaLu mADugarAgiddalli, avannu I rIti esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpada mUlaka jODisalu baruvudilla.

sollugaLalli

bEre

bEre

ettugegAgi, *rAju manege bandu jAnaki UTa mADidaLu emba sollu sariyendu namage anisuvudilla. adara eraDu sollugaLalli bandiruva mADugaru bEre bErAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa: ‘manege bandavanu’ rAju mattu ‘UTa mADidavaLu’ jAnaki. idakke modalu koTTiruva sollinalli ‘manege bandavanu’ mattu ‘UTa mADidavanu’ obbanE vyaktiyAda kAraNa, A sollu namage sariyendu anisuttade.

idallade, mADuhadondige Aguhavannu sErisiruvalli avugaLalli bEre bEre vyaktigaLu toDagiddarU tondareyAguvudilla. ettugegAgi, rAju manege bandu jAnakige tondareyAyitu emba sollu sariyAgideyendu sollinalli ondu namage anisuttade; I mADuhavannu innondu mADuhadondige jODisuva badalu, ondu Aguhadondige jODisalAgide.

mAtinalli illavE barahadalli baLakeyAguva intaha nUrAru kaTTalegaLannu oTTu sErisuva mUlaka ondu nuDiya sollarimeyannu bareyalAguttade; endare, mAtanADuvAga illavE bareyuvAga nijakkU nAvu Enu mADuttiddEve embudannu sollarime tiLisuttade; namage gottiddarU namma tiLivige eTakadantiruva I sollina kaTTalegaLannu adu namma tiLivige eTakuvante mADuttade. hAgAgi, sollarimeyondaralli baruva yAvudE ondu kaTTale sariyO illavE tapopI embudannu mAtinalli illavE barahadalli baruva sollugaLannu hEge unTumADalAgide embudannu gamanisuva mUlaka tIrmAnisalu baruttade.

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1.2 kannaDada halavu bagegaLu

mattu halavu bageya ADunuDigaLu, oLanuDigaLu kannaDakke hottunuDigaLive. Urininda Urige mattu jAtiyinda jAtige adaralli kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLu ADunuDiya vyatyAsagaLu; baLakeyinda baLakege kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLu oLanuDiya vyatyAsagaLu; mattu, talemArininda talemArige kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLu hottunuDiya vyatyAsagaLu.

ivugaLalli UrugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu mukyavAgi havyaka, hAlakki, kOTa modalAda karAvaLiya ADunuDigaLigU maysUru, dAravADa, gulbarga modalAda oLanADina ADunuDigaLigU naDuve kANisuttave; idallade, oLanADina ADunuDigaLallU tenku mattu baDagu ADunuDigaLa naDuve kelavu mukyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. idakke badalu, jAtigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu mukyavAgi UroLaginavara ADunuDi, Ura horaginavara ADunuDi, mattu brAhmaNara ADunuDi embudAgi mUru bageya ADunuDigaLa naDuve kANisuttave.

idallade, soligara kannaDa, baDagara kannaDa, kurumbara kannaDa embantaha mElina ADunuDigaLinda tIra bErAgiruva bEre kelavu ADunuDigaLU kannaDakkive. ivugaLalli baDagara kannaDavannantU kelavaru bEreyE ondu nuDiyendu tiLiyuttAre.

kannaDakke kelavu oLanuDigaLU ive; ivu adara halavu bageya baLakegaLannavalambisi mAtinalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU barahadalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU naDuve

beLedubandive.

ettugegAgi,

vyatyAsagaLive;

hAgAgi, barahada

halavu kannaDavannu ondu oLanuDiyendu kareyaballevu. barahada kannaDadallU suddihALegaLalli kate-kAdambarigaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU arimeya illavE barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU naDuve kelavu vyatyAsagaLive, mattu ivakkU kOrTina barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva kannaDakkU naDuve kelavu vyatyAsagaLive. jAhIrAtugaLa kannaDa, talebarahagaLa kannaDa embantaha bEreyU kelavu oLanuDigaLannu kannaDada baLakeyalli kANabahudu.

hIge, halavu bageya kelasagaLalli kannaDada baLakeyAguttiruvante, mattu I halavu bageya oLanuDigaLU

mUDibaruttave,

adaralli halavu mArpADugaLindAgi, adaralli mUDibaruttave.

mArpADugaLu

vyatyAsagaLannu

kannaDadalli halavu

Uru, jAti mattu baLakegaLannavalambisi mAtravallade, hottannu kANaballevu. avalambisiyU ettugegAgi, ondu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda kannaDakkU ivattina kannaDakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. talemArininda talemArige naDeyuttA baruttiruvudE idakke kAraNa. ondE talemArina janarallU, avaru cikkavariddAga ADuttidda nuDigU, doDDavarAda mEle ADuva nuDigU naDuve halavu vyAtyAsagaLiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. intaha hottina mArpADugaLindAgi, haLegannaDavAgidda nuDi naDugannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgide.

mArpADugaLu

kannaDadalli

halavAru

kannaDada sollarimeyannu bareyabEkendiruvavaru adakkiruva intaha halavu ADunuDi, oLanuDi, mattu hottunuDigaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu ArisikoLLabEkAguttade. I pustakadalli idakkAgi hosagannaDada ondu oLanuDiyannu ArisikoLLalAgide, mattu adakke ellara kannaDa emba hesarannu koDalAgide.

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1.2.1 yAvudu ellara kannaDa?

karnATakadalli ellarU tamma barahagaLalli baLasuvantaha ondu oLanuDiyide. ettugegAgi, hubbaLLiyinda horabaruva samyukta karnATakadalli, bengaLUrininda horabaruva prajAvANi illavE vijaya horabaruva udayavANiyalli kannaDa baLakeyAguttade. I UrugaLalli janaru bEre bEre bageya

kaDime ondE bageya

mattu uDupiyinda

karnATakadalli,

heccu

ADunuDigaLannu baLasuvudiddarU, suddihALegaLalli bareyuvavaru heccu kaDime ondE bageya kannaDavannu baLasuttAre.

ettugegAgi, hubbaLLiya ADunuDiyalli padagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAgi kANisikoLLuttade (mane>mani, ele>yali, kAge>kAgi, bare>bari, koLe>kvaLi). Adare, samyukta karnATakadalli bareyuvavaru sAmAnyavAgi padagaLa koneya ekAravannu ikAravAgi badalAyisade hAgeyE uLisikoLLuttAre. bengaLUrina halavara ADunuDiyalli padagaLa modalina hakAra bidduhOguttade (haNe>aNe, hAlu>Alu, huli>uli). Adare, prajAvANi illavE vijaya karnATakadalli bareyuvavaru I hakAravannu heccineDegaLallU uLisikoLLuttAre. karAvaLiya kannaDada ADunuDigaLU halavu viSayagaLalli oLanADina ADunuDigaLinda bErAgive; Adare, udayavANiyalli bareyuvavaru heccina maTTige bEre suddihALegaLalli baLakeyAguvantaha oLanuDiyannE baLasahOguttAre.

suddihALegaLalli mAtravallade, bEre halavu bageya barahagaLallU idE oLanuDi baLakeyAguttade: kate-kAdambarigaLallU I oLanuDiyE baLakeyAguttade; sULunuDigaLu (sambASaNegaLu) baruvalli mAtra, kelavaru avu ADunuDiyallive emba anisike baruva hAge, avugaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLuttAre. bEre halavu bageya barahagaLallU I oLanuDiya baLakeyannu kANabahudu. idallade, SAlegaLalli makkaLige Odalu mattu bareyalu idE oLanuDiyannu kalisuttAre, mattu avara kalikeya pustakagaLalli idannE baLasuttAre.

embudAgi

hesarisalAgide. barahagaLalli

I rIti, karnATakadalli ellarU Odalu-bareyalu kaliyuva, mattu tamma barahagaLalli baLasalu kaliyuva I oLanuDiyannu illi ellara kannaDa mAtravallade mAtinalliyU I oLanuDiya baLakeyannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAda ADunuDigaLannu mattu tuLu, konkaNi, marATi modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLannu baLasuva karAvaLiya janaru, tammadallada bEre ADunuDi illavE nuDigaLannu ADuvavarondige mAtanADuvAga, halaveDegaLalli I ellara kannaDavannE baLasuttAre. bEre kaDegaLallU halavu sandarbagaLalli (taragatigaLalli mattu sabe-samArambagaLalli) ADumAtina badalu ellara kannaDavannE baLasabEkAguttade.

mattu

Adare, idu mukyavAgi barahada kannaDavAgide; idaralli entaha padagaLannu padarUpagaLannu baLasabahudu, entahavannu baLasabAradu, idara sollugaLu entahavAgirabEku embudannella barahagaLE nirdarisuttave; mAtinalli baLakeyAdAga, ivugaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLu naDeyabahudu; ettugegAgi, padarUpagaLalli kelavu tereyuligaLu bidduhOgabahudu: mADuttAne embudu mADtAne endAgabahudu; Adare intaha heccina mArpADugaLU mAtinallE uLiyuttavallade barahakke iLiyuvudilla.

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1.2.2 ellara kannaDa ivattu ellaradAgilla

kannaDadalli Odubarahavannu kaliyuvavarellarU heccukaDime ondE bageya barahada oLanuDiyannu kaliyuttiddAre mattu baLasuttiddAre embudara mEle, adannu illi ellara kannaDa embudAgi kareyalAgide. Adare, nijakkU idu ivattu ellara kannaDavAgilla; yAkendare, nUraralli ayvattakkintalU kaDime mandi kannaDigaru mAtra ivattu barahagaLannu Odaballaru, mattu avugaLalli Enu hELalAgide embudannu tiLidukoLLaballaru. uLidavarella barahadinda dUravE uLiyuttiddAre.

monne monneya varege idarinda heccina

tondareyEnU Aguttiralilla. yAkendare, mukyavAgi kate, kavite, nATaka, purANa modalAda nalbarahagaLigAgi mAtravE barahavannu baLasalAguttittu. Adare, ivattu antahavugaLigintalU janarige tiLuvaLikeyannu koDuvantaha kelasagaLallEnE barahagaLannu heccu heccu baLasalAguttide. ivu ellarigU bEkAguvantaha barahagaLu.

ettugegAgi, Ti.vi., rEDiyO, miksi, mobaylu modalAda halavAru bageya upakaraNagaLannu ivattu ellarU baLasuttiddAre; bEkAguva avannu tiLuvaLikeyannu avaru paDedirabEkAguttade. Adare, I tiLuvaLike kaypiDigaLalliruttade, mattu avugaLinda adannu baraha ballavaru mAtravE paDeyaballaru.

sariyAgi baLasabEkiddalli, adakke

keDisade

beLegaLannu

beLeyuvalli,

bIjagaLannu ArisikoLLuvalli, avakke gobbara, pUciyaLika modalAduvannu tappade hAkuvalli, mattu beLeda beLeyannu lAba huTTuvante mArATa

adakkAgi

oLLE

mADuvalli neravAguttave.

sariyAda

tiLuvaLikeyannu

paDeyalu barahagaLu

namma nADina ADaLita ivattu janara kayge bandide; idannavaru sariyAgi naDesabEkiddalli, tAvu Aydu kaLisida janaru nijakkU Enu mADuttiddAre embudannu tiLidirabEku. I tiLuvaLikeyU mukyavAgi suddihALegaLantaha barahagaLalliruttade. Odalu-bareyalu bAradavaru I tiLuvaLikeyinda dUra uLiyuttAre, mattu idarindAgi nADina ADaLita avara hatOTiyalli uLiyuvudilla.

janarige ivattu jIvanadalli intaha nUrAru bageya tiLuvaLikegaLu bEkAguttave, mattu avugaLalli heccinavannU avaru barahagaLa mUlaka mAtravE paDeyaballaru. hAgAgi, baraha tiLiyadavaru ivattu nemmadiya bALveyannu naDesalAraru. avaru kaNNiddarU kuruDara hAgirabEkAgide.

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1.2.3 ellaradAgalu Enu mADabEku?

ellA kannaDigarU kannaDa barahagaLannu Odalu mattu bareyalu tiLidiruvante mADalu ivattu nAvu kannaDa barahada maTTige Enu mADabahudu, mattu Enu mADabEkAgide embudannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa emba pustakadalli vivarisiddEne. janarige tiLuvaLikeyannu koDuvantaha barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva ellara kannaDa AdaSTu maTTige avara ADunuDige hattiravirabEkembudE illi mukyavAda viSaya. Adare, bEre bEre Urina mattu jAtiya janaru bEre bEre ADunuDigaLannu baLasuttiruva kAraNa, avarellarigU samAnavAgirabEkAgiruva ellara kannaDa avaru baLasuva ADunuDigaLinda tusuvAdarU bErAgiralEbEkAguttade.

hIgiddarU, janara ADunuDigaLigU ellara kannaDakkU naDuve ivattu kanDubaruva vyatyAsagaLalli halavannu nAvu illavAgisaballevu, mattu hAge mADidalli, Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuva kelasa ellarigU heccu suLuvAgaballudu.

ivattina barahagaLalli baLakeyAguttiruva ellara kannaDa eraDu viSayagaLalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuvavarige toDakannu oDDuttide: samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu, avugaLa Odu samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE illavE ulipu hEgeyE irali,

bareyabEku emba kannaDakke tIra anavaSyakavAda kaTTaleyondannu mADikonDiruvudu modalaneya toDaku, mattu bEkiruvallU bEDadiruvallU samskrutadinda heccu heccu padagaLannu eravalu paDedu baLasuttiruvudu eraDaneya toDaku.

(1) modalanE toDakige parihAra ivugaLalli modalaneya toDakinindAgi, kannaDakke bEkAguva 31 barigegaLa badalu, ivattu 48 barigegaLannu (endare 17 heccina barigegaLannu) kannaDa barahadalli baLasabEkAgide. Adare, I barigegaLu heccina kannaDigara Odu illavE mAtinalli kANisikoLLuvudilla. ettugegAgi, adhikAri, viSESha, txpti, buddhi, duHkha, bhakti modalAda padagaLu Odinalli illavE mAtinalli adikAri, viSESa, trupti, buddi, dukka, bakti embudAgi kANisikoLLuttave. Odinallilladiruva vyatyAsavannu barahadalli tOrisuvudu tumbA toDakina kelasa. idarindAgi, ivattu kannaDa barahada kalike heccina kannaDigarigU toDakinadAgi kANisuttade.

nijakkU kannaDakke bEkAgillada I kaTTaleyannu ellara kannaDada baraha dinda tegeduhAkidalli, adakke I 17 heccina barigegaLu bEkAguvudilla; endare, barE 31 barigegaLu mAtra sAkAguttade. intaha barahavannu nAnu hosa baraha endu karediddEne. I rIti kannaDada padagaLa hAge, mattu ingliS, hindi modalAda bEre nuDigaLinda eravalu paDeda padagaLa hAge, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannU Oduva hAgeyE bareyatoDaguvudarinda Enu prayOjana embudakke nAnu nanna kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa pustakadalli oTTu enTu mukya kAraNagaLannu koTTiddEne. avannu illi aDakavAgi koDalAgide:

(1) cikka makkaLige (adarallU keLavargada makkaLige) mattu baraha bArada doDDavarige kannaDa barahavannu kalisuva kelasa sulabavAguttade. avarige 50 akSaragaLa badalu barE 31 akSaragaLannu kalisidare sAku.

(2) ellA padagaLannU Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, ivattu kannaDadalliruva spelling samasye pUrti illavAguttade. antaha spelling samasyeyillada barahavannu makkaLu ondu varSadalli eSTu kaliya ballarO aSTannu kaliyalu spelling samasyeyiruva ingliSnantaha barahavannu kaliyalu eraDUvare varSa bEkAguttadeyendu samSOdane gaLu tOrisikoTTive.

(3) ivattu kannaDada dinapatrikegaLalli mattu kate-kAdambarigaLalli tumbA heccu accina tappugaLu kANisuvudu mahAprANAkSara, ShakAra, mattu xkAragaLa baLakeyalli. ivu sAmAnyavAgi hosa barahadalli baruvudillavAda kAraNa, adannu baLasidalli I tappugaLellavU illa vAguttave. (halavu janarige hakArada (illavE SakArada) baLakeyU tondareyadAgi kANisuttade; Adare sadyakkantU A viSayadalli nAvEnU mADalArevu).

(4) barahagArarige elli yAva akSaragaLannu baLasabEku emba viSayadalli samSayavELuvudu mElina akSaragaLa baLakeyalli mAtra. avannu Oduva hAge bareyadiruvudE idakke kAraNa. hosa barahadalli I samSayagaLella illavAguttave.

(5) keLavargada makkaLige uccAraNeyallillada I heccina akSaragaLannu kaliyalu tumbA kaSTavendenisuva kAraNa avaralli kILarimeyunTAgu ttade, mattu idarindAgi avaru tamma kalikeyannu naDuvinallE biTTu biDuttAre. hosa barahada baLakeyAdalli I tondareyilla.

(6) hosa barahadalli beraLaccu mADuvudu mattu kampyUTarinalli bareyuvudu sulaba; SiphT kIyannu tumbA kaDime bAri otta bEkAguttade.

(7) padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, barahakkU

ADumAtigU naDuviruva antara kaDimeyAguttade.

(8) barahada kliSTate mattu krutakategaLu kaDimeyAguttave, mattu

idarindAgi baraha heccu jIvantavAgi kANisuttade.

nanna ittIcegina kannaDa vyAkaraNa yAke bEku pustakadalli

innondu mukyavAda prayOjanavannU koTTiddEne:

(9) barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLu adaralli barigegaLannu jODisi padagaLannu bareyalAguttade (m, a, r, a emba barige gaLannu jODisi mara padavannu bareyalAguttade) embudannu, mattu I barigegaLigU uligaLigU naDuve sambanda ide embudannu kanDu konDalli mAtra, avarige salIsAgi Odalu baruttade.

barigegaLigU uligaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambanda ideyAdare idannu kanDukoLLuvudu sulaba; ‘spelling’ samasyegaLu I sambanda vannu keDisuttave; intaha samasyegaLu tumbA hecciruva ingliSnantaha barahagaLannu Odalu kalisuvAga, makkaLalli mElina tiLuvaLike huTTuva

hAge mADuvudu, mattu avaru barahavannu sariyAda kramadalli Oduva hAge mADuvudu tumbA kaSTa. ivattu ingliS barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLalli heccinavarU, amerikadantaha munduvarida dESagaLallU, sariyAgi Oduva kramavannu kaliyuvudE illa embudAgi samSOdanegaLu tOrisikoTTive.

kannaDadallU barige mattu uligaLa naDuvina nEra sambandavannu keDisuva mahAprANa, Sha, x, ay, H modalAdavu makkaLige sariyAda kramadalli Odalu kalisuvalli toDakAguttave; hAgAgi, avannu hora giTTalli avaru sulabavAgi sariyAda kramada Odannu kaliyaballaru.

kannaDada I hosa barahavannu virOdisuva vidvAmsaru, nanage tiLida hAge, avara vAdavannu bembalisaballa mattu vayjnAnikavenisa balla ondE ondu prayOjanavannU tOrisikoTTilla. heccinavarU nuDi mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavEnembudannu tiLidukoLLade, gondaladalli silukiddAre. nAnu kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva barige gaLannu kaDime mADabEkendu hELuttiddEnallade, kannaDa nuDiyalli baLakeyAguva uligaLannu kaDime mADabEkendu hELuttA illa. nuDi yannu yArU vayyaktikavAgi badalAyisalAraru; yAkendare, adu yArobbara hatOTiyallU illa.

Adare, barahavannu yArAdarU barahagAraru badalAyisidalli mAtra adu badalAgaballudu; illavAdare nUrAru varSagaLu kaLedarU adu samskruta barahada hAge badalAgade uLidItu. kannaDa barahadalli intaha halavAru badalAvaNegaLu kAladinda kAlakke naDeyuttA bandive: haLegannaDada kAladalli pakAra hakAravAdAga, modalige pakAra vidda pAl, paN, pesar modalAda padagaLa barahavannu badalAyisi daru; ra-RagaLa mattu La-ZagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa Odinalli (mattu mAtinalli) illavAdAga, avugaLalli ondannu (Ra mattu ZagaLannu) barahadinda tegeduhAkidaru.

ivattu kannaDa barahadalli hosa barahavannu baLasuva mUlaka nAnu mADabEkendiruva badalAvaNeyU intahadE: eraDu sAvira varSa gaLaSTu hinde samskrutadallidda, mattu ivattu Odinalli illadiruva vyatyAsagaLannu barahadalli tOrisabEkAgilla; mEle kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADida hAge, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLallU badalAvaNegaLannu mADi, kannaDa baraha heccu vayjnAnikavAguva hAge, mattu adannu Odalu kaliyuva kelasa mattu

baLasuva kelasa heccu sulabavAguva mADabEku embudE I badalAvaNe. ingliSninda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLallU intahavE kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu ivattu mADabEkAgide (1.6.4 nODi).

samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu

samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba niyamavannu Igiruva hAgeyE uLisi konDalli kannaDa barahada maTTige prayOjanagaLEnAdarU sigaballuvE embudannu Iga pariSIlisabEkAgide.

nanage anisuvudEnendare, I padagaLannu badalAyisahOgade, samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyuttiruvudarinda sigaballa prayOjana gaLella tAtkAlikavAdavugaLu. udAharaNegAgi, avannu haLE rUpadalli nODi baLakeyAgiruvavarige hosa rUpavannu kanDAga adu tappendu anisuttade; intaha anisike unTAgadante, ivarigAgi I badalAvaNe yannu mADadirabEku. Adare, hosa rUpavannu kanDu baLakeyAdavarige adu tappendu anisuvudE illavalla!

hosa barahavannu kalitavarige haLE barahadalliruva pustakagaLannu Odalu tusu tondareyAgabahudu; idU kUDa tAtkAlikavAda tondare. samaya kaLedante intaha sandabragaLu kaDimeyAguttA hOguttave.

barahadalli entaha badalAvaNeyannu mADuvudiddarU intaha tAtkAlikavAda tondaregaLu bandE baruttave; avakke hedari badalAvaNe yannu mADikoLLadiddare, spelling samasyeyannu yAvAgalU anubavi suttalE irabEkAguttade. ingliSna spelling samasyeyU intahadE. adannu saripaDisahOdare halavAru tAtkAlika tondaregaLannu edurisa bEkAguttade. Adare, ingliSnalli intaha tAtkAlika tondaregaLu tumbA jAsti; hAgAgi, heccinavarigU adannu saripaDisabEkendu anisuvudilla. kannaDadalli tondaregaLu heccillavAda kAraNa (kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa maTTige EnU illa), adannu sulabavAgi saripaDisabahudu. idannu nAnu nanna ittIcegina pustakagaLalli, mattu I pustakadallU tOrisikoTTiddEne.

(2) samskruta eravalugaLannu kaDime mADuvudu ellara kannaDada barahavannu kaliyuva kelasa suLuvAguvante mADalu, mattu A mUlaka ellA kannaDigarU adannu kaliyuvante mADalu,

nAvu ivattu mADabEkAgiruva innondu mArpADendare, adaralli heccu heccu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu baLasatoDagabEku. mEle hELida hAge, ivattu kannaDada barahagAraru bEkAdallU bEDadiru vallU samskruta padagaLannu baLasuva ondu keTTa cALiyannu beLesi konDiddAre. padakOSadalliruva padagaLellavU kannaDada padagaLE emba anisikeyiruttade; avannu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasidare sAku, avu kannaDadavAgi biDuttave endu avaru tiLiyu ttAre. idu keTTa cALi yAkendare, adarindAgi kannaDada barahagaLu ivattu heccina kannaDigarindalU dUra uLidive.

kelavarallantU

samskrutada

hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAgalU kannaDada barahagAraru samskrutada morehoguttAre. kannaDadallEnE antaha padagaLannu unTu mADaballevu embudu avara gamanakkE baruvudilla. tamage bEkAgiru vantaha padagaLu samskrutadalli illadiddarU, ivaru antahavannu adaralli unTumADi kannaDadalli baLasuttAre! endare, ivu nijakkU samskruta padagaLE alla. I keTTa cALiyindAgi, kannaDa barahadalli samskruta eravalugaLa eNike innaSTu heccuttA hOguttide. barahadalli I rIti tumbA samskruta padagaLu kANisikoLLuttiveyAdarU, heccina kannaDigara mAtinallU tumbA kaDime samskruta padagaLu kANisikoLLu ttave; mattu hAge kANisuvavugaLella kannaDada paricege hondikoLLuvante bahaLa maTTige badalAgiruttave. hAgAgi, dinadinda dinakke baraha kannaDa vannu kaliyuva kelasa heccina kannaDigarigU heccu heccu toDakina dAguttA hOguttide.

ivattina barahagAraralli ellarigintalU heccu samskruta eravalu gaLannu baLasuvavarendare kalikeya kuritAgi bareyuvavaru. kalikeya pustakagaLannU ivarE bareyuvarAda kAraNa, avara I cALi kalikeya pustakagaLallU kANisikoLLuttade. heccu heccu samskruta padagaLannu tumbiruva I pustakagaLannu Oduva mUlaka, makkaLu mattu doDDavaru Odalu-bareyalu kaliyabEkAgide.

ettugegAgi, ivattu kannaDa makkaLige kannaDadalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisuva modalanE taragatiya pustakadalli khaga ‘hakki’, chaga ‘hOta’, chada ‘muccaLa’, khara ‘hEsaragatte’, ayla ‘kubEra’, lagaDa ‘haddu’, modalAda halavAru samskruta eravalugaLannu baLasalAgide; ivugaLalli kelavannu samskrutadalli em.e. mADidavarU aduvarege kanDiralAraru! ivannu nEravAgi samskruta padakOSadinda etti I

pustakadalli baLasiruva hAge kANisuttade. nijakkU ivu yAva huruLi nallU kannaDada padagaLAgalAravu.

kannaDadalli ivattu heccu heccu hosa padagaLannu unTumADa bEkAgi baruvudu arimeya (vijnAnada) barahagaLalli. I barahagaLannu bareyuvavarella hosa padagaLannu unTumADalu samskrutavannE mare hoguttAre. kannaDa padagaLannu mattu oTTugaLannu baLasiyU arimeya padagaLannu unTumADalu baruttade embudu ivara gamanakkE baruvu dilla. kannaDa barahagaLalli kANisikoLLuva samskruta eravalugaLa eNike tumbA heccAgalu ivarU kAraNarAgiruttAre.

ellara kannaDa (baraha kannaDa) ellarannU talapuva mUlaka nijakkU ellaradAgabEkiddalli, adaralli kANisikoLLuva eravalu padagaLa eNike nUrakke 10 illavE 15rinda heccAgabAradu. suddihALegaLalli baruva kelavu barahagaLalli ivattu nUrakke 50 illavE adakkintalU heccu samskruta eravalugaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. antaha barahagaLu heccina kannaDigarannU talapalAravu.

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1.3 nuDi mattu baraha

nuDi mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu heccina janarU sariyAgi tiLidukonDilla. kannaDa nuDiya kuritu mAtanADuvAga, halavu mandi vidvAmsarennisikonDavarU I ariyameyindAgi tappumADuvudannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, ‘kannaDa nuDi eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu haLe yadu’ endu hELuvAga, avaru intahadondu tappannu mADuttAre. yAkendare, nijakkU eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu haLeyadendu nAvu hELuvudu kannaDa barahavannallade kannaDa nuDiyannalla; ‘kannaDa nuDiyannu aSTu hindeyE barahakke iLisirabEku’ endu hELalu namage ettuge doretide, aSTe; kannaDa nuDi adakkintalU tumbA hindinadAgiraballudu.
nuDiyembudu mukyavAgi mAtina rUpadalliruttade; ADuttiddante adara padagaLu mattu sollugaLu aLiduhOguttiruttave; I pada gaLige mattu sollugaLige ondu bageya bALikeyannu koDalu nAvu barahavannu baLasuttEve. Adare hAge mADuvAga, adaralli halavu bageya mArpADugaLannU mADikoLLuttEve. mAtu mattu barahagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga, I mArpADugaLu nijakkU entahavu embudu gottAguttade.

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1.3.1 mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu

mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive; ivugaLalli mukya vAda kelavannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:

(1) mAtinalli padagaLannella oTToTTige baLasuttEve. Adare bareyu vAga avannu naDuve jAga biTTu bEre bErAgi bareyabEkAguttade. illavAdare baredudannu Odalu tumbA kaSTavAgaballudu. mAtinalli kelavomme sollugaLU oTToTTige baruttave. Adare bareyuvAga avannu bErpaDisi, avugaLa kone ellide embudannu kone(.), kELvi (?) illavE beragu (!) sannegaLa mUlaka sUcisuttirabEkAguttade. idallade, barahadalli baruva sollugaLu uddavAgiddare, illavE sikkalu sikkalA giddare, avugaLa naDuve arekone (;), taDe (,) modalAda sannegaLannu baLasi, avannu Odi tiLidukoLLuva kelasa suLuvAguvante mADabEkAgu ttade.

(2) mAtanADuvAga baLakeyAguva sollugaLu tunDu tunDAgiru vudE heccu. Adare bareyuvAga avella iDi iDiyAgiruvante nODi koLLabEkAguttade. mAtinalli cikka cikka sollugaLiruvudE heccu. uddada sollugaLiddarU avu mattu, Adare modalAda kelavE kelavu padagaLinda illavE oTTugaLinda jODisidavugaLAgiruttave.

idakke badalu, barahadalli heccu uddada mattu heccu toDakina sollugaLu kANisikoLLuttave. jODisida sollugaLigintalU sollu gaLannu oLasollugaLAgi baLasiruvantaha sikkalu sollugaLu barahadalli heccu kANisikoLLuttave. baredudannu Odugaru tirutirugi OdaballarAda kAraNa, antaha sikkalu sollugaLiddarU avarige tondareyAguvudilla. (3) mAtanADuvAga AlOcisuvudannU ADuvudannU oTToTTige mADuttiruttEve. hAgAgi, mAtinalli halavu tappugaLu kANisi koLLuttave; nAvu baLasida padagaLu illavE padarUpagaLu tappAgira bahudu, sollugaLU tappAgirabahudu; ivugaLalli kelavu tappugaLannu nAvu mAtanADuttiruvante tiddikoLLuttEve; Adare, kelavu hAgeyE uLidiruttave. Adare, baredudaralli intaha tappugaLu uLiyadante nAvu adannu tiddi saripaDisuttEve.

mAtinalli viSayagaLu ondu kramadalli baruvudilla. ondannu tiLisu ttiruvAga naDunaDuve bEre viSayagaLU sErikoLLuttave. I kAraNa

kkAgi, kelavomme hELidudannE matte matte hELuttirabEkAguttade. Adare, bareyuvAga ellA viSayagaLannU modalige AlOcisi mattu vimarSisi, anantara bareyuttEve. tiLisabEkAgiruva viSayagaLannu ondu kramadalli jODisi irisuttEve, mattu AdaSTu maTTige omme bareda viSaya mattomme anavaSyakavAgi bArada hAge nODikoLLuttEve.

(4) mAtanADuvAga padagaLannu mAtravallade kaysanne, kaNNusanne, uliya EriLita, mayya niluvu modalAduvannU baLasuttEve. halavu kaDegaLalli tiLisabEkAgiruva viSayagaLalli heccinavannU I kaysanne-kaNNu sannegaLa mUlakavEnE tiLisuttiruttEve.

idakke badalu, barahadalli sollugaLa iTTaLa, barahada gurutugaLu, kuraLu(pArA)gaLu, kOSTakagaLu, geretiTTagaLu modalAdavugaLannu baLasuttEve. sollugaLa mUlaka tiLisalAgada halavu huruLugaLannu intaha iTTaLa mattu gurutugaLa mUlaka tiLisuttEve.

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1.3.2 vyatyAsagaLige kAraNagaLu

mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve kANisikoLLuva I vyatyAsagaLige nAlku mukya kAraNagaLive:

(1) averaDakke tIrA bErAgiruva gurigaLiruttave; (2) averaDu baLasuva oyyugegaLu bErAgiruttave;
(3) mAtanADuvavara edurigEnE kELugaru iruva hAge barahagArara edurige Odugaru iruvudilla; (4) mAtu kaliyalu huTTinindalE siguva aLavu iruva hAge Odu-barahagaLannu kaliyalu iruvudilla.

(1) guri bEre: nuDiya mUlaka talapabEkAgiruva vyakti namma edurigEnE iruvAga nAvu mAtannu baLasuttEvallade barahavannu baLasalu hOguvudilla. Ata edurinalli illadiruvAga mAtra baraha vannu baLasuttEve.

haraTe hoDeyuvudu, manassinalliruva anisikegaLannu tiLisuvudu modalAduvakke mAtannu baLasuttEve. idakke badalu, viSayagaLannu tiLisuvudu, naDavaLikegaLannu barediDuvudu, maretuhOgadante sangati

gaLannu gurutisiDuvudu illavE paTTimADuvudu, modalAduvakke barahavannu baLasuttEve.

ittIcege dUravANi, uliyaccu, mincance modalAdavugaLa baLake yindAgi, mAtu mattu barahagaLu hattira baruttive: ivu mAtina kelasavannu barahada mUlaka mattu barahada kelasavannu mAtina mUlaka naDesalu baruvante mADive, mattu idarindAgi mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavU svalpa maTTige kaDimeyAgatoDagide. hIgiddarU, mAtu mattu barahagaLa mukya gurigaLu bErAgiyE iddu, avu gaLindAgi mUDibaruva vyatyAsagaLu hAgeyE uLidukonDive.

(2) oyyuge bEre: mAtinalli nAvu uligaLannu baLasuttEve;

Adare barahadalli barigegaLannu baLasuttEve.

uligaLu avannu ADida kUDalE mAyavAgibiDuttave. hAgAgi, mAtannomme ADidevendare adannu matte hindakke paDedukoLLalArevu. hELuvudu sariyAguttillavendu namma manassige anisidare, adannu naDuveyE nillisibiDuttEve, mattu innomme hELalu surumADu ttEve. I kAraNakkAgi, mAtinalli baruva sollugaLu sAmAnyavAgi tunDu tunDAgiruttave.

Adare, kAgadada mEle mUDisida barigegaLu mattu bEre gurutu gaLu uligaLa hAge kUDalE aLisihOguvudilla. hAgAgi, baredudannu saripaDisikoLLalu namage sAkaSTu samayaviruttade. adannu Odugareduru irisuva modalu halavu bAri OdinODi, adaralli namage bEkAgiruva ellA rItiya badalAvaNegaLannU mADikoLLaballevu. uttama baraha vondannu racisuvudakkAgi varSagaTTale bEkiddarU duDiyaballevu.

mAtinalli baruva uligaLu ondara hindondu mAtra baraballu vallade ommegE baralAravu. Adare, barahada barigegaLannu ondara munde ondarante mAtravallade, mEle-keLagU jODisaballevu. avannu OduvavarU halavu gurutugaLannu ommegEnE gamanisaballaru. hAgAgi, barahadalli viSayagaLannu halavu bageya paTTigaLalli aLavaDisi koDalu baruttade.

(3) Odugaru bareyuvavara edurigiruvudilla: sAmAnyavAgi, mAtanADuvavara edurigEnE avara kELugariruttAre; Adare, bareyu vavara edurige avara Odugariruvudu tumbA aparUpa.

kELugaru edurigEnE iruva kAraNa, tamma mAtannu avaru meccuttiddArO, illavE adu avarige bEsara taruttideyO embudu ADugarige mAtanADuttiruva hAgeyE gottAguttiruttade. kELugarU tamma anisikegaLannu naDunaDuve tiLisuttiruttAre. hAgAgi, sannivESakke takka hAge ADugaru tamma mAtannu badalAyisuttA hOgaballaru. tAvu hELiddu tamma kELugarige sariyAgi gottAguttillavendu anisi dare, adannu bEre bageyalli hELuva mUlaka gottAguva hAgeyU avaru mADaballaru.

Adare, bareyuvavarige Odugara anisike Enirabahudembudu kUDalE gottAguvudilla. adannavaru UhisikonDu, tamma barahavannu mundu varisabEkAguttade. yAva rItiyalli baredare Odugara kutUhala uLidItu embudannU avaru tAvE kalpisikoLLabEkAguttade. I kAraNakkAgi, barahadalli baruva sollugaLu mAtinalli baruva sollu gaLiginta halavu bageyalli bErAgirabEkAguttade.

kELugaru edurigEnE iruva kAraNa, mAtinondige kaNNusanne, kaysanne modalAduvannU baLasabahudu. edurigEnE iruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannU mAtinalli baLasikoLLabahudu. Adare, barahakke intahadu yAvudU neravige baruvudilla. tiLisabEkAdudannella kAgadada mEle mUDuva sollugaLa mUlakavEnE tiLisabEkAguttade.

(4) huTTinindalE siguva aLavilla: mAtu kaliyalu bEkAguva aLavannu nAvu huTTinindalE paDedukonDu bandiruttEve. Adare, baraha kaliyalu bEkAguva aLavannu nAvu A rIti huTTinindalE paDedukonDu bandiruvudilla.

ellA makkaLU mAtannu tamma beLavaNigeya angavAgi paDedu koLLuttAre. ArOgya sariyiruva yAva maguvU mAtu kaliya diruvudilla. Adare, Oduva mattu bareyuva kelasavannu makkaLige yArAdarU kalisikoDabEkAguttade. Ijuvudu, saykal tuLiyu vudu, kAru biDuvudu modalAda bEre halavAru caLakagaLa hAge,

Oduvudu mattu bareyuvudU ondu caLakavAgiddu, prayatnapaTTu kalitalli mAtra adu dakkuttade.

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1.3.3 nuDiya sollarime mattu barahada sollarime

mAtigU barahakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLE nuDigU barahakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLendu tiLiyabahudu; yAkendare, ondu nuDi mukyavAgi mAtina rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade: kannaDa nuDiyendare mukyavAgi kannaDigaru ADuva nuDi, endare avara mAtu. mEle 1.2 ralli vivarisida hAge, adu halavu rUpagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade: bEre bEre UrugaLa mattu kUTagaLa (jAtigaLa) ADunuDigaLu, mattu bEre bEre talemArugaLa hottunuDigaLu embudAgi adakke halavu rUpa gaLive. kannaDada I halavu rUpagaLannu tamma mAtinalli baLasuva kannaDigarigella samAnavAgabahudAdantaha ellara kannaDa emba barahada rUpavondannu kannaDada barahagAraru unTumADikonDiddAre.

Adare, ondu nuDiya mAtina rUpada hAge adara barahada rUpa sahajavAda rUpavalla; mEle vivarisida hAge, adannu yArU huTTi ninda paDeyuvudilla, kalitu paDeyabEkAguttade; idallade, A rIti kalitu paDeyuvavaralli ellarU adaralli ondE maTTakke tiLivigarAguvu dilla; kelavarige adaralli heccu aLavu illavE jANme bandiruttade, mattu kelavarige kaDime bandiruttade. endare, huTTinindalE paDeyuva mAtina sollarimeya hAge kalitu paDeyuva barahada sollarimeyannu ellarU ondE maTTakke tammadAgisikonDiruvudilla; hAge mADalu avarige sAdyavAguvudU illa.

ondu mAtina illavE nuDiya sollarimeyannu bareyuvavaru adara ondu varNaneyannu koTTare sAku. idakkAgi avaru A nuDiyannu ADuva janara mAtannu ALavAgi pariSIlisi, adannu unTumADuvalli entaha kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAguttirabahudu embudannu UhisikonDu, adarante tamma sollarimeyannu bareyabEkAguttade. A kaTTalegaLalli yAvudu tappu, yAvudu sari emba kELviyE illi ELuvudilla. yAkendare, A nuDiyannu ADuvavarellarU adaralli ondE maTTada (pUrNamaTTada) pariNatiyannu paDediruttAre. avara naDuve nuDiya baLakeyalli vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLabahudallade, avaralli obbara baLake sari, mattu innobbaradu tappu endu hELalu yAva AdAravU dorakuvudilla.

Adare, barahada sollarimeyannu bareyuvavaru sari-tappugaLa tIrmAnavannU AgAga mADikoLLabEkAguttade. yAkendare, ellA baraha gArarU tamma baravaNigeya mEle ondE maTTada pariNatiyannu paDediruvudilla. kelavaru oLLE pariNatiyannu paDediddu, avara baraha tumbA cannAgiruttade; bEre kelavaru kaDime pariNatiyannu paDediddu, avara baraha aSTu cannAgiruvudilla; kelavara barahagaLu halavAru tappu gaLindalU kUDiraballudu. hAgAgi, barahada sollarimeyannu bareyu vavaru entaha barahavannu tammeduru mAdariyAgi irisikoLLabEku embudannu, mattu tamma mundiruva barahagaLalli baLakeyAgiruva sollugaLalli yAvudu sari, yAvudu tappu embudannu tAvE tIrmAnisikoLLabEkAguttade.

innondu viSayadallU mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve vyatyAsa vide: nuDiyalli kAladinda kAlakke mArpADugaLu adara ADugarige gottAgada hAge naDeyuttalE iruttave; I mArpADugaLu iDI samAjada hatOTiyalliruttaveyallade obbibbara hatOTiyalliruvu dilla. hAgAgi, nAvu bayasuva yAvudE rItiya mArpADannU nuDiya mEle hEralu baruvudilla.

Adare, barahadalli naDeyuva heccina mArpADugaLU kelavE kelavu mandi barahagArara hatOTiyalliruttave; idakke kAraNavEnendare, barahagAraru tamma barahagaLannu halavu bAri tiddi saripaDisabEkAgu ttade, mattu I kelasadalli avarige padagaLa kuritu, padarUpagaLa kuritu, mattu sollugaLa kuritu tamagiruva tiLuvaLikeyannu baLasi koLLalu baruttade. sAmAnyavAgi I rIti tamma barahagaLannu saripaDisuvAga, avaru oLLE barahagArara barahagaLannu, mattu avu gaLalli baLakeyAgiruva sollarimeya kaTTalegaLannu mAdariyAgirisi koLLuttAre.

mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa mAtina sollarime mattu barahada sollarimegaLa naDuveyU kANisikoLLuttade: mAtina sollarimegaLu mAtina mEle, illavE nuDiya mEle yAva prabAva vannU bIralAravu; yAkendare, mAtannu baLasuvavaru yArU sari- tappugaLa gOjige hOguvudilla. mAtanADuvAga entaha solla rimeya kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAguttave embudu avara gamanakkU baruvu dilla.

Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, bareyuvavaru tAvu baredudannu tiddi saripaDisabEkAguttade, mattu idannu naDesuvalli avarige padagaLa, pada rUpagaLa, mattu sollina iTTaLagaLa tiLuvaLike neravige baruttade. avarige bEkAguva I tiLuvaLikeyannu koDaballa barahada sollarime gaLu avara barahada mEle prabAvavannU bIraballuvu. hAgAgi, barahadalli naDeyuva mArpADugaLu samAjakke anukUlavAguvantaha dikkinalli naDeyuva hAge mADalu barahada sollarimegaLu hammuge gaLannu tamma mundirisikoLLaballuvu.

ettugegAgi, hosa hosa viSayagaLa kuritu bareyuvavaru, mattu bEre nuDigaLalliruva viSayagaLannu tamma nuDige mAreDegoLisuvavaru halavAru hosa padagaLannu tamma nuDiyalli huTTuhAkikoLLabEkAgu ttade. Adare, hIge hosa padagaLannu huTTuhAkuvAga, avu tamma nuDiya sogaDannu keDisadanteyU avaru nODikoLLabEkAguttade. illavAdare, avara baraha Oduvavarige tumbA toDakinadendu anisaballudu.

hosapadagaLannu unTumADuvalli ondu nuDiya olavu entahadu embudannu kanDuhiDidu, A olavannu mIrada hAge hosa padagaLannu unTumADuvudu hEge embudannu sollarigaru tamma barahada sollarimeyalli tiLisaballaru. idu ondu nuDiya barahadalli tumbi koLLuva hosa padagaLu adaralli A nuDiya sogaDannu uLisuvante nODikoLLuvalli neravAgaballudu.

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1.3.4 mArpADugaLu barahadalli sahajavAgi naDeyuvudilla

mEle tiLisida hAge, mAtinalli kAladinda kAlakke mattu talemArininda talemArige mArpADugaLu naDeyuttalE iruttave. ivugaLa mEle ADugarige entaha hatOTiyU iruvudilla. I mArpADugaLindAgi, mAtu (illavE nuDi) yAvAgalU tanna sahajateyannu mattu jIvantikeyannu uLisikonDiruttade. Adare, barahadalli I rIti mArpADugaLu tAvAgi naDeyuvudilla. hAgAgi, samaya kaLedantella baraha mAtininda bErAguttA hOguttade, mattu heccu heccu krutaka vAguttA hOguttade.

mAtigU barahakkU naDuvina antara I rIti heccAdAga, sAmAnya vAgi barahagAraru tamma barahagaLalli mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLu ttAre, mattu avakkU mAtigU naDuve beLedubandiruva antara

kaDimeyAguva hAge nODikoLLuttAre. Adare, idannu avaru tiLidu mADabEkAgide. kelavu barahagaLalli bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi intaha mArpADugaLannu yArU naDesadiruvudU ide.

ettugegAgi, samskruta, lyATin modalAda kelavu ‘klAsikal’ baraha gaLalli I rIti nuDiyalli naDeda mArpADugaLannu yArU barahakke iLisalu hOgiralilla. hAgAgi, avu nUrAru varSagaLindalU mArpaDade uLidive, mattu idarindAgi avugaLalli halavu bageya krutakategaLU tumbikonDive. Adare, kannaDada barahadalli mAtigU barahakkU naDuvina antara heccida hAgella, adu mAtige hattira uLiyuva hAge, kannaDa barahagAraru adaralli mArpADugaLannu mADuttA bandiddaru; hAgAgi, kannaDa baraha haLegannaDaviddaddu naDu gannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgide.

nijakkU samskruta ivattu ondu barahavAgi uLidideyallade, nuDi yAgi illave bASeyAgi uLidilla; eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hindeyE adara nuDiya rUpa aLiduhOgittu. ivattigU kelavaru adannu tamma mAtinalli baLasikoLLuttirabahudu; Adare kAladinda kAlakke mattu talemArininda talemArige mArpaDuttA hOguva mUlaka, tannalli tumbikoLLuva krutakateyannu aLisikoLLuva mattu jIvantikeyannu tumbikoLLuva aLavu adakkilla. yAkendare, adannu mAtinalli baLasuvavaru yAva mAtu sari, mattu yAva mAtu tappu embudannu hindinavara (mahAkavigaLa) barahagaLannu nODi, illavE pANiniya vyAkaraNavannu Odi tIrmAnisuttirabEkAgide. hAgAgi, samskutavannu ondu barahavendu kareyabEkallade nuDi illavE bASeyendu kareyuvudE tappu.

ondu baraha samAjada kelavE kelavu janaralli mAtravE uLiyade ellarannU talapuva hAge AgabEkiddalli, adakkU mAtigU naDuvina antara AdaSTu kaDimeyirabEku. kannaDa barahadalli ivattu I antara heccAguttA ide. hAgAgi, adannu kaDimemADuva kelasa ivattu naDeya bEkAgide.

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1.3.5 I hottageya hammugegaLu

I hottage mukyavAgi ellara kannaDa emba baraha kannaDadalli baLake yAguva (mattu baLakeyAgabEkAgiruva) sollarimeya kaTTalegaLu entahavu embudannu vivaravAgi tiLisalu horaTide. idondu barahada

sollarimeyAda kAraNa, ivattu hosagannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyallilla diddarU baLakege tarabahudAda kelavu haLegannaDa pada, padarUpa, mattu oTTugaLannU idaralli sErisikoLLalAgide. ivugaLa mUlaka ellara kannaDada kasuvannu innaSTu heccisalu baruttade endu nanage anisuttade.

idallade, ellara kannaDa emba barahada kannaDa nijakkU ellaradAga bEkiddalli barahada maTTige Enu mADabahudu embudara kuritu eraDu sUcanegaLannu mEle koDalAgittu; averaDannU I hottageyalli aLavaDisikoLLalAgide:

bEkAgiruvallU bEDadiruvallU samskrutadinda padagaLannu eravalu paDedu (illavE samskrutadallEnE hosadAgi unTumADi) baLasuva cALiya mEle barahagAraru hatOTiyannirisikoLLabEku (antaha eravalugaLannu AdaSTu kaDime mADabEku) embudu ondu sUcane; mattu, A rIti eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAgiruva kaTTaleyannu biTTukoTTu, avannu heccina kannaDigarU hEge OduttArO hAgeyE bareyabEku embudu eraDaneya sUcane. I eraDu sUcanegaLannu oppikonDalli, kannaDa barahagaLu kannaDa nuDiya sogaDannu heccu cannAgi uLisikoLLaballuvu, mattu A mUlaka avannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa ellA kannaDigarigU heccu suLuvAgaballudu.

I hottageyalli samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu AdaSTu kaDime baLasalAgide, mattu avannu samskrutadalli iruva hAgeyE bareyuva badalu, hEge OduttEveyO hAge bareyalAgide. idallade, kannaDada sollarimeyannu vivarisi hELalu bEkAguva halavAru arimeya padagaLannu kannaDadallEnE unTumADi baLasalAgide. hAgAgi, IgAgalE samskrutada sollarimeya (vyAkaraNada) padagaLannu tamma Odinalli kanDu baLakeyAgiruvavarige I hottageya Odu kelaveDegaLalli tusu toDakinadendu anisabahudu. Adare, hosadAgi kannaDada sollarimeyannu kaliya horaDuvavarige idu samskrutada eravalu padagaLu tumbi tuLukuva vyAkaraNagaLiginta heccu suLuvAdudendu anisadiradu.

arimeya barahakke bEkAgi baruva padagaLannella kannaDadallEnE unTumADalu baruttade, mattu antaha padagaLannu baLasuvudarinda tondareyEnU Aguvudilla embudannu tOrisikoDuvudU I hottageya ondu guriyAgide.

arimeya padagaLu AdaSTu aDakavAgirabEku; Adare, A rIti aDaka vAgiruva padagaLannu samskrutada hAge kannaDadalli unTumADalu baruvu dilla emba anisike halavu barahagArarallide; hosa padagaLannu unTu mADabEkAdAgalella kannaDada barahagAraru heccAgi samskrutada more hoguttiruvudakke avara I anisikeyU ondu kAraNa. Adare, kelavE kelavu SatamAnagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda haLegannaDada padagaLannu mattu bErugaLannu baLasidalli, kannaDadallU sAkaSTu aDakavAda pada gaLannu unTumADalu baruttade. idannu padagaLa iTTaLa emba I hottageya eraDu mattu mUranE pasugegaLalli tOrisikoDalAgide.

eraDu sAvira varSagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda samskrutada pada mattu oTTugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU eggillade baLasikoLLaballa kannaDa barahagArarige kelavE kelavu SatamAnagaLaSTu hinde baLakeyallidda nammavE Ada haLegannaDada pada mattu oTTugaLu baLakege takkavugaLendu anisadiruvudu nijakkU accariyannunTumADuttade! idu avarige tamma nuDiya mEliruva kILarimeyannu, mattu samskrutada mEliruva mElarimeyannu tumbA spaSTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade.

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1.4 barahada ErpADu

ellara kannaDada sollarimeyentahadu embudannu vivarisalu toDaguva modalu, adara barahagaLalli entaha iTTaLagaLella baLakeyAguttave embudannu aDakavAgi tiLisalu illi prayatnisalAgide:

barahagaLalli tammadE Ada yAva huruLU illada kelavE kelavu barigegaLannu baLasi sAvirAru padagaLannu unTumADalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, ellara kannaDada barahadalli oTTu 31 barigegaLu mAtra baLake yAguttave; Adare I 31 barigegaLannu baLasi sAvirAru padagaLannu unTumADalAgide.

idallade, I padagaLannu hAgeyE barahagaLalli baLasuvudilla; avugaLannu padakantegaLAgi jODisalAguttade, mattu I padakante gaLannu baLasi sollugaLannu unTumADalAguttade. hAgAgi, (1) barigegaLannu baLasi padagaLannu kaTTuvudu, (2) padagaLannu baLasi padakante gaLannu kaTTuvudu, mattu (3) padakantegaLannu baLasi sollugaLannu kaTTu vudu embudAgi sollugaLa iTTaLadalli mUru mukya hantagaLannu kANaballevu.

barigegaLinda padagaLannu paDeyuvallU huruLiruva padagaLige oTTu gaLannu sErisi bEre halavu heccina padagaLannu paDeyuvudu, mattu eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi bEre halavu heccina padagaLannu paDeyu vudu emba eraDu oLahantagaLive. ettugegAgi, arike, arita, arime, arivu, ariga, aridu, ariyame, ariyamike, ariviga modalAda halavu padagaLannu ari padakke oTTugaLannu sErisi paDeyalAgide, mattu arivaLike, arivili, munnarivu modalAda bEre halavu padagaLannu adE ari padakke bEre kelavu padagaLannu sErisi paDeyalAgide.

padagaLannu padakantegaLalli illavE sollugaLalli baLasuvAgalU avakke kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu unTumADikoLLa bEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, mara padakke maragaLu, maravannu, mara dinda, marakke, maradalli, marada modalAda padarUpagaLive. intaha padarUpagaLa mUlaka, sollugaLalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu ondaroDa nondu sambandisiruvante mADalAguttade, mattu A sollugaLu ADugana jAga mattu hottugaLalli nelegoLLuvante mADalAguttade (1.5.4 nODi).

barahagaLalli sollugaLannu baLasuvallU ondu ErpADide. avugaLannu kuraLu(pArA)gaLalli aNigoLisalAguttade, mattu I kuraLugaLannu pasugegaLalli aNigoLisalAguttade. baraha salIsAgi OdisikonDu hOgabEkiddalli, adaralli baruva sollugaLannu sariyAda bageyalli aNigoLisirabEkAguttade.

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1.4.1 padagaLu mattu barigegaLu

nAvu barahadalli baLasuva sollugaLalli mane, hOgu, baru, nInu, bEga, illi, elli modalAda halavAru padagaLu baLakeyAguttiruttave, mattu I padagaLige bEre bEre rUpagaLannu koDuvudakkAgi ge, inda, utta, Ene modalAda halavAru oTTugaLU baLakeyAguttiruttave.

pada mattu oTTugaLeraDannU nAvu barigegaLannu oTTu sErisi unTumADuttEve. ettugegAgi mane padadalli m, a, n, e emba nAlku barigegaLu bandive; hOgu padadalli h, O, g, u emba bEre nAlku barigegaLu bandive; ge oTTinalli g mattu e emba eraDu barigegaLu bandive. barahadalli baLakeyAguva I barigegaLu Odinalli (illavE mAtinalli) uligaLa rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttave.

mEle tiLisida hAge, ellara kannaDadalli pada mattu oTTugaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi oTTu mUvattondu barigegaLannu baLasikoLLuttEve. ivugaLalli i, I, e, E, u, U, o, O, a, A emba hattu barigegaLannu tereyuligaLu embudAgi kareyabahudu, mattu uLida p, t, T, c, k, b, d, D, j, g, m, n, N, y, v, r, l, L, S, s, h emba ippattondu barigegaLannu mucculigaLu embudAgi kareyabahudu.

ellara kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva I barigegaLa ulipu hEge naDeyuttade embudannu, mattu padagaLalli mattu oTTugaLalli baLake yAguvAga avu entaha kaTTalegaLige oLagAguttave embudannu munde 1.6ralli nODaliruvevu.

padagaLu mattu oTTugaLu ondaroDanondu sEruvAga, avu gaLalli baruva barigegaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLU naDeyuttave. ettuge gAgi, mane padakke a oTTu sEruvAga avugaLa naDuve y barige kADu padakke ige oTTu sEruvAga baruttade (mane+a - maneya); adara koneyalliruva u barige biddu hOguttade (kADu+ige - kADige). kannaDada padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasuvAga intaha halavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttiddu, avu entahavu embudannu mundina kelavu pasugegaLalli nODaliruvevu.

pada mattu oTTugaLalli baLakeyAguva barigegaLige nEravAgi yAva huruLU illa. avu pada mattu oTTugaLige ondu rUpavannu koDuvu dakkAgi mAtra baLakeyAguttave. kannaDadalli mane embudakke ondu huruLide; Adare, adakkondu rUpavannu koDuvudakkAgi bandiruva m, a, n mattu e emba nAlku barigegaLalli yAvudakkU adaradE Ada huruLilla.

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1.4.2 padagaLa iTTaLa

kannaDada sollugaLalli mukyavAgi iTTaLaviruva padagaLu mattu iTTaLa villada padagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya padagaLu baLakeyAguttave. ettugegAgi, cikkamma emba padakke ondu iTTaLavide; adannu cikka mattu amma emba eraDu sErisi unTumADalAgide. hIgeyE, kuNita emba padakkU ondu iTTaLavide; adannu kuNi padakke ta oTTannu sErisi unTumADalAgide.

padagaLannu oTTu

idakke badalu, tale padakke iTTaLavilla. adu t, a, l mattu e emba nAlku barigegaLa sErikeyinda tayArAgideyEnO nija; Adare, I barigegaLannu cikkamma padadalli kANisuva hAge eraDu padagaLAgi, illavE kuNita padadadalli kANisuva hAge ondu pada mattu ondu oTTu embudAgi oDedu tOrisalu baruvudilla.

padagaLalli entaha iTTaLagaLu baraballuvu embudu sollugaLalli A padagaLu entaha kelasakkAgi baLakeyAguttave embudannu avalambi side. vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLannu gurutisuva hesarupadagaLigU esakagaLannu tiLisuva esakapadagaLigU naDuve iTTaLadalli halavu gaLive. ettugegAgi, eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi vyatyAsa jODupadagaLannu unTumADuvantaha hesarupadagaLa holabu iTTaLadalli baLakeyAgu ttadallade esakapadagaLa iTTaLadalli baLakeyAguvudilla.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, hesarupadagaLu naDesuvantaha vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuva kelasakke jODupadadantaha iTTaLa bEkAguttade, Adare esakapadagaLu naDesuvantaha esakagaLannu tiLisuva kelasakke antaha iTTaLa bEkAguvudilla. adakke badalu, kUDupada emba bEreyE ondu bageya iTTaLa adakke bEkAguttade.

hAgAgi, ondu padada iTTaLaventahadu embudannu kanDuhiDi yuvudakke modalu, adu sollugaLalli entaha kelasavannu naDesuvu dakkAgi baLakeyAguttade embudannu tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade. kannaDada sollugaLalli baruva padagaLu mukyavAgi mUru bageya kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAguttade.

(1) ondu esaka illavE iruhavannu tiLisuvudu;
(2) ondu esaka illavE iruhadalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti,

vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvudu; mattu

(3) vyakti, vastu, viSaya, illavE esakada pariceyannu tiLisuvudu.

ivugaLalli modalaneya kelasavannu esaka(mattu iruha)padagaLu mattu eraDaneyadannu hesarupadagaLu naDesuttave, naDesuttave. mUraneya kelasavannu naDesuvudakkAgi paricepadagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

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1.4.3 gurutisuva kelasa

sollina mUlaka ondu esakavannu tiLisabEkAdAga, adaralli toDagi konDiruva kelavu vyakti, vastu illavE viSayagaLannu gurutisabEkAgu ttade. ettugegAgi, agasa kattege hoDeda emba sollinalli hoDe emba ondu esakapada mattu adarondige agasa mattu katte emba eraDu hesarupadagaLu bandive; ivugaLalli hoDe emba esakapada ondu esaka vannu tiLisuttade; agasa mattu katte emba hesarupadagaLu A esakadalli toDagikonDidda obba vyaktiyannu mattu ondu prANi yannu gurutisuttave.

gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva hesarupadagaLu iruvahesarugaLira koTTahesarugaLirabahudu. bahudu illavE koTTiruva sollinalli jAnaki emba koTTahesaru bandide. idakke badalu, adakkinta modalu koTTidda agasa kattege hoDeda emba sollinalli obba vyaktiyannu mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuvudakkAgi eraDu iruvahesarugaLu (agasa mattu katte embavu) bandive.

mEle

koTTahesarugaLigU iruvahesarugaLigU naDuvina mukya vyatyAsa koTTahesarugaLannu ondondu vyakti, vastu, jAga vEnendare, modalAduvakkU bEre bErAgi koTTiruttEve; maysUru embudu ondu paTTaNakke koTTa hesaru; kAvEri embudu ondu nadige koTTa hesaru. jAnaki embudu obba vyaktige (huDugige) koTTa hesaru.

ondu koTTahesaru obbanE vyaktiyannu illavE ondE vastuvannu gurutisuttirabEkendEnU illa. ettugegAgi, jAnaki embudu halavu mandi huDugiyarannu (bEre bEre sandarbagaLalli) gurutisuttiralu sAdyaviddu, adu halavu huDugiyara koTTahesarAgiraballudu; kAvEri embudu ondu nadiya hesarAgi mAtravallade, obba huDugiya hesarAgiyU baLakeyalliraballudu. Adare, obbobba vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLigU avannu bEre bErAgi koTTiruttadeyembudE avakkU iruvahesarigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa.

iruvahesarannu vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAduvakke bEre bErAgi koTTiruvudilla. ondu bageya vyakti (muduka, kuruDa, mESTru, huDuga), ondu bageya vastu (mara, pustaka, haNNu), ondu bageya viSaya (siTTu, nenapu, Aguha, OTa) modalAduvakke avannu omme mAtravE koDalAgiddu, antahavannu gurutisabEkAdAgalella avannE

tirutirugi baLasuttiruttEve. yAvudE ondu maravannu gurutisabEkA dAgalU nAvu

mara emba hesarannE baLasuttEve.

vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvudakkAgi adaradE Ada (iruva illavE koTTa) hesarannu baLasuva badalu, adara kogetavannu (varNaneyannu) baLasuva holabU kannaDadallide. ettugegAgi, jAnaki avaLa geLatiyannu karetandiddALe emba sollinalli eraDu vyaktigaLannu gurutisalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneya vyaktiyannu jAnaki emba hesarina mUlaka gurutisalAgide; Adare eraDaneya vyaktiyannu A rIti hesarina mUlaka gurutisuva badalu, avaLa geLati emba kogetada mUlaka gurutisalAgide.

hesarupadagaLigU kogetagaLigU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive: kogetagaLallella sAmAnyavAgi ondakkinta heccu padagaLiruttave; endare, avellavU padakantegaLAgiruttave. mEle koTTiruva avaLa geLati emba kogetadalli geLati emba ondu hesarupada bandide mattu adarondige avaLa emba ondu tOrupadavU bandide. hasuru sIre emba kogetadalli sIre emba hesarupadadondige hasuru emba ondu parice pada bandide.

mEle tiLisida hAge, hesarupadagaLige iTTaLavirabahudu illavE illadirabahudu. ettugegAgi, hodike illavE nilugaDe emba hesaru padakke iTTaLavide; Adare jAnaki illavE mane emba hesarupadakke iTTaLavilla. Adare, ellA rItiya kogetagaLigU yAvudAdarondu bageya iTTaLaviddE iruttade.

kogetagaLa huruLEnu embudannu nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadinda tiLidukoLLaballevu. ettugegAgi, hasuru sIre emba kogetadalli hasuru emba ondu paricepada mattu sIre emba ondu hesarupada bandive. I eraDu padagaLu oTTige koDuvantaha ‘hasurAgiruva sIre’ embudE A kogetada huruLAgide.

Adare, iTTaLaviruva hesarupadagaLa huruLannu A rIti nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadinda tiLidukoLLalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, hodike padavannu hode emba esakapadakke ike oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka paDeyalAgide. adu hodeyuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva ondu vastu vannu gurutisuttade. I huruLannu svalpa maTTige hode pada tiLisaballudAdarU ike oTTu adara ellA baLakegaLallU A rIti ondu esakadalli baLakeyAguva vastugaLannu gurutisuvudilla.

ettugegAgi, moLake padadalli adu ondu esakadinda unTAgiruva vastuvannu gurutisuttade mattu bILike, sallike modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli adu ondu esakavannu gurutisuttade (2.4.1(2-3) nODi).

eraDu padagaLannu oTTusErisi kaTTiruvantaha hesarupadagaLU (jODupadagaLU) I viSayadalli kogetagaLinda bErAgive. kogetagaLa hAge avugaLa huruLannu nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadinda paDeyalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, cikkappa emba hesarupadadalli cikka mattu appa emba eraDu padagaLu oTTusErive. Adare cikka huDuga emba kogetada hAge I jODupadada huruLannu nEravAgi adara iTTaLadinda paDeyalu baruvudilla. cikkappa embudu ‘tandeya tamma’nannu gurutisu ttadallade ‘cikka appa’nannu (endare ‘cikkavanAgiruva tande’yannu) gurutisuvudilla.

intaha padakantegaLu mAtravallade, kelavu esakarUpa illavE paricerUpagaLU kannaDada sollugaLalli kogetagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave. ettugegAgi, hOguvudu, hOguvike modalAda esakarUpagaLu, mattu doDDatana, oLLetana modalAda paricerUpagaLu sollugaLalli kogetagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu (4.7.3 nODi).

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1.4.4 esakavannu tiLisuva kelasa

hesarupadagaLalli kANisida hAge, esakapadagaLallU iTTaLaviruva padagaLu mattu iTTaLavillada padagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageyavugaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, siTTAgu esakapadadalli siTTu hesarupada dondige Agu esakapada sEride; kaLacu esakapadadalli kaLe esakapada dondige cu oTTu sEride. tumbisu esakapadadalli tumbu esakapada dondige isu oTTu bandide.

Adare, iTTaLaviruva heccina esakapadagaLallU avugaLa huruLannu nEravAgi avugaLa iTTaLadindalEnE tiLidukoLLalu baruttade. idakke kelavE kelavu horapaDikegaLiddu avannu nuDigaTTugaLendu tiLiya bahudu. idu hesarupadagaLigU esakapadagaLigU naDuviruva ondu mukya vyatyAsa.

I vyatyAsakke kAraNavEnendare, hesarupadagaLu sollugaLalli vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvantaha kelasavannu mADabEkAgu

ttade; Adare, esakapadagaLu idakkinta tIra bErAgiruva yAvudAda rondu esakavannu tiLisuvantaha kelasavannu mADabEkAguttade. ettuge gAgi, jAnaki bAgilu teredaLu emba sollinalli jAnaki mattu bAgilu emba hesarupadagaLu obba vyakti mattu ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttave; Adare tere emba esakapada ‘jAnaki Enu mADidaLu’ embudannu, endare ‘bAgilannu tereyuva esakavannu naDesidaLu’ embudannu tiLisuttade.

esaka naDediruvudannu illavE naDeyaliruvudannu tiLisuvudu mAtravallade, adannu allagaLeyuvudu, naDedideyE endu kELuvudu, naDesalu oppige paDeyuvudu illavE oppige koDuvudu modalAda bEreyU halavu bageya mAtina kelasagaLannu esakapadagaLu naDesa balluvu. I ellA kelasagaLU hesarupadagaLu naDesuva kelasakkinta tIrA bErAgive.

hesarupadagaLalli koTTahesaru mattu iruvahesaru embudAgi eraDu bageya padagaLiveyembudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu; Adare, esakapadagaLalli intaha vyatyAsavilla. avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa hesarupadagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasakkinta tIra bErAgiruvudE I vyatyAsakkU kAraNa.

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1.4.5 pariceyannu tiLisuva kelasa

obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi adara iruva illavE koTTa hesarannu baLasuva badalu kogetavannu baLasabEkiddalli, adakkAgi A vyakti illavE vastuvina pariceyondannu tiLisabEkAguttade. I kelasavannu sAmAnyavAgi paricepadagaLu naDesuttave.

ettugegAgi, sunIl jAnakigondu kempu hU koTTiddAne emba sollinalli sunIl koTTiruva vastuvannu kempu hU emba kogetada mUlaka gurutisalAgide. I kogetadalli gurutisabEkAgiruva vastuvina pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi kempu emba paricepada bandide.

ondu sollina iTTaLadalli vyakti, vastu illavE viSayavannu gurutisuvudu mattu esakagaLannu tiLisuvudu emba eraDu kelasagaLu ondu hantadalli baruttaveyAdare, paricegaLannu tiLisuvudu emba I mUraneya kelasa bEreyE ondu (keLagina) hantadalli baruttade. yAkendare, paricegaLannu tiLisuva kelasada mUlaka kogetagaLannu unTu

mADalAguttade, mattu I kogetagaLannu AmEle hesarupadagaLa hAge vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayavannu gurutisuva kelasadalli baLasalAguttade. paricegaLannu tiLisuva I kelasavannu paricepadagaLu kogetagaLalli mAtravallade iruhagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLallU naDesabEkAguttade. intaha sollugaLalli avu iruhapadadondige sEriruttave. ettugegAgi, rAjuvina kaNNu kempide emba sollinalli kempu emba paricepada ide emba iruhapadadondige bandiddu, ondu vastuvina (rAjuvina kaNNina) pariceyannu tiLisuttide.

paricepadagaLannu esakagaLa pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgiyU sollu gaLalli baLasalAguttade. Adare intaha paricepadagaLu kelavu viSayagaLalli vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLa paricegaLannu tiLisuva padagaLiginta bErAgiruttave. ettugegAgi, kattiyannu mellage kAyisidaru, kiccu baggane uriyitu mattu haNNannu teLLage tunDisidaLu emba sollugaLalli kAyu, uri mattu tunDisu emba esakapadagaLondige avu tiLisuva esakagaLa paricegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mellage, baggane mattu teLLage emba paricepadagaLannu baLasalAgide.

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1.4.6 bEre kelasagaLu

sollugaLalli baLakeyAguva heccina padagaLU esakapada, hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLemba mElina mUru gumpugaLoLage yAvudAdarU ondaralli sEruttave. Adare, I mUru gumpugaLallU sEradiruvantaha bEre kelavu padagaLU sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. avakke tammavE Ada bEre kelasagaLiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

(1) ondu sollina ADuga mattu kELugarannu adE sollinalli gurutisabEkAdAga avara hesarugaLannu illavE kogetagaLannu baLasuva badalu, nAnu mattu nInu emba padagaLannu baLasalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, nAnu manege hOguttEne emba sollinalli A sollina ADuganannu gurutisuvudakkAgi nAnu pada bandide. nInu elligU hOgabEDa emba sollinalli A sollina kELuganannu gurutisuvu dakkAgi nInu pada bandide. iveraDannu ADupadagaLendu kareya bahudu.

(2) vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLannu avugaLa jAga, hottu, aLavu, bage modalAduvugaLa mUlaka gurutisuvudakkAgi tOrupada

gaLannu baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, obba vyakti ADugana hattira iddAnO, illavE dUra iddAnO embudannu tiLisuva mUlaka Atanannu gurutisaballevu. idakkAgi ivanu mattu avanu emba eraDu tOrupadagaLu baLakeyAguttave. idE rItiyalli, ondu esakada hottu sollannADuva hottina hattiraddE, illavE dUraddE embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, Iga mattu Aga emba bEre eraDu tOrupadagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

sollugaLalli baLakeyAguva tOrupadagaLalli kelavu hesarupadagaLa kelasadalli baruttave (adu, idu, avanu, yAru), mattu bEre kelavu paricepadagaLa kelasadalli baruttave (aSTu, iSTu, alli, illi). Adare, I ellA padagaLa naDuveyU halavu hOlikegaLiruva kAraNa, avannu tOrupadagaLemba bEreyE ondu gumpinalli sErisi hELa lAgide.

neremaneya

idallade, ondu sollinallE bEreDe gurutisiruva vyaktiyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi tAnu emba bErondu padavU baLakeyallide. ettuge tanage gAgi, hasivillavendu malagida emba sollinalli tanage pada adE sollinalli bEreDe bandiruva neremane muduka emba padakantege badalAgi bandide. idannU tOrupadavendu kareyabahudu. Adare, kelavu viSayagaLalli adu ADupadagaLannu hOluttade.

manege bandavanu,

muduka,

(3) eNikeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAda padagaLu bEreyE ondu gumpinalli sEruttave. kelavu viSayagaLalli avu paricepadagaLannu hOluttave; Adare bEre kelavu viSayagaLalli hesarupadagaLannU hOluttave.

(4) saddu, nOTa, anisike modalAduvannu aNakisuvantaha halavAru aNakapadagaLu sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. ivu halavu viSayagaLalli mEle vivarisiruvantaha padagaLinda bErAgive. hAgAgi, ivannu bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisabEkAguttade. heccAgi ivu paricepadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave (dagadagane uriyitu; Dabbane bittu; miNimiNi soDaru). Adare, ivugaLalli kelavu isu oTTinondige illavE guTTu padadondige sEri esakapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAga balluvu (taLamaLisu, gamagamisu, guNuguTTu).

