kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa

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adhyAya 1 — munnOTa
adhyAya 2 — sErikeya niyamagaLu
adhyAya 3 — padavagragaLu
adhyAya 4 — padagaLa oLaracane
adhyAya 5 — samAsagaLu
adhyAya 6 — linga mattu vacanagaLu
adhyAya 7 — vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu
adhyAya 8 — vibhaktigaLu
adhyAya 9 — vibhaktipallaTa
adhyAya 10 — savranAmagaLu mattu eNikeya padagaLu
adhyAya 11 — kriyArUpagaLu
adhyAya 12 — muktAya

Di. en. Sankara baT

VYAAKARANA (Kannada needs its own grammar) by D.N.Shankara Bhat, Mungaravalli, Bhimanakone P.O, Honnesara, Sagara 577 417; Phone: 9449774956;
E-mail: bhatdns@rediffmail.com

modalaneya accu : 2000 tiddi doDDadu mADiruva ELaneya accu : 2013

bi: barahagAra

horapaDike : Di. en. Sankara baT, mungaravaLLi, bImanakONe ance, honnEsara, sAgaratIrthahaLLi 577 417

navakarnATaka prakASana, 11, kresenT raste, ke.pi.IsTa, bengaLUru 560 001.

SrI Sakti elekTrik pres, 13nE krAs, jayanagara, maysUru 570 014.

I  pustakakke  eraDu  mukhyavAda  uddESagaLive.  pavraDhaSAlegaLalli  vidyArthigaLige  kannaDa  vyAkaraNavannu  kalisuvudiddalli  entaha  vyAkaraNa  vannu kalisabEku embudannu sUcisuvudu ondu uddESa, mattu viSva  vidyAlayagaLalli  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  mEle  samSOdhane  naDesuvavaru  yAva  mAgradalli  hOdare  saphalarAgaballaru  embudannu  tiLisuvudu  innondu uddESa. 
pavraDhaSAlegaLalli  vidyArthigaLige  kannaDa  vyAkaraNavannu  kalisuva  avaSyakateyideyE  athavA  illavE?  ideyAdare  adannu  yAva  rIti  yalli  kalisabEku?  nEravAgi  kalisabEkE  athavA  padagaLa  mattu  vAkya  gaLa  baLakeyannu  vivarisuvudara  mUlaka  parOkShavAgi  kalisabEke?  intaha  praSnegaLige  uttaravannu  SikShaNatajYarE  koDabEku.  nAnu  SikShaNa  tajYanalla, vayyAkaraNi mAtra. hAgAgi, mElina praSnegaLige uttaravannu  hELalu nAnilli prayatnisilla. 
Adare  kannaDada  maTTige  entaha  vyAkaraNavannu  kalisabEku?  sadyakke  paThyagaLAgiruva  vyAkaraNa  pustakagaLu  I  kelasavannu  samaprakavAgi  neravErisuttiveyE?  embantaha  praSnegaLige  uttaravannu  obba  vayyA  karaNi  mAtra  koDaballa.  kanrATakadalli  SikShaNa  tajYaru  I  viShayadalli  ondu  doDDa  tappu  mADuttiddAre.  kannaDa  vyAkaraNavannu  hEge  mattu  eShTu  kalisabEku  embudannu  mAtravallade,  A  hesarinalli  Enu  kalisa  bEku embudannU avarE nirdharisuttiruva hAge kANisuttade. 
kannaDa  vyAkaraNa  emba  hesarinalli  EnEnO  anavaSyakavAda  mattu  tappu  tappAda  viShayagaLannu  kalisuvudara  mUlaka  pavraDhaSAleya  vidyArthigaLa  amUlyavAda  samayavannu  I  SikShaNatajYaru  hALu  mADuttiddAre.  idu  hEge  embudannu  nAnu  I  pustakadalli  vivarisi  tOrisiddEne.  idannavaru  ommeyAdarU  OdinODi  tAvu  entaha  tappu mADuttiddEve embudannu tiLidukoLLali ennuvudu nanna uddESa.  vyAkaraNa  SikShaNadalli  mattu  kannaDa  vyAkaraNadalli  Asaktiyiruva  itararigU I pustaka rucisaballudu. 

