kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

lEkhakaru: Di. en. Sankara baT mULa: YouTube udangaLu — 55 bhAgagaLu, 9 adhyAyagaLu odidaravaru: malati baT

mUla paThya (kannaDa lipi): kn/full.md ingliS viSlEShaNe: en/summary.md

oLapiDi

adhyAya 1 — pIThike: oLaracane enbudu Enu?

bhAgagaLu 1–6

📼 bhAgagaLu 1–6 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 1.4: padagaLu mattu oTTugaLu annu Adhariside (bhAgagaLu 3–4)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 1.5: padaoTTugaLu mattu padarUpadoTTugaLu annu Adhariside (bhAgagaLu 4–5)

kannaDa vAkyagaLalli eraDu bAge padagaLu balakayyallive: oLaracane iruvA padagaLu mattu oLaracane illadA padagaLu. ‘munnuDi’ — ‘munna’ mattu ‘nuDi’ sEri bandide, oLaracane ide. ‘tale’ — oLaracane illa, beriI akSharegaLa sErike mAtranE. oLaracane-iruvA padagaLa artha sAdhAraNa balakayyalli ariyabahudu — artha saMdarbhiMda mattu oLaraceiniMda Uma hodeyabahudu.

padagaLa oLaracane mattu avugaLa caritra bErE bErE: caritra eTTu hOgiddanta oLaracane ariyabEku enthede kannaDadalli iMdU avugaLannu hEge baLasuttArO A mEle. eraDara naDuvina vyatyAsa gaNakke irisuvudu avaSya.

padaoTTu (lexical affix) mattu padarUpadoTTu (inflectional affix) bErE bErE. eraDannu bErE mADu A ShaT nirNAyaka parIkShegaLive. utpAdakavAda oLaracane mattu anutpAdakavAda oLaracane kUDa bErE — ee pustakadalli eraDannu gaNisuttAre, muKyavAgi cAritrika aMSagaLa Adharake mEle.

adhyAya 2 — kannaDada pada varggagaLu

bhAgagaLu 7–12

📼 bhAgagaLu 7–12 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 2.1: munnOTa annu Adhariside (bhAga 7)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 2.2: padagumpugaLalli vyatyAsagaLu annu Adhariside (bhAga 8)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 2.3.1: nEravAda baLake annu Adhariside (bhAga 9)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 2.3.2: arthAdalli vyatyAsa annu Adhariside (bhAga 10)

kannaDadalli mUru svantantra pada varggagaLive: hesaruppada (noun), esakappada (verb), pariceppada (qualifier/adjective). samskxtadalli viSEShana padagaLannu hesarupadagaLu enthE pariganisuttArE — kannaDadalli haAge alla; ee mUru varggagaLu svantantra kaArana kArvANe mADuttaDE.

ee mUru varggagaLannu bErE bErE mADuvA ELu vAkya-rIti parIkShegaLive: (1) tulana prayOge (pariceppada mAtranE: ‘onDe’ + base form); (2) AnuvAkya prayOge; (3) ‘iruvudu’ enba samuddEShArtha prayOge; (4) aNuku padagaLa prayOge (hesaruppada mAtranE); (5) vismaya prayOge (pariceppada mAtranE); (6) AnuvAkya vishESha rUpa; (7) sandarbhagata bErEtana.

ee vAkya-rIti parIkShegaLE sAkShi — mUru varggagaLu kannaDadalli nijakkU bErE bErE. samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamada mEle kannaDa pada varggagaLannu nirdhArisu mADuvudu tappU.