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1.4.7 padarUpagaLa iTTaLa

padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasuvAga, ellA kaDegaLallU avannu ondE rUpadalli baLasalu baruvudilla; avugaLalli heccinavakkU oTTugaLannu sErisi bEre bEre padarUpagaLannu unTumADi baLasabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(1ka) birugALige mara uruLitu. (1ca) maravannu kaDiduhAkidaru. (1Ta) Ata maradinda keLage iLiyuttiddAne.
(1ta) I marakke hattalu ENi bEku. (1pa) A maradalli hU biTTilla.

mara padavannu mElina sollugaLalli baLasalu adakke mara, maravannu, maradinda, marakke, mattu maradalli emba aydu bageya padarUpagaLu bEkAgive. ivu marakkU sollina esakapadakkU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embudannu tiLisuttave. idallade, mara padakkU bEre hesarupadagaLigU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embudannu tiLisu vavu (marada, marakkinta), mattu adu gurutisuva vastuvina eNike yannu tiLisuvavu (maragaLu) embudAgi bEreyU kelavu padarUpa gaLu adakke bEkAguttave.

ivu hesarupadagaLige bEkAguvantaha padarUpagaLu; esakapadagaLige ivakkinta tIra bErAgiruva halavu bageya padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave; ettugegAgi, hattu esakapadavannu baLasiruva keLagina sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(2ka) huDuga marakke hattida. (2ca) bekku marakke hattitu. (2Ta) bekku marakke hattuttade. (2ta) huDuga marakke hattali. (2pa) huDuganannu marakke hattisidaru.

hattu esakapadavannu mElina sollugaLalli baLasalu hattida, hattitu, hattuttade, hattali mattu hattisidaru emba aydu pada

rUpagaLu bEkAgive. bEre bageya sollugaLalli baLasalu adakke intaha innU halavAru padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave.

esakapadagaLigiruva I padarUpagaLu Odugarige halavu bage಍ tiLuvaLikegaLannu koDuttave: avugaLa koneyalli baruva a, tu, ade, ali, aru embantaha gurutina oTTugaLu avu tiLisuva esakadalli toDagiruvavaru (Aguga illavE mADuga) yAru embudannu aDaka vAgi tiLisuttave; ivugaLa modalu baruva id, i, utta embantaha hottina oTTugaLu sollannu ADida hottigU esaka naDeyuva hottigU naDuviruva sambandavannu tiLisuttave; hattisidaru padarUpa dalli bandiruva isu oTTu esakavannu adara mADuganinda bEre yArO mADisidaru embudannu tiLisuttade. hattali padarUpadalli bandiruva ali oTTu esakakke ADugana oppigeyideyembudannu tiLisu ttade.

esakada kuritAgi intaha halavu bageya viSayagaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi esakapadagaLige halavu bageya padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave. idE rIti yalli sollugaLalli baruva paricepadagaLu, ADupadagaLu, tOrupada gaLu, eNike padagaLu modalAduvakkU kelavu heccina padarUpagaLu bEkAguttave.

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1.4.8 padakantegaLa iTTaLa

ondu sollina huruLEnembudannu sariyAgi vivarisabEkAdalli, adannu padagaLAgi mAtravallade padakantegaLAgiyU oDeyabEkAguttade. ettuge gAgi, cikka huDuga hattu roTTi tinda emba sollannu gamanisa bahudu. idannu cikka, huDuga, hattu, roTTi mattu tinda emba aydu padagaLAgi oDeyaballevu. Adare hIge mADuvudara mUlaka A sollina huruLu entahadu embudannu sariyAgi vivarisalu baruvu dilla.

idakkAgi nAvu A sollannu bEre rItiyAgi oDeyabEkAguttade: adaralli bandiruva aydu padagaLalli modalaneya eraDu padagaLannu oTTige cikka huDuga emba ondu padakanteyAgi, mattu AmElina eraDu padagaLannu oTTige hattu roTTi emba innondu padakanteyAgi oDedukoLLabEkAguttade. yAkendare, A sollu tinda embudAgi ondu esakavannu tiLisuttiddu, adaralli toDagikonDiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLalli ‘tindudu yAru’ embudannu cikka huDuga emba pada

kanteya mUlaka, mattu ‘tindudu Enannu’ embudannu hattu roTTi emba padakanteya mUlaka tiLisuttade.

kannaDadalli entaha padakantegaLella baLakeyAguttave, avugaLa iTTaLa entahadu, avugaLalli baruva padagaLannu hEge aNigoLisalAguttade embudannu bEreyE ondu pasugeyalli vivarisalAguttade.

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1.5 sollugaLa iTTaLa

kannaDa nuDi tiLidiruvavarigella adara ondu sollannu OdidAga illavE kELidAga adu Enannu hELuttide embudu gottAguttade. Adare avarige idu hEge gottAguttade? A sollinalli bandiruva padagaLa huruLu avarige gottiruvudarinda sollina huruLU gottAguttade endiSTE hELidare, adu sariyAguvudilla.

yAkendare, ondu sollu Enu hELuttide embudu adaralli bandiruva padagaLa huruLannu mAtravallade, A padagaLannu adaralli hEge aNigoLisalAgide embudara mElU avalambisiruttade. hAgAgi, padagaLannu kelavu gumpugaLalli hondisikonDu, avugaLinda sollina huruLannu paDeyuva aLavU OduganallirabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollannu gamanisabahudu:

(3) huliya bAyige bidda danada karu kUgADuttide.

I sollannu Odidavaralli kelavarige adu ondu danada karu huliya bAyige biddu kUgADuttide embudannu tiLisuttide endu anisabahudu; Adare, bEre kelavarige adu ondu dana huliya bAyige biddide, (mattu hAgAgi) adara karu kUgADuttide embu dannu tiLisuttide endU anisabahudu. I sollina padagaLannu eraDu bagegaLalli gumpugUDisalu baruttade embudE adu hIge adara Odugaralli eraDu bageya anisikegaLannu mUDisalu kAraNa.

idannE innondu bageyalli hELuvudAdare, mElina sollige eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLive: (1) adaralli huliya bAyige bidda embudu nEravAgi danada karuvina pariceyondannu tiLisuttirabahudu, illavE (2) huliya bAyige bidda embudu danada pariceyannu, mattu averaDU oTTu sEriruva huliya bAyige bidda danada

embudu karuvina pariceyannu tiLisuttirabahudu. idannE kamsagaLannu baLasi keLage koTTiruva hAge tOrisabahudu.

1. (huliya bAyige bidda) danada karu kUgADuttide.
2. ((huliya bAyige bidda) danada) karu kUgADuttide.

keLage koTTiruva hAge, eraDu bageyalli kavaloDeyuvantaha citragaLa mUlakavU I eraDu iTTaLagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu tOrisalu baruttade:

huliya bAyige bidda danada karu

huliya bAyige bidda

danada

dana

karu

sollugaLalli baruva intaha padagaLa gumpugaLalli kelavannu padakantegaLu embudAgi, mattu bEre kelavannu oLasollugaLu embudAgi hesarisabEkAguttade. mEle modalanE iTTaLadalli (1ralli) bandiruva danada karu embudu ondu padakante, mattu huliya bAyige bidda embudu ondu oLasollu.

danada karu embudaralli karuvina pariceyondannu tiLisuvudakkAgi karu padadondige danada emba padarUpavannu baLasalAgide; idakke badalu, huliya bAyige bidda embudaralli karuvina bErondu pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi karu huliya bAyige bittu emba sollannu ondu oLasollAgi mArpaDisi baLasalAgide.

ondu sollu Enu hELuttide embudu namage gottAguttide yAdare, adaralli bandiruva padagaLannu padakantegaLAgi mattu oLa sollugaLAgi jODisikoLLuvudu hEge embudu namage gottide yendE hELabahudu. intaha tiLivu nammallide embudakke kannaDada llillada padagaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva keLagina sollu ondu oLLeya ettuge:

(4)

palukannu bingi, kammatana pangu nOyuttide.

I sollinalli nOyu emba pada mAtra kannaDaddu. uLidavu kannaDada padagaLa hAge kANisuttave; Adare nijakkU antaha padagaLu kannaDadallilla. hAgiddarU, ‘kammata embAta EnO mADidudarindAgi (palukannu bingidudarindAgi), Atana ondu anga (pangu) nOyuttide’ embantaha huruLannu nAvu mElina sollininda paDeya ballevu.

idu hEge sAdyavAguttade? padagaLa huruLu tiLiyadiddarU, solli nalli baLakeyAgiruva iTTaLa entahadu embudannu nAvu kanDukoLLa ballevu; idallade, A iTTaLadalli yAva pada elli baLakeyAgide kelasavannu gamanisi, adaralli avu entaha embudannu naDesuttirabahudu embudannU Uhisaballevu.

Adare, I tiLuvaLike namma miduLinalli arivige eTakada rUpa dalliruttade, mattu adE rUpadalli baLakeyAguttiruttade. kannaDada sollarime adannu arivige eTakuvante mADuttade.

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1.5.1 kannaDada mukya solliTTaLagaLu

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLannu suLusollugaLu, jODu sollugaLu mattu sikkalusollugaLu embudAgi mUru gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu.

ivugaLalli jODusollugaLannu eraDu illavE heccu suLu sollugaLannu oTTige sErisi unTumADalAguttade, mattu sikkalu sollugaLannu ondu suLusollinoLage ondu illavE heccu suLu sollugaLannu oLasollugaLAgi baLasi, unTumADalAguttade. ettuge gAgi, keLage koTTiruva mUru sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu: (5ka) rAju manege banda. (5ca) (5Ta) manege banda rAju UTamADida.

rAju manege banda mattu UTa mADida.

(5ka)dalli ondu suLusollu bandide; (5ca)dalli adE suLu sollannu innondu suLusollinondige sErisiruva ondu jODu

sollu bandide; mattu (5Ta)dalli A suLusollannu manege banda emba oLasollannAgi mArpaDisi, adannu eraDanE suLusollina ondu padakanteyoLage irisiruva sikkalusollu bandide.

jODu mattu sikkalu sollugaLannu hIge suLusollugaLannu oTTu sErisuva illavE avugaLalli mArpATugaLannu mADuva mUlaka paDeya bahudu; hAgAgi, I hottageyalli modalige kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva suLusollugaLa iTTaLagaLu entahavu embudannu vivarisalAgide; avannu baLasi jODu mattu sikkalusollugaLannu unTumADuva bage hEge embudannu AmEle vivarisalAguttade.

kannaDada suLusollugaLannella esakavannu tiLisuvavugaLu mattu iruha vannu tiLisuvavugaLu embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli aNigoLisa bahudu. sunIl manege hOda emba sollu ondu esakavannu (hOguvikeyannu) tiLisuttade, mattu sunIl maygaLLa embudu ondu iruhavannu tiLisuttade.

I rIti esaka illavE iruhavannu tiLisuvudu mAtravallade tiLiya diruvudannu tiLiyalu yArannAdarU kELuvudu, mADalAgada kelasa vannu innobbara hattira mADalu hELuvudu, mADabEkendiruva kelasakke innobbara oppige paDeyuvudu, mADabArada kelasavannu innobbanu mADadante taDeyuvudu modalAda bEreyU halavu bageya mAtina kelasagaLannu sollugaLa mUlaka naDesaballevu. idakkAgi ondE sollannu bEre bEre rUpagaLalli baLasabEkAguttade.

ettugegAgi, mEle koTTiruva esaka mattu iruhagaLannu tiLisuva eraDu sollugaLigiruva intaha halavu rUpagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

sunIl manege hOgiddAne.

(6ka) (6ca) sunIl manege hOgiddAnO? (6Ta) sunIl manege hOgali. (6ta) sunIl manege hOgalO? (6pa) sunIl manege hOgadirali.

(7ka) sunIl maygaLLa. (7ca) sunIl maygaLLanO? (7Ta) sunIl maygaLLanalla.

(7ta) sunIl maygaLLanirabahudu. (7pa) sunIl maygaLLaniralAra.

sollugaLa mUlaka esaka illavE iruhagaLannu innobbarige tiLisuva kelasavE mEle koTTiruva kelasagaLallella atyanta mukyavAdudu. hAgAgi, sollugaLa iTTaLaventahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLabEkendiru vavaru modalige I tiLisuva kelasadalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLu entahavu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu oLLeyadu. bEre kelasagaLalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLannella AmEle, antaha tiLisuva sollu gaLallEnE halavu bageya mArpADugaLannu mADuva mUlaka, paDeyalu baruttade.

ettugegAgi, sunIl manege hOgiddAne emba (ka) tiLisuva sollige O oTTannu sErisi, kELuva kelasakkAgi baLakeyAguva (6ca) sollannu paDeyabahudu; (6ka) sollinalli baLakeyAgiruva hOgu esakapadakke nEravAgi ali oTTannu sErisi, oppige koDuva (6Ta) sollannu paDeyabahudu; adakkEnE alu mattu O oTTugaLannu sErisi oppige kELuva (6ta) sollannu paDeyabahudu.

esakagaLannu sUcisuva kannaDada sollugaLallella ondu esakapada A sollugaLa tiruLupadavAgi bandiruttade. idannu sAmAnyavAgi sollina koneyalli irisalAguttade. ettugegAgi, sunIl manege hOda emba sollinalli A sollina tiruLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi hOda emba esakapada bandide.

I esakapadadondige sunIl mattu manege emba bEreyU eraDu padagaLu bandiddu, avu A pada tiLisuva esakada kuritAgi heccina mAhitiyannu koDuttave, illavE adu koDuva mAhitiyannE heccu vivaravAgi tiLisuttave:

hOda emba esakapadavu tiLisuva kelasakke ondu guri (hOguva jAga) iruttade; Adare adu yAvudu embudannu A pada tiLisuvu dilla; hAgAgi, I heccina sangatiyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi adara modalu manege emba padada baLakeyAgide. idakke badalu, hOda emba esaka padavE hOdavanu obba vyakti (ganDusu) embudannu adara koneyalli bandiruva a oTTina mUlaka tiLisuttade; hAgAgi, A sollinalli

modalige bandiruva sunIl emba padakke adE sangatiyannu heccu vivaravAgi sUcisuva kelasavideyendu hELabahudu.

esakavannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli mukyavAgi eraDu bageya esaka padagaLu baLakeyAguttave. ivannu AguhagaLu mattu mADuhagaLu embudAgi kareyabahudu. sOru embudu ondu Aguha pada; mADininda nIru sOruttide emba sollinalli ‘Enu naDeyuttide’ embudannu (endare ondu Aguhavannu) adaralli bandiruva I sOru pada tiLisuttade.

idakke badalu, Odu embudu ondu mADuha pada; huDuga kate OduttiddAne emba sollinalli ‘huDuga Enu mADuttiddAne’ embu dannu (endare ondu mADuhavannu) I Odu pada tiLisuttade.

ondu sollinalli baruva esakapadadondige bEre entaha pada gaLella baraballuvu embudu A esakapada entaha esakavannu tiLisuttade embudara mEle avalambiside. sOru emba esakapadadondige mEle nIru koTTiruva sollinalli ‘sOruvudu Enu’ embudannu tiLisuva emba ondu Aguga pada bandide mattu ‘sOruvudu ellinda’ embu dannu tiLisuva mADininda emba ondu suru pada bandide.

idakke badalu, Odu emba esakapadadondige mEle koTTiruva sollinalli adu tiLisuva mADuhavannu ‘yAru mADuttiddAre’ embu dannu tiLisuva huDuga emba ondu mADuga pada bandide mattu Ata ‘Enu OduttiddAne’ embudannu tiLisuva kate emba IDu pada bandide. Odu emba esakapadada badalu bILu emba bErondu esaka padavannu baLasidevAdare, adarondige IDannu tiLisuva pada bara lAradu. Adare adakke badalu, A esakapada tiLisuva Aguha ‘elli naDeyitu’ embudannu (endare, adara jAgavannu) tiLisuva pada baLake yAgaballudu (huDuga angaLadalli bidda), illavE adu ‘ellinda modalAgide’ mattu ‘ellige sAgide’ embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, huDuga maradinda gunDige bidda emba sollinalli kANisuva hAge, adara suruvannu (maradinda) mattu guriyannu (gunDige) tiLisuva padagaLu baLakeyAgaballuvu.

esakagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli esakapadagaLu baruva hAge, iruhagaLannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli iru pada baruttade. idannu iruha padadavembudAgi kareyabahudu. ettugegAgi, huDugana kayyalli

ondu haNNide emba sollu ondu iruhavannu tiLisuttade mattu adara koneyalli iruhapada ide emba rUpadalli bandide.

iruhavannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli iruhapada bAradiruvudU ide. ettugegAgi, I giDada ele kempu emba sollinalli iruhapada bandilla. mEle (7ka-pa)dalli koTTiruva sunIl maygaLLa emba sollinallU adu bandilla.

esakapadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisi kelavu heccina suLusollu gaLannU unTumADalu baruttade. ivugaLalli kelavannu mADuhagaLalli baLakeyAguvantaha iTTaLagaLindalE unTumADalAguttade; Adare, bEre kelavannu unTumADalu kelavu heccina iTTaLagaLannu baLasa bEkAguttade. hIgiddarU, avannella mEle koTTiruva suLusollugaLa iTTaLagaLalli mArpADugaLannu mADuva mUlaka paDeyalu baruttade. hAgAgi, avannu unTumADuva bage hEge embudannu AmEle tiLidu koLLabahudu.

idallade, esakapadagaLige bEre bageya padagaLannu sErisi kUDupada gaLannu unTumADuvantaha ondu holabU kannaDadallide. ettugegAgi, nAyigaLu kaccADuttive emba sollinalli kaccADu emba kUDupada vannu baLasalAgide. intaha kUDupadagaLannu baLasiruva sollugaLa iTTaLa kelavu viSayagaLalli suLusollugaLa iTTaLadinda bErAgide. Adare ivannU suLusollugaLinda paDeyaballevu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.5.2 esakagaLu mattu avugaLa pAngugaLu

mEle tiLisida hAge, ondu sollinalli esakapadadondige adu tiLisuva esakada Aguga, mADuga, IDu, guri mattu jAgagaLannu tiLisuva hesarupadagaLalli kelavu baraballuvu. avugaLalli entahavu baraballuvu mattu eSTu barabahudu illavE barabEku embudannu ondu sollina esakapadavE tIrmAnisuttade.

ettugegAgi, mAru embaesakapadadondige mADuga, guri, mattu IDu emba mUru bageya hesaru padagaLu barabEkAguttade; adakke badalu, tinnu emba esakapadavannu baLasidevAdare, adarondige tinnuva vyakti (mADuga) mattu tinnuva vastu (IDu) emba eraDu hesarupada gaLu bandare sAku; aLu emba bErondu esakapadavannu baLaside vAdare, adarondige aLuva vyakti (Aguga) emba ondu hesarupada bandare sAku.

sIte maneyannu jAnakige mAridaLu.
huDuga sIbehaNNu tinda.

(8) (9) (10) magu aLuttade.

esakapadagaLondige baruva I Aguga, mADuga, IDu, suru, guri, mattu jAgagaLannu adara pAngugaLendu kareyabahudu. ivugaLalli Aguga pAngu ellA bageya Aguha sollugaLallU baruttade, mattu mADuga pAngu ellA bageya mADuha sollugaLallU baruttade; Adare, iveraDU oTTige ondE sollinalli baruvudilla; hAgAgi, ivannu gurutisuvudakkAgi yAva oTTannU baLasabEkAguvudilla.

bAki uLida pAngugaLalli IDannu annu oTTininda, suruvannu inda oTTininda, guriyannu ge oTTininda mattu jAgavannu lli oTTi ninda gurutisalAguttade. halavu kaDegaLalli IDannu gurutisuva annu oTTu bidduhOguvudU ide embudannu rAju mara kaDida emba sollinalli kANabahudu. I nAlku (IDu, suru, kone, mattu jAga) pAngugaLa baLakege ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(11) huDuga nAyiyannu ODisida. (12) huDuga SAleyinda baruttiddAne, (13) huDuganige ondu pustaka sikkide. (14) maneyalli yArU illa.

Aguha mattu mADuha sollugaLalli baraballa pAngugaLannavalambisi, avannu mukyavAgi keLage koTTiruvantaha gumpugaLalli sErisi hELa bahudu:

Aguha sollugaLu:

1. Aguga mAtra: bekku sattitu.
2. Aguga mattu IDu: mara hU biTTide.
3. Aguga mattu suru:
4. Aguga mattu guri: huDugige hADu nenapide.
5. Aguga mattu jAga: angaLadalli hullu beLedide.

maradinda haNNu bittu.

mADuha sollugaLu:

1. mADuga mAtra: huDuga ODida.
2. mADuga mattu IDu: magu hAlu kuDiyitu.
3. mADuga mattu suru: huDuga maradinda iLida.
4. mADuga mattu guri: huDuga marakke hattida.
5. mADuga mattu jAga: kOti maradalli kuLititu.
6. mADuga, suru, mattu IDu: huDuga maradinda haNNu kitta.
7. mADuga, guri, mattu IDu: ajji makkaLige kate hELidaLu.

iruha sollugaLa pAngugaLu iruha sollugaLalli bEre bageya kelavu pAngugaLu baLakeyAguttave. intaha ellA sollugaLallU ondu iruga baruttade; idallade, ivu bariya iruvikeyannu tiLisuvuvAdare, avugaLalli jAga mattu hottu gaLannu sUcisuva bEre eraDu pAngugaLu (illavE avugaLallondu) baruttave.

idakke badalu avu pariceyannu illavE pattugeyannu tiLisuvu diddalli, avannu tiLisuva bErondu pAnguvU irugadondige baruttade. idallade, jAga, hottu mattu haravannu tiLisuva pAngu gaLU intaha sollugaLalli baraballuvu. ivugaLalli kelavu pAngugaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva sollugaLalli kANabahudu:

1. jAga, hottu, mattu iruga: ninne nAnu maysUrallidde.
2. parice mattu iruga: huDuga sappagiddAne.
3. parice, jAga, mattu iruga: avanu maneyalli teppagiruttAne.
4. pattuge mattu iruga: avanige kelasa ide. huDugarige nALe SAlege
5. pattuge, hottu, haravu, mattu iruga:

raje ide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.5.3 huruLupattuge mattu baLakepattuge

mEle vivarisidantaha pAngugaLu hesarupadagaLigU esakapadakkU naDuve sollina huruLige sambandisidantaha pattugegaLannu tiLisalu baLakeyAgu ttave. ivakkinta tIra bErAgiruva baLakege sambandisidantaha sollinalli baruva hesarupadagaLigU esakapadakkU pattugegaLU

naDuviddu, avannu tiLisalu bEreyE ondu holabu sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttade.

sollugaLannu nele mattu tiLivu emba eraDu tunDugaLAgi oDe yalu baruttade. yAra illavE yAvudara kuritAgi sollu ondu sangatiyannu tiLisuttade embudannu adara nele hELuttade, mattu I neleya kuritAgi Enu tiLisabEkAgide embudannu tiLivu hELuttade. sAmAnyavAgi sollina modalaneya pada illavE padakante adara neleyAgiruttade, mattu uLida amSa tiLivAgiruttade.

ettugegAgi, ajji makkaLige kate hELidaLu emba sollinalli ajji embudu nele mattu makkaLige kate hELidaLu embudu tiLivu. sollinalli bandiruva padagaLa OraNavannu badalAyisi, bEre bEre nelegaLannu ArisikoLLalu baruttade:

(15ka) ajji makkaLige kate hELidaLu. (15ca) makkaLige ajji kate hELidaLu. (15Ta) kateyannu ajji makkaLige hELidaLu.

ondu sollinalli baruva Aguga, mADuga, IDu, suru, guri, jAga modalAdavugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU I rIti adara neleyannAgi mADi baLasaballevu.

idallade, sollugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu pada illavE pada kanteya mEle ottu bILuttiruttade. sAmAnyavAgi sollinalli esakapadakkinta modalu, mattu adara pakkavE iruva pada illavE padakanteya mEle ottu biddiruttade. ettugegAgi, mEle (15ka-ca) sollugaLalli kate padada mEle ottu biddide; Adare, (15Ta)dalli adu makkaLige padada mEle biddide, mattu makkaLige kateyannu ajji hELidaLu emba sollinalli ajji padada mEle biddide.

sollinalli baruva yAvudAdarondu pada illavE padakanteya mEle ottu bILuvante mADalu kannaDadalli bEreyU kelavu holabu gaLu baLakeyallive. ettugegAgi, adannu sollina konege sAgisabahudu; Adare, idakkAgi sollina esakapadavannu hesarupadavAgi badalAyisa bEkAguttade:

(15ta) makkaLige kate hELiddu ajji. (15pa) ajji makkaLige hELiddu kate. (15ga) ajji kate hELiddu makkaLige.

sollugaLa nele mattu ottugaLannu I rIti badalAyisidAga (endare, adara baLakepattugegaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADidAga), adara huruLupattugegaLalli yAva badalAvaNeyU Aguvudilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. (15ka-ga)gaLalli bandiruva ellA sollugaLallU ondE vyakti illavE viSayagaLu mADuga (ajji), guri (makkaLu) mattu IDu(kate)gaLAgi uLidukonDive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.5.4 nelegoLisuvudu

namma eNisikeyalliruva esaka entahadu, adaralli yAva vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAdavugaLu toDagikonDive, avakkU esakakkU naDuve entaha huruLina mattu baLakeya pattugegaLive embudannu tiLisidAga, kELuganige nAvu tiLisabEkendiruva eNisikeya tiruLu gottAguttade. Adare, aSTu mAtra mADidare sAkAguvudilla. nAvu tiLisuva esakada hottu mattu jAgagaLu yAvuvu, avakkU ADugana illavE kELugana hottu mattu jAgagaLigU naDuve entaha pattugeyide, bEre esaka gaLigU adakkU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embantaha bEre halavu bageya sangatigaLannU tiLisabEkAguttade. idannu nelegoLisuvudu embudAgi kareyabahudu.

(1) ADugana hottu esakada hottannu ADugana hottige sambandisuvante tiLisalu esakapada dondige hottina oTTannu baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, huDuga hAlu kuDida emba sollannu gamanisabahudu. idaralli huDuga emba hesaru pada obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade, mattu hAlu emba innondu hesarupada ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttade; A vyakti hAlannu Enu mADida embudannu kuDi emba esakapada tiLisuttade. I mUru pada gaLu oTTu sEri namma eNisikeya tiruLannu koDuttave.

mElina sollinalli kuDi emba esakapadadondige d mattu a emba eraDu oTTugaLu bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. ivugaLalli d oTTu kuDiyuva kelasa mElina sollannu ADiruva hottiginta (endare ADugana hottiginta) modalE naDedide embudannu tiLisuttade, mattu adara baLika bandiruva a oTTu I kelasavannu naDesidavanu obba huDuga, endare ganDugurtina obba vyakti, embudannu tiLisuttade.

esakada hottannu ADugana hottinondige sambandisuvudakkAgi kannaDa dalli utta mattu d emba eraDu oTTugaLannu esakapadadondige baLasalAguttade. ivugaLalli utta embudu ADugana hottina baLika naDeyuva esakavannu tiLisuttade, mattu d embudu adakke modalu naDeda esakavannu tiLisuttade.

(16ka) Ake enTUvarege baruttALe. (16ca) Ake enTUvarege bandaLu.

idannE heccu vivaravAgi tiLisalu nALe, nADidu, ninne, monne, enTUvarege modalAda paricepadagaLannU baLasalAguttade. idallade, tiLisuttiruva esakakkU bErondu esakakkU naDuve entaha hottina pattugeyide embudannU tiLisabEkAguttade. idakkAgi kannaDadalli esaka padada jODisuva rUpadondige iru padada padarUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade.

(17ka) nAvu hOguvaSTaralli Ata bandiruttAne. (17ca) nAvu hOguvaSTaralli Ata bandidda. (17Ta) nAvu hOguvAga Ata baruttidda.
(17ta) nAvu hOguvaSTaralli Ata baraliddAne.

(2) ADugana niluvu sollu tiLisuva tiruLina kuritAgi ADugana niluvEnu embudannU kELuganige tiLisabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli idakkAgi bahudu, bEku, illa modalAda kelavu padagaLannu esakapadadondige baLasalAguttade.

(18ka) Ata nALe beLigge baruttAne. (18ca) Ata nALe beLigge barabahudu.

(18Ta) Ata nALe beLigge barabEku. (18ta) Ata nALe beLigge baruvudilla.

(18ka)dalli marudina naDeyaliruva ondu esakavannu tiLisalAgide; (18ca)dalli I esakavannu tiLisuvudarondige adu naDeyuva kuritu ADuganu tanna samSayavannU tiLisiddAne; I samSaya (18ca)dalliruvuda kkinta (18Ta)dalli tusu kaDimeyide; Adare (18ta)dalli A esaka naDeyuvudE illavembudAgi tiLisalAgide.

nAnu

I nelegoLisuva kelasagaLu eSTu mukyavAduvendare, avugaLalli kelavannu nAvu baLasuva ellA sollugaLallU kaDDAyavAgi naDesalE bEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, nAnu nALe Urige hOguttEne emba sollinalli yAru embudannu tiLisuvudAdarU adannu innomme kaDDAyavAgi esakapadada Ene oTTina mUlaka tiLisabEkAgide; hOguva kelasa I mAtannu hELuva samayadalli naDedillavembudannu nALe pada tiLisuvudAdarU, adannE kaDDAyavAgi esakapadada utta oTTina innomme mUlaka tiLisabEkAgide.

hOdavaru

pada

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.6 barigegaLu mattu avugaLa ulipu

mEle (1.4.1ralli) tiLisida hAge, ellara kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva sollugaLannella mUru mukya hantagaLalli kaTTalAguttade:

barigegaLannu sErisi padagaLannu kaTTuvudu modalaneya hanta,
padagaLannu sErisi padakantegaLannu kaTTuvudu eraDaneya hanta, mattu
padakantegaLannu (mattu padagaLannu) sErisi sollugaLannu kaTTuvudu

mUraneya hanta.

ettugegAgi, A huDuga yAru? emba sollannu gamanisabahudu. idannu A huDuga padakanteyannu yAru padadondige sErisi kaTTa lAgide; A huDuga padakanteyalli A mattu huDuga emba eraDu padagaLu oTTusErive. I padagaLalli huDuga embudannu h, u, D, u, g mattu a emba Aru barigegaLa sErikeyinda, mattu yAru embudannu y, A, r, u emba nAlku barigegaLa sErikeyinda

unTumADalAgide. (idallade, I barigegaLu huDuga padadalli hu, Du, ga emba mUru barigekantegaLAgi, mattu yAru padadalli yA mattu ru emba eraDu barigekantegaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. A padadalli ondu barige mAtra ide.)

sollugaLannu hIge mUru hantagaLalli kaTTuva kAraNa, kannaDadalli barE mUvattondu barigegaLannu baLasi sAvirAru padagaLannu unTu mADalu baruttade, mattu I sAvirAru padagaLannu baLasi lekkavilladaSTu sollugaLannu unTumADalu baruttade.

ellara kannaDakke bEkAguva I mUvattondu barigegaLannu avugaLa ulipannu avalambisi tereyuligaLu mattu mucculigaLu emba eraDu gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu. tereyuligaLa gumpinalli a, i, u, e, o mattu A, I, U, E, O emba hattu barigegaLive, mattu mucculigaLa gumpinalli k, c, T, t, p; g, j, D, d, b; N, n, m; y, v; r; l, L; S, s, h emba ippattondu barigegaLive.

I eraDu bageya barigegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavEnendare, tereyuli gaLa ulipinalli bAyi heccukaDime terediruttade, mattu mucculigaLa ulipinalli adu heccukaDime mucciruttade. terediruva bAyiyoLa giruva ToLLina AkAravannu bagebageyAgi badalAyisuva mUlaka halavu bageya tereyuligaLannu horaDisuttEve, mattu heccukaDime mucciruva bAyiyinda hora baruva usirige bagebageya taDegaLa nnoDDuva mUlaka halavu bageya mucculigaLannu horaDisuttEve.

kannaDadalli I eraDu bageya barigegaLa ulipu hEge naDeyuttade

embudara mEle, avannu keLage koTTiruva hAge paTTimADabahudu.

(1) tereyuligaLu giDDa uligaLu

udda uligaLu

bAyiya jAga

nAligeya bAga

mEle
naDuve
keLage

munde hinde E J

G M C

munde hinde F H N K D

mADuva bage

taDeyuli
,, (gu) mUguli ujjuli
badiyuli hoDeyuli taDeyilladuli

tuTi p b m

v

(2) mucculigaLu

mADuva jAga

k g

T D N

c   
j   

hallu maDacu anguLu mettanguLu t d n s l r

S   

L

h

y 

p, bgaLa modalu bandiruva makAravannu, t, dgaLa modalu bandiruva nakAravannu, mattu T, DgaLa modalu bandiruva NakAra vannu sonne(m)ya mUlaka gurutisuva pari kannaDada barahadallide. Adare ulipinalli ivu mUguligaLE. kempu, nambu, kantu, andu, anTu, tunDu modalAda padagaLalli baruva mUguligaLannu hAge sonneya rUpadalli bareyuva badalu, mUguligaLa rUpadallEnE kempu, nambu, kantu, andu, aNTu, tuNDu embudAgi baredalli idu gottAguttade.

ulipinalli c, jgaLa modalu [Ya] emba ondu mUguli kANisikoLLuttade, mattu k, ggaLa modalu [Ga] emba innondu mUguli kANisikoLLuttade. I eraDu kaDegaLallU nakAra baruvudilla; hAgAgi, avannu nakArada rUpagaLendu tiLidukoLLabahudu, mattu I kAraNakkAgi intaha eraDu barigegaLu kannaDakke bEkAguvudilla. idallade, barahadalli avannu itara mUguligaLa hAge sonneya mUlakavEnE sUcisalAguttade (ancu [aYcu], anju [aYju], anke [aGka], manga [maGga]).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.6.1 barigegaLa ulipu

barigegaLannu illi avugaLa ulipina mEle gumpugUDisalAgide; hAgAgi, avakke tereyuli, mucculi, mUguli, taDeyuli modalAda uligaLa hesarugaLannE koDalAgide embudannu gamanisabEku. Adare, ellara kannaDa mukyavAgi barahada kannaDa; hAgAgi, adara I sollarime yalli barahadalli kANisikoLLuva barigegaLinda avugaLa ulipige hOgalAgideyallade, mAtinalli kANisikoLLuva uligaLinda barigegaLige bandilla.

(1) tereyuligaLa ulipu kannaDadalli hattu tereyuligaLiddu, avugaLa ulipinalli kANisuva mukya vyatyAsagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) i, e, u, o, a embavu giDDa tereyuligaLu, mattu I, E, U, O, A embavu udda tereyuligaLu. giDDa tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvudakkinta udda tereyuligaLannu horaDisalu tusu heccu hottu bEkAguttade embudE ivugaLa naDuviruva mukya vyatyAsa.

(2) i, I, e, E embavu mundina tereyuligaLu, mattu mattu u, U, o, O, a, A embavu hindina tereyuligaLu. mundina tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvudakkAgi nAligeya mundina bAga vannu baLasalAguttade mattu hindina tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvudakkAgi nAligeya hindina bAgavannu baLasalAguttade.

(3) i, I, u, U embavu mElina tereyuligaLu, e, E, o, O embavu naDuvina tereyuligaLu, mattu a, A embavu keLagina tereyuligaLu. ivugaLalli mElina tereyuligaLAda i, I embavu gaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya mundina bAga, mattu u, U embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya hindina bAga bAyiya mElina jAgadalliruttave.

hIgeyE, naDuvina tereyuligaLAda e, E embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya mundina bAga, mattu o, O embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya hindina bAga bAyiya naDujAgadalliru ttave; keLagina tereyuligaLAda a, A embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya hindina bAga bAyiya keLajAgadalliruttade.

(4) I tereyuligaLa horaDisuvikeyalli innU ondu vyatyAsa vide: u, U, o, O embavugaLa horaDisuvikeyalli tuTi dunDagiru ttade, mattu uLidavugaLa (i, I, e, E, a, A embavugaLa) horaDisuvikeyalli A rIti tuTi dunDagiruvudilla. kannaDadalli I vyatyAsakke huruLannu koDuva kelasavillavAda kAraNa, tereyuligaLannu hesarisuvAga I vyatyAsavannu tiLisabEkAguvudilla.

tereyuligaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLalli namage bEkAdavugaLannu

mAtravE baLasikonDu keLage koTTiruva hAge avannu hesarisabahudu:

E
F
J
K
G
H
M
N
C
D

munmElina giDDa tereyuli munmElina udda tereyuli munnaDuvina giDDa tereyuli munnaDuvina udda tereyuli hinmElina giDDa tereyuli hinmElina udda tereyuli hinnaDuvina giDDa tereyuli hinnaDuvina udda tereyuli hingeLagina giDDa tereyuli hingeLagina udda tereyuli

mEle tiLisida hAge, I ellA tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU bAyi terediruttade. adaroLagina ToLLu yAva AkAradallide embu dara mEle I tereyuligaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa avalambiside. nAligeya himbAgavannu illavE mumbAgavannu bEre bEre kaDegaLalli nillisuva mUlaka I ToLLina AkAravannu badalisalAguttade.

I ellA tereyuligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunu gunisuttiruttade mattu A rIti gunugunisuttiruvAga unTAguva ulige bAyiyalliruva bEre bEre AkArada ToLLugaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli mAruliyuttiruttave. idarindAgi bEre bEre rItiya tereyuligaLu unTAguttave.

(2) mucculigaLa ulipu kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva mucculigaLannu horaDisuva bage tereyuli gaLannu horaDisuva bageginta tIra bErAdudu. adu hEge naDeyuttade embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli adakkAgi baLakeyAguva angagaLu yAvuvu, avu bAyiyalli yAva jAgakke hOguttave mattu alli entaha kelasavannu naDesuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade.

idallade, hIge uligaLannu horaDisuva samayadalli ganTalina lliruva ulipeTTige gunugunisuttideyO illavO embudannU gamanisa bEkAguttade.

kannaDada mucculigaLannu horaDisuva samayadalli keLagina tuTi, nAligeya tudi, nAligeya aDi, nAligeya alagu mattu nAligeya himbAga emba aydu angagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu baLakeyAgu ttiruttade.

I angagaLu mElina tuTi, hallina himbAga, anguLu mattu mettanguLu emba nAlku jAgagaLalli ondara kaDegAgi hOguttave mattu alli keLage vivarisida hAge Aru rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesuttave.

(1) usirannu taDeyuvudu (taDeyuli),
(2) usirannu bAyalli taDedarU mUgina mUlaka biDuvudu

(mUguli),

(3) calisuva angakkU bAyiya jAgakkU naDuve usiru ujji

konDu hOguva hAge mADuvudu (ujjuli),

(4) usiru nAligeya badiyalli hOguva hAge mADuvudu

(badiyuli),

(5) bAyiya jAgakke hoDedu keLage baruvudu (hoDeyuli),

mattu

(6) usirige yAva bageya taDeyannU oDDade ondeDe nilluvudu

(taDeyilladuli).

bAyiya anguLinalli nAvu eraDu rItiya mucculigaLannu unTumADuttEve. c, j, S, y embavugaLannu nAligeya alagi

ninda unTumADuttEve, mattu T, D, N embavugaLannu nAligeya aDibAgadinda unTumADuttEve.

ivugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi mEle koTTiruva mucculigaLa paTTiyalli maDacuavemba bAyiya jAgavondannu baLasa lAgide. nijakkU idu bAyiya jAgavannu tiLisuvudilla; adakke badalu, nAligeya aDibAgavannu anguLina kaDege konDoyyuvudakkAgi nAlige yannu maDacabEkAguttade emba amSavannu tiLisuttade.

kannaDadalli eraDu rItiya taDeyuligaLu baLakeyallive. b, d, D, j, g embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga ganTalinalliruva ulipeTTige gunugunisuttiruttade mattu p, t, T, c, k embavugaLannu horaDisuvAga adu A rIti gunugunisuttiruvudilla. I vyatyAsavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi b, d, D, j, g embavugaLannu gunugunisida taDeyuligaLendu, mattu p, t, T, c, k embavugaLannu gunu gunisada taDeyuligaLendu kareyabahudu.

itara mucculigaLallU I vyatyAsa kANisikoLLuttade. avugaLalli s, S, h embavugaLannu biTTu uLidavugaLa (m, n, N; l, L; r; y, v embavugaLa) horaDisuvikeyallU ulipeTTige gunugunisu ttiruttade. hAgAgi avellavU gunugunisida uligaLE. s, S, h embavugaLa horaDisuvikeyalli mAtra adu gunugunisadiruttade. hAgAgi, avu p, t, T, c, kgaLa hAge gunugunisada uligaLu.

ssa… embudAgi sakAravannu eLedu horaDisuvAga, mattu m… embudAgi makAravannu eLedu horaDisuvAga, beraLannu ulipeTTigeya mEle irisi gamasidevAdare, I eraDu rItiya (gunugunisada mattu gunugunisuva) mucculigaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa gottAdItu.

(ka) taDeyuligaLu kannaDadalli oTTu hattu taDeyuligaLu baLakeyAguttave. mEle tiLisida hAge, ivugaLalli p, t, T, c, kgaLemba aydu taDeyuligaLu gunugunisada uligaLu mattu b, d, D, j, ggaLemba uLida aydu taDeyuligaLu gunugunisuva uligaLu.

ivugaLannu horaDisuttiruvAga, bAyiyinda horahOguva usirannomme tuTi, hallina himbAga, anguLu, mattu mettanguLu (anguLina mettagiruva himbAga) emba mUru jAgagaLalli nillisi

(taDedu) AmEle biDalAguttade. idakkAgi ivannu taDeyuligaLendu kareyalAgide.

eraDu tuTigaLannu oTTusErisi usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga [p] emba uli horaDuttade. paDe, pAti, peTTu, kappu, sappe moda lAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.

idakke badalu, nAligeya tudiyannu hallina himbadiyalli irisi, [t] emba uli allE usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga, horaDuttade. taggu, tuLi, tODu, katte, ettu modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.

nAligeyannu oLakke maDaci adara aDibAgavannu anguLina mEle irisi, A jAgadalli usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga, [T] emba uli horaDuttade. Tonka, ToLLu, kaTTu, hiTTu modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.

nAligeya aDibAgada badalu, adara alagina mElbAgavannu (tudi yinda tusu hindiruva bAgavannu) adE jAgadallirisi usirannomme hiDidu biTTAga, [c] emba uli horaDuttade. caLi, ciguru, kaccu, celuvu, meccu modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisuttade.

nAligeya himbAgavannu adara mEliruva mettanguLina mElirisi usirannomme taDehiDidu biTTAga, [k] emba uli horaDuttade. kaTTu, kilubu, kUgu, sikku, akka modalAda padagaLalli I uli kANisu ttade.

b, d, D, j, ggaLemba uLida aydu taDeyuligaLU mElina uligaLa hAgeyE tuTi, hallina himbAga, anguLu mattu mettanguLu gaLalli usirannu taDehiDidu biTTAga horaDuttave. DakAravannu horaDisuvAgalU TakArada hAge nAligeyannu maDaci adara aDibAga vannu baLasalAguttade. hIge mADuvAga ulipeTTige gunugunisu ttiruttadeyembudondE ivugaLigU p, t, T, c, kgaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa.

c mattu j embavugaLigU uLida taDeyuligaLigU naDuve bErondu vyatyAsa ide. ivugaLannu horaDisuvAga nAligeya alagu usirannu taDehiDida mEle ommegE keLage sariyuvudilla; tusu mellage keLage baruttade. hAgAgi, averaDara koneyalli [S] emba ujjuli kELisuttade. jakAradalli I ujjuli gunugunisuva rUpadalliruttade.

bALe, bILu, kombe, aNabe modalAda padagaLalli bakArada baLakeyannu, dATu, dUru, Adare, ondu modalAda padagaLalli dakArada baLakeyannu, jAru, jOgu, anju, mAju modalAda padagaLalli jakArada baLakeyannu, Donku, aDige, maDake, ganDu modalAda padagaLalli DakArada baLakeyannu, mattu gAli, gOTu, hage, tongu modalAda padagaLalli gakArada baLakeyannu kANabahudu. I ellA hattu taDeyuligaLU otte rUpadalli mAtravallade immaDi rUpadallU baraballuvu. ettugegAgi appa, atte, aTTa, kaccu, akka mattu bobbe, haddu, baDDi, ajji, suggi emba padagaLalli avu A rIti immaDi rUpadalli bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

Adare, nijakkU nAvilli I uligaLannu eraDeraDu bAri horaDisu vudilla. ettugegAgi, baDi mattu baDDi padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu gamanisabahudu. baDDi padadalli DakAravannu eraDu bAri horaDisuvu dilla; ondu bAri mAtra horaDisuttEve. Adare hAge horaDisuvAga usirannu tusu heccu hottu nillisi biDuttEve, aSTe. hAgAgi, nijakkU baDi padadalli giDDa DakAravide mattu baDDi padadalli udda DakAravide endE hELabahudu.

Adare, kannaDa barahadalli udda taDeyuligaLannu ppa, tta, kka moda lAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge immaDi rUpadalli bareyuttEve; hAgAgi, avannu immaDi taDeyuligaLendu tiLidukoLLuvudaralli tondareyEnilla. itara mucculigaLigU intahavE giDDa mattu udda rUpagaLiddu (mma, nna, NNa, lla, rra, vva, yya, ssa, SSa, LLa) avannU otte mattu immaDi rUpagaLendu tiLidukoLLabahudu.

padagaLannu ulikantegaLAgi oDeyuvAga udda taDeyuligaLu immaDi taDeyuligaLa hAge naDedukoLLuttave embudu avannu udda taDeyuligaLendu kareyalu innondu kAraNa. ettugegAgi, kappu padavannu [kap] mattu [pu] emba eraDu ulikantegaLAgi oDeyabEkAguttade, mattu hIge mADuvAga, ppa embudara ondu modalaneya ulikanteyalli tunDu uLiyuttade, mattu innondu tunDu eraDaneyadakke hOguttade.

kareyade immaDi

taDeyuligaLendu

(ca) mUguligaLu kannaDadalli m, n mattu NgaLemba mUru mUguligaLive. ivugaLa horaDisuvike b, d mattu DgaLa horaDisuvikeya hAgeyE ide. Adare, bAyiyinda horahOgada hAge usirannu taDehiDididdarU adannu mUgininda horahOgalu biDalAguttideyembudE ivakkU b, d, DgaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa. b, d, DgaLannu horaDisu vAga usiru mUgininda horage hOguvudilla.

I mUru mUguligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunu

gunisuttiruttade.

makAravannu horaDisuvAga bakArada hAge eraDu tuTigaLannu oTTu sErisuttEve. Adare, bakAradalli usirannomme ellU hora hOgada hAge taDedu AmEle biDuttEve. idakke badalu, makAradalli usiru bAyiyinda hOgada hAge taDediddarU mUgininda hora hOguttiruttade; AmEle, tuTigaLa naDuvina taDeyannu tegedAga adu bAyiyindalU horahOgatoDaguttade. mane, amma, tampu [tampu], tambige [tambige], summane, amuku modalAda padagaLalli I mUguli bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

hIgeyE, nakAravannu horaDisuvAga dakArada hAge nAligeya tudiyannu hallina himbadiyalli nillisuttEve, mattu NakAravannu horaDisuvAga DakArada hAge nAligeyannu maDaci adara aDibAgavannu anguLina mElirisuttEve. I eraDu mUguligaLannu horaDisu vAgalU modalige usiru mUgininda horahOguttiruttade, mattu AmEle taDeyannu tegedAga adu bAyiyindalU hOgatoDaguttade.
I eraDu mUguligaLalli nakArada baLakeyannu nAlige, nanna, kone, kantu [kantu], anda [anda] modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu, mattu NakArada baLakeyannu kaNNu, ANe, kinDi [kiNDi], tanTe [taNTe] modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

ondu bageyalli ivu mUrU taDeyuligaLE; Adare, ivannu horaDisuvAga usiru pUrti nintuhOgade, mUgininda horahOgu ttiruttade; hAgAgi, ivakke mUguligaLemba bEreyE ondu hesarannu koDalAgide.

kannaDadalli [Ya] mattu [Ga]gaLemba bEreyU eraDu mUguli gaLive. ettugegAgi, anju padavannu ADuvAga jakArada modalu

[Ya] mUguli kANisuttade, mattu tangu padavannu ADuvAga gakArada modalu [Ga] mUguli kANisuttade. I eraDu uligaLannu ADuvAgalU usiru mUgininda horahOguttiruttade.

ivugaLalli [Ya] embudannu, cakAra mattu jakAragaLa hAge, nAligeya alagannu anguLina mElirisi horaDisuttEve (ancu [aYcu], anju [aYju]), mattu [Ga] embudannu, kakAra mattu gakAragaLa hAge, nAligeya himbAgavannu mettanguLina mElirisi horaDisuttEve (anke [aGka], angaLa [aGgaLa]).

Adare, ivu baruva jAgadalli nakAra baruvudillavAda kAraNa, ivannu nakArada eraDu rUpagaLendu tiLidukoLLalu baruttade. baraha dalli iveraDU m rUpadalliruttave. idallade, m, n, NgaLemba uLida mUru mUguligaLU avugaLadE Ada jAgadalli horaDuva taDeyuligaLa modalu barahadalli m rUpadalliruttave (kampu [kampu], kambi [kambi], kantu [kantu], kandu [kandu], anTu [aNTu], banDu [baNDu].

(Ta) ujjuligaLu kannaDadalli s, S mattu hgaLemba mUru ujjuligaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLannu horaDisuvAga usiru ondu sapuravAda sILu illavE kanDiya mUlaka ujjikonDu hOguva hAge mADalAguttade. A rIti ujjikonDu hOguvAga intaha uli horaDuttade. I mUru uligaLannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunugunisadiruttade.

sakAravannu horaDisuvAga, takArada hAge, nAligeya tudiyannu hallina himbadiyalli nillisalAguttade. nAligeya tudigU hallina himbadigU naDuve sapuravAda jAga biTTu adara mUlaka usiru horahAyuva hAge mADidAga s ujjuli horaDuttade. idara baLake yannu savi, tusu, sATi, hesaru modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu. idE rItiyalli SakAravannu horaDisuvAga, cakAra mattu jakAra gaLa hAge, nAligeya alagannu anguLina hattina nillisalAguttade. cakAra mattu jakAragaLannu horaDisuvAga usirannu pUrti taDeyalAguttade; Adare illi hAge mADade, nAligeya alagigU anguLigU naDuve tusu jAga biTTu, adara mUlaka usiru ujjikonDu hOguva hAge

mADalAguttade. idara baLakeyannu SAle, SAyi, vESa, viSaya modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

hakAravannu horaDisuvAga usiru ulipeTTigeyalliruva eraDu narakaTTugaLa naDuve ujjikonDu horabaruttade. hAgAgi adannu uli peTTigeya ujjuliyendU kareyabahudu. hasivu, hAvu, baraha, horage modalAda padagaLalli I ujjuliya baLakeyannu kANabahudu. kannaDadalli [Sh] emba innondu ujjuliyU ulipinalli ide. idannu [aShTu], [iShTu], [kaShTa] modalAda kelavu padagaLalli kANa bahudu. idannu horaDisuvAga, TakArada hAge, nAligeya tudi oLakke maDaciruttade, mattu adara aDibAga anguLina hattira nintu, adakkU anguLigU naDuviruva jAgadalli usiru ujjikonDu hOguva hAge mADalAguttade.

Adare, I ujjuli TakArada modalu mAtra baruttideyAda kAraNa, mattu A jAgadalli SakAra baruvudillavAda kAraNa, adannu SakArada ondu rUpavendu tiLidukoLLabahudu, mattu mElina padagaLannu aSTu, iSTu mattu kaSTa embudAgi bareyabahudu.

(ta) badiyuligaLu kannaDadalli l mattu LgaLemba eraDu badiyuligaLive. ivannu horaDisuvAga usirannu nAligeya mElbAgadalli taDeyalAguttade; Adare, nAligeya ondu badiyalli (illavE eraDU badigaLalli) usiru horahOgalu jAga biDalAguttade. hAgAgi ivannu kareyalAgide. usiru yAvudAdarU ondu badiyuligaLendu badiyinda mAtravE horahOguttirabahudu, illavE eraDu badigaLindalU horahOgu ttirabahudu.

iveraDannu horaDisuvAgalU ulipeTTige gunugunisuttiruttade. lakAravannu horaDisabEkAdAga, dakArada hAge, nAligeya tudi yannu hallugaLa himbAgadallirisalAguttade, mattu usiru nAligeya badiyinda horahOguva hAge dakAravannu horaDisuvAga usiru A rIti horahOguvudilla, mattu lakAravannu horaDisuvAga horahOguttiruttade embudE dakAra mattu lakAragaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa. lEsu, jOlu, mellage, halige modalAda padagaLalli lakArada baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

mADalAguttade.

LakAravannu horaDisabEkAdAga, DakArada hAge, nAligeya tudi yannu oLakke maDacikonDu anguLina mElirisalAguttade. Adare, DakArada hAge usirannomme pUrti taDehiDiyuva badalu, adu modalinindalU nAligeya badiyalli horahOguttiruva hAge mADa lAguttade. huLi, hALu, kELu, haLLi modalAda padagaLalli I badiyuliya baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

(pa) hoDeyuli kannaDadalli r emba ondu hoDeyuli mAtra ide. idannu horaDisu vAga nAligeya tudiyannu anguLina mEle ondu bAri hoDeyu ttEve. hAge hoDeyuva samayadalli ulipeTTige gunugunisuttiruttade. kannaDada rEgu, rubbu, mara, kere, horage modalAda padagaLalli I uliya baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

karrage, currane embantaha padagaLalli idu immaDi rUpadalli baru ttade. illi nAligeya tudi anguLige ondu bAri hoDeyuva badalu halavu bAri hoDeyuttade.

(ga) taDeyilladuligaLu kannaDadalli v mattu y emba eraDu taDeyilladuligaLive. ivannu horaDisuvAga usirige bAyallellU taDeyannunTumADuvudilla. vakAravannu, ukArada hAge (endare nAligeya himbAgavannu bAyiya mElina jAgadalli nillisi mattu tuTiyannu dunDagAgisi), horaDisu ttEve, mattu yakAravannu, ikArada hAge (endare nAligeya mumbAga vannu bAyiya mElina jAgadalli nillisi), horaDisuttEve.

horaDisuvikeyalli ivu tereyuligaLa hAge iddarU baLakeyalli mucculigaLa hAge iruttave. I kAraNakkAgi, ivannu aretereyuli gaLendU kareyalAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.6.2 barigegaLa rUpagaLu

kannaDada barigegaLige ellA kaDegaLallU ondE rUpa illa; padagaLalli avugaLa modalu illavE baLika entaha barigegaLu bandive embudara mEle, avugaLa rUpadalli kelavu mArpADugaLAguttave.

(1) tereyuligaLa rUpagaLu tereyuligaLa modalu mucculiyiddare avakke cikka rUpa ide, mattu mucculi illavAdalli doDDa rUpa ide. ettugegAgi, [ili] embu dannu ili embudAgi bareyalAguttade; I padadalli bandiruva eraDu tereyuligaLalli modalaneyadara modalu mucculiyilla; hAgAgi, adakke i emba doDDa rUpa ide; Adare, eraDaneyadara modalu l mucculiyide; hAgAgi, adakke ಿ emba cikka rUpa ide. tereyuligaLi giruva intaha doDDarUpa mattu cikkarUpagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

doDDarUpa cikkarUpa C E G J M

ಿ ು ೆ ೊ

doDDarUpa D F H K N

cikkarUpa ಾ ೀ ೂ ೇ ೋ

u mattu U tereyuligaLa cikkarUpadalli a tereyuliya cikka rUpa sErikonDiruvudannu ka, ku, kU; ta, tu, tU modalAda barigekantegaLalli, mattu o hAgU O tereyuligaLa cikkarUpadalli e tereyuliya cikkarUpa sErikonDiruvudannu ke, ko, kO; be, bo, bO modalAda barigekantegaLalli kANabahudu; udda tereyuligaLa cikka tereyuligaLa cikkarUpa sErikonDiruvudannu ka, kA; ki, kI; ku, kU; ke, kE; ko, kO modalAda barigekantegaLalli kANabahudu.

rUpadallU avugaLa

giDDa

idallade, tereyuligaLa cikkarUpadalli, avugaLa modalu bandiruva mucculiyannavalambisi, keLage koTTiruva kelavu mArpADugaLU kANisi koLLuttave:

1. b, j, T, N mattu l emba aydu mucculigaLa baLika baruvAga, a tereyulige sonne rUpa ide (ba, ja, Ta, Na, la);

2. y mattu m mucculigaLa baLika, A tereyuliya cikkarUpa a tereyuliya cikkarUpadondige sErikoLLade bErAgi baruttade (yA, mA);

3. i tereyuliya cikka rUpa bEre bEre bagegaLalli adara modalina

mucculiyondige sEri baruttade (pi, si, Ni, li, Si, yi);

1. u mattu o tereyuligaLa cikkarUpa p mattu v mucculigaLa

buDadinda suruvAguttave (pu, po; vu, vo); mattu

1. y mattu m mucculigaLa baLika, o tereyuliya cikkarUpa avugaLa ondu angavAgiruva kombige (ು embudakke) badalAgi baruttade (y, yo; m, mo).

(2) mucculigaLa rUpagaLu mucculigaLa baLika baruva mucculigaLu avugaLa keLage cikkarUpadalli kANisikoLLuttave. ettugegAgi, [ajja] embudannu ajja embudAgi bareyalAguttade. intaha eraDu mucculigaLa baLika baruva tere yuliya cikkarUpavannu eraDanE mucculige sErisuva badalu modalanE mucculige sErisalAguttade. eraDaneya mucculi cikkarUpa dalliruvudE idakke kAraNavirabEku. ettugegAgi, [maydOru] embudannu maydOru embudAgi bareyalAguttade; illi O tereyuliya cikkarUpavannu y mucculige sErisalAgideyallade d mucculigalla.

mucculigaLalli kelavakke (t, n, m, y, r mattu lgaLige) bEreyE cikkarUpavU iruttade (tta, nna, mma, yya, rra, lla). p mattu tusu badalAvaNeyide.

mucculigaLa cikkarUpadallU

(ppa,

ssa)

s

mEle tiLisida hAge, taDeyuligaLa modalu baruva ellA mUguli gaLannU m emba ondE rUpadinda tOrisalAguttade (anTu, kanDu, kombu, indu, kante, ancu, ingu). padagaLalli mucculiya baLika bEre yAva barigeyU baruvudillavAdalli, adarondige emba gurutondannu sErisalAguttade (al, tan, ak).

eraDu mucculigaLu oTTige bandiruvalli barigekantegaLigU ulikante gaLigU naDuviruva hondANike tappihOguttade. ettugegAgi, hakki padadalli ha mattu kki emba eraDu barigekantegaLive; Adare, I padada

ulikantegaLu avakkinta bErAgiddu, [hak] mattu [ki] embavu gaLAgive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.6.3 heccina barigegaLa baLake

samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLa ulipu illavE Odu hEgeyE irali, avannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEku emba nijakkU kannaDada maTTige bEkillada ondu kaTTale kannaDa barahadalli suruvinindalU baLakeyallide. I kaTTaleyindAgi, ivattu kannaDa barahadalli 17 heccina barigegaLu baLakeyAguttive.

ph, th, Th, ch, kh; bh, dh, Dh, jh, gh; Ya, Ga; x, ay, av; Sh, H emba I 17 heccina barigegaLu namma ulipinalli illavE Odinalli mEle koTTiruva barigegaLinda bErAgilla: modalina aydu barigegaLu p, t, T, c, kgaLa hAge ulipugoLLuttave, mattu mundina aydu barigegaLu b, d, D, j, ggaLa hAge ulipu goLLuttave.

ettugegAgi, artha, paThya, chandassu, mukhya, bhakti, sAdhya,
modalAda padagaLannu nAvu arta, paTya, candassu, mukya, bakti, sAdya embudAgi OduttEve.

idE rItiyalli, xkAravannu ru illavE ri embudAgi, (kxti embudannu kruti embudAgi), aykAra, avkAragaLannu ay mattu av embudAgi (ayhika mattu avtaNa embavugaLannu ayhika mattu avtaNa embudAgi), ShakAravannu SakAravAgi (viSESha embudannu viSESa embudAgi), mattu visarga(H)vannu tereyuliyeduru hakAravAgi (bahuSaH embudannu bahuSaha embudAgi), mattu mucculiyeduru antahadE innondu mucculiyAgi (duHkha embudannu dukka embu dAgi) namma ulipinalli mattu Odinalli kANisuttEve.

Ya mattu GagaLu ivakkinta tusu bErAgive: avu kannaDadallU ulipu mattu OdugaLalli kANisikoLLuttave; Adare kannaDadalli, mEle tiLisida hAge, avugaLalli modaneyadu baruvudu cakAra-jakAragaLa modalu mAtra, mattu eraDaneyadu baruvudu kakAra-gakAragaLa modalu mAtra; A jAgadalli nakAra baruvudillavAda kAraNa, averaDannU nakArada rUpagaLembudAgi tiLiyalAgittu. samskrutadinda

eravalAgi paDeda padagaLalli mAtra, ivu bEreyU kelavu kaDegaLalli baruttave (ajYAna, vAGmaya).

Adare, samskrutada eravalu padagaLalli iveraDu barigegaLannu baLasadE iralu heccina toDakEnilla: ajYAna embudannu ajnAna embudAgi, mattu vAGmaya embudannu vAgmaya embudAgi bareyabahudu.

rakArada baravaNigeyallU ondu toDakide: tereyuligaLa modalu bandAga adannu doDDarUpadallE bareyalAguttade (rEgu, baru, kare). padada modalige bandiruva mucculigaLa baLika bandAgalU adakke bEre mucculigaLa hAge cikkarUpa ide (prati, pravESa). Adare, padada oLage, tereyuli mattu mucculigaLa naDuve bandAga, adakke ra emba bEreyE ondu rUpavannu koDalAguttade, mattu adara baLika baruva mucculiyannu doDDarUpadalli bareyalAguttade (mAprADu). idallade, adara baLika baruva mucculiyU r AgideyAdare, adannu uLida mucculigaLa hAge cikkarUpadallE bareyalAguttade (karrage).

nijakkU I gondala kannaDakke bEkAgilla. bEre mucculigaLa hAge, tereyuli mattu mucculigaLa naDuve bandiruvallella adannu doDDa rUpadalli, mattu adara baLika baruva mucculiyannu cikkarUpadalli bareyuvudE sariyAda dAri (mArpADu).

yAvudE ondu barahadalli padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE baredAga, avannu Oduva mattu bareyuva kelasa suLuvAguttade. samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu samskrutadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba mElina kaTTaleyindAgi, kannaDadalli halavu padagaLannu Oduva hAge bareyade bEre rItiyalli bareyabEkAgide, mattu idarindAgi ivattu kannaDa baraha anavaSyakavAgi toDakinadAgide.

hindina kAladalli kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra kannaDavannu Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuttiddaru, mattu hAge kaliyuvavaralli hecci navarU adarondige samskrutavannU kaliyuttiddaru. hAgAgi, mElina kaTTale avarige heccu tondare koDuttiralilla. Adare, ivattu ellA kannaDigarU tamma nuDiyalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyabEkAgide, mattu avarige mElina kaTTale ondu anavaSyakavAda toDakAgide.

I toDakannu illavAgisuvudu hEge, mattu hAge illavAgisiruva hosa barahavondannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudu hEge embudannu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa emba hottageyalli vivarisalAgide. adE

hosa barahavannu I hottageyallU baLasalAgide. ellara kannaDadallU I hosabarahannE baLasuvudu oLLeyadu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.6.4 ingliS eravalugaLalli heccina barigegaLu

ingliS nuDiyinda halavu padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandive; ellakkinta heccAgi, arimeya barahagaLalli intaha nUrAru padagaLannu nEravAgi eravalu paDeyalAgide. intaha padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyu vAga yAva barigegaLannu baLasabEku emba viSayadalli yArU ALa vAgi AlOcisida hAge kANisuvudilla.

arimeya barahagaLalli intaha padagaLannu bareyuvAga kannaDada 31 barigegaLannu mAtravallade, samskruta eravalugaLalli baLakeyAguva Sh, ph, mattu th emba mUru heccina barigegaLannu baLasalAguttade; kelaveDegaLalli jh barigeyannU baLasalAguttade. ALavAgi vicArisidAga, I barigegaLa baLake sariyallavembudu gottAguttade. ettugegAgi, ji. Ar. lakSmaNarAv mattu e. kruSNabaT avara ingliS-kannaDa vijnAna SabdakOSadalli (eraDaneya Avrutti, 2007) kanDubaruva kelavu baLakegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) Sh barigeya baLake I barigeyannu ingliSna halavu barigekantegaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvu dakkAgi baLasalAgide. ingliSnalli ivellavannU [S] embudAgi uliyalAguttade; kannaDadallU idannu [S] endE uliyalAguttade. hAgiddarU, ivannu Sh embudAgi bareyuttiruvudu nijakkU accariya nnunTumADuttade. I tappannu kannaDa barahadalli yAru mADa horaTiddarO tiLiyadu; Adare uLidavarellarU adannu kaNNumucci himbAlisuttiruva hAge kANisuttade!

ingliS barigekante
sh

sch

ingliSnalli shale English
flash

schizo

schist

kannaDadalli ShEl ingliSh phlASh

ShijO

ShisT

-ci

-sci -si

-ti

-ce

synoecious technician

fascia television

concretion modulation

cretaceous

sinIShas TeknIShiyan

phyAShiyA TeliviShan

kAnkrIShan mADyulEShan

kriTEShas

chiDiusNacichieoTaogthi (krisTESiyAlaji) emba padadalli mAtra, mElina padanerakeyalli S barigeyannE baLasalAgide. nijakkU intaha ellA padagaLallU S embudannu baLasuvudE kannaDakke sariyAda dAri. (intaha padagaLalli S embudannu baLasuva barahagArarU kelava riddAre.)

(2) phphphph barigeya baLake I barigeyannu ingliSna ji barigeyannu, mattu Thih barigekanteyannu kannaDadalli bareyalu baLasalAguttade; ingliSnalli iveraDannU ondu ujjuliyAgi uliyalAguttade; kannaDigaralli kelavaru idannu hAgeyE ondu ujjuliyAgi uliyuttAre, mattu innu kelavaru [p] embudAgi uliyuttAre. I ujjuliyannu bareyalu ph emba barige kannaDadalli bEreDeyalli baLakeyallide.

Adare, mElina padanerakeyalli (mattu kannaDada bEre barahagaLallU) ph embudannu baLasuva badalu, ph embudannu ingliS eravalugaLalli baLasalAguttade.

ingliS barigekante
f

ph

ingliSnalli fuse flash bluff solfatara

phage epiphora clorophyll

kannaDadalli phyUsu phlASh blaph sOlphaTAra

phEj epiphOra klOrOphil

samskrutada eravalugaLalli bandAga, ph barigeyannu kelavaru ondu mahAprANa taDeyuliyAgi (endare, UduliyAgi) uliyuttA rAdarU, heccinavarU [p] embudAgiyE uliyuttAre; yArU adannu ondu ujjuliyAgi uliyuvudilla. I barige mattu barigekantegaLige ingliSnallAgali kannaDadallAgali illadiruva intaha Uduliya ulipannu tOrisuva ph barigeyannu baLasuva badalu, ph illavE p embavugaLalli ondannu baLasuvudE sariyAda dAri.

(3) thththth barigeya baLake I barigeyannu ingliSna Nah barigekanteyannu kannaDadalli bareyuvu dakkAgi baLasalAguttade. ingliSnalli I barigeyannU ondu ujjuli yAgi uliyalAguttade; Adare, kannaDigaralli kelavaru idannu [th] embudAgi, endare ondu UduliyAgi uliyuttAre; Adare, heccinavarU idannu [t] embudAgiyE uliyuttAre. hAgAgi, heccinavara ulipannanusarisi idannu t embudAgiyE bareyabahudu.

ingliSna Na barigeyannu kannaDadalli, kannaDigara ulipannanusarisi, T embudAgi bareyuva kAraNa, mElina barigekanteyannu t embudAgi bareyuvudarinda tondareyEnU illa. idallade, ingliSna padagaLalli kANisuva bEre halavu ulipina vyatyAsagaLannu kannaDadalli kANisuvu dilla.

ettugegAgi, ingliSna geTie mattu zeTieDi padagaLa modalaneya mucculigaLa naDuve ulipinalli vyatyAsa ide; Adare iveraDarallU j barigeyannE baLasalAguttade (jIn, jenar); hAgeyE, ingliSna vciTaeTichithi mattu ticijieDi padagaLa naDuveyU modalaneya mucculigaLa naDuve ulipinalli vyatyAsa ide; Adare, iveraDarallU v barigeyannE baLasalAguttade (vElensi, vEphar).

eravalu padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga, kannaDigara ulipinalli vyatyAsavillavAdare, adannu barahadalli tOrisabEkAgilla; hAgAgi, idu kannaDakke sariyAda dAri. mElina mUru kaDegaLallU idE dAriya nnanusarisi, Sh, ph mattu th barigegaLannu baLasadirabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.7 barahada gurutugaLu

mEle 1.3.1ralli vivarisida hAge, mAtinalli baLasuva kaysanne, kaNNusanne, uliya EriLita modalAduvannu barahadalli nEravAgi tOrisalu baruvudillavAda kAraNa, avugaLige badalAgi kone (.), arekone (;), kELvi (?), beragu (!), taDe (,) modalAda halavu bageya barahada gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. barahagaLalli ivu naDesuva kelavu mukya kelasagaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.7.1 uliya EriLitavannu tiLisuvudu

mAtanADuvAga, mEle tiLisidantaha 31 uligaLannu mAtravallade uliya EriLitavannU nAvu baLasuttiruttEve. ettugegAgi, ondu sollu mugiyitembudannu mAtinalli uliya iLitada mUlaka tiLisuttEve, mattu ondu sollu kELvi embudannu adara koneyalli uli tusu mElEruvante, illavE keLagiLiyadante mADuva mUlaka tiLisuttEve. I viSayagaLannu barahadalli tiLisuvudakkAgi, kone (.) mattu kELvi(?)gaLemba barahada gurutannu baLasuttEve.

ondu sollu beragu embudannU mAtinalli uliya EriLita tiLisuttade; barahadalli idu gottAgabEkiddalli sollina koneyalli beragina (!) gurutannu baLasabEkAguttade. bErobbara mAtannu etti hELalAgide embudU uliya EriLitadalli gottAguttade; barahadalli idannu tiLisalu, sollina modalige mattu konege ettugeya (‘’ illavE ‘’) gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.

(…) modalAda bEre halavu barahada

idallade, sollina oLagU taDe (,), arekone (;), aDDagere (-), kaLeta gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. ivellavU mukyavAgi barahavannu yAva rIti OdabEku embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. I gurutugaLannu sariyAgi baLasadiddalli, Odugarige barahavannu hEge OdabEku embudu mattu barahagAraru gottAguvudilla, tiLisiruvudondu tiLidukoLLuvudinnondu endAguttade.

Odugaru

mattu

ettugegAgi, allige hOgi bandavarannu mAtanADisida emba sollige eraDu huruLugaLiraballudu. ‘allige hOgi banda janarannu Ata mAtanADisida’ embudu ondu huruLu, mattu ‘Ata allige

hOgi, (bErellindalO) banda janarannu mAtanADisida’ embudu innondu huruLu. I vyatyAsa mAtinalli suLuvAgi gottAguttade. barahadallU idannu gottumADabEkiddare, eraDanE huruLiruvalli hOgi padada baLika ondu taDe (,) gurutannu baLasabEkAguttade (allige hOgi, bandavarannu mAtanADisida). sollannu elli oDeyabEku embudannu I gurutu tiLisuttade.

kelavu kaDegaLalli sollugaLa naDuve huruLinalliruva vyatyAsavannu uliya EriLitadinda mAtravE tiLisuvudU ide; antaha kaDegaLalli sariyAda barahada gurutugaLannu baLasadiddare, Oduganige A sollugaLa huruLEnembudu gottAgalAradu. ettugegAgi keLage koTTiruva sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(19ka) avaru UTamADi Ayitu. (19ca) avaru UTamADi Ayitu? (20ka) maduvege eSTu jana bandiddAre? (20ca) maduvege eSTu jana bandiddAre!

(19ka)dalli ondu tiLivu koDuva sollannu koDalAgide; mattu adannE (19ca)dalli ondu kELviyannAgi koDalAgide. I eraDu sollugaLa naDuve uliya EriLitadalli mAtra vyatyAsavideyallade, barigegaLalli vyatyAsavilla. hAgAgi, I vyatyAsavannu Odugarige tiLisabEkiddalli modalanE sollinalli kone gurutannu mattu eraDanE sollinalli kELvi gurutannu baLasabEkAgide.

ide rItiyalli, ondE sollannu (20ka)dalli kELviyAgi, mattu (20ca)dalli beragAgi baLasalAgide; ivugaLa naDuveyU uliya EriLitadalli mAtra vyatyAsavide, mattu I vyatyAsavannu barahadalli tiLisuvudakkAgi kELviya mattu beragina gurutugaLannu baLasabEkAgide.