kanrATakada  viSvavidyAlayagaLalli  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  bagge  naDeyu  ttiruva  samSOdhanegaLu  hosadEnannU  kanDuhiDiyuva  hAge  kANisu  vudilla. idakke I samSOdhanegaLu hAdi tappiruvudE kAraNavendu nanna  abhiprAya.  kESirAjanE  modalAda  hindina  vayyAkaraNigaLu  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  kuritu  Enu  hELiddAre  embudannu  arthamADikonDare  sAladu.  avaru  hELiruvudaralli  tappu  illavE  asAngatya  EnAdarU  ideyE?  avaru  hELadE  iruvantaha  viShayagaLEnAdarU  iveyE?  embudannu kanDuhiDidAga mAtra adu samSOdhaneyAgaballudu.  
kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  maTTige  namage  tiLiyadiruva  intaha  sAvirAru  viShayagaLive. ivu entahavu embudannu I pustaka tOrisikoDuttade.  hAgAgi  idu  samSOdhane  mADa  bEkendiruvavarige mAgradaSriyAgaballudu. 
I  pustakada  hastapratiyannomme  Odi  nODi  tamma  amUlyavAda  salahegaLannu  koTTa  geLeya  DA.  bha.  mallikAjruna  avarige  nAnu  AbhAri.  idallade  I  pustakada  prakaTaNege  anudAna  koTTiruva  bhAratIya  bhAShA  samsthAnakkU,  idannu  bareyuvudakke  mattu  mudrisuvudakke  ‘baraha’  tantrASavannu  ucitavAgi  baLasalu  oppige  koTTiruva  SrI  SESAdrivAsu  candraSEkharan  avarigU,  andavAgi  mudrisikoTTiruva  SrISakti  ilekTrik  presna  SrI  rA.  vem.  SrInivAsa  mUtri  mattu  avara  suputra  SrI  rA.  mOhana  mUtri  avarigU  mattu idara mArATada hoNe hottiruva atri buk senTarina SrI ji.  en. aSOkavardhana avarigU nAnu AbhAri. 

kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle

maysUru janavari 25, 2000

Di. en. Sankara bhaT

tiddi doDDadu mADida eraDaneya accu

I  pustakada  modalaneya  mudraNada  pratigaLella  ondE  vaShradalli  tIri  hOduvu.  I  eraDaneya  mudraNadalli  halakelavu  badalAvaNe  gaLannu mADiddEne. ivu sahxdaya Odugarige meccugeyAgabahudendu  bhAvisuttEne. 

maysUru julAyi 15, 2001

Di. en. Sankara bhaT

innomme tiddi doDDadu mADida mUraneya accu

I mUraneya mudraNadalli innaShTu badalAvaNegaLannu mADiddEne.  nijakkU  haLegannaDa  vyAkaraNa  entahadu?  emba  hesarina  pustakavannu  (bhaT  2005)  bareyuva  samayadalli  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  kuritu  nAnu  kanDuhiDida  kelavu  hosa  viShayagaLannU  I  pustakadalli  sErisi  konDiddEne.  idarindAgi  I  pustakada  uddESa  innaShTu  spaShTavAgide  yundu nanage anisuttade. 

maysUru phebravari 1, 2006

Di. en. Sankara bhaT

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1. munnOTa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.1 vyAkaraNa parampare

kannaDa vyAkaraNada kalikege ondu sAvira varSagaLigintalU heccu uddavAda caritreyide. I sAvira varSagaLalli kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle bEre bEre rItiya mattu bEre bEre gAtrada nUrakkU heccu pustakagaLannu mattu biDi barahagaLannu horataralAgide. ivu kannaDadalli mAtravallade, ingliS, samskruta, marATi, hindi, raSyan modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLallU bandive.
idallade, I vyAkaraNagaLu sUtra rUpadalli, sUtrada vyAkyAna rUpadalli, praSnOttara rUpadalli, prabanda rUpadalli, paTya rUpadalli

hIge bEre bEre rUpagaLalli tayArAgive. kannaDavannu kaliya bayasuvavaru, kannaDada oLaguTTannu tiLiya bayasuvavaru, kannaDavannu itara drAviDa illavE Arya nuDigaLondige hOlisa bayasuvavaru, kannaDada hinnaDavaLi(caritre)yannu ariya bayasuvavaru - hIge bEre bEre rItiya Odugara bEDikegaLannu mundiTTukonDu barediruva vyAkaraNagaLU ivugaLallive. kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle iSTellA arake mattu baravaNigegaLu naDediveyembudu namage higgu mattu hemmegaLannu taraballudEnO nija. Adare, I pustakagaLu mattu biDi barahagaLu nijakkU kannaDa vyAkaraNada oLaguTTannu tiLisikoDuvalli mattu avannu baLasi bEDikegaLannu koLLuvudara pUraysuvudaralli eSTara samartavAgive embudannu maTTige pariSIlisuvudu avaSya. idakkAgi I barahagaLannu mUru mukya vyAkaraNaparamparegaLalli tayArAdavugaLembudAgi vingaDisikoLLabahudu. samskrutada vyAkaraNa parampareyalli tayArAgiruva kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNa, baTTAkaLankana SabdAnuSAsana mattu innitara halavAru haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu ondu gumpige sEruttave. SAlAkAlEjugaLalli