adhyAya 3 — nAmapadagaLa oLaracane

bhAgagaLu 13–19

📼 bhAgagaLu 13–19 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 3.2: jODupadagaLu mattu nAmapadaguccHagaLu annu Adhariside (bhAga 14)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 3.3.7: nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmapadaguccHagaLu annu Adhariside (bhAga 17)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 3.6.2: sambandhAdalli vyatyAsa annu Adhariside (bhAga 19)

hesaruppada mattu vAkya mUlada bEtEyali ELu parIkShegaLu bErE mADuttaDE: (1) SabdagaLa maDike sAdhyatE; (2) vibhakti pratyaya sErike; (3) saMdhi badalAvaNe sambhava; (4) toDE pada padhati; (5) aNuku pada prayOge; (6) vismaya prayOge sambhava; (7) artha-niyaMtraNa.

rUDhanAma (proper noun — ankitanAma) mattu sAmAnya nAma (common noun) eraDU oLaracane iruva hesarupadagaLu. sAmAnya nAmagaLu vxtti-muKEna hELuttave; rUDhanAmagaLu hELuvudilla. nAmapadagaLa artha avugaLa oLaraceiniMda prathyEka nirdhArisabahudu entheDalla — artha badalAguttidE, oLaracane stira iruttade. ‘kuNita’ → ‘kuNi’ + ‘-ta’ ide, adarE ‘kuNita’da artha ‘kuNi’ kElasaKe mItarigide.

adhyAya 4 — pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu

bhAgagaLu 20–26

📼 bhAgagaLu 20–26 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 4.1: pIThike annu Adhariside (bhAga 20)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 4.4: nAmapadagaLiMda tAyArAda nAmapadagaLu annu Adhariside (bhAga 24)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 4.5.1: nEravAda baLake annu Adhariside (bhAga 25)

esakapadagaLiMda hesarupadagaLannu kaTTuvA hattU muKya pratyayagaLive: -ike/-ige (action noun, most productive), -ta/-t (concrete process), -a, -vu, -vaLi, -vaN, -e, -alu, -ku, SUnyadinda (zero suffix).

-ike/-ige ee ondu pratyaya sAvirada esaka padagaLigE kelsappaDuttade. kElasa hesarupadagaLannu, phaLa hesarupadagaLannu mattu sAdhana hesarupadagaLannu kaDegE mADisuttade. ee utpAdakate sUcisuttade — kannaDada svanta pada-nirmANada baLa AluLide.

SUnyadinda (zero derivation): kannaDadalli halavU esaka padagaLu nEraDavAgiyE hesarupadagaLAgi balakayyallive — pratyaya bEDa. nagu = “to laugh” mattu “a laugh”, ODu = “to run” mattu “a run”. ee typologically muKya viShaya.

hesaruppada mUladinda hoSa hesarupadagaLu: -tana (guNa-noun), -iga/-ga (A sthAnakke sambandha), -gAra (vxtti naDEsuvavanu), -ariga (ariMBudavanu), -olaviga (olavu tulisuvAvanu).

adhyAya 5 — jODupadagaLu

bhAgagaLu 27–39

📼 bhAgagaLu 27–39 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 5.2: jODupadagaLu mattu padaguccHagaLu annu Adhariside (bhAga 28)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 5.5: jODupadagaLa oLaracane annu Adhariside (bhAga 31)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 5.6.4: kEMdra biMduvina sThAnavannadhArisiÁ vibhajane annu Adhariside (bhAga 33)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 5.8.2: padavarggagaLa saMKyE annu Adhariside (bhAga 35)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 5.8.4: subanta pratyaya annu Adhariside (bhAga 36)

I bhAga pustakaÁ 5.8.5: avyayIbhAva samAsa annu Adhariside (bhAga 37)

jODuppada mattu nAmapada-guccHagaLannu bErE mADuvA ELu parIkShegaLu. nAlku vibhajana mAnapaTTugaLu: (1) aMgagaLa saMKyE; (2) modala aMgada pada-vargg; (3) eraDanE aMgada bAge vividhate; (4) kEMdra-biMduvina sThAna (right-headed vs. exocentric).