Adare, uliya EriLitagaLa mUlaka nAvu tiLisaballa ellA bageya huruLugaLannU I rIti barahada gurutugaLa mUlaka tiLisalu baruvudilla. mAtinalli nijakkU nUrAru bageya huruLugaLannu uliya EriLitagaLa mUlaka tiLisalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(21ka) mara hattidare hattu rUpAyi koDuttEne. (21ca) mara hattidare peTTu biddItu.

(21ka) sollu ADugana bayakeyannu tiLisuttade, mattu (21ca) sollu eccarikeyannu tiLisuttade. I vyatyAsavannu ‘mara hattidare ADuga Enu mADaliddAne’ embudarinda tiLiyabahudEnO nija; Adare, I eraDu sollugaLannu ADiruva bageyindalU (endare uliya EriLitagaLindalU) idannu tiLiyabahudu. barahadalli I vyatyAsavannu tiLisalu gurutugaLilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.7.2 ellegaLannu tiLisuvudu

barahadalli baruva sollu, ettuge, oLasollu, padakante, pada modalAdavugaLa ellegaLannu tiLisuvudu barahada gurutugaLa innondu mukya kelasa. ettugegAgi, kone (.), kELvi (?), mattu beragu (!) gurutugaLu ondu sollu elli konegoLLuttade, mattu innondu sollu suruvAguttade embudannu tiLisuttave; padagaLa naDuve baruva eDegaLu ondu pada elli suruvAgi elli mugiyuttade embudannu tiLisuttave. kogetada (:) gurutU kelaveDegaLalli sollina koneyannu tiLisaballudu. ivannu

tumbA toDakinadAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollannu pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuve eDeyannu biDade bareyalAgide. idannu Odalu hEge toDakAguvudembudannu gamanisabahudu:

sariyAgi baLasadiddalli Odina

kelasa

(22) rAjubellatindunIrukuDiduhoTTetumbisikonDa.

nEravAda ettugegU nEravallada ettugegU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu ettugeya gurutugaLa (‘’) mUlaka tOrisikoDadiddalli, ippuruLu puNege kANisikoLLuttade. hOgabEkendu rAju hELiddAne emba sollige adara ‘ADuganu puNege hOgabEku’ emba huruLiraballudu, illavE adara ‘kELuganu puNege hOgabEku’ emba huruLU iraballudu:

ettugegAgi,

ivattE

nInu

adaralli bandiruva nInu ivattE puNege hOgabEku emba sollu nEra ettugeyAdare modalaneya huruLu siguttade, mattu

nEravallada ettugeyAdare eraDaneya huruLu siguttade. I ippuruLannu hOgalADisabEkiddalli, nEra ettugeyiruva modalaneya huruLu bandiruvalli ‘nInu ivattE puNege hOgabEke’ndu rAju hELiddAne embudAgi ettugeya gurutugaLannu baLasi nEra ettugeya ellegaLannu tOrisikoDabEkAguttade.

hesarupadagaLondige eraDu illavE heccu paricepadarUpagaLu bandiveyAdare, avu nEravAgi A hesarupadada eraDu paricegaLannu tiLisuttirabahudu, illavE ondu paricepadarUpa innondu paricepadarUpada pariceyannu tiLisuttiddu, averaDU oTTAgi hesarupadada pariceyannu tiLisuttirabahudu. I vyatyAsavU ippuruLige eDekoDaballudu. intaha gurutannu baLasi, kaDegaLalli paricepadarUpagaLa ellegaLu ellive embudannu tiLisabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sollannu gamanisabahudu:

taDe

(23ka) puNeyinda banda maganannu bengaLUrige kaLuhisida

rAmarAyaru tumbA cinteyalliddAre.

(23ca) puNeyinda banda, maganannu bengaLUrige kaLuhisida

rAmarAyaru tumbA cinteyalliddAre.

(23ka)dalli puNeyinda banda oLasollu (banda paricerUpa) adara baLika bandiruva maganannu bengaLUrige kaLuhisida oLasollinalliruva maganannu padada pariceyannu tiLisuttade; idakke (23ca)dalli adu rAmarAyaru padada pariceyannu badalu, tiLisuttade. I vyatyAsavannu (23ca)dalli baLasiruva, mattu (23ka)dalli baLasadiruva taDe (,) gurutina mUlaka kANisalAgide.

barahada gurutugaLannu sariyAgi baLasabEkiddalli sollarimeya tiLivU bEkAguttade embudu avu naDesabEkAgiruva I kelasagaLannu pariSIlisidAga gottAguttade. avugaLa baLakeya kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu munde koDalAguvudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.8 tiruLu

I pasugeyalli sollarime hEgiruttade, entaha sollarimeyannu I hottageyalli vivarisalAguttade, mAtina sollarimegU barahada

sollarimegU naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella iraballuvu, barahada sollarimeyannu vivarisuvalli adu entaha viSayagaLannella oLagoLLabEkAguttade, kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyAguva barigegaLu entahavu, avugaLalli entaha mArpADugaLannu mADabEkAgide, mattu barahadalli baLakeyAguva barahada gurutugaLa mukya kelasagaLEnu embantaha I kannaDa barahada sollarimege munnOTavannodagisuva kelavu viSayagaLannu vivarisalAgide.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2. padagaLa iTTaLa: hesarupadagaLu

mukyavAgi

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1 munnOTa

kannaDadalli mattu paricepadagaLu embudAgi mUru bageya padagaLu baLakeyAguttave embudannu nAvu modalaneya pasugeyalli nODiruvevu. ivugaLalli kelavakke iTTaLa(oLaracane) embudide mattu bEre kelavakke illa.

hesarupadagaLu, esakapadagaLu

ettugegAgi, kallede padakke ondu iTTaLavide: adu kallu mattu ede emba eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda unTAgide; marevu padakkU ondu iTTaLavide: adu mare emba pada mattu vu emba oTTu(pratyaya)gaLa sErikeyinda unTAgide.

Adare, tale padakke iTTaLavilla; adu t, a, l, e emba nAlku barigegaLa sErikeyinda unTAgideyEnO nija; Adare, adaralli baruva I barigegaLalli yAvudakkU avugaLadE Ada huruLilla; idallade, avannu kallede emba padadalli kANisuva kallu mattu ede emba eraDu padagaLa hAge, illavE marevu padadalli kANisuva mare emba pada mattu vu emba oTTu embavugaLa hAge oDedu hELalu baruvudilla.

padagaLannu

iTTaLaviruva

sollugaLalli baLasabEkAdAgalella avugaLige entaha iTTaLavide embudannu tiLidiralEbEkendEnU illa; A padagaLa huruLEnu, mattu avannu sollugaLalli baLasuva bage hEge embudannu tiLididdare sAku. hIgiddarU, halavu kaDegaLalli padagaLa huruLannu mattu avannu sollugaLalli baLasuva bageyannu nenapige taralu, avugaLa iTTaLada tiLivu neravige baraballudu.

idallade, padagaLige hosa hosa baLakegaLannu koDalu bayasuva nalbarahagArarige, mattu tAvu kanDuhiDidiruva, illavE bEre nuDigaLa barahagaLalli Odiruva hosa hosa viSayagaLannu kannaDadalli baredu tiLisuvudakkAgi hosa hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkendiruva arivigarige ivattu padagaLa iTTaLaventahadu embudara tiLivu neravige baraballudu.

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttiruva

ondu padavannu ivattu hEge (eraDu illavE heccu padagaLAgi, illavE pada mattu oTTugaLAgi) oDeyalu baruttade embudara mEle adakke iTTaLavideyE, ideyAdare adu entahadu embudannu tIrmAnisabEkAguttade. hindina kAladalli adu EnAgittu embudu illi mukyavalla.

ettugegAgi, eNNe padavannu eLLu mattu ney emba eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda unTumADalAgittu; Adare, ivattina kannaDadalli adannu ondu iTTaLaviruva padavendu hELalu baruvudilla.

idE rItiyalli, takAradinda modalAguva tamma, tangi, tande, tAyi embantaha nanTastikeyannu hesarisuva padagaLigella hindina kAladalli ondu iTTaLavittu; tamiLina illavE bEre kelavu drAviDa nuDigaLa padagaLondige avannu hOlisi nODidAga I viSaya gottAguttade:

tamiLu enday
nunday
tanday

kannaDa nanna tandeay
ninna tandeay avana tandeay

tamiLu engay
nungay
tangay

kannaDa nanna tangiay ninna tangiay avana tangiay

mEle koTTiruva tamiLu padagaLige hOlisi nODidAga, kannaDada tande, tangi modalAda nanTastikeya padagaLalli modalige baruva takAravu tanna emba padada aDaka rUpa embudu gottAguttade.

Adare, ivattina kannaDada sollarimeya maTTige, I padagaLige antahadondu iTTaLavideyendu hELalu baruvudilla. yAkendare, ivattu I padagaLu nanna, ninna modalAda bEre ADuga padagaLondigU baruttiddu, avugaLa modaligiruva takAra tanna hindina huruLannu uLisikonDilla.

hIgiddarU, padagaLa iTTaLavembudu heccineDegaLallU adannu mEleyE

hEge unTumADalAgittu embudara

modalige avalambisiruttade.

ondu padada iTTaLaventahadu embudannu kanDuhiDiyalu adu yAva bageya pada (hesarupadavE, esakapadavE illavE parice padavE) embudannU tiLidirabEkAguttade. yAkendare, sollugaLalli ondu pada entaha kelasavannu naDesalu baLakeyAguttade embudara mElU adakke entaha iTTaLa iraballudu embudu avalambi siruttade.

hAgAgi, hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLa iTTaLagaLannu illi bEre bErAgi vivarisalAgide; avugaLalli hesarupadagaLa iTTaLa vannu I pasugeyalli, mattu uLida padagaLa iTTaLavannu mundina (mUranE) pasugeyalli vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2 sErikeya olavugaLu

padagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi, illavE eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi hosa padagaLannu unTumADuvAga, A padagaLalli mattu oTTugaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLu kANisikoLLuttave. padagaLa iTTaLadalli kANisi koLLuva I mArpADugaLalli heccinavakkU halavu horapaDikegaLiru ttave. hAgAgi, avannu illi sErikeya kaTTalegaLu embudAgi kare yuva badalu, sErikeya olavugaLu embudAgi kareyalAgide.

illi keLage koTTiruva mUru bageya sErikeya olavugaLannu

bErpaDisi vivarisalAgide:

(1) padagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi oTTisida padagaLannu unTumADu

valli kANisikoLLuva mArpADugaLu,

(2) padagaLige hesarupadagaLannu sErisi jODupadagaLannu unTu

mADuvalli kANisikoLLuva mArpADugaLu, mattu

(3) padagaLige esakapadagaLannu sErisi kUDupadagaLannu unTumADu

valli kANisikoLLuva mArpADugaLu.

I mArpADugaLigiruva halavu horapaDikegaLalli kelavannu keLage tOrisikoDalAgide; munde oTTugaLa baLakeyannu vivarisuvAga, mattu jODupadagaLa mattu kUDupadagaLa iTTaLagaLannu vivarisu vAga, avugaLa kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu koDalAguttade.

sErikeya olavugaLannu illavE kaTTalegaLannu bareyalu eraDu holabugaLannu baLasabahudu: pada illavE oTTugaLige eraDu illavE heccu rUpagaLiveyendu tiLisi, A rUpagaLa baLakeyentahadu embu dannu tiLisuvudu ondu holabu; mattu, pada mattu oTTugaLu sEridAga avugaLa barigegaLalli kelavu mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave yembudAgi mArpADugaLa mUlaka avugaLa rUpagaLannu vivarisu vudu innondu holabu.

ettugegAgi, obba padadalli Or ‘ondu’ embudakke ob emba rUpa ide, mattu adara baLika bandiruva va oTTige ba rUpa ide embudAgi hELabahudu (ob+ba>obba); illavE Or padakke va oTTu sEridAga, adaralliruva O tereyuli giDDavAguttade, rakAra bakAravAguttade, mattu va oTTina vakAravU bakAravAguttade (Or+ va>obba) endU hELabahudu.

‘rUpagaLu mattu avugaLa baLake’, mattu ‘rUpada mArpADu’ emba I eraDu holabugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannE ellA kaDe gaLallU baLasahOdare, antaha baraha kelaveDegaLalli tumbA toDakina dAgaballudu; hAgAgi, keLage koTTiruva sErikeya olavugaLannu bare yuvalli, avannu Odalu heccu suLuvAguva hAge, I eraDu bageya holabugaLannu berasikoLLalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.1 padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguvudu

eraDu tereyuligaLu oTTAdAga, modalaneya tereyuli bidduhOgu ttade. I olavannu tOrisuva mUru bageya ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

oTTisida pada:
jODupada: kUDupada:

aTa+ike
gAya+ALu hesaru+iDu

ATike gAyALu hesariDu

oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADu ellA tereyuligaLannU tAgu ttade; Adare, jODupadagaLalli ukAra mattu akAragaLannu mAtra tAguttade, mattu kUDupadagaLalli ukAravannu mattu jODisuva rUpagaLa koneya ikAravannu mAtra tAguttade.

(1) oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADu keLage koTTiruva tereyuligaLa sErikegaLalli kANisikoLLuttade:

E+E>E

J+E>E

G+E >E

C+E>E

E+J>J G+J >J C+J>J E+G >G J+G >G J+C>C G+C>C

G+D>D

tirike haTTige dAriga hittALiga heNilu mUDige nambike kammisu koyilu hinDi okkaliga tOTiga sAligitti huccATike lOLe kaTTe nele gaDu gaLu bokkaNa kettane

tiri+ike
haTTi+ige
dAri+iga
hittALe+iga heNe+ilu mUDe+ige nambu+ike kammu+isu koyyu+ilu hinDu+i
okkalu+iga tOTa+iga sAliga+itti huccATa+ike lOLi+e kaTTu+e
nela+e
gaDi+u
gaLe+u
bokke+aNa kettu+ane bIsu+aN(ige) bIsaNige kemmalu kemmu+alu muccaLa muccu+aLa jODaNe jODu+aNe celuva celuvu+a ottAya ottu+Aya kAdALi kAdu+ALi

munde kelavu oTTugaLa baLakeyannu vivarisuvAga, avugaLalli kelavu bageya mArpADugaLu naDediveyendu sUcisalAgide; ettuge gAgi, su barigekanteyalli konegoLLuva kelavu esakapadagaLige ike oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneya su barigekante bidduhOgu ttade, mattu ike oTTina ikAravU bidduhOguttade embudAgi 2.4.1(2-3)ralli vivarisalAgide, mattu arasu-arake, bayasu- bayake, harasu-harake modalAda padagaLannu ettugeyAgi koDa lAgide.

I rIti varNisuva badalu, I padagaLu mElina kaTTalege hora paDikegaLendU hELaballevu; yAkendare, padada koneya su biddu hOda mEle uLidiruva ara-, baya-, hara- embuvakke ike oTTu sEridAga, avugaLa akAra bidduhOguva badalu, adara baLika banda ike oTTina ikAra bidduhOgideyendU hELabahudu.

intahadE mArpADu isu oTTina baLakeyallU naDedide; kelavu padagaLalli adara ikAra bidduhOgiruvudannu kANabahudu: nele- nelasu, baLe-baLasu; intaha padagaLU mElina olavige horapaDike gaLendu hELabahudu (3.2.3(1) nODi).

(2) jODupadagaLalli I mArpADu ukAra mattu akAragaLannu mAtra tAguttade; padagaLa koneya ikAra illavE ekAra biddu hOguva badalu, avugaLa baLika yakAra sErikoLLuttade.

1. modalaneya padada koneya ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu: G+E>E G+J>J G+K>K G+G>G G+H>H G+M>M G+N>N G+C>C G+D>D

kallu+iddalu ALu+eNike nUlu+ENi gUru+ubbasa kIlu+Uta maddu+ore gurutu+Ole kEDu+aLika bayalu+ATa

kalliddalu ALeNike nUlENi gUrubbasa kIlUta maddore gurutOle kEDaLika bayalATa

1. modalaneya padada koneya akAra bidduhOgiruvudu: C+J>J C+G>G

keTTa+eNisu kaLLa+usuku

keTTeNisu kaLLusuku

C+H>H C+M>M C+C>C C+D>D

keTTa+Uru kaLLa+oppa doDDa+amma gAya+ALu

keTTUru kaLLoppa doDDamma gAyALu

1. modalaneya padada koneya ikAra uLidu, yakAra sEriruvudu: taLi+iLike i+i>iyi gALi+Ira i+I>iyI iLi+eNike i+e>iye uli+Eru i+E>iyE taLi+uLike i+u>iyu ginDi+ULiga i+U>iyU i+o>iyo badi+olavu i+O>iyO uli+Odu pUci+aLika i+i>iya kUli+ALu i+>iyA

taLiyiLike gALiyIra iLiyeNike uliyEru taLiyuLike ginDiyULiga badiyolavu uliyOdu pUciyaLika kUliyALu

1. modalaneya padada koneya ekAra uLidu, yakAra sEriruvudu: e+e>eye e+E>eyE e+u>eyu e+U>eyU e+o>eyo e+a>eya e+A>eyA

koreyeNike maleyEruga edeyuri moleyUDike saNNigeyoralu Oleyare anceyALu

kore+eNike male+Eruga ede+uri mole+UDike saNNige+oralu Ole+are ance+ALu

jODupadagaLalli naDeyuva I mArpADige ekAradalli kone goLLuva munde, hinde, mEle, bEre mattu oDane emba paricepadagaLu horapaDikegaLAgive. ivugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva pada sEridAga, I padagaLa koneya ekAra biddu hOguttade: mundALu (munde+ALu), hindETu (hinde+ETu), bErobba (bEre+obba), oDanADi (oDane+ADi).

(3) kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu ukAravannu mattu esaka padagaLa jODisuva rUpada ikAravannu mAtra tAguttade; endare, modalaneya pada ukAradalli konegonDiddalli, illavE adu jODisuva rUpavAgiddu ikAradalli konegonDiddalli, adara koneya tereyuli (ukAra illavE ikAra) bidduhOguttade.

idakke badalu, modalaneya pada ikAra, ekAra illavE akAra dalli konegonDiddalli, A tereyuli (i, e illavE a) biddu hOgade uLidiruttade; idallade, ikAra mattu ekAragaLa baLika yakAra baruttade, mattu akArada baLika vakAra baruttade.

1. modalaneya padada koneya ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu: G+E>E G+J>J G+K>K G+H>H G+M>M G+C>C G+D>D

kiccu+iDu kAlu+eLe IDu+Eru kAlu+Uru seragu+oDDu kaNNu+arasu pAru+Agu

kicciDu kAleLe IDEru kAlUru seragoDDu kaNNarasu pArAgu

1. modalaneya pada jODisuva rUpavAgiddu, adara koneya ikAra

bidduhOgiruvudu:

E+E>E E+K>K E+D>D

haNiki+ikku ukki+Eru horaLi+ADu

haNikikku ukkEru horaLADu

1. modalaneya pada jODisuva rUpavalladiddu, adara koneya ikAra

uLidu, adara baLika yakAra sEriruvudu:

i+i>iyi i+e>iye i+E>iyE i+U>iyU i+o>iyo i+A>iyA

guri+iDu kELvi+ettu banDi+Eru manDi+Uru kuDi+oDe guri+Agu

guriyiDu kELviyettu banDiyEru manDiyUru kuDiyoDe guriyAgu

1. modalaneya padada koneya ekAra uLidu, adara baLika yakAra sEriru

vudu:

e+i>eyi e+e>eye e+E>eyE e+U>eyU e+o>eyo e+a>eya e+A>eyA

eve+ikku tale+ettu hore+Eru nele+Uru age+oDe are+aTTu eDe+ADu

eveyikku taleyettu horeyEru neleyUru ageyoDe areyaTTu eDeyADu

1. modalaneya padada koneya akAra uLidu, adara baLika vakAra sEriru

vudu:

a+i>avi a+o>avo a+A>avA

kada+ikku panta+oDDu calla+ADu

kadavikku pantavoDDu callavADu

kUDupadagaLalli naDeyuva I mArpADugaLigU munde, hinde, mEle, bEre, mattu oDane paricepadagaLu horapaDikegaLAgive; avu gaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva pada sEridAga, avugaLa koneya ekAra bidduhOguttade: mundAgu (munde+Agu), mundiDu (munde+iDu), hindaTTu (hinde+aTTu), hinduLi (hinde+uLi), bErAgu (bEre+Agu), oDanADu (oDane+ADu)

idallade, ge oTTinalli konegoLLuva paricepadagaLU ivakke hora paDikegaLAgive: horagiDu (horage+iDu), keLagiru (keLage+iru), horagAgu (horage+Agu).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.2 tereyuligaLa modalu mucculi immaDiyAguvudu

modalaneya padada koneyalli baruva y, n, N, r, l, s, mattu L mucculigaLu avugaLa baLika tereyuli bandAga immaDi yAguttave; mattu I rIti immaDiyAdAga, sakAra cakAravAguttade. oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADu a mattu A tereyuligaLu bandAga mAtra naDeyuttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANa bahudu:

1. oTTisida padagaLalli:
   yakAra lakAra
   NakAra

kay+Are nal+a
taN-age
nuN+age can+a
kar+age
beL+age teL+age
bes+age

nakAra
rakAra
LakAra

sakAra

kayyAre nalla (nalle) taNNage nuNNage canna karrage beLLage teLLage beccage

Adare, uL-oLage emballi age oTTu sEridAga, mattu uL- oLa, kIL-keLa emballi a oTTu sEridAga LakAra immaDiyAgilla.

idallade, bEre tereyuligaLalli modalAguva oTTugaLu sEridAga I mucculigaLu immaDiyAguvudilla embudannu her-hiri, mAr-maru, teL-teLu, beL-biLi, nuN-nuNupu, in-ini, oL-oLitu, padagaLalli kANabahudu.

mattu kir-kiri emba

kAr-kari,

jODupadagaLalli mattu kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu a tere yuli mAtravallade bEre tereyuligaLu sEridAgalU naDeyuttade; idannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu:

1. jODupadagaLalli: yakAra

nakAra

NakAra
lakAra
LakAra

1. kUDupadagaLalli: yakAra

nakAra

may+avute may+iLita may+oLitu in+uNisu ken+akki
mun+iruLu mun+eNike hin+oTTu taN+elaru nal+uNisu beL+aDi beL+Ane beL+uLLi beL+ele

may+ikku kay+Uru may+oDDu mun+eNisu mun+ore mun+Oru

mayyavute mayyiLita mayyoLitu innuNisu kennakki munniruLu munneNike hinnoTTu taNNelaru nalluNisu beLLaDi beLLAne beLLuLLi beLLele

mayyikku kayyUru mayyoDDu munneNisu munnore munnOru

mucculi immaDiyAguva I mArpADu avugaLa modalu udda tereyuli iruvalli naDeyuvudilla: kAraDavi, hErAne, kILALu, mAruli, mArOru, hEraLa, Orage.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.3 esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguvudu

ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLige mucculiyalli modalAguva oTTu sEridAga, ekAra akAravAguttade. I mArpADu oTTisida pada gaLalli mAtra kANisikoLLuttade; idannu tOrisuva hesarupadadoTTu gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

te

naDe+te
aLe+te
age+te
vaN bare+vaN(ige) beLe+vaN(ige) mere+vaN(ige)

ka ere+ka

vu

pu

kore+ka
aLe+ka
kaLe+vu
kaDe+vu
mare+vu
kale+pu
hoLe+pu paDe+pu
ha bare+ha
vaLi naDe+vaLi
ve mare+ve
ku oDe+ku
kuLi eLe+kuLi
guLi mare+guLi koLe+ce
ce vi mare+vi
hu hoLe+hu

naDate aLate agate baravaNige beLavaNige meravaNige eraka koraka aLaka kaLavu kaDavu maravu kalapu hoLapu paDapu baraha naDavaLi marave oDaku eLakuLi maraguLi koLace maravi hoLahu

esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi bEre esakapadagaLannu unTu

mADuvallU I mArpADu naDeyuttade:

cu kaLe+cu
ere+cu
tole+gu gu ku dore+ku
kale+ku
keDe+vu

vu

kaLacu eracu tolagu doraku kalaku keDavu

esakapadagaLinda parice padagaLannu paDeyuvalli I mArpADannu

keLagina oTTugaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu:

ka-lu

ku

kore+ka-lu save+ka-lu koLe+ku
kere+ku

korakalu savakalu koLaku keraku

I olavige ondu mukyavAda horapaDikeyannu illi gamanisa bahudu: esakapadagaLige ta oTTannu sErisidAga ekAra badalAgade uLiyuttade:

kere kereta age ageta kale kaleta bage bageta

kore nege koDe save

koreta negeta koDeta saveta

bEreyU halavu horapaDikegaLu I olavigiddu, avugaLannu

munde I oTTugaLa vivaravannu koDuvalli paTTimADalAgide.

I mArpADu esakapadagaLa koneya ekAravannu tAguvudallade, hesarupadagaLa koneya ekAravannu tAguvudilla: ga (serega), gAra (kolegAra), tana (manetana), ya (oDeya) modalAda oTTugaLa baLakeyalli idannu kANabahudu.

jODupadagaLalli (seLegallu, beLehakki, naDehAdi) mattu kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu naDeyuvudilla; kUDupadagaLalli esaka padagaLu nEravAgi baLakeyAgade jODisuva rUpadalli baruvudarinda (barediDu, maretubiDu), avugaLalli I mArpADu naDeyuvudilla; I jODisuva rUpadalliruva himbottina illavE mumbottina

oTTu biddu hOdAgalU ekAra badalAgade uLiyuttade (taDehiDi, orehaccu, nenehAku).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.4 udda tereyuli giDDavAguvudu

keLage koTTiruva parice mattu eNikebErugaLannu jODupadagaLalli baLasidAga, avugaLa baLika mucculiyalli modalAguva pada bandiru valli avugaLa udda tereyuli giDDavAguttade, mattu tereyuliyalli modalAguva pada bandiruvalli adu badalAgade uLiyuttade. Adare I ellA padagaLa baLakeyallU mElina olavige horapaDikegaLive; avugaLalli kelavannu ettugegAgi keLage koDalAgide:

(1) pEr/hEr mucculi bandiruvalli pEr+kate pEr+mAtu pEr+cUTi hEr+kaLLa hEr+hAvu hEr+dAri

perkate permAtu percUTi heggaLLa hebbAvu heddAri

tereyuli bandiruvalli pEr+arasu pEr+uri pEr+ALu hEr+aDavi hEr+Uru hEr+Ane

pErarasu pEruri pErALu hEraDavi hErUru hErAne

(2) kEsu (I padada E tereyuli mucculi bandiruvalli giDDavAguvudu

mAtravallade, i endAguttade):

mucculi bandiruvalli kEsu+kaNNu kEsu+kallu kEsu+ponnu

kisugaNNu kisugallu kisuvonnu

tereyuli bandiruvalli kEsu+uri kEsu+akki kEsu+oDalu

kEsuri kEsakki kEsoDalu

(3) mAru/mAr mucculi bandiruvalli mAru+huTTu maruhuTTu mAru+mAtu marumAtu mAru+baLake mAru+salike mAru+nOTa marunOTa mAru+dina mAru+may marumay

marubaLake marusalike

marudina

tereyuli bandiruvalli mArALu mAru+ALu mAru+Ole mArOle mAru+accu mAraccu mAru+aDi mAru+Ane mAru+eNike mAru+oDalu mAroDalu

mAraDi mArAne mAreNike

kelavu horapaDikegaLu: mucculi bandiruvalli mAru+kaTTu mAru+baDDi mAru+paDe

mArkaTTu mArbaDDi mArpaDe

(4) kIL mucculi bandiruvalli kIL+kere kIL+kavalu kIL+kaNNu

kiLgere kiLgavalu kiLgaNNu

(5) kAr ‘kappu’ mucculi bandiruvalli kAr+poge kAr+bisilu

karpoge karvisilu

(6) Or mucculi bandiruvalli Or+nuDi Or+hottu Or+kaTTu Or+kUTa

ornuDi opopattu okkaTTu okkUTa

(7) Ir mucculi bandiruvalli Ir+tale Ir+kivi Ir+hattu

irtale irkivi ippattu

(8) mUr mucculi bandiruvalli mUr+kaNNu mUr+nUru

mukkaNNu munnUru

kelavu horapaDikegaLu: mucculi bandiruvalli mUr+gAvuda mUgAvuda mUr+baTTe

mUvaTTe

tereyuli bandiruvalli maru+eNike

marueNike

tereyuli bandiruvalli kIL+ALu kIL+ele kIL+esaLu

kILALu kILele kILesaLu

tereyuli bandiruvalli kAr+eLLu kAr+aDavi

kAreLLu kAraDavi

tereyuli bandiruvalli Or+eNike

OreNike

tereyuli bandiruvalli Ir+aDi Ir+aydu Iraydu

IraDi

tereyuli bandiruvalli mUr+aDi mUr+ALu

mUraDi mUrALu

mEle koTTiruva paricebEru mattu eNikebErugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva I mArpADu hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla embudakke kAr ‘maLegAla’ emba hesarupadadinda paDeda kArmugilu, kArgAla, kAriruLu modalAda jODupadagaLannu ettugeyAgi koDa bahudu.

idallade, mEle paTTimADiruva paricebErugaLannu horatupaDisi, bEre paricebErugaLa baLakeyallU I mArpADu naDeyuvudilla embudakke kUr paricebErannu baLasiruva kUrgatti, kUrgaNe, kUrnAyi, kUrvALu, kUrasi, kUrALu padagaLannu ettugeyAgi koDabahudu.

kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu naDediruvudannu kisuguTTu ‘kempu Agu’, kiLmADu, kiLpaDisu, marukaLisu, maruhancu, marupaDe, marunuDi, marutaLe embantaha padagaLalli kANabahudu.

oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADannu keLage koTTiruva kelavu bEru

gaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu:

hEraLa

tereyuli bandiruvalli hEr+aLa

mucculi bandiruvalli hEr+cu hEr+me kEs+cu mAru+tu kAr+pu Or+me Or+va Ir+va+ru Adare, mUvaru (mUr-va-ru) emballi udda tereyuli

heccu hemme keccu mattu kappu omme obba ibbaru

Or+age Or+aNa

mAru+ane

Orage OraNa

mArane

giDDavAguva badalu, adara baLika banda rakAra bidduhOgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.5 eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADugaLu

mUru barigekantegaLiruva halavu padagaLige kiTTel avara DikSanari yalli mUru mUru rUpagaLive: avugaLa eraDaneya tereyuli a, i, illavE u AgirabahudembudE idakke kAraNa: adaru, adiru, aduru; uDagu, uDigu, uDugu; kuDaka, kuDika, kuDuka;

huDagi, huDigi, huDugi; hAsage, hAsige, hAsuge modalAda padagaLannu idakke ettugeyAgi koDabahudu.

innu halavu padagaLige eraDeraDu rUpagaLiddu, avugaLa eraDanE tereyuli a illavE i (arave, arive; okkalu, okkilu), i illavE u (aLipu, aLupu; oppige, oppuge), a illavE u Agira bahudu; eraDanE tereyuliyAgi a illavE e iruva (aLata, aLeta; baraha, bareha), mattu a, i, u, e emba nAlkU iruva (aLasu, aLisu, aLusu, aLesu) padagaLU kelavive.

ivu kannaDada bEre bEre ADunuDigaLalli kANisikoLLuva rUpa gaLirabEku; ivugaLalli ondondu padakkU ondondu rUpa baraha dalli nelegonDiruvudannu kANabahudu: uDugu, huDugi, hAsige, arive, okkalu, oppige, aLeta, baraha, aLesu. Adare, yAva rUpa I rIti barahadalli nelegoLLuttade embudannu kaTTuniTTAgi hELalu heccineDegaLallU baruvudilla.

hAgAgi, mUru barigekantegaLiruva oTTisida padagaLannu unTu mADidAga, avugaLalli eraDanE tereyuliya maTTige yAva rItiya sErikeya mArpADu naDeyuttade emba viSayadalli heccineDegaLallU olavannu kanDuhiDiyalu baruvudilla.

ettugegAgi, ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLige mucculi yalli modalAguva oTTugaLannu sErisidAga, kelavomme ukAra mArpaDade uLiyuttade, mattu kelavomme adu bErondu uli yAgi badalAguttade:

ukAra mArpaDadiruvudu: hogute kELuga ujjuka

hogu+te te ga kELu+ga ka ujju+ka

vu biDu+vu

biDuvu

me uLu+me uLume ve

sOlu+ve

sOluve

bErondu uliyAgiruruvudu: migu+te
aTTu+ga
kundu+ka
keDu+ka
iru+vu
hELu+vu tIru+me
hELu+ve

migate aTTiga kundaka keDika iravu hELivu
tIrame hELive

intahavE mArpADugaLannu ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli kone

goLLuva esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisiruvalliyU kANabahudu:

ikAra mArpaDadiruvudu:

te miDi+te ka uri+ka me ari+me vaLi nuDi+vaLi hu hiDi+hu

miDite urika arime nuDivaLi hiDihu

bErondu uliyAgiruvudu: avi+te kuDi+ka oli+me mugi+vaLi kuri+hu hari+hu

avute kuDuka olume muguvaLi kuruhu harahu

ekAra mArpaDadiruvudu: toreha ha tore+ha

bErondu uliyAgiruvudu: bare+ha

baraha

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.6 mucculigaLa modalu baruva rakArada mArpADugaLu

mucculigaLa modalu baruva rakAra A mucculiyadE rUpavannu paDeyuttade emba innondu sErikeya mArpADu kelavu parice mattu eNikebErugaLannu jODupadagaLalli baLasidAga kANisikoLLu ttade. kelaveDegaLalli idara baLika banda mucculiyU mArpaDuttade (kakAra kelaveDe gakAravAguttade, takAra kelaveDe dakAravAguttade, mattu hakAra kelaveDe pakAra mattu innu kelaveDe bakAravAguttade), mattu rakAravU adE mArpADige oLapaDuttade:

r+k>kka

r+k>gga

Or+kaTTu okkaTTu Or+kUTa okkUTa Ir+kaTTu ikkaTTu Ir+kAlu ikkAlu mUr+kAlu mukkAlu hEr+kattu hekkattu oggaTTu
Or+kaTTu kAr+kattale kaggattale hEr+kaTTu heggaTTu heggaLLa hEr+kaLLa r+g>gga Ir+gAli iggAli heggiDa

hEr+giDa r+j>jja Ir+jODi ijjODi

Or+kaNNu okkaNNu Or+kay okkay Ir+kaLa Ir+kela mUr+kaNNu mukkaNNu

ikkaLa ikkela

mUr+kaTTu muggaTTu kAr+kappu kaggappu
hEr+kattale heggattale
kir+kaNNu kiggaNNu hEr+gANa heggANa hEr+gurutu heggurutu hEr+jEnu hejjEnu

ittara

r+t>tta Ir+tanDa ittanDa Ir+tara Or+tanDa ottanDa hEr+tumbi heddumbi kAr+tALe kaddALe r+d>dda hEr+dAri heddAri r+p>ppa Ir+paTTu ippaTTu ibbage
r+b>bba Ir+bage

r+t>dda

hEr+bAgilu hebbAgilu hEr+beTTu hebbeTTu r+n>nna Ir+nUru innUru mUr+nIru munnIru

r+m>mma Ir+maDi immaDi kAr+mara kammara hEr+mInu hemmInu

Ir+tale ittale Or+taTTu ottaTTu

hEr+tore heddore Ir+tore iddore

Or+piDi kAr+beTTa hEr+beraLu hebberaLu

oppiDi kabbeTTa

kAr+neydile kanneydile mUr+nUru munnUru Ir+may immay hEr+mara hemmara

r+h>ppa Or+hottu opopattu Ir+hattu ippattu mUr+huri muppuri kabbasu kAr+hoge kabboge kabbakki hEr+hAvu hebbAvu hEr+hoge hebboge

kAr+hasu kAr+hakki hEr+halasu hebbalasu hEr+huli hebbuli

r+h>bba

Adare, I mArpADu rakArada modalu giDDa tereyuliyiddAga mAtra naDeyuttade; I giDDa tereyuli okkaTTu, ippattu, mukkAlu, kabboge, heggaLLa modalAduvugaLalli kANisuva hAge, modalige udda tereyuliyiddudu AmEle giDDa tereyuliyAdudAgiyU (3.2.4 nODi) irabahudu.

hEr padakke haLegannaDada pEr emba rUpavU iddu, I rUpa dalli bandiruva rakAra I mArpADige oLagAgilla: perkate, percUTi, perdere, pernADu, perpoLalu, perbaraha, permAtu.

udda tereyuliya baLika baruva rakAra I mArpADige oLagAguvu dilla embudannu kAr ‘maLe’ padavannu baLasiruva kArgAla, kArmODa, kArmugilu modalAda jODupadagaLalli kANabahudu.

kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu Or+kUDu>oggUDu padadalli mAtra kANisuttade. udda tereyuliya baLika banda rakAra I

mArpADige oLagAguvudilla embudannu tOrisalu bOrgare, nErpaDu, mArnaDe, mArnuDi, mArpaDu, bErpaDu, ErpaDisu modalAda halavu kUDupadagaLannu koDabahudu. eraDu barige kantegaLiruva padagaLa koneyalli banda rakAravU I mArpADige oLagAguva hAge tOruvudilla: usurgare, edurgoLLu, AsargaLe.

oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADu naDediruvudannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu; Adare, illi takAra-ha(pa)kAragaLu dakAra- bakAragaLAgilla; pedda ‘doDDa’ padadalli haLegannaDada pEr embudu per Agi, adara rakAra dakAravAgide:

hEr+cu r+c>cca mAr+tu r+t>tta r+p>ppa kAr+pu r+b>bba Or+bi r+m>mma hEr+me

Or+me r+v>bba Or+va

heccu
mattu kappu
obbi hemme omme obba

Ir+va(ru) ibbaru

udda tereyuliya baLika oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADu naDeya

diruvudannu kUrpu padadalli kANabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.7 mucculigaLa modalu baruva mUguligaLa mArpADugaLu

kelavu paricebErugaLa konege baruva mUguligaLu avugaLa baLika mucculigaLu bandiruvalli avugaLa jAgakke hondikoLLuvante badalAguttave; barahadalli I mUguli sonne (m) rUpada llideyAdarU ulipinalli adara baLika baruva mucculiya jAgadalli unTAguva mUguliyAgiruttade embudannu gamanisabahudu.

(1) jODupadagaLalli I mUguliya baLika bandiruva taDeyuli gaLalli kakAra gakAravAguttade, mattu takAra dakAravAguttade; ujjuli yAda sakAra jakAravAguttade, mattu hakAra-vakAragaLu bakAravAgu ttave.

kaNNu mattu bennu hesarupadagaLu kelavu jODupadagaLalli kaN mattu ben emba rUpagaLalli baruttiddu, avugaLallU mElina mArpADugaLu kANisikoLLuttave:

jODupadagaLalli mArpADugaLu: n+k

kengaNNu

ken+kaNNu mun+kay mungay

bengallu hingAlu bengoDu muncUNi munjAva hin+jOle hinjOle kendale mun+toTTi mundoTTi hindale bembisilu himbaraha bembala kenjoDaru mun+seragu munjeragu hinjari

in+kOlu ingOlu ben+kallu hin+kAlu ben+koDu mun+cUNi mun+jAva ken+tale hin+tale ben+bisilu hin+baraha ben+bala ken+soDaru hin+sari mun+hagalu mumbagalu ben+hattu in+more kemmaNNu mun+mAtu mummAtu hin+maDi himmaDi hon+mInu hommInu kaN+kaLa

bembattu immore

ken+maNNu

mun+badi

mumbadi

kangaLa

n+c n+j n+t

n+b

n+s

n+h

n+m

N+k

Adare, kaNNIru padadalli kaNNu padada NakAra nakAravAguva badalu, adara baLika banda nakAra NakAravAgide. bEreyU kelavu pada gaLalli kaNNu padada NakAra mucculigaLa modalu bandideyAdarU mElina mArpADannu tOrisuvudilla: kaNkaTTu, kaNgattale, kaNjADu, kaNtappu, kaNpare, kaNmale. nANNuDi padadalli nADu padada DakAra NakAravAgiddu, adara baLika banda nakAra NakAravAgide.

idallade, udda tereyuliya baLika banda mUguli mElina

mArpADannu tOrisuvudilla: mIn+cuLLi>mIncuLLi.

(2) kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu naDediruvudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu; kaNNu mattu bennu emba hesarupadagaLU intaha kelavu kUDupadagaLalli kaN mattu ben emba rUpagaLalli baLakeyAgiddu, alliyU I mArpADu naDedide:

kUDupadagaLalli mArpADugaLu: n+k

mungANu mun+kANu hingare hin+kare bengoDu ben+koDu kangeDu kaN+keDu hindege hin+tege mumbari mun+pari hin+meTTu himmeTTu hin+sari ben+hattu

hinjari bembattu

N+k n+t n+p n+m n+s n+h

(3) oTTisida padagaLalli baruva mUguligaLu mElina mArpADige oLagAguvuvAdarU, avugaLa baLika baruva mucculigaLalli mArpADu gaLAguvudilla embudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu; tinnu esaka pada mattu sommu hesarupadagaLu illi tin mattu som emba rUpadalli baLakeyAguttiddu, avugaLalliyU mucculigaLu mArpA Dannu tOrisuvudilla:

oTTisida padagaLalli mArpADugaLu: N+D N+p n+k n+c

taN+Di taN+pu ben+ki hin+cu mun+cu on+Ti tin+Di ken+pu som+pu

tanDi tampu
benki
hincu muncu
MAn wAr
kempu sompu

n+T n+D n+p m+p

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.8 tereyuligaLa modalu baruva DakAra mattu rakAragaLu

jODupadagaLalli kaDu, naDu, niDu mattu kiru emba nAlku parice padagaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva padagaLu bandAga, avu gaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade, mattu DakAra TTa embudAgi, mattu rakAra tta embudAgi mArpaDuttave:

naDugamba

mucculiya modalu kaDukempu kaDu+kempu kaDugattale kaDu+kattale kaDugALi kaDu+gALi kaDubisilu kaDu+bisilu kaDugampu kaDu+kampu kaDubaDava kaDu+baDava naDu+hagalu naDuhagalu naDu+kamba niDu+tOLu niDudOLu niDu+koraLu niDugoraLu niDu+tere niDukOlu niDugOlu niDu+kombu niDugombu kiru+nAlige kiru+kUTa kiru+katti kiru+nAyi kiru+guDDa kiru+tere

kirunAlige kirukUTa kirugatti kirunAyi kiruguDDa kirudere

niDudere

kaTTarike kaTTarasu kaTTiruve

tereyuliya modalu kaDu+arike kaDu+arasu kaDu+iruve kaDu+uluhu kaTTuluhu kaTTesaka kaDu+esaka kaTTubbasa kaDu+ubbasa naTTaDavi naDu+aDavi naTTiruLu naDu+iruLu niDu+ayde niTTayde niDu+usiru niTTusiru niDu+eluvu niTTeluvu niTTesaLu niDu+esaLu niTTOTa niDu+OTa kittusiru kiru+usiru kittOTa kiru+OTa kittesaLu kiru+esaLu kittUTa kiru+UTa kittuli kiru+uli kittaDi kiru+aDi

oTTisida padagaLalli mattu kUDupadagaLalli I mArpADu naDe

diruva hAge kANisuvudilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.9 kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguvudu

halavu jODupadagaLalli mattu kUDupadagaLalli kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; I mArpADu mukyavAgi tereyuliya baLika naDeyuttade; Adare, I eraDu bageya mArpADu gaLigU halavAru horapaDikegaLive; heccukaDime I mArpADugaLannu tOrisuvaSTE padagaLu tOrisadeyU iveyendu hELabahudu. idallade, entaha padagaLalli I mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave, mattu entaha padagaLalli naDeyuvudilla embudaralli yAva olavU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla.

ittIcege unTumADiruva padagaLalli I mArpADugaLu naDedilla, mattu hinde unTumADidda padagaLalli avu naDedidduvu embudU

I horapaDikegaLige kAraNavAgirabahudu. I mArpADugaLu naDediru vudakke mattu naDeyadiruvudakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDa lAgide:

(1) kakAra gakAravAdudu
jODupadagaLalli: aTTe+kAlu aTTegAlu aDigaTTu
aDi+kaTTu Anegallu
Ane+kallu kaDegOlu kaDe+kOlu

kUDupadagaLalli: ede+kaLe kALu+kaTTu geDe+kUDu kILu+kaLe

edegaLe
kALugaTTu geDegUDu kILugaLe

(2) takAra dakAravAdudu
jODupadagaLalli: nere+tingaLu uNNe+togalu uNNedogalu elu+tale

neredingaLu

eludale

kakAra gakAravAgilladiruvudu

accu+kUTa aNe+kaTTu Ali+kallu gOru+kOlu

accukUTa aNekaTTu Alikallu gOrukOlu

uppu+kaLe kokke+kaTTu gumpu+kUDu tEva+kaLe

uppukaLe kokkekaTTu gumpukUDu tEvakaLe

takAra dakAravAgilladiruvudu

kari+tingaLu teLu+togalu heDa+tale

karitingaLu teLutogalu heDatale

kUDupadagaLalli: aLavi+tappu aLavidappu kaLe+tumbu kaLedumbu tale+tOru taledOru

kIlu+tappu kALu+tumbu dAri+tOru

kIlutappu kALutumbu dAritOru

kUDupadagaLa maTTige kelavu olavugaLannu kANabahudu: ettuge gAgi, koLLu pada hesarupada illavE paricepadagaLa baLika goLLu rUpadalli baruttade; Adare esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpada baLika koLLu rUpadalli mAtra baruttade:

hesaru, parice padagaLa baLika eccara+koLLu eccaragoLLu eduru+koLLu edurugoLLu oLa+koLLu oLagoLLu

esakapadagaLa baLika oppi+koLLu dore+koLLu seLe+koLLu

oppikoLLu dorekoLLu seLakoLLu

kone+koLLu konegoLLu

taDe+koLLu

taDakoLLu

koDu pada hesaru illavE paricepadagaLa baLika kelaveDegaLalli koDu rUpadalli baruttade, mattu bEre kelaveDegaLalli goDu rUpa dalli baruttade; Adare, esakapadagaLa baLika adu koDu rUpadalli mAtravE baruttade:

hesaru, parice padagaLa baLika kivi+koDu kivigoDu
ede+koDu edegoDu eDe+koDu eDekoDu mAtu+koDu mAtukoDu

esakapadagaLa baLika etti+koDu tumbi+koDu cucci+koDu biTTu+koDu

ettikoDu tumbikoDu cuccikoDu biTTukoDu

keDu pada ellA kUDupadagaLallU geDu rUpadallE baruttade; idu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLa baLika mAtra baruttadallade, esaka padagaLa baLika baruva hAge kANisuvudilla:

anda+keDu andageDu bagegeDu
bage+keDu hadageDu
hada+keDu

oppa+keDu kaLe+keDu
nuDi+keDu

oppageDu kaLegeDu nuDigeDu

I mArpADu y, l, L mattu mUguligaLa baLikavU naDe

yuttade, mattu illiyU halavAru horapaDikegaLive:

(1) yakArada baLika: jODupada kay+kANike kaygANike maygaLLa
may+kaLLa kaydaLa
kay+taLa kaydudi
kay+tudi

horapaDikegaLu

kay+kAlu kay+kOLa kay+tOTa kay+tuttu

kaykAlu
kaykOLa kaytOTa kaytuttu

yakArada baLika: kUDupada: suy+kare suygare
kay+kUDu kaygUDu
may+tOru maydOru

horapaDikegaLu

kay+koDu may+keDu kay+tappu

kaykoDu maykeDu kaytappu

(2) lakArada baLika: jODupada mEl+kaDe mElgaDe
kAl+toDaku kAldoDaku

horapaDikegaLu

mEl+kApu mEl+tara

mElkApu mEltara

lakArada baLika: kUDupada:
kAl+keDisu kAlgeDisu kAldege
kAl+tege

horapaDikegaLu

mEl+kaTTu

mElkaTTu

(3) LakArada baLika: jODupadagaLu
bAL+keDika kIL+tuTi

bALgeDika
kILduTi

muL+kattige kIL+tara

horapaDikegaLu

muLkattige kILtara

LakArada baLika: kUDupadagaLu: sUL+kare

sULgare

horapaDikegaLu

ELu+taru

eLtaru

(3) mUguliya baLika: jODupadagaLu hin+kattu hingattu
hengole
heN+kole mundale
mun+tale

horapaDikegaLu

mun+kANke munkANke uN+koLave uNkoLave

mUguliya baLika: kUDupadagaLu mun+kANu mungANu hin+tirugu hindirugu mun+tOru mundOru

horapaDikegaLu

mun+teru hin+tirucu

munteru hintirucu

mUguligaLa baLika sakAra cakAravAdudannu mattu hakAra

(>pakAra) bakAravAdudannU kelavu padagaLalli kANabahudu:

horapaDikegaLu

mun+paDe eN+pariju

munpaDe eNpariju

jODupadagaLalli: mun+sUru munjUru ken+soDaru kenjoDaru mun+hagalu mumbagalu ben+hittilu bembittilu

kUDupadagaLalli: hin+sari mun+hELu mumbELu

hinjari

rakArada baLikavU kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguttave; Adare, mEle 2.2.6ralli tiLisidante, illi rakAravU gakAra-dakAra gaLAgi badalAguttade. idallade, ha(pa)kAravU rakArada baLika bakAra vAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. Adare, I mArpADu jODupadagaLalli mAtra kANisuttade:

(1) mArpADAgiruvudu
heggaTTu
her+kaTTu heggaLLa her+kaLLa iddore
ir+tore her+halasu hebbalasu
kabboge
kAr+hoge

horapaDikegaLu

ir+kAlu mUr+kaNNu ir+tale
iru+hattu mUr+huri

ikkAlu mukkaNNu ittale ippattu muppuri

2.2.6ra mArpADige oLapaDada rakArada baLika banda kakAra- takAragaLU gakAra-dakAragaLAgi badalAgaballuvu. idakkU pEr+ tere>perdere, kUr+katti>kUrgatti embantaha padagaLannu ettugeyAgi koDabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.10 ha(pa)kAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLu vakAravAguvudu

kelavu padagaLalli tereyuliya baLika banda h(p), b mattu m gaLu vakAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. Adare ittIcege unTumADiruva padagaLalli I mArpADu kANisuvudilla.

jODupadagaLalli: pari+piDi pariviDi
naDu+hagalu naDuvagalu bele+heNNu beleveNNu maDa+bAyi maDavAyi paDe+mAtu paDevAtu paDuvane
paDu+mane

kUDupadagaLalli:
mundu+hari munduvari impu+paDe impuvaDe talevAgu
tale+bAgu

horapaDikegaLu

eDe+hagalu dOre+haNNu kisa+bAyi mane+mAtu aDu+mane

eDehagalu dOrehaNNu kisabAyi manemAtu aDumane

horapaDikegaLu

aDDi+paDisu bIDu+biDu

aDDipaDisu bIDubiDu

oTTisida padagaLalli I mArpADugaLu naDediruvudannu hu mattu me oTTugaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu; ivugaLalli hu oTTu modalige (haLegannaDada kAladalli) pu rUpadalliddudu AmEle vu embudAgi illavE hu embudAgi mArpaTTirabEku; ivattu kelavu padagaLalli idu vu rUpadalli, innu kelavu padagaLalli hu rUpadalli rUpadalli, mattu bEre kANisikoLLuttade. mElina olavige hu mattu pu rUpagaLu horapaDikegaLAguttave.

kelavu padagaLalli pu

hu oTTu: muDi mare
biDu kAyu suri
keDe
nali
seLe
biDu mEyu taLe
turi

me oTTu: mare
hOlu bELu uLi

muDivu
maravu
biDuvu
kAvu suruvu
keDavu nalivu seLavu biDuvu
mEvu
taLuvu
turuvu

marave hOluve bELuve
uLave

horapaDikegaLu hiDihu hiDi terahu tere tagu tagahu kAyu kAhu maDuhu maDi nere nerahu uli ulipu hoLe hoLapu toDu toDupu mEyu mEpu malepu male tiLipu tiLi

paLe paLame tIrame tIru uLu uLume olume oli

paricepadagaLinda hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLake yAguva hu oTTige pu rUpa ideyallade vu rUpa iruva hAge kANisuvudilla, mattu me oTTige ve rUpa illa (hiri-hirime, kaDu- kaDume). hAgAgi, iveraDU mElina olavige oLagAguvudillavendu hELabahudu.

(1) paricepadagaLinda hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli:

pu rUpada baLake
biLupu
teLupu
kaDupu niDupu

biLi teLu kaDu niDu

hu rUpada baLake biguhu bigi kaDuhu kaDu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.2.11 padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu

mEle 2.2.1ralli, padagaLa koneya tereyuligaLu avugaLa baLika bErondu tereyuli bandAga bidduhOguvantaha mArpADannu vivarisalAyitu; illi vivarisaliruvudu padagaLa koneya ukAra adara baLika mucculiyondu bandAga bidduhOguvantaha innondu bageya sErikeya mArpADu.

ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLalli ukArada modalu y, r, l, L illavE mUguli (n, N, m) bandiruvalli mAtra I mArpADu naDeyuttade. ettugegAgi, kAlu padavannu baLasiruva kAlmaNe, kAlbaLe, kAlnaDige, kAldege modalAda jODupada mattu kUDupadagaLalli A padada koneya ukAra bidduhOgiruvudannu kANabahudu. idE rItiyalli Ayu padakke kuLi, ke mattu ta oTTu sErisidAga, A padada koneya ukAra bidduhOgiruvudannu AykuLi, Ayke mattu Ayta padagaLalli kANabahudu.

idallade, ukArada modalu bandiruva mucculigaLu immaDi rUpadalliddare, avu otte rUpakke mArpADuttave. ettugegAgi, kaNNu padakke tappu padavannu sErisi unTumADida kaNtappu jODupada dalli kaNNu padada immaDu NakAra otte NakAravAgide.

I sErikeya olavige halavu horapaDikegaLU ive; hindina kAla dalli unTumADiruva padagaLalli I mArpADu horapaDikegaLillade naDedirabEku; Adare, AmEle unTumADiruva heccina padagaLallU ukAravannu uLisikonDu oTTugaLannu mattu padagaLannu avakke sErisa lAguttide: kAlukILu, kAludAri, kaNNuguLi, kaNNuguDDe, Eruta, koLLuga modalAda padagaLannu idakke ettugeyAgi koDabahudu. hAgAgi, antaha padagaLu mElina sErikeya olavige horapaDikegaLAgi kANisuttave.

nijakkU haLegannaDada kAladalli I padagaLa koneyalli y, r, l modalAda mucculigaLE baruttidduvu, mattu avu otte rUpadalli mAtravE baruttidduvu (kAl, kaDal, kaN); hosagannaDada kAlakkAgu vAga avugaLa baLika ukAravondu sErikonDitu (kAl>kAlu, kaDal>kaDalu), mattu giDDa tereyuligaLa baLika banda I mucculi gaLu (rakAravannu horatupaDisi) eraDu barigekantegaLiruva padagaLalli immaDi mucculigaLAgi mArpaTTuvu (kal>kallu, kaN>kaNNu). hAgAgi, I padagaLannu unTumADidda hottinalli ukAra biddu hOguva, illavE immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAguva mArpADugaLE bEkAgiralilla.

ivattu

hosapadagaLannu unTumADabEkendiruvavarige I sErikeya mArpADannu baLasuva mUlaka heccu aDakavAda padagaLannu unTumADalu baruttade embudannu illi gamanisabahudu. ettuge gAgi, kaNNuguLi embudakkinta kaNguLi embudu, kAludAri embuda kkinta kAldAri embudu heccu ADakavAgide.

mElina sErikeya mArpADannu tOrisuva mattu tOrisadiruva

kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(1) ukArada modalu rakAraviruva padagaLu: ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu (ka) jODupadagaLu: Eru+maNe nIru+kallu nIrgallu
tIrkaNe
tIru+kaNe

Eru+kaNe
nIru+guLLe tIru+kaDe

ErvaNe

ukAra bidduhOgadiruvudu

ErugaNe nIruguLLe tIrugaDe

(ca) kUDupadagaLu: Asaru+kaLe AsargaLe
Eru+paDu

ErpaDu

(Ta) oTTisida padagaLu: tIrpu tIru+pu sErme sEru+me

usiru+kaTTu

usirukaTTu

tIru+vaLi hEru+ka

tIruvaLi hEruka

(2) ukArada modalu lakAraviruva padagaLu: ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu (ka) jODupadagaLu:

ukAra bidduhOgadiruvudu

kalnAru

kallu+nAru kavalu+kombu kavalgombu kAlcApe
kAlu+cApe todalu+nuDi todalnuDi

kallu+gunDu kavalu+naLike kAlu+dAri digilu+kanasu

kallugunDu kavalunaLike kAludAri digiluganasu

(ca) kUDupadagaLu: kAlu+tege kAldege
kAlu+keDisu kAlgeDisu kAlumADu

(Ta) oTTisida padagaLu: kanalu+ke kanalke sOlu+me sOlme
arilu+vaLi arilvaLi

kAlu+kaTTu

kAlukaTTu

kAlu+mADu

sOlu+ve hOlu+ve

sOluve hOluve

(3) ukArada modalu LakAraviruva padagaLu: ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu (ka) jODupadagaLu: kILu+nOTa kILnOTa sILu+tuTi sILduTi

ukAra bidduhOgadiruvudu

kILu+mAtu sILu+nOTa bILu+gunDi

kILumAtu sILunOTa bILugunDi

(ca) kUDupadagaLu: kOLu+kole kOLgole bILu+koDu bILkoDu

(Ta) oTTisida padagaLu: koLge koLLu+ge teLpu teLu+pu bALme bALu+me

kALu+kaTTu

kALugaTTu

koLLu+ga
teLu+pu
bALu+ve

koLLuga teLupu bALuve

ukAra bidduhOgadiruvudu

(4) ukArada modalu mUguligaLiruva padagaLu: ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu (ka) jODupadagaLu: uNNu+koLave uNkoLave heNNu+kUsu hengUsu bennu+kAvalu bengAvalu mInu+cuLLi mIncuLLi
honnu+ginDi honginDi kaNNu+kaTTu

uNNu+mane heNNu+kUsu bennu+cIla mInu+moTTe honnu+bAki

kaNkaTTu

uNumane heNNukUsu bennucIla mInumoTTe honnubAki

(ca) kUDupadagaLu: kaNNu+koLisu kangoLisu bennu+hattu bembattu

(Ta) oTTisida padagaLu: heNNu+gasu hengasu

kaNNu+kukku bennu+hattu

kaNNukukku bennuhattu

heNNu+ga

heNNuga

uNumane padadalli ukAra bidduhOgadiddarU, immaDi NakAra otte NakAravAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. ukArada modalu makAraviruva padagaLalli ukAra bidduhOguva hAge kANisuvudilla (cimmu-cimmuge, dimmu-dimmuhiDi).

(5) ukArada modalu yakAraviruva ellA padagaLallU avugaLa baLika mucculiyalli modalAguva pada illavE oTTu bandAga ukAra bidduhOguttade.

(ka) jODupadagaLu: baytale bayyu+tale oyyu+cIla oycIla hAykaDa hAyu+kaDa

(ca) kUDupadagaLu: suyyu+kare koyyu+taru koytaru kAyu+koLLU kAykoLLu

suygare

(Ta) oTTisida padagaLu: Ayke Ayu+ke geyme geyyu+me kAyu+pu kAypu koyyu+lu koylu bayyu+gaLu baygaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.3 hesarupadagaLa iTTaLa

iTTaLaviruva hesarupadagaLu kannaDadalli oTTisida padagaLu mattu jODupadagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageyavAgiruttave:

(1) yAvudAdarU ondu padakke ondu oTTannu sErisi unTumADiruva padagaLu oTTisida padagaLu, mattu
(2) yAvudAdarU ondu padakke ondu hesarupadavannu sErisi unTumADiruva padagaLu jODupadagaLu.

mukyavAgi, oTTisida padagaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi hesarupada, esakapada illavE paricepadagaLige yAvudAdarU ondu oTTannu sErisalAguttade, mattu jODupadagaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi avE mUru bageya padagaLalli ondakke yAvudAdarU hesarupada vannu sErisalAguttade. I Aru bageya iTTaLagaLige ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

oTTisida padagaLu:

1. hesarupada+oTTu:
2. esakapada+oTTu:
3. paricepada+oTTu:

jODupadagaLu:

1. hesarupada+hesarupada:
2. esakapada+hesarupada:
3. paricepada+hesarupada:

gANa+iga
hogaLu+ike oLLe+tana

gANiga hogaLike oLLetana

bayalu+ATa Uru+kOlu UrugOlu doDDa+amma

bayalATa

doDDamma

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.4 oTTisida hesarupadagaLu

oTTisida hesarupadagaLalli heccinavannU esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADalAgide, mattu avugaLalli heccinavannU ondu padakke ondu oTTannu mAtra sErisi unTumADalAgide. ondakkinta heccu oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADiruva hesarupadagaLu kelavu iruvuvAdarU, avugaLalli baruva oTTugaLannu sAmAnyavAgi eraDu hantagaLalli sErisalAgide.

ettugegAgi, mInugArike emba padadalli mInu hesarupada dondige gAra mattu ike emba eraDu oTTugaLu bandive. Adare, I padavannu eraDu hantagaLalli unTumADalAgide: modalige mInu padakke gAra oTTannu sErisi mInugAra emba hesarupadavannu

unTu mADalAgide, mattu AmEle mInugAra padakke ike oTTannu hesarupadavannu sErisi unTumADalAgide.

mInugArike

innondu

emba

kannaDa padagaLalli baruva oTTugaLella hinnoTTugaLu, endare pada gaLa baLika baruvantahavu. samskrutadinda eravalAgi bandiruva a- jnAna, vi-jnAna, nir-udyOga modalAda padagaLalli mAtra padagaLa modalu baruva munnoTTugaLu kANisikoLLuttave. (I munnoTTugaLalli apa- embudu kannaDa padadondigU bandiruvu dannu apanambike padadalli kANabahudu.)

hIgiddarU, kIL, pEr, niT, kaT, kAr, kir, naT modalAda kelavu paricepadagaLannu hesarupadagaLondige sErisi unTumADiruva kILele, pErusiru, niTTusiru, kaTTiruve, kAraDavi, kirunAlige, modalAda jODupadagaLu munnoTTugaLannu baLasi unTu mADiruva padagaLa hAgeyE tumbA aDakavAgiruttave embudannu munde (2.5.5ralli) nODaliruvevu.

naTTaDavi

padagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAguva oTTugaLu entaha padagaLondige baraballuvu, avugaLa rUpadalli illavE avuga Londige sEruva padagaLa rUpadalli entaha sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave, mattu avakke entaha huruLugaLannu koDabahudu embudara kuritAgi kaTTuniTTAda kaTTalegaLannu bareyalu baruvudilla. avugaLa baLakeya kuritu kelavu olavugaLannaSTE kANalu baruttade.

padarUpadoTTugaLige kaTTuniTTAda baLakegaLiruttave, mattu avu baLakeyAguvalli tOribaruva sErikeya mArpADugaLU heccu kaTTu niTTAgiruttave. idannu munde nAlkanE pasugeyalli nODabahudu.

I viSayadalli padadoTTugaLu padarUpadoTTugaLinda bErAgive; avugaLannu kaTTuniTTAda gumpugaLalli aNigoLisalu baruvudilla. idallade, avu entaha padagaLondige baraballuvu embudara kuritAgiyU kaTTuniTTAda kaTTalegaLannu bareyalu baruvudilla. hAgAgi, illi avugaLa paTTimADi, avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva kelavu olavugaLannaSTE sUcisalu baruttade.

hIgiddarU, hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAgiruva oTTugaLannu keLage esakapadagaLondige baruvavu, hesarupadagaLondige

baruvavu, mattu paricepadagaLondige baruvavu embudAgi mUru gumpugaLalli bErpaDisi koDalAgide.

kelavu oTTugaLu onderaDu padagaLondige mAtra baLakeyAguttave; Adare, bEre kelavu oTTugaLu halavAru padagaLondige baLake yAguttiddu, avannu hosa hosa padagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLasa ballevu. kelavE kelavu padagaLondige baLakeyAguva oTTugaLU namage bEkiruvantaha yAvudAdarU huruLannu koDuva hAgiddalli, avannU hosa padagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLasaballevu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.4.1 esakapadagaLinda hesarupadagaLu

mEle tiLisida hAge, kannaDadalli baruva oTTisida hesarupadagaLalli heccinavannU esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADalAgide; paricepadagaLige illavE bEre hesarupadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADiruva hesarupadagaLu aSTondilla.

(1) gagagaga oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka, adu tiLisuva esaka vannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu hesarisalAguttade. ettugegAgi, hADuga pada hADuvavanannu, bEDuga pada tirukanannu, dOcuga pada dOcuvavanannu hesarisuttade. idara baLakege kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

kELuga
kELu kUguga
kUgu sAku sAkuga
oppu oppuga
kettuga
kettu baLasu baLasuga
hogaLu hogaLuga

hADu hADuga bEDu bEDuga sAruga sAru kaTTuga kaTTu koLLuga koLLu tiLisu tiLisuga toDagu toDaguga

aLavaDisu-aLavaDiga,

mattu hambalisu-hambaliga padagaLalli I oTTu sEridAga, avugaLa koneya su barigekante bidduhOgide.

tettisu-tettiga

‘nanTa’,

idallade, arasu-arasiga

‘huDukuvavanu’, aTTu-aTTiga ‘himbAlaka’ ondu-ondiga ‘paDedavanu’, kobbu-kobbiga ‘kobbi davanu’ mattu pUNu-pUNiga ‘billugAra’ emba padagaLalli I oTTu iga rUpadalli bandide.

kANabahudu:

kelavu kaDegaLalli I oTTannu baLasiruva padakke bEreyE huruLu modalaneyadAgi, tinnu-tinnuga bandiruvudannu ‘tinnuva bageyannu aritavanu’, biDu-biDuga ‘sanyAsi’, bare-barega ‘gumAsta’, dATu-dATuga ‘dEvaru’ embantaha padagaLalli idu heccina huruLannu paDedide; eraDaneyadAgi, kaDi-kaDiga ‘ili’, hIru- hIruga ‘hIruva kAgada’, ettu-ettuga ‘elivETar, liphT’, hudugu-huduga ‘hodike’, kalasu-kalasuga ‘miksar’ embantaha padagaLalli idu obba vyaktiyannu hesarisuva padalu ondu prANiyannu illavE vastuvannu hesarisuttade.

sari-sariga ‘sariyAgi naDeyuvavanu’ embudaralli ondu esakapada rUpakke I oTTannu sErisalAgide, mattu sayyu ‘tappumADadiru’ sayyaga ‘tappumADuvavanu’ embudaralli esakapadada allagaLeyuva rUpakke I oTTannu sErisalAgide.

oDahuTTuga, kallukuTiga, cambukuTiga, taTTetoLega, AduNiga modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli kUDupadada rUpadalliruva esaka padagaLondige I oTTannu baLasalAgide.

I oTTige ‘ganDasu’ emba huruLU baraballudAgiddu, ‘hengasu’ emba huruLannu koDabEkiddalli, adarondige itti oTTannu baLasa bEkAguttade (bEDugitti, koLLugitti, hADugitti).

(2-3) ikeikeikeike mattu gegegege oTTugaLu ike mattu ge oTTugaLu kelavu viSayagaLalli ondE oTTina eraDu rUpagaLa hAge kANisuttave, Adare bEre kelavu viSayagaLalli avu eraDu bEre bEre oTTugaLa hAgeyU kANisuttave. modalige ondE oTTina eraDu rUpagaLAgiddu, ivattu eraDu oTTugaLAgi bErpaDu ttiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.

aDagu, kanalu, karagu, tegaLu embavugaLantaha mUru barige kantegaLiruva, illavE ALu, tOru, bEDu, hADu embavu

gaLantaha modalaneya barigekanteyalli udda tereyuliyiruva esaka padagaLondige ge oTTu baruvudu kaDime; isu oTTinalli kone goLLuva eNisu, bayasu, marukaLisu modalAda padagaLa baLika vantU ike oTTu mAtra kANisuttade (eNike, bayake, marukaLike).

idakke badalu, uDu, toDu, koDu, kudi, baDi, heru, horu embavugaLantaha udda tereyuli illavE ottubarigeyilladiruva eraDu barigeya esakapadagaLondige ike oTTu baruvudu kaDime. I eraDu viSayagaLu averaDU ondE oTTina rUpagaLirabEkennuvudannu bembalisuttave.

Adare, bEre kelavu viSayagaLu ivu bEre bEre oTTugaLemba mAtige bembala koDuttave. ettugegAgi, kelavE kelavu kaDegaLalli mAtra ike oTTu ke rUpadalli, mattu ge oTTu ige rUpadalli baruttave; heccineDegaLallU avu ike mattu ge rUpadallE baruttave. I vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLalli kANabahudu.

ke rUpada baLake Ayu Ayke kanalu kanalke beresu berake bayasu bayake

beccike taggike

ike rUpada baLake
beccu taggu anju anjike
nambu nambike
haraDu haraDike
nAcike
nAcu

ige rUpada baLake muccu muccige teru hEsu hEsige hErige hEru

terige

ge rUpada baLake appu appuge kettuge kettu ondu onduge nambuge nambu kadaDuge kadaDu nAcuge nAcu

idallade, I eraDu oTTugaLa naDuve huruLinallU vyatyAsaviruva hAge kANisuttade: ike oTTu sAmAnyavAgi ondu esakapadavu tiLisuva esakavannu hesarisuttade, mattu ge oTTu antaha esakadinda doreyuva vastu, esakada pariNAma, illavE esakakke baLasida

upakaraNa modalAda esakakke sambandisidavugaLannu hesarisuttade. I vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLalli kANabahudu:

Arike

ike oTTina baLake Eru Erike tOru tOrike
Aru enisu enisike
agalu agalike
wj tirike tUgike
tUgu bedaru bedarike

ge oTTina baLake hAsu hAsuge muccu muccige koDu koDuge uDu uDuge baDi teru holi holige barduge bardu

baDige terige

ondE esakapadadondige I eraDu oTTugaLU bandiruva kaDe

gaLallU I vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu:

esakapada meccu tALu sEru hEru nAcu

ike oTTinondige meccike ‘meccuvike’ay tALike ay‘tALuvike’ sErike ay‘sEruvike’ hErike ay‘hEruvike’ nAcike ay‘nAcuvike’

ge oTTinondige meccuge ‘oppige’ay tALuge ay‘anubava’ sErige ay ‘kUTa’ay hErige ay ‘hore’ nAcuge ay‘apamAna’ay

Adare, paNNike-paNNuge, mUDike-mUDuge, hEsike-hEsige, addike-adduge modalAda bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli I eraDu oTTugaLU ondE huruLinalli baLakeyAgive.

idallade, I oTTugaLa naDuve huruLinalliruva I vyatyAsa ondu olavu mAtra. yAkendare, kELike ‘gALisuddi’, toLalike ‘brame’, moLake, hiDike, gaLike, hodike modalAda bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli ike oTTu esakada pariNAma illavE upakaraNavannu tiLisuvantaha huruLinallU baLakeyAgide.

ekAra illavE ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu tiLisuva esakavannu hesarisuvudakkAgi ta oTTannu baLasuvudE heccu. hAgAgi, intaha esakapadagaLondige ike oTTina baLake kaDime; baLasiruvallU adu heccAgi, irike, arike, parike, hiDike, moLake, hodike

padagaLalli kANisuva hAge, esakada pariNAma illavE upakaraNavannu hesarisuva huruLinalli bandide.

ge oTTina baLakeyU kudige, baDige, sulige, naDige, heNige, besuge modalAda intaha ekAra illavE ikAradalli konegoLLuva kelavE kelavu esakapadagaLondige mAtra kANisuttade.

kelavu padagaLalli ge oTTu aN illavE vaN emba innondu oTTinondige bandiruvudannu kANabahudu; adakke illi ige rUpa vide:

bIsu bIsaNige
bAcu bAcaNige
sIru sIraNige
meccu meccavaNige

bare nere beLe mere

baravaNige neravaNige
beLavaNige meravaNige

isu oTTinalli konegoLLuva halavu esakapadagaLondige ike oTTu baraballudu; adannu sErisuvAga, esakapadagaLa koneya su bidduhOguttade:

aggaLisu appaLisu aLavaDisu Okarisu kaDegaNisu baDabaDisu bikkaLisu marukaLisu mUdalisu hEvarisu taraharisu

aggaLike appaLike aLavaDike Okarike kaDegaNike baDabaDike bikkaLike marukaLike mUdalike hEvarike taraharike

arake eNike

baLake salike harake

arasu eNisu bayasu bayake
baLasu salisu harasu hAraysu hArayke gaLike gaLisu gadarisu gadarike AkaLisu AkaLike maDike maDisu

I eraDu oTTugaLa naDuvina innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, ge oTTiginta ike oTTu heccu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade: ge oTTu heccu kaDime 80 esakapadagaLondige baruttideyAdare, ike oTTu 130raSTu esakapadagaLige sEriruvudannu kANabahudu.

ike oTTu sEriruvalli mEle 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu naDeyuttadeyembudannu gamanisabahudu (Eru-Erike, agalu-agalike); ige rUpadalliruva ge oTTu sEri dAgalU I mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave (naDe-naDige, sEru- sErige, hEru-hErige);

ke rUpadalliruva ike oTTu sEridAga 2.2.11ralli vivarisiruva padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguva mArpADU naDeyuttade (Ayu-Ayke, kanalu-kanalke).