mUlaka Odugara

bEre

racisiruva

mukyavAgi

sollarigaru

SatamAnadindIcege

paTyagaLAgi baLakeyAguttiruva heccina vyAkaraNagaLU I gumpige sEruttave. kriSciyan hattombattanE miSanarigaLu ingliSnalli barediruva hosagannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu eraDaneya gumpige sEruttave. ivannella yurOpina vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racisalAgide.
adarindIcege ivattina kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLu mattu biDi barahagaLu mUraneya gumpige sEruttave. ivannu mukyavAgi amerikada ingliS vyAkaraNa parampareyalli tayArisalAgide. kannaDada I mUru parampareya vyAkaraNagaLallU namage kanDubaruva ondu mukyavAda sangatiyEnendare, ivu bErAvudO ondu nuDiya endare, samskruta, lyATin illavE ingliS nuDiya vyAkaraNa parampareyannu anusarisalu prayatnisiveyallade kannaDakke adaraddE Ada ondu vyAkaraNa parampareyannu beLesikoDalu prayatnisilla. I ellA vyAkaraNagaLallU idondu eddu kANuva korate. samskruta, lyATin mattu ingliS – ivu mUrU inDO- yurOpiyan emba ondE nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDigaLu. ivu svatantravAda nuDigaLAgiddu ondarindondu sAkaSTu bErAgiveyAdarU ivugaLalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu heccu kaDime ondE rItiyavugaLAgive. hAgAgi, I mUru vyAkaraNa paramparegaLU ondE parampareya mUru prabEdagaLendu hELalu baruttade. kannaDa idakkinta tIra bErAgiruva drAviDa nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDi. idu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu samskruta, lyATin, ingliS modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan nuDigaLu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLiginta tIra bErAdavugaLu.
intaha tIra bErAgiruva mUlatvagaLannu baLasuva kannaDa vyAkaraNada vaySiSTyagaLannu vivarisabEkiddalli kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyondannu beLesikoLLuva avaSyakateyide. samskruta illavE ingliS nuDiya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli bareda pustakagaLu mattu biDibarahagaLu kannaDadavE Ada vaySiSTyagaLige heccina gamana koDalAravu mattu koTTilla.

vyAkaraNagaLallU

heccina

vyAkaraNada samskruta kannaDada kannaDa vyAkaraNakke aLavaDisikoLLalu mUlatatvagaLannu hAgeyE prayatnisalAgide. intaha prayatna kannaDada atyanta prAcInavAda vyAkaraNagaLa kAladindalU naDedu bandide.
kannaDada I prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu A rIti mADalu mukyavAgi eraDu kAraNagaLive. prAkruta, apabramSa, pAli modalAdavugaLa hAge kannaDavU samskrutada ondu (vikruta) rUpavemba bhAvane avaralliddudu ondu kAraNa; vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLa maTTige ondu nuDi innondarinda tIra bErAgiraballudu emba viSaya avara gamanakke bandiralillavembudu innondu kAraNa.
kannaDa samskrutada vikruta rUpavalla, adakkinta tIra bErAgiruva ‘drAviDa’ emba hesarina bEreyE ondu nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDi emba viSaya vayyAkaraNigaLa arivige bandudu hattombattaneya SatamAnada naDubhAgadalli (kAlDavel 1856). anantara naDeda nuDigaLa kuritAda arakegaLu, adarallU emenO mattu barO racisida drAviDa jnAtipadakOSa (emenO mattu barO 1961) mattu kruSNamUrti ittIcege prakaTisida drAviDa nuDigaLa hOlike (kruSNamUrti 2003) I viSayadalli svalpavU sandEha uLiyada hAge mADive.
idallade, bErAgiraballudu emba viSayavU vayyAkaraNigaLa gamanakke bandudu ippattaneya SatamAnadalli. prapancadalli baLakeyalliruva nUrAru nuDigaLige vyAkaraNagaLannu bareyalu prayatna mADidAga avu bahaLa maTTige ondakkinta ondu tIra bErAgiraballuvu emba viSaya spaSTavAyitu.
hAgAgi, I ippattondaneya SatamAnadallU namma prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu mADida tappannu tiddade hAgeyE munduvarisikonDu hOguvudarinda yAva puruSArtavU siddisalAradu. sUrya mUDu dikkinalli mUDi paDu dikkinalli muLuguttAnemba haLE kAlada anisikeyannu sariyumbudAgi ivattigU kagOLa vijnAnada klAsinalli hELi koDuvudu hEge tappAguttadeyO hAgeyE idU kUDa. vyAkaraNavembudu nuDiyinda nudige