heccina kannaDa jODupadagaLu ‘right-headed’ — eraDanE aMga vAkya-kArya nirdhAraNe mADisuttade. adarE koMdU ‘exocentric’ (‘bahuvrihi’ rItiya) — yAvU aMga vAkya-kArya nirdhAraNe mADisuvudilla.

samskxta saMAsa TaxanAmi (tatpuruSha, dvaMdva, bahuvrihi) kannaDa jODupadagaLigE tanappaDuttAre mADidAga niyamita tappAguttade. kAraNa: kannaDa jODupadagaLu ee samskxta rUpagaLe tantrannu anugamisuvudilla. samskxta-SikShitarAda vyAkaraNakAraru A paTTigaLannu nantara ArOpisidaru — haLe kannaDadallU jODupadagaLu bEre rIti naDEyuttide.

adhyAya 6 — kriyApadagaLa oLaracane

bhAgagaLu 40–42

📼 bhAgagaLu 40–42 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 6.4: isu enba pratyayada baLake annu Adhariside (bhAga 40)

kannaDa esaka padagaLalli heccina mUla padagaLannu viSlESHisa mADalAguvudilla — ‘simplex’ (unanalysable). palEyaLike pratyayagaLu (fossil affixes): haLatu -cu pratyaya eMdu uLidukondide; iMdU utpAdakatE illa. utpAdakavAda pratyaya onda mAtranE: -isu (causative).

-isu pratyaya kannaDa esaka-padagaLa nirmANada dhanivAda samarthe — muLugu (sink) → muLugisu (cause to sink), ODu (run) → ODisu (cause to run/drive). ee eMdu bAgEyanU hoSa esakapadagaLannu kaTTabahudu: hesaruppada + -isu, pariceppada + -isu, adalike pada + -isu.

kUDupadagaLu (compound verbs): hesaruppada + esaka (taletoLe = brainwash), pariceppada + esaka (eddutrOrisu = highlight), esaka (jODuvA rUpa) + esaka (kEdarihuDu = stir-fry). kriyAsamAsa enba vyAkaraNa viShaya heccAgi samskxta-AdhAritavAda vyAkaraNakArarA tinappinAddu; baT avaru ee paTTaigeyA nirupaNavannu parIkShisutte hesarupada + esakavennuvudu kUDa sADhyavennudu tOruttAre.

adhyAya 7 — guNapadagaLa oLaracane

bhAgagaLu 43–44

📼 bhAgagaLu 43–44 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 7.4: pratyayagaLa baLake annu Adhariside (bhAga 44)

kannaDa guNapadagaLa muKya lakshaNA: avugaLu rUpa badalAyisuvudilla — linGa, vacana, vibhaktigE anusArAvAgi. ee samskxta viSEShana padagaLiMda maulika bEdavAgalilla endu haLe kannaDa vyAkaraNakAraru miss mADidarU.

mUla (underived) guNapadagaLu: biLi, doDDa, oLLe — ee avayava-rUpa pratyaya illadE nEravAgiyE balakayyallive. sthira mattu cala/sApEkShA guNagaLu bErEbErE.

hoSa guNapadagaLu kaTTuvA pratyayagaLu — hesarupadagaLiMda, esakapadagaLiMda, mattu bErE guNapadagaLiMda. -da (past participial qualifier), -uva (present participial qualifier), -ada (negative participial qualifier) — ee mUru muKyavAgive. sAksShAtvAgi bEre bErE pada-varggagaLiMda guNapadagaLannu paDeyabahudu: hesaruppada + -da (possessive form serving as qualifier), esaka + -uva/-da/-ada.

adhyAya 8 — eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracane

bhAgagaLu 45–54

📼 bhAgagaLu 45–54 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ 8.5: kriyApadagaLu annu Adhariside (bhAga 53)

samskxtagaLiMda eravalAgi banda padagaLu eraDu bAgehatti: tatsama (kaDime swIkxta — phoNology badalAgilla) mattu tadbhava (pUrNA svIkruta — kannaDa svara-vyaMjana niyamagaLigE anugaNave badalAvaNe Agide). ee eraDara oLaracane bErE bErE rItiyanalli nODuttAre.