(2ka) ikeikeikeike padarUpadoTTu kannaDadalli ike rUpadalliruva innondu oTTu ide; adannu nEravAgi esakapadagaLige sErisuva badalu, avugaLa pattuge rUpakke sErisalAgu ttade (meccuva+ike - meccuvike, meccada+ike - meccadike).

Adare, idu mElina ike oTTiginta bErAdudu. yAkendare, adakke ellA kaDegaLallU ike emba ondE rUpavide, mattu adu ellA esakapadagaLa pattuge rUpagaLondigU baraballudu. idallade, adara baLake ondu padarUpavannu koDuttadallade bErondu pada vannalla. hAgAgi, adannilli ondu padarUpadoTTendu kareyalAgide (4.7.4 nODi).

Adare, I padarUpada ike oTTannu mumbottina pattuge rUpa gaLondige mattu allagaLeyuva pattuge rUpagaLondige baLasalu baruttadallade, ninta, oggida, idda, meccida, oppida, hOda modalAda himbottina pattuge rUpagaLondige baLasalu baruvudilla.
Adare, mumbottina rUpagaLige adannu sErisidAga, avakkiruva mumbottina huruLu illavAguttade; ettugegAgi, nilluvike emba padarUpa munde naDeyaliruva esakagaLannu mAtravallade hinde naDeda esakagaLannU tiLisaballudu. I oTTigiruva eraDu bageya baLakegaLannu keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLalli kANabahudu:

mumbottina rUpadondige allagaLeyuva rUpadondige nilluva iruva

nilluvike iruvike

nilladike illadike

nillada illada

meccuvike meccuva oppuvike oppuva hOguvike hOguva

meccada oppada hOgada hOgadike

meccadike oppadike

(4) tatatata oTTu ekAra illavE ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisuva mUlaka, avu tiLisuva esakavannu hesarisuvantaha hesaru padagaLannu unTumADalAguttade.

(ka) ekAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu: ageta eLeta
odeta kareta kaLeta kereta koDeta
taDeta toreta
negeta bageta miDita moreta
eseta seDeta

age eLe ode kare kaLe kere koDe taDe tore nege bage miDi more ese seDe hoDe hoDeta

oDe oge ore kale kore koge kade tege dore paDe mare mere save seTe seLe hoLe hoLeta

oDeta ogeta ‘sAvu’ oreta kaleta koreta kogeta kadeta tegeta doreta paDeta mareta mereta saveta seTeta seLeta

I oTTannu ekAradalli konegoLLuva kUDupadadondigU baLasa lAguttade embudannu allagaLeta, kiccoreta, kaTToreta, maynareta, maymareta, sULgareta, hintegeta modalAda kelavu hesarupadagaLalli kANabahudu.

arata (<are) emba hesarupadadalli esakapadada koneya ekAra akAravAgide; koDeta (<koDe) emba hesarupadakkU koData emba rUpa ide.

(ca) ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu:

Cj iLi

arita iLita

Ej dr

irita jaDita

uri urita kaDita kuDita kusita duDita baDita maNita mugita
surita harita hugita huLita

kaDi kuDi kusi duDi baDi maNi mugi suri hari hugi huLi

uLi uLita kalita kali kuNita kuNi turita
turi nuDita
nuDi birita biri miDita miDi murita muri siDita siDi hiDita hiDi hurita huri

ukAradalli

I oTTu ikAradalli konegoLLuva kUDupadagaLondige bandiru vudannu EriLita, edebaDita, talesiDita, taluparita, mayyiLita, hinjarita, himbaDita modalAda kelavu hesarupadagaLalli kANabahudu. koneya barigekanteyalli yakAraviruva esakapadagaLige mElina huruLinallE I oTTannu sErisa lAguttade; I oTTu sEridAga avugaLa koneya barigekanteyalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLAguttaveyembudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANa bahudu:

konegoLLuvudiddarU

keyyu geyyu hoyyu mEyu

keyta geyta hoyta mEta

koyta koyyu tuyyu tuyta Arayyu Arayta Ayu

Ayta, Ayata

mEyu padada koneya barigekante bidduhOguttade; Ayu padada koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade, illavE adu akAravAgi badalAguttade; uLida padagaLa koneya yu bidduhOguttade (2.2. 11 nODi).

mIru-mIrita, migu-migita, tappu-tappita mattu oppu- oppita emballU ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLondige I oTTu bandiddu, avugaLa ukAra ikAravAgi badalAgide. Eru-Eruta emballi mAtra ukAra ikAravAgilla. kODu-koData emballi

ukAra akAravAgide mattu modalanE ulikanteya tereyuli giDDa vAgide (2.2.5 nODi).

(5) hahahaha oTTu esakapadagaLu tiLisuva esakavannu hesarisuvudakkAgi avugaLige ha oTTannu sErisiyU kelavu hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide.

Cj kuDi kudi tiLi suli bare kare kaLe tore nene

ariha kuDiha kudiha tiLiha suliha
baraha karaha kaLaha toreha
neneha

aDagu aDaguha kAduha kAdu kuTTuha kuTTu kUDu kUDuha mIyu mIha keDuha keDu kELuha kELu taruha taru tengu tenguha mADu mADuha

Adare, I padagaLalli heccinavU ivattu baLakeyinda biddu hOgive. I oTTina hindina rUpavAgidda pa oTTU aLi-aLipa, kudi-kudipa, ore-orepa, bare-barepa, tone-tonepa, taLi-taLipa modalAda kelavu hesarupadagaLalli kANisuttiddu, I padagaLallU heccinavu ivattu baLakeyalli uLidilla.

(6) tetetete oTTu I oTTu ekAradalli konegoLLuva ELu padagaLondige, ikAradalli konegoLLuva mUru padagaLondige, mattu ukAradalli kone goLLuva nAlku padagaLondige baruttade; I padagaLannu keLage koDa lAgide.

I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.3ralli vivarisida hAge, esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade. idallade, avi padada ikAra ukAra vAguttade, migu padada ukAra akAravAguttade (2.2.5 nODi), mattu kavaru padada koneya ru bidduhOguttave.

ekAradalli konegoLLuvavu ikAradalli konegoLLuvavu naDe aLe kore dore ore nere age

naDate aLate korate
dorate orate nerate agate

miDite maDite
avute

miDi maDi avi

ukAradalli konegoLLuvavu biDute biDu migu migate hogu hogute kavaru

kavate

(7) kakakaka oTTu I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.3ralli vivarisidante, esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade; kudi, kuDi, tiri, baDi mattu muri emba esakapadagaLalli avugaLa koneya ikAra ukAravAguttade, mattu uLida padagaLalli ikAra badalAgadiruttade; kundu mattu muccu esakapadagaLalli avugaLa koneya ukAra akAravAguttade, keDu pada dalli ikAravAguttade, mattu uLida padagaLalli badalAgadiruttade (2.2.5 nODi); idallade, himbAlisu padada koneya su biddu hOguttade embudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:

(ka) ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu: eraka koLaka neraka

ere koLe nere

kore aLe

koraka aLaka

(ca) ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu: Gj urika kuduka kudi aLika aLi sulika suli

kuDi wj baDi muri

kuDuka tiruka baDuka (bAyibaDuka) muruka

(Ta) ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu: kundu ujju ujjuka muccu eNNuka keDu higguka hIru heccuka himbAlisu himbAlaka hEruka

kundaka muccaka keDika
hIruka

eNNu higgu heccu hEru

(8) alualualualu oTTu I oTTige alu mattu ilu emba eraDu rUpagaLive; ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLondige idu alu rUpadalli baruttade; illi kAyu esakapadada yakAra vakAravAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu:

aLu aLalu
kUDalu
kUDu okkalu okku kappalu kappu paDalu
paDu mUDu mUDalu
hekkalu
hekku kuppu kuppalu
aDaku aDakalu
tUralu
tUru

ikkalu

ikku kOru kOralu oTTu oTTalu kemmu kemmalu muTTu muTTalu meTTu meTTalu bILu bILalu tongu tongalu kAyu kAvalu

Adare, keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli I oTTu ilu rUpadallide; adu sEruvAga, yakAraviruva esakapadagaLalli ondu yakAra biddu hOguttade.

koyilu koyyu suyyu suyilu ayyu ayilu siDilu
siDi

heNe heNilu tavu tavilu pugilu pugu migu migilu

(9) aaaa oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva esakada pariNAma vannu hesarisalAguttade; I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.1ralli vivarisidante, padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguttade:

oDDu oDDa gummu gumma

tIru baru

tIra bara

bili-billa ‘koLLuga’ emballi esakavannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu

hesarisuvudakkAgi billa rUpadondige I oTTannu baLasalAgide.

esakapadagaLa koneyalliruva gu mattu Du barigekantegaLu I oTTu sEridAga k mattu T embudAgi mArpaDuvudannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu:

naDugu naDuka tirugu tiruka marugu maruka aDagu aDaka esagu esaka masagu masaka ‘heccuge’ay
tUgu hOgu hOka (dArihOka)

tUka

kATa

ADu ATa ODu Nl nODu nOTa kADu mADu mATa kUDu kUTa UDu UTa hUDu hUTa tIDu tITa tODu tOTa bEDu bETa

ADu esakapadavannu baLasi mADiruva halavu kUDupadagaLu kannaDa dallive; ivugaLalli kelavu mElina a oTTinondige sEri hesaru padagaLAgaballuvu. illiyU, esakapadada koneya Du embudu T embudAgi mArpaDuttade:

hOrATa ODATa

hOrADu ODADu usirADu usirATa kAdATa kAdADu baDidATa baDidADu hArATa hArADu gOLATa gOLADu aledATa aledADu oDanATa oDanADu

kUgATa

tirugATa oddATa

tirugADu oddADu uruDADu uruDATa kUgADu hoDedADu hoDedATa jaggADu huDukADu konDADu heNagADu

jaggATa huDukATa konDATa heNagATa

Adare, I oTTu intaha ellA

kUDupadagaLondigU baruvudilla; ettugegAgi, bisADu, nagADu, mAtanADu, allADu, kApADu modalAdavugaLondige adara baLakeyilla. idallade, I oTTannoLa gonDiruva mArATa, huDugATa modalAda bEre kelavu hesaru padagaLige samanAda kUDupadagaLU kannaDadalli baLakeyallilla.

(10) vu/pu/hu vu/pu/hu oTTu vu/pu/hu vu/pu/hu mukyavAgi ikAra ekAra, mattu yu embudaralli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLondige baruva I oTTu vu, pu mattu hu emba mUru rUpagaLallide; haLegannaDada kAladallEnE pu embudu tere yuligaLa baLika vu embudAgi badalAgatoDagittu; hAge badalAgade uLida pu embudu AmEle hu embudAgi badalAgittu. ivattu kelavu padagaLalli idu vu rUpadalli, innu kelavu padagaLalli pu rUpadalli, mattu bEre kelavu padagaLalli hu rUpadalli kANisi koLLuttade.

I oTTu sEridAga esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade,

mattu yu embudu bidduhOguttade.

arivu aLivu

(1) ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu: vu rUpadallibaLake
Cj aLi uLi uLivu
nali kaLi tiLi daNi

haLi hasi hari suri muri muDi

nalivu kaLivu tiLivu daNivu

haLivu hasivu harivu surivu
murivu
muDivu

pu rUpadalli baLake
uli ulipu
muDipu
muDi munipu
muni

hu rUpadalli baLake
hari bigi hiDi

harahu biguhu hiDihu

(2) ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu:

vu rUpadallibaLake
ere kaDe kaLe tere mare seLe nere

eravu kaDavu kaLavu teravu maravu
seLavu neravu

pu rUpadalli baLake oDe kale taDe paDe mase hoLe hoLapu

oDapu kalapu taDapu paDapu masapu ‘tikkuvike’

hu rUpadalli baLake
tege tere bare hoLe hoLahu

tegahu terahu barahu

(3) yu embudaralli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu:

vu rUpadallibaLake
kAyu kAvu kIyu kIvu mEyu mEvu
nOyu nOvu
sAyu sAvu bAyu bAvu

pu rUpadalli baLake
kAyu kApu mEyu mEpu

hu rUpadalli baLake
kAyu kAhu

ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu esakapadagaLa baLikavU I oTTu mElina mUru rUpagaLalli baruttade. idu sEridAga, iru, tagu, toDu mattu baru esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra akAravAguttade; hELu esakapadada ukAra ikAravAguttade, tIru padada ukAra bidduhOguttade; gellu mattu nillu esakapadagaLa ondu lakAra bidduhOguttade; mattu tirugu padada gu bidduhOguttade embu dannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu.

vu rUpadallibaLake
iDuvu
iDu iravu iru gellu geluvu
hELu hELivu
tirugu tiruvu toDu toDavu
niluvu
nillu baravu
baru biDuvu
biDu

pu rUpadalli baLake uDu uDupu
toDu toDupu tIru

tIrpu

hu rUpadalli baLake
tagu

tagahu

me/ve oTTu (11) me/ve me/ve me/ve mEle koTTiruva vu oTTina hAge, I oTTU me mattu ve emba eraDu rUpagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade; tereyuligaLa baLika banda me

embudu haLegannaDada kAladalli ve embudAgi badalAguttiddudE I rIti eraDu rUpagaLalli idu kANisikoLLalu kAraNa.

keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli idu me rUpadalli baruttade; idu sEridAga, modalaneya barigekanteyalli udda tereyuliyiruva kUru, tALu, mattu kANu padagaLa koneya ukAra, mattu geyyu padada koneya yu bidduhOguttade (2.2.11 nODi); tIru padada ukAra akAravAguttade; idallade, oli padada koneya ikAra ukAravAguttade, mattu kali hAgU tiNi padagaLa koneya ikAra bidduhOguttade:

kUrme kUru tALu tALme geyyu geyme kANme kANu kalme kali tiNme tiNi

tIrame ‘mugitAya’

tIru uLu uLume arime
Cj olume oli duDi duDime aragu arame ‘karaguvudu’

keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLa baLika I oTTu ve rUpadalli baruttade; idu sEridAga, tIru mattu bALu padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade (2.2.11), hELu padada koneya ukAra ikAravAguttade, mattu aragu padada koneya gu bidduhOguttade.

tIrve bALve

tIru bALu bELu bELuve
sEruve
sEru

sOlu sOluve hOlu hOluve hELu hELive aragu arave ‘karaguvudu’

sari-sarime emballi me rUpadalliruva I oTTannu ondu esaka padada konerUpadondige baLasalAgide. allagaLeyuva padarUpa gaLondigU I oTTannu baLasalAguttade. idannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:

anju anjame ‘hedaradiruvudu’ illa tEru

illame tErame ‘pAsAgadiruvudu’ alla allame

Cj aragu arame, arave ‘karagadiruvudu’

ariyame ‘tiLiyadiruvudu’

idakke modalu koTTidda tIrame padadalli akAra kANisuttide yAdarU adu mEle koTTiruva anjame, tErame, ariyame, arame mattu arave padagaLalli kANisuvantaha allagaLeyuva a oTTalla; alli esakapadada ukAra akAravAgideyendu hELabEkAgu ttade.

idE rItiyalli, modalu bandidda arame mattu arave emba eraDu padagaLige nEravAgi me mattu ve oTTannu sErisalAgide, mattu mEle bandiruva idE rUpada eraDu padagaLige allagaLeyuva a oTTannu sErisi, AmEle me mattu ve oTTugaLannu sErisalAgide.
hindina baLakeyalli avakke ‘karaguvudu (jIrNa)’ emba huruLide, mattu I baLakeyalli ‘karagadiruvudu (ajIrNa)’ emba huruLide; hAgAgi, I eraDu baLakegaLalli avakke bEre bEre iTTaLagaLannu odagisabEkAguttade.

(12) vaLivaLivaLivaLi oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi, avugaLa pariNAmavannu tiLisu vantaha kelavu hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide.

Agu AguvaLi
kaTTu kaTTuvaLi
pattuvaLi
pattu huTTu huTTuvaLi muguvaLi mugi naDavaLi
naDe niluvaLi
nillu

ettu ettuvaLi tIru tIruvaLi muTTu muTTuvaLi nuDi hiDi sallu tiLi

nuDivaLi hiDuvaLi saluvaLi tiLuvaLike

koneya aydu padagaLalli kelavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDediru vudannu gamanisabahudu: muguvaLi, hiDuvaLi, mattu tiLuvaLike embavugaLalli esakapadada ikAra ukAravAgide; naDavaLi emballi ekAra akAravAgide; mattu niluvaLi mattu saluvaLi

embavugaLalli ondu lakAra bidduhOgide. idallade, tiLuvaLike embudaralli mElina oTTu ke oTTinondige bandide.

(13) eeee oTTu I oTTu ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu esakapadagaLondige baLake yAgide. I oTTu sEridAga, mEle 2.2.1ralli vivarisida tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu naDeyuttade; idallade, hOgu, tIDu mattu keDu padagaLa gakAra kakAravAguttade, mattu DakAra TakAra vAguttade; keDu embudaralli I TakAra immaDiyAguttade; sallu, nillu mattu kollu padagaLalliruva immaDi lakAradalli ondu lakAra bidduhOguttade; kaTTu padada kakAra gakAravAguttade; mattu suri padada ukAra uddavAguttade embudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANa bahudu.

kaTTe kaTTu taTTu taTTe Uru Ure horu hore tongu tonge
ekku haraTu haraTe mincu mince hOgu hOke
tIDu tITe kiru keDu

kere keTTe ‘aLivu’

ekke ‘hirime’

sekke ‘mUdalike’ay gaTTe(kaTTu) sale kette

sekku kaTTu sallu kettu uruLu uruLe kuppu nagu nelasu nelase ‘vasAhatu’ nillu nele kollu kole suri

sUre(biDu)

kuppe nage

(14) i i i i oTTu

ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu esakapadagaLondige I oTTannu

baLasalAgide.

hAyu hAdi kollu kuli ‘kolegAra’ Odu uNNu uNNi

(oDa)nOdi

Kj kaNi

Eru kANu hinDu hinDi uduru uduri

oDDu oDDi tinnu baLasu baLasi ‘suttu’

tinni, tIni

gOru gOri nATi naDu saravi ‘bETe’ saravu

I oTTu sEridAga, kollu mattu tinnu padagaLalli baruva immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAguttade; tinnu padadalli idu kaDDAyavalla; Adare, I mArpADu naDedAga, adarondige tinnu padada modalina barigekanteya ikAra uddavAguttade, mattu kollu padada okAra ukAravAguttade.

idallade, kANu padada udda akAra giDDavAguttade; naDu padada giDDa akAra uddavAguttade, mattu adara DakAra TakAravAguttade; hAdi embudaralli hAyu padada himbottina rUpa (hAdu) baLake yAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

(15) tanatanatanatana oTTu I oTTu hesaru illavE parice padagaLondige baruvudE heccu (2.4.2(3) mattu 2.4.3.(3) nODi); Adare kelavu esakapadaga LondigU idara baLakeyAgide. I oTTu sEridAga, ALu, baru mattu bALu padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade (2.2.11 nODi).

ALu ALtana bartana baru bALtana bALu

oge hEsu hEsutana

ogetana

(16) sonne oTTu kelavu esakapadagaLannu avugaLalli yAva mArpADannU mADade hesaru padagaLAgi baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, hADannu hADidaLu emballi hADu padavannu modalige ondu hesarupadavAgi baLasa lAgide, mattu AmEle ondu esakapadavAgiyU baLasalAgide.

intaha kaDegaLallella ondu sonne oTTannu baLasalAgideyendu hELaballevu. idallade, ivugaLalli esakapadadinda hesarupadavannu paDeyalAgideyendu hELuvudE kannaDada maTTige sariyAgide.

yAkendare, kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva oTTisida padagaLalli heccina vannU esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADalAgide; hesaru padagaLige illavE paricepadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADiruva padagaLu, adarallU antaha esakapadagaLu kannaDadalli tumbA kaDime.

heccukaDime 160raSTu esakapadagaLu hIge hesarupadagaLAgi baLake yAgaballuvu. ivugaLalli heccinavugaLU esakapadagaLu tiLisuva esakada pariNAmavannu hesarisuttave. ettugegAgi, kaTTu esakapadavannu hesarupadavAgi baLasidAga, adu kaTTi mugisiruva ondu horeyannu illavE mUTeyannu hesarisuttade; ciguru esakapadavannu hesarupada vAgi baLasidAga, adu giDa ciguridAga horahommuva taLirannu hesarisuttade. taggu esakapadavannu hesarupadavAgi baLasidAga, adu taggAgiruva ondu jAgavannu hesarisuttade.

hIge, sonne oTTinondige sEri hesarupadagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballa, mattu esakada pariNAmavannu hesarisaballa bEre kelavu padagaLannu keLage ettugeyAgi koDalAgide:

kare

kaTTu kilubu koragu

uri uli kavalu kare kUgu kudi gIcu koLe taggu ciguru turi tuttu nare nuDi bALu bittu musuku sInu sollu

aLalu uguLu aLuku aLu Odu ode kinisu kAru kobbu kemmu guDugu guddu gIru tiruvu taDe tappu naDe toDaru nagu baduku nere nUlu mincu beLe bevaru hU suLi suttu husi hADu

sOlu hani

Adare, kelavu esakapadagaLannu hIge hesarupadagaLAgi baLasidAga, avu A esakavannu naDesuvalli baLakeyAguva upakaraNavannU hesarisa balluvu. ettugegAgi, anTu esakapadavannu hIge baLasidAga, adu anTisalu baLakeyAguva vastuvannu hesarisuttade; avuDu esakapada vannu hIge baLasidAga, adu avuDalu (endare agiyalu) baLake yAguva davaDeyannu hesarisuttade; huLi esakapadavannu hIge baLasi dAga, adu huLiyAgiruva vastuvannu hesarisuttade.

idallade, bEre kelavu esakapadagaLannu avugaLa modalanE giDDa tereyuliyannu uddavAgisuva mUlaka hesarupadagaLAgi mADalAgide:

iDu IDu pADu paDu koDu kODu
toDu tODu

biDu suDu keDu

bIDu sUDu kEDu

idallade, paDu-pATu embudaralli paDu esakapadada modalanE tereyuliyannu uddagoLisalAgideyallade, adara DakAravannu TakAra vAgi badalAyisalAgide; idakke badalu, hOgu-hOku embuda ralli hOgu esakapadada gakAravannu kakAravAgi badalAyisalAgide.

I ellA kaDegaLallU hesarupadavannu sonne oTTina sErikeyinda unTumADalAgideyendu, mattu hAge unTumADuvAga avugaLa rUpadalli mEle tiLisidantaha mArpADugaLu naDediveyendu hELa ballevu.

bEre kelavu oTTugaLu esakapadagaLinda hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAguva bEre kelavu oTTugaLu tumbA kaDime padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. hAgAgi, antaha oTTugaLannu keLage paTTimADalAgide, mattu avannu baLasiruva padagaLannU paTTimADalAgide:

1. aDa

2. aNe

3. ane
4. aLa

kaTTaDa

kaTTu tOru tOraDa
migu mikkaDa

jODu jODaNe
bedaru bedaraNe
sAgu sAgaNe
barcisu barcaNe

kettane

kettu muccu muccaLa
higgu hikkaLa

ottu ottaDa haccaDa haccu

tirugu tirugaNe sAkaNe sAku higgu higgaNe

bittu bittane heccu heccaLa hekkaLa hekku

1. Aya

ottu ottAya

1. ALi

2. isu

3. G

4. ku

5. kuLi

6. guLi

7. ce

8. r

kAdALi
kAdu mAru mArALi
dabbALi(ke) dabbu

tinnu muLi taNi

tinisu muLisu
taNasu

kuDi

kuDu

keDu oDe biDu

keDuku
oDaku biDuku

aLu aLukuLi
ODu ODukuLi
tODu tOkuLi

sallu

sandAya

tinnu Odu

tinnALi OdALi

uNNu uNisu kinisu kini munisu muni

kaDi

kaDi biri

kATu

kaDuku biruku

eLe wj

eLakuLi tirukuLi

mare

mareguLi

anju anjuguLi

koLe

koLace

turi

turice

wAr tinnu tAru tAraDi mAru mAraDi cimmu cimmunDi

tAgu paccu

tAguDi paccaDi

1. tAya

mugi mugi

mugitAya muktAya

iLi iLitAya uLi uLitAya

1. pe

2. vi

wj

tirupe

tEyu tEpe

kELu mare aLe nere

kELvi maravi aLavi neravi

toravi tore baLe baLavi odagu odavi

mEle koTTiruva oTTugaLu sEridAga, kelavu sErikeya mArpADu

gaLU naDediruvudannu gamanisabahudu:

(1) aDa oTTu sEridAga, migu padada gakAra immaDi kakAra vAguttade; (2) Aya oTTu sEridAga, sallu pada adara himbottina sand emba rUpadalli baruttade; (3) aLa oTTu sEridAga, higgu padada gakAra kakAravAguttade. (4) isu oTTu sEridAga, tinnu mattu uNNu padagaLa immaDi mUguli otte mUguliyAguttade; (5) u oTTu sEridAga, kaDi padada akAra uddavAguttade, mattu DakAra TakAravAguttade;

(6) ku oTTu sEridAga, kaDi mattu biri padagaLa ikAra ukAra vAguttade; (7) kuLi oTTu sEridAga, tiri padada koneya ikAra ukAravAguttade; mattu tODu padada Du barigekante biddu hOguttade. (8) Di oTTu sEridAga, tinnu padada koneya nu biddu hOguttade; tAru, paccu mattu mAru padagaLa koneya ukAra akAravAguttade; mattu cimmu padada baLika NakAra sErikoLLuttade; (9) tAya oTTu sEridAga, mugi padada koneya gi embudu k endAguttade;

(10) pe oTTu sEridAga tiri padada koneya ikAra ukAra vAguttade, mattu tEyu padada koneya yu bidduhOguttade; (11) vi oTTu sEridAga, kELu padada koneya ukAra (2.2.11) mattu odagu padada koneya gu bidduhOguttade.

idallade, 2.2.1ralli vivarisida olavinante, tereyuliyalli moda lAguva oTTugaLu sEriruvallella avugaLa modalu bandiruva padada koneya tereyuli bidduhOguttade, mattu 3.2.3ralli vivarisida olavinante, ku, kuLi, ce mattu vi oTTugaLu sEridAga, esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade; Adare, guLi oTTu sEriruvalli I mArpADu naDeyuvudilla (mareguLi).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.4.2 hesarupadagaLinda bEre hesarupadagaLu

hesarupadagaLinda bErondu hesarupadavannu unTumADuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli kelavu oTTugaLu baLakeyallive. keLage koTTiruva I oTTu

gaLalli heccinavU esakapadagaLinda hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAgiruvantaha oTTugaLE embudannu gamanisabahudu:

(1) igaigaigaiga oTTu vastu, viSaya illavE pariceyannu hesarisuva padagaLige I oTTannu sErisi, avakke sambandisiruva vyaktiyannu hesarisuvantaha bErondu padavannu unTumADalAguttade; I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.1ralli vivarisidantaha padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu naDeyuttade:

tuppuLu paNNu sAla tiLivu okkalu haDapa bAnu tottu dAri dALi ambi dombi

tuppuLiga paNNiga sAliga tiLiviga okkaliga haDapiga bAniga tottiga dAriga dALiga ambiga dombiga

tOTa dibbaNa siggu aLavu modalu gANa hittALe kEDu hAdi suddi takkaDi husi

tOTiga dibbaNiga siggiga aLaviga modaliga gANiga hittALiga kEDiga hAdiga suddiga takkaDiga husiga

Adare, keLage koTTiruvantaha ekAradalli konegoLLuva hesara padagaLa baLika bandAga, avugaLa koneya ekAra bidduhOguva badalu, I oTTina ikAra bidduhOguttade:

hUje hUjega
morega
more serega sere

tOrke tOrkega male kole keLage koTTiruvantaha ukAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa baLikavU avugaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguva badalu, I oTTina ikAravE bidduhOguttade:

malega kolega

tOhu tOhuga
soDaru soDaruga
bEruga
bEru

mAtu mAtuga nerapuga
nerapu kALuga kALu

I oTTannu baLasiruva padakke ‘ganDasu’ayemba huruLU baraballu dAgiddu, ‘hengasu’ayemba huruLu sigabEkiddalli adakke itti oTTannu sErisabEkAguttade; illiyU 2.2.1ra mArpADu naDedu, padagaLa koneya akAra bidduhOguttade:

gaTTigitti
gaTTiga nADiga nADigitti
gANiga gANigitti
dibbaNiga dibbaNigitti malega malegitti

okkaliga okkaligitti onTiga onTigitti sAliga sAligitti siggiga siggigitti cenniga cennigitti

(2) gAra gAra oTTu gAra gAra vastu, viSaya illavE pariceyannu hesarisuva hesarupadagaLige gAra oTTannu sErisiyU avugaLige sambandisiruva vyaktiyannu hesarisa bahudu.

tOTa tOTagAra kOlu kOlugAra hU hUgAra
billu billugAra
ATagAra
Dl OTagAra
Nl mATagAra mATa kolegAra kole hagegAra
hage binka binkagAra
tevalu tevalugAra dundu dundugAra

baLegAra

balegAra

baLe meTTu meTTugAra bale mInu mInugAra hADu hADugAra sAlagAra sAla bETe bETegAra mAtu mAtugAra hemme hemmegAra mOsa mOsagAra suLLugAra suLLu mODi mODigAra

huruLina maTTige I oTTu mEle koTTiruva iga oTTina hAgeyE ideyAdarU, idannu esakapadagaLondige baLasalu baruvudilla embudannu illi gamanisabahudu. kelavu padagaLalli idakke kAra emba rUpavU ide:

kUli kOvi turu

kUlikAra
kOvikAra
turukAra

kENa guri pALi

kENakAra gurikAra pALikAra

hore arti

horekAra
artikAra

Ole bETa

OlekAra bETakAra

I oTTina koneya akAravannu kaLedu, adakke ti oTTannu sErisiruva gArti illavE kArti embudara mUlaka ‘antaha vyakti obba hengasu’ embudannu sUcisabahudu.

baLegAra baLegArti binkagAra binkagArti mAtugAra mAtugArti OTagAra gurikAra mATagAra mATakArti

OTagArti gurikArti

hADugArti barahagArti hoNegArti

hADugAra
barahagAra
hoNegAra
konabugAra konabugArti OlekAra kUlikAra

OlekArti kUlikArti

(3) tanatanatanatana oTTu vyakti illavE vastuvannu hesarisuva hesarupadagaLige I tana oTTannu sErisi avugaLa pariceyannu hesarisabahudu.

manetana nanTatana

mane nanTa onTiga onTigatana kaLLa kUsu tande

kaLLatana kUsutana tandetana

hage daDDa geLe(ya) kudika kaDDa duDuku

hagetana daDDatana geLetana kudikatana kaDDatana duDukutana

koneya barigekanteyalli yakAra illavE LakAra iruvalli 2.2. 11ralli vivarisiruvantaha padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOgu ttade; idannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu:

tAyi bELu

tAytana bELtana

bALu mundALu
mElALu

bALtana mundALtana
mElALtana

tannatana emba innondu rUpavU baLakeyalliddu, idaralli mElina oTTannu tAnu padada pattuge rUpakke (tanna embudakke) sErisalAgide.

(4) ikeikeikeike oTTu gAra oTTinalli konegoLLuva halavu hesarupadagaLige ike oTTannu sErisi, avu hesarisuva vyaktiya pariceyannu hesarisalAgide; 2.2.1ra padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu illiyU naDe yuttade:

edegAra dundugAra bEhugAra suddigAra gurikAra

edegArike dundugArike bEhugArike suddigArike gurikArike

tOTagAra barahagAra mAtugAra hoNegAra bETegAra

tOTagArike barahagArike mAtugArike hoNegArike bETegArike

ATa padadalli konegoLLuva kelavu jODupadagaLondigU avu tiLisuva esakada pariceyannu hesarisuvudakkAgi I oTTannu baLasa lAgide:

huccATa mangATa ErATa

huccATike mangATike ErATike

huDugATa bUTATa
aTTATab

huDugATike bUTATike aTTATike

idallade, keLage koTTiruva bEre kelavu hesarupadagaLondigU I

oTTannu baLasalAgide:

eccara eccarike
hekkaLa hekkaLike
ubbaLa ubbaLike

ganTu

ganTike

hadike turike

hadi turi kattalu kattalike saluvaLi saluvaLike

(5) ige ige ige ige oTTu hesarupadagaLu tiLisuva vastuvininda paDeyaballa bErondu vastu vannu, illavE adarondige baLasuva upakaraNavondannu hesarisuvu dakkAgi I oTTannu baLasalAgide. kelaveDegaLalli idara baLake heccina huruLannu koDadiruvudU ide. bardu, kUTa mattu saypu padagaLa baLika idara ikAra bidduhOguttade, mattu uLideDegaLalli 2.2.1ra (padada koneya tereyuli bidduhOguva) mArpADu naDeyuttade.

kesarige
ATige marige

kesaru Dl mara koppara kopparige
mUDe mUDige

bardu saypu saypuge

barduge

(muL)kattige

katti baLavi baLavige allaNi allaNige gunDi haTTi

(ede)gunDige haTTige

kUTa

kUTage

(6) aaaa oTTu ukAradalli konegoLLuva keLagina mUru padagaLalli I oTTannu baLasa lAgide; 2.2.1ra mArpADu illU naDedide.

seragu nanTu

seraga nanTa

kangAlu kangAla

ekAra illavE ikAradalli konegoLLuva keLagina ELu padagaLallU I oTTu bandiddu, illi 2.2.1ra mArpADu naDeyuva badalu, padagaLige yakAravondu sErikonDide (illi a oTTina badalu ya oTTu bandideyendU hELabahudu):

Cr aDiya
occe occeya
keLeya
keLe hageya
hage

ere oDe konDe konDeya

ereya oDeya

idallade, keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli a oTTannu obba ganDasannu hesarisuvudakkAgi, mattu adara badalu e oTTannu obba hengasannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLasalAgide; jANme padadalli mAtra, adara kone yalliruva me oTTina baLika baruva badalu, adara badalige (endare jAN bErina baLika) I oTTu bandide embudannu gamanisabahudu:

hesarupada
kAdalu
celuvu
jANme

ganDasu
kAdala celuva
jANa

hengasu kAdale celuve
jANe

(7) vaLivaLivaLivaLi oTTu hesarupadagaLige vaLi oTTannu sErisi, avu hesarisuva vastu illavE viSayakke sambandisidantaha bErondu vastu illavE viSayavannu hesarisuvudakkAgi kelavu hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide:

karAvaLi
kare arilu arilvaLi
maravaLi
mara nagevaLi nage

gottu gottuvaLi baLi sAgu

baLuvaLi sAguvaLi

illi arilu padada koneya ukAra bidduhOgide, kare padada koneya ekAra A endAgide, mattu baLi padada koneya ikAra ukAravAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

(8) ALiALiALiALi oTTu kelavu hesarupadagaLondige baLakeyAguva I oTTu avu tiLisuva viSayakke sambandisida vyaktiyobbanannu sUcisuttade; 2.2.1ra tere yuli bidduhOguva mArpADu illU naDeyuttade.

kAlALi
kAlu siggALi
siggu jUdu jUdALi

kEDALi

kEDu sOgu sOgALi mAtu mAtALi

(9) vu/pu/hu vu/pu/hu oTTu vu/pu/hu vu/pu/hu mEle 2.4.1(10)ralli vivarisida hAge, I oTTige vu, pu mattu hu emba mUru rUpagaLiddu, avu kannaDa caritreya mUru hantagaLinda uLidubandavugaLAgive.

I oTTannu mukyavAgi esakapadagaLinda hesaru padagaLannu paDe yalu baLasalAguttadeyAdarU kelavu hesarupadagaLinda bEre hesaru padagaLannu paDeyuvudakkAgiyU idannu baLasalAgide; Adare, intaha baLakeyinda avugaLa huruLinalli heccina mArpADEnU Agiruvante tOruvudilla.

keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli idu vu rUpadallide. I oTTu sEri

dAga age padada koneya tereyuli uddavAguttade.

anu anuvu
aLa gaDu hara sI haLu noLa tera

aLavu gaDuvu
haravu sIvu haLuvu
noLavu
teravu

aravu hUvu pasavu baravu

ara hU pasa bara badu baduvu agEvu age naravu nara

keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli I oTTu pu mattu hu rUpagaLallide; I padagaLalli cadi mattu kuri padagaLa koneya ikAra ukAravAgide, guNi padada ikAra bidduhOgide, nela padada koneya akAra ukAravAgide, mattu tale padada ekAra akAravAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. idallade, guNi padadalli 2.2.7ra mArpADu (N>m) naDediruvudannU kANabahudu:

pu rUpadalli baLake: cadupu
cadi

hu rUpadalli baLake: kuruhu
kuri talahu
tale neluhu nela

guNi

gumpu

kada bara

kadahu barahu

(10) eeee oTTu hesarupadagaLige e oTTannu sErisiyU kelavu hesarupadagaLannu paDeyalAgide. kelaveDegaLalli idarinda hosa huruLannu paDeya lAgide; Adare, bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli I oTTannu sErisidudarindAgi padakke heccina huruLu bandiruva hAge tOruvudilla.

I oTTu sEridAga, bIDu padada DakAra TakAravAguttade; sade padada dakAra immaDi takAravAguttade; mattu, huri padada ukAra okAravAguttade. idallade, illiyU 2.2.1ra (padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguva) mArpADu naDeyuttade:

guDDe kokke

guDDa kokku lOLi lOLe
bIDu bITe gonDu gonDe
nela sade

nele satte

taDe pase

kombu kombe taDa pasa besalu besale ToLLu ToLLe huri obbu(Li) obbe

hore ‘edegArike’

(11) me/ve me/ve oTTu me/ve me/ve I oTTu me mattu ve emba eraDu rUpagaLallide (2.4.1(10) nODi); hesarupadagaLige idannu sErisi paDediruva kelavu hesarupada gaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) me rUpadalli baLake: Cr kALi oDe kara

aDime
kALime
oDame
karame

(2) ve rUpadalli baLake: hasive hasi kaNive kaNi

kAdalu kAdalme arume aru takkume takku jANme jANa

hallu oDe

halive oDave

I oTTu sEridAga, kAdalu (2.2.11) mattu jANa padagaLa koneya tereyuli bidduhOguttade, mattu hallu padada immaDi lakAra otte lakAravAgi, adara koneya ukAra ikAravAguttade embudannu mEle koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu..

bEre kelavu oTTugaLu onderaDu padagaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu intaha oTTugaLU kannaDadalliddu, avannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:

1. E

2. G

usuru usuri
konku konki gaDi

gaDu

kEDu nAru gaLe

kEDi nAri ‘hagga’ay gaLu

1. kuLi
2. Te
3. Ct
4. ru
5. su
6. Li
7. Lu

hore horakuLi
togalu togaTe
biddu biddaNa piccu pisuru
nanni kottu kottuLi
kobaLu
koppa javugu javuLu

nanasu

hEkuLi hEga giragaTe giraki bokkaNa bokke peLaku peLaru ganDu eggu gamana

ganDusu
egguLi gavuLu

I oTTugaLu sEridAga, hEga, togalu, giraki, peLaku, gamana mattu javuLu padagaLa koneya barigekante bidduhOgide; hore padada kone಍ ekAra akAravAgide; piccu padada immaDi cakAra otte sakAravAgide; nanni padada immaDi nakAra otte nakAravAgi, adara koneya ikAra akAravAgide; mattu gamana padada makAra vakAravAgi, adara baLika banda akAra ukAravAgide.

idallade, 2.2.1ralli vivarisida sErikeya mArpADu (padada koneya tereyuli bidduhOguvudu) illiyU naDedide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

‘hengasu’ emba huruLina oTTugaLu hesarupadagaLige (mattu paricepadagaLige) kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi ‘hengasu’ emba huruLina hesarupadagaLannu paDeyalu baruttade.

I oTTugaLalli kelavannu mEleyE koDalAgide, mattu bEre kelavannu munde koDalAguttade; Adare, avannella illi ondE kaDe yalli oTTu sErisi koDalAgide:

(21) ittiittiittiitti oTTu iga(ga) oTTinalli konegoLLuva padagaLige ‘ganDasu’ emba huruLU baraballudAgiddu, avakke itti oTTannu sErisi ‘hengasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva padagaLannu paDeyabahudu:

gANiga gANigitti
ambiga ambigitti

dibbaNiga dibbaNigitti cenniga cennigitti

okkaliga okkaligitti

serega

seregitti

nanTa-nanTiti embudaralli I oTTige iti rUpa ide.

(22) titititi oTTu gAra(kAra) oTTinalli konegoLLuva padagaLigU ‘ganDasu’ emba huruLu baraballudAgiddu, avakke ti oTTannu sErisi ‘hengasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva padagaLannu paDeyabahudu; I oTTu sEridAga gAra(kAra) oTTina koneya akAra bidduhOguttade:

ATagAra ATagArti balegAra balegArti kUlikArti kUlikAra

mAtugAra mAtugArti sAlagAra bETakAra

sAlagArti bETakArti

(23) iiii oTTu ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu paricepadagaLige a oTTannu sErisi ‘ganDasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalu baruttade; idakke badalu, i oTTannu sErisi ‘hengasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva padagaLannu paDeyabahudu:

kivuDa tunTa hucca

kivuDi tunTi hucci

kuruDa kuruDi baDava baDavi huDuga huDugi

bEreyU kelavu ‘ganDasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva hesarupada gaLu akAradalli konegoLLuttiddu, avakke i oTTannu sErisi ‘hengasu’ huruLannu koDuva padagaLannu paDeyabahudu (illi 2.2.1ra sErikeya olavinante padagaLa koneya akAra bidduhOguttade):

ajja muduka muduki

ajji

daDDa pOra pOri

daDDi

(24) eeee oTTu akAradalli konegoLLuva, mattu ‘ganDasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva innu kelavu hesarupadagaLige e oTTannu sErisi ‘hengasu’ emba huruLannu koDuva hesarupadavannu paDeyabahudu:

kAdala jANa

kAdale
jANe

celuva celuve nalla

nalle

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.4.3 paricepadagaLinda hesarupadagaLu

paricepadagaLige mattu bErugaLige kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisiyU hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalu baruttade. idallade, kelavu parice padagaLannu hAgeyE yAva oTTannU sErisadeyU hesarupadagaLAgi baLasalu baruttade. intaha padagaLannu sonne oTTina sErikeyinda hesarupadagaLAgi badalAyisalAgide endU hELaballevu. paricepada gaLondige baruva kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

(1-2) aaaa mattu iiii oTTugaLu janaralli kanDubaruva paricegaLannu tiLisuva kuruDu, kivuDu, kuLLu, huccu modalAda ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu parice padagaLive. ivakke a ‘ganDasu’, illavE i ‘hengasu’ emba eraDu oTTugaLalli sErisi hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAguttade. I ondannu oTTugaLu sEridAga, paricepadada koneya ukAra bidduhOguva 2.2.1ralli vivarisida mArpADu naDeyuttade.

paricepada

aNugu
eDDu eDacu
kivuDu
kunTu kuruDu
kencu keDuku
giDDu gujju tunTu
celuvu
coTTu
tuDugu

hesarupadagaLu

ganDasu
aNuga eDDa eDaca kivuDa kunTa kuruDa kenca keDuka giDDa gujja tunTa celuva
coTTa tuDuga

hengasu aNugi eDDi eDaci kivuDi kunTi kuruDi kenci keDuki giDDi gujji tunTi celuvi coTTi tuDugi

peddu baDavu baDDu beDagu
bODu
bOLu
maruLu
minDu
huDugu
huccu
heDDu heLavu

pedda baDava baDDa beDaga bODa
bOLa
maruLa
minDa huDuga
hucca heDDa heLava

peddi baDavi baDDi beDagi bODi bOLi maruLi minDi huDugi hucci heDDi heLavi

intahadE ganDasu-hengasu vyatyAsavannu tOrisuva daDDa-daDDi, muduka-muduki, pOra-pOri, mattu mULa-mULi emba bEre kelavu hesarupadagaLiddarU avakke samanAda paricepadagaLu baLakeyallilla; idallade, eDacu, agaDu, ganDu, gAmpu, genTu, beppu, baDDu, muruku, hALu, pOTu, pOku, pukku, pukkalu, manku mattu poTTu emba paricepadagaLinda ganDasannu hesarisuva eDaca, agaDa, ganDa, gAmpa, genTa, beppa, baDDa, muruka, (mane)hALa, pOTa, pOka, pukka, pukkala, manka mattu poTTa emba hesarupadagaLannu mAtra unTumADalAgideyallade, hengasannu hesarisuva padagaLu baLakege bandilla.

nalla-nalle (nal) padadalli hengasarannu hesarisuva padavannu paDeyalu e oTTannu baLasalAgide; idE oTTannu celuve, baDave, kaLLe, kuLLe, heDDe padagaLallU i oTTige badalAgi baLasalAgide; mattu, nanTu padadinda ganDasannu hesarisuva nanTa padavannu mattu hengasannu hesarisuva nanTiti padavannu paDeyalAgide.

(3) tanatanatanatana oTTu kelavu paricepadagaLige tana oTTannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva pariceyannu hesarisuvantaha hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide; illi bELu koneya ukAra bidduhOgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu padada (2.2.11 nODi):

oLLetana
oLLe eLetana
eLe panjetana
panje hiritana
hiri muditana
mudi bigi bigitana
onTi onTitana
bELu bELtana

baDatana halatana

doDDa doDDatana hosa hosatana baDa hala manku mankutana monDu monDutana curuku curukutana biDi

biDitana

(4) pu/hu pu/hu oTTu pu/hu pu/hu kelavu paricepadagaLige mattu paricebErugaLige I oTTannu sErisiyU hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide; idakke pu mattu hu emba eraDu rUpagaLive; Adare, vu rUpadalli idu illi baLakeyAgiruva hAge kANisuvudilla.

I padagaLU paricegaLannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave; mElina oTTu sEridAga, ivugaLalli biLi mattu bisi padagaLa koneya ikAra ukAravAguttade; mudi padada koneya ikAra bidduhOgi, dakAra pakAravAguttade; nuN padada baLika ukAra sErikoLLuttade; sommu padada koneya mu mattu jOmu padada koneya u bidduhOguttave (2.2.11); mattu nEra padada koneya akAra bidduhOguttade embudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.

idallade, 2.2.6ralli vivarisiruva rakArada mArpADugaLu mattu 2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva mUguligaLa mArpADugaLu illU naDeyu ttave.

pu rUpada baLake: biLi bisi mudi kAr biN nuN ken sommu sompu
nIL nILpu

biLupu
bisupu
muppu
kappu biNpu nuNupu
kempu

kaDupu teLupu

kaDu teLu jOmu jompu nEra taN kam say niDu

nErpu tampu kampu saypu niDupu

hu rUpada baLake: kaDu

kaDuhu

bigi

bigihu

mEle koTTiruva padagaLalli kappu, kempu, mattu tampu padagaLu parice padagaLAgiyU baLakeyallive. hAgAgi, ivugaLalli keLage (5)ralli koTTiruva sonne oTTu baLakeyAgideyendU hELabahudu.

(5) memememe oTTu I oTTannU kUDa, hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi paricepada illavE paricebErugaLondige baLasalAgide. ivugaLalli paLame pada haLe padada haLegannaDa rUpavAda paZa(>paLa) padadinda bandide. pEr-perme embudaralli 2.2.4ra mArpADu naDedide.

kaDu takka haLe hiri

kaDume
takkame
paLame
hirime

kILme perme balme

kIL pEr bal mEl mElme nal

nalme

(6) sonne oTTu kannaDada halavu paricepadagaLannu, avugaLalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade hAgeyE avu tiLisuva pariceyannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, kuruDu padavannu kuruDu muduka emballi ondu paricepadavAgi baLasalAgide, mattu avana kuruDige maddilla emballi adannE ondu hesarupadavAgiyU baLasalAgide.

janara pariceyannu tiLisuvantaha aNugu, eDDu, kivuDu, kuruDu, kunTu, keDuku, tunTu, celuvu, tuDugu, baDavu, beDagu, maruLu, huccu modalAda kelavu paricepadagaLu intaha eraDu bageya baLakegaLannu heccu suLuvAgi tOrisuttave.

Ayavannu tiLisuva hesaruparicegaLannu doDDa-cikka, udda-giDDa, ettara-taggu, agala-sapura, dappa-teLu embantaha padajODigaLalli aNigoLisalu baruttade, mattu ivugaLalli ondannu, adaralli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade (endare, sonne oTTannu sErisi),

hesarupadavAgi baLasalu baruttade. idallade, hAge baLakeyAguva paricepadada mUlaka A jODiyalliruva eraDu padagaLa huruLannU hesarisalu baruttade.

ettugegAgi, agala padavannu baLasi, I kONeya agala eSTu ennalu baruttade; Adare, antahadE sollinalli sapura padavannu baLasalu baruvudilla. kONe agalavAgirali, sapuravAgirali, adara aLateyeSTendu hesarupadavAgi baLasabEkAguttade.

kELuvalli agala

padavannE

bEre kelavu oTTugaLu onderaDu hesarupadagaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu oTTugaLU paricepadagaLinda hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAgive. intaha oTTugaLa paTTiyannu keLage koDalAgide.

I oTTugaLu sEridAga, 2.2.1ralli vivarisida tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu naDeyuttade; idallade, cappe, haLe, mattu eLe padagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade, mattu niri padada koneya ikAra akAravAguttade.

taN

1. r
2. tu hosa hosatu

tanDi

eLe

1. te niri biN
2. nu hada

eLatu nirate biNite hadanu

cappe haLe

cappaDi haLatu

biDi

biDite

hasa

hasanu

1. ba hosa hosaba

haLe

haLaba

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.4.4 oTTugaLa hOlike

mEle vivarisiruva oTTugaLalli mUru bageya hesarupadagaLallU baLakeyAguttave, innu kelavu yAvudAdarU eraDaralli mAtra baruttave, mattu uLiduvu ondu bageya hesarupadagaLalli mAtra baruttave; ivugaLalli mUru illavE eraDu gumpugaLalli baruva oTTugaLa paTTiyannu keLage koDalAgide:

kelavu

oTTu tana

esakapadagaLa baLika baru-bartana hEsu-hEsutana

pu/hu uDu-uDupu hoLe-hoLapu kAyu-kAhu tere-terahu tALu-tALme duDi-duDime baru-bara tirugu-tiruka

me

C

oTTu ga/iga

ge/ige

ike

vaLi

ALi

kuLi

su

esakapadagaLa baLika kELu-kELuga koLLu-koLLuga arasu-arasiga kobbu-kobbiga nAcu-nAcuge nambu-nambuge teru-terige hEsu-hEsige anju-anjike nambu-nambike ettu-ettuvaLi naDe-naDavaLi kAdu-kAdALi tinnu-tinnALi aLu-aLukuLi tiri-tirikuLi kini-kinisu taNi-taNasu

paricepadagaLa baLika baDa-baDatana mudi-muditana biLi-biLupu mudi-muppu bigi-biguhu kaDu-kaDuhu kILu-kILme hiri-hirime kivuDu-kivuDa eDDu-eDDa

hesarupadagaLa baLika mane-manetana hage-hagetana cadi-cadupu guNi-gumpu nela-neluhu kada-kadahu aDi-aDime takku-takkume nanTu-nanTa hage-hageya

hesarupadagaLa baLika kole-kolega sere-serega sAla-sAliga gANa-gANiga katti-kattige bardu-barduge mara-marige ATa-ATige eccara-eccarike ubbaLa-ubbaLike kare-karAvaLi gottu-gottuvaLi mAtu-mAtALi jUdu-jUdALi hore-horakuLi

nanni-nanasu ganDu-ganDusu

oTTu r

esakapadagaLa baLika tinnu-tinDi tAgu-tAguDi

paricepadagaLa baLika taN-tanDi cappe-cappaDi

naDe-naDate te aLe-aLate

biDi-biDite biN-biNite

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.4.5 eNikebErugaLinda hesarupadagaLu

eNikebErugaLige oTTugaLannu kelavu hesarupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide. ivugaLalli va oTTu mukyavAdudu; idannu eNikebErugaLige hesarupadagaLannu paDeyalAgide:

koTTiruva

sErisi

sErisi

keLage

va oTTu:

obba (Or+va) mUvaru (mUr+va+ru)
ayvaru (ay+va+ru)

ibbaru (Ir+va+ru) nAlvaru (nAl+va+ru)

idallade, Or eNikebErannu baLasi innU kelavu hesarupadagaLannu paDeyalAgide; ivugaLalli baLakeyAgiruva oTTugaLalli kelavu bEre kaDegaLallU mAtra baLakeyAgive:

kANisikoLLuttave; Adare,

kelavu illi

Orage (Or+age) Oragitti (Or+age+itti) OraNa (Or+aNa)

mElina oTTugaLu sEridAga, 2.2.4 (Or>or, Ir>ir), mattu 2.2.6 (r>b) mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. idallade, bakAravAgiruva rakArada baLika vakAravU bakAravAguttade, mattu mUvaru padadalli vakArada modalu banda mUr padada rakAra bidduhOguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5 jODupadagaLu

hesarupada, esakapada illavE paricepadagaLige hesarupadagaLannu sErisi hosa hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuva holabu kannaDadalli baLakeya lliruva halavAru padagaLa iTTaLadalli kANisikoLLuttade. intaha pada gaLannella illi jODupadagaLendu kareyalAgide.

kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLannU eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda unTumADalAgide; eraDakkinta heccu padagaLannu jODisiruva jODupadagaLu kelavE kelavu mAtra kannaDadalli baLakeyalliddu, avannella eraDu illavE heccu hantagaLalli jODisalAgiruttade. ettugegAgi, bisinIrUTe padadalli bisi, nIru mattu UTe emba mUru padagaLu bandive; adare, idannu eraDu hantagaLalli paDeya ballevu; modalige bisi mattu nIru embavugaLannu sErisi bisinIru emba padavannu, mattu AmEle adakke UTe padavannu sErisi bisi nIrUTe emba padavannu paDeyabahudu.

kelavu jODupadagaLalli eraDu padagaLu mAtravallade, ondu oTTU baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, hAvADiga padadalli hAvu mattu ADu emba eraDu padagaLu, mattu iga emba ondu oTTu bandive; Adare, idannu hAvu padakke ADiga pada vannu sErisiyU paDeyalu baruttade.

kannaDada jODupadagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDaneya pada ondu hesarupadavAgiruttade; Adare, avugaLa modalaneya pada ondu hesarupadavAgirabahudu, esakapadavAgirabahudu, illavE paricepada vAgirabahudu. hAgAgi, modalanE pada entahadu embudara mEle, kannaDada jODupadagaLannu hesarujODu, esakajODu mattu paricejODu emba mUru mukya gumpugaLalli hancalu baruttade. I mUru bageya jODupadagaLige kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDa lAgide:

hesarujODugaLu:

AnekAlu
kAlmaNe

esakajODugaLu: UrugOlu

tUgudIpa

paricejODugaLu: doDDamma bisinIru

bayalATa nelagaDale

benkipeTTige kalluppu

kaymagga kaNNIru

kaDegOlu araLumoggu

siDimaddu cuccumaddu

biccukatti nilugaDe

beLLuLLi
kiruberaLu

mungAru oLakONe

himmELa cikkAsu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5.1 hesarujODugaLu

kannaDadalli halavu hesarujODugaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli heccina vakkU a emba pattuge oTTannu baLasiruva oLanuDitavannu koDa ballevu:

oLanuDita

jODupada bayalina ATa bayalATa nelagaDale kaymagga

nelada kaDale kayya magga

jODupada oLanuDita benkiya peTTige benkipeTTige kAlina maNe nUlina ENi

kAlmaNe nUlENi

Adare, ellA hesarujODugaLigU intaha a pattugeyiruva oLanuDitavannu koDalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, kenDagaNNu emba hesarujODige kenDada kaNNu emba oLanuDitavannu koTTalli, adu A padada iTTaLavannu illavE huruLannu sariyAgi tiLisalAradu. idakke badalu, kenDada hAge kempAgiruva kaNNu embudAgi adakke ondu hOlikeyannu tiLisuva oLanuDitavannu koDabEkAguttade.

kannaDadalli intaha mUru bageya hOlikeya hesarujODugaLu baLakeyallive: kallede (kallinantaha ede), kallusakkare, tAyibEru, Anegallu, koLavebAvi, kaygamba modalAdavugaLa hAge jODu padada modalaneya pada mAtra hOlikeyannu tiLisuvavugaLadu modalaneya bage; neladAvare (neladalli beLeva tAvareyantaha hUvu), jEnutuppa, kalluhAsu, nIrgallu, nelasAra, maLebillu modalAdavugaLa hAge eraDaneya pada mAtra hOlikeyannu tiLisu vavugaLadu eraDaneya bage; mattu ilikivi (iliya kiviyantaha elegaLiruva hambu), AnekAlu, kaygombe modalAdavugaLa hAge eraDU padagaLu hOlikeyannu tiLisuvavugaLadu mUraneya bage.

idallade, a oTTininda jODisiruva hesarujODugaLellavU
ondE bageyavAgilla; avugaLa naDuveyU halavu vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu. Adare ivannu kANabEkiddalli, hesarujODugaLige heccu vivaravAda, esakapadagaLannu baLasiruva, oLanuDitagaLannu koDabEkAgu ttade.

ettugegAgi, kaNNIru emba padakke kaNNina nIru emba tIrA cuTukAda oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu; illavE kaNNinalli baruva

nIru embudAgi heccu vivaragaLannu koDuva, esakapadaviruva oLanuDitavannU koDabahudu. jEnuhuLa embudakke jEnina huLa emba cuTukAda oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu, illavE jEnannu kale hAkuva huLa emba esakapadaviruva oLanuDitavannU koDabahudu. Adare, a oTTininda jODisiruva ellA jODupadagaLigU intaha esakapadaviruva oLanuDitagaLannu koDalu baruvudilla. ettuge gAgi, erehuLa, akkikALu, AvemaNNu, nelasarita, kaDalakare modalAda jODupadagaLannu gamanisabahudu: avugaLalli baruva eraDu hesarupadagaLa naDuve nEravAda pattugeyide; avugaLa modala neya pada nEravAgi eraDaneya padada pariceyondannu tiLisuttade; hAgAgi, avakke esakapadaviruva oLanuDitavannu koDalu baruvudilla. intaha bEre kelavu hesarujODugaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

ALeNike
olekaTTe
togaluhALe nADatiTTa
gErubIja bidirumeLe hakkemane

edesOlu osagenuDi diDDibAgilu gUrubbasa jEDimaNNu mAsucIla banDegallu

eyyimuLLu tEpekelasa dOTikOlu jiDDeNNe tavarumane sOreburuDe bAnancu

oLanuDitagaLalli esakapada bandiruva hesarujODugaLannu eraDu bageyAgi gumpisalu baruttade: avugaLa oLanuDitadalli modalaneya padakkU esakapadakkU naDuve entaha pattuge ide embudannu baLasi gumpisuvudu ondu bage; mattu adaralli yAva esakapada bandide embudannu baLasi gumpisuvudu innondu bage. I eraDu bageya hesarujODugaLannu keLage heccu vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide:

(1) pattugeyannu baLasi gumpisuvudu modalaneya padakkU esaka padakkU naDuve iruga, Aguga, mADuga, IDu, suru, guri mattu jAga embudAgi ELu bageya pattuge gaLiraballuvu. hAgAgi, oLanuDitadalli esakapada baruva hesarujODu gaLannu ELu gumpugaLalli gumpisi hELabahudu:

(ka) iruga pattuge kannaDadalli iruvikeyannu mUru bageya sollugaLa mUlaka tiLisa lAguttade:

(1) ondu jAgadalli vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa iravannu adu

tiLisabahudu (I gUDinalli soDaride);

(2) vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalli ondu pariceya iravannu adu

tiLisabahudu (ninna arivu tappAgide); illavE

(3) vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLa naDuve ondu pattugeya ira

vannU adu tiLisabahudu (I cukkige bAla ide).

I mUru bageya sollugaLannU jODupadagaLa oLanuDitavAgi koDuvAga, avugaLalli baruva hesarupadagaLa OraNa badalAguttade, mattu idE OraNa avugaLinda paDeyuva jODupadagaLallU kANisu ttade:

sollu

I gUDinalli soDaride. ninna arivu tappAgide. I cukkige bAla ide.

oLanuDita
soDariruva gUDu
tappAgiruva arivu
bAla iruva cukki

jODupada soDarugUDu tapparivu bAlacukki

modalaneya nITasAlinalli bandiruva sollugaLalli gUDu, arivu mattu cukki padagaLu modalu bandive, mattu soDaru, tappu mattu bAla padagaLu AmEle bandive; eraDaneya nITa sAlinalli bandiruva oLanuDitagaLalli, mattu mUraneya nITasAlinalli bandiruva jODupadagaLalli soDaru, tappu, mattu bAla padagaLu modalu bandive, mattu gUDu, arivu, mattu cukki padagaLu AmEle bandive embudannu gamanisabahudu.

sAmAnyavAgi pariceya iravannu tiLisuva sollugaLalli parice padagaLE baLakeyAguttiruttave. Adare, intaha sollugaLinda paDeya bahudAda kelavu jODupadagaLalli hesarupadagaLU baLakeyAguttiddu, avannu hesarupadagaLennabEkO, illavE paricepadagaLennabEkO embu dannu tIrmAnisuvudu kaSTa. ettugegAgi, suLLuhaNa, kaLLahonnu,

AnesoLLe, kADukOLi, hongadiru modalAda jODupadagaLalli suLLu, kaLLa, Ane, kADu mattu honnu emba hesarupadagaLu pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgive. avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa mukya pariceyondannu avu illi tiLisuttave. hAgiddarU, avannilli hesarupadagaLendE bageyalAgide.

I mUru bageya iruga pattugeyiruva bEre kelavu jODu

padagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

jAga kanDihallu sereyALu hUpuDi
maLegAla
manDicippu

uDiganTe
edegudi
kaDalEDi

parice nIrubella kaLLoppa
tapparivu
suLLuhaNa hommInu Anegole jiDDeNNe
tEpekelasa

pattuge kUdalunAyi muLLugiDa sUlAkaLu muLLuhandi kIlimaNe kOTemane bAlacukki gAyALu

(ca) Aguga pattuge kelavu jODupadagaLalli modalaneya hesarupada esakapadada Aguga vAgiruttade. ettugegAgi, maLekADu emba jODupadakke tumbA maLe bILuva kADu emba oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu; idaralli maLe emba modalaneya hesarupada bILu esakada AgugavAgide, mattu kADu emba eraDaneya hesarupada jAgavAgide. intaha kelavu jODupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

AlimaLe
piccugaNNu

nIruguLLe maddore

maLegAla maLekADu

mElina jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi jAgavannu tiLisuva pada bandide; Adare, kaDalacAcu mattu nIrosaru emba bEre eraDu jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya hesarupada esakavannE hesarisu ttide; hIgiddarU I jODupadagaLu jAgavannE hesarisuttive embu dannu gamanisabahudu.

(Ta) mADuga pattuge kelavE kelavu jODupadagaLalli mAtra, modalaneya pada esakapadada mADugavAgi bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, arasunADu padakke arasu ALuva nADu emba oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu; idaralli arasu emba modalaneya pada ALu esakapadada mADuga vAgide. mattu nADu emba eraDaneya pada adara IDAgide. ALugunDi, kuduregADi, ettinagADi mattu tottuDupu embavu gaLu intahadE oLanuDitaviruva bEre kelavu jODupadagaLu.

(ta) IDu pattuge innu kelavu jODupadagaLalli modalaneya pada IDAgiruttade.
ettugegAgi, hUgiDa emba hesarujODige hUvannu biDuva giDa emba oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu; idaralli modalaneya pada (hU) oLanuDitadalli baruva biDu esakada IDAgide.

intaha hesarujODugaLannu, avugaLa eraDaneya padakkU esaka padakkU naDuve yAva pattugeyide embudannavalambisi, halavu gumpugaLalli gumpisabahudu. ettugegAgi, hUgiDa embudaralli eraDaneya padavAda giDa embudu AgugavAgide; jEnunoNa embudaralli eraDaneya padavAda noNa embudu mADugavAgide; soppukatti embudaralli eraDaneya padavAda katti embudu suru vAgide; gALicenDu embudaralli eraDaneya cenDu pada guri yAgide; mattu masikuDike embudaralli eraDaneya kuDike pada jAgavAgide. intaha bEre kelavu padagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) eraDaneya pada Aguga:

hUgiDa
nIruLLi
gurutOle mincubeLaku

kiDikallu
gALikOvi nenapugurutu mErekallu

(2) eraDaneya pada mADuga:

jEnunoNa sancukUTa kAvalupaDe

tuLilALu anceyALu kuyilALu

merugeNNe gALimare nenapOle suddihALe

bAgilALu IDutanDa kUliyALu

(3) eraDaneya pada suru: dALibareha soppukatti kAsOle

nusibale
henTekoDali nIraDe

benkikaDDi kannakatti morehADu

(4) eraDaneya pada guri: gALakaTTige

gALicenDu

neygULu

(5) eraDaneya pada jAga: tapopIle
masiburuDe haNapeTTige heNadare
oDavemane kAvugUDu

tErabIdi
hakkikApu
haNNutOTa herekombu Odugurutu kAvubuTTi

masikuDike haDagukaTTe heNagADi accumane kalpaNe tinDimane

modalaneya pada IDAgiruva bEre kelavu hesarujODugaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi esakavannu tiLisuva hesarupadavE baLakeyAgide; Adare, I pada esakavannu tiLisuvudarondige adara Aguga, mADuga, suru illavE jAgavannU tiLisuttiruttade.

ettugegAgi, kalkuTiga embudara eraDaneya pada kuTiyuva esaka vannu mAtravallade, adara mADugavannU (ga emba oTTina mUlaka) tiLisuttade; maLeyaLaka embudara eraDaneya pada aLeyuva esakavannu mAtravallade, adara suruvannU (ka oTTina mUlaka) tiLisu ttade. intaha bEre kelavu jODupadagaLannu avugaLa eraDaneya padakke esakapadadondigiruva pattugeya mEle gumpisi keLage koDa lAgide:

Aguga:

mADuga:

suru:

nOvaLika basirutaDe edemuccu

dAritOruga marakaDiga
taTTetoLega kasakaLi

nelagANke
beLakinDi
kesarutaDe

nADALva
hAlUDi
maLeyaLaka kaLekuli

pUciyaLika haNapaDega

piritini kalkuTiga kaLeyaLipa kEDaLika

tIrikeyaripu tappukaLeta

jAga:
esaka:

arilunkuge daNivukaLeta

arivukaleta arivaLike

(pa) suru pattuge modalaneya pada suruvAgiruva hesarujODugaLalli heccinavu gaLallU eraDaneya padavAgi IDannu tiLisuva hesarupada bandiru ttade. ettugegAgi, uNNebaTTe emba hesarupadakke uNNeyinda mADida baTTe emba oLanuDitavannu koDaballevu; idaralli modalaneya uNNe pada suruvAgide mattu eraDaneya baTTe pada IDAgide (I baTTeyannu uNNeyinda mADiddAre).

idakke badalu, bEre kelavu hesarujODugaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi Agugavannu tiLisuva hesarupada bandiruttade; ettugegAgi, gALiyindAda taDe emba gALitaDe emba hesarujODige oLanuDitavannu koDaballevu. I eraDu bageya hesarujODugaLannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:

(1) eraDaneya padavAgi IDu:

akkiganji
garibarige
nArubaTTe neraLutiTTa hulluhAsu

akkitari
tattidOse nUlugombe mIneNNe
hombaTTalu

(2) eraDaneya padavAgi Aguga:

kaNtappu
gALitaDe
mODagattale

edehAlu nAyihuccu havaLadiNNe

eLLeNNe dasibEli nUlENi sannenuDi akkinuccu

kallottu mENabeLaku hUgoncalu

idallade, kisegaLLa emba hesarujODinalli eraDaneya padavAgi kaLLa emba mADuga pada bandiruvudannu kANabahudu (I kaLLa kise yinda kadiyuttAne).

(ga) guri pattuge modalaneya padavAgi guri padaviruva hesarujODugaLalli heccinavu gaLallU eraDaneya padavAgi IDu pada bandiruttade. ettugegAgi,

kIleNNe hesarujODige kIlige koDuva eNNe emba oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu; idaralli modalaneya kIlu pada koDu esakada guri yAgide, mattu eraDaneya eNNe pada adara IDAgide (kIlige koDalu baLasuva eNNe).

intaha kelavu hesarujODugaLalli eraDaneya pada Aguga illavE

jAgavAgiruvudU ide.

(1) eraDaneya padavAgi IDu:

ancevecca gANadettu badiyolavu bisilukoDe maLeyangi haNepaTTi

ellekaTTu
nelegaTTu
bAyaDapu bALvepaDi
muyyesaka haNehagga

(2) eraDaneya padavAgi Aguga:

arasumaga kaNpisuru

EDuhabba
kaNNukutta

(3) eraDaneya padavAgi jAga:

gallumara

nENugamba

tappukANike nOvineNNe bAyikukke bETenAyi molegaTTu hegalucIla

kaNgattale nagegEDu

saratisAlu

(ja) jAga pattuge modalaneya padavAgi jAga padaviruva hesarujODugaLalli heccinavu gaLallU eraDaneya padavAgi Aguga pada bandiruttade. ettugegAgi, edenOvu padakke edeyalli unTAda nOvu emba oLanuDita vannu koDabahudu; idaralli modalaneya ede pada jAgavAgi mattu eraDaneya nOvu pada AgugavAgi bandide.

intaha bEre kelavu hesarujODugaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi IDu pada bandide. idallade, kaDalugaLLa embudaralli mADuga pada mattu gALikoDe embudaralli suru pada bandide; dArihOka mattu hAdihOka padagaLalli eraDaneya pada mADugadondige esakavannU tiLisuttade.

(1) eraDaneya padavAgi Aguga:

edekiccu
edebaDita
kaNpore
kIlUta
gALitEru

edegudi
edeyuri
kalluppu
ganTalunOvu gALisuddi

(2) eraDaneya padavAgi IDu:

sUlmuluku tudinaDige

ellekallu
kallabaraha

edenOvu elarance kalleNNe gaddakuLi sonTanOvu

ellegere tOTadUTa

(2) esakapadavannu baLasi gumpisuvudu mEle tiLisida hAge, hesarujODugaLige koDaballa oLanuDitagaLalli yAva esakapada bandide embudara mEleyU avannu gumpisalu baruttade. illi mukyavAgi eraDu bageya jODupadagaLannu gurutisa bahudu: (ka) eraDanE padavAgi bandiruva hesarupadada iTTaLadalli esakapadavondu bandiddu, adannE oLanuDitadalliyU baLasiru vantaha jODupadagaLadu ondu gumpu; mattu (ca) eraDu hesaru padagaLa naDuvina pattugeyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi jODupadadalli illadiruva esakapadavondannu baLasabEkAguvantaha jODupadagaLadu innondu gumpu.