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1.2 vyAkaraNada uddESa

ondu nuDiyalli baruva padagaLa, padakantegaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyentahadu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudE A nuDiya mEle nAvu bareyabahudAda vyAkaraNada mukya uddESa. I racane bEre bEre nuDigaLalli bEre bEre teranAgiruttade. hAgAgi bEre bEre nuDigaLa vyAkaraNagaLU bEre bEre teranAgiruvudu atyavaSya.
nijakkU kannaDa nuDiya vyAkaraNavannu nAvellarU ballevu. illavAdare kannaDa nuDiyalli tappillade vAkyagaLannu racisalu mattu manassige namage tOriddannella innobbarige vivarisi hELalu sAdyavAguttiralilla. cikkandinalli nuDiyannADalu kaliyuvAgalEnE adara vyAkaraNavannU nAvu I rIti namage tiLiyadanteyE kalitukonDiruttEve.
Adare I vyAkaraNada arivu namma miduLinalli namma arivige eTakada rUpadalli tumbikonDiruttade. adannu baLasuvudu hEge embudannu nAvu tiLidiruvevallade adara svarUpaventahadu embudannu nAvu tiLidilla. ettugegAgi kannaDadalli mAtanADuvAga, marada peTTige, kallina gODe, kereya nIru, adara kaNNu, akkana mane embantaha padakantegaLannu kaSTavillade baLasuttEve. Adare I padakantegaLa racaneyalli (1) eraDu ‘hesarupada’gaLu oTTige sErive; (2) avannu I rIti oTTige sErisuvudakkAgi modalaneya hesarupadadondige a emba oTTannu baLasabEkAgide; mattu (3) hIge baLasuvAga A hesarupadada svarUpavannanusarisi adarondige d, in, y, r mattu n emba ‘Agama’gaLannU baLasabEkAgide embudu namma gamanakke baruvudilla. adu namma gamanakke bAradiddarU I kelasavannu nAvu pratiyondu bAriyU tappillade naDesaballevu. elli r barabEku, elli d barabEku, elli in illavE n barabEku embudannu nAvu vivarisalArevAdarU avannella sariyAgiyE barabEkAda kaDegaLalli baLasaballevu. I baLakegaLa hinde viSiSTavAdondu kaTTaleyideyumba viSayavU namma gamanakke baruvudilla. antaha kaTTalegaLannella nAvu
namma arivige eTakada rUpadalli mAtra paDedukonDiruvudE idakke intaha ‘arivige bArada’ illavE ‘arivige eTakada’ arivu namma itara SArIrika caTuvaTikegaLigU atyavaSya. ettugegAgi namma kaNNige bEre bEre masUravannu sambandhisidantaha caTuvaTikegaLannu gamanisabahudu. nAvu hattirada vastugaLannU gurutisaballevu, dUrada vastugaLannU gurutisaballevu. nintiruva prANiyannU gurutisaballevu, vEgadinda calisuttiruva prANiyannU gurutisaballevu. intaha halavu kaNNige sambandisida caTuvaTikegaLannu nAvu naDesaballevAgiddu, adakkAgi namma kaNNina guDDegaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli calisabEkAguttade mattu A guDDeya mumbAgadalliruva AkAragaLige badalisabEkAguttade.
idannu mADuvudu hEge embudannu nAvu tiLididdEve. Adare A tiLuvaLike entahadu embudu namma arivige eTakada rUpadallide. kaNNinalli entaha snAyugaLella ive, avugaLalli kelavannu higgisi mattu innu kelavannu kuggisi namma kaNNugaLannu hEge bEre bEre rItiyalli niyantrisuttEve emba viSaya namage tiLiyadu. kaNNina oLaracaneyannu kalitiruva kaNNina DAkTarara miduLinalli mAtra I viSaya arivige eTakuva rUpadallide.
nuDiya viSayavU hIgeyE. mAtanADuvudu hEgendu namage gottide, endare mAtanADalu bEkAguva vyAkaraNAmSagaLella namma mattu taleyalli mAtanADuvAga avugaLalli hEge baLasikoLLuttEve embudannu nAvu innobbarige vivarisi hELalArevu. A arivu namma miduLinalli namma arivige eTakada rUpadalliruvudE idakke kAraNa.
nuDiyarigaru illavE vayyAkaraNigaLu I arivige eTakada arivu entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuttiddAre, mattu A arivannu arivige eTakaballa vyAkaraNa kaTTalegaLa mUlaka vivarisi hELalu prayatnisuttiddAre. arivige eTakada arivu namma taleyoLage kaTTalegaLa naragaLa ondu viSiSTavAda rUpadalliruvudilla. miduLinalliruva jODaNeya rUpadalli illadiruvudE namma arivige eTakadiralu mukya kAraNa. nuDiyarigaru I rIti ondu nuDiya vyAkaraNada tiLivannu arivige eTakaballa rUpadalli siddapaDisuvudarinda, mattu vidyArtigaLu adannu kaliyuvudarinda prayOjanavEnAdarU ideyE endu yArAdarU