tatsama padagaLalli dAna bhASheya oLaracane ‘upayOgavAga’ uLiyuttade — samskxta pratyayagaLu mattu sandhi niyamA avugaLalliruva kAraNa. ee pratyayagaLu kannaDadalli hOdaMte kANuttAre. samskxta munnOTTugaLu (apa-, saha-, ati-) kannaDakke baMdu iMdU kannaDada svaAta padagaLiMda kUDa hoSa padagaLannu kaTTa baLasabahudu — ee ittIcina gativiDiyi.

tadbhava padagaLu kannaDada svaniyamagaLigE anugaNave badalAgiruva kAraNa avugaLannu svantavennuvudu kaTTaTa. adarE tatsama padagaLigE samskxta oLaracane avigaLalliruva kAraNa avugaLannu kannaDa niyamagaLinda vivarisidarE sari, samskxta niyamagaLinda vivarisidarE tappU.

adhyAya 9 — muktAya

bhAga 55

📼 bhAga 55 →

I bhAga pustakaÁ adhyAya ombattu annu Adhariside

ee pustakada muKya sammati: eraDu sahasra varShagaLu samskxta-Adharida vyAkaraNa padhati kannaDakke tanappaDuttittirU — kannaDada svanta pada-varggagaLu, oLaracane niyamA, rUpa-nirvahaNe ivugaLannu samskxta mAnakaTTina mEle nODigAga tappAguttade. kannaDigarE Adharida bErEyE vyAkaraNa-paraMpare kaTTabekaAgide.

mUru pada-varggagaLa oLaracane saMkShEpa: hesarupadagaLu (pratyayagaLiMda mattu jODupadagaLiMda bahu utpAdakavAda nirmANa ide), esakapadagaLu (mUlapade utpAdakata kaDime, -isu pratyaya mattu kUDupadagaLu muKya), guNapadagaLu (rUpa badalAyisuvudilla, pratyayagaLiMda bErE pada-varggagaLiMda huttuttave).

ee pustaka modale kannaDa prada vyAkaraNa paraMparegE ondu Adharadi — kannaDada svata pada-rIti mattu oLaracana niyamagaLa sarige vivaraNe. mOMde pustakagaLu (Book 25 — vakyagaLa oLaracane; Book 01 — idu kannaaDadE vyAkaraNa) ee paraMpareyA miDida kElasagaLannu munduvarisuttave.

muKya parikalpanegaLu (Eke)

kannaDa lipi Eke artha
ಒಳರಚನೆ oLaracane internal structure / morphology
ಪದ pada word
ಪದರೂಪ padarUpa inflected word form
ಒಟ್ಟು oTTu affix
ಪದದೊಟ್ಟು padaoTTu lexical/derivational affix
ಪದರೂಪದೊಟ್ಟು padarUpadoTTu inflectional affix
ಹೆಸರುಪದ hesaruppada noun
ಎಸಕಪದ esakappada verb
ಪರಿಚೆಪದ pariceppada qualifier/adjective
ಜೋಡುಪದ jODuppada compound (nominal)
ಕೂಡುಪದ kUDuppada compound (verbal)
ಹೊರಕುಳಿ ಪದ horakuLi pada bound root
ಪಳೆಯಳಿಕೆ paLeiyaLike fossil affix
ತದ್ಭವ tadbhava nativised Sanskrit loan
ತತ್ಸಮ tatsama unadapted Sanskrit loan
ಕೀಳರಿಮೆ kILarime inferiority complex (toward Sanskrit)
ಮೇಲರಿಮೆ mElarime superiority complex (of Sanskrit)
ಸೊನ್ನೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ sonne pratyaya zero derivation