(ka) eraDanE padada iTTaLadalli esakapadaviruva hesarujODugaLu jODupadada eraDanE hesarupadavannu ondu esakapadakke oTTannu sErisi paDeyalAgideyAdare, adara oLanuDitadalli adE esakapada vannu baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, dArihOka padadalli
bandiruva hOka hesarupadavannu hOgu esakapadakke a oTTannu sErisi paDeyalAgide; idE esakapadavannu baLasi, dAriyalli hOgu vavanu emba oLanuDitavannu adakke koDabahudu.

intaha heccina hesarujODugaLallU modalaneya hesarupada esakada IDAgiruttade (baTTegaLannu mAruvavanu - baTTemArALi). Aguga, jAga illavE guriyannu modalaneya padavAgi paDediruva kelavu hesarujODugaLU baLakeyallive:

(1) IDu:

taTTetoLega nOvaLika maLeyaLaka kallukuTiga

(2) Aguga:

nelasarita
nIrosaru

(3) guri:

nelahAsu

dAritOruga piritini
hAlUDi
kasakaLi

nADALva basirutaDe arivaLika kaLekuli

nelajArike nelacAju

gALiharivu edesOlu

ellekaTTu

mUlekaTTu

(4) jAga:

bayalATa sonTanOvu

banDihOka hAdihOka

dArihOka hagalakANke

(ca) jODupadadallilladiruva esakapadavondannu baLasiruva hesaru jODugaLu bEre kelavu hesarujODugaLalli bandiruva hesarupadagaLa naDuvina pattugeyannu tiLisalu jODupadadallilladiruva esakapadavondannu baLasabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, eLLeNNe emba jODupadakke eLLininda paDeda eNNe emba oLanuDitavannu koDabahudu; idaralli jODupadada eLLu mattu eNNe emba eraDu hesarupadagaLa naDuvina pattugeyannu tiLisalu paDe emba bEreyE ondu esakapadavannu baLasalAgide.

intaha jODupadagaLannu avugaLalli baLakeyAguva esakapadada mEle gumpisalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva hesaru jODugaLige mADu esakapadavannu baLasiruva oLanuDitagaLannu koDalu baruttade. ivugaLa modalaneya hesarupada heccineDegaLallU I esakapadada suruvAgiruttade (nArininda mADida baTTe - nAru baTTe); kelaveDegaLalli guri (ancege mADida vecca - ancevecca), illavE jAga (tOTadalli mADuva UTa - tOTadUTa) avugaLa modalaneya padavAgi bandiruvudU ide.

garibarige
nAruhalige neraLutiTTa honginDi

dasibEli
nArumaDi moTTedOse hombaTTalu

nArusIre nUlENi hulluhAsu nArubaTTe

koDu esakapadavannu baLasiruva hesarujODugaLu halaviddu, avugaLa modalaneya pada A esakapadada IDu (merugannu koDuva eNNe - merugeNNe) illavE guri (tappige koDuva kANike

• tappugANike)yAgiruttade:

(1) IDu:

nenapugurutu kAvugUDu

(2) guri:

pOTikare
nENugamba badaloppita

merugeNNe kAvubuTTi

allaNitiTTa kAsOle

gallumara
bALvepaDi
beLakinDi

tappugANike maccumaddu takkamehaNa

iru illavE irisu esakapadavannu baLasiruva hesarujODugaLU kelavive. ivugaLalli iru padavannu baLasiruvavugaLalli modalaneya hesarupada jAgavAgiruttade (neladalliruva gunDu - nelagunDu), mattu irisu padavannu baLasiruvavugaLalli IDAgiruttade (masi irisuva kuDike - masikuDike).

(1) jAga: uppinakAyi nelanIru

(2) IDu:

masikuDike haNapeTTige oDavemane

gaDikallu
nelagunDu

haNeboTTu nelamaddu

masiburuDe heNadare
Oleyare

hakkikApu herekombu maddore

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5.2 hesarujODugaLalli sErikeya horapaDikegaLu

hesarujODugaLalli baLakeyAguva sErikeya olavugaLige eraDu bageya horapaDikegaLu kANisikoLLuttave: mEle 2.2.1-11ralli

koTTiruva olavugaLige edurAguva horapaDikegaLadu ondu bage; mattu jODupadada modalanE hesarupada tanna padarUpavannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva horapaDikegaLadu innondu bage.

ettugegAgi, nIrgallu padadalli nIru padada koneya ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu modalanE bageya horapaDike, mattu uppina kAyi padadalli uppu pada tanna uppina emba padarUpavannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruvudu eraDanE bageya horapaDike.

eraDu hesarupadagaLu oTTusEri jODupadagaLAdAga, (1) modalanE padada koneyalli baruva u mattu a tereyuligaLu avugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva pada bandAga biddu hOguvudu (2.2.1), (2) modalanE padada koneya yakAra adara baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva pada bandAga immaDi yAguvudu (2.2.2), (3) tereyuli illavE yakAradalli kone goLLuva padagaLa baLika baruva padagaLalli modalige baruva kakAra, takAragaLu gakAra, dakAragaLAguvudu (2.2.9), (4) tereyuligaLa baLika h(p), b, mattu m mucculigaLu vakAravAguvudu (2.2.10), mattu mucculigaLa modalu baruva ukAra adara modalu y, r, l, L illavE mUguli iruvalli biddu hOguvudu (2.2.11) emba I aydu sErikeya mArpADugaLige oLagAguttave.

ivugaLalli mUru, nAlku mattu aydanE mArpADugaLige halavu horapaDikegaLiddu, avannella illi paTTimADalu hOgilla. avakke ettugegaLannu mEle 2.2.9, 10, matu 11ralli koDalAgide.

hesarujODugaLa iTTaLadalli kANisuva innondu bageya hora paDikeyendare, avugaLa modalanE hesarupadadondige adakkU adara mundiruva hesarupadakkU naDuviruva pattugeyannu tiLisuva a oTTu bidduhOdarU adu sEridAga padagaLa koneyalli bandiruva d illavE in embudu hAgeyE uLidiruvudu. keLage koTTiruva hesarujODugaLalli I uLikegaLannu kANabahudu:

heNada+are tOTada+UTa
nOvina eNNe

heNadare
tOTadUTa nOvineNNe

akAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLu intaha jODupadagaLalli I rIti pattugeya a oTTinondige bandiruva d embudannu hecci neDegaLallU uLisiruvudannu kANabahudu; kaLLusuku, kaLLoppa, mangATa, tunTATa, gAyALu embantaha kelavE kelavu jODu padagaLu mAtra adannu uLisikoLLade mEle 2.2.1ralli koTTiruva sErikeya olavannu tOrisuttave. idakke kelavu heccina ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide.

neladarime neladareya

nela+arime nela+areya tOTa+ayya tOTadayya cinnadOle cinna+Ole

haNa+ubbara nele+oDeya kutta+oreta

haNadubbara neladoDeya kuttadoreta

kANabahudu

innu kelavu jODupadagaLalli modalanE padada koneya ukAra (jEnu+gUDu> akAravAgi badalAgiruvudannu jEnagUDu). idannu pattugeya a oTTu endu hELalu baruvudilla; yAkendare, ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLige pattugeya a oTTannu sErisidAga, mEle nOvu mattu uppu padagaLalli kANisida hAge, A oTTina modalu in embudu sEruttade (nOvin-a).

jEnahaLi
jEnu+haLi tErabIdi
tEru+bIdi nADu+nuDi nADanuDi
kaDalu+cAcu kaDalacAcu mugilu+kallu mugilakallu

jEnu+dasi nADu+habba kaDalu+kare hagalu+kANke hegalu+buTTi

jEnadasi nADahabba kaDalakare hagalakANke hegalabuTTi

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5.3 esakajODugaLu

modalaneya padavAgi esakapada bandiruvantaha jODupadagaLannu esakajODugaLendu kareyalAgide. ivugaLalli baruva esakapadagaLu ondu esakavannu tiLisuttiddu, adu eraDaneya padavu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayada pariceyAgiruttade. ettugegAgi, hIru kAgada emba jODupadadalli bandiruva hIru esakapada tiLisuva esaka (‘hIruvike’ embudu) A kAgadada pariceyAgide.

intaha esakajODugaLa iTTaLavannu vivarisuvalli keLage koTTiruva

kelavu vyatyAsagaLu neravige baruttave:

(1) hottinalli vyatyAsa esakajODugaLalli baruva esakapadagaLu eraDu bageyalli hesaru padada pariceyannu tiLisaballuvu:

(ka) avu hesarina pariceyannu yAvAga bEkiddarU naDeyaballa

esakada mUlaka tiLisuttirabahudu, illavE

(ca) omme mAtra naDedu hOguva esakada mUlaka tiLisuttira

bahudu.

ettugegAgi, siDimaddu jODupadadalli bandiruva siDi esakapada yAvAga bEkiddarU naDeyaballa esakavondannu tiLisuttade (siDiva maddu); idakke badalu, sILduTi embudaralli bandiruva sILu embudu omme naDediruva esakavondannu tiLisuttade (sILida tuTi). idallade, kelavu kaDegaLalli eraDaneya pada esakada pariNAmavannu hesarisuttade (jajjugAya).

I vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli kANabahudu; ivugaLalli ondE esakapadavannu I eraDu bageya jODupada gaLallU baLasalAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu:

ubbupuDi kaTTupaTTi karagusarige kUDugere

yAvAga bEkiddarU naDeyaballuvu
ubbisuva puDi kaTTuva paTTi karaguva sarige kUDisuva gere huriyuva kAvali hurigAvali sILunOTa sILuva nOTa suDunIru suDuva nIru anTuva bEne anTubEne Uruva kOlu UrugOlu iLiyuva eNike ujjuva kallu

iLiyeNike ujjugallu

ondE bAri naDeyuvavu ubbida kannaDi ubbukannaDi kaTTukate kaTTida kate karagida kallu karagukallu kUDisida pada kUDupada hurida kALu hurigALu sILida tuTi sILduTi suDugAya suTTa gAya anTida halige anTuhalige Urida kAyi UrugAyi iLida nIru iLinIru ujjida gAya ujjugAya

(2) pattugeyalli vyatyAsa intaha jODupadagaLalli baruva esakapadakkU hesarupadakkU naDuve entaha pattugeyide embudannavalambisiyU avannu kelavu gumpu gaLAgi oDedu hELalu baruttade.

ettugegAgi, taLLugADi embudakke I gADiyannu taLLu ttAreayemba oLanuDitavannu koDaballevu; idaralli gADi hesarupada taLLu esakapadada IDAgi bandide embudannu gamanisabahudu. idakke badalu, IjukoLa embudakke I koLadalli IjuttAreayemba oLa nuDitavannu koDabahudu; idaralli koLa hesarupada Iju esaka padada jAgavAgi bandide.

hesarupadagaLigU esakapadagaLigU naDuve intaha esakajODu gaLalli kANisaballa pattugegaLige kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(1) Aguga pattuge:

ADubeNe
ODutiTTa
seLegallu
battemme

(2) IDu pattuge:

jajjaDike
nUkubanDi biccugatti
suDumaddu UrugOlu hurigaDale

(3) suru pattuge:

tOruberaLu gOrumaNe

(4) jAga pattuge: kudikala
naDehAdi
nODuganDi mArukaTTe sOsutaTTe

iLiyeNike jaDimaLe
anTubEne sILduTi

urigALi jOlugivi hIrukAgada ujjugAya

taLLubanDi talapudANa seLegatti
haccumaddu muccukambi hiDigUTa

tUgubeLaku biccugaNNu bIrugallu hiDigunDu hurihiTTu beLehakki

gOrukOlu kUDugere

kedakukambi sokkumaddu

kuTToraLu nilugaDe
bIsukallu hurigAvali neDutOpu

barekOlu nilleDe masekallu rubbukallu kuttubALu

IjuDupu tangudANa

ujjukoraDu tangumane

uNumane huTTUru

idallade, oragudimbu mattu oraguhalige emba eraDu esaka jODugaLalli guri pattugeyannU, hADuhakki mattu honcupaDe emba bEre eraDu esakajODugaLalli mADuga pattugeyannU kANa bahudu.

(3) hOlikeya esaka esakajODugaLalli baruva esakapadavu nijavAgiyU naDeyaballa illavE naDeda esakavondannu tiLisuva badalu, hOlikeyAgi iruvudU ide. ettugegAgi, hAsugallu padakke hAsida hAge kANisuva kallu emba oLanuDitavannu koDaballudAgiddu, adaralli bandiruva hAsu esakapada ondu hOlikeyannu tiLisuttade.

(4) esakapada illavE hesarupada kelavu jODupadagaLalli modalaneya pada esakapadavE illavE hesarupadavE emba viSayadalli samSaya baruvantiraballudu. ettuge gAgi, huTTukuruDa embudaralli bandiruva huTTu pada esakapada vAgiyU iraballudu, illavE hesarupadavAgiyU iraballudu; yAkendare, adakke huTTuvAgalE kuruDanAgiddavanu emba oLa nuDitavannAgali, illavE huTTinindalE kuruDanAgiddavanu emba oLanuDitavannAgali koDaballevu.

tappukANike, hanimaLe, hADuhakki, huTTUru modalAda bEreyU kelavu jODupadagaLige intaha eraDu bageya oLanuDita gaLannu koDalu baruttade embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5.4 esakajODugaLalli sErikeya horapaDikegaLu

(1) mEle 2.2.1ralli vivarisida hAge tereyuliyalli modalAguva hesarupada sEridAga esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu (battu+emme>battemme), (2) 2.2.9ralli vivarisida hAge tereyuliya baLika, illavE kelavu mucculigaLa baLika banda kakAra-

takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguvudu (nODu+kanDi>nODuganDi, talapu+tANa>talapudANa, sILu+tuTi>sILduTi), (3) 2.3.10 ralli vivarisida hAge tereyuliya baLika makAra vakAravAguvudu (Eru+maNe>ErvaNe, paDu+mane>paDuvane), mattu (4) 2.2.11 ralli vivarisida hAge mucculiyalli modalAguva hesarupada sEridAga esakapadagaLa ukAra, avugaLa modalu y, L modalAda kelavu mucculigaLiruvAga bidduhOguvudu (sILu+tuTi>sILduTi) emba nAlku bageya sErikeya mArpADugaLu esakajODugaLalli kANisikoLLuttave.

ivugaLalli 2.2.9 mattu 2.2.11ra mArpADugaLige halavu hora paDikegaLiddu (rubbukallu, neDutOpu, sILunOTa), avannilli paTTimADilla. idallade, uNumane jODupadadalli uNNu padada immaDi NakAra otte NakAravAgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu; AduNiga padadalli adara oLanuDitadalli kANisuva (Adu uNNuvavanu) Ayu esakapadada himbottina jODisuva rUpa (Adu embudu) hAgeyE uLidukonDide.

baydATa mattu tuydATa embavugaLallU jODisuva rUpa (baydu mattu tuydu) hAgeyE uLidideyAdarU, ivannu baydADu mattu tuydADu emba kUDupadagaLinda paDeya ballevAda kAraNa, nEravAgi paDeda esakajODugaLendu tiLiya bEkAgilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5.5 paricejODugaLu

paricepadagaLannu illavE paricebErugaLannu modalaneya padavAgi, mattu hesarupadavannu eraDaneya padavAgi baLasiruvantaha halavAru jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive. heccineDegaLallU ivu hesarupadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu illavE viSayada parice yondannu tiLisuva mUlaka, avugaLa haravu kaDimeyAguva hAge mADuttave.

ettugegAgi, hebberaLu jODupadadalli beraLina pariceyondannu (‘adu doDDadu’ embudannu) heb- emba paricebEru tiLisuttade; mattu idarindAgi, beraLu padada haraviginta hebberaLu embudara

haravu kaDimeyAgide; hebberaLu pada ondu bageya (doDDa dAgiruva) beraLannu mAtra hesarisuttade embudannu gamanisabahudu. intaha jODupadagaLannu illi paricejODugaLendu kareyalAgide.

intaha paricejODugaLu mElnOTakke padakantegaLa hAgeyE kANisuttave; yAkendare, paricepadagaLannu nEravAgi, avakke yAva oTTannU sErisade hesarupadagaLondige baLasi padakantegaLannu unTu mADalAguttade. ettugegAgi, biLi paricepadavannu nEravAgi hesarupada gaLondige sErisi halavu bageya padakantegaLannu unTumADa bahudu: biLi kAgada, biLi gODe, biLi mODa, biLi hUvu, biLi cenDu.

idE rItiyalli paricejODugaLannu nEravAgi paricepada illavE paricebErugaLannu hesarupadagaLondige sErisi unTumADalAguttade: ettugegAgi, bisinIru, aDibaraha, oLanuDi, aDDadAri modalAda paricejODugaLannu gamanisabahudu. hAgAgi, paricejODugaLannu padakantegaLinda bErpaDisuvudu suLuvAda kelasavalla. avannu yAva sandarbadalli baLasalAgide, avakke entaha huruLide embantaha bEre kelavu viSayagaLa mEle avu paricejODugaLE illavE padakantegaLE embudannu tIrmAnisikoLLabEkAguttade.

obba vyakti, ondu vastu, illavE ondu viSayada pariceyannu tiLisuva hesaruparicegaLu, mattu ondu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva esakaparicegaLu embudAgi paricejODugaLalli baruva paricepada gaLannu eraDu mukya gumpugaLalli aNigoLisabahudu. hesaruparicegaLu avugaLa baLika baruva hesarupadada pariceyannu nEravAgi tiLisuttave, mattu esakaparicegaLu bErondu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva mUlaka, nEravallada bageyalli avugaLa baLika bandiruva hesarupadada pariceyannu tiLisuttave.

ettugegAgi, hebberaLu embudaralli baruva heb paricebEru nEravAgi beraLina pariceyondannu tiLisuttade; idakke badalu, naDu beraLu embudaralli baruva naDu esakaparice naDuve iruva beraLu embudAgi beraLina iruvikeya pariceyannu, mattu A mUlaka beraLina pariceyannu tiLisuttade. I vyatyAsada mEle, paricejODu gaLannU eraDu bageyAgi (hesaruparicegaLiruvuvu mattu esakaparicega

Liruvuvu embudAgi) gumpisabahudu. I eraDu bageya jODupada gaLannu keLage heccu vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide:

(1) hesaruparicegaLa baLake paricejODugaLa modalaneya padavAgi hesaruparicegaLannu baLasidAga, avu sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa baLika baruva hesarupadagaLa haravannu kaDimemADuttave. Adare, nanTastikeyannu tiLisuva kelavu hesarupada gaLondige bandAga avu A rIti mADuva badalu, A padavannu hOlikegAgi baLasikoLLuttave.

ettugegAgi, cikkAsu embudaralli bandiruva cikka paricepada kAsu padada haravannu kaDime mADuttade; halavu bageya kAsugaLalli cikkavannu adu hesarisuttade. Adare, cikkamma embudaralli bandiruva cikka paricepada amma padada haravannu kaDime mADuvudilla; yAkendare, cikkamma emba pada ammandiralli cikkavaLannu hesarisuvu dilla; idakke badalu, adu amma padavannu hOlikegAgi baLasikoLLu ttade: ‘ammaniginta cikkavaLu’, endare ‘ammana tangi’ emba huruLu cikkamma padakkide.

I vyatyAsavannu tOrisuva kelavu jODupadagaLannu keLage koDa

lAgide:

hOlikeyannu baLasuvavu cikkamma ‘ammaniginta cikkavaLu’ cikkatAyi ‘tAyiginta cikkavaLu’ cikkappa ‘appaniginta cikkavanu’ cikkatande ‘tandeginta cikkavanu’ doDDappa ‘appaniginta doDDavanu’ doDDamma ‘ammaniginta doDDavaLu’ saNNamma ‘ammaniginta saNNavaLu’ hiriyayya ‘ayyaniginta hiriyanu’

haravannu kaDimemADuvavu cikkAsu ‘kAsugaLalli cikkadu’ cikkatamma ‘tammandiralli cikkavanu’ cikkaNNa ‘aNNandiralli cikkavanu’ cikkatangi ‘tangiyaralli cikkavaLu’ doDDangaDi ‘angaDigaLalli doDDadu’ doDDakka ‘akkandiralli doDDavaLu’ saNNakki ‘akkigaLalli saNNadu’ hiriyaNNa ‘aNNandiralli hiriyavanu’ L
mElina vyatyAsavannu tOrisuva hesaruparicegaLella Ayavannu (cikka, doDDa), illavE harayavannu (hiri) tiLisuttive. bEre bageya paricegaLannu tiLisuva hesaruparicegaLu I vyatyAsavannu tOrisuvu dilla; avu nanTastanada padagaLondige baruva hAgU kANisuvudilla.

jODupadagaLa modalaneya padavAgi baLakeyAguva hesaruparice gaLalli keLage koTTiruva bErugaLu mattu padagaLu heccu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave:

(1) pEr/hEr perkate pEraNaka heggaDaja heggaLLa hebbanDe hebbusi hemmane hEraDavi

percUTi
pErALu
heggaDe heggattu
hebbAgilu hebbeTTu
hemmiNi
hErAne

(2) kir/kiru kirukate kirugatti kirutore kirubaraha kiggaTTu kittaDi
kitteDe

kirukaData
kirucIla
kirutOTa kiruberaLu kiggaDalu
kittUru
kittusiru

(3) kaTTa/kaDu kaDukaLLa
kaDugali kaDugOpa
kaDubisilu kaDuhage kaTTarasu kaTTALu kaTTULiga

kaDugampu kaDugALi
kaDunOvu
kaDumaruLu kaDuhuccu kaTTaDavi
kaTTiruve
kaTTeccara

(4) kisu/kEsu kisugaNagile kEsakki

kisugaNNu
kEsuri

permAtu
pErarasu
heggaNa heggaLike
hebbAvu
hebbaTTe
hejjEnu
hErALu

kirukuLa
kirujOgu kirudere
kirumiduLu kiggaDe kittoraku
kittayya

kaDugattale kaDugempu
kaDubaDava
kaDumunisu kaDuhEDi
kaTTale kaTTubbasa
kaTTesaka

permuDi pEruri heggattale heggeccalu hebbuli hebburuli heddAri hErUru

kirukONe kiruterige kirunAlige kiruhaTTi kiggaNNu kittOle kittesaLu

kaDugappu kaDugEDi kaDubaNNa
kaDumuppu kaDuhoge kaTTaLavi kaTTuluhu kaTTELige

kisugallu
kEsuLLi

kisuvonnu kEsoDalu

(5) ken kengaNNu kenguruLu

kengari kendale

kengallu
kendAvare

kengiDi kenduTi

kennAyi

kennIru

kennettaru

kennela

(6) kAr/kari karikabbu karinIru karihatti kannADu kAriruLu

karigubbi
karibEvu
karihalige
kanneydile

(7) beL-biLi beLdingaLu beLgoDe beLLakki beLmugilu biLikabbu biLigaDDa
biLimeNasu biLimODa

(8) mAr/maru marunuDi marudina marumay marubaLake marusalike maruvALu mAraDi
mAraccu mAreNike
mAruli mArkaTTu mArkiDi
mArpoLapu mArbaTTe
mArmugilu

mArmunisu

(9) biru birugattale birugallu
birugOlu birudani
birunOTa birunuDi birumAtu biruvaDe

(10) niT/niDu niDugaNNu niDunaDike niDumaNe niTTayde niTTirke

niDugiccu niDubALve niDumara
niTTale niTTusiru

karicuLLi
karimaNi
kaggattale
kammaDu

karijIrige karimara kaggappu kammara

beLnore
beLLAne
biLigeNasu biLisampige

marunOTa marumAtu maruhuTTu mArAne
mAroDalu mArtale
mArbaDDi

beLmaNNu beLLuLLi biLijOLa biLihUvu

marubageta maruvakka marueNike mArALu mArOle mArpaDe mArbala

birugALi
birunagu
birubisilu biruvalaru

birugUdalu birunaDe birumaLe biruhoyilu

niDugoraLu niDuberaLu niDumAtu niTTAli
niTTelubu

niDudOLu niDubobbe niDumUgu niTTiruLu niTTOTa

idallade, kelavE kelavu jODupadagaLalli mAtravE kANisi koLLuva bEreyU halavu hesaruparicegaLiddu, avugaLalli kelavu pada mattu bErugaLa baLakeyannu keLagina paricejODigaLalli kANabahudu:

aDigaTTu
ajjagaLLa aNNekelasa innuNisu eDemAtu eDehALe
eLaganti
eremaNNu oNahullu oNakoreta kammelaru
kammeNNe kILarime
kiLpoDe kuDugOlu kILumAtu kOrenOTa kUrarivu gUnubennu kOsukaNNu caLLaDaru
caLLuguru jaLLutene
cennuDi tanibella tanihAlu
dOregAyi naruhoge nasugempu nasugattale paDDehuli
koreyakki poLLumAtu balagAlu
haLegannaDa hasigODe

aDigaTTale eDagay
eDehottu eLanIru
oLnuDi
kisagAlu
kILALu
kuDuhubbu kOredADe goDDAkaLu cikkADu
taNNIru
tirugaNe
nalbaraha
nerekare paDDehuDuga biNgeccalu husinagu

aNNetunDu eDagAlu eregadde oNakemmu oLdoDuge kisabAyi kILtuTi kUrgatti kOluLi gOTaDike cUputudi taNNelaru tirugANi nalluNisu neremane pusikeccu melnaDe hosahuTTu

kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu kelavu kaDegaLalli paricepadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave, mattu bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli hesarupadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave; bEre kelavu viSayagaLalli avakke avugaLadE Ada paricegaLU ive. hAgAgi, avannu bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisa bEkAgide. Adare, jODupadagaLa iTTaLadalli kelavu eNikeya bEru gaLu heccukaDime hesaruparicegaLa hAgeyE eraDaneya padada parice yannu (adara eNikeyannu) tiLisalu baLakeyAguttave. ivugaLalli mukyavAgi Or, Ir, mU mattu are padagaLa baLakeyAguttade:

(1) Or
okkaTTu okkayya ottaTTu onnADiga orkallu

okkaNe okkUTa
ottanDa
opopattu
orpariju

okkaNNa okkombu ottara obberaLu
orsULu

okkaLa oggaTTu ottOLu obboTTu Oranke

(2) Ir ikkaTTu ikkela
ittera
immaDi IraDi

(3) mUr mukkaTTu mukkAli mummone

ikkaDi iggAli
innuDiga
immay
Irotte

ikkaNNa ijjODu ibbage immone

ikkuLa ittanDa ibbAyi irtale

mukkaDi
munnIru
mUgAvuda

mukkaNNa
muppuri
mUvaTTe

mukkandi mummaDi

(4) are aregelasa aregunDige aredingaLu arenuDi
aremusuku arehaNNu

aregOLa aremaruLu arehucca

aretaDe aremare arehottu

sErikeya horapaDikegaLu hesaruparicegaLannu baLasiruva jODupadagaLalli halavu bageya sErike಍ mArpADugaLu kANisikoLLuttave; ivugaLannu keLage paTTimADa lAgide, mattu avakkiruva horapaDikegaLannU keLage koDalAgide:

(1) 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya tereyuli, avugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva pada bandAga bidduhOgu) mArpADu cikkamma (cikka+amma), saNNakki (saNNa+akki) modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

(2) 2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu banda mucculigaLalli kelavu (illi n, N, l, mattu L mucculigaLu) immaDiyAguva) mArpADu munnarivu, taNNelaru, nalluNisu, beLLuLLi modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

(3) 2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva (kelavu padagaLa mattu bErugaLa (illi pEr/hEr, kEsu, kAr, mAr, kIL, Or, Ir, mattu mUr embavugaLa) udda tereyuli avugaLa baLika mucculiyalli modalAguva pada bandAga giDDa tereyuliyAguva) mArpADu perkate, heggattale, kisugallu, kaggappu, marunuDi, kiLpoDe, okkaTTu, ikkaNNa, mukkAli modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

idakke kelavu horapaDikegaLU ive: mArkaTTu, mArkiDi, mArtale, mArnuDi, mArpaDe, mArpoLapu, mArpaTTe, mArpaDDi, mArbala, mArmugilu mattu mArmunisu padagaLalli mAr padada udda tereyuli giDDavAgade uLidide; marueNike padadalli mAr padada baLika tereyuli bandiruvallU udda akAraviruva mAr padada badalu giDDa akAraviruva maru padada baLakeyAgide; mattu, kILtuTi padadalli kIL padada udda tereyuli giDDavAgilla.

(4) 2.2.6ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu baruva rakAra avugaLa rUpavannE paDeyuva) mArpADu Or+kaTTu>okkaTTu, Ir+ bage>ibbage, hEr+jEnu>hejjEnu mUr+puri>muppuri, modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

(5) 2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu baruva mUguligaLu avugaLa jAgakke badalAguva) mArpADu mun+ kay>mungay, mun+taDe> muntaDe, hin+baraha>himbaraha, hin+maDi>himmaDi modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. munmAtu, munbEDike, munsaviha, mungApu, munkANke, munkOrike, munpagalu embavu idakke horapaDikegaLAgive.

mun+cUNi>muncUNi,

(6) 2.2.8ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu baruva kaDu, naDu, mattu niDu padagaLa DakAra TTa endAguvudu mattu kiru padada rakAra tta endAguva) mArpADu kaTTesaka, naTTaDavi, niTTusiru, kittOle modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

(7) 2.2.9ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa baLika, mattu y, r, l, L, mattu mUguligaLa baLika kakAra gakAravAguva, mattu takAra perdere, dakAravAguva) oLdoDuge, kendale, taNgoLa modalAda padagaLalli kANisikoLLu ttade. idakke halavu horapaDikegaLiddu, avannilli paTTimADilla.

narudambula,

mArpADu

kaDegaNNu,

(8) idallade, kEsu padada udda tereyuli kisugaNNu, kisu gallu, kisukuLa, kisuvalage, kisuvonalu mattu kisuvonnu pada gaLalli giDDa tereyuliyAgi (ekAravAgi) badalAgide mAtravalla, ikAravAgiyU badalAgide. intahadE ekAra ikAravAguva mArpADu biLi padadallU kANisuttade.

(2) esakaparicegaLa baLake jODupadagaLa modalaneya padavAgi esakapariceyondannu baLasiru valliyU eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLu kANisikoLLuttave; heccineDe gaLallU esakaparice adara baLika bandiruva hesarupadada haravannu kaDimemADuttade, mattu idakkAgi adu ondu esakapadavannu baLasi koLLuttade. Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli hIge haravannu kaDime mADuva badalu, adu hesarupadada oDetavondannu baLasikoLLuttade.

ettugegAgi, naDuberaLu embudaralli bandiruva naDu paricepada beraLu padada haravannu (iru esakapadada mUlaka) kaDime mADu ttade: halavu (aydu) beraLugaLalli naDuve iruvantahaduay naDu beraLu; Adare, naDuhagalu embudaralli bandiruva naDu paricepada A rIti hagalu padada haravannu kaDimemADuvudilla; yAkendare, adu halavu hagalugaLalli naDuvinadannu hesarisuva badalu, hagalina naDubAgavannu hesarisuttade. illi paricepadavannu hagalu padada oDetakkAgi (hagalina ondu bAgavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi) baLasalAgide.

kelavu jODupadagaLalli I eraDu bageya huruLugaLU kANisi koLLuttave. ettugegAgi, hingAlu pada nAlku kAliruva prANigaLa kuritAgi baLakeyAdAga (danada hingAlu) hindina kAlannu hesarisa balludu; Adare, eraDu kAliruva janara kuritAgi baLakeyAdAga (Atana hingAlu) kAlina himbAgavannu mAtravE hesarisaballudu.

intahavE eraDeraDu huruLugaLalli baLakeyAgaballa bEre kelavu

paricejODugaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

paricejODu haravannu kaDime

hinnADu mungAlu naTTavane

mADuva huruLu
‘hindugaDe iruva nADu’ ‘mundina kAlu’ ‘naDuvina mane’

oDetavannu baLasuva huruLu ‘nADina himbAga’ ‘kAlina mumbAga’ ‘maneya naDubAga’

intaha jODupadagaLalli baLakeyAgaballa esakaparicegaLannu keLage paTTimADalAgide; ivellavU jAga illavE hottannu tiLisuva esaka paricegaLu embudannu gamanisabahudu. I esakaparicegaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva jODupadagaLannu, avu koDuva ‘haravannu kaDime

mADuvudu’ illavE ‘oDetavannu baLasuvudu’ emba eraDu huruLu gaLannu avalambisi, eraDu gumpugaLalli aNigoLisalAgide:

(1) kaDe:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: kaDenuDi kaDegUsu

kaDehallu
kaDegODi

kaDegAla
kaDenOTa

kaDegIlu
kaDehuTTu

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: kaDemugilu kaDegaNNu kaDevAyi kaDevaLLi

kaDehagalu kaDeseragu

kaDegenne

(2) mun:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: mungaDa mumbadi munjUru munmAtu munnarivu munnela

mungAru mumbottu mundALu munkANke munnOTa munnoTTu

mungaTTe
muncUNi mungaDe
munkApu munnaLuku munguruLu

mundoTTi muntaDe munbEDike munnaDe munnuDi

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: mungattalu munkate
mungay mumbeLagu

mungoralu munnaDi

mungandAya mundonDe munniruLu

mungAlu mumbagalu munpagalu

(3) hin:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: hingaDe hindETu

hinnIru
himbaraha

hinnele
himmELa

hindera hingAlu

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: hingAlu
hinnADu himmaDi
hittilu

hingattale hingattu

hindale

(4) oLa:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: oLaguTTu oLanuDi

oLagumpu oLanOTa

oLajagaLa
oLapase

oLatogaTe oLaLuku

oLaLate oLakOTe

oLabaLaga
oLaharike

oLabAgilu oLasancu

oLahAdi oLabAgu

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: oLagaNNu
oLadavaDe oLakay

(5) naDu:

oLaguDi

oLanADu

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: naDukaTTe naDunele naDumane naTTAli naDuberaLu

naDugaDDe
naDuhallu naDugombu naTTelubu naDudaTTi

naDugamba
naDubale
naDutoTTi naDutUtu naDuhareya

naDudAri naDuhALe naDutUbu naDudAra

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: naDubIdi naDukivi naTTiruLu
naTTaDavi naDugoraLu naDuguDDa

naDumane
naDunosalu naDugaDalu

naDuhagalu naDuhoLe naDunADu

(6) hora:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: horaangi horaUTa horasuttu horamane (ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: horamay

(7) mEl:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: mElukAluve mElangi mElALu mElATa

horadAri

horabAgilu

mEludAri mElkaTTu

mElaccu mElkerpu

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: mElbAnu mElaDi

mElmiduLu

(8) kone:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: konebaraha

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: konegaNNu

konevuguru

(9) heDa:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: heDaguDi

(10) tudi:

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: heDakay
heDatale

heDakAlu

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: tudineDige

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: tudiberaLu

tudigAlu

(11) kuDi:

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: kuDinOTa kuDimincu kuDibeLagu

kuDiveLagu kuDimIse

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: kuDiberaLu kuDinAlige kuDibAla

kuDidADe kuDigaNNu

(12) keLa (kiL-kIL):

(ka) haravannu kaDimemADuvavu: keLadavaDe keLabeLaku kILALu

keLaduTi
kILarime
kILumAtu

(ca) oDetavannu baLasuvavu: keLahoTTe kiLdALige
kiLpoDe

keLamay keLanAlige

aLaviyannu tiLisuva esakaparicegaLu bandiruvalli I haravu mattu keLage

kANisuvudilla embudannu

oDetagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli gamanisabahudu:

nasugattale koreyakki sIrusiri

nasugempu koresambaLa hiDisUDi

nasugALi
koreyusiru hiDihullu

nasunage sIrucekke tusunagu

sErikeya horapaDikegaLu esakaparicegaLannu baLasiruva jODupadagaLalli halavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave; ivannu keLage paTTimADalAgide, mattu avakkiruva horapaDikegaLannU keLage koDalAgide:

(1) 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya tereyuli adara baLika tereyuli bandAga bidduhOguvudemba) mArpADannu oLaLate, oLaLuku, sIrusiri padagaLalli kANabahudu; ikAra illavE ekAra gaLu bidduhOgade avugaLa baLika yakAra baruvudannu koreyakki

mattu kuDiyaLLe padagaLalli kANabahudu; hora padada baLika tere yuli bandAga adara koneya akAra bidduhOgade uLiyuvudannu horaUTa, horausuru, horaangi padagaLalli kANabahudu. I padagaLalli eraDu tereyuligaLu oTTige bandiddu, sErikeya mArpADu naDedilla.

(2) 2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya mucculi (illi nakAra mAtra) adara baLika tereyuli bandAga immaDiyAguva) mArpADannu munnaDi, munniruLu padagaLalli kANabahudu.

(3) 2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva (kIL padada baLika mucculi bandAga adara udda tereyuli giDDavAguva) mArpADannu kiLdALige mattu kiLpoDe padagaLalli kANabahudu.

(4) 2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu baruva mUguli (illi nakAra mAtra) adara baLika banda mucculiya jAgakke mArpADannu mungAru, himmELa, himbaraha badalAguva) modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; I mArpADige munmAtu, munkApu, munbEDike, mattu munkANke embavu horapaDikegaLu.

(5) 2.2.8ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu baruva Da
embudu TTa endAguva) mArpADannu (illi naDu emba padadalli mAtra) naTTelubu, naTTiruLu modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

(6) 2.2.9ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuli, l, L, mattu mUguligaLa baLika baruva kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguva) mArpADannu kaDegAla, mungaDa, kiLdALige, oLagivi, hindera modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu. idakke horapaDikegaLU halavive yembudannu heDakay, naDukivi, heDatale, naDutoTTi, kiLpoDe modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

(7) 2.2.10ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuliya baLika baruva h(p), b, mattu m mucculigaLu vakAravAguva) mArpADannu naDu vagalu, kaDevAyi, naDuvane modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakkU kaDehuTTu, naDumane, kuDiberaLu modalAda hora paDikegaLive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.5.6 bEre bageya jODupadagaLu

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva heccina jODupadagaLannU mEle vivarisi dantaha hesarujODu, esakajODu mattu paricejODu emba mUru bageya iTTaLagaLalli gumpisabahudu. Adare, bEre kelavu bageya jODupadagaLU kannaDadalli kANisikoLLuttave.

(1) keLage koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli baruva eraDu hesaru padagaLannu mattu padadinda jODisiruva hAge kANisuttade (kasa mattu kaDDi - kasakaDDi; hasi mattu bisi hasibisi; gottu mattu gurib- gottuguri):

accumeccu appaTecappaTe ubbutaggu Odubaraha
kallumuLLu
kundukorate giDaganTi
tinDitinasu nuccunUru makkaLumari sandigondi soppusade

aDDagala

aDetaDe
uDugetoDuge uDuputoDupu eDarutoDaru OrekOre
kasakaDDi
kOTekottaLa gottuguri teppatEru nUkunuggalu mAtukate sAvunOvu haNakAsu

Erutaggu kallumaNNu kuTTidoNNe ganTumUTe taggumuggu nArubEru nerekare muccumare suttumuttu harukumuruku

mEle koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli appaTecappaTe, uDuge toDuge, uDuputoDupu, gottuguri, sandigondi, mattu haNakAsu embavugaLalli heccukaDime ondE huruLina eraDu pada gaLannu baLasalAgide; hAgiddarU ivannu mattu padada mUlaka sErisa ballevu.

(2) keLage koTTiruva bEre kelavu jODupadagaLalli huruLiruva padadondige antahadE uliyannu koDuva huruLillada pada vondannu sErisalAgide:

ajjugujju edurubaduru

aDDAdiDDi ErupEru

arebare callApilli

tattarabittara najjugujju muppucippu

taLakupaLaku baTTebare
haNNuhampalu

tArumAru baDabaggaru

(3) huruLilladantaha padavondannu eraDaneya padavAgi baLasalu kannaDadalli ondu kaTTaleyU baLakeyallide. idaralli padavondannu himpuTisuva innondu padavannu adarondige jODisi baLasalAgu ttade. kallugillu, OdugIdu, gottugittu, kasagisa modalAduvannu idakke ettugeyAgi koDabahudu.

ivugaLalli eraDaneya padavannu unTumADalu, modalaneya padada modalaneya barigekanteya badalu gi illavE gI embudannu baLasalAguttade: modalaneya barigekanteyalli giDDa tereyuliyiddare gi embudu baruttade (halligilli, onTeginTe, maLegiLe), mattu udda tereyuliyiddare gI embudu baruttade (AnegIne, dUru gIru, hAvugIvu).

jODupadagaLa iTTaLavannu I rIti ondu kaTTaleya mUlaka vivarisalu baruvudilla; hAgAgi, gi illavE gI embudannu baLasi unTumADida intaha padagaLannu bErondu bageya jODu padagaLendu kareyuvudakkintalU padarUpagaLendu illavE padakante gaLendu kareyuvudE oLLeyadu.

(4) ondE padavannu eraDu bAri baLasuva mUlaka, adara mEle ottukoDuva holabu kannaDadalli baLakeyallide; kelavu jODupadagaLU I holabina mUlaka huTTikonDive; illi modalanE bAri banda pada aDagagonDu eraDaneyadakke anTikoLLu ttade. kaTTakaDe (kaDe>kaTTa), tuttatudi (tudi>tutta), tuttumuru (tumuru>tut) padagaLalli I holabannu kANabahudu.

(5) illa padakke i illavE a oTTannu sErisi unTumADiruva ili illavE ila padavannu kelavu hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepadagaLige sErisi allagaLeyuva huruLiruva hesarujODugaLannu unTumADalAgide. ettugegAgi, kaNNu hesarupadadinda kaNNili ‘kaNNilladavanu’ embudannu, tiLi esakapadadinda tiLivili ‘tiLivilla davanu’ embudannu, mattu kUru paricepadadinda kUrili ‘harita valladudu’ embudannu unTumADalAgide.

intaha kelavu padagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

hesarupadagaLondigina baLake:

kaNNili kaNNu nANu nANili
mAtu mAtili
bardu

bardila

hallu hallili agilu agilili eve

eveyili

esakapadagaLondigina baLake: beLagu beLagili
tabbu

tabbili

Cj tiLi

arivili tiLivili

paricepadadondigina baLake:

kUru

kUrili

(6) keLage koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi

ondu esakapada bandiruva hAge kANisuttade:

ugurusuttu edegudi
edemuccu kaDalacAcu kaNNuri kesarutaDe
nelahAsu bAnuli
mUlekaTTu

iLijAru
ellekaTTu
oDahuTTu kaypiDi
kaNkaTTu
kalluhAsu nelacAcu beraLottu mOrekaTTu

edesOlu elumuruTu osaDusOku kambani kallottu nIrosaru bankeyanTu beLakutaDe sUlmuluku

Adare, ivugaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi bandiruvavugaLalli heccina vakkU kannaDadalli hesarupadavAgiyU baLakeyide. ettugegAgi, eraDu suttu suttide emba sollinalli suttu pada eraDu bAri bandiddu, modalaneya bAri adu ondu hesarupadavAgi bandide. hAgAgi, bEre kaDegaLallU eraDaneya pada hesarupadavAgiyE baLakeyAgide yendu tiLiyabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.6 tiruLu

I pasugeyalli hesarupadagaLa iTTaLa entahadu embudannu vivarisa lAgide: oTTisida padagaLu mattu jODupadagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLaviruva hesarupadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive.

I eraDu bageya padagaLa iTTaLavannu vivarisuva modalu, avu gaLalli kANisikoLLuva sErikeya mArpADugaLu entahavu embudannu tiLisalAgide; oTTu hannondu mArpADugaLannu illi paTTimADa lAgide.

oTTisida hesarupadagaLannu esakapadagaLige, hesarupadagaLige illavE paricepadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADalAguttade; idakkAgi entaha oTTugaLella baLakeyAguttave, mattu avu padagaLige entaha huruLugaLannu sErisuttave embudannu illi vivarisalAgide. oTTu sumAru 50 oTTugaLannu illi paTTi mADalAgide.

jODupadagaLannu hesarupadagaLige, esakapadagaLige mattu parice padagaLige (illavE paricebErugaLige) hesarupadagaLannu sErisi unTu mADalAguttiddu, ivannu hesarujODu, esakajODu mattu parice jODugaLendu hesarisalAgide.

hesarujODugaLa iTTaLavannu vivarisuvalli, avugaLalli jODi siruva eraDu hesarupadagaLa naDuve entaha pattugeyide embudannu, mattu avugaLige oLanuDitagaLannu koDuvalli entaha esakapadavannu baLasalAguttade embudannu avalambisi, eraDu bageyalli gumpisa lAgide.

esakajODugaLannu gumpisuvudakkAgiyU mukyavAgi (1) avugaLa modalaneya padavAgi banda esakapadada hottu entahadu, mattu (2) adakkU hesarupadakkU naDuviruva pattugeyentahadu emba eraDu holabugaLannu baLasalAgide.

paricejODugaLalli hesaruparice mattu esakaparice emba eraDu bageya paricepadagaLu baraballuvAgiddu, avannavalambisi I jODu padagaLannu gumpisalAgide. idallade, hesaruparicegaLu hesarupadagaLa haravannu kaDime mADuva mUlaka, illavE hOlikeyannu baLasuva mUlaka, gurutisuva kelasadalli avakke neravAgaballuvu emba viSaya vannU illi baLasikoLLalAgide.

idakke badalu, esakaparicegaLu hesarupadada haravannu kaDime mADuva mUlaka, illavE oDetavannu baLasuva mUlaka gurutisuva kelasadalli avakke neravAguttave; I eraDu viSayagaLannu baLasi avannu illi gumpisalAgide.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3. padagaLa iTTaLa: uLida padagaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.1 munnOTa

hesarupadagaLannu unTumADuvalli oTTugaLa baLake mattu jODupada gaLa baLake hEge naDeyuttade embudannu hindina pasugeyalli vivarisa lAgittu. uLida padagaLannu, adarallU mukyavAgi esakapadagaLannu mattu paricepadagaLannu unTumADuvalli entaha holabugaLu baLake yAguttave embudannu I pasugeyalli vivarisalAguvudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.2 esakapadagaLa iTTaLa

hesarupadagaLa hAge, esakapadagaLannU iTTaLaviruva padagaLu, mattu iTTaLavillada padagaLu embudAgi eraDu gumpugaLalli oDeyalu baru ttade. ettugegAgi, aLu, koDu, kali, mare modalAda halavu esaka padagaLige oLaiTTaLavilla; Adare, kaLacu, oNagu, doraku, hambalisu, mArpaDu modalAda bEre halavu esakapadagaLalli oLaiTTaLavannu kANalu baruttade; hAgAgi, avannu iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu hELa bahudu.

iTTaLaviruva esakapadagaLalliyU (1) esakapada, hesarupada, illavE bEre esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADiruva oTTisida esakapadagaLu, mattu (2) hesarupada, paricepada, illavE esakapadagaLige, illavE esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLige heccina huruLondannu koDaballa kelavu esakapadagaLannu sErisi unTu mADiruva kUDupadagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLaviruva esakapadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive.

ettugegAgi, hambalisu esakapadavannu hambala hesarupadakke isu oTTannu sErisi unTumADiruvudarinda adondu oTTisida esakapada; idakke badalu, mArpaDu esakapadavannu mAru paricepadakke paDu esaka padavannu sErisi unTumADiruvudarinda adondu kUDupada. I eraDu bageya esakapadagaLalli entaha iTTaLagaLella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.2.1 oTTisida esakapadagaLu

esakapadagaLa iTTaLadalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLu hesarupadagaLalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLiginta tumbA kaDime ive. hesarupadagaLalli sumAru 50 oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave embudannu nAvu hindina pasugeyalli nODiruvevu; Adare, esakapadagaLalli oTTu 12 oTTugaLu mAtra kANisikoLLuttave. ivugaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLu; ku, gu, cu, mattu isu emba nAlku oTTugaLu mAtra tusu heccu esakapadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. I oTTugaLa baLakeyannu keLage vivaravAgi koDalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.2.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu

I oTTugaLannu esakapadagaLige sErisidAga, avugaLalli mattu avu sEriruva esakapadagaLalli halavu bageya sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDe yuttave; hindina pasugeyalli vivarisida sErikeya mArpADugaLalli keLage koTTiruvavu mAtravallade, kelavu heccina mArpADugaLU ivugaLalli kANisikoLLuttave:

modalAguva oTTu

2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya tereyuli avugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli sEridAga bidduhOguva) mArpADu (1) isu oTTu sEriruva gumpu-gumpisu, abbara- abbarisu, daTTa-daTTisu, kattale-kattalisu, gondaLi-gondaLisu modalAda halavAru padagaLalli naDeyuttade;

idallade, (2) ar oTTu sEriruva tunDu-tunDarisu (tunDu +ar+isu), muggu-muggarisu (muggu+ar+isu) modalAda padagaLalli, (3) aL oTTu sEriruva bikku-bikkaLisu (bikku+aL +isu) mattu kuppu-kuppaLisu embavugaLalli, (4) al oTTu

sEriruva higgu-higgalisu (higgu+al+isu) padadalli, mattu (5) i oTTu sEriruva kisa-kisi, mITu-miDi mattu sOru-suri embavu gaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

2.2.3ralli vivarisiruva (esakapadagaLa koneya ekAra mucculi yalli modalAguva oTTu sEridAga akAravAguva) mArpADu (1) cu oTTu sEriruva ere-eracu, kaLe-kaLacu padagaLalli, (2) gu oTTu sEriruva tole-tolagu padadalli, (3) ku oTTu sEriruva dore- doraku, kale-kalaku modalAda aydu padagaLalli, (4) ru oTTu sEriruva meDe-meDaru padadalli, mattu (5) hu oTTu sEriruva nere-nerahu padadalli kANisikoLLuttade.

2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu Or padadinda paDeda oggu, oTTu mattu ommu esakapadagaLalli kANa bahudu.

2.2.5ralli vivarisiruva eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADugaLannu halavu padagaLalli kANabahudu: padada koneya (1) ikAra akAra vAguvudannu tari-taracu, maDi-maDacu modalAda aydu pada gaLalli, (2) ukAra akAravAguvudannu toDu-toDagu, sOru- soragu modalAda nAlku padagaLalli, (3) ekAra ukAravAguvudannu ale-alugu, nare-narugu mattu taLe-taLuvu padagaLalli, (4) ikAra ukAravAguvudannu miDi-miDuku, aLi-aLugu modalAda 14 padagaLalli, mattu (5) paricepadada ekAra akAravAguvudannu haLe- haLacu padadalli kANabahudu.

2.2.6ralli vivarisiruva (padagaLa koneya rakAra adara baLika banda muccuLiya rUpavannE paDeyuva) mArpADannu biri-biccu, her- heccu mattu Or padadinda paDeda oggu, oppu, ommu padagaLalli kANabahudu.

2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu baruva mUguli gaLu A mucculigaLa jAgakke badalAguva) mArpADannu minu(gu)- mincu padadalli kANabahudu.

2.2.10ralli vivarisiruva hakAra (illavE pakAra) tereyuligaLa baLika vakAravAguva mArpADannu pu/vu/hu oTTina baLakeyalli kANa bahudu.

2.2.11ralli vivarisiruva (mucculiya modalu baruva ukAra adara modalu mUguliyiruvalli bidduhOguva) mArpADannu minu(gu)-mincu padadalli kANabahudu, mattu adara modalu yakAra bandiruva halavu padagaLalli (kAyu-kAygaTTu, koyyu- koytaru, bayyu-baytiDu, tuyyu-tuydADu) kANabahudu.

idallade, esakapadagaLa pariceyannavalambisiruva bEre

kelavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu I padagaLalli kANisuttave: (1) kannaDadalli esakapadagaLu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuvuvAdare, avu gaLalli sAmAnyavAgi immaDi mucculi illavE udda tereyuli baruvudilla; I pariceyannavalambisi, mITu mattu sOru esaka padagaLige i oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa udda tereyuli giDDavAgiru vudannu miDi mattu suri esakapadagaLalli kANabahudu. (idallade, mITu padada TakAra DakAravAgide).

(2) esakapadagaLu ukAradalli konegoLLuttiveyAdare, mattu avu gaLalli mUru barigekantegaLiveyAdare, antaha esakapadagaLalli immaDi mucculi illavE udda tereyuli baruvudilla. (idakke Asaru, bEsaru mattu eccaru emba mUru esakapadagaLu horapaDikegaLu). I parice yannavalambisi, oTTugaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva esakapadagaLalli eraDu bageya sErikeya mArpADugaLu kANisikoLLuttave:

eraDu ulikanteyiruva padagaLige oTTondannu sErisidudarindAgi avu mUru ulikanteya esakapadaLAdAga, (ka) avugaLallidda udda tereyuli giDDavAgabahudu, illavE (ca) avugaLallidda immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAgabahudu. I eraDu bageya mArpADu gaLannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu (tikku-tiguru embudaralli kakAra gakAravAgide, mattu sOru-soragu, hOLu- hoLacu embavugaLalli avugaLa koneya ukAra akAravAgide):

udda tereyuli giDDavAgiruvudu immaDi mucculi otteyAgiruvudu kIru tALu tUru sOru hOLu

kirucu taLugu turuku soragu hoLacu

eTaku caluku tiguru tuLuku

eTTu callu tikku tuLLu

ivu oTTisida esakapadagaLalli naDeyuva mukyavAda sErikeya mArpADugaLu; ivallade, kelavE kelavu esakapadagaLalli mattu oTTu gaLalli naDeyuva bEreyU kelavu mArpADugaLive; ivannu keLage oTTu gaLa baLakeyannu ondondAgi vivarisuva samayadalli tiLisalAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.2.3 oTTugaLa kogeta

oTTisida esakapadagaLalli keLage koTTiruva 12 oTTugaLu baLake yAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; ivugaLalli mukyavAda aydu oTTugaLannu bEre bErAgi vivarisalAgide; mattu uLida ELu oTTugaLannu paTTi mADalAgide.

(1) isuisuisuisu oTTu I oTTannu hesarupadagaLige, paricepadagaLige, mattu esakapadagaLige sErisuva mUlaka bEre esakapadagaLannu unTumADalAgide. intaha mUru bageya esakapadagaLannu keLage bEre bErAgi vivarisalAgide:

(ka) hesarupadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi paDeda esakapadagaLu A hesarupadagaLu hesarisuvantahadannu unTumADuva esakavannu tiLisu ttave. ettugegAgi, kattalisu embudu kattaleyannu unTumADuva esakavannu, abbarisu embudu abbaravannu unTumADuva esakavannu, mattu eccarisu embudu eccaravannu unTumADuva esakavannu tiLisuttade. intaha kelavu esakapadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

abbarisu eccarisu

abbara eccara ottAya ottAyisu iTTaNa kattale gamana gumpu gurutu gondala janke tIrmAna tIrmAnisu daTTaNe

iTTaNisu kattalisu gamanisu gumpisu gurutisu gondalisu jankisu

daTTaNisu

ubbara ubbarisu bEsara bEsarisu ukkeva ukkevisu uravaNe uravaNisu kammu kuccaNe gondaNi genTu cadupu tattara tintiNi bembala

kammisu kuccaNisu gondaNisu genTisu cadupisu tattarisu tintiNisu bembalisu

sandaNi hambala hesaru tarahara

sandaNisu hambalisu hesarisu taraharisu

saDagara huruDu hoppaLa ottara

saDagarisu huruDisu hoppaLisu ottarisu

Eva, oppa mattu takku padagaLige I oTTu sEridAga, yakAra
vondu sErikoLLuttade (Evayisu, oppayisu, takkayisu); anda padakke sEridAga vakAra sErikoLLuttade (andavisu); nele-nelasu mattu baLe-baLasu ‘sutti hOgu’ embavugaLalli I oTTina ikAra bidduhOguttade; mattu, keLagina padagaLalli ar embudu sEri koLLuttade (kanavarisu embudaralli kana padada baLika vakAra baruttade, mattu tabbibbu pada tabba rUpadalli uLiyuttade):

guTuku hEva tabbibbu

guTukarisu hEvarisu tabbarisu

tunDu kana muggu

tunDarisu kanavarisu muggarisu

(ca) kelavu paricepadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva parice yannu unTumADuvantaha esakagaLannu tiLisuva padagaLannu paDeya lAgide:

ettara ettarisu
idiru idirisu
bOLu bOLisu
mukkuLi mukkuLisu enjalu enjalisu gArisu
gAru

tampisu tampu eduru edurisu agala agalisu mokkaLa mokkaLisu bettale bettalisu daTTa

daTTisu

eduru mattu daTTa padagaLinda edurAyisu mattu daTTayisu emba bEre eraDu esakapadagaLannU paDeyalAgide; mattu kokke(nuDi) embudarinda kokkarisu emba esakapadavannu paDeyalAgide.

kannaDadalli eraDu bageya aNaka padagaLive: ommegE naDeduhOguva saddu, anisike modalAduvannu tiLisuva carakkane, kacakkane, Dabbane, gappane, kammane embantahavugaLadu ondu gumpu; mattu, tusu hottu naDeyuva saddu, anisike modalAduvannu tiLisuva sarasara(ne),

laTalaTa(ne), koNakoNa, gamagama embantahavugaLadu innondu gumpu.

ivugaLalli eraDanE bageyavugaLige isu oTTannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva saddu, anisike modalAduvannu unTumADuvantaha esaka gaLannu tiLisuva esakapadagaLannu paDeyalAgide.

kaLakaLisu gajabajisu kaTakaTisu gajagalisu gaNagaNisu gadagadisu gamagamisu gujugujisu guDuguDisu gurugurisu

kaNakaNisu gaDabaDisu

ciTiciTisu

taDabaDisu magamagisu taLamaLisu

taDavarisu talataLisu

taLataLisu maLamaLisu

(Ta) keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi bEre esaka padagaLannu paDeyalAgide; hIge sErisidAga, esakapadagaLa baLika ar embudu bandide; nene padada koneya ekAra akAravAgiddu, adara baLika ar oTTu sEruva modalu ondu vakAra sEride; mattu aTTu pada anTu endAgide.

idallade, I esakapadagaLa huruLinallU kelavu bageya mArpADu gaLu naDedive; ettugegAgi, aTTu embudu ondu mADuvikeyannu (‘nIringisi oNagisu’ embudannu) tiLisuvudAdare, anTarisu embudu ondu Aguvikeyannu (‘nIringi oNagu’ embudannu) tiLisuttade; ottarisu embudu ‘oTTu sErisu’[emba huruLannu koDuttade; guddarisu embudu ‘kayyinda illavE taleyinda mellane hoDe’[emba huruLannu koDuttade.

ikku ikkarisu
aTTu anTarisu
kukku kukkarisu
jabbu jabbarisu
tebbarisu
tebbu nenavarisu nene

ugu ugarisu ottu ottarisu guddu guddarisu jUgu jUgarisu ubbu ubbarisu

idallade, kanDarisu, kekkarisu, kEkarisu, kokkarisu, gabbarisu, capparisu, taDavarisu, tattarisu, tepparisu, vAkarisu, sIvarisu

modalAda bEre kelavu esakapadagaLalliyU intahadE iTTaLaviruva hAge kANisuttade.

bikku mattu kuppu emba bEre eraDu esakapadagaLigU isu oTTannu sErisi bEre esakapadagaLannu paDeyalAgiddu, avugaLa baLika, I oTTu sEruva modalu, aL embudu baruttade (bikkaLisu, kuppa Lisu); higgu embudara baLika al embudu baruttade (higgalisu).

tEru ‘tErgaDeyAgu’ esakapadada allagaLeyuva rUpakke I oTTannu sErisi tErayisu ‘tErgaDeyAgadiru’ emba bErondu esakapadavannu paDeyalAgide.

(1ka) padarUpada isuisuisuisu oTTu esakapadagaLondige baruva mattu isu rUpadalliruva innondu oTTannU illi gamanisabahudu. ettugegAgi, mADu-mADisu, tinnu- tinnisu, kali-kalisu embantaha padagaLalli I oTTina baLakeyAgide. Adare idannu baLasi, esakapadagaLinda avugaLa padarUpavondannu paDeyalAguttadallade bEre esakapadagaLannalla (4.3.1 nODi).

(2) cucucucu oTTu (ka) kelavu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi bEre esakapadagaLannu paDe yalAgide. heccineDegaLallU idarindAgi avugaLa huruLinalli heccina mArpADAgiruvante tOruvudilla; Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli (kavicu, tOcu, avucu, aDacu mattu tirucu padagaLalli) I oTTina (tale sErikeyindAgi AguvikegaLu mADuvikegaLAgi badalAgive tirugitu; taleyannu tirucida).

avicu
kavicu taracu maDacu
biccu

avi kavi tari maDi biri minugu mincu
tirugu tirucu
aDagu aDacu
alugu alacu

eracu kaLacu kiricu

ere kaLe kIru hOLu hoLacu tOru tOcu gOru gOcu avugu avucu maguLu magucu

mEle koTTiruva minugu-mincu, tirugu-tirucu, aDagu- aDacu, alugu-alacu, mattu avugu-avucu embavugaLalli cu oTTu sEridAga esakapadagaLa koneya gu barigekante bidduhOgiruvu dannu kANabahudu.

Adare, tirugu-tirucu mattu minugu-mincu embavugaLalli I rIti bidduhOgiruva gu barigekanteyannu ondu oTTembudAgi hELa bEkAguttade; yAkendare, tirugu embudannu tiri esakapadadinda, mattu miNugu embudannu miNimiNi emba aNaku padadinda avakke gu oTTannu sErisi paDeyalu baruttade.

kIru-kirucu mattu hOLu-hoLacu padagaLalli udda tereyuli giDDavAgide; Adare idakke badalu, gOru-gOcu mattu tOru- tOcu padagaLalli adara baLika banda ru barigekante bidduhOgide; maguLu-magucu embudarallU esakapadada koneya Lu barigekante bidduhOgide.

(ca) I oTTannu kelavu paricepadagaLige sErisiyU esakapadagaLannu kANabahudu; illi keLagina padagaLalli paDeyalAgideyembudannu koTTiruva nuNupu-nuNucu embudaralli nuNupu padada koneya pu oTTina badalu cu oTTu bandide:

biLicu

biLi mun muncu
hin

hincu

nuNupu nuNucu haLe her

haLacu heccu

(3) gugugugu oTTu (ka) I oTTannu baLasi keLage koTTiruva kelavu esakapadagaLinda bEre esakapadagaLannu paDeyalAgide; tALu-taLugu mattu sOru- sorugu embavugaLalli esakapadada udda tereyuli giDDavAgide, mattu najju-najugu embudaralli immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAgide:

wj aLi hudi kuni maNi

tirugu aLugu
hudugu
kunugu
maNagu

tole ale nare tALu najju

tolagu alugu narugu taLugu najugu

nuri Vr

nurugu
giDigu

toDu toDagu sOru soragu

(ca) oNa-oNagu, kaDu-kaDugu, kari-karagu ‘kappAgu’, biLi-beLagu emballi I oTTannu paricepadagaLige sErisi esakapadagaLannu unTu mADalAgide; illi biLi padada modalaneya ikAra ekAravAgiruvu dannu gamanisabahudu. Or-oggu embudaralli Or ‘ondu’ eNike padakke gu oTTannu sErisi esakapadavannu paDeyalAgide.

idallade, guDugu, goNagu, gojagu, minugu, mirugu, nujugu modalAda bEre kelavu esakapadagaLalli I oTTannu aNaku padagaLige sErisalAgideyendu tOruttade (guDuguDu guDugu, koNakoNa goNagu, gojagojane gojagu, miNamiNane minugu, mirimiri mirugu, nujju(gujju)-nujugu).

(4) kukukuku oTTu: (ka) ku oTTannu baLasiyU esakapadagaLinda bEre esakapadagaLannu paDeyalu baruttade embudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:

eTTu eTaku nillu tElu kore aDe dore kale hoLe hoLaku

niluku
tEku koraku
aDaku doraku
kalaku

callu tuLLu tUru Vr maDi miDi hani hisi

caluku tuLuku turuku giDuku maDuku miDuku hanuku, haniku hisuku

eTTu-eTaku, nillu-niluku, callu-caluku mattu tuLLu- tuLuku embavugaLalli immaDi mucculi otte mucculiyAgide; tElu -tEku embudaralli lu barigekante bidduhOgide, mattu tUru- turuku embudaralli udda tereyuli giDDa tereyuliyAgide.

aDagu-aDaku,

turugu-turuku mattu avugu-avuku emballi gu oTTina badalu ku oTTu bandiddu, gu

toDagu-toDaku,

oTTige Aguvikeyannu mattu ku oTTige mADuvikeyannu tiLisuva huruLide.

idallade, gu embudaralli konegoLLuva bEre esakapadagaLalli heccinavU Aguvikeya huruLannu koDuttave, mattu ku embudaralli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLalli heccinavU mADuvikeya huruLannu koDu ttave. ivugaLa koneya gu illavE ku embudannu ondu oTTendu hELalu baruvudillavAdarU idu gamanisatakka viSayavAgide. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

AguvikegaLu:
uDugu guDugu minugu

oNagu jaragu aragu

mADuvikegaLu: turuku bedaku amuku

hiduku
keNaku adaku

odagu jarugu
nalugu

hisuku
kusuku
tadaku

karagu jinugu mirugu

huDuku kuTuku duDuku

Adare, alagu mattu alaku embaveraDU AguvikegaLannE tiLisu ttiruva hAge kANisuttade; illi mADuvikeyannu tiLisuva alacu emba bEreyE padavide.

(ca) kuTuku, kuruku, taLaku mattu miNuku embantaha bEre kelavu esakapadagaLannu aNakupadagaLige ku oTTannu sErisi unTu mADiruva hAge kANisuttade (kuTukuTu kuTuku, kurukuru kuruku, taLapaLa taLaku, miNimiNi miNuku).

(Ta) kari-kariku emballi I oTTannu baLasi paricepadadinda esaka

padavannu paDeyalAgide.

(5) pu/vu/hu pu/vu/hu oTTu pu/vu/hu pu/vu/hu I oTTige heccineDegaLallU Aguvikeyannu mADuvikeyAgi mArpaDisuva huruLide; idu pu rUpadalli keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLalli kANisu ttade:

tiLi maDi male

tiLipu
maDipu
malepu

nere mare Or

nerepu marepu oppu

keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLalli idu vu rUpadallide:

suruvu

suri tirugu tiruvu taLuvu taLe

turi keDe

turuvu keDavu

keLage koTTiruva esakapadagaLalli idu hu rUpadallide:

tiLi maDi

tiLuhu
maDuhu ‘kollu’[

nere

nerahu

bEre kelavu oTTugaLu esakapadagaLannu bEre padagaLinda unTumADuvalli baLakeyAgiruva bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koDalAgide; ivugaLalli Or-onTu mattu Or-ondu embudaralli Or eNike padakke on rUpa ide; niDu-nIDu embudaralli paricepadada ikAra uddavAgide:

1. E

2. Tu
3. du
4. mu

5. ru

6. sonne

kisi

kisa mITu miDi Or Or Or beL meDe niDu

onTu ‘oppu’ ondu ‘kUDu’ ommu ‘oppu’ beLaru meDaru nIDu

taNi

taN sOru suri
Or

oTTu ‘ondu mADu’

tikku

tiguru

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.3 kUDupadagaLu

hesarupadakke, paricepadakke, paricebErige, illavE esakapadada jODisuva rUpakke bErondu esakapadavannu sErisi hosa esakapadagaLannu unTu mADuva innondu holabu kannaDadalli tumbA baLakeyallide. I

holabannu baLasi paDediruva esakapadagaLannu illi kUDupadagaLendu kareyalAgide.

ettugegAgi, usiru hesarupadakke ADu esakapadavannu sErisi usirADu emba kUDupadavannu paDeyalAgide; mun paricebErige dUDu esakapadavannu sErisi mundUDu kUDupadavannu paDeya lAgide; mattu nali esakapadada jODisuva rUpavAda nalidu embudakke ADu esakapadavannu sErisi nalidADu kUDupadavannu paDeyalAgide.

sAmAnyavAgi intaha kUDupadagaLa huruLannu avugaLalli sEri konDiruva padagaLa huruLinindalE paDeyalu baruttade. idakke kelavE kelavu horapaDikegaLu mAtra ive. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kUDu padagaLa huruLannu nEravAgi avugaLalli sEriruva padagaLa huruLininda paDeyalu baruvudilla:

tappukoDu ‘tappu mADiddakke haNa koDu’ bILkoDu ‘kaLisikoDu’[ kaykoDu ‘mOsamADu’ taleyettu ‘ELigeyAgu’ kAlumADu ‘surumADu’ kaygayyu ‘prabAva bIru’ pAlgoLLu ‘sErikoLLu’ bengoDu ‘hindirugu’ bennaTTu ‘himbAlisu’

taledOru ‘kANisu’ bageharisu ‘biDisu’ talehAku ‘tUrikoLLu’[

kUDupadagaLannu mukyavAgi eraDu bagegaLalli gumpisalu baruttade, mattu hIge gumpisuva mUlaka avugaLa pariceyannu heccu cannAgi tiLidukoLLalu baruttade:

(1) avugaLa modalaneya padavAgi entaha pada bandide, mattu adakkU eraDaneyadAgi bandiruva esakapadakkU naDuve entaha pattuge yide embudara mEle gumpisuvudu ondu bage, mattu

(2) avugaLa eraDaneya padavAgi entaha esakapada bandide, mattu avugaLa huruLige adara koDugeyentahadu embudara mEle gumpisu vudu innondu bage.

I eraDu bageya gumpisuvikegaLannu keLage bEre bErAgi pariSIlisa

lAgide:

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.3.1 modalaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu

kannaDada kUDupadagaLalli modalaneya padavAgi hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepada (illavE paricebEru) embavugaLu baraballuvu; ivu gaLalli esakapadagaLu heccineDegaLallU avugaLa jODisuva rUpadalli baLakeyAguttave; Adare, kelaveDegaLalli ante oTTinondige, illavE konerUpadalli baLakeyAgiruvudU ide. hAgAgi, keLage vivarisida hAge, avannu nAlku gumpugaLalli oDedu tOrisabahudu:

(1) modala pada hesarupada heccina kUDupadagaLallU modalaneya pada ondu hesarupadavAgiru ttade, mattu I pada adara baLika baruva esakapadada IDu illavE AgugavAgiruttade. sAmAnyavAgi, hesarupadakkU esakapadakkU naDu viruva pattugeyannu tiLisuva oTTu bidduhOgiruttade; Adare, mAta nADu kUDupadadalli mAtu mattu ADu padagaLa naDuviruva pattuge yannu tiLisuva annu oTTu an rUpadalli uLidukonDide.

IDu mattu Aguga pattugegaLiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage

koDalAgide:

(1) modalaneya pada esakada IDu:

beleyannu koDu
mAtannu koDu
kateyannu kaTTu kAlannu Uru kiccannu ikku

belekoDu mAtukoDu katekaTTu kAlUru kiccikku

(2) modalaneya pada esakada Aguga: kALukaTTu tuttAgu
belebaru

heppukaTTu gottAgu hUbiDu

oppageDu hesaruhOgu haLLabILu

halavu kUDupadagaLalli intaha Agugapada esakapadadondige sEri hOgiruttade; hAgAgi, avugaLondige bEreyE ondu Agugavannu baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, aLavugundu padadalli kundu esaka padakke aLavu AgugavAgiruttade; Adare, aLavugundu kUDupadakke

aLavugundiruva vyakti AgugavAgaballudu (Ata aLavugundiddAne); siTTAgu padadalli Agu esakapadakke siTTu AgugavAgiruttade; Adare, siTTAgu kUDupadakke siTTAda vyakti AgugavAgaballudu (Ata siTTA giddAne).

intaha bEreyE Aguga baraballa bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLannu

keLage koDalAgide:

IDEru
marakaTTu
eccaradappu

hadageDu
tuttAgu
neravEru

sippegaTTu nIraDisu pArAgu

bEre kaDegaLalli intaha kUDupadadondige guri bandiruvudannu

kANabahudu (avanige gottAgide; aDikege belebandide).

kelavu kUDupadagaLalli bandiruva IDupadavU I rIti esaka padadondige sErihOgiruttade, mattu antaha kUDupadadondige bErondu IDupadavannu baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, bennaTTu padadalli bennu pada aTTu esakapadada IDAgi bandide; Adare, nAnu Atanannu bennaTTide emballi Ata pada bennaTTu kUDupadada IDAgi bandide. intaha kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

bageharisu aleyADu toTTikku

bembattu
pAlumADu gottuhaccu

okkalebbisu bembiDi huridumbisu

Aguga illavE IDu mAtravallade bEre pattugegaLU kUDupada gaLalli baruva hesarupada mattu esakapadagaLa naDuve kANisikoLLa balluvu. Adare, intaha kelavE kelavu kUDupadagaLu mAtra baLake yallive. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

guripattuge: ubbege hAku: ubbehAku

tappige (haNa) kaTTu: tappukaTTu tappige (haNa) teru: tapputeru serege sikku: seresikku

ANege tappu: ANetappu ottege iDu: otteyiDu aDavige iDu: aDaviDu mAtige tappu: mAtutappu

jAgapattuge: baleyalli hiDi: balehiDi

nenapinalli iDu: nenapiDu

sereyalli hiDi: serehiDi kayyalli kUDu: kaygUDu

kelavu hesarupadagaLu halavu kUDupadagaLa modalaneya padavAgi baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; ivugaLalli kay, tale, kAlu, may, ede, kaNNu, bAyi, bennu embantaha angagaLannu hesarisuva padagaLu, mattu hesaru hAgU bele padagaLu mukyavAdavugaLu.

ivugaLannu baLasi unTumADiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage

koDalAgide:

kay: kaykuluku kaykUDu kaybiDu kaymincu kaysAgu

tale: talekoDu taletirugu talevAgu talesuttu

kAlu: kAlukaTTu kAluhiDi kAltege

kayyoDDu kaytaTTu
kaybIsu
kaymIru
kayseLe

kaykoLu
kaynIDu
kaymare
kayyUru
kayhaccu

kaygayyu kaynODu kaymADu kayvoyyu kayhAku

talekeDu
taledOru talemaresu talehAku

talegEru
taletinnu
taleyettu talebOLisu

talegoDahu taledUgu talesiDi talehiDi

kAlukILu kAleLe

kAlunekku kAlguttu

kAlumADu kAlkeDisu

ede: edegANu edekaragu
edegeDu
edegundu edesOlu edehAru

edekoDu edebaDi

edegaLe edebiri

kaNNu: kaNNarasu kaNNukukku kaNNukaTTu kangeDu

kaNNADisu
kaNNutappisu kaNmuccu
kangoLisu

kaNNiDu
kaNNutAgu kaNNettu
kangANu

kaNNukisi kaNNubbisu kaNNuhAku kaNtumbu

may: maykeDu maygUDu maygoLLu maydege maybaru mayyiLi

maykoDu maygeDu
maytumbu maydOru maymuri
mayyoDDu

maygare
maygedaru maydaDavu maynere
maymare
maysave

maygundu maydaDavu
maydALu maybaggisu
mayyikku
mayhattu

hesaru: hesarAgu hesarukaTTu hesarupaDe hesaruhondu hesaruhOgu

hesarAnu
hesarukeDu hesarubILu

bele: beleyEru beletaggu belemADu

belekaTTu
beleteru
belesigu

hesariDu
hesarukoDu hesarumADu

hesarettu hesarugoLLu hesaruhaccu

belekoDu belebaru
beleheccu

belegANu belebALu

bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDeda hesarupadagaLU intaha kUDu padagaLalli suLuvAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu; idu I kUDupadagaLigU jODupadagaLigU naDuviruva ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsa. ettugegAgi, bandAgu, sTArTamADu, dukkavAgu, pAsAgu embantaha kUDu padagaLalli eravalu hesarupadagaLa baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.