hudugikonDive. Adare avu entahavu mattu

rUpadalliruttade. adu

yAvudannu elli

kaTTalegaLa

kELabahudu. Adare I praSneyannu nuDiya viSayavAgi kELuttArallade, kaNNina viSayavAgi yArU kELuvudilla.
idakke kAraNavU illadilla. kaNNinalli nOvAdAga illavE bEre tondaregaLunTAdAga adara kuritAgi arivige eTakuva tiLivannu paDediruvavara sahAya namage atyavaSya. hAgAdAga nAvu kUDalE kaNNina DAkTararallige ODuttEve. Adare nuDiya viSayavAgi namage antaha tondare baruvante tOruvudilla. hAgAgi vayyAkaraNigaLa illavE nuDiyarigara avaSyakate namage sAmAnyavAgi baruvudillavendE hELabahudu.
idu nijavAdarU, hosa nuDiyondannu kaliyabEkiddalli illavE namma nuDiyallEnE hosa badalAvaNegaLannEnAdarU mADabEkiddalli (ettugegAgi vijnAnada padakOSavondannu tayArisabEkiddalli) namage intaha arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa tiLivu prayOjanakke baruttade. Adare idu kaNNina tondareya hAge ellarannU kADuva tondareyalla, mattu parihArakkAgi oDaneyE ODabEkAguvantaha tondareyU alla. vyAkaraNada viSayadalli nAvu heccina maTTige talekeDisikoLLadiruvudakke idE kAraNavirabEku.
Adare halavAru ganTegaLaSTu vidyArtigaLa kAlavannu kannaDa vyAkaraNada kalikegAgi namma SAlegaLalli veccamADuvudiddalli, adannu sariyAgi avarige EnAdarU prayOjanavAguva hAge veccamADuvudu oLLeyadallavE? nuDiya svarUpaventahadu embudannu avarige spaSTavAgi tiLisuvudakkAdarU idannu baLasabahudallavE? bErEnilladiddarU nAvADuva