(2) modala pada paricepada modalaneya pada paricepadavAgiddare heccineDegaLallU adu ondu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva esakapariceyAgiruttade. ettugegAgi, aDDa bILu kUDupadadalli modalaneya padavAgi aDDa paricepada bandiddu, adu ‘biddudu hEge’ embudannu, endare bILu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva esakapariceyAgide.

intaha kUDupadagaLalli kANisikoLLuva esakaparicegaLu mukyavAgi oLa(ge)-hora(ge), mun(du)-hin(du), mAr mattu keLa-mEle embavugaLu. I padagaLannu baLasiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

oLagAgu oLatumbu oLabiDu oLahari

oLagikku
oLanuggu
oLamADu oLahIru

oLagoLLu oLapaDu
oLasiDisu oLahogu

oLacAcu oLabAgu oLasEru oLahOgu

hora: horagaTTu horagiDu horacimmu horacellu horadabbu horatege horabaru
horapaDu horaseLe
horasUsu horahoraDu horahOgu

mun(du): mungANu mundAgu mundUDu munnuggu munnore mumpugu

mungeDu mundiDu mundOru munneccarisu munnOru mumbari

hin(du): hinjari
hingare hindiDu
hindAgu hindUDu hindege
himbAlisu hinnaDesu

mAr(maru): marukaNisu marukaLisu marutoDagu maruneDu marumale marubaLasu mArAnu
maruhoLe mAruhOgu mAruli mArore mArOru mArpaDu

mEl(mEle): mElari mElettu

mElAgu mElenisu

horageDahu horataru
horadUDu horabiDu horahAku

horagese horataLLu horanUku horabILu horahommu

mungeyyu mundiru
mumbaru
munneNisu munpaDe
mummeTTu

hintege
hindirugu himpuTisu hinnege

marutaLe
marupaDe
marusuttu mAruguDu mAreNisu mArnaDe

muncAcu munduvari munteru
munnenasu munsollu

hindaTTu hinduLi himbare himmeTTu

maruteru marubaru maruhancu mArugoLLu mAresagu mArnuDi

mElikku
mElEru

mElukku mElogu

mElottu mElvari

mElodagu mElELu

mElpaDu
mElvAyu

mElmADu mElebILu

kIL(keLa): keLataLLu

kiLpaDu

kiLmADu

kILugaLe

mEle koTTiruva paricepadagaLalli mun-mundu, hin- hindu, mAr-maru, mEl-mEle, kIL-keLa embavu kelavu kUDupadagaLalli bErina rUpadalli bandive (mungANu, hinjari, mArpaDu, kiLmADu), mattu innu kelavu kUDupadagaLalli oTTisida rUpadalli bandive (mundiru, hindiDu, marupaDe, melebILu, keLataLLu).

I paricepadagaLu mAtravallade, aDDa (aDDabILu, aDDabaru, aDDAgu, aDDADu), baLi (baLigoLLu, baLiviDi, baLisAru), hera (herasAru, herameTTu, herahingu, herahOgu), kone (kone gANu, konegoLLu, konemuTTu), oDa(ne) (oDagUDu, oDa nADu, oDanuli, oDamUDu, oDahuTTu, oDambaDu) moda lAda bEreyU kelavu esakaparicegaLu intaha kUDupadagaLalli baLakeyAguttave.

kelavu hesaruparicegaLU intaha kUDupadagaLa modalaneya pada vAgi baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; Adare, ivugaLalli baruva paricepada esakapadada pariceyannu tiLisuva badalu, adara ondu pAngina pariceyannu tiLisuttade.

ettugegAgi, baDDugaTTu kUDupadadalli bandiruva baDDu hesaru parice nEravAgi kaTTu esakada pariceyannu tiLisuva badalu, adara Agugada (katti baDDugaTTide embudaralli kattiya) pariceyannu tiLisuttade.

intaha hesaruparicegaLiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDa

lAgide:

kempEru monDubILu paTTukaTTu sUrehOgu

daDDugaTTu hALugeDavu neravEru hadamADu

oppagundu hadageDu gArugeDu monDuhiDi

nalaveru maTTahAku DikkihoDe maDimADu

keLage koTTiruva kUDupadagaLalli modalaneya padavAgi ondu aNakapada baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu; Adare I padagaLu bEreDeyalli paricepadagaLAgi baLakeyAguvudilla:

EgoLLu gOgare

OkoLLu
bOrgare

OgoDu hIgaLe

(3) modala pada esakapadada jODisuva rUpa kannaDada esakapadagaLige nAlku bageya jODisuva rUpagaLive; ettuge gAgi, mADu esakapadakke mADalu, mADutta, mADi mattu mADade emba nAlku jODisuva rUpagaLive; I nAlku jODisuva rUpagaLannu modalesakada rUpa (mADutta), mAresakada rUpa (mADalu), mattu allagaLetada rUpa (mADade) embudAgi hesarisalAgide.

(mADi), oDanesakada

rUpa

I nAlku rUpagaLannu baLasi, eraDu sollugaLannu jODisalu baruttade. sAmAnyavAgi ivugaLannu baLasidAga, eraDu esakagaLannu jODisiruva huruLu doreyuttade. ettugegAgi, UTa mADi pETege hOda emba sollinalli mADi emba modalesakada jODisuva rUpavannu baLasalAgide, mattu A sollige UTa mADida mattu pETege hOda emba eraDu sollugaLannu jODisiruva huruLide (4.7.2 nODi).

Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige innondu esakapadavannu baLasidAga, eraDaneya esakapada bErondu esakavannu tiLisuva badalu, modalanE pada tiLisuva esakakke parice yondannu sErisi hELuttade. ettugegAgi, hoDedADu emballi hoDe esakapadada jODisuva rUpa (hoDedu) modalaneya pada vAgi bandide, mattu adarondige ADu esakapada bandide; Adare, idakke ‘hoDedu ADu’ emba huruLilla; idakke badalu, ‘obbarigobbaru hoDedukoLLu’, illavE ‘jagaLADu’ emba huruLide. illi eraDaneya esakapadavAda ADu embudu modalaneya hoDe esakapadakke parice yondannu sErisuttade.

I rIti esakapadada jODisuva rUpavannu innondu esakapada dondige sErisiruva iTTaLavannU illi kUDupada embudAgi hesarisa

lAgide. intaha kUDupadagaLa baLakege bEre kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

cuccikoDu biTTukoDu keTTuhOgu haNikikku kanDuhiDi
beccibILu

bILkoDu ArihOgu maretubiDu

aTTikku jOtubILu sIdubiDu

Adare, intaha ellA kUDupadagaLallU eraDu esakagaLu ondE maTTakke ondAgi sErikonDiruvudilla; kelavu kUDupadagaLalli eraDanE esaka pUrti aLiduhOgiruttade; mattu bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLalli adu heccO kaDimeyO uLidukonDiruttade. ettugegAgi, kAydiDu kUDupadada huruLinalli kAyuva esakadondige iDuva esakavU uLidukonDide. hIgiddarU averaDU oTTusEri ondu esakavannu tiLisuva hAge kANisuvudarinda, adannU ondu kUDupadavendu tiLiya bahudu.

(1) intaha kUDupadagaLalli heccinavannU esakapadada modalesakada jODisuva rUpakke innondu esakapadavannu sErisi paDeyalAgide. Adare, ivugaLalli kelavannu (ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva esakapada bandiruvavugaLannu) nODidAga, avannu ondu esakapadakke nEravAgi innondu esaka padavannu sErisi paDediruva hAge kANisuttade. ettugegAgi, tirugADu embudaralli tirugu padakke nEravAgi ADu padavannu sErisiruva hAge kANisuttade; tElADu, nIDiru, kUDikku, haNikikku vUdalAda padagaLallU hIgeyE.

Adare, ivugaLa iTTaLadallU modalaneya padavAgi esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpavE bandide embudAgi tiLiyalu baruttade; yAkendare, avugaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva ADu, iru, ikku modalAda esakapadagaLannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneya ikAra (endare modalesakavannu tiLisuva oTTu), 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruvante, bidduhOgideyendu hELabahudu: tirugi+ADu> tirugADu, tEli+ADu > tElADu, kUDi+ikku>kUDikku.

ekAra, ikAra, illavE yyu embudaralli konegoLLuva esaka padagaLa jODisuva rUpakke intaha esakapadagaLannu sErisidAga,

avugaLa koneyalliruva modalesakada oTTu d rUpadalli uLidu koLLuttade (kuNidu+ADu > kuNidADu, hoDedu+ADu > hoDe dADu, hoydu+ADu > hoydADu).

idallade, i rUpavondannu biTTu, bEre rUpagaLalliruva modalesakada oTTugaLella intaha kUDupadagaLalli uLidukoLLuttade: kittADu, jOtADu, tandikku). hAgAgi, elleDegaLallU esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpavannE baLasalAguttade endu tiLiyuvudu oLLeyadu. Adare, keLagina kelavu kUDupadagaLalli modalanE esakapadada baLika bandiruva modalesakada oTTu ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLikavU bidduhOgiruva hAge kANisuttade (taDakoLLu mattu taDagaTTu embavugaLalli esakapadada koneya ekAra akAravAgide); hIgiddarU, ivugaLalli modalesakada jODisuva rUpa baLakeyAgide yendu hELaballevu:

taDedu hiDi taDehiDi
ogedu taru ogetaru
taDedu koLLu taDakoLLu bilidu taru bilitaru
taDagaTTu taDedu kaTTu

muribILu muridu bILu oredu haccu orehaccu uLidu koLLu uLakoLLu bigidu hiDi

bigihiDi

(2) keLage koTTiruva kUDupadagaLalli esakapadada mAresakada jODisuva rUpa baLakeyAgide; I jODisuva rUpada baLika mucculiyalli modalAguva esakapada bandAga, avugaLa koneya lu barigekante bidduhOguttade (baralu+mADu - baramADu), mattu tereyuliyalli modalAguva esakapada bandAga adu uLidukoLLuttade (tAgalu+ikku - tAgalikku).

(1) mucculiyalli modalAguva esakapadagaLu bandAga: isakoLLu uNabaDisu tarahOgu tarahELu baramADu tUgahAku bILahoDe sAgahAku sAyabaDi

keDavagoDu tArahoyyu barahELu
sAgabILu

koDamADu tiLiyapaDisu baraseLe
sAgabaDi

(2) tereyuliyalli modalAguva esakapada bandAga: hOgalADisu tAgalikku

tAgalADu

(4) modala pada esakapadada bEre rUpa esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpa mAtravallade, ante oTTinondige bandiruva rUpa mattu kelavu konerUpagaLU kUDupadagaLalli baLake yAgive. ivannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

(1) kelavu kUDupadagaLalli modalige bandiruva esakapada ante emba oTTinondige bandiruva hAge kANisuttade. ettugegAgi, bILikku emba kUDupadakke bILuvante ikku emba oLasollannu koDalu baru ttade. idE rItiyalli tUguhAku (tUguvante hAku), tiLihELu (tiLiyuvante hELu) modalAda kUDupadagaLallU ante oTTiruva esakapada modala padavAgi bandideyendu hELabahudu. Adare, ivannu kUDupadadalli baLasidAga, ante oTTu bidduhOguttade. intaha kUDupadagaLa paTTiyondannu keLage koDalAgide:

tiLihELu
iLibiDu baggubaDi
bILkoLLu
maremAcu maremADu

tUguhAku
bILkoDu

nenehAku
bILugeDavu

bILkoLLu mattu bILkoDu embavugaLalli bandiruva bILu esaka

padakke ‘biDu’ emba huruLide.

keLage koTTiruva kelavu kUDupadagaLalli esakapadagaLa konerUpagaLu

modalaneya padavAgi baLakeyAgive:

allagaLe bEkAgu sAkAgu

allagaNisu bEkennu
sAkumADu

unTAgu
bEDavAgu

unTumADu bEDennu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.3.2 eraDaneya padada mEle gumpisuvudu

kUDupadagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baruva esakapadagaLalli kelavu ellA bageya padagaLondigU (hesarupada, paricepada, illavE esakapadada jODisuva rUpagaLondigU) baraballuvu; Adare, bEre kelavu esaka padagaLu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baraballuvu.

ettugegAgi, koLLu esakapadavannu I mUru bageya padaga LondigU baLasalu baruttade (ubbasagoLLu, oLagoLLu, anTi koLLu); Adare, mADu esakapadavannu hesarupada (pAlumADu)

illavE paricepadadondige (kiLmADu, gaTTimADu) mAtravE baLasa lAguttadallade, esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige baLasalu baruva hAge kANisuvudilla. baramADu mattu koDamADu embavu gaLalli mAtra adu mAresakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandide (baralu+mADu, koDalu+mADu), mattu unTumADu, mattu sAkumADu embavugaLalli adu esakapadagaLa konerUpadondige bandide.

hesarupada, paricepada, mattu esakapadada jODisuva rUpa emba mUru bageya padagaLondigU baraballavu, mattu hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baraballuvu emba I eraDu bageya
esakapadagaLige bEre kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

eraDarondige baruvavu kANu (konegANu) kundu (edegundu) aTTu (bennaTTu) oDDu (kayyoDDu) Uru (bErUru) Eru (neravEru)

mUrarondige baruvavu koLLu (konegoLLu-anTikoLLu) koDu (edekoDu-biTTukoDu) kaTTu (ganTukaTTu-ettikaTTu)
ikku (kiccikku-kondikku) iDu (aDaviDu-kAdiDu) ADu (aDDADu-aledADu)
hOgu (guLehOgu-ArihOgu) ettu (hesarettu) Agu (guriyAgu) hELu (katehELu-ettihELu) aDagu (saddaDagu) bILu (mElebILu-beccibILu) tOru (taledOru) hiDi (serehiDi-ettihiDi) haccu (gottuhaccu) hAku (ganTuhAku-taLLihAku) tumbu (tenetumbu) biDu (kaNNubiDu-tElibiDu)

mEle modalanE kAlannalli koTTiruva koLLu, koDu, kaTTu modalAda esakapadagaLu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige mAtra vallade esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondigU baraballuvu, Adare eraDanE kAlannalli koTTiruva kANu, kundu, aTTu, oDDu modalA davu hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baraballuvu embu dannu illi gamanisabahudu.

kUDupadagaLalli eraDaneya padavAgi baLakeyAguva kelavu mukya

vAda esakapadagaLannu keLage ondondAgi pariSIlisalAgide:

(1) koLLu (goLLu) koLLu (goLLu) koLLu (goLLu) koLLu (goLLu) idu ivattu kUDupadagaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva ondu esakapada vAgide; idakke koLLu mattu goLLu emba eraDu rUpagaLiddu, avugaLalli koLLu embudu esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige baruttade (oppikoLLu, anTikoLLu, baredukoLLu, isakoLLu), mattu goLLu embudu hesarupada (eccaragoLLu, konegoLLu) mattu paricepadagaLondige baruttade (edurugoLLu).

ivugaLalli koLLu embudu ellA bageya esakapadagaLa moda lesakada jODisuva rUpagaLondigU baraballudAda kAraNa, adara antaha baLakeyannu ondu padarUpavendu (sErisuva rUpavendu) tiLiyabEkAguttade (4.3.2 nODi); I baLakeyalli adakke ‘ondu esaka tAnAgi naDedide’[emba huruLAgali (bAgilu teredukonDitu), illavE ‘obba mADuga adannu tanagAgi naDesiddAne’[emba huruLAgali (baredukonDa, tegedukonDa) baruttade.

hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige bandAga, I esakapadakke hecci neDegaLallU ‘tAnAgiyE Agu’[emba huruLide. ettugegAgi, eccara gonDa kUDupadakke ‘tAnAgiyE eccaravAda’[emba huruLide; A esakavannu bErobbaru mADiddarU (konegonDitu), avugaLannu baLasuvAga A viSayavannu maremAcalAguttade. intaha bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

aNigoLLu aDakagoLLu andagoLLu AykuLigoLLu ikkegoLLu aLigoLLu eDegoLLu eccaragoLLu eNegoLLu konegoLLu keLegoLLu oLagoLLu curukugoLLu geDegoLLu guDigoLLu baLigoLLu pAlgoLLu pudugoLLu munisugoLLu maTTugoLLu muDigoLLu siDimiDigoLLu sEDugoLLu moTakugoLLu

anugoLLu eDDagoLLu edurugoLLu gAsikoLLu tintiNigoLLu bedegoLLu sUregoLLu

Adare, bagegoLLu, bEgudigoLLu, ubbasagoLLu, mattu bELuvegoLLu embavugaLalli I esakapadakke ‘paDu’[emba huruLide; heppugoLLu emballi ‘kaTTu’[emba huruLide; gonegoLLu emballi ‘hAku’ emba huruLide; mattu EgoLLu hAgU OkoLLu emballi

‘ennu’[emba huruLide; idallade, OkoLLu embudaralli idu koLLu rUpadalli bandide.

(2) ADuADuADuADu ADu esakapadakke mukyavAgi eraDu huruLugaLive: (ka) ‘ATavADu, kuNi, allADu’ illavE ‘tonedADu’[embudondu, mattu (ca) ‘hELu’[embudinnondu; I eraDu huruLugaLallU idannu kUDu padagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baLasalAguttade (horaLADu, kUgADu). idallade, I kUDupadagaLige heccineDegaLallU ‘ondu esaka halavu bAri naDeyuttade’[(illavE ‘adannu halavu bAri naDesalAguttade’) emba huruLu baruttade. suttu-suttADu, hAru-hArADu, kUgu- kUgADu modalAda baLakegaLalli I huruLannu kANabahudu.

esakapadagaLondige idara baLakeyannu tOrisuva kelavu ettuge

gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(ka) modalaneya ‘ATavADu, allADu’ huruLinalli baLake: taDakADu
egarADu tUrADu
tirugADu jaggADu
guddADu hArADu
suttADu hOgADu hOrADu munDADu IjADu
tenkADu uruLADu kaDidADu suLidADu aledADu meredADu osedADu

tATADu
kaccADu
tElADu
heNagADu nagADu
tUgADu
OlADu
kittADu
kuNidADu saridADu
oledADu maledADu hoydADu

huDukADu ODADu
jigidADu
haridADu
eLedADu hoDedADu tonedADu

tiNukADu kAdADu ElADu horaLADu misukADu nUkADu alugADu jOtADu baDidADu nalidADu kuNidADu tuydADu

(ca) eraDaneya ‘hELu’ huruLinalli baLake: koracADu koncADu jaredADu
odarADu

goNagADu konDADu

kUgADu

hesaru mattu paricepadagaLigU I esakapadavannu sErisi kelavu kUDupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide. illU kUDa, mElina eraDu huruLugaLallU I esakapadada baLakeyAgide:

(ka) modalaneya ‘ATavADu, allADu’ huruLinalli baLake: kosarADu usirADu kApADu kUtADu
bETeyADu muddADu

callADu
eDeyADu allADu

jUjADu gANavADu aDDADu

(ca) eraDaneya ‘hELu’ huruLinalli baLake: suLLADu
gOLADu padarADu
mAtanADu

hADADu
idirADu

nuDiyADu oraTADu

mADu (3) AguAguAguAgu mattu mADu mADu mADu I eraDu esakapadagaLannu kUDupadagaLalli hesaru illavE paricepada gaLondige modalesakada mAtra baLasalAguttade; esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpadondige ivannu baLasuvudilla. idakke kAraNa kannaDada esakapadagaLu AguvikegaLAgiruttave, illavE vEnendare, mADuvikegaLAgiruttave; hAgAgi, Aguvikeyannu tiLisaballa Agu, mattu mADuvikeyannu tiLisaballa mADu emba I esakapadagaLa huruLu A esakapadagaLallE aDakavAgiruttade.

Adare, konerUpadalliruva bEku, sAku, mattu unTu emba esakapadagaLondige avannu nEravAgi baLasi kUDupadagaLannu paDeyalu (bEkAgu, bEkumADu; sAkAgu, sAkumADu; baruttade unTAgu, unTumADu); allagaLeyuva huruLannu koDuva bEDa, sAladu mattu illa embavugaLondige Agu embudannu baLasiyU kUDupadagaLannu paDeyalu baruttade: bEDavAgu, sAladAgu, illa vAgu.

idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge, koDamADu mattu baramADu emba eraDu kUDupadagaLalli koDu mattu baru esakapadagaLa mAresakada jODisuva rUpagaLondige (koDalu mattu baralu embavugaLondige) mADu pada bandide; I rUpagaLa koneya lu illi bidduhOgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.

ivugaLalli Agu esakapadavannu mAresakada jODisuva rUpa dondige baLasi bErondu bageya esakarUpavannU paDeyalu baru ttade: mADalAyitu, koDalAyitu, karesalAyitu modalAda intaha padarUpagaLa mUlaka esakapadada mADuganannu illavE mADisuganannu tiLisade iralu baruttade; Adare, ivu padarUpagaLallade padagaLalla; ivugaLa kuritu heccina vivaragaLannu munde tiLisalAguvudu. kelavu hesaru illavE paricepadadondige Agu mattu mADu emba I eraDu esakapadagaLannU baLasalu baruttade, mattu intaha baLake gaLalli avugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa sariyAgi kANisuttade:

accumADu

gottumADu

accAgu aNiyAgu aNimADu gottAgu cindiyAgu cindimADu maruLAgu taDavAgu pAlAgu veccavAgu haNNAgu gaTTiyAgu sariyAgu

maruLumADu taDamADu pAlumADu veccamADu haNNumADu gaTTimADu sarimADu

aDdiyAgu aDDimADu anuvAgu anumADu caTTAgu caTTumADu teravumADu teravAgu mOsavAgu mOsamADu pArumADu pArAgu oTTAgu oTTumADu sUreyAgu sUremADu hesarumADu hesarAgu kiridumADu kiridAgu

Adare, bEre kelavu padagaLondige Agu mattu mADu emba eraDu esakapadgaLalli ondu mAtravE baraballudu. idakke kelavu ettuge gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(ka) Agu padadondige baruvavu: okkalAgu jaLLAgu

kangAgu
tuttAgu

kAyAgu beragAgu

curukAgu muTTAgu

(ca) mADu padadondige baruvavu: arikemADu AraykemADu kaTTumADu kAlumADu bEhumADu

kaymADu

maddumADu sancumADu mattemADu

ALimADu sannemADu baramADu

(4) iDuiDuiDuiDu I esakapadavannu hesarupadagaLondige, paricepadagaLondige, mattu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpagaLondige baLasalAguttade; heccineDegaLallU idannoLagonDa kUDupadagaLu avakke sambandisida mADuvikeyannu tiLisuttave; Adare, kattaliDu embudu ondu Aguvike yannu tiLisuttade.

intaha kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(ka) hesarupadadondigina baLake: aDaviDu otteyiDu kanDaviDu kurupiDu gummiDu tuttiDu nenapiDu
moreyiDu heppiDu

aDakaliDu oppaviDu
kaNNiDu
kODiDu
guriyiDu
tUtiDu
bobbiDu
suyiliDu hesariDu

imbiDu
kaTTaleyiDu kundiDu
gILiDu
gOLiDu
tOhiDu
mIsaliDu huyyaliDu

usuriDu kicciDu kukiliDu guTukiDu takkameyiDu dALiyiDu muddiDu hejjeyiDu

(ca) paricepadagaLondigina baLake: goDDiDu

dUraviDu

mundiDu

hindiDu

(Ta) esakapadagaLondigina baLake: eLaliDu kAdiDu
dUriDu barediDu

adumiDu kUDiDu
paNNiDu
sekkiDu

UnkiDu
jOriDu
bacciDu
hiDidiDu

ULiDu tegediDu
baytiDu hUtiDu

koDu (goDu) (5) koDu (goDu) koDu (goDu) koDu (goDu) esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige baLasidAga, I esakapadakke ‘ondu esakavannu innobbana neravigAgi mADalAgide’yemba huruLide. ettugegAgi, hELikoDu embudakke ‘innobbanige neravAgu vante hELu’[endare ‘kalisu’[emba huruLide; adaralli bandiruva koDu esakapadakke adara (endare koDu padada) nEravAda huruLilla.

jODisuva rUpadondigina bEre kelavu baLakegaLannu keLage koDa lAgide; mElina huruLannu koDaballa bEreyU halavu esakapada gaLondige idannu baLasalu baruttade. Adare, bILkoDu embudaralli eraDu padagaLU tamma huruLannu mArpaDisive.

ettikoDu tumbikoDu baredukoDu

cuccikoDu

tandukoDu
biTTukoDu

tiddikoDu huDukikoDu

hesaru illavE paricepadagaLondige koDu padavannu baLasiruvalli adakke heccu nEravAda huruLide. I baLakege kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide. kelaveDegaLalli idakke goDu emba rUpaviruvudannu gamanisabahudu (ede mattu eDe padagaLa baLika I eraDu rUpagaLU baruttave):

eDegoDu

eDekoDu ottukoDu OgoDu
kAvukoDu kivigoDu
terapugoDu paraTekoDu mAtukoDu muLikoDu hakkukoDu

hoLapukoDu

edekoDu kaDakoDu
tappukoDu bengoDu lancakoDu

edegoDu
kaykoDu
tIrpukoDu belekoDu saluvukoDu

kaTTu (gaTTu) (6) kaTTu (gaTTu) kaTTu (gaTTu) kaTTu (gaTTu) sAmAnyavAgi I esakapadavannu hesaru mattu paricepadagaLondige mAtravE baLasalAguttade; Adare, ettikaTTu emballi idannu esakapadada jODisuva rUpadondigU baLasalAgide.

idannu baLasiruva kUDupadagaLu AguvikegaLannAgali illavE mADu vikegaLannAgali tiLisaballuvu. ettugegAgi, kokkekaTTu, gaDDekaTTu, garaNe kaTTu embavu AguvikegaLannu tiLisuttave; mattu katekaTTu, ganTukaTTu, tanDakaTTu embavu mADuvikegaLannu tiLisuttave.

idakke kaTTu mattu gaTTu emba eraDu rUpagaLive; Adare avu gaLalli yAvudu elli baruttade embudara kuritu olavEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla; heccukaDime arevASi kUDupadagaLalli kaTTu rUpa kANisuttade, mattu bAki uLidiruvavugaLalli gaTTu rUpa kANisuttade. ondE padada baLikavU A eraDu rUpagaLannu kANalu baruttade:

usirukaTTu-usirugaTTu; marakaTTu-maragaTTu. idara baLakege kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(ka) kaTTu rUpadalli: katekaTTu kokkekaTTu gumpukaTTu
tappukaTTu paTTukaTTu belekaTTu heDakaTTu

kattikaTTu
ganTukaTTu guLekaTTu
taLakaTTu
parekaTTu
marakaTTu
heDemurigekaTTu heppukaTTu

kAlukaTTu gaDDekaTTu
TonkakaTTu tenekaTTu
pAcikaTTu mUTekaTTu

(ca) gaTTu rUpadalli: usirugaTTu oDigaTTu
kIvugaTTu kALugaTTu
garigaTTu
kODugaTTu takkegaTTu
jOrugaTTu noregaTTu
nirigaTTu
beppugaTTu
bUjugaTTu sAlugaTTu sarigaTTu hadigaTTu
hakkugaTTu

oregaTTu
kempugaTTu gubarugaTTu tekkegaTTu
baDDugaTTu maDugaTTu sippigaTTu

kenekaTTu
garaNekaTTu tanDakaTTu pantakaTTu bAyikaTTu hadikaTTu hoTTekaTTu

kAygaTTu keccugaTTu jiDDugaTTu dArigaTTu birusugaTTu maragaTTu sukkugaTTu

hOgu (7) hOgu hOgu hOgu idu heccineDegaLallU esakapadada modalesakada jODisuva rUpa dondige baLakeyAgide. kelaveDegaLalli hesarupada illavE paricepada gaLondigU idara baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

esakapadada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga, ‘esaka naDedu hOgide’ emba huruLannu, mattu ‘hAge naDedudu bEsarada sangati’[emba huruLannu koDuttade:

ArihOgu ODihOgu tappihOgu tIrihOgu sOtuhOgu

kuggihOgu tElihOgu sOrihOgu

keTTuhOgu sattuhOgu hAduhOgu

hesaru mattu paricepadagaLondigina idara baLakeyannu keLagina kUDu

padagaLalli kANabahudu:

oDahOgu kaTTehOgu
dOrehOgu marehOgu
horahOgu

guLehOgu hindehOgu

gOTuhOgu hesaruhOgu

(8) bILubILubILubILu I esakapadavannU mElina mUru bageya padagaLondigU baLasalu baruttade. heccina kUDupadagaLallU idu ‘EnO keTTadAgiruva esaka naDedide’yemba huruLannu koDuttade.

(ka) esakapadada jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: kusidubILu eDavibILu beccibILu tUgibILu

jOtubILu muribILu

tirugibILu

(ca) hesarupadagaLondige baLake: oTTebILu
terebILu balibILu
sAgubILu

kaTTubILu
digilubILu belebILu sAlabILu

(Ta) paricepadagaLondige baLake: aDDabILu edurubILu monDubILu hindebILu

jonguLibILu tekkebILu baTTibILu pOTebILu saribILu
bEnebILu
heNabILu haLLabILu

pOTubILu

mElebILu

(9) hAku hAku hAku hAku esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga idakke ‘esakavannu mADi mugisu’[emba huruLu mAtravallade, ‘hAge mADi dudu bEsarada sangati’ emba huruLU ide. mAresakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga, idakke ‘ondu esaka naDeyuvudakkAgi bEre ondu esakavannu mADalAgide’ emba huruLu baruttade; kelaveDeyalli illiyU bEsarada huruLu siguttade.

(ka) esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: aLisihAku ettihAku kUDihAku tegeduhAku

kaTTihAku
taLLihAku
suTTuhAku

jOtuhAku toDeduhAku

kittuhAku tuLiduhAku hottuhAku

(ca) esakapadagaLa mAresakada jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: koLehAku

nenehAku

tUgahAku

sAgahAku

hesarupada illavE paricepadagaLondige bandAga, idakke mElina bEsarada huruLilla; heccukaDime hAku embudara huruLE kANisu ttade.

(Ta) hesarupadagaLondige baLake: ippehAku ubbehAku
kanduhAku ottuhAku kayhAku
kannahAku ganTuhAku guTuruhAku
gONuhAku janTihAku tekkehAku
talehAku
bAyihAku barehAku
madduhAku marihAku moLahAku mUguhAku sOguhAku huTTuhAku

uruhAku kaTTuhAku kuppihAku gummuhAku taDehAku
nATihAku bobbehAku muttigehAku mODihAku hogehAku

elehAku kaNNuhAku kUguhAku gurutuhAku tattuhAku nENuhAku maNehAku melukuhAku lekkahAku honcuhAku

(ta) paricepadagaLondige baLake: mundehAku suttuhAku

hindehAku

horahAku

(10) keDu (geDu) keDu (geDu) keDu (geDu) keDu (geDu) keDu esakapada kUDupadagaLalli geDu rUpadalli baLakeyAguttade; hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLondige mAtravE adu baruttade.

hesarupadagaLondige baLasidAga idakke eraDu bageya huruLugaLu siguttave: heccineDegaLallU ‘hesarupada tiLisuva sangati illavAgide’ emba huruLu siguttade (andageDu ‘andavilladAgu’); Adare, kelavu kaDegaLalli, ‘adu tiLisuva sangatiyindAgi keDukunTAgide’ emba huruLu siguttade (barageDu ‘baradindAgi keTTuhOgu’).

(ka) modalaneya huruLu: arivugeDu andageDu kaTTalegeDu
kangeDu doregeDu
candageDu

edegeDu
kaLegeDu
nuDigeDu

oppageDu keLegeDu pempugeDu

bagegeDu binkageDu
sompugeDu hadageDu

mungeDu hasageDu

survugeDu

(ca) eraDaneya huruLu: gArugeDu barageDu

sEdegeDu

holegeDu

(11) biDubiDubiDubiDu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpadondige bandAga, idakke ‘esakavannu mugisibiDalAgide’[illavE ‘esaka mugiduhOgide’[emba huruLide; idannu keLagina kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu:

koTTubiDu
maretubiDu

tElibiDu mugisibiDu

bandubiDu sIdubiDu

biTTubiDu
hOgibiDu

idallade, hesarupadagaLondige bandAgalU idakke bEreyE huruLugaLu baruttave: bErubiDu, tenebiDu, agebiDu, hUbiDu, mattu kAyibiDu embavugaLalli idu ‘Agu’[emba huruLinalli baLake yAgide; bAyibiDu mattu kaNNubiDu embavugaLalli ‘oDe’[illavE ‘tere’[emba huruLinalli, mattu kaybiDu emballi ‘tore’[emba huruLinalli baLakeyAgide; sorebiDu emballi idu ‘keccalininda hAlu surisu’[emba huruLinalli bandide.

(12) ikkuikkuikkuikku idannu hesarupada, paricepada, mattu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpagaLondige baLasalAguttade; ‘irisu’[emba huruLige sambandisidantaha halavu bageya huruLugaLannu adu I baLakegaLalli koDuvudannu keLagina kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu:

(ka) hesarupadagaLondige baLake: usirikku kULikku
tuttikku bennikku

eveyikku ganTikku
tegahikku
mayyikku

oppavikku
cappaLikku
toTTikku
muddikku

kiccikku taLeyikku nanjikku
selavikku

(ca) esakapadagaLa himbottina jODisuva rUpadondige baLake: aTTikku kondikku sariyikku

eLalikku
tandikku
haNikikku

kumbikku
paccikku

kUDikku bILikku

idannu aDDa paricepadadondige baLasi, aDDikku emba kUDu padavannu paDeyalAgiddu, adakke ‘lancakoDu’ emba huruLide; sariyikku emba innondu kUDupadakke ‘hOlisu’[emba huruLide.

mEle koTTiruva esakapadagaLu mAtravallade bEreyU halavAru esakapadagaLu kUDupadagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baLakeyAguttave. antaha kelavu kUDupadagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

oTTugUDu edegundu kayyoDDu IDEru mElettu ottihELu kanDuhiDi cApehiDi DikkihoDe

kaygUDu
bennaTTu
seragoDDu neravEru
marehogu barahELu
taDehiDi
paTTuhiDi
bEroDe

konegANu kaytaTTu
bErUru
taleyettu taledOru tiLihELu
serehiDi
koLLehoDe kavaloDe

managANu taDeyoDDu neleyUru kayyettu saritOru bigihiDi caLihiDi haraTehoDe allagaLe

aNakisuva padagaLige kuTTu esakapadavannu sErisi kelavu kUDu padagaLannu unTumADalAgide; ivugaLalli kuTTu pada guTTu rUpa dalli baruttade, mattu adakke heccineDegaLallU ‘annu’[illavE ‘saddu mADu’[emba huruLide.

kicaguTTu kiruguTTu duruguTTu kilakilaguTTu curucuruguTTu piTipiTiguTTu

locaguTTu koraguTTu gujiguTTu

kiNiguTTu
kusuguTTu gaDaguTTu

guNuguTTu guruguTTu taLaguTTu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.3.3 sErikeya mArpADugaLu

hindina pasugeyalli vivarisida sErikeya mArpADugaLalli halavu kUDu padagaLallU kANisikoLLuttave; ivannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:

2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu banda tereyuli bidduhOguva) mArpADu ukAravannu mattu esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpada ikAravannu mAtra tAguttade. idannu accAgu (accu+Agu), hesariDu (hesaru+iDu), kUDiDu (kUDi+iDu), tegediDu (tegedu+ iDu) modalAda kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu. 2.2.1rallE vivarisida hAge, ikAra mattu ekArada baLika tereyuli bandAga yakAra sEri koLLuttade (dALiyiDu, eveyikku), mattu akArada baLika vakAra sErikoLLuttade (oppaviDu, pantavoDDu).

I mArpADige kelavu horapaDikegaLU ive: munde, hinde, mEle, bEre, oDane, mattu ge oTTinalli konegoLLuva paricepadagaLu idakke horapaDikegaLAguttaveyembudannu 2.2.1rallE nODiruvevu; idallade, bobbiDu (bobbe+iDu), mattu bobbiri padagaLallU modalanE padada koneya ekAra bidduhOgide; cappaLikku (cappaLi+ ikku) mattu kAyAgu padagaLalli ikAra bidduhOgide; mattu aDDikku, aDDADu hAgU callADu (calla+ADu) padagaLalli akAra bidduhOgide.

2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva (yakAra mattu nakArada baLika tereyuli bandAga, mattu adara modalu giDDa tereyuliyiruvAga, avu immaDiyAguva) mArpADannu kayyUru, kayyikku, mayyoDDu, munnOru modalAda kUDupadagaLalli kANabahudu.

2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADannu illi mAr (marunuDi, maruneDu, marupaDe), Or (oggUDu), kEs (kisuguTTu) mattu kIL (kiLmADu, kiLpaDisu) padagaLa baLake yalli kANabahudu. ivugaLalli mAr padada baLakeyalli mArnaDe, mArnuDi, mattu mArpaDu embavu, mattu kIL padada baLakeyalli kILugaLe mattu kILumADu embavu horapaDikegaLu.

2.2.6ralli vivarisiruva (rakAra adara baLika bandiruva mucculiya rUpa paDeyuva) mArpADannu oggUDu (Or+kUDu) padadalli kANa bahudu; usurgare, edurgoLLu embavugaLu idakke horapaDike gaLAgive.

2.2.7ralli vivarisiruva (mUguligaLu avugaLa baLika baruva mucculigaLige hondikoLLuva) mArpADannu mun, hin, kaNNu

(>kaN) mattu bennu (>ben) padagaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu (munkoLLu, mungANu, muncAcu, mundUDu, mumbaru, mummeTTu; hingare, hinjari, hintege, hindirugu, himbare, himmeTTu; kangeDu; bengoDu, bembattu). Adare, idakke munpaDe, munsollu; kaNNukukku, kaNNukaTTu, kaNNutAgu; bennuhattu, bennu taTTu embantaha horapaDikegaLU ive.

2.2.9ralli vivarisiruva kakAra-takAragaLu gakAra-dakAragaLAguva mArpADannu edegaLe, taledOru, kaygUDu, kAldege, sULgare, hindirugu modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakke halavu hora paDikegaLU ive; Adare, avannilli paTTimADilla.

2.2.10ralli vivarisiruva ha(pa)kAra, bakAra mattu makAragaLu vakAravAguva mArpADannu munduvari, impuvaDe, talevAgu modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakkU bIDubiDu, aDDipaDisu modalAda halavu horapaDikegaLive.

2.2.11ralli vivarisiruva (mucculigaLa modalu ukAra biddu hOguva) mArpADannu AsargaLe, kAldege, bILkoDu, bembattu, suygare modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu; idakkU kALugaTTu, usirukaTTu modalAda halavu horapaDikegaLive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.4 paricepadagaLa iTTaLa

kannaDadalli mukyavAgi eraDu bageya paricepadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli ondu bageyavannu hesarupadagaLondige, mattu innondu bageyavannu esakapadagaLondige baLasalAguttade. hesaruparice mattu esakaparice embudAgi I eraDu bageya padagaLannu hesarisabahudu.

ettugegAgi, udda, biLi, doDDa modalAduvu hesarupadagaLondige avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAdavugaLa pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave (udda kOlu, biLi gODe, doDDa huDuga); hAgAgi, avu hesaruparicegaLu. idakke badalu, mEle, hinde, mellage modalAduvu esakapadagaLondige avu tiLisuva esakada pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave (mEle iDu, hinde ide, mellage mAtanADu); hAgAgi, avu esakaparicegaLu.

I eraDu bageya paricepadagaLu mAtravallade, bArI, tusu, tIra, barI modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLu pariceya pariceyannu tiLisuvu dakkAgi paricepadagaLondige baLakeyAguttave (bArI doDDa mane, tusu hinde hOgi, tIra cikka haNNu, barI cikka huDuga); avannu mUraneyadondu gumpinalli irisabahudu. Adare, intaha kelavE kelavu padagaLu mAtra kannaDadalli baLakeyalliddu, avugaLa iTTaLada kuritu hELuvantaha sangatiyEnU illa; hAgAgi, modala eraDu gumpugaLige sEruva paricepadagaLa iTTaLavannu mAtra illi vivarisa lAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.4.1 paricebErugaLu

kannaDadalli ken, nuN, hEr, mun, mEl modalAda halavu paricebErugaLive. ivannu mukyavAgi jODupadagaLalli mattu kUDu padagaLalli baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, kendALi jODupadadalli ken paricebErannu tALi hesarupadada pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, mattu hindUDu kUDupadadalli hin paricebErannu dUDu esakapadada pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLasalAgide.

ivannE hesaruparice illavE esakaparicegaLAgi padakantegaLalli baLasa bEkiddare, avakke kelavu bageya oTTugaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, ken paricebErige pu oTTannu sErisi kempu hesaru pariceyannu (kempu cenDu), mattu adarondige age oTTannu sErisi kempage esakapariceyannu (kempage kAyisida) unTumADalAgide; mattu oL paricebErige age oTTannu sErisi oLage emba esakaparice yannu (oLage hOgi), mattu adarondige a oTTannu sErisi oLa emba hesarupariceyannu (oLa tiruLu) unTumADalAgide.

paricepadagaLa hAge paricebErugaLannU hesarugaLa pariceyannu tiLisu vavu mattu esakagaLa pariceyannu tiLisuvavu embudAgi eraDu gumpu gaLalli oDedu hELabahudu.

kelavu mukyavAda paricebErugaLa ondu paTTiyannu keLage koDa lAgide; mattu avugaLa baLakeyannu tiLisuva kelavu jODupada illavE kUDupadagaLannu mattu paricepadagaLannu avugaLeduru ettugeyAgi koDalAgide:

(1) hesarugaLa pariceyannu tiLisuva paricebErugaLu:

paricebEru in eL oL kaT kam kay kAr kir ‘cikka’[ ken kEs can taN teL nal nuN neT biN beL ben mAr say hEr

paricepadagaLu

jODupadagaLu innuDi, immAvu, innuNisu ini
eLgaru, eLnIru oLgannaDa, oLnuDi
kaTTaDavi, kaggole kammalaru, kammelaru kaysoppu, kayhIre
kAriruLu, kammara, kabbakki kiggaNNu, kittUru kembaTTe, kennIru kEsuguru, kEsuLLi
candaLiru, canduTi
tangadiru, tangALi, taNNIru teLnaDu, teLgalla nalnuDi, nalbaraha nuNgoralu, nuNguruLu
neTTeluvu biNgeccalu, biNgone
beLdingaLu, beLLuLLi
bengallu, bennIru
mAraDi, mArpADu
sayyaDi heddAri, heggaLLa, hErAne

eLe, eLatu oLLe, oLitu kaDu, kaDi, kaDidu kampu, kammane kahi, kaype kari, kappu, karrage kiri, kiru kempu, kencu kisu, keccane cannu, canda tampu, taNNage teLu, teLupu, teLLage nalla nuNupu, nuNNage niDu, neTTage biNpu biLi, beLLage benki maru sayda hiri, hEraLa

(2) esakagaLa pariceyannu tiLisuva paricebErugaLu:

oL oDa kIL naT mun mEl hin

oLdiruLu, oLdoDe
oDagUTa, oDanADi
kILduTi, kILnOTa
naTTaDavi, naTTeluvu
mungaDa, munnuDi
mElkaTTu, mElkApu
hinnaDe, hinnOTa, hingaTTu

oLage, oLa oDane keLa, keLage naDu, naDuve munde, modalu mEle hinde

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.4.2 hesaruparicegaLu

mEle tiLisida hAge, hesaruparicegaLannu paricebErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTumADalAguttade; idallade, esakapada, hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisiyU avannu unTumADabahudu. I

nAlku bageya iTTaLagaLalli baLakeyAguva oTTugaLa vivaraNeyannu keLage koDalAgide.

(1) alualualualu oTTu (ka) ondu esakavannu naDesidudarindAgi obba vyakti illavE vastuvinalli unTAguva pariceyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi, antaha esakapadagaLige alu oTTannu sErisalAguttade. ettugegAgi, haLasuva esakadinda ondu vastu vinalli unTAguva pariceyannu haLasalu pada tiLisuttade. (anna haLa situ; haLasalu anna). intaha bEre kelavu hesaruparicegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

tikkalu

ingu ingalu
tikku pOLu pOLalu
sikkalu sikku kuccalu
kuccu jaggalu
jaggu paDuva paDuvalu

ikkalu

ikku toLasu toLasalu mAsu mAsalu haLasu haLasalu gOju gOjalu mUDu mUDalu

oNagilu mattu migilu emba eraDu paricepadagaLalli I oTTige ilu emba rUpa ide; 2.2.1ralli vivarisida tereyuligaLa modalu banda tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu mElina padagaLalli (ingu- ingalu, ikku-ikkalu) mAtravallade, keLage koTTiruva padagaLallU kANisuttade (koraka-alu>korakalu).

idallade, keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli alu oTTina modalu ka oTTu bandide; I oTTu sEridAga, kore, oDe mattu save padagaLa ekAra 2.2.3ralli vivarisida ekAra akAravAguva mArpADige oLa gAgide; huLi, iLi mattu kudi padagaLa koneya ikAra ukAravAgide, mattu tari padada ikAra akAravAgide (2.2.5 nODi).

kore oDe save huLi

korakalu
oDakalu
savakalu
huLukalu

iLi kudi tari

iLukalu kudukalu tarakalu

kudi-kudupalu embudaralli alu oTTina modalu pa oTTu

bandide, mattu illiyU kudi padada koneya ikAra ukAravAgide.

(ca) kelavu paricepadagaLondigU I oTTannu sErisalAgiddu, adu heccina huruLannEnU koDuva hAge kANisuvudilla; illi aLLe padada immaDi barige otte barigeyAguttade, mattu adara baLika alu oTTu ilu rUpadalli baruttade; idallade, kenka padada kakAra gakAravAgu ttade.

kurucu kurucalu
taraku tarakalu
aDDa aDDalu
muDuku muDukalu aLLe teLu kaDu

aLilu teLulu
kaDalu

jabbu jabbalu pukkalu pukku baralu bara kenka kengalu gOju gOjalu maLa gUru

maLalu gUralu

keLagina padagaLalli I oTTu ka illavE ca oTTinondige bandide. eDacilu embudaralli adu ilu rUpadallide, mattu bEre eraDu kaDegaLalli (coccalu mattu malacalu embavugaLalli) idannu parice bErige sErisalAgide. idu sEridAga, saNNa padada immaDi NakAra otte NakAravAguttade. huLu-huLukalu, muDuku-muDukalu mattu kave -kavalu emballi idannu ondu hesarupadadondige sErisalAgide.

baDa saNNa maru huLu

baDakalu
saNakalu
marucalu huLukalu

eDa eDacilu coc coccalu malacalu mala

(2) kukukuku oTTu esakapadagaLige ku oTTannu sErisi kelavu hesaruparicegaLannu unTumADa lAgide:

oDe koLe

oDaku koLaku

kere tari

keraku taraku, daraku

moTTu moTaku
hari

haruku

muri kaTi

muruku kaTaku

oNa-oNaku mattu hasi-hasuku embavugaLalli I oTTannu parice padagaLige sErisalAgide, mattu kare-karaku mattu ciTike-ciTuku emballi idannE hesarupadagaLige sErisalAgide.

I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.3ralli vivarisida (esakapadada koneya ekAra akAravAguva) mArpADu (oDe-oDaku), 2.2.5ralli vivarisida eraDanE tereyuliya mArpADu (hari-haruku, kaTi-kaTaku), mattu immaDi TakAra otte TakAravAguva (moTTu-moTaku) mattu takAra dakAravAguva (tari-daraku) mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave.

(3) aaaa oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi keLage koTTiruva kelavu hesaruparice gaLannu unTumADalAgide:

kala
kale taTTu taTTa
aDagu aDaka

soDa suDu kODu kOTa

paricebErugaLige idannu sErisiyU hesaruparicegaLannu unTumADa

lAgideyembudannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:

nal kIL

nalla keLa

can canna uL oLa

I oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuliya baLika tereyuli bidduhOguva) mArpADu (kale-kala), mattu 2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva (tereyuligaLa modalu lakAra-nakAragaLu immaDiyAguva) mArpADugaLu (nal-nalla, can-canna) naDedive; idallade, aDagu- aDaka mattu kODu-kOTa embavugaLalli gakAra-DakAragaLu kakAra- TakAragaLAgive, mattu suDu-soDa embudaralli esakapadada modala neya ukAra okAravAgide.

(4) iiii oTTu kelavu paricebErugaLige mattu padagaLige I oTTannu sErisi hesaruparice gaLannu paDeyalAgide:

kahi biLi

kay beL mut mudi kAr niDu

kari niDi

hEr hiri bisi bisu ini in Qj kir

illiyU 2.2.1ra mArpADu naDedide (bisu-bisi); idallade, hEr mattu kAr bErugaLa udda tereyuli giDDavAgide (2.2.4 nODi), beL bErina ekAra ikAravAgide, kay bErina yakAra hakAravAgide, mattu mut bErina takAra dakAravAgide. biDu-biDi emballi I oTTannu ondu esakapadakke sErisiruva hAge kANisuttade.

(5) uuuu oTTu kelavu paricebErugaLige mattu padagaLige I oTTannu sErisi hesaruparice gaLannu paDeyalAgide:

mAr maru teLu teL kisu kEs nasu nasi

bisi kir can kIL

bisu kiru cannu kiLu

illiyU 2.2.1ra tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu (nasi- nasu, bisi-bisu), mattu 2.2.2ra mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADu (can-cannu) naDedide; idallade, mAr, kEs mattu kIL padagaLalli 2.2.4ra udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu naDedide.

(6) e e e e oTTu I oTTannU kelavu paricebErugaLige mattu padagaLige sErisalAgide:

eLa eLe kaDa kaDe beTTe beTTu haLa(tu) haLe

oL kor naDu

oLLe kore naTTe

I oTTu sEriruvallU 2.2.1ra tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu (eLa-eLe), 2.2.2ra mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADu (oL-oLLe), mattu 2.2.8ra DakAra TTa endAguva mArpADugaLu naDedive.

(7) kakakaka oTTu I oTTu mukyavAgi esakapadagaLige alu oTTu sEridAga avugaLa modalu baruttade. idara baLakeyannu tiLisuva padagaLannu mEleyE koDalAgide: kudukalu (kudi+ka+alu), korakalu (kore+ka+alu), huLukalu (huLu+ka+alu). alu oTTu sEridAga, idara koneya akAra bidduhOguttade (2.2.1 nODi). idallade, aLLe-aLLaka, saLLe-saLLaka emballU I oTTina baLakeyAgide (I eraDu padagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade).

bEre kelavu oTTugaLu kelavE kelavu pada illavE bErugaLondige mAtra kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koDalAgide; ivannu baLasidAga, keLage vivarisi dantaha halavAru sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave:

cu oTTu sEridAga mone padada koneya ekAra akAravAgu ttade; Tu oTTu sEridAga jigi padada koneya ikAra akAravAguttade; pu oTTu sEridAga, 2.2.11ra ukAra bidduhOguva mArpADu (jOmu-jompu), 2.2.7ra mUguliya jAga badalAguva mArpADu (ken-kempu), 2.2.4ra udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu (kAr-kappu), mattu 2.2.6ra rakAra adara baLika banda mucculiya rUpavannu paDeyuva mArpADugaLu (kAr-kappu) naDeyuttave.

pe oTTu sEridAga, kaLe padada ekAra akAravAguttade; mattu su oTTu sEridAga, gaTTi padada immaDi TakAra otte DakAravAguttade, mattu adara koneya ikAra ukAravAguttade.

cappaTe

1. aTe cappe hEraLa
2. aLa hEr
3. cu mone monacu
4. Ta cokka cokkaTa
5. Ti on
6. Tu jigi

7. pu jOmu jompu
   biLupu
   kaype gaDusu

8. pe kay
9. su gaTTi

MAn jigaTu

biLi

sappe

sappaTe

bakka

bakkaTa

ken kAr kaLe biru

kempu kappu kaLape birusu

kelavu bageya aNaka padagaLannU hesaruparicegaLAgi baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, maTamaTa aNakapadavannu madyAnna padadondige baLasa lAguttade (Ata manege bandAga maTamaTa madyAnnavAgittu).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.4.3 esakaparicegaLu

kannaDadalli mukyavAgi eraDu bageya esakaparicegaLu baLakeyallive:
(1) paricebErugaLige illavE bEre bageya padagaLige oTTugaLannu

sErisi unTumADiruva paricepadagaLu, mattu

(2) esakagaLa saddannu illavE avu manassinalli mUDisuva anisike yannu aNakapadagaLa mUlaka tiLisuva padagaLannu nEravAgi illavE ane oTTinondige baLasiruva aNakapadagaLu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.4.4 paricepadagaLu

paricebErugaLige nEravAgi oTTugaLannu sErisi, illavE avugaLinda paDe diruva hesaruparicegaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi kelavu esakaparicegaLannu paDeyalAgide. idallade, hesaru mattu esakapadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisiyU kelavu esakaparicegaLannu paDeyalAgide.

ivugaLalli kANisikoLLuva oTTugaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

(1) age age age age oTTu age oTTannu baLasi kelavu hesaruparicegaLannu (bErugaLannu illavE pada gaLannu) esakaparicegaLAgi mArpaDisalAgide; I oTTu sEridAga 2.2.1 ralli vivarisiruva tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu (kempu-kempage), 2.2.2ralli vivarisiruva mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADu (nuN- nuNNage), 2.2.4ralli vivarisiruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguva mArpADu (kAr-karrage), mattu 2.2.8ralli vivarisiruva DakAra TTa endAguva mArpADugaLu (niDu-neTTage) naDeyuttave; idallade, mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADannu rakAra (karrage), da(>ta)kAragaLU (midu-mettage) tOrisuttave; bisi, midu mattu niDu padagaLa modala ikAra ekAravAguttade; mattu bisi padada koneya ikAra bidduhOguttade.

karrage kempage
taNNage

kAr kempu taN dunDu dunDage
nuNNage
nuN beccage
bisi mettage
midu sappage sappe

kam kammage gunDu gunDage teLu niDu pacce beL mel sommu sommage

teLLage neTTage paccage beLLage mellage

oLa-oLage, kaDe-kaDege, keLa-keLage, omme-ommege mattu hora-horage embavugaLalli age oTTige ge rUpa ide, mattu oTTu- oTTige emballi ige rUpa ide.

kelavu aNakapadagaLondigU I oTTu baraballudu embudannu

munde (3.3.4)ralli nODaliruvevu.

(2) AreAreAreAre oTTu kaNNu, kivi modalAda kelavu angagaLinda esakavondannu nEravAgi naDesalAgideyembudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi avugaLa hesarinondige Are oTTannu sErisalAguttade (kaNNAre nODu, kiviyAre kELu); illi 2.2.1ra tereyuli biddu hOguva mArpADu naDedide (kaNNu+ Are>kaNNAre), mattu 2.2.2ra mucculi immaDiyAguva mArpADU

(kay+Are>kayyAre) naDedide; Adare, kivi padada baLika yakAra sErikonDide, mattu manassu padada immaDi sakAra otteyAgide:

kaNNAre

kaNNu bAyi bAyAre
manassu manasAre

kivi kay

kiviyAre kayyAre

(3) e e e e oTTu esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisi kelavu esakaparicegaLannu unTumADa lAgide (illiyU 2.2.1ra mArpADu naDedide):

naDu muncu munce

naDe

migu mige sAre sAru

mEl mattu her paricebErugaLige I oTTannu sErisi mEle mattu here ‘hindakke’ emberaDu esakaparicegaLannu unTumADalAgide; idallade, mattu embudakkU idannu sErisi matte esakapariceyannu unTumADalAgide.

bEre oTTugaLu kelavE kelavu esakaparicegaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu keLage koDalAgide (a oTTu sEruvAga 2.2.1ra tereyuli bidduhOguva mArpADu naDeyuttade):

1. C

tumbu tumba kUDa kUDu baLika

1. ka baLi omme
2. me on naDuve naDu
3. ve

suttu sutta

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.4.5 aNakaparicegaLu

halavAru aNakapadagaLannu nEravAgi illavE ane oTTinondige esaka paricegaLAgi baLasalAguttide. ivu mukyavAgi eraDu bageyavu:

(1) kelavu aNakaparicegaLu tusu hottu naDeyuvantaha esakada

pariceyannu tiLisuttave, mattu

(2) innu kelavu aNakaparicegaLu ommegE naDeduhOguvantaha

esakada pariceyannu tiLisuttave.

ettugegAgi, gaNagaNane ganTe bArisitu emba sollinalli bandiruva gaNagaNane emba esakaparice tusu hottu naDeyuva esakavondara (ganTe bArisitu embudara) pariceyannu gaNagaNa emba aNakapadada mUlaka tiLisuttade.

idakke badalu, gALi hAkuttiruvAga cenDu Dabbane oDeyitu emba sollinalli bandiruva Dabbane emba esakaparice ommegEnE naDeduhOguva esakavondara (cenDu oDeyitu embudara) parice yannu Dab emba aNakapadada mUlaka tiLisuttade.

(1) tusu hottu naDeyuva aNakaparicegaLu intaha aNakaparicegaLannu nEravAgi illavE ane oTTinondige sErisi esakapadagaLondige baLasalu baruttade (katakata kudi; katakatane kudi); idallade, isu oTTannu sErisi ivannu esakapadagaLAgi mADiyU baLasalu baruttade (gamagamisuttide, kaLakaLisuttide). ivugaLa baLika halaveDegaLalli ennu esakapadavannU baLasalAguttide (hakkigaLu kicakica ennuttidduvu).

intaha aNakaparicegaLalli modalige tereyuli kANisikoLLuvudilla; eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda ivannu paDeyalAguttade, mattu heccinavu gaLallU I eraDu padagaLu ondE rUpadalliruttave (gasagasa, guru guru, ciTiciTi, DavaDava); eraDanE padada modalaneya mucculi bEreyAgiruvudU ide (kiTipiTi, siDimiDi, daDabaDane, gaDabaDisu); ivugaLalli ottubarige illavE udda tereyuli kANisuvudilla.

ivugaLalliruva eraDu padagaLa tereyuligaLU ondE Agiruvu vAdarU, 2.2.1ralli vivarisiruva tereyuli bidduhOguva sErikeya kaTTaleyindAgi, ane illavE isu oTTu sEridAga eraDaneya padada eraDaneya tereyuli bEreyAgiruvante kANisuttade (duruduru+ ane-durudurane; maLamaLa+isu-maLamaLisu). ivugaLalli heccAgi akAra kANisikoLLuttade; hAgiddarU modalaneya tereyuli ikAra

illavE okAravAgiyU irabahudu (kicakica ennu, koNakoNa ennu), mattu eraDU ikAra illavE ukAravAgiyU irabahudu (ciTiciTi hoDe, guDuguDu guDugu).

mElina olavugaLige horapaDikegaLAgaballa kelavu aNakaparicegaLU ive: bikO annu, gOLO endu aLu; jOjO annu; kavakkava annu; kIcukIcennuva kIcakki; ciTil ciTil endu uri; jum jum ennu, Tik Tik ennu.

idallade, kUDupadagaLalli mAtravE baLakeyAguvantaha kelavu aNakabErugaLU ive: OgoDu (O+koDu), OkoLLu, EgoLLu, gOgare, bOrgare, hIgaLe; ivannU tusu hottu naDeyuva esakada pariceyannu tiLisuvavendu hELabahudu; ivugaLalli ondu barigekante mAtra bandiddu, udda tereyuli baLakeyAgide.

intaha heccina aNaka padagaLigU avu entaha esakapadagaLondige baraballuvu emba viSayadalli baLakeya kaTTupADugaLive. keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLu idannu tOrisikoDuttave:

kaTakaTane kaDi katakatane kudi kilakilane nagu karakarane tunDisu
giragirane tirugu gadagadane naDugu
taTataTane taTTu takatakane kuNi sarasarane hari miNamiNane uri daradarane eLe miDumiDane miDuku caLacaLane bisilu bILu paTapaTane rekke baDi
miDumiDane miDuku kaTakaTa kaDi kicakica annu gasagasa tikku gamagama ennu anan Gj

kapakapane tinnu kaLakaLane aLu gaDagaDane naDugu
garagarane tirugu caTacaTane uri jarajarane eLe taLataLane hoLe daDadaDane baru laTalaTane muri bagabagane uri daDabaDane baru
gaNagaNane ganTe bArisu durudurane nODu paraparane baTTe hari caracarane kattarisu kucukucu nuDi kosakosa nuDi korakora ennu gimigimi tirugu caLacaLa mincu

curucurennu pacapaca tuLi kavakava ennu simisimi uri miDumiDu miDuku

pakapaka nagu piTipiTi ennu kaLakaLa kudi mirumiru mirugu
labalaba endu baDakoLLu

(2) ommegE naDeduhOguva aNakaparicegaLu ivugaLalli heccinavU ane oTTinondige baLakeyAguttave. ivu mukya vAgi eraDu bageyavu:

(ka) mUru barigekantegaLiddu, eraDaneyadu ottubarigeyAgiruvavu:

baggane, goLLane, barrane, cakkane; mattu

(ca) nAlku barigekantegaLiddu, mUraneyadu ottubarigeyAgiruvavu:

kacakkane, kisakkane, paTakkane, guLukkane.

nAlku barigekantegaLiddu, eraDaneya barigeyalli udda tereyuli yiruva aNakaparicegaLU kelavive: taTArane eddu baru; daDArane bILu; paTArane hoDe; paTIrane hoDe. idallade, intaha aNaka paricegaLalli modalAguvavugaLU ive (abakkane, usakkane, aLkane, immane, oyyane).

tereyuligaLalli

kelavu

(ka) mUru barigekantegaLiruva aNakaparicegaLu mUru barigekantegaLiruva aNakaparicegaLalli halavu bageya ottu barigegaLu kANisikoLLuttave; idannu keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu:

gakkane binnane barrane

kaggane gappane ollane

kaccane Dabbane havvane

caTTane jammane Tussane

miNNane oyyane goLLane

ivugaLa baLakeyU avugaLa baLika baruva esakapadavannu avalambi

siruttade; idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

goLLane nagu kaTTane kaDi bimmage bigi rappane hoDe Darrane tEgu Tussane oDe jurrane suri baggane uri

teppage iru ciTTane cIru Dabbane bILu barrane hAru

havvane hAru jarrane jAru tirrane tirugu doppane bILu

‘ommegE’ (aLkane, kaLkane, toTTane, diggane, caTTane), ‘bEgane’ (cakkane, gaLkane, gummane, ollane), ‘mellane’ (oyyane, teppane), ‘cannAgi’ (noccane, kaccane, immane), ‘tirutirugi’ (biTTane, birrane), ‘kAraNavillade’ (kemmane) embantaha huruLugaLU ivakkive.

ivugaLalli kelavu ane oTTina badalu age oTTinondigU baLake

yallive:

teppage binnage

toTTage
bimmage

noccage
oyyage

miNNage kemmage

Adare, sAmAnyavAgi ane oTTu aNakaparicegagaLalli baruttade mattu

age oTTu hesaruparicegaLalli baruttade.

(ca) nAlku barigekantegaLiruva aNakaparicegaLu ivugaLallella kka embudE ottubarigeyAgiruttade. caTillane mattu kaTammane embavu mAtra idakke horapaDikegaLAgive. kaTammane embudara badalu kaTammendu emba rUpavU baLakeyallide. ivu kUDalE, bEgane, oDaneyE embantaha huruLugaLannu koDuttave; ivugaLa baLakeyU avugaLa baLika baruva esakapadagaLannavalambiside.

kisakkane nagu guLukkane nungu
pacakkane bILu abakkane tinnu pucakkane uguLu

cuTukkane kaDi dosakkane bILu paTakkane bILu sarakkane eLe pusakkane oLahOgu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.5 tOrupadagaLa iTTaLa

ADugana jAga, hottu modalAduvakke sambandisida hAge, vyakti, vastu illavE viSayada jAga, hottu modalAduvannu tiLisuva (illavE tiLidillavendu hELuva) padagaLannu tOrupadagaLu embudAgi illi kareyalAgide. kannaDadalli avanu-ivanu-yAvanu, alli-illi-elli modalAda intaha halavu tOrupadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLa iTTaLaventahadu embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva tOrupadagaLannu keLage tOrisida hAge

ondu paTTiyalli irisi hELabahudu:

ganDasu
hengasu
uLidavu
halavaru
halavu jAga dikku hottu
dina aLavi holabu
bage parice

tiLidavu

dUradavu
avanu
avaLu
adu avaru avu alli atta Aga andu aSTu hAge antaha
D

hattiradavu ivanu ivaLu idu ivaru ivu illi itta Iga indu iSTu hIge intaha
F

tiLiyadavu

yAvanu
yAvaLu yAvudu yAvaru yAvuvu elli etta yAvAga endu eSTu hEge entaha yAva

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.5.1 eraDu angagaLu

mEle koTTiruva ellA tOrupadagaLallU eraDeraDu angagaLiruvu dannu gamanisabahuda: I angagaLalli modalaneyadu avu naDesa bEkAgiruva kelasavannu tiLisuttave, mattu eraDaneyadu avugaLa haravannu tiLisuttade.

ettugegAgi, alli padadalli a mattu lli emba eraDu angagaLive; ‘ADuganiginta dUra iruva’ntahadondannu gurutisuva kelasa I pada kkide embudannu modalaneya anga tiLisuttade; alli embudannu illi mattu elli emba uLida eraDu tOrupadagaLondige hOlisidAga idu gottAguttade; illi embudaralliruva i embudu ‘ADugana hattira iruva’ntahadendu tiLisuttade, mattu elli embudaralliruva e embudu ‘ADuganige tiLidilla’dantahadendu tiLisuttade.

‘alli pada tiLisuvudu ondu jAgavannu’ embudAgi adara hara vannu lli emba adara eraDaneya anga tiLisuttade; adannu andu, atta, Aga modalAdavugaLoDane hOlisidAga I viSaya gottAgu

ttade; andu padada eraDaneya angavAgi bandiruva ndu embudu ‘A pada tiLisuvudu ondu hottannu’ embudAgi tiLisuttade.

paTTiya koneyalli bandiruva A, I mattu yAva embuvannu mAtra I rIti eraDu angagaLAgi oDeyalu baruvudilla; Adare, avu hesarupadagaLondige sEri padakantegaLalli baruva kAraNa (A huDuga, I mane, yAva kelasa), avugaLa haravu entahadu embudannu I hesarupadagaLE tiLisuttave endu hELabahudu.

mElina paTTiyalli bAradiruva, endare mUru-mUru rUpa gaLannu koDadiruva kelavu tOrupadagaLU kannaDadalli baLakeyallive: yAru, Enu mattu yAke emba mUru ‘tiLiyada’ tOrupadagaLive; Adare, ivakke samanAgiruva ‘tiLida’ tOrupadagaLu baLakeyallilla.

ivugaLalli yAru embudu yAvanu, yAvaLu mattu yAvaru embuvakke badalAgi baLakeyAguttade; Enu embudu yAvudu mattu yAvuvu embuvakke badalAgi baLakeyAguttade. yAke embudakke ‘kAraNa tiLiyadu’ emba huruLide; Adare, kAraNa tiLidiruvalli baLake yAgaballa tOrupadagaLilla; antaha kaDegaLalli hAgAgi mattu hIgAgi embuvannu baLasabEkAguttade.

idallade, yAvanu, yAvaLu mattu yAvaru embuvakke svalpa maTTige kILarimeyannu koDuva huruLU ide; hAgAgi, adakke badalAgi yAru embudE ivattu heccu baLakeyAguttide.

mElina paTTiyalli koTTiruva atta, itta mattu etta embavu gaLU baLakeyinda bidduhOguttive; avugaLalli modala eraDu padagaLa badalu Ace mattu Ice embavU kANisikoLLuttive.

avanu, avaLu mattu ivanu, ivaLu embavugaLa badalu Ata,

Ake mattu Ita, Ike embavugaLU baLakeyalli kANisikoLLuttive.

I paTTiya modala aydu sAlugaLalliruva padagaLu hesarupadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave, mattu uLida sAlugaLalliruva padagaLu parice padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

3.6 eNikepadagaLa iTTaLa

eNikepadagaLalli ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku mattu aydu padagaLannu Or, Ir, mUr, nAl, mattu ay eNikebErugaLinda paDeyabahudu; ivugaLalli Or bErige du oTTannu sErisi ondu embudannu paDeyuvalli adakke on rUpa ide; Ir bErige Du oTTannu sErisi eraDu embudannu paDeyuvalli adakke era rUpa ide; uLida mUr, nAl, mattu ay bErugaLige u, ku, mattu du oTTugaLannu sErisi mUru, nAlku mattu aydu padagaLannu paDeya bahudu.

uLida padagaLalli Aru, ELu, enTu mattu hattu padagaLalli iTTaLavannu kANalu baruvudilla. ombattu padavannu Or bErina on rUpakke hattu padavannu sErisi paDeyabahudu; idakke ‘hattakkinta ondu kaDime’ emba huruLide. illi hattu embudu battu emba rUpadalli baruttade.

hannondarinda hattombattara varegina padagaLannu hattu padada hattina padarUpakke ondarinda ombattara varegina padagaLannu sErisi paDeyabahudu. Adare, hattu padakke hesarupattugeya a oTTannu sErisi dAga hattara emba padarUpa siguvudAda kAraNa (4.9.4 nODi), hattina padarUpa hEge bantu embudannu vivarisuvudu kaSTa.

hattina padarUpakke ondu mattu eraDu padagaLa modalu han emba rUpa ide (hannondu, hanneraDu), mUru mattu nAlku padagaLa modalu hadi rUpa ide (hadimUru, hadinAlku), aydu, Aru, ELu, mattu enTu padagaLa modalu hadin rUpa ide (hadinaydu, hadinAru, hadinELu, hadinenTu), mattu ombattu padada munde hatta rUpa ide (hattombattu).

Ir, mUr, nAl mattu ay bErugaLige hattu padavannu sErisi ippattu, mUvattu, naluvattu mattu ayvattu padagaLannu unTumADalAgide; Ir bEru illi ip rUpadalli (2.2.4 mattu

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2.2.6 nODi) bandide, mattu adara baLika hattu pada pattu

rUpadalli bandide; mUr mattu nAl bErugaLu mU mattu nalu rUpadalli bandive, mattu avugaLa baLika, mattu ay bErina baLika hattu pada vattu rUpadalli bandide.

aruvattu, eppattu mattu embattu padagaLannu Aru, ELu mattu enTu padagaLige hattu padavannu sErisi paDeyabahudu; I mUru padagaLige illi aru, ep mattu em emba rUpagaLive, mattu avu gaLa baLika hattu padakke vattu, pattu mattu battu emba rUpagaLive. tombattu padadallU tom mattu pattu (hattu) embavugaLannu jODisi paDeyabahudu; Adare, tom embudannu ombattu embuda rondige sambandisuvudu hEge emba toDaku uLidiruttade.

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3.7 eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa

samskruta, ingliS, hindi, parSiyan modalAda nuDigaLinda eravalAgi banda halavu padagaLu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyallive. ivugaLa iTTaLa kelavu viSayagaLalli kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa iTTaLakkinta bErAgiruttade. hAgAgi, avannilli bErAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

Adare, kannaDadavE Ada padagaLu, mattu bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu embudAgi kannaDa barahadalli baLakeyalliruva padagaLannu bErpaDisuvudu suLuvAda kelasavEnalla. yAkendare, eravalu padagaLu namma nuDiyalli sAvirAru varSagaLindalU bandu sEruttiddu, avu gaLalli ittIcege bandavugaLu mAtra kannaDadavE Ada padagaLinda bErAgi kANisuttave; uLiduvella halavAru bagegaLalli mArpaTTu, kannaDadavE Ada padagaLondige sErihOgive.

hAgAgi, bEre nuDigaLinda ittIcege eravalAgi banda padagaLannu mAtra illi pariSIlanege ettikoLLalAgide. nijakkU intaha ittIcege eravalAgi banda padagaLannu mAtravE illi pariSIlisabEkAgide; yAkendare, avu mAtra kannaDadavE Ada padagaLinda iTTaLadalli bErA giruttave. kannaDa barahagaLalli kANisikoLLuva intaha padagaLalli samskruta mattu ingliS nuDigaLinda eravalAgi paDedavu mukyavAdavugaLu.

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3.7.1 samskrutada eravalu padagaLu

kannaDada halavu mandi barahagArarige samskruta padagaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU eggillade kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasabahudu emba anisike yide; avannu kannaDadalli baredoDane avu kannaDadavAgi biDuttave

endu avaru tiLidiruva hAge kANisuttade! idallade, heccinavarigU A rIti eravalu paDeda pada yAvudu, mattu kannaDaddE Ada pada yAvudu embudara tiLuvaLike಍ೂ iruvudilla. kannaDada heccina padanerakegaLallU SEkaDA ayvattakkintalU heccu samskruta padagaLannu koTTiruvudu, mattu I padagaLigU kannaDaddE Ada padagaLigU naDuve yAva vyatyAsavannU mADadiruvudu I tiLuvaLikeyannu gaTTimADu ttade.

Adare, nijakkU samskruta padagaLu kannaDa padagaLiginta halavu viSaya gaLalli bErAgive: avugaLalli mahAprANa, x, Sha modalAda halavu heccina barigegaLu baLakeyAguttave; kannaDadavE Ada barigegaLu bandiru vallU ska, tka, kShma, pta modalAda halavu heccina ottubarigegaLu baLakeyAguttave; avugaLalli padagaLige oTTugaLannu illavE bEre padagaLannu sErisuva bage bErAgiruttade; mattu hAge sErisuvAga naDeyuva sErikeya mArpADugaLU kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli naDeyuva mArpADugaLiginta bErAgiruttave.

hAgAgi, kannaDa barahagaLalli samskrutada eravalu padagaLannu heccu heccu baLasidaSTU A barahagaLu kannaDada sogaDannu kaLedukoLLuttA hOguttave; mattu idarindAgi, avannu Odi tiLidukoLLuva kelasa heccina kannaDigarigU toDakinadAguttA hOguttade. yAkendare, kannaDigara mAtinalli tumbA kaDime samskruta eravalugaLu kANisikoLLu ttave; mattu hAge kANisikoLLuvavU, kannaDada sogaDannu heccu keDisa dante mArpaTTiruttave.

samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLu kannaDadalli cannAgi hondi koLLuvudillavembudannu gamanisida hindina kAlada kannaDa barahagAraru avugaLalli halavu bageya mArpADugaLannu mADikonDiddaru: SakAra- ShakAragaLige badalAgi sakAravannu baLasuvudu (paSu-pasu, Sarkara- sakkare, AkASa-Agasa, SESha-sEsa), mahAprANagaLa badalu alpaprANa gaLannu baLasuvudu (Sxnkhale-sankale, sangha-sanga, SunThi-sunTi, kathe-kate, bhakti-bakti), xkArada badalu ri illavE i embudannu baLasuvudu (xShi-risi, txNa-tiNa), ottubarigegaLannella immaDi barige gaLAgi illavE otte barigegaLAgi mArpaDisuvudu (samskruta-sakkada, utkaTa-uggaTa, dhvani-dani, AjYe-ANe) modalAda intaha halavu

mArpADugaLa mUlaka samskrutada eravalu padagaLu kannaDada sogaDannu heccu keDisadante nODikoLLalAguttittu.

kannaDakke bEkAgiruva intaha mArpADugaLalli halavu prAkruta mattu pAli nuDigaLalli naDedidduvAda kAraNa, tamage bEkAguva padagaLannu nEravAgi samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeyuva badalu, prAkruta illavE pAliyinda paDeyuva mUlakavU avaru I kelasavannu naDesuttiddaru. Adare, ivattina kannaDa barahagaLalli A rIti mArpaDisiruva samskruta eravalugaLalli sakkare, hiTTu, hakki, bIdi modalAda kelavE kelavu padagaLu mAtra baLakeyalli uLidive; bAki uLiduvella baLakeyinda biddu hOgi, avugaLa badalu jvara, sthAna, xShi, xtu, dOSha, agni modalAda mArpaDisadiruva samskruta eravalugaLu baLakege bandive. kannaDada heccina barahagArarigU samskrutada mElidda mElarime, mattu kannaDada mElidda kILarime idakke kAraNavirabEku.

idallade, samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDada sogaDannu uLisikoLLuvante mArpaDisuva hakkannU ivattu kannaDada barahagAraru biTTukoTTiddAre: samskrutadinda eravalAgi paDeda pada gaLannu samskrutadalli iruva hAgeyE bareyabEku emba kaTTaleyannu avaru tamma mEle horisikonDiddAre. idarindAgi, ivattu samskrutada eravalu padagaLalli yAva rItiya mArpADannu mADikonDarU adu kannaDa barahagArarige tappAgi kANisuttade.

ettugegAgi, samskrutada eravalu padagaLannu bareyuvAga, avannu hEge OduttEveyO hAgeyE bareyuvantaha ‘hosabaraha’ emba kannaDa barahavondannu huTTuhAkalAgide, mattu adannE I pustaka dallU baLasalAgide. idu hindina kAlada kannaDa barahagAraru halavAru samskruta padagaLa maTTige anusarisida dAriyannu, endare kannaDada sogaDannu uLisikoLLuvudakkAgi avaru baLasida holabannu hOlu ttade; hAgiddarU, ivattina halavu barahagArarige I mArpADu kannaDa barahavannu keDisuva hAge kANisuttade!

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3.7.2 mArpaDisida padagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, mArpaDisida samskruta eravalugaLalli heccinavU ivattina kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyallilla; avugaLa badalu mArpaDisada

samskruta padagaLannE baLasalAguttide. ivugaLalli padagaLa koneya kelavu barigegaLannu mAtra kannaDakke hondikoLLuvante mArpaDisalAgide.

kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyalliruva sakkare, hakki, ANe modalAda mArpaDisida samskruta eravalugaLalli heccinavannU iTTaLavillada pada gaLendE tiLiyabEkAguttade. yAkendare, samskrutada bEre eravalu gaLigU avakkU naDuvidda pattugegaLu avugaLalli naDeda halavu bageya mArpADugaLindAgi heccineDegaLallU kANisadantAgive. ettugegAgi, kavi mattu kAvyagaLa naDuvina pattuge kAvya pada kabba endu mArpaTTiru vudarinda, pAda mattu pAdukegaLa naDuvina pattuge pAduke pada hAvuge embudAgi mArpaTTiruvudarinda, pati, vrata, mattu pativrate padagaLa naDuvina pattuge pativrate pada hadibadeyAgi mArpaTTiru vudarinda kANisadantAgide.

intaha padagaLa caritreyannu pariSIlisidAga mAtra, avugaLigiruva iTTaLada arivu namagAguttade; Adare avugaLa ivattina baLakeyannu mAtravE pariSIlisidalli, avu iTTaLavillada bEre padagaLinda yAva kannaDada rItiyallU sollarimeya maTTige avu iTTaLavillada padagaLE.

kANisuvudilla.

bEreyavAgi

hAgAgi,

kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyalliruva intaha kelavu mArpaDisida samskruta eravalugaLannu, mattu avugaLa samskruta mUlavannu keLage paTTi mADalAgide:

agga

argha AScarya accari AjYe ANe kAmsya kancu SaShkuli cakkuli
dyUta jUju nidrA nidde hiTTu piShTa vandhyA banje varti batti dvitIye bidige SmaSAna masaNa SxnkhalA sankale
SUnya

sonne

Arya ajja AkASa Agasa iShTaka iTTige kartari kattari yavvana javvana tANa sthAna pakShi hakki pustaka hottage varNa baNNa vasati basadi vEtra betta sandhyA sanje suNNa cUrNa halage phalaka

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3.7.3 mArpaDisada padagaLu

mArpaDisada samskruta eravalugaLendu illi karediruva padagaLu nijakkU tusuvU mArpaDada padagaLalla; kannaDada barahakke mattu sollarimeya kaTTalegaLige hondikoLLuvante avugaLallU kelavu mArpADugaLannu mADikoLLalAgide; ettugegAgi, padagaLa koneya udda tereyuligaLannu giDDa tereyuligaLAgi (mattu A embudannu e embudAgi) mArpaDisa lAgide (SAlA>SAle, jananI>janani), mattu avugaLa koneya mucculigaLa baLika tereyuliyondannu sErisikoLLalAgide (manas> manassu). intaha eravalugaLalli yAvudE ondu padakke iTTaLavideyE, illavE embudannu tIrmAnisuvalli adakkU kannaDa barahadalli ivattu baLakeyalliruva bEre samskruta eravalugaLigU naDuviruva pattuge mAtra AdAravAgaballudu. samskrutada sollarime(vyAkaraNa)yalli adakke koTTiruva iTTaLavannu, mattu adara hindiruva kaTTalegaLannu I sandarba dalli neravige baLasabahudEnO nija; Adare, A kaTTalegaLannu hAgeyE kannaDada sollarimeyalli tandirisuvudu sariyalla.

ettugegAgi, samskrutada sollarimeyalli heccukaDime ellA hesaru padagaLannU iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu tiLiyalAguttade; yAkendare, avannella esakabErugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi paDeyalu baruttade. Adare, kannaDada sollarimeya maTTige ivugaLalli heccinavU iTTaLa villada padagaLu; eravalAgi bandiruva bEre hesarupadagaLondige pattugeyannu tOrisuva nagara-upanagara, vivEki, avivEki, rasa- rasika, kavi-kAvya modalAda kelavE kelavannu mAtra iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu hELaballevu.

hAgAgi, ondu bageya barahadalli intaha eSTu padagaLu eravalAgi bandive embudara mElU avugaLalli eSTu padagaLannu iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu tiLiyabahudu embudu avalambiside. tumbA kaDime padagaLannu eravalu paDedu baLasuva ellara kannaDadantaha barahadalli kelavE kelavu padagaLannu mAtra iTTaLaviruva padagaLendu tiLidare sAku. idallade, kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva eravalu padagaLa iTTaLavannu kannaDa sollarimeya kOnadinda nODabEkallade, samskruta sollarimeya kOnadinda nODuvudu sariyalla. ettugegAgi, kannaDa

dalli mukyavAgi hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepada emba mUru bageya padagaLu baLakeyallive; Adare, samskrutadalli hesarupada mattu esakapada emba eraDu bageya padagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive. parice padagaLemba mUranE bageya padagaLu samskrutadallilla; antaha padagaLu adaralli hesarupadagaLondige sErikoLLuttave.

kannaDa barahagaLalli baLakeyAguva samskruta eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa vannu vivarisuvAga, kannaDakke avaSyaviruva I hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru bageya padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisalu baruvudilla. Adare, samskrutadalli I vyatyAsa illadiru vudu illi kelavu toDarugaLannU tandoDDuttade.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva samskruta eravalugaLalli oTTisida padagaLu mattu jODupadagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu. ettugegAgi, kAvya padavannu kavi padakke ya oTTannu sErisi paDeyabahudAda kAraNa, adannondu oTTisida padavendu tiLiyabahudu, mattu lagnapatrike padavannu lagna mattu patrike emba eraDu padagaLannu jODisi paDeyabahudAda kAraNa, adannondu jODupadavendu tiLiyabahudu.

oTTisida padagaLalli (1) hesarupadagaLinda paricepadagaLannu paDeyu vudu (samAja-sAmAjika, yantra-yAntrika), (2) paricepada gaLinda hesarupadagaLannu paDeyuvudu (yOgya-yOgyate, aSakta- asaktate; svatantra-svAtantrya, unnata-avnatya), (3) hesarupadaga Linda bEre hesarupadagaLannu paDeyuvudu (rAja-rAjya, jIva-jIvi, rOga-rOgi; naTa-naTi, sEvaka-sEvaki) mattu (4) hesaru illavE paricepadagaLige kannaDada isu oTTannu sErisi esakapadagaLannu paDeyu vudu (pUje-pUjisu, vancane-vancisu, ruci-rucisu) embudAgi nAlku bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu.

Adare mEle tiLisida hAge, samskrutadalli hesarupada-paricepada vyatyAsa illavAda kAraNa, hesarupadagaLinda paricepadagaLannu paDeyu valli baLakeyAgiruva ellA oTTugaLU hesarupadagaLinda bEre hesaru kANabahudu. paDeyuvalliyU baLakeyAgiruvudannu padagaLannu idarindAgi, samskruta eravalu padagaLannu kannaDadalli baLasuvAga, adakke bEkAguva hesarupada-paricepada vyatyAsavannu kaTTuniTTAgi uLisi koLLalu baruvudilla; samskruta eravalugaLannu arimeya barahagaLalli

baLasuvAga idu hEge gondalavannunTumADuttade embudannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa hottageyalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
jODupadagaLalli hesarupadakke bErondu hesarupadavannu sErisi unTumADidavu (mAnada hAni - mAnahAni, yugada Adi - yugAdi), mattu hesarupadakke paricepadavannu sErisi unTumADidavu (paralOka, mUlanivAsi, mahAnagara) embudAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu.

idallade,

samskrutada eravalugaLannu padagaLondige baLasi kUDupadagaLannU paDeyalAguttade.

kannaDada

kelavu esaka

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3.7.8 ingliSna eravalupadagaLu

ingliSninda padagaLu kannaDakke eraDu alegaLalli eravalAgi bandive. ivugaLalli modalanE aleya padagaLu ingliS janara mAtininda nEravAgi bandavugaLirabEku; avara mAtannu kELuttiruvAga, avugaLalli baLakeyAguttidda I kelavu padagaLu kannaDigara mAtinalli eravalAgi bandu sErikonDirabEku; eraDanE aleya padagaLu A rIti ingliS janara mAtininda nEravAgi barade, avara nuDiyannu kalita kannaDigara mAtininda bandirabEku.

I eraDu alegaLige sErida eravalu padagaLa naDuviruva ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavendare, modalanE aleyalli banda padagaLalli ingliSna Na mattu ja mucculigaLu takAra mattu dakAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave; idakke badalu, eraDanE aleyalli banda padagaLalli avu TakAra mattu DakAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. idakke kelavu ettuge gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

modalanE aleya padagaLu receipt tar treasury captain saint dress

raSIti(di) tAru tijOri kaptAna santa dirasu

eraDanE aleya padagaLu poultice gazette jacket seat loot load

pOlTIsu gajeTTu jAkITu sITu lUTi lODu

godown ryot

gOdAmu rayta

godown decree

gaDangu Dikri

I eraDU alegaLallU ingliS eravalugaLu bahaLa maTTige kannaDa padagaLannu hOluvante badalAgive. ettugegAgi, mucculiyalli kone goLLuva padagaLella tereyuliyalli konegoLLuvantAgive: ondE ulikanteyiruva padagaLalli udda tereyuliyittAdare avugaLa kone yalli ukAra sErikonDide (cITu, sITu, kEpu, gOlu, bIru) mattu giDDa tereyuliyittAdare ukAra sEruvudarondige avugaLa koneya mucculi immaDiyAgide (kappu, gallu, villu).

Adare, ittIcege eravalAgi banda padagaLalli padagaLa koneya mucculi hAgeyE uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu (kampyUTar, sisTam, kap, porIgrEm).

intaha eravalugaLu heccu heccu kannaDa barahadalli sEriduvAdare, samskruta eravalugaLa hAge avugaLallU iTTaLagaLannu kANaballevu. idakkAgi avannu oTTusErisi kannaDada kOnadinda pariSIlisabEkAgu ttade.

kannaDada kUDupadagaLalli, mattu jODupadagaLalli ingliS eravalu gaLu heccu suLuvAgi hondikoLLaballuvu: An mADu, An Agu; klik mADu, pres mADu modalAdavugaLalli Agu mattu mADu esakapadagaLondige ingliS eravalugaLannu baLasi halavu bageya kUDupadagaLannu unTumADalAgide, mattu seTdOse, biDhaNa modalAda jODupadagaLannU unTumADalAgide.

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3.8 tiruLu

I pasugeyalli hesarupadagaLannu biTTu uLida padagaLa, endare esaka padagaLa, paricepadagaLa, tOrupadagaLa mattu eravalu padagaLa iTTaLa entahadu embudannu vivarisalAgide.

(1) esakapadagaLalli oTTisida padagaLu mattu kUDupadagaLu embu dAgi eraDu bageya iTTaLagaLannu kANabahudu; oTTisida padagaLalli hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi unTu kUDupadagaLalli hesarupada, mattu mADiruva esakapadagaLive,

paricepada, mattu mukyavAgi esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLige kelavu heccina huruLugaLannu koDaballa esakapadagaLannu sErisi paDediruva esakapadagaLive.

(2) kelavu paricebErugaLinda paricepadagaLannu paDeyalAguttade; avakkU, hesarupada mattu esakapadagaLigU kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi, hesaruparice mattu esakaparicegaLemba bEre eraDu bageya parice padagaLannU unTumADalAguttade. idallade, tusu hottu naDeyuva esakagaLa paricegaLu, mattu ommegE naDeduhOguva esakagaLa parice gaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya aNakapadagaLindalU paricepadagaLannu unTumADalAguttade.

(3) tOrupadagaLalli mukyavAgi eraDu angagaLiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasavannu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneyadu avugaLa haravannu tiLisuttade.

(4) mukyavAgi samskruta mattu ingliS emba eraDu nuDigaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLiddu, avugaLa iTTaLada kuritu illi aDakavAgi tiLisalAgide.

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4. padarUpagaLa iTTaLa

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4.1 munnOTa

padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasuvAga avakke kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu unTumADikoLLabEkAguttade; I oTTugaLu sollu gaLalli baruva padagaLannu ondaroDanondu sambandisuttave, mattu kelavu heccina huruLugaLannU koDuttave. idallade, sollugaLannu nele goLisuva kelasavannU avu naDesuttave.

ettugegAgi, ondu padakanteyalli eraDu hesarupadagaLannu baLasa bEkiddalli, avugaLa naDuvina pattugeyEnu embudannu tiLisabEkAgu ttade: aNNana mane emba padakanteyalli aNNa mattu mane emba eraDu hesarupadagaLu bandiddu, ivugaLa naDuvina oDetanada pattuge yannu (n)a oTTu tiLisuttade.

idE rItiyalli, ondu sollinalli eraDu-mUru hesarupadagaLannu baLasabEkiddalli, avakkU sollina esakapadakkU naDuve entaha pattuge yide embudannu tiLisabEkAguttade: aNNa tangige ondu bombe koTTa emba sollinalli bombeyannu yAru yArige koTTaru embu dannu tiLisalu tangi padada baLika ge oTTannu baLasabEkAgide.

sollina koneyalli esakapadavannu baLasabEkiddalli, adakke mukyavAgi sollannu nelegoLisuva, endare adannu ADuganondige sambandisuva eraDu oTTugaLannu sErisabEkAguttade: nAnu manege hOguttEne emba sollinalli bandiruva hOgu esakapadakke utta mattu Ene emba eraDu oTTugaLannu sErisalAgide; ivugaLalli Ene embudu ‘hOguva kelasavannu naDesuvudu yAru (ADuga)’ embudannu tiLisu ttade, mattu utta embudu ‘I kelasavannu Atanu yAvAga naDesa liddAne (A sollannu ADiruva hottina baLika)’ embudannu tiLisuttade.

idallade, tiLisuva kelasada badalu kelavu bEre bageya kelasagaLannu sollugaLa mUlaka naDesabEkAdAga, avugaLalli baruva esakapadagaLige

kelavu bEreyE padarUpagaLannu koDabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, nIvu manege hOgi emba sollina mUlaka kelavu janarige hOgalu appaNeyannu koDabEkAgide, mattu idakkAgi hOgu esakapadakke i oTTannu sErisi hELabEkAgide. I hOgi padarUpa mEle koTTiruva hOguttEne padarUpakkinta bErAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

sollugaLalli baLasuvudakkAgi entaha padarUpagaLella bEkAguttave, avannu unTumADuvudakkAgi entaha oTTugaLannu baLasabEkAguttade, I oTTugaLannu padagaLige sErisuvalli entaha sErikeya kaTTalegaLu baLakeyAguttave embantaha viSayagaLannu I pasugeyalli vivarisa lAgide. kannaDadalli tumbA heccu padarUpagaLiruvudu esakapadagaLige; hAgAgi, avugaLannu illi modalige ettikoLLalAgide; AmEle, hesaru pada, eNikepada, ADupada mattu tOrupadagaLigiruva padarUpagaLannu vivarisalAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.1.1 sErikeya kaTTalegaLu

padarUpagaLannu unTumADuvudakkAgi avugaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi dAga, A padagaLalli mattu oTTugaLalli kelavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. I mArpADugaLu eraDanE pasugegaLalli (2.2ralli) vivarisiruva sErikeya mArpADugaLiginta kelavu viSayagaLalli bErAgive, mattu avugaLige horapaDikegaLu tumbA kaDime (himbottina oTTannu sErisuvalli mAtra halavAru horapaDikegaLu kANisikoLLuttave). hAgAgi, avannilli sErikeya kaTTalegaLu embudAgi kareyalAgide.

padarUpagaLalli mukyavAgi keLage koTTiruva mUru sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave; ivugaLige kelavu horapaDikegaLU ive; avugaLalli mukyavAduvannu illi tiLisalAgide, mattu uLiduvannu munde padarUpagaLannu unTumADuva bage hEge embudannu vivarisu valli tiLisalAguvudu.

(1) ukAra bidduhOguvudu ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva oTTu bandAga, padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade. I mArpADu ellA bageya padagaLallU naDeyuttade. idannu ukArada

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 259  baLika a, i, u mattu O tereyuligaLu bandiruvalli kANabahudu. I  mArpADannu tOrisuva oTTugaLannu keLage paTTimADalAgide: 

(1) a tereyuli sEridAga: ad

annu

ali

alu

C

mADu+ad+a mADada aDagu+ad+a aDagada haNNannu haNNu+annu musukannu musuku+annu hOgali hOgu+ali tinnali tinnu+ali kELalu kELu+alu cellalu cellu+alu janara janaru+a
manegaLa manegaLu+a

(2) i tereyuli sEridAga:

E

ige

id

in

Ej

isu

hOgi koDi maddige nADige kaTTida

hOgu+i koDu+i
maddu+ige nADu+ige kaTTu+id+a mADu+id+aLu mADidaLu kADu+in+a haDagu+in+a hADu+iri horaDu+iri kaTTu+isu hOgu+isu

kADina haDagina hADiri horaDiri kaTTisu hOgisu

(3) u tereyuli sEridAga: utta

koDu+utta+Ane koDuttAne kaccu+utta+ade kaccuttade

uttA hOgu+uttA

tinnu+uttA

hOguttA tinnuttA

(4) O tereyuli sEridAga: Nt

hOgu+ONa hELu+ONa tinnu+ONa

hOgONa hELONa tinnONa

I mArpADige ondu mukyavAda horapaDikeyide: ukAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLalli eraDu ulikantegaLiddu, udda tereyuli illavE ottubarige illavAdare, antaha padagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguva badalu, avugaLa baLika vakAravondu sErikoLLuttade. hesaru padagaLondige baLakeyAguva annu mattu ige oTTugaLa baLakeyalli I horapaDikeyannu kANabahudu:

annu

ige

nagu+annu magu+annu magu+ige karu+ige

naguvannu maguvannu maguvige karuvige

esakapadagaLa baLakeyalli I horapaDikeyilla embudannu keLage

koTTiruva kelavu oTTugaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu:

ad ali Ej

utta

koDu+ad+a iru+ali
biDu+iri
nagu+utta+Ane naguttAne

koDada irali biDiri

(2) yakAra bandu sEruvudu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva oTTugaLu bandAga, padagaLa koneyalli yakAravondu sErikoLLuttade. I mArpADannu a, i, u, mattu O tereyuligaLalli modalAguva oTTugaLu bandiruvalli kANabahudu:

(1) a tereyuli sEridAga:

C

ad

Gj+C
mane+a
muri+ad+a bare+ad+a

uriya maneya muriyada bareyada

andi ajji+andi+aru ajjiyandiru

sose+andi+aru soseyandiru

annu ajji+annu mane+annu kuruDi+aru celuve+aru

aru

ajjiyannu maneyannu kuruDiyaru celuveyaru

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 261 

ali

alu

kuDi+ali
bare+ali
kali+alu
naDe+alu

kuDiyali bareyali kaliyalu naDeyalu

(2) i tereyuli sEridAga: inda

Ej

bEli+inda kombe+inda duDi+iri
beLe+iri

bEliyinda kombeyinda duDiyiri beLeyiri

(3) u tereyuli sEridAga:

utta tiLi+utta+ade tiLiyuttade ode+utta+ade odeyuttade

uttA jagi+uttA

toLe+uttA

jagiyuttA toLeyuttA

(4) O tereyuliya baLika: Nt

kuDi+ONa
bare+ONa

kuDiyONa bareyONa

I mArpADige mukyavAgi id mattu isu oTTugaLu horapaDike gaLAgive: ikAra illavE ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika I oTTugaLu bandAga, yakAra sErikoLLuva badalu I oTTugaLa ikAra bidduhOguttade. Adare, id oTTina baLika tu oTTu bandideyAdare, adara ikAra uLidu d aLiyuttade, mattu intaha kaDegaLalli padagaLa baLika yakAra sErikoLLuttade. idannu keLagina ettugegaLalli kANabahudu:

isu

(1) ikAra bidduhOguvudu: kuDi+isu toLe+isu kuDi+id+a toLe+id+a

id

kuDisu toLesu kuDida toLeda

(2) ikAra uLidu yakAra sEruvudu:

id

kudi+id+tu taDe+id+tu

kudiyitu taDeyitu

(3) akAra bidduhOguvudu akAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa mattu esakapadagaLa parice rUpada baLika tereyuliyalli modalAguva oTTugaLu sEridAga, pada gaLa koneya akAra bidduhOguttade. I mArpADu aru, ike, mattu udu oTTugaLa baLakeyalli mAtra kANisikoLLuttade:

aru

ike

udu

huDuga+aru kaLLa+aru
bIga+aru mADuva+ike koDuva+ike hOgada+ike mADuva+udu tinda+udu hOgada+udu

huDugaru kaLLaru bIgaru mADuvika koDuvike hOgadike mADuvudu tindudu hOgadudu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.2 esakapadagaLa padarUpagaLu

esakapadagaLige entaha padarUpagaLella ive embudannu tiLisuva ondu paTTiyannu keLage koDalAgide; idakkAgi mADu emba esakapadavannu ArisikoLLalAgide.

esakapada: mADu

1. Agisuva rUpagaLu mattu sErisuva rUpagaLu: Agisuva rUpa sErisuva rUpa

mADisu mADikoLLu

1. konerUpagaLu:

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

tiLisuva rUpagaLu: mumbottu

OreNike
mADuttEne mADutti
mADuttAne mADuttALe mADuttade

halaveNike mADuttEve mADuttIri mADuttAre

mADuttave

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 263 

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

tiLisuva rUpagaLu: himbottu

OreNike
mADide
mADidi
mADida
mADidaLu mADitu

halaveNike mADidevu mADidiri mADidaru

mADiduvu

(kelasa) mADisuva rUpagaLu

OreNike

halaveNike

ADuga kELuga heratu

mADali
mADu

mADONa mADi/mADiri

mADali

1. naDurUpagaLu:

mumbottu himbottu
allagaLeta

paricerUpagaLu mADuva mADida mADada

jODisuva rUpagaLu

mAresaka
oDanesaka
modalesaka allagaLedesaka

mADalu mADutta mADi mADade

bEDikeya rUpa mADidare

hesarurUpagaLu-1

mumbottu himbottu
allagaLeta

mADuvudu mADidudu mADadudu

nanasu allagaLeta

hesarurUpagaLu-2 mADuvike mADadike

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3 Agisuva mattu sErisuva rUpagaLu

esakapadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisi avugaLa Agisuva rUpavannu paDeyalAguttade, mattu esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpa gaLige koLLu embudannu sErisi sErisuva rUpagaLannu paDeyalAgu ttade.

I eraDu bageya holabugaLa mUlakavU bEre esakapadagaLa jAgadalli baLakeyAgaballa padagaLannE unTumADalAguttade; hAgAgi, ondu rItiyalli ivu mUranE pasugeyalli tiLisabEkAda viSaya gaLendU hELabahudu. Adare, I holabugaLa mUlaka unTAguva esakapadagaLu halavu viSayagaLalli padarUpagaLa hAge kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, avannu I pasugeyalli koDalAgide:

mUraneya pasugeyalli vivarisida hAge, padagaLannu unTumADu valli baLakeyAguva oTTugaLa kuritAgi kaTTuniTTAda kaTTalegaLannu koDalu baruvudilla; mattu, avugaLa ellA baLakegaLigU hondike yAguvantaha huruLugaLannU koDalu baruvudilla.

idallade, avu kelavE kelavu esakapadagaLondige mAtra baruttave, mattu avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisikoLLuva sErikeya mArpADugaLu bariya olavugaLAgiruttavallade kaTTalegaLalla; avakke halavAru hora paDikegaLiruttave; I ellA kAraNagaLigAgi, antaha oTTugaLinda unTu mADiruva padagaLellavannU padanerakegaLalli koDabEkAguttade.

isu mattu koLLu embavugaLu I ellA viSayagaLallU pada gaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAguva oTTugaLinda bErAgive: avannu heccukaDime ellA esakapadagaLondigU baLasalu baruttade, avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisikoLLuva sErikeya mArpADugaLannu kaTTalegaLa mUlaka vivarisabahudu; yAkendare, avakke kelavE kelavu horapaDikegaLu mAtra ive.

idallade, I eraDu oTTugaLige avugaLa ellA baLakegaLallU heccu kaDime ondE bageya huruLannu koDalu baruttade. hAgAgi, avannu baLasi unTumADaballa esakapadagaLannu padanerakegaLalli koDabEkAguvu dilla. I kAraNakkAgi, avannilli esakapadagaLa padarUpagaLendu kareya lAgide.

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 265 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.1 Agisuva rUpagaLu

esakapadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisi Agisuva rUpagaLannu paDeya lAguttade. ettugegAgi, mADu esakapadakke isu oTTannu sErisi mADisu emba padarUpavannu paDeyabahudu; I padarUpakke ondu kelasavannu innobbaninda Agisuva illavE mADisuva huruLide. idara baLakege bEre kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

nagisu nagu iLisu iLi meresu
mere anju anjisu
kaTTu Agu naDugu naDugisu

kaTTisu Agisu

biDisu kuNisu ogesu

biDu kuNi oge tumbu tumbisu tiddu tiddisu ADu ADisu malagu malagisu

heccina esakapadagaLigU I rIti isu oTTannu sErisi Agisuva rUpa gaLannu paDeyabahudu. Agisalu bAradantaha kelasavannu tiLisuva kelavE kelavu esakapadagaLu mAtra idakke horapaDikegaLAgi kANisabahudu. ettugegAgi, namma hatOTige sigada hAge naDeyuvantaha kelavu esaka gaLannu tiLisuva kemmu, uLuku, sInu, tEgu modalAda padagaLu, manassina stitiyannu tiLisuva hEsu, rOsu, marugu, oggu modalAda padagaLu, mattu prakrutiyalli naDeyuva kelavu esakagaLannu tiLisuva mincu, guDugu, jinugu, kandu modalAda padagaLu sAmAnyavAgi I oTTinondige baLakeyAguvudilla.

Adare, nijakkU I esakapadagaLannu isu oTTina baLakege horapaDike gaLendu tiLiyabEkAgilla; yAkendare, intaha padagaLondigU adannu baLasabEkAguvantaha sandarbagaLannu nAvu kalpisikoLLaballevu. ettuge gAgi, dEvaru guDugannu guDugisabahudu, mattu mantravAdi yobba huDuganannu kemmisabahudu, illave sInisabahudu. hAgAgi, ivu baLakeya horapaDikegaLallade sollarimeya horapaDikegaLalla.

‘isu oTTinalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLige innomme isu oTTannu sErisalu baruvudilla’ emba kaTTaleyondiddu, idu isu oTTina baLakege innondu bageya horapaDikegaLannodagisuttade. Adare, ondu bAri isu oTTannu sErisiruva esakapadagaLigEnE adannu eraDu

bAri sErisi paDeyabahudAda esakapadagaLa huruLU doreyuttade. ettugegAgi, keLagina sollugaLalli bandiruva ODu mattu ODisu pada gaLa baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu:

nAyi ODitu.

(1ka) (1ca) huDuga nAyiyannu ODisida. (1Ta) Ake huDugana kayyalli nAyiyannu ODisidaLu.

ODu esakapada (1ka)dalli ondu mADuvikeyannu tiLisuttade; (1ca) dalli adakke isu oTTannu sErisalAgiddu, adondu mADisuvikeyannu tiLisuttade; (1Ta)dalli adakke bErondu isu oTTannu sErisadiddarU, hAge sErisidalli sigabahudAda huruLannu adu koDuttide. (1ca) tiLisuva ODisuva esakakkU (1Ta) tiLisuva ODisuva esakakkU naDuve vyatyAsavide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

kelavu esakapadagaLu isu oTTannu sErisadiddarU Agisuva huruLannu koDaballuvu; endare, ivakke Aguvike mattu mADuvike emba I eraDu huruLugaLallU baLakeyide. ettugegAgi, tere pada vannu baLasiruva keLagina eraDu sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(2ka) bAgilu tereyitu. (2ca) Ata bAgilu tereda.

(2ka) sollinalli tere pada ondu Aguvikeyannu tiLisuttade, mattu (2ca) sollinalli adE pada ondu mADuvikeyannu tiLisuttade. kannaDa dalli I rIti yAva oTTannU sErisade Aguvike mattu mADuvike gaLemba eraDu huruLugaLannU koDaballa heccu kaDime nUru esaka padagaLive; avugaLalli kelavannu keLage koDalAgide:

Er kare callu tIDu bigi biccu sigi

oDe kaLe cuccu kELu kalaku muri muccu bIsu hari

hiDi

anTu ottu oppu ADu kukku taLe tAgu

naDe kaccu cAcu jAru

kavucu kaLacu naDe

kedaru basi beLe nillu baggu magucu maDacu suDu haraDu sundu sILu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 267  intaha  esakapadagaLige  isu  oTTannu  sErisidAga,  heccineDegaLallU  adu  avugaLa  eraDanE  (mADuvikeya)  huruLinalli  sErikoLLuttade.  ettugegAgi, teresida embudakke mADisuvikeya huruLide.  

Adare, kelavu padagaLalli adu modalaneya (Aguvikeya) huruLi nallU sEraballudu. ettugegAgi, kuluku pada Aguvike mattu mADuvikegaLemba eraDu huruLugaLallU baLakeyAguttade; adakke isu oTTannu sErisi paDeda kulukisu padakke Agisuva (endare mADuvikeya) huruLide. ettugegAgi, keLage koTTiruva eraDu sollugaLU ondE huruLinalli baLakeyAguttave:

(3ka) Ata gellannu kulukuttiddAne. (3ca) Ata gellannu kulukisuttiddAne.

esakapadagaLige I oTTannu sErisidAga, mEle 4.1.1(1)ralli vivarisida ukAra bidduhOguva sErikeya mArpADu naDeyuttade (mADu-mADisu, iru-irisu); Adare, 4.1.1(2)ralli vivarisida ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika yakAra bandu sEruva mArpADu naDeyuvudilla; idakke badalu, isu oTTina ikAra bidduhOguttade (kuDi-kuDisu, naDe-naDesu).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.3.2 sErisuva rUpagaLu

esakapadagaLa modalesakada jODisuva rUpakke (4.7.2 nODi) koLLu padavannu sErisi, avu tiLisuva esakavannu Aguga tAnAgi naDeside, illavE mADuga tanagAgi naDesiddAne emba huruLannu paDeyuva holabu eraDaneyadu (oDe-oDedukoLLu, uruLu-uruLikoLLu, mADu-mADikoLLu, tinnu-tindukoLLu, kaTTu-kaTTikoLLu).

koLLu padavannu baLasidAga, esakapadakkidda eraDu pAngugaLu obbanE vyaktiyalli illavE ondE vastuvinalli sErikoLLuttave. ettuge gAgi, keLage koTTiruva eraDu sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(4ka) avaru makkaLige bALEhaNNugaLannu hancidaru. (4ca) avaru bALEhaNNugaLannu hancikonDaru.

(4ka) sollinalli ‘bALEhaNNugaLannu hancidavaru’ mattu ‘avannu paDedavaru’ bEre bEre vyaktigaLu (avaru, makkaLu); Adare (4ca) sollinalli bALEhaNNugaLannu hancuva vyaktigaLE (avaru) avannu paDe yuva vyaktigaLAgiddAre. (4ca)dalli hancu esakapadadondige koLLu padavannU baLasiruvudarindAgi adaralli I rIti eraDu pAngugaLu (mADuga mattu IDu) oTTusErive.

esakapadakke koLLu padavannu sErisidAga adara eraDu pAngugaLu I rIti oTTu sEruttaveyAda kAraNa, I padarUpagaLannu sErisuva rUpagaLu embudAgi illi hesarisalAgide.

I padarUpagaLalli baruva modalesakada oTTige esakapadavannu koLLu padadondige sErisuva kelasa mAtra ideyallade, eraDu esaka gaLalli ondu innondara baLika naDeyuttade emba hottina huruLannu koDuva kelasavilla; yAkendare, illi koLLu pada bErondu (eraDaneya) esakavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgilla.

5.2.1ralli vivarisidantaha isu oTTinalli konegoLLuva padarUpa gaLa baLikavU koLLu embudu baraballudu (uruLisu-uruLisi koLLu, mADisu-mADisikoLLu).

Aguvikeyannu tiLisuva esakapadagaLondige koLLu padavannu baLasi dAga, avu tiLisuva esaka tAnAgi (bErobbara neravillade) naDedide yemba huruLu dorakuttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva sollugaLalli kANabahudu:

(5ka) marada gellu muriyitu. (5ca) marada gellu muridukonDitu.

(5ka) sollige ‘marada gellannu yArO murididdAre’ emba huruLU sigaballudu; Adare, (5ca) sollige ‘adu tAnAgi muri yitu’ emba huruLu mAtra ide. illiyU yArO embudu tiLisa balla pAngu, koLLu padavannu esakapadakke sErisidAga, mara pAngi nondige sErihOguttade embudAgi hELaballevu.

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 269 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.4 konerUpagaLu

esakapadagaLige konerUpagaLu mattu naDurUpagaLu embudAgi bEre eraDu bageya padarUpagaLiruttave; mEle vivarisidantaha Agisuva mattu sErisuva rUpagaLigU intaha konerUpagaLu mattu naDurUpa gaLu ive. konerUpagaLu sollina koneyalli baLakeyAguttave, mattu naDurUpagaLu sollina naDuve baLakeyAguttave.

ettugegAgi, huDuga manege hOgi UTa mADida emba solli nalli hOgi emba naDurUpa (jODisuva rUpa) sollina naDuve bandide mattu mADida emba konerUpa sollina koneyalli bandide. konerUpagaLalli tiLisuvarUpagaLu mattu (kelasa)mADisuva rUpagaLu embudAgi eraDu bageya rUpagaLive; ivugaLalli tiLisuva rUpagaLannu ondu iruha illavE esakavannu tiLisuvantaha sollu gaLalli baLasalAguttade, mattu kelasamADisuva rUpagaLannu ondu kelasavannu kELuganinda illavE bErobba(heratu)ninda mADisuvantaha sollugaLalli baLasalAguttade.

tiLisuva konerUpagaLalli esakagaLannu nelegoLisuvudakkAgi esakada hottannu tiLisuva ondu hottina oTTu baruttade, mattu adara baLika AguhagaLa Agugavannu, mADuhagaLa mADugavannu, mattu AgisuhagaLa Agisugavannu aDakavAgi tiLisuvudakkAgi gurutina oTTu baruttade.

ettugegAgi, hADuttALe emba padarUpadalli hADu emba esaka padada baLika utta emba hottina oTTu bandiddu, ‘esakada hottu A esakarUpavannu ADiruva hottina baLikaddu’ embudAgi adu tiLisu ttade; mattu adara baLika ALe emba gurutina oTTu bandiddu, ‘A esakada mADuga obba hengasu (illavE huDugi)’ embudannu adu aDakavAgi tiLisuttade.

idakke badalu, kelasamADisuva rUpagaLalli yAva oTTU bAradira bahudu, illavE eNikeyannu sUcisuva oTTAgali, gurutina oTTAgali barabahudu. ettugegAgi, obba kELuganinda kelasavannu mADisuvalli baLakeyAguva hOgu padarUpadalli hOgu esakapada yAva oTTi nondigU sErade bandide; ibbaru illavE heccu mandi kELugarinda kelasamADisuva hOgi padarUpadalli i emba eNikeya oTTu bandide; bErobbaninda kelasamADisuva hOgali padarUpadalli ‘kelasa

mADabEkAdavanu kELuganalla, bErobba’ embudannu tiLisuva ali emba gurutina oTTu bandide.

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4.5 konerUpagaLa iTTaLa: tiLisuva rUpagaLu

mEle tiLisida hAge, esakapadagaLa konerUpagaLalli tiLisuva rUpagaLu mattu kelasa mADisuva rUpagaLu embudAgi eraDu bage಍ rUpa gaLiddu, avugaLalli tiLisuva rUpagaLannu paDeyuva bage hEge embu dannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

idakkAgi esakapadagaLige hottina oTTu mattu gurutina oTTu embudAgi eraDu bageya oTTugaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. ivugaLalli esakada hottannu tiLisuva mumbottu mattu himbottu emba eraDu bageya oTTugaLannu sErisuva bage hEge embudannu modalige vivarisa lAgide, mattu esakagaLa Aguga, mADuga illavE Agisugavannu tiLisuva gurutina oTTannu sErisuva bage hEge embudannu AmEle vivarisa lAgide.

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4.5.1 esakada hottu

kannaDada Aguha mattu mADuhagaLannu tiLisuva esaka padagaLondige mumbottu mattu himbottu embudAgi eraDu bageya hottu gaLannu tiLisuva oTTugaLu baruttave. ivugaLalli mumbottina oTTu ‘esakagaLa hottu avannu tiLisuva sollannu ADuva hottina baLikaddu’ embudannu tiLisuttade, mattu himbottina oTTu ‘esakagaLa hottu ADuva hottiginta hindinadu’ embudannu tiLisuttade.

ettugegAgi, hADuttALe emba esakapadarUpadalli mumbottina utta oTTu bandide, mattu adu huDugi yAvAga hADuttALe embu dannu tiLisuttade: ‘huDugi hADuttALe emba sollannu ADiruva hottina baLika Ake hADuttALe’ embudAgi adu tiLisuttade; hADidaLu embudaralli himbottina id oTTu bandide, mattu adU kUDa huDugi yAvAga hADuttALe embudannE tiLisuttade: ‘huDugi hADidaLu emba sollannu ADiruva hottiginta modalEnE Ake hADiddALe’ embudAgi adu tiLisuttade. hIge, I eraDu hottina

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 271 

oTTugaLU ADuganu tiLisuva esakada hottannu Atana hottige (endare Atanu A esakapadaviruva sollannu ADiruva hottige) hondisuva mUlaka, adannu nelegoLisuttave.

ondu sollannu ADuva hottinallEnE adu tiLisuva esakavU naDeyuttide embudAgi hELabEkiddalli, A esaka tusu hottu naDeyuvantahadAgirabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli idakkAgi hADuttiddALe embantaha esakapadakanteyannu baLasabEkAguttade.

esakapadagaLa

mumbottina konerUpavannu unTumADuvalli oTTigU himbottina oTTigU naDuve ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsa ide; mumbottina oTTu ellA bageya esakapadagaLondigU heccu kaDime ondE rUpadalli baruttade; adannu sErisidAga esakapadagaLallU heccina mArpADugaLEnU naDeyuvudilla. hAgAgi, I padarUpagaLa iTTaLa vannu tumbA suLuvAgi vivarisaballevu.

Adare, himbottina oTTannu esakapadagaLige sErisidAga A oTTina rUpadalli mattu esakapadagaLa rUpadalli halavu bageya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. adara baLika baruva gurutina oTTugaLallU halavu bageya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. hAgAgi, himbottina padarUpagaLa iTTaLa vannu tiLidukoLLuvudu tusu toDakina kelasa.

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4.5.2 mumbottina oTTu

mumbottannu tiLisuva utta oTTige ellA kaDegaLallU ondE rUpa vide. Adare, I oTTu sEruvAga, mEle 4.1.1(1)ralli vivarisidante, ukAradalli konegoLLuva esaka padagaLa ukAra bidduhOguttade; mattu 4.1.1(2)ralli vivarisidante, ekAra illavE ikAragaLalli kone goLLuva esakapadagaLa munde yakAravondu sErikoLLuttade. I eraDu sErikeya mArpADugaLige kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguvudu:

naDugu
tUgu nambu

naDuguttAne (naDug-utta-Ane) tUguttAne (tUg-utta-Ane) nambuttAne (namb-utta-Ane)

kaTTu biDu

kaTTuttAne (kaTTa-utta-Ane) biDuttAne (biD-utta-Ane)

(2) ekAra mattu ikAragaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa munde

yakAra sErikoLLuvudu:

bare naDe kuDi holi

bareyuttAne (barey-utta-Ane) naDeyuttAne (naDey-utta-Ane) kuDiyuttAne (kuDiy-utta-Ane) holiyuttAne (holiy-utta-Ane)

utta oTTannu sErisiruva I padarUpagaLannu kelavu kaDegaLalli mumbottina badalu baLakeya hottannu tiLisuva huruLinallU baLasa lAguttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva sollugaLalli kANabahudu:

(6ka) avaru ivattu enTu ganTege angaDi tereyuttAre. (6ca) avaru dinAlU enTu ganTege angaDi tereyuttAre.

(6ka) sollu adannu ADiruva hottina baLika naDeyuvantaha esaka vondannu tiLisuttade; idakke badalu, (6ca) sollu adannu ADiruva hottiginta modalu mattu AmElU naDeyuvantaha baLakeyalliruva esakavondannu tiLisuttade embudannu gamanisabahudu. (6ca) solli nalli bandiruva dinAlU pada adakke I eraDaneya huruLu baruva hAge mADuttade. keLage koTTiruva sollugaLallU intaha baLakeya hottannu tiLisuvudakkAgi utta oTTannu baLasalAgide.

(7ka) mUrakke nAlku sErisidare ELAguttade. (7ca) Atanannu kanDAgalella I nAyi bogaLuttade. (7Ta) I makkaLu kannaDa SAlege hOguttAre.

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4.5.3 himbottina oTTu

himbottannu tiLisuva id oTTinalli adara modaliruva esaka pada vannavalambisi, mattu adara baLika baruva gurutina oTTannavalambisi, halavu mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. adara modaliruva esakapada gaLallU halavu mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. ivugaLalli kelavannu mukya

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 273 

mArpADugaLendu kareyabahudu, mattu uLidavugaLannu avakkiruva horapaDikegaLendu kareyabahudu.

ukAradalli konegoLLuva esaka padagaLondige mAtra I oTTu id emba rUpadalli baruttade. idu sEridAga, mEle 4.1.1(1)ralli vivarisidante, I esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

naDugu
mADu
harasu kaTTu

naDugida (naDug-id-a < naDugu-id-a) mADida (mAD-id-a < mADu-id-a) harasida (haras-id-a < harasu-id-a) kaTTida (kaTTa-id-a < kaTTu-id-a)

mEle koTTiruva esaka padarUpagaLalli id emba himbottannu tiLisuva oTTina baLika a emba gurutina oTTu (4.5.7 nODi) bandide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

bEre gurutina oTTugaLu bandAgalU ivE mArpADugaLu naDeyu

ttave embudannu keLage koTTiruva paTTiyalli kANabahudu:

mADide (mAD-id-e) ‘nAnu mADide’ mADidevu (mAD-id-evu) ‘nAvu mADidevu’ mADidi (mAD-id-i) ‘nInu mADidi’ mADidiri (mAD-id-iri) ‘nIvu mADidiri’ mADida (mAD-id-a) ‘avanu mADida’ mADidaLu (mAD-id-aLu) ‘avaLu mADidaLu’ mADidaru (mAD-id-aru) ‘avaru mADidaru’ mADiduvu (mAD-id-uvu) ‘avu mADiduvu’

Adare, ‘adu mADitu’ emba huruLannu koDuva mADitu (mAD-i-tu) embantaha padarUpagaLalli mAtra bEre tarada mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave: alli himbottina id oTTu i rUpadalli baruttade (adara dakAra bidduhOguttade), mattu adara baLika tu emba gurutina oTTu baruttade. idakke bEre kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

naDugu
tElu

naDugitu (naDug-i-tu < naDugu-id-tu) tElitu (tEl-i-tu < tElu-id-tu)

tumbu
kaTTu

tumbitu (tumb-i-tu < tumbu-id-tu) kaTTitu (kaTTa-i-tu < kaTTu-id-tu)

ekAra mattu ikAragaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLondige himbottina id oTTu d rUpadalli baruttade (endare, adara ikAra bidduhOguttade); idu 4.1.1(2)ralli koTTiruva sErikeya kaTTalege horapaDikeyAgide:

kare bare kuDi kuNi

kareda (kare-d-a < kare-id-a) bareda (bare-d-a < bare-id-a) kuDida (kuDi-d-a <kuDi-id-a) kuNida (kuNi-d-a < kuNi-id-a)

I padarUpagaLalli bEre gurutina oTTugaLu bandAgalU ivE mArpADugaLu naDeyuttaveyembudannu keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLalli kANabahudu:

kuDide (kuDi-d-e) kuDidevu (kuDi-d-evu) kuDidi (kuDi-d-i) kuDidiri (kuDi-d-iri)
kuDida (kuDi-d-a) kuDidaLu (kuDi-d-aLu) kuDidaru (kuDi-d-aru)
kuDiduvu (kuDi-d-uvu)

barede (bare-d-e) baredevu (bare-d-evu) baredi (bare-d-i) barediri (bare-d-iri) bareda (bare-d-a) baredaLu (bare-d-aLu) baredaru (bare-d-aru) bareduvu (bare-d-uvu)

illU kUDa, ‘adu kuDiyitu’ mattu ‘adu bareyitu’ emba huruLugaLannu koDuva kuDiyitu mattu bareyitu embantaha rUpa gaLu bEre bageya mArpADugaLannu tOrisuttave: esakapadada baLika y embudu sErikoLLuttade (4.1.1(2)ra sErikeya kaTTaleyante), mattu himbottannu tiLisuva id oTTina d bidduhOguttade.

kudi tiLi kuDi oDe eLe bare

kudiyitu (kudiy-i-tu <kudi-id-tu) tiLiyitu (tiLiy-i-tu < tiLi-id-tu) kuDiyitu (kuDiy-i-tu < kuDi-id-tu) oDeyitu (oDey-i-tu < oDe-id-tu) eLeyitu (eLey-i-tu < eLe-id-tu) bareyitu (barey-i-tu < bare-id-tu)

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 275  kuDida,  kuNida  modalAda  ikAradalli  konegoLLuva  esakapadagaLa  himbottina  rUpagaLalli  entaha  sErikeya  mArpADu  naDedide  embu  dannu  vivarisuvalli  eraDu  dArigaLive:  (ka)  ekAradalli  konegoLLuva  hAge,  avugaLa  koneya  tereyuli  (ikAra)  uLidu,  himbottina  id  oTTu tanna ikAravannu kaLedukoLLuttade ennuvudu ondu dAri; mattu  (ca)  ukAradalli  konegoLLuva  padagaLa  hAge,  avugaLa  koneya  tere  yuli  (ikAra)  bidduhOgi,  himbottina  id  oTTu badalAgade uLi  yuttade ennuvudu innondu dAri. 

I eraDu dArigaLalli modalaneyadannu illi ArisikoLLalAgide; yAkendare, bEre halavu kaDegaLalli ikAra mattu ekAradalli kone goLLuva padagaLu heccukaDime ondE bageya sErikeya mArpADugaLige oLagAguttave, mattu ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu avakkinta bErAgiruva mArpADugaLige oLagAguttave.

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4.5.4 horapaDikegaLu

kannaDada heccina esakapadagaLigU avugaLa himbottina padarUpagaLannu mEle vivarisida hAge unTumADalAguttade; Adare, heccukaDime nUru esakapadagaLu idakke horapaDikegaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. avu gaLalli, mattu avugaLa munde baruva himbottina oTTinalli entaha mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu
ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLannu keLage vivarisida hAge gumpu gUDisidalli, avugaLa himbottina rUpagaLalli entaha mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave embudannu vivarisuva kelasa suLuvAguttade.

(1) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, immaDi mucculiyAgali udda tere yuliyAgali illadiruva nagu, migu, koDu, baru, taru modalAda padagaLu;

(2) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, modalaneya tereyuliya baLika immaDi mucculi bandiruva annu, tinnu, nillu, gellu, koyyu, bayyu modalAda padagaLu, mattu koLLu padavannu sErisi unTu

mADiruva tindukoLLu, iTTukoLLu, uLidukoLLu modalAda sErisuva padarUpagaLu (4.3.2 nODi);

(3) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, modalaneya barigekanteyalli udda tereyuli bandiruva Agu, hOgu, kANu, kAyu, sAyu, ELu, bILu modalAda padagaLu; mattu

(4) mUru barigekantegaLiruva tirugu, huDuku, horaDu, bayasu, koragu, uduru modalAda padagaLu, mattu Asaru, bEsaru, tepparu emba padagaLu.

I nAlku gumpugaLalli sEruva esakapadagaLu mAtravallade, bEreyU halavu ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu kannaDadallive; Adare, avugaLalli yAvuvU mEle 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva mArpADu gaLige horapaDikegaLAguvudilla:

(ka) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, eraDanE barigekanteyalli taDeyuli yiruva, mattu adakkinta modalu ondu sonne (mUguli)yiruva sonku, tangu, mincu, anju, kontu, nondu, anTu, hinDu, tumbu modalAda ukAradalli konegoLLuva 55 esakapadagaLive; ivellavU 4.5.3ra mArpADugaLige oLapaTTiruttave; avugaLalli hora paDikegaLilla. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

anju-anjida (anj-id-a) anTu-anTitu (anT-i-tu) hancu-hancida (hanc-id-a) sunDu-sunDitu (sunD-i-tu) tangu-tangida (tang-id-a) sundu-sundida (sund-id-a) kontu-kontitu (kont-i-tu) nambu-nambida (namb-id-a) tumbu-tumbitu (tumb-i-tu)

tenku-tenkitu (tenk-i-tu)

(ca) isu oTTinalli konegoLLuva nUrAru esakapadagaLu kannaDa dalli baLakeyallive; mEle 3.2.1(1)ralli vivarisida hAge, I esaka padagaLannu hesarupadagaLige, paricepadagaLige, mattu kelavu esakapadagaLige isu oTTannu sErisi paDeyalAgide; idallade, mEle 4.3.1ralli vivarisida hAge, isu oTTannu sErisi kannaDadalli halavAru Agisuva paDeyapaDeyabahudAgiddu, avugaLa baLikavU esakarUpagaLannU hottina oTTugaLannu mattu ADuga oTTugaLannu baLasalAguttade.

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 277 

ukAradalli konegoLLuva I ellA esakapada mattu padarUpagaLU mEle 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva mArpADugaLige oLapaDuttave; avakke horapaDikegaLilla. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

abbarisu-abbarisida (abbaris-id-a) genTisu-genTisitu (genTis-i-tu) ettarisu-ettariside (ettaris-id-e) idirisu-idirisitu (idiris-i-tu) tinnisu-tinnisida (tinnis-id-a) racisu-racisidaru (racis-id-aru) taLamaLisu-taLamaLisida (taLamaLis-id-a) nenavarisu-nenavarisida (nenavaris-id-a)

ODisu-ODisitu (ODis-i-tu) calisu-calisitu (calis-i-tu)

4.5.3ralli koTTiruva mArpADugaLige horapaDikegaLAgiruva ukAra dalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLannu mEle nAlku gumpugaLalli koDa lAgittu; I gumpugaLalli baruva esakapadagaLu entaha mArpADugaLige oLagAguttave, mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige entaha rUpa gaLive embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

(1) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, immaDi mucculiyAgali, udda

tereyuliyAgali illadiruva esaka padagaLu:

I gumpige sEruva 39 esakapadagaLiddu, avugaLalli ellavU mElina (4.5.3ra) mArpADugaLige horapaDikegaLAgive. ivugaLa eraDanE barigekanteyalli g, D, s, r, L mattu v emba mucculi gaLu mAtra baraballuvu; himbottina oTTu sEridAga, ivugaLa koneya u bidduhOguttade, mattu adara hindiruva mucculigaLu keLage koTTiruvantaha mArpADugaLannu tOrisuttave; idallade, himbottina id oTTina ikAravU bidduhOguttade, mattu adara dakAra I mArpADAda mucculiya rUpavannE paDeyuttade (nagu-id-a> nak-k-a).

himbottina oTTige tu gurutina oTTannu sErisidAga, adara baLika

ikAra sErikoLLuttade (nagu-id-tu>nak-ki-tu).

eraDanE barigekanteyalli baruva mucculiya mArpADugaLu: g>k

nagu-nakka
ogu-okkitu koDu-koTTa

nak-k-a ok-ki-tu koT-T-a

D>T

s>c r>t L>t

v-p

suT-Ti-tu suDu-suTTitu ec-c-a esu-ecca tet-t-a teru-tetta aLu-atta at-t-a uLu-uttitu ut-ti-tu tap-pi-tu tavu-tappitu

I mArpADugaLannu tOrisuva esakapadagaLa paTTiyannu keLage koDa lAgide; ivugaLalli ugu-okkitu mattu hugu-hokka embavugaLalli esakapadada modalanE ukAra okAravAgide (I esakapadakke hogu emba rUpavU ide), mattu kiru ‘kUDihAku’ -ketta, giru ‘nenasu’ - getta, tiru ‘badalAyisu’ - tetta embavugaLalli esakapadada ikAra ekAravAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. idallade, tagu esakapadakke himbottinalli takka emba pattugeya rUpa mAtra baLakeyallide.

(1) gakArada padagaLu: ogu-okkitu ugu-ukkitu migu-mikkitu sigu-sikkitu

tagu-takka
hugu-hokka

nagu-nakka hogu-hokka

(2) DakArada padagaLu: aDu-aTTa koDu-koTTa toDu-toTTa biDu-biTTa

maDu-maTTa

iDu-iTTa

uDu-uTTa paDu-paTTa (oLapaDu-oLapaTTitu) suDu-suTTa

naDu-naTTa

keDu-keTTa

(3) sakArada padagaLu: esu-ecca

pasu-pacca

(4) rakArada padagaLu: uru-utta eru-etta keru-ketta
kiru-ketta heru-hettaLu teru-tetta

(5) LakArada padagaLu: aLu-atta uLu-utta

(6) vakArada pada: tavu-tappitu

giru-getta
horu-hotta

taru-tatta tiru-tetta

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 279  iru-idda,  taru-tanda,  mattu  baru-banda  embavugaLu  mEle  koTTiruva  horapaDikeya  kaTTalegaLigU  horapaDikegaLAgive:  iru  embudara  rakAra  dakAravAguttade,  mattu  adara  baLika  himbottina  oTTige d emba rUpa ide; taru mattu baru embavugaLa rakAra nakAra  (sonne)vAguttade,  mattu  avugaLa  baLikavU  himbottina  oTTige  d  emba rUpavE ide. 

idallade, I himbottina rUpagaLalli gurutisuva tu oTTu bandAga, iru embudara rakAra takAravAguttade, mattu I mUrara baLikavU himbottina oTTu sonne rUpadalli baruttade: ittu (it- tu), tantu (tan-tu), bantu (ban-tu).

aru ‘konegoLLu’ - aratitu mattu karu ‘guriyiDu’ - karutta embavugaLU mElina horapaDikege horapaDikegaLu; avugaLalli modala neyadara ukAra akAravAguttade, mattu himbottina oTTige adara baLika ti emba rUpavide (ara-ti-tu); eraDaneyadara ukAra uLi diddu, adara baLika himbottina oTTige tta emba rUpavide: karutta (karu-tta-a).

(2) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, modalaneya tereyuliya baLika

immaDi mucculi bandiruva esakapadagaLu:

I bageya 155 padagaLu paTTiyalliddu, avugaLalli heccinavU mEle 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva sErikeya mArpADugaLige oLagAgiruttave. (ka) immaDi mucculiyAgi taDeyuli bandiruva 118 esakapada gaLiddu, avellavU mElina 4.5.3ra mArpADugaLige oLagAgiruttave; antaha esakapadagaLa kelavu padarUpagaLannu keLage ettugeyAgi koDa lAgide:

ikku-ikkidaLu (ikka-id-aLu) nuggu-nuggida (nugga-id-a) koccu-koccide (kocca-id-e) jajju-jajjidaru (jajja-id-aru) ujju-ujjitu (ujja-i-tu) meTTu-meTTitu (meTTa-i-tu) kaTTu-kaTTida (kaTTa-id-a) oDDu-oDDitu (oDDa-i-tu) oDDu-oDDida (oDDa-id-a) hattu-hattitu (hatta-i-tu) bittu-bittida (bitta-id-a)

ukku-ukkitu (ukka-i-tu) baggu-baggitu (bagga-i-tu) cuccu-cuccitu (cucca-i-tu)

tiddu-tiddida (tidda-id-a) oppu-oppidevu (oppa-id-evu) rubbu-rubbida (rubba-id-a)

uddu-udditu (udda-i-tu) tappu-tappitu (tappa-i-tu) habbu-habbitu (habba-i-tu

(ca) immaDi mucculiyAgi n bandiruva annu, ennu, unnu mattu tinnu emba padagaLu am, em, um mattu tim emba rUpakke badalAguttave; mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTu d rUpadalli baruttade (anda (am-d-a), enda, unda, tinda).

(Ta) immaDi mucculiyAgi N bandiruva uNNu pada um emba rUpavannu taLeyuttade; adara baLika himbottina oTTige D rUpa ide (unDa (um-D-a). Adare, mEle 4.5.3ralli vivarisida hAge, eNNu mattu paNNu illavE haNNu ‘aNigoLisu’ padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade, mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTu id rUpadallE baruttade: eNNida (eNNa-id-a), paNNida, haNNida.

(ta) immaDi mucculiyAgi m bandiruva ammu, ommu, kummu, gummu, cimmu, nemmu mattu hommu emba padagaLU mElina 4.5.3ra mArpADugaLige horapaDikegaLalla: hommidaru (homma-id-aru), cimmitu (cimma-i-tu).

(pa) immaDi mucculiyAgi l bandiruva esakapadagaLalli kollu, sallu, gellu, mellu mattu nillu embavugaLu horapaDikegaLu; ivu gaLalli kollu, nillu mattu sallu embuvakke kom, nim mattu sam emba rUpagaLive; gellu mattu mellu embuvakke ged mattu med emba rUpagaLive; idallade, himbottina oTTige nillu embudara baLika t rUpa, mattu uLida esakapadagaLa baLika d rUpa ide: kollu- konda (kom-d-a), gellu-gedda (ged-d-a), nillu-ninta (nim- t-a).

Adare, intahavE Ada allu mattu callu illavE cellu padagaLu mElina 4.5.3ra mArpADugaLige horapaDikegaLalla: cellida (cella- id-a).

(ga) immaDi mucculiyAgi L bandiruva esakapadagaLalli koLLu embudu mAtra horapaDikeyAgide: adakke kom emba rUpaviddu, adara baLika himbottina oTTu D rUpadalli baruttade: konDu koLLu-konDukonDa (kom-D-a). intaha aLLu, taLLu, tuLLu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 281  mattu  saLLu  padagaLu  horapaDikegaLalla:  taLLida  (taLLa-id-a),  tuLLitu (tuLLa-i-tu). 

(ja) immaDi mucculiyAgi y bandiruva oyyu, koyyu, geyyu, toyyu, bayyu, suyyu mattu hoyyu emba ellA ELu esakapadagaLallU koneya ukAradondige adara modalu bandiruva eraDu yakAragaLalli ondu biddu hOguttade, mattu adara baLika himbottina oTTige d rUpa ide: koyyu-koyda (koy- d-a).

(Da) immaDi mucculiyAgi v bandiruva civvu esakapadavU mElina 4.5.3ra mArpADugaLige oLagAguttiddu, horapaDikeyalla: civvida (civva-id-a).

mEle koTTiruva ellA himbottina horapaDikeya rUpagaLallU tu gurutina oTTu bandAga, himbottina oTTina baLika ikAravondu sErikoLLuttade: (tinnu-tinditu (tim-di-tu), uNNu-unDitu (um- Di-tu), gellu-gedditu (ged-di-tu), koyyu-koyditu (koy- di-tu).

(3) eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, modalaneya barigekanteyalli

udda tereyuli bandiruva esakapadagaLu:

I bageya 200 esakapadagaLu paTTiyalliddu, avugaLalli heccinavU mEle koTTiruva 4.5.3ra sErikeya mArpADugaLige oLagAguttave. idakke ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(ka) eraDaneya barigekanteyalli taDeyuli bandiruva 80 esakapada gaLalli Agu mattu hOgu emba eraDu esakapadagaLu mAtra mElina kaTTalege horapaDikegaLAgive; ivugaLa baLika himbottina oTTu bandAga, ivakke A mattu hO emba rUpagaLive, mattu ivugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige d rUpa ide: Agu-Ada (A-d-a); hOgu- hOda (hO-d-a).

idallade, tu gurutina oTTu bandAga, himbottina oTTige i rUpa ide, mattu I oTTu sEridAga, I eraDu esakapadagaLa baLika yakAra baruttade: Ayitu (Ay-i-tu), hOyitu (hOy-i-tu).

I gumpinalliruva uLida esakapadagaLella mEle koTTiruva 4.5.3ra sErike಍ mArpADugaLige oLagAguttave embudannu keLagina ettugegaLalli kANabahudu:

sAku-sAkidaru (sAk-id-aru) pIku-pIkitu (pIk-i-tu) tAgu-tAgitu (tAg-i-tu) bAgu-bAgida (bAg-id-a) tOcu-tOcitu (tOc-i-u) cAcu-cAcida (cAc-id-a) mAju-mAjitu (mAj-i-tu) Iju-Ijida (Ij-id-a) nATu-nATitu (nAT-i-tu) dATu-dATida (dAT-id-a) ODu-ODitu (OD-i-tu) hADu-hADida (hAD-id-a) Udu-Uditu (Ud-i-tu) Odu-Odida (Od-id-a)

eraDaneya barigekanteyalli t, p mattu b taDeyuligaLu

kANisuvudilla.

(ca) eraDaneya barigekanteyalli n mUguli bandiruva Anu, nOnu, pUnu, mattu bAnu emba nAlku esakapadagaLu I gumpinallive; ivugaLalli Anu, nOnu mattu pUnu embavugaLu himbottina oTTu sEridAga A, nO mattu pU endAguttave, mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige t emba rUpa ide (Ataru (A- t-aru), nOtaru (nO-t-aru), pUtaru (pU-t-aru). bAnu esakapadakke entaha himbottina rUpa barabahudembudakke ettuge gaLilla.

mElina ellA esakarUpagaLallU tu gurutina oTTu bandAga, himbottina oTTina baLika ikAravondu sErikoLLuttade: nOtitu (nO-ti-tu), pUtitu (pU-ti-tu).

(Ta) eraDaneya barigekanteyalli N mUguli bandiruva kANu esakapada himbottina oTTu sEridAga kam endAguttade mattu adara baLika himbottina oTTige D rUpa ide: kanDe (kam-D-e); mANu emba innondu esakapadakke mAda emba rUpavide. illU kUDa, tu gurutina oTTu bandAga, himbottina oTTina baLika ikAra baruttade: kanDitu (kam-Di-tu).

(ta) eraDaneya barigekanteyalli yakAra bandiruva sAyu, nOyu, kAyu modalAda 22 esakapadagaLellavU 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva mArpADugaLige horapaDikegaLE. ivugaLalli Ayu, Iyu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 283  ‘karuhAku’,  kAyu,  mAyu,  mEyu,  sIyu,  hAyu,  mattu  hIyu  emba  enTu  esakapadagaLa  eraDanE  barigekante  himbottina  oTTu  sEridAga  bidduhOguttade,  mattu  ivugaLa  baLika  himbottina  oTTige  d  rUpa  ide:  (kAyu-kAdaru  (kA-d-aru);  Iyu- Iduvu (I-d-uvu). 

tEyu, tOyu, mattu nEyu padagaLU intahavE mArpADannu tOrisuttave: tEyu-tEdaLu (tE-d-aLu); Adare, ivakke eraDanE barigekanteya yakAravannu uLisiruva, mattu adarondige modalanE barigekanteya tereyuliyannu giDDavAgisida rUpavU ide: teydaLu (tey-d-aLu); idallade, nEyu padada baLika himbottina oTTu t rUpadalli baruvudU ide: nEtaru (nE- t-aru).

kAyu ‘kAyi biDu’, kIyu, bAyu, bIyu ‘mugi’, bEyu ‘bEDu’, mattu hUyu ‘hU biDu’ padagaLigU himbottina oTTu sEridAga avugaLa eraDaneya barigekante bidduhOguttade; Adare, avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTu t rUpadalli mAtra baruttade: bEyu-bEtaru (bE-t-aru); hUyu-hUtuvu (hU-t- uvu).

sAyu mattu Iyu ‘koDu’ padagaLa eraDanE barigekante biddu hOguvudu mAtravallade, modalanE barigekanteya tereyuli giDDa vAguttade; ivugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige tta rUpa ide: sAyu- satta (sa-tta-a); Iyu-itta (i-tta-a).

nOyu, bEyu, mattu mIyu padagaLige himbottina oTTu sEridAga nom, bem mattu mim emba rUpavannu paDeyuttave; mattu ivugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige d rUpa ide: nOyu-nondevu (nom-d-evu); mIyu-mindaru (mim-d-aru).

mElina ellA esakapadagaLallU tu gurutina oTTu bandAga himbottina oTTige ikAravondu sErikoLLuttade: Iyu-Iditu (I- di-tu); hUyu-hUtitu (hU-ti-tu); sAyu-sattitu (sa-tti- tu); bEyu-benditu (bem-di-tu).

(pa) eraDaneya barigekanteyalli r bandiruva 36 esakapadagaLalli heccinavU 4.5.3ra mArpADugaLige oLapaDuttave. idakke kelavu ettuge
gaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

kOru-kOrida (kOr-id-a)
dUru-dUridaru (dUr-id-aru) mAru-mAridaLu (mAr-id-aLu)

hAru-hAritu (hAr-i-tu) sEru-sEritu (sEr-i-tu) tElu-tElitu (tEl-i-tu)

Adare, bAru ‘hora cellu’ mattu nAru esakapadagaLu idakke horapaDikegaLu: himbottina oTTu sEridAga avugaLa eraDanE barige kante bidduhOguttade, mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige t rUpa ide: bAru-bAta (bA-t-a). idallade, tu gurutina oTTu sEridAga, himbottina t oTTina baLika ikAra baruttade: nAru- nAtitu (nA-ti-tu).

(ga) eraDanE barigekanteyalli l bandiruva 10 padagaLalli nElu mattu sOlu embavu mAtra horapaDikegaLu: avugaLa eraDanE barigekante himbottina oTTu sEridAga bidduhOguttade, mattu A oTTige avugaLa baLika t rUpa ide: sOlu-sOta (sO-t-a); tu gurutina oTTu sEridAga adu ti endAguttade: sOtitu (sO- ti-tu). I gumpige sEruva uLida esakapadagaLu 4.5.3ra mArpADu gaLige oLagAguttave embudakke mAlu-mAlida (mAl-id-a); tElu-tElitu (tEl-i-tu) embavugaLannu ettugeyAgi koDa bahudu.

(ja) eraDanE barigekanteyalli L bandiruva 15 esakapadagaLalli ELu, kILu, bILu mattu hULu embavu horapaDikegaLu; himbottina oTTu sEridAga, ivugaLalli ELu mattu bILu embavu ed mattu bid endAguttave, mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige d rUpa ide: ELu-edda (ed-d-a); kILu mattu hULu embavu kit mattu hU endAguttave, mattu avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTige t rUpa ide: kILu-kitta (kit-t-a); hULu- hUta (hU-t-a).

idallade, ivugaLalli tu gurutina oTTu bandAga, himbottina oTTu ikAravondannu paDeyuttade: ELu-edditu (ed-di-tu); kILu-

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 285  kittitu  (kit-ti-tu);  Adare,  bILu  padakke  bittu  emba  rUpaviddu,  idaralli  bid  embudu bi embudAgi badalAgide mattu adara baLika  himbottina oTTu t rUpadalli bandide: bittu (bi-t-tu).   