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.3 kannaDadavallada kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDa nuDiya oLaracaneyannu, endare kannaDavannu baLasuvavara miduLinalli avara arivige eTakada sthitiyalliruva vyAkaraNavannu, arivige eTakuva hAge varNisi hELalu prayatnisabEku. kannaDadalli iduvarege siddavAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLu eSTara maTTige I kelasavannu mADalu samartavAgive embudannu pariSIlisuvudu avaSya.
mEle hELida hAge, kannaDada mEle siddavAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLella samskruta, lyATin illavE ingliS nuDiya vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu mADiruva prayatnagaLE horatu nuDiyalli bareyalu A kannaDadavE Ada vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLannu kanDuhiDiyalu mADiruva prayatnagaLalla.
samskruta illavE ingliS nuDiya vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLannu eSTu mAtrakkU kannaDakke aLavaDisalu sAdyavillavendAdAga mAtra kannaDadalli adaradE Ada vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLEnAdarU iveyE embudannu kanDu hiDiyalu I vyAkaraNagaLu prayatnisuttave. hAgAgi, heccina sandarbagaLallU ivu kannaDa nuDiya vaySiSTyagaLannu vivarisuvalli tIrA asamartavAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. kannaDadalli paTyapustaka samitiya AdESada mErege racitavAgiruva SAlA vyAkaraNagaLannu pariSIlisidAga I viSaya bahaLa spaSTavAgi kaNNige hoDeyuttade. SAlA vidyArtigaLu baLasuva illavE avaru OdabEkAgiruva paTyapustakagaLu baLasuva kannaDa nuDiyannu I vyAkaraNagaLu varNisi hELidalli adu vidyArtiLige gottAdItu mattu antahadE vyAkaraNadinda avarige sahAyavAdItu.
Adare hAge mADuva badalu, I SAlA vyAkaraNagaLu samskruta vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLannu kannaDadalli vivarisi hELalu prayatnisuttave mattu avakke kannaDadalli ettugegaLannu koDalu prayatnisuttave. hIge mADalu kannaDadalli ettugegaLu sigadiddAga, kaTTalegaLannu badalisuva badalu, avakke samskrutadinda ettugegaLannu hekki koDuttave. idu kannaDa vyAkaraNa hEgAdItu? ettugegAgi, I vyAkaraNagaLu samAsavemba adhyAyadalli modalige samskrutadalli Aru samAsagaLiveyendu hELi, anantara avakkinta bErAgiruva eraDu samAsagaLU kannaDadalli iveyendu hELuttave. I samAsagaLige ettugegaLannu koDuvAga kelavakke samskrutadinda, kelavakke haLegannaDadinda, mattu bEre kelavakke hosagannaDadinda ettugegaLannu Arisi koDuttave. ellavakkU hosagannaDadinda ettugegaLannu koDalu sAdyavAgadiruvudE idakke mukya kAraNa.
kalasumElOgaradinda vidyArtigaLige Enu Adare intaha prayOjana dorakItu? samAsada viSaya vidyArtigaLige sariyAgi tiLiyabEkAdare modalige hosagannaDadalli entaha samAsagaLella ive embudannu tiLisi avakke hosagannaDadindalE ettugegaLannu koTTu

vyAkaraNada

vivarisabEku. anantara agatyaviddare haLegannaDada samAsagaLu ivakkinta bErAgiveyE, iddare hEge bErAgive embudannAgalI, illavE samskrutada samAsagaLu entahavu, kannaDada samAsagaLiginta avu hEge bErAgive embudannAgalI ettugegaLa neravininda vivarisabEku. idallavE sariyAda krama? nuDiyannu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.4 hosagannaDakke adaradE vyAkaraNa

nijakkU hosagannaDakke adaradE Ada ondu vyAkaraNavide. idu haLegannaDada vyAkaraNakkinta svalpamaTTige bErAgide. samskruta, ingliS modalAda nuDigaLa vyAkaraNagaLiginta bahaLamaTTige bErAgide. I vyAkaraNa hosagannaDavannu sariyAgi ADaballa mattu adaralli tappillade bareyaballa ellA vyaktigaLa miduLinallU avara arivige eTakada rUpadalli aDagiruttade.
hosagannaDa sariyAgi baLasaballavaru haLegannaDa nuDiyannAgali, illavE samskruta, ingliS modalAda nuDigaLannAgali (avannu pratyEkavAgi kaliyade) baLasalAraru. idE rItiyalli samskruta, ingliS modalAda nuDigaLannu baLasaballavaru pratyEkavAgi kaliyade hosagannaDa nuDiyannu baLasalAraru illavE tiLiyalAraru. I nuDigaLannu baLasalu bEkAguva arivige eTakada vyAkaraNagaLu ondakkinta ondu bErAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.
hosagannaDa nuDiya I arivige eTakada vyAkaraNada tiLivannu hosagannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu mADabEkAgiruva mukya kelasa. I kelasavannu naDesuvudakkAgi avaru padakantegaLu, hosagannaDada mattuvAkyagaLu entahavu embudannu kUlankaSavAgi pariSIlisi avugaLa hindiruva vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLannu bareyabEku.
ettugegAgi, hosagannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneyannu tiLiyalu A padagaLalli entaha padagaLa baLakeyAguttade, entaha oTTugaLa baLakeyAguttade, mattu I oTTugaLa baLakeya hinde entaha kaTTalegaLu aDagive embudannu pariSIlisuvudu avaSya. idakkAgi hosagannaDadalli baLakeyAguva sangrahisi pariSIlisabEkAguttade. badalAyisuvudE eccarikeyinda padagaLannella padagaLu, eTakuva rUpakke mattu vAkyagaLannu padakantegaLannu samskruta vayyAkaraNigaLu samskrutada padagaLannella I rItiyalli sangrahisi avugaLa oLaracaneya hindiruva kaTTalegaLannu paTTimADiddAre. ingliS, lyATin modalAda nuDigaLallU intahadE pariSIlane naDedide. avaru kanDuhiDidiruva samskruta illavE ingliS padagaLa racaneya hindiruva kaTTalegaLannu hAgeyE hosagannaDada padagaLige aLavaDisalu sAdyavAgadu. I padagaLige tammavE Ada kaTTalegaLiddu, avannu kanDuhiDiyalu bEreyE prayatna naDesabEku. idE rItiyalli hosagannaDada padakantegaLa mattu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embudannu tiLiyalu, mattu A oLaracaneya hindiruva kaTTalegaLAvuvu embudannu kanDuhiDiyalu hosagannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva kalehAki jAgrateyinda pariSIlisuvudu avaSya.
mEle hELida hAge, I kaTTalegaLa ‘arivige eTakada’ tiLivu nammellarallU ide. hosagannaDadalli nAvu mAtanADaballevu mattu itararu mAtanADidAga avaru Enu hELuttAre embudannu gottumADikoLLaballevu embudarinda I viSaya spaSTavAguttade. intaha tiLivu nammalli illavAdare I eraDu kelasagaLannU nAvu mADalArevu embudannu I keLagina nidarSana namage bahaLa spaSTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade.
eNNuka(kampyUTar)gaLu ondu nuDiyannu baLasalu illavE ondu nuDiyinda innondu nuDige vAkyagaLannu anuvAdisalu sAdyavAga bEkAdare avu yAntrikavAgi baLasaballa vyAkaraNada sApTavErannu (endare kaTTalegaLannu) avugaLalli aLavaDisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare intaha sAphTavErannu tayArisabEkiddalli A nuDiya vyAkaraNada tiLivannu rUpakke badalAyisikoLLuvudu avaSya.
manuSyana miduLinalli arivige eTakada bageyalliruva vyAkaraNada tiLivu atyanta jaTilavAdudu. ingliSna maTTige hELuvudAdare, sAvirAru vayyAkaraNigaLa abhyAsada nantaravU I tiLivina ondu cikka amSavannu mAtra I rIti arivige eTakuva rUpakke badalAyisalu sAdyavAgide mattu I cikka amSavannaSTE eNNukagaLalli aLavaDisalu sAdyavAgide. hAgAgi eNNukagaLinnU anuvAdisuva kelasadalli mattu nuDiyannu baLasuva bEre kelasagaLalli modala hejjeyannaSTE iDuttive.

modalige

eTakuva

namma

kalisuttiruva

vyAkaraNadinda

eNNukadalli  kannaDavannu  aLavaDisalu  yArAdarU  prayatnisidalli  kannaDakke  adaradE  Ada  vyAkaraNavannu  tayArisuva  avaSyakateyEnu  emba  viSaya  idarinda  spaSTavAdItu;  I  kelasakke  ivattu  namma  SAlegaLalli  yAva  paTyapustakagaLa  prayOjanavU sigalAradu emba viSayavU spaSTavAdItu.  
mEle  sUcisida  hAge,  I  SAlA  vyAkaraNagaLu  hosagannaDadalli  baruva  padagaLa  mattu  vAkyagaLa  oLaracane  entahadu  embudannu  vivarisuva badalu, samskruta  vyAkaraNagaLalli  baruva  padaracaneya mattu  vAkyaracaneya  kaTTalegaLannu  kannaDakke  anvayisuvudu  hEge  embudannu  varNisuttave.  
Adare eNNukakke bEkAgiruvudu hosagannaDa padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa  oLaracaneya  hindiruva  kaTTalegaLu  mAtra.  antaha  kaTTalegaLannu  baLasi  tayArisiruva  sAphTavEr  mAtra  eNNukakke  hosagannaDada  padagaLannu  mattu vAkyagaLannu anuvAdisuvalli AdAravAgaballudu. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.5 dAri hELuva krama

samskruta nuDige namma jIvana, sAhitya mattu samskrutigaLalli ondu mukyavAda jAgavideyembudaralli yAva sandEhavU illa. bAratada ellA nuDigaLa mElU adu ondalla ondu rItiyalli tanna prabAvavannu bIride. hAgAgi, adara vyAkaraNada svarUpaventahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudarinda namagellarigU prayOjanavide.
bAratadalli baLakeyalliruva nuDigaLalli kelavu nuDigaLannADuvavarige samskruta vyAkaraNavannu tiLidukoLLuvudarinda heccu prayOjana sigabahudu, mattu bEre kelavu nuDigaLannADuvavarige svalpa kaDime prayOjana sigabahudu. hAgAgi vidyArthigaLige samskruta vyAkaraNavannu kalisuvudarinda prayOjanavE illavendEnU nAnu vAdisuvudilla. Adare adannu elli, yAvAga, hEge mattu eSTu kalisabEku emba viSayadalli carcege avakASavide. I vyAkaraNa kalikeya samasyeyannu nimma manege dAri hELuva samasyege hOlisi nODabahudu. nimma manege hOgalu dAri kELidavarige nimmUrina dEvastAnakke hOguva dAriyannu modalige hELi, anantara allinda nimma manege hOguva dAriyannu

SAstra

hOguva

sAdyavide,

neravAgalU

grantagaLu adarallive. adannu

hELidirAdare, tondareyannunTumADalU sAdyavide.
nimma mane dEvastAnada hattira ideyAdare, allige hOguva dAriyannu hELuvudarinda nimma manege barabEkendiruvavarige prayOjanavAgabahudu. Adare adu dEvastAnakkinta bEreyE Ada ondu dikkinalli ideyAdare, anavaSyakavAgi tondareyAdItu. intaha sandarbagaLalli nimma maneya dAriyannu mattu dEvastAnakke hOguva dAriyannu bEre bEreyAgi tiLisuvudE oLLeyadallave? samskruta bahaLa mukyavAda ondu nuDi. atyuttamavAda kAvya ‘dEvanuDi’yendE mattu vyAkaraNavannu parigaNisuvavarU halavariddAre. hAgAgi, adara kaliyuvudendare yAvudendu dEvastAnakke tiLiyuvanteyE endu hELabahudu.
prAkruta, pAli, apabramSa modalAda nuDigaLu samskrutakke tIra hattiravAda nuDigaLu. hAgAgi, avugaLa vyAkaraNavannu kaliyuvudiddare samskruta vyAkaraNavannu modalu kalitu anantara adakkinta I nuDigaLa vyAkaraNagaLu hEge bErAgive embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka avugaLa vyAkaraNavannu tiLidukoLLuvudu heccu sulabavAgabahudu. idu dEvastAnada hattiraviruva manegaLige dAri hELuvavaru modalu hELi anantara avaru dAriyannu dEvastAnakke hOgabEkiruva manege hEge hOguvudendu hELuva hAge ennabahudu. hindi, marATi, bangAli, oDiyA modalAda bAratada halavu ivattina nuDigaLu ‘inDO-Aryan’ emba nuDikuTumbakke sEruttave. avu prAkruta, apabramSa modalAdavugaLalli kAladinda kAlakke bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi rUpugonDa nuDigaLu. hAgAgi, avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLannu tiLiyuvallU samskrutada vyAkaraNa svalpa maTTige sahAyakke baraballudu.
Adare avu samskrutakkinta sAkaSTu bErAgiveyAda kAraNa, avugaLa samskruta vyAkaraNagaLannu vidyArtigaLige vyAkaraNada mUlaka tiLisihELuvudu aSTondu samarpakavAgalAradu. idu dEvastAnakkinta (AdarU adE dikkinalliruva) manegaLige dAri hELuva hAge. dAri tappidarU

sAkaSTu dUra iruva

kalisabEkAdAga avannu

hOguva

tamiLu,

maleyALa,

telugu modalAda

dEvastAnakke hOgi allinda A manegaLige hOgabahudu, Adare nijakkU nEravAgi, dEvastAnakke hOgade A manegaLige hOguvudE anukUla. kannaDa, drAviDa nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDigaLu samskrutakkinta tIra bErAgiruva nuDigaLu. avugaLa vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLu samskruta vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLiginta tIra bErAdavugaLu. samskrutakkU avakkU naDuviruva sambanda dEvastAnakkU mattu Urina bEreyE ondu dikkinalliruva manegaLigU naDuviruva sambandada hAge ennabahudu. hAgAgi, avugaLa vyAkaraNavannu samskruta vyAkaraNakke sambandisalu hOgade bErAgi kalisuvudE oLLeyadu. samskrutada prabAva mukyavAgi I nuDigaLa padakOSadalli kANisuttade. hAgAgi, samskrutadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