I gumpige sErida uLida esakapadagaLu mEle 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva mArpADugaLige oLapaDuttave embudakke kELu-kELida (sIL-i-tu) embavugaLannu (kEL-id-a); sILu-sILitu ettugeyAgi koDabahudu.

(4) mUru barigekantegaLiruva padagaLu: mUru barigekantegaLiruva uruLu, kanalu, kedaku, guDugu modalAda 290 esakapadagaLu paTTiyallive. ivugaLalli ottubarige gaLAgali, udda tereyuligaLAgali baruvudilla. idakke horapaDikeyAgi, Asaru mattu bEsaru emba eraDu esakapadagaLalli udda tereyuli bandide, mattu tepparu emba ondu esakapadadalli ottubarige bandide. I esakapadagaLalli bevaru mattu horaDu emba eraDu padagaLu, udda tereyuliyiruva Asaru mattu bEsaru emba padagaLu, mattu ottubarigeyiruva tepparu emba pada embudAgi oTTu aydu padagaLu mAtra mEle 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva mArpADugaLige horapaDike gaLAgive. uLida padagaLu horapaDikegaLalla embudannu tOrisikoDalu kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

aracu-aracida (arac-id-a) uDugu-uDugitu (uDug-i-tu) kanalu-kanalida (kanal-id-a) kaLacu-kaLacitu (kaLac-i-tu) tirugu-tirugida (tirug-id-a) tirugu-tirugitu (tirug-i-tu) bedaru-bedarida (bedar-id-a) baLuku-baLukitu (baLuk-i-tu) salahu-salahida (salah-id-a) horaLu-horaLitu (horaL-i-tu) begaDu-begaDida (begaD-id-a) talapu-talapitu (talap-i-tu) eDavu-eDavida (eDav-id-a) karaTu-karaTitu (karaT-i-tu)

koTTiruva

4.5.3ralli

horapaDikegaLAgiruva bevaru, horaDu, Asaru, bEsaru mattu tepparu emba padagaLige himbottina oTTu sEridAga, avugaLa mUranE barigekante biddu hOguttade; idallade, himbottina oTTige avugaLalli bevaru embudara

mArpADugaLige

baLika t rUpa, horaDu embudara baLika T rUpa, mattu uLida mUru esakapadagaLa baLika tta rUpa siguttade:

bEsaru-bEsatta (bEsa-tta-a) horaDu-horaTaru (hora-T-aru) Asaru-Asatte (Asa-tta-e) tepparu-teppatte (teppa-tta-e)

bevaru-bevata (beva-t-a)

idallade, ivugaLalli tu gurutina oTTu bandAga, himbottina t, tta illavE T rUpagaLa baLika ikAravondu sEruttade: horaTitu (hora-Ti-tu) bEsattitu (bEsa-tti-tu).

(2) ikAra mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu
ikAra mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLalli eraDu barige kantegaLu mAtra baruttave; idallade, avugaLalli ottubarigeyAgali, udda tereyuliyAgali baruvudilla. ikAradalli konegoLLuva 120 esakapadagaLu, mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva 115 esakapadagaLu paTTiyallive.

mEle 4.5.3ralli tiLisida hAge, ivugaLalli heccina padagaLigU himbottina id oTTu sEridAga, avugaLa koneya tereyuli uLiyu ttade, mattu id oTTina ikAra bidduhOguttade (kuDi-id- a>kuDi-d-a; bare-id-a>bare-d-a; esakada pAngannu gurutisuva tu oTTu bandAga mAtra, esakapadada baLika yakAra sEru ttade, mattu id oTTina ikAra uLidu, dakAra bidduhOguttade (kuDi-id-tu>kuDiy-i-tu; bare-id-tu>barey-i-tu).

ikAradalli konegoLLuva ari, avi, kari, kali, kaLi, kuri, cigi, bali, mattu huLi emba ombattu esakapadagaLu, mattu ekAradalli kone goLLuva ore, kale, koLe, caLe, dore, nere, bere, mare, male mattu moLe emba hattu esakapadagaLu idakke horapaDikegaLAgive: avugaLa baLika himbottina oTTu t rUpavannu paDeyuttade (kalita> kali-t-a; mareta>mare-t-a).

adare, tu gurutina oTTu bandiruvalli, I esakapadagaLigU bEre ikAra mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa hAge, yakAra sEruttade mattu adara baLika id oTTina ikAra uLidu, dakAra biddu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 287  hOguttade  (kaliyitu>kaliy-i-tu;  mareyitu>marey-i- tu).  

ikAra mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva I eraDu bageya esakapada gaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva paTTiyalli kANabahudu; ikAradalli konegoLLuva kaLi, kuri mattu cigi padagaLige, mattu ekAra dalli konegoLLuva ore, nere, bere, mattu male padagaLige eraDeraDu huruLugaLiddu, ondu huruLinalli mAtra avu mElina mArpADugaLige horapaDikegaLAgive. himbottina dakAra takAravAguva I mArpADannu mElina ellA esakapadagaLannU konerUpagaLalli baLasi tOrisalu baruvudillavAda kAraNa, kelavakke jODisuva rUpada illavE parice rUpada baLakeyannu koDalAgide:

(1) ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu:

irida savida nalida

Ej savi nali kaLida baNNa kuridu bidda cigida jinke sulida haNNu uLida haNNu

ale kare maledavanu kareda hasu oreda baraha beLeda kAyi toLeda baTTe nereda jana bereda baNNagaLu aLeda akki

arita avita kalita

Cj avi kali kaLita haNNu kuritu Odida cigita mara balita kAyi huLita haNNu

kale mare maletavanu doreta hasu oreta nIru koLeta haNNu caLeta nIru nereta gaDDa bereta kAlu moLeta kALu

(2) ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLu: aledaru
karedaru

kaletaru maretaru

kadi emba esakapadavU mElina mArpADugaLige horapaDike yAgide; himbottina id oTTu sEridAga, adara koneya ikAra bidduhOguttade, mattu id oTTina ikAravU bidduhOguttade:

kadi-kadda (kad-d-a). I rUpadalli tu gurutina oTTu bandAga himbottina d oTTu di endAguttade: kadditu (kad-di-tu). himbottina baLakeyannu tumbA aDakavAgi hELuvudAdare,
(1) adakke ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika id rUpa ide, mattu ekAra-ikAragaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika d rUpa ide; adara baLika tu gurutina oTTu bandiruvalli mAtra eraDu kaDegaLallU i rUpa ide;

(2) horapaDikegaLAgi bandiruva esakapadagaLa baLika, k, T, t, p, d, mattu tta emba rUpagaLiddu, illiyU adara baLika tu gurutina oTTu bandiruvalli ki, Ti, ti, pi, di, mattu tti rUpa ide; iru, taru mattu baru padagaLa baLika mAtra, adara baLika tu oTTu bandiruvalli sonne rUpa ide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.5.5 Ipottina rUpagaLu

kannaDada esakapadagaLigella mEle vivarisida hAge, himbottina rUpa mattu mumbottina rUpa embudAgi eraDu bageya hottina rUpa gaLu mAtra ive; Adare, iru emba ondu esakapadakkre, I eraDu bageya hottina rUpagaLu mAtravallade, Ipottina rUpavemba mUraneyadondu rUpavU ide:

iru esakapadada hottina rUpagaLu

mumbottina rUpa:
himbottina rUpa:
Ipottina rUpa:

iruttAne idda iddAne

I esakapadada mumbottina mattu himbottina rUpagaLannu unTu mADuva bage hEge embudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu; adara Ipottina rUpavannu paDeyalu iru esakapadada id rUpakke ‘iruvikeyu sollannu ADuttiruva hottinalli ide’ embudannu tiLisuva Ipottina d oTTannu sErisabEku, mattu adara baLika gurutina oTTugaLalli ondannu sErisabEku: iddAne (id-d-Ane), iddAre (id-d-Are).

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 289  e mattu ve gurutina oTTugaLu bandAga, Ipottina oTTige sonne  rUpa ide: ide (id-e); idallade, ve oTTina modalu iru esaka  padakke i rUpa ide: ive (i-ve).  

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.5.6 korepadagaLu

balla, Ar mattu olla emba mUru esakabErugaLu nEravAgi gurutina oTTugaLondige sEri konerUpagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave (4.5.7 nODi); ivannu korepadagaLendu kareyabahudu; yAkendare, ivu bEre esakapadagaLa hAge hottina oTTugaLondige baruvudilla.

ivugaLalli Ar mattu olla emba eraDu esakabErugaLu gurutina oTTugaLondige sEri allagaLeyuva huruLannu koDuttave; idallade, avannu bEre esakapadagaLa mumbottina jODisuva rUpada baLika mAtravE baLasalAguttade (mADalAre, hOgalAraLu; mADa lollevu, hOgalollaru). balla bErina rUpagaLu mAtra bEre yAgiyU baLakeyAgaballuvu (nAnu balle; hOgaballe, mADa ballevu)

alla, illa, mattu salla emba bEre mUru konerUpagaLU baLake yalliddu, avannu al, il mattu sal emba esakabErugaLige alla gaLeyuva a oTTannu sErisi paDeyabahudu. ivannU korepadagaLendu kareyabahudu; yAkendare, I bErugaLondige hottina oTTugaLAgali, gurutina oTTugaLAgali baruvudilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.5.7 gurutina oTTugaLu

esakapadagaLa konerUpagaLalli hottina oTTannu baLasida baLika, solli nalli baruva Aguga, mADuga illavE Agisuga pAngannu aDakavAgi gurutisuvudakkAgi keLage koTTiruva ombattu oTTugaLalli yAvu dAdarU ondannu baLasabEkAguttade.

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta

OreNike
Ene E Ane

halaveNike Eve Fj Are

heNNugurta
uLikegurta

ALe ade

,, ave

I oTTugaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva koDu esakapadada

mumbottina padarUpagaLalli kANabahudu:

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

OreNike
koDuttEne koDutti
koDuttAne koDuttALe koDuttade

halaveNike koDuttEve koDuttIri koDuttAre ,, koDuttave

I oTTugaLa modalu mumbottannu tiLisuva oTTina badalu himbottannu tiLisuva oTTu bandideyAdare, avakke tusu bErAgiruva rUpa ide; mukyavAgi avugaLalliruva udda tereyuli giDDavAguttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva koDu esakapadada padarUpagaLalli kANa bahudu:

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

OreNike
koTTe koTTi koTTa koTTaLu
koTTitu

halaveNike koTTevu koTTiri koTTaru ,, koTTuvu

himbottina I padarUpagaLalli gurutina oTTugaLige keLage koTTiru

vantaha rUpagaLive embudannu gamanisabahudu:

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

OreNike
J E C aLu tu

halaveNike evu Ej aru ,, uvu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 291  iru  emba  ondu  esakapadakke  mAtra,  mumbottina  mattu  himbottina  rUpagaLu  mAtravallade  Ipottina  rUpagaLU  ive  embu  dannu mEle (4.5.5)ralli nODiruvevu; adara Ipottina rUpagaLalli  gurutina  oTTugaLige  heccukaDime  mumbottina  rUpagaLalli  kANisuva  rUpagaLE ive; Adare, ade mattu ave oTTugaLu e mattu ve emba  rUpadallU, i oTTu Iye emba rUpadallU baruttave:  

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

OreNike
iddEne
iddIye
iddAne
iddALe
ide

halaveNike iddEve iddIri iddAre ,, ive

idallade, hottina oTTugaLannu sErisade nEravAgi gurutina oTTu gaLannu mAtra sErisi konerUpagaLAgi baLasuva balla, Ar, mattu olla emba mUru esakabErugaLiveyembudannu mEle 4.5.6ralli nODiruvevu; I bErugaLa baLika gurutina oTTugaLige himbottannu tiLisuva oTTina baLika baruva rUpagaLE ive.

Adare, i mattu tu oTTugaLige ivugaLa baLika e mattu udu emba rUpagaLive; idallade, olla mattu Ar bErugaLa baLika udu mattu uvu oTTugaLa ukAra akAravAguttade; (I akAravannu allagaLeyuva oTTendU tiLiyalu baruttade):

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ADuga kELuga

OreNike
balle balle balla ballaLu
balludu

halaveNike ballevu balliri ballaru ,, balluvu

OreNike
(baral)Are (baral)Are

halaveNike (baral)Arevu (baral)Ariri

heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

(baral)Ara (baral)AraLu (baral)Aradu

(baral)Araru ,, (baral)Aravu

ADuga kELuga heratu:

ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta

OreNike
(baral)olle (baral)olle (baral)olla (baral)ollaLu (baral)olladu

halaveNike (baral)ollevu (baral)olliri (baral)ollaru ,, (baral)ollavu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.6 konerUpagaLa iTTaLa: arikerUpagaLu

arikerUpagaLannu arikemADuvudakke mAtravallade, appaNe koDuvudu, oppige tiLisuvudu, oppige paDeyuvudu, koDuge tiLisuvudu moda lAda bEre mAtina kelasagaLalliyU baLasalAguttade. I rUpagaLu sollina mADugaralli ADuga, kELuga mattu horatu emba vyatyAsa vannu baLasuttiddu, avugaLannavalambisi bEre bEre huruLugaLannu koDa balluvu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.6.1 ADuga, kELuga mattu heratu rUpagaLu

sollina mADuganu ADuganAgiddalli, OreNikeya ali mattu hala veNikeya ONa emba eraDu oTTugaLannu baLasalAguttade; ivannu nEra vAgi esakapadagaLige sErisalAguttade (hOgali, hOgONa; koDali, koDONa). ivugaLalli OreNikeya rUpagaLannu mukyavAgi kELuganinda oppige paDeyuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade, mattu idakkAgi adara baLika kELviya oTTannu sErisalAguttade (nAnu baralA?).

sollina mADuganu kELuganAgiddalli, halaveNikeya i illavE iri emba oTTu baLakeyalliddu, adannu nEravAgi esakapadakke sErisalAgu ttade (hOgi; koDi, nilliri, nODiri); Adare, OreNikeyalli esakapadavannu adakke yAva oTTannU sErisade baLasalAguttade (hOgu, koDu).

sollina mADuganu heratAgiddalli, ali emba oTTannE baLasa lAguttade (avanu barali); Adare, I baLakeyalli adu eNikeya

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 293  vyatyAsavannAgali  (mUvaru  barali),  illavE  gurtada  vyatyAsavannAgali  tOrisuvudilla  (avaLu  barali).  mukyavAgi  ADugana  oppigeyannu  illavE  bayakeyannu  tiLisuvudakkAgi  I  esakarUpavannu  baLasalAgu  ttade. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.6.2 sErikeya mArpADugaLu

halaveNikeya oTTannu sErisidAga, illavE OreNikeyalli baLasidAga, kelavu esakapadagaLalli mArpADugaLu kANisikoLLuttave: koLLu, taru mattu baru padagaLige OreNikeyalli kO, tA mattu bA emba rUpagaLive: (tegedukO, tA, bA), mattu halaveNikeyalli taru mattu baru padagaLige tanna mattu banna emba rUpagaLive (tanni (tanna+i), banni, tanniri).

idallade, mEle 4.1.1ralli vivarisida (1, 2) mArpADugaLU illi naDeyuttave: (1) I mUru oTTugaLu sEridAgalU ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade, mattu (2) ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika yakAravondu sErikoLLuttade:

(1) esakapadada koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu: kaTTali kaTTu+ali koDu+ONa koDONa aDagu+iri aDagiri
sAyu+ali sAyali

tinnu+ali taru+ONa
ODu+iri
hOgu+ali

tinnali tarONa Nrj hOgali

(2) yakAra bandu sEruvudu: kuDi+ali hiDi+ONa muri+iri siDi+ali

kuDiyali
hiDiyONa muriyiri
siDiyali

bare+ali
kare+ONa
nene+iri
dore+ali

bareyali kareyONa neneyiri doreyali

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.6.3 korepadagaLu

bEku, bEDa, sAku, kUDadu mattu bahudu emba aydu kone rUpagaLU arikepadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave. Adare, ivu korerUpa

gaLu; ivugaLalli baLakeyAgiruva oTTugaLu bEre arikerUpagaLalli baruvudilla.

bEku mattu sAku padarUpagaLannu bEDu mattu sAlu esaka padagaLinda paDeyabahudu, mattu ivugaLalli ku oTTu bandide; bEDa mattu kUDadu embavugaLannu bEDu mattu kUDu esakapadagaLinda paDeyabahudu, mattu ivugaLalli allagaLeyuva a oTTu bandide; mattu, kUDadu hAgU bahudu embavugaLalli du gurutina oTTu bandide (Adare idakke gurutina huruLilla).

ivugaLalli bahudu embudu esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpa dondige mAtra baraballudu (hOgabahudu); I korepadagaLige arikeya huruLu mAtravallade tiLisuva huruLU baraballudembudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.7 naDurUpagaLu

paricerUpagaLu, jODisuva rUpagaLu, bEDikerUpa, mattu hesaru rUpagaLu-1, 2 embudAgi aydu bageya naDurUpagaLu kannaDada sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave.

ivugaLalli paricerUpagaLa mUlaka sollannu ondu padakanteya angavannAgi mADalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, manege hOda jAnaki UTa mADidaLu emba sollinalli jAnaki manege hOdaLu emba sollannu manege hOda jAnaki emba padakanteya angavannAgi mADalu hOgu esakapadada paricerUpavondannu (hOda embu dannu) baLasalAgide.

jODisuva rUpagaLa mUlaka eraDu (illavE heccu) sollugaLannu jODisalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, jAnaki manege hOgi UTa mADidaLu emba sollinalli jAnaki manege hOdaLu mattu jAnaki UTa mADidaLu emba eraDu sollugaLannu hOgu esakapadada jODisuva rUpada (hOgi embudara) mUlaka jODisalAgide.

bEDikeya rUpada mUlaka ondu esaka naDeyalu bEDike entahadu embudannu tiLisalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, jAnaki manege hOdare UTa mADabahudu emba sollinalli jAnaki UTamADalu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 295 

Enu mADabEku (adakke bEDikeyentahadu) embudannu tiLisalu hOgu esakapadada bEDikerUpavannu (hOdare embudannu) baLasa lAgide.

hesarurUpagaLa mUlaka ondu sollannu innondu sollinalli baruva hesarupadada jAgadalli baLasalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, jAnaki manege hOdudakke ondu kAraNa ittu emba sollinalli jAnaki manege hOdaLu emba sollannu ondu hesarupadada jAgadallirisalu hOgu esakapadada hesarurUpavondannu (hOguvudu embudannu) baLasalAgide. hesarurUpa-2 embudu kelavu viSayagaLalli I hesaru rUpa-1 embudarinda bErAgide embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

I aydu bageya naDurUpagaLannu unTumADuva bage hEge, ivu gaLalli baLakeyAguva oTTugaLu yAvuvu, mattu avannu esakapadagaLige sErisidAga entaha sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.7.1 paricerUpagaLu

esakapadagaLige mumbottina rUpa, himbottina rUpa, mattu alla gaLetada rUpa embudAgi mUru bageya paricerUpagaLive; ivugaLa mUlaka ondu sollannu innondu sollinalliruva hesarupadakanteya angavannAgi mADalu baruttade.

I mUru bageya rUpagaLallU esakapadagaLondige (ka) hottu illavE allagaLetavannu tiLisuva oTTu, mattu (ca) hesarupadadondigina pattugeyannu tiLisuva oTTu embudAgi eraDeraDu oTTugaLu baruttave.
ettugegAgi, mADuva emba mumbottina paricerUpadalli mADu esakapadadondige mumbottannu tiLisuva v oTTu mattu pattugeyannu tiLisuva a oTTu bandide; mADida emba himbottina paricerUpadalli A esakapadadondige himbottina id oTTu mattu pattugeya a oTTu bandide; mattu mADada emba allagaLeyuva paricerUpadalli allagaLeyuva ad oTTu mattu pattugeya a oTTu bandide.

I mUru bageya paricerUpagaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva pada

kantegaLalli kANabahudu:

(1ka) UTa mADuva huDuga (1ca) UTa mADida huDuga (1Ta) UTa mADada huDuga

(1) mumbottina rUpagaLu mumbottina paricerUpagaLannu paDeyuvudakkAgi ukAradalli kone goLLuva esakapadagaLige v oTTannu nEravAgi sErisalAguttade mattu adara baLika pattugeya a oTTannu sErisalAguttade. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

tinnu-v-a gellu-v-a hADu-v-a

tinnuva gelluva hADuva koyyuva koyyu-v-a tappuva tappu-v-a anjuva anju-v-a kAyu-v-a kAyuva

nagu-v-a naguva
biDu-v-a biDuva koDuva koDu-v-a uduruva uduru-v-a koragu-v-a koraguva haraTuva haraTu-v-a heNaguva heNagu-v-a

ekAra illavE ikAradalli

konegoLLuva esakapadagaLige mumbottina v oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa baLika yu embudu sErikoLLuttade.

eLeyuva oDeyuva toLeyuva koLeyuva taDeyuva

eLeyu-v-a oDeyu-v-a toLeyu-v-a koLeyu-v-a taDeyu-v-a

iLiyuva iLiyu-v-a kuDiyuva kuDiyu-v-a taNiyuva taNiyu-v-a tiLiyuva tiLiyu-v-a suliyuva suliyu-v-a

(2) himbottina rUpagaLu himbottina paDeyuvudakkAgi esakapadagaLige himbottina id oTTannu mattu adara baLika pattugeya a oTTannu sErisalAguttade.

paricerUpagaLannu

esakapadagaLige himbottina id oTTannu sErisidAga I parice rUpagaLallU mEle 4.5.3ralli vivarisida ellA mukya mArpADugaLU

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 297  A  esakapadagaLalli  mattu  adara  baLika  banda  id  oTTinalli  naDeyu  ttave. idannu keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLalli kANabahudu: 

(1) esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu: nambu ubbu
ODu
hAru
aDagu

nambida (namb-id-a) ubbida (ubba-id-a) ODida (OD-id-a) hArida (hAr-id-a) aDagida (aDag-id-a)

(2) esakapadagaLa koneya ikAra mattu ekAragaLu uLidu, himbottina ikAra

bidduhOguvudu:

iLi
kuDi
oDe
heNe

iLida (iLi-d-a) kuDida (kuDi-d-a) oDeda (oDe-d-a) heNeda (heNe-d-a)

idallade, I padarUpagaLannu paDeyuvAga, esakapadagaLalli mattu id oTTinalli mEle 4.5.4ralli vivarisida ellA horapaDikeya mArpADugaLU naDeyuttave. I mArpADugaLannu tOrisuva esaka padagaLa ondu paTTiyannu mattu avugaLa himbottina paricerUpagaLannu keLage koDalAgide; esakapadagaLa huruLugaLannu bEkenisiruvalli mAtra koDalAgide:

esakapadagaLu paricerUpa aDu ‘aDige mADu’ annu ‘hELu’ ari ‘tiLi’ ari ‘tunDisu’ aru ‘konegoLLu’ avi ‘aDagu’ aLu
Agu Anu ‘tALu, oragu’ Ayu ‘Arisu’

aTTa anda arita arida arata avita atta Ada Ata Ada

Asaru ‘AyAsagoLLu’ iDu ‘irisu, hoDe’ iru Iyu ‘karu hAku’ Iyu ‘koDu’ ugu ‘ukku’ uDu uNNu unnu ‘ALavAgi nene’ uru ‘hinjari’ uLu ennu

Asatta iTTa idda Ida itta okka uTTa unDa unda utta utta enda

eru ‘mugisu’ esu ‘biDu’ ELu ogu ‘ukku’ oyyu ore ‘Uju’ ore ‘nuDi’ kadi
kari ‘karaTu, sIyu’

etta ecca edda okka oyda oreta oreda kadda karita, karida karutta karu ‘guriyiDu’ kalita kali kaleta kale ‘bere’ kaLida kaLi ‘mAsu’ kaLita kaLi ‘haNNAgu’ kanDa kANu kAta kAyu ‘kAyi biDu’ kAda kAyu ‘bisiyAgu’ ketta kiru ‘kUDihAku’ kIta kIyu ‘kIvAgu’ kitta kILu kurita kuri ‘gurutu mADu’ kurida kuri ‘bAgu’ keTTa keDu
ketta keru ‘nOyu’ koTTa koDu koyda koyyu konda kollu koLe koLeta koLLu (konDukoLLu) konDa giru ‘nene’ geyyu ‘kelasa mADu’ gellu caLe ‘tumbiru’

getta geyda gedda caLeta

cigi ‘ciguru’ cigi ‘nege’ tagu ‘sarihondu’ taru
taru ‘jODisu’ tinnu tiru ‘badalAyisu’ tepparu ‘eccaragoLLu’ teru ‘sallisu’ tEyu

cigita cigida takka tanda tatta tinda tetta teppatta tetta tEda, teyda toDu ‘uDu’ toTTa toyyu ‘oddeyAgu’ toyda dore ‘sigu’ doreta nagu
nakka naDu naTTa nAru
nAta nillu ninda nereta nere ‘kUdalu biLiyAgu’ nere ‘sEru’ nereda nEda, nEyu nEta, neyda nElu nOnu nOyu paDu pasu ‘bErpaDisu’ pUnu ‘prayatnisu’ bayyu baru bali ‘beLe’ bAyu ‘bAtuhOgu’ bAru ‘cellu’ biDu

nEta nOta nonda paTTa pacca pUta bayda banda balita bAta bAta biTTa

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 299 

bIta bIyu ‘bIgu’ bidda bILu bereta bere bevata bevaru benda bEyu bEta bEyu ‘bEDu’ bEsatta bEsaru ‘bEsarisu’ maDu ‘jODisu’
maTTa (poDamaDu) mareta mare maleta male ‘idirisu’ maleda male ‘sokkiru’ mAda mANu ‘konegoLLu’ mAyu ‘guNavAgu’ mAda mikka migu minda mIyu medda mellu mEda mEyu moLeta moLe ‘moLake baru’

sallu ‘odagu, dakku’ sAyu sigu sIyu suDu suyyu ‘usirADu’ sOlu hAyu hIyu ‘hIgaLe’ hugu ‘oLasEru’ huLi ‘huLa hiDi’ hUyu ‘hUvAgu’ hULu heru hogu ‘oLasEru’ hoyyu ‘hoDe, ere’ horaDu horu hOgu

sanda satta sikka sIda suTTa suyda sOta hAda hIda hokka huLita hUta hUta hetta hokka hoyda horaTa hotta hOda

(3) allagaLetada rUpagaLu allagaLetada paricerUpagaLannu paDeyalu esakapadagaLige allagaLeyuva ad oTTannu mattu a pattuge oTTannu sErisalAguttade.

ad oTTu sEridAga, mEle 4.1.1ralli vivarisiruva eraDu mArpADugaLu (esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu, mattu ekAra hAgU ikAragaLa baLika yakAra baruvudu) naDeyuttave.

(1) ukAra bidduhOgiruvudu: sigu sigada (sig-ad-a) anju anjada (anj-ad-a) horaDu horaDada (horaD-ad-a) kaccu kaccada (kacca-ad-a) ELu ELada (EL-ad-a)

tinnu tinnada (tinna-ad-a) bayyu bayyada (bayya-ad-a)

biDu biDada (biD-ad-a)

(2) yakAra sEriruvudu: agi agiyada (agiy-ad-a) kuNi kuNiyada (kuNiy-ad-a) uLi uLiyada (uLiy-ad-a) suli suliyada (suliy-ad-a) oDe oDeyada (oDey-ad-a) koLe koLeyada (koLey-ad-a) kare kareyada (karey-ad-a) bare bareyada (barey-ad-a)

idallade, baru mattu taru esakapadagaLige I oTTu sEridAga, barada mattu tarada emba rUpagaLu mAtravallade, bArada mattu tArada emba rUpagaLU siguttave.

al, il, mattu sal emba mUru esakabErugaLondigU (4.5.6 nODi) allagaLeyuva ad oTTu mattu pattugeya a oTTu gaLannu sErisi, allada, illada, mattu sallada emba mUru parice rUpagaLannu paDeyalAguttade. Adare, I esakabErugaLinda allagaLe yuva paricerUpagaLannu mAtra paDeyalu baruttadeyallade, himbottina illavE mumbottina paricerUpagaLannu paDeyalu baruvudilla.

idallade, Ar mattu ol esakabErugaLindalU allagaLeyuva paricerUpagaLannu paDeyabahudu: (hOgal)Arada, (hOgal) ollada. bEDada mattu sAlada emba bEre eraDu allagaLeyuva paricerUpagaLannu bEDu mattu sAlu esakapadagaLinda paDeyaballe vAdarU, huruLina maTTige avu bEDa mattu sAku emba eraDu arikeya rUpagaLige hattiravAgive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.7.2 jODisuva rUpagaLu

eraDu illavE heccu sollugaLannu oTTu sErisuvudakkAgi esakapadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade. ettugegAgi, rAju manege bandu UTa mADida emba sollinalli rAju manege banda mattu rAju UTa mADida emba eraDu sollugaLannu jODisi hELa lAgide, mattu idakkAgi baru esakapadada jODisuva rUpavAda bandu embudannu baLasalAgide.

sollugaLannu I rIti jODisuvudakkAgi nAlku bageya jODisuva rUpagaLannu baLasalAguttade. ivannu modalesaka (mADi), mAresaka mattu allagaLedesaka (mADuttA) (mADalu), oDanesaka

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 301  (mADade)  embudAgi  hesarisabahudu.  I  nAlku  bageya  jODisuva  rUpagaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva sollugaLalli kANabahudu: 

(1ka) avanu UTa mADi nammallige banda. (1ca) avanu UTa mADalu nammallige banda. (1Ta) avanu UTa mADuttA nammondige mAtanADida. (1ta) avanu UTa mADade nammallige banda.

mEle 4.7.1ralli vivarisiruva parice rUpagaLigU I jODisuva rUpagaLigU naDuve ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsa ide embudannu gamanisabahudu: paricerUpagaLalli mumbottu mattu himbottugaLannu tiLisuva hottina oTTugaLa baLakeyAgide; avu esaka yAvAga naDe yitu embudannu ADugana hottige sambandisida hAge tiLisuttave.

Adare, jODisuva rUpagaLalli hottannu tiLisuva I oTTugaLa badalu, avu tiLisuva esakakkU sollina mukya esakakkU naDuve entaha hottina sambanda ide embudannu tiLisuva pattuge oTTugaLu bandive: avu tiLisuva esaka mukya esakada modalu naDedideyembudannu moda lesakada oTTu, baLika naDeyuvudembudannu mAresakada oTTu, mattu eraDu esakagaLU oTToTTige naDeyuvavuvembudannu oDanesakada oTTu tiLisuttave.

I pattuge oTTugaLalli modalesakada oTTu halavu viSayagaLalli himbottina oTTannu hOluttade; Adare, kelavu viSayagaLalli adu bErAgiyU ide; idE rItiyalli, oDanesakada oTTu mumbottina oTTina hAgeyE iddu koneya tereyuliya maTTige bErAgide embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

eraDaralliyU allagaLeyuva rUpa ide embudu ivugaLa naDu

viruva innondu hOlike.

(1) modalesakada rUpagaLu ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLalli halavakke himbottina oTTu sEruvAga adu id rUpadalli baruttade (4.5.3 nODi); antaha padagaLa baLika modalesakada oTTige i rUpa ide. idakke kelavu ettuge

gaLannu keLage koDalAgide; himbottina rUpavAgi keLage esakapadagaLa paricerUpagaLannu koDalAgide (4.7.1 nODi):

esakapadagaLu anju ujju turuku
kivucu
tODu
karagu koDisu
tinnisu

paricerUpa anjida
ujjida
turukida
kivucida
tODida
karagida koDisida
tinnisida

modalesakada rUpa CAf ujji turuki kivuci tODi karagi koDisi tinnisi

ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLalli halavu mEle 4.5.3ralli koTTiruva kaTTalegaLige horapaDikegaLAgive; avugaLalli heccinavugaLa baLikavU modalesakada oTTige himbottina rUpavE iddu, adara konege ukAravondu sErikoLLuttade. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

esakapadagaLu iDu
horu tinnu
gellu
kANu
sAyu ELu
koyyu sOlu Iyu bEyu

paricerUpa iTTa hotta
tinda gedda kanDa satta edda koyda
sOta
itta benda

modalesakada rUpa
iTTu hottu tindu geddu kanDu sattu eddu koydu sOtu ittu bendu

idakke Agu mattu hOgu emba eraDu horapaDikegaLive; ivakke Ada mattu hOda emba himbottina rUpagaLive; Adare ivugaLa modalesakada rUpagaLu Agi mattu hOgi embavugaLAgive. endare, modalesakada oTTige illi i rUpa ide.

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 303 

ekAra mattu ikAragaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLikavU modalesakada oTTige himbottina oTTigiruva rUpavE ide; mattu illU kUDa I oTTina baLika ukAravondu sErikoLLuttade:

esakapadagaLu himbottina rUpa modalesakada rUpa iLi
fV
suli
kali
kadi

iLida jigida sulida
kalita kadda

iLidu jigidu sulidu kalitu kaddu

hoDe seLe
moLe dore

hoDeda
seLeda moLeta
doreta

hoDedu seLedu moLetu doretu

(2) mAresakada rUpagaLu esakapadagaLige alu oTTannu sErisi mAresakada jODisuva rUpagaLannu unTumADalAguttade. I oTTannu sErisidAga, 4.1.1ralli vivarisida hAge, ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade; mattu, ikAra hAgU ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika yakAravondu sErikoLLuttade. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: koDalu
koDu hancu hancalu
aTTu aTTalu
tinnalu
tinnu kAdalu
kAdu horaDu horaDalu

nagalu nagu nandalu nandu kaccalu kaccu kANu kANalu Iju Ijalu orasu orasalu

(2) ikAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: iLi kali kudi

iLiyalu
kaliyalu
kudiyalu

nuDiyalu duDiyalu sariyalu

nuDi duDi sari

(3) ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: mare save koLe

hoLe hoLeyalu hoge hogeyalu bere

mareyalu saveyalu koLeyalu

bereyalu

(3) oDanesakada rUpagaLu esakapadagaLige uttA oTTannu sErisi oDanesakada rUpagaLannu paDeya lAguttade; I oTTu sEridAgalU, 4.1.1ralli vivarisida hAge, ukAra dalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade, mattu ikAra hAgU ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika yakAravondu sEruttade.

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: naguttA koDuttA koDu bayyu bayyuttA tinnuttA ELu ELuttA
bevaru bevaruttA nilluttA
nillu

nagu tinnu nOyu nOyuttA aDagu aDaguttA sOlu sOluttA

(2) ikAra mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: kuDi kali iLi kuNi hari fV koLe bare seLe mere nene taDe

kuDiyuttA iLiyuttA hariyuttA koLeyuttA seLeyuttA neneyuttA

kaliyuttA kuNiyuttA jigiyuttA bareyuttA mereyuttA taDeyuttA

(4) allagaLedesakada rUpagaLu esakapadagaLige allagaLeyuva ad oTTannu sErisi allagaLedesakada rUpa gaLannu unTumADalAguttade; I oTTina baLika, I rUpagaLalli ekAra vondu sErikoLLuttade.

idallade, 4.1.1ralli vivarisidante, ukAradalli konegoLLuva esaka padada koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade, mattu ekAra hAgU ikAra gaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika yakAravondu sErikoLLuttade. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 305 

biDade

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: biDu uNNu uNNade
bILu bILade
kANu kANade
sAyu sAyade
koDisu koDisade

aLu aLade nEyu nEyade hOgu hOgade gellu sOlu sOlade berasu berasade

gellade

(2) ikAra mattu ekAradalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLa baLika: basi kusi suli tiLi Cj kali

basiyade suliyade ariyade

kusiyade
tiLiyade
kaliyade

mareyade mare koLe koLeyade hoLe hoLeyade

hoDe hoDeyade doreyade dore maseyade mase

baru mattu taru emba eraDu esakapadagaLu I allagaLeyuva oTTu sEridAga bAr mattu tAr emba rUpavannu paDeyuttave: bArade (bAr-ade), tArade (tAr-ade).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.7.3 bEDikeya rUpa

ondu esakakke innondu esakavannu bEDikeyAgi tiLisabEkendiddAga, adannu tiLisuva esakapadakke himbottina oTTannu mattu bEDikeya are oTTannu sErisi hELalAguttade: baru-bandare, tinnu-tindare, hOgu- hOdare, koDu-koTTare). I esakarUpada baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva sollugaLalli kANabahudu.

(1ka) maduvege karedare hOguttEne. (1ca) nIvu bandare hOguttEne. (1Ta) haNa sikkidare koDuttEne.

I oTTina modalu himbottina oTTige paricerUpadalliruva rUpavE ide. alli kANisuva ellA horapaDikegaLU illiyU kANisu ttave. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

esakapada
iDu hOgu
tinnu uNNu kollu
gellu nEyu
ELu horaDu

parice rUpa iTTa hOda
tinda unDa konda
gedda neyda edda horaTa

bEDikeya rUpa iTTare hOdare tindare unDare kondare geddare neydare eddare horaTare

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.7.4 hesarurUpagaLu

esakapadagaLa paricerUpagaLige (4.7.1 nODi) udu mattu ike oTTu gaLannu sErisi eraDu bageya hesarurUpagaLannu paDeyalAguttade. ivu gaLalli modalanE bageya hesarurUpagaLannu mumbottu, himbottu mattu allagaLetagaLemba mUru bageya paricerUpagaLindalU paDeyalu baruttade; Adare, eraDanE bageya hesarurUpagaLannu mumbottina mattu allagaLetada paricerUpagaLinda mAtra paDeyabahudu.

himbottina paricerUpa mADida
koTTa tinda kuDida bareda

mumbottina paricerUpa mADuva
hOguva hELuva
bareyuva
kuDiyuva

allagaLeyuva paricerUpa mADada
hOgada
tinnada kuDiyada

hesarurUpa-1 mADidudu koTTudu tindudu kuDidudu baredudu

hesarurUpa-1 mADuvudu hOguvudu hELuvudu bareyuvudu kuDiyuvudu

hesarurUpa-1 mADadudu hOgadudu tinnadudu kuDiyadudu

hesarurUpa-2 mADuvike hOguvike hELuvike bareyuvike kuDiyuvike

hesarurUpa-2 mADadike hOgadike tinnadike kuDiyadike

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 307 

bareyada
hELada

bareyadudu hELadudu

bareyadike hELadike

allagaLetada jODisuva rUpagaLige ike oTTannu sErisi paDediruva hesarurUpagaLu heccu baLakeyallilla; Adare, I holabannu baLasi, aDakavAda padarUpagaLannu paDeyaballevAda kAraNa, arimeya baraha gaLalli avugaLa baLakeyannu heccisabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.8 hesarupadagaLa padarUpagaLu

hesarupadagaLondige pattuge oTTu mattu eNike oTTu embudAgi eraDu bageya oTTugaLu avugaLa padarUpagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAguttave.

ivugaLalli pattuge oTTugaLu eraDu bageyavu: sollugaLa kone yalli baruva esakapadakkU adara modalu baruva hesarupadagaLigU naDuviruva pattugeyannu tiLisuva annu, inda, ge mattu lli emba nAlku esakapattugeya oTTugaLu, mattu eraDu hesarupadagaLa naDu vina pattugeyannu tiLisuva a mattu inta emba eraDu hesaru pattugeya oTTugaLu.

hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa eNikeyannu aDakavAgi ‘ondakkinta heccu’ embudannu tiLisuva halaveNikeya ondu oTTu mAtra avugaLondige baruttade; idu gaLu illavE aru emba rUpadalliruttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.8.1 eNikeya oTTu

eNikeya oTTigiruva aru mattu gaLu emba eraDu rUpagaLalli aru rUpa janarannu gurutisuva hesarupadagaLondige baruttade, mattu gaLu rUpa uLida padagaLondige baruttade.

Adare, janarannu gurutisuva padagaLalli ganDugurtada padagaLu akAradalli konegoLLuvudiddalli, mattu heNNugurtada padagaLu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuvudiddalli, avugaLondige aru rUpa kANisikoLLuttade.

bAki uLida padagaLu ganDugurtada illavE heNNugurtada janarannu gurutisuvudiddarU avugaLondige gaLu rUpavE kANisikoLLuttade. I kaTTalege kelavu ettugegaLu keLagive:

(1) ganDugurtada padagaLu akAradalli konegoLLuvudiddalli, avugaLa baLika aru rUpa baruttade, mattu uLideDegaLalli gaLu rUpa baruttade (aru oTTu sEridAga, mEle 4.1.1(1)ralli vivarisida hAge, I padagaLa koneya akAra bidduhOguttade):

akAradalli konegoLLuvavu huDuga ambiga baDava hADugAra hADugAraru kaLLa

huDugaru ambigaru baDavaru

kaLLaru

uLida ganDugurtada padagaLu tiLigEDigaLu tiLigEDi edurALi edurALigaLu huriyALu huriyALugaLu mundALu mundALugaLu guru

gurugaLu

(2) heNNugurtada padagaLu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuvu diddalli, avugaLa baLika aru rUpa baruttade, mattu uLideDegaLalli gaLu rUpa baruttade; ivugaLalli aru oTTannu baLasidAga, mEle 4.1.1(1)ralli vivarisida hAge, padagaLa konege yakAra sEruttade):

i illavE edalli konegoLLuvavu uLida heNNugurtada padagaLu kuruDi celuve nalle

kuruDiyaru celuveyaru nalleyaru

heNNALugaLu
heNNugaLu

heNNALu heNNu

(3) hesarupadagaLu nanTarannu gurutisuttiveyAdare, avu ganDu gurtadavAgali, heNNugurtadavAgali, avugaLa baLika I oTTu aru rUpa dallE baruttade; idallade I oTTu sEruva modalu, andi emba nanTastikeyannu tiLisuva oTTu baruttade.

I padagaLu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuttiveyAdare, avugaLa baLika yakAravondu sErikoLLuttade (4.1.1(2) nODi. Adare tAyi padada baLika yakAra baruva badalu, adara ikAravE bidduhOguttade (tAyandiru). idallade, aru oTTannu andi oTTina baLika sErisidAga, adara modalinalliruva akAra bidduhOguttade:

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 309 

ganDugurtada padagaLu aNNa mAva ajja tamma

aNNandiru mAvandiru
ajjandiru
tammandiru

heNNugurtada padagaLu akkandiru akka tAyandiru tAyi ajjiyandiru ajji soseyandiru sose

nanTarannu gurutisuva kelavu padagaLige aru oTTannu nEravAgi

sErisuvudU ide (sose-soseyaru, atte-atteyaru).

(4) janarannu gurutisuva mElina padagaLannu horatupaDisi uLida hesarupadagaLondige, avu yAva tereyuliyalli konegoLLuvu diddarU, gaLu rUpavE baruttade.

mara guDDa kelasa karu kADu gumpu nenapu

maragaLu guDDagaLu kelasagaLu karugaLu kADugaLu gumpugaLu
nenapugaLu

karegaLu

kare emme emmegaLu peTTige peTTigegaLu kere karaDi wAr angaDi angaDigaLu

keregaLu karaDigaLu tinDigaLu

(5) mElina kaTTalegaLige kelavu horapaDikegaLU ive: (ka) hengasu mattu ganDasu emberaDu padagaLondige, avu ukAradalli kone goLLuvudiddarU, aru rUpa baruttade (hengasaru, ganDasaru); (ca) magu padakke gaLu oTTu sEridAga, A padada koneya tereyuli biddu hOguttade, mattu adara gakAra hAgU gaLu oTTina gakAragaLu kakAra vAguttave (magu-makkaLu).

(6) janarannu gurutisuva hesarupadagaLannu horatupaDisi, uLida hesarupadagaLondige eNikeya oTTannu baLasadiralU baruttade; I pada gaLa eNikeyannu bEreDe tiLisiruvalli I rIti oTTannu baLasadiruvudE heccu. idakke eraDu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

(1ka) avanige mUru pustakagaLu sikkive. (1ca) avanige mUru pustaka sikkide. (2ka) avanu nAlku manegaLannu kaTTisiddAne. (2ca) avanu nAlku mane kaTTisiddAne.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.8.2 esakapattugeya oTTugaLu

hesarupada (illavE hesarupadakante)gaLigU esakapadakkU naDuviruva pattugeyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi hesarupadagaLondige annu, inda, ge mattu lli emba nAlku pattugeya oTTugaLannu baLasalAguttade. ivu IDu, suru, guri mattu jAga emba nAlku pAngugaLalliruva hesaru padagaLannu esakapadadondige sambandisuttave.

ivugaLalli inda mattu lli oTTugaLu hesarupattugeya a oTTina baLika baruttave (4.8.3 nODi), mattu uLida eraDu oTTugaLu (annu mattu ge) nEravAgi hesarupadagaLondige baruttave. I oTTu gaLu sEridAga hesarupadagaLalli mattu oTTugaLalli kelavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu naDeyuttave. avannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

(1) annuannuannuannu oTTu I oTTannu nEravAgi hesarupadagaLige sErisalAguttade; idu sEridAga, hesarupadagaLalli kelavu sErikeya mArpADugaLu keLage vivarisidante naDe yuttave:

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLige I oTTannu sErisidAga, 4.1.1(1)ralli vivarisida hAge, avugaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade; halaveNikeya gaLu illavE aru oTTinalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLigU annu oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade:

(ka) hesarupadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu: ettu ettannu
ganTu ganTannu
tavuDu tavuDannu
ganDasu ganDasannu eLLu eLLannu

haNNu haNNannu hADu hADannu ganTalu ganTalannu hittilu hittilannu jiDDu jiDDannu

(ca) halaveNikeya padarUpagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguvudu: kaLLaru manegaLu manegaLannu kaLLarannu janaru janarannu maragaLu maragaLannu

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 311 

(Ta) Adare, eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, udda tereyuli illavE ottubarige (mucculi) illadiruva hesarupadagaLige idannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguva badalu, avugaLa baLika vakAra vondu sErikoLLuttade:

karu nagu

karuvannu
naguvannu

magu pudu

maguvannu puduvannu

(ta) samskrutadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli kelavu ukAradalli konegoLLuttave; ivu entahaviddarU annu oTTu sEruvAga vakAra vannu paDeyuttave (vastu-vastuvannu, guru-guruvannu, Satru- Satruvannu); Adare, I ukAra kannaDadalli naDeda mArpADininda bandu dAdare, adara baLika vakAra baruvudilla (sottu-sottannu).

(2) akAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa baLika I oTTu sEri dAga, avu janarannu gurutisuttiveyAdare avugaLa baLika nakAra baruttade, mattu uLideDegaLalli vakAra baruttade:

(ka) akAradalli konegoLLuva, mattu janarannu gurutisuva padagaLu:

maga aNNa bEDa ambiga ambiganannu

maganannu
aNNanannu
bEDanannu

amma ammanannu kanda kandanannu geLeya geLeyanannu dAriganannu dAriga

(ca) akAradalli konegoLLuva uLida padagaLu:

kadavannu
kada binkavannu binka kaData kaDatavannu dibbaNa dibbaNavannu

cinnavannu gANavannu

cinna gANa angaLa angaLavannu bEsara bEsaravannu

(3) ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLige I oTTu sEridAga, 4.1.1(2)ralli vivarisida hAge, avugaLa baLika yakAra vondu sErikoLLuttade:

(ka) ikAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu:

guDi benki

guDiyannu benkiyannu

ajji nAyi

ajjiyannu nAyiyannu

huDugi huDugiyannu angaDi angaDiyannu

karaDi guddali guddaliyannu

karaDiyannu

(ca) ekAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu:

maneyannu kappeyannu

mane kappe gombe gombeyannu aDike aDikeyannu

bele beleyannu atte atteyannu kAgeyannu kAge anjike anjikeyannu

(2) indaindaindainda oTTu mEle tiLisida hAge, idannu hesarupadagaLige hesarupattugeya a oTTina baLika (8.4.3 nODi) sErisalAguttade; I oTTu sEridAga, hesaru pattugeya a oTTu bidduhOguttadeyAdarU, adara modalu bandidda in, vin, n, v, r, mattu d embavu uLidukoLLuttave. hAgAgi, illi hesarupattugeya a oTTu sonne rUpadallide endu hELalu baruttade. keLage koTTiruva hesarupadagaLa a oTTina rUpa mattu inda oTTina rUpagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I viSaya gottAguttade:

hesarupada
mara aNNa gavi kAge tinisu karu hosadu
maragaLu
kaLLaru

a oTTina rUpa inda oTTina rUpa marada aNNana gaviya
kAgeya
tinisina
karuvina
hosadara
maragaLa
kaLLara

maradinda aNNaninda gaviyinda kAgeyinda tinisininda karuvininda hosadarinda maragaLinda kaLLarinda

(3) gegegege oTTu I oTTige ge, ige mattu kke emba mUru rUpagaLive; ivugaLa baLake hesarupadagaLa koneya tereyuli mattu avugaLa huruLugaLa mEle avalambiside:

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 313 

(1) ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa baLika

idu ge rUpadalli baruttade:

ajjige ilige

(ka) ikAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLu: ajji ili manavi manavige
kOmaTi kOmaTige tabbalige
tabbali

hakkige hakki geLatige geLati gENige gENi kannaDi kannaDige bAvali bAvalige

(ca) ekAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLu: kerege atte attege
reppege reppe santege bETe bETege
nambike nambikege
bEDike bEDikege

kere sante duDime duDimege majjige majjigege mUle mUlege

(2) ukAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa baLika, mattu halaveNikeya oTTugaLalli konegoLLuva padagaLa baLika, idu ige rUpa dalli baruttade; adu sEridAga, mEle 4.1.1ralli vivarisida hAge, I padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade:

maddige
maddu dUru dUrige
muLisu muLisige
muppu muppige
heNNu hakkigaLu hakkigaLige

heNNige

hangu hangige turubu turubige dEvaru dEvarige bennu bennige kantige kantu daDDaru daDDarige

(3) Adare, ukAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLalli eraDu barige kantegaLu mAtra iveyAdare, mattu avugaLalli udda tereyuli illavE ottubarige illavAdare, antaha hesarupadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguva badalu, avugaLa baLika vakAravondu sErikoLLuttade:

karuvige
karu nagu naguvige
aLu aLuvige

maguvige magu uDu uDuvige maDuvige maDu

ukAradalli konegoLLuva samskruta eravalugaLa baLikavU I oTTu

sEruva modalu vakAra baruttade:

vastu

vastuvige

Satru

Satruvige

(4) akAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLu janarannu gurutisu ttiveyAdare, avugaLa baLika I oTTu ige rUpadallE baruttade; Adare, adu sEruva modalu I padagaLa baLika nakAravondu sEri koLLuttade:

ajjanige
ajja kandanige
kanda kaTuka kaTukanige
ambiga ambiganige gANiganige gANiga

kaLLanige bEDanige

kaLLa bEDa huDuga huDuganige biddina biddinanige nalla

nallanige

(5) akAradalli konegoLLuva uLida hesarupadagaLa baLika I oTTige

kke rUpavide:

mara marakke binka binkakke
kaDatakke
kaData ankaNa ankaNakke
kALagakke
kALaga

aTTa aTTakke UTa UTakke jaLaka jaLakakke ottaDa ottaDakke bEsara bEsarakke

(4) llillillilli oTTu mEle tiLisida hAge, I oTTannU hesarupattugeya a oTTina baLika sErisalAguttade. idannukeLage koTTiruva ettugegaLalli kANabahudu:

marada maradalli
kereya kereyalli
guDDada guDDadalli
ONiya ONiyalli
maguvina maguvinalli maragaLa maragaLalli

aNNana aNNanalli kaNNina kaNNinalli baTTeya baTTeyalli hosadara hosadaralli magaLu magaLalli janara janaralli

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 315 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.8.3 hesarupattugeya oTTugaLu

hesarupadagaLa naDuviruva eraDu bageya pattugegaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi oTTugaLannu baLasalAguttade: hOlikeyannu tiLisuva inta oTTu, mattu bEre halavu bageya pattugegaLannu tiLisuva a oTTu. ivugaLalli inta oTTu esakapattugeya ge oTTina (4.8.2 nODi) baLika baruttade, mattu a oTTu nEravAgi hesarupadagaLa baLika baruttade.

(1) intaintaintainta oTTu yAvudAdarondu pariceya kuritAgi ibbaru vyakti, vastu, illavE viSayagaLa naDuve hOlikeyannu tiLisuvudakkAgi inta oTTannu baLasa lAguttade. inta oTTannu paDediruva hesarupada ondu pariceya hOlikeyalli keLagiruva vyakti, vastu illavE viSayavannu gurutisu ttade. ettugegAgi, sunIl jAnakiginta doDDavanu emba sollinalli jAnaki pada inta oTTinondige bandide, mattu sunIl pada oTTillade bandide; hAgAgi, ‘doDDatanadalli jAnaki sunIlginta keLa giddALe’ emba huruLannu A sollu koDuttade.

I oTTannu hesarupattugeya ge oTTina baLika sErisalAguttade embudannu keLage koTTiruva ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu; I oTTu sEridAga ge oTTina (illavE adara rUpagaLAda ge, ige mattu kke embavugaLa) koneya ekAra bidduhOguttade:

hesarupada
mane guDi kADu ajja haNa meccuge

ge oTTina rUpa manege
guDige kADige ajjanige
haNakke meccugege

inta oTTina rUpa maneginta guDiginta kADiginta ajjaniginta haNakkinta meccugeginta

(2) aaaa oTTu I oTTannu nEravAgi hesarupadagaLige sErisalAguttade; idu sEruva modalu hesarupadagaLu, avugaLa koneya barige mattu huruLugaLa nnavalambisi, kelavu heccina barigegaLannu paDeyuttave:

(1) ukAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa baLika in embudu baruttade; Adare, intaha padagaLalli eraDu barigekantegaLiddu, udda tereyuli illavE ottubarigegaLillavAdare vin embudu sEruttade; ukAradalli konegoLLuva samskruta eravalugaLa baLikavU vin embudu sEruttade:

(ka) ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu: uddu uddina ganDu ganDina
tiLivu tiLivina
enjalu enjalina

bekku mAtu mAtina hesaru hesarina baccalu baccalina

bekkina

(ca) udda tereyuli, ottebarigeyillada eraDu barigekanteya padagaLu: magu maDu

aLu aLuvina gaLuvina gaLu

maguvina
maDuvina

(Ta) ukAradalli konegoLLuva samskruta eravalugaLu: vastu guru

vastuvina
guruvina

Satruvina

Satru

ukAradalli konegoLLuva magaLu pada mElina kaTTalege horapaDike yAgide; adara baLika a oTTu sEruvAga in baruva badalu, adara koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade: magaLu-magaLa.

(2) akAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLa baLika, avu janarannu gurutisuvudiddalli, nakAra baruttade, mattu uLideDegaLalli dakAra baru ttade:

(ka) akAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLalli janarannu gurutisuvavu: akka daDDa daDDana nanTa ganDana
ganDa muduka mudukana pOra pOrana
nADiga nADigana tottiga tottigana

akkana nanTana

(ca) akAradalli konegoLLuva uLida padagaLu: bellada mara gAyada henDa

marada henDada

bella gAya

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 317 

hoDeta hoDetada sambaLa sambaLada

pangaDa pangaDada gIjaga gIjagada

(3) ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLige I oTTu sEruva modalu, 4.1.1(2)ralli vivarisida hAge, yakAra sEru ttade:

(ka) ikAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu:

uri uriya
mandi mandiya
oDati oDatiya
angaDi angaDiya

katti tAyi saradi kannaDi

kattiya tAyiya saradiya kannaDiya

(ca) ekAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu: doreya
dore beNNe beNNeya
mIse mIseya
anjike anjikeya

beLe ance anceya aDuge aDugeya meccige meccigeya

beLeya

(4) halaveNikeya oTTugaLalli konegoLLuva hesarupadagaLu ukAra dalli konegoLLuvuvAdarU, avugaLa baLika in embudu baruvudilla; idakke badalu, a oTTu sEridAga, ivugaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade:

maragaLu maragaLa
hakkigaLu hakkigaLa
manegaLu manegaLa

janaru janara jANaru jANara ciNNaru ciNNara

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.9 bEre padagaLa padarUpagaLu

esaka mattu hesarupadagaLu mAtravallade, bEreyU kelavu padagaLige padarUpagaLive; Adare, ivugaLannu mukyavAgi mEle vivarisidantaha hesarupadagaLondige baruva oTTugaLannu baLasiyE unTumADalAgu ttade. avugaLa baLakeyalli kelavu nirbandagaLive, mattu avugaLalli kANisikoLLuva sErikeya mArpADugaLU kelavu viSayagaLalli bErAgive.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.9.1 paricepadagaLa padarUpagaLu

kannaDada paricepadagaLalli halavannu, adarallU mukyavAgi janara parice yannu tiLisuva kivuDu, kuruDu, celuvu, huccu modalAduvannu hesarupadagaLAgiyU baLasalu baruttade. intaha baLakeyalli avu, uLida hesarupadagaLa hAge, ellA bageya oTTugaLondigU bara balluvu: celuvannu, celuvininda, celuvige, celuvinalli, celuvi ginta, celuvina.

ivannu horatupaDisi, uLida paricepadagaLalli kelavu esakaparicegaLu kelavE kelavu pattuge oTTugaLondige sEri padarUpagaLannu paDeyu ttave. I rUpagaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide:

(1) age oTTinalli konegoLLuva beLLage, neTTage, dunDage, kempage, nuNNage modalAda esakaparicegaLannu hesarupadagaLondige baLasuvudakkAgi (endare hesaruparicegaLAgi mArpaDisuvudakkAgi), avakke hesarupattugeya a oTTannu sErisalAguttade; I oTTu sEridAga avu gaLa koneya ekAra bidduhOguttade, mattu in embudu sEri koLLuttade.

esakaparicegaLu beLLage mADida karrage mADida nuNNage bOLisida
neTTage hOda taNNage kuLita

a oTTinondige baLake beLLagina baTTe karragina kUdalu nuNNagina tale neTTagina dAri taNNagina nIru

(2) horage, oLage mattu keLage emba mUru esakaparicegaLige kke, inda, lli mattu a oTTugaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu paDeya bahudu; ivugaLalli kke oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneya ge barigekante bidduhOguttade; mattu a oTTannu sErisidAga, avugaLa baLika in embudu baruttade. idallade, inda mattu lli embavugaLannu a oTTina baLika sErisalAguttade:

horage horakke horagina horagininda keLage

oLakke oLagina oLagininda keLagininda keLakke

keLagina

horaginalli oLaginalli keLaginalli

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 319  (3)  mEle,  hinde  mattu  munde  padagaLu  ge  barigekanteyalli  konegoLLuvudillavAdarU, mElina padagaLa hAge kke, inda, lli mattu  a  oTTugaLondige  baraballuvu;  avugaLa  koneya  ekAra  kke  oTTina  modalu akAravAguttade, mattu a oTTina modalu bidduhOguttade: 

mEle hinde munde mundakke mundina mundininda

mElakke mElina mElininda hindakke hindina hindininda

mElinalli hindinalli mundinalli

(4) hattira, dUra, eDa

padagaLU ivE oTTugaLondige baraballuvu; Adare, ivakke a oTTu sEridAga, avugaLa baLika in embudara badalu dakAra baruttade:

mattu bala

hattira dUra eDa bala

hattirakke hattirada hattiradinda dUradinda dUrakke dUrada eDadinda eDakke eDada baladinda balakke balada

hattiradalli dUradalli eDadalli baladalli

(5) modalu, naDuve, idiru mattu ottu padagaLU mElina oTTugaLondige baraballuvu; Adare, ivugaLa baLika ge oTTige ige rUpa ide; mattu, a oTTu sEruva modalu ivugaLa baLika in embudu baruttade:

modalu modalige modalina modalininda modalinalli naDuvinalli naDuve idirinalli idiru ottinalli ottu

naDuvige naDuvina naDuvininda idirige idirina ottige ottina

idirininda ottininda

(6) ninne, monne, ivattu mattu nALe padagaLu ge, a mattu inda oTTugaLondige baraballuvu; ivugaLalli ivattu padada baLika ge oTTige ige rUpa ide; a oTTu sEridAga, ninne, monne mattu ivattu padagaLa baLika in baruttade, mattu nALe padada baLika yakAra baruttade:

ninne monne

ninnege ninnina monnege monnina monnininda

ninnininda

ivattu ivattige ivattina ivattininda nALege nALeya nALeyinda
nALe

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.9.2 ADupadagaLa padarUpagaLu

kannaDadalli nAnu mattu nInu emba eraDu ADupadagaLive; ivu ondu sollina ADuga mattu kELugarannu adE sollinalli gurutisuvu dakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. ivakke nAvu mattu nIvu emba halaveNikeya rUpagaLive. ivannu halaveNikeya vu oTTannu sErisi paDeyabahudu; I oTTu sEridAga nAnu mattu nInu padagaLa eraDaneya barigekante (nu embudu) bidduhOguttade.

ondu sollinallEnE omme gurutisiruva vyaktiyannu innomme gurutisabEkAdAga tAnu emba padavannu baLasalAguttade; I padakkU halaveNikeya vu oTTannu sErisalAguttade, mattu adu sErisidAga, tAnu padada eraDanE barigekante bidduhOguttade (tAnu-tAvu).

mEle 4.8.2 mattu 4.8.3ralli vivarisida esakapattuge mattu hesarupattugeya oTTugaLannu I mUru padagaLa baLikavU baLasalu baruttade. esakapattugeya annu oTTu mattu hesarupattugeya a oTTugaLannu sErisidAga, ivakke nanna, ninna, mattu tanna emba rUpagaLive; ivugaLa halaveNikeya rUpagaLige namma, nimma, mattu tamma emba rUpagaLive:

esakapattugeya annu oTTu
nannannu nammannu
ninnannu nimmannu
tannannu tammannu

hesarupattugeya a oTTu namma nanna nimma ninna tamma tanna

esakapattugeya ige oTTige ivugaLa baLika ge rUpa ide; mattu adu sEridAga, ivakke nana, nina, tana, nama, nima mattu tama emba rUpagaLive:

esakapattugeya ige oTTu namage nanage nimage ninage tamage tanage

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 321  esakapattugeya  inda  mattu  lli  oTTugaLannu  mEle  koTTiruva  hesarupattugeya  rUpagaLige  sErisalAguttade  (nanninda,  namminda,  nimminda,  nannalli,  nammalli,  tammalli),  mattu  ivugaLige  inda  sEri  dAga hesarupattuge rUpada koneya akAra bidduhOguttade. 

hesarupattugeya inta oTTannU ivugaLige esakapattugeya ge oTTannu sErisida mEle sErisalAguttade; illU ge oTTina ekAra bidduhOguttade (nanaginta, tanaginta, nimaginta).

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.9.3 tOrupadagaLa padarUpagaLu

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva tOrupadagaLa paTTiyondannu hindina pasugeyalli (3.5.1ralli) koDalAgide. ivugaLalli ganDasu (avanu, ivanu yAvanu), hengasu (avaLu, ivaLu, yAvaLu), uLidavu (adu, idu, yAvudu), halavaru (avaru, ivaru, yAvaru) mattu halavu (avu, ivu, yAvuvu) embavugaLige ellA esaka pattugeya mattu hesarupattugeya rUpagaLU ive.

(1) ivugaLalli adu, idu mattu yAvudu embavugaLige esakapattugeya annu oTTu sEridAga, avugaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade (adannu, idannu, yAvudannu); ige mattu hesaru pattugeya a oTTu sEridAga avugaLa koneya ukAra akAravAgu ttaz;, mattu, avugaLa baLika ige oTTige kke rUpa ide (adakke, idakke, yAvudakke); hesarupattugeya a oTTu sEridAga avugaLa baLika rakAravondu sErikoLLuttade (adara, idara, yAvudara).

(2) avu, ivu mattu yAvuvu embavugaLige esakapattuge illavE hesarupattugeya oTTugaLu sEridAga, avugaLa baLika hala veNikeya gaLu oTTu baruttade (avugaLannu, ivugaLige, yAvavu gaLa, yAvavugaLige, avugaLalli, ivugaLinda).

(3) uLida mUru bageya (ganDasu, hengasu, halavaru) tOru padagaLondige, mattu yAru padadondige I pattugeya oTTugaLu nEravAgi sEruttave; mattu hAge sEruvAga, I tOrupadagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade. idakke ettugeyAgi avanu, ivaLu mattu yAru padagaLa padarUpagaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

avanannu
avaninda
avanige
avanalli
avaniginta avana

ivaLannu
ivaLinda
ivaLige
ivaLalli
ivaLiginta ivana

yArannu yArinda yArige yAralli yAriginta yAra

(4) uLida enTu bageya tOrupadagaLalli jAga (alli, illi, elli), dina (andu, indu, endu) mattu aLavi (aSTu, iSTu, eSTu) embavu inda, ge mattu a oTTugaLondige baraballuvu.

(ka) hesarupattugeya a oTTu sEridAga, ivugaLalli jAga mattu dina padagaLa baLika in embudu baruttade, mattu aLavi padagaLa baLika rakAra baruttade; inda oTTu jAga padagaLige nEravAgi sEruttade, mattu uLida eraDu bageya padagaLalli hesarupattugeya a oTTina baLika baruttade; Adare, ivugaLa koneya akAra bidduhOguttade.

jAga alli allina allinda indininda aSTarinda

dina indu indina

aLavi aSTu aSTara

(ca) esakapattugeya ge oTTige jAga mattu dina padagaLa baLika ige rUpa ide; aLaviya padagaLa koneya ukAra akAravAguttade, mattu avugaLa baLika adakke kke rUpa ide. aLaviya padagaLa baLika esaka pattugeya lli oTTU baraballudu; Adare adu hesarupattugeya a oTTina baLika baruttade. I padarUpagaLige ettugeyAgi keLage alli, indu mattu eSTu padagaLa padarUpagaLannu koDalAgide.

jAga allige —

dina indige —

aLavi eSTakke eSTaralli

(Ta) hottina padagaLa (Aga, Iga, yAvAga) baLika esakapattugeya inda oTTu, mattu hesarupattugeya a oTTu baraballuvu; ivugaLalli inda oTTu a oTTina baLika baruttade; a oTTu sEruvAga, I padagaLa baLika in embudu baruttade:

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 323 

Agina agininda

Igina Igininda

yAvAgina yAvAgininda

uLida tOrupadagaLige heccina padarUpagaLilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.9.4 eNikepadagaLa padarUpagaLu

hesarupadagaLondige baruva eraDu bageya pattugeya oTTugaLU (4.8. 2-3 nODi) eNikepadagaLondige baruttave. esakapattugeya oTTu gaLalli annu oTTu sEridAga avugaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade (4.1.1(1) nODi):

ondu ondannu
mUru mUrannu
ELannu
ELu

hattu mUvattu ayvattondu ayvattondannu

hattannu mUvattannu

ge oTTige ivugaLa baLika kke rUpa iddu, idu 4.8.2ralli

koTTiruva kaTTalege horapaDikeyAgide:

mUru mUrakke
enTu enTakke
hattakke
hattu

ippattu
ayvattu
nUramUvattu

ippattakke ayvattakke nUramUvattakke

kke oTTina baLika hesarupattugeya inta oTTu baraballudu:

eraDakke eraDakkinta mUrakke mUrakkinta

ayvattakke mUvattakke

ayvattakkinta mUvattakkinta

hesarupattugeya a oTTannu ivugaLige sErisuva modalu rakAra

vannu sErisalAguttade:

mUru mUrara
aydu aydara
hattu

hattara

naluvattu mUvattu nUru

naluvattara mUvattara nUrara

esakapattugeya inda mattu lli oTTugaLu I a oTTina rUpagaLa

baLika baruttave:

(1) inda oTTina baLake: mUrara mUrarinda enTara enTarinda

(2) lli oTTina baLake: hattara hattaralli
eraDara eraDaralli

naluvattara nUrara

naluvattarinda nUrarinda

ayvattara ippattara

ayvattaralli ippattaralli

sAvira, lakSa, miliya, kOTi modalAda eravalu padagaLU mEle vivarisida pattugeya oTTugaLannu paDeyaballuvu; Adare, avu I oTTugaLannu eNikeya padagaLa hAge paDeyuva badalu, bEre hesaru padagaLa hAge paDeyuttave. idakke kelavu ettugegaLannu keLage koDalAgide:

sAvira sAviravannu miliya miliyakke lakSakke lakSakkinta
sAvira sAvirada
lakSada lakSadinda
sAvirada sAviradalli

lakSa kOTi sAvirakke
kOTi miliyada kOTiya

lakSavannu kOTige sAvirakkinta kOTiya miliyadinda kOTiyalli

mElina oTTugaLu mAtravallade, ondu paTTiyalli obba vyakti, ondu vastu illavE ondu viSayayada jAgavannu sUcisuva aneya illavE anE oTTannU eNikeya padagaLige sErisi padarUpagaLannu paDeyabahudu: nAlkaneya (nAlkanE) huDuga, hattaneya mara, aydanE ATa.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

4.10 tiruLu

I pattugeyalli padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasabEkAdAga avakke koDabEkAguva padarUpagaLu entahavu embudannu vivarisalAgide. bErellA padagaLigintalU esakapadagaLige kannaDadalli tumbA heccu padarUpagaLive; mattu, ivugaLalli himbottina padarUpagaLannu unTu mADuvudu bErellA padarUpagaLannu unTumADuvudakkintalU heccu toDakinadAgide.

                                                         padarUpagaLa iTTaLa / 325 

kannaDada padagaLalli esakapadagaLannu ondu gumpinalliyU uLidellA padagaLannu innondu gumpinalliyU irisi hELabahudu; yAkendare, esakapadagaLa padarUpagaLannu unTumADuvalli bEreyE oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave, mattu uLidellA padagaLa padarUpagaLannu unTu mADuvalli heccukaDime ondE bageya oTTugaLu baLakeyAguttave.

I eraDu bageya oTTugaLa baLakeyannu, mattu avu sEridAga avugaLalli mattu avugaLondige baruva padagaLalli kANisikoLLuva sErikeya mArpADugaLannu illi vivaravAgi tiLisikoDalAgide.

kelavu arimeya padagaLu

pAribhAShika pada racane vatramAnakAla
dhvani

I pustakadalli hosadAgi baLakeyAgiruva kelavu arimeya padagaLige heccukaDime hondikeyAgaballa samskruta mattu ingliS padagaLannu keLage koDalAgide.
arimeya pada iTTaLa
Ipottu
uli
ulikante
ulipu
ettuge
esakapada
oTTu
oyyuge
OraNa
kaTTale
kuraLu
kELvi
taDe gurutu
tereyuli
tOrupada
nele-tiLivu
pattuge
padanerake
parice
paricepada
pasuge
pAngu

technical term structure present tense sound, phone syllable pronunciation example verb affix medium order rule paragraph question
comma vowel demonstrative pronoun topic-comment relation dictionary characteristic adjective, adverb chapter role

uccAraNe
udAharaNe kriyApada
pratyaya
mAdhyama
krama
(niyama)
vAkyaparicchEda praSne

sambandha
padakOSa
svarUpa
viSESaNapada adhyAya
pAtra

svara

                                                kelavu arimeya padagaLu / 327 

barige
barigepaTTi
beragu
mucculi
mumbottu
sikkalu sollarime
himbottu
huruLu
hesarupada
gurutisuvudu baLake pattuge huruLu pattuge nelegoLisu uliya EriLita jODupada horapaDike bEru aNakapada
konerUpa korepada
arikerUpa ADuga kELuga heratu esakapattuge hesarupattuge ujjuli
mUguli
taDeyuli
badiyuli
maDaculi
hoDeyuli

akShara
varNamAle AScarya
vyanjana
bhaviShyatkAla sankIrNa
vyAkaraNa
bhUtakAla
athra
nAmapada

samAsa
apavAda
dhAtu

AjYArthaka uttama
madhyama
prathama vibhakti ShaShThI vibhakti UShma anunAsika
spaShra

mUrdhanya rEpha

letter alphabet exclamation consonant future tense complex
grammar past tense meaning noun reference pragmatic relation semantic relation grounding intonation compound exception root onamatopoea finite form irregular word imperative first person second person third person case genitive fricative nasal stop lateral retroflex flap

taDeyilladuli naDurUpa
gunugunisuva Uduli
ippuruLu
oLanuDita
esakaparice hesaruparice gurutina oTTu OreNike
halaveNike
ganDugurta
heNNugurta
uLikegurta allagaLeta
bEDike

ghOSha
mahAprANa arthasandigdhate vigrahavAkya kriyAviSEShaNa nAmaviSEShaNa AkhyAta pratyaya Ekavacana
bahuvacana pullinga
strIlinga
napumsakalinga niShEdhArthaka

frictionless continuant non-finite form voiced aspirated ambiguity

adverb adjective personal suffix singular plural masculine feminine neuter negation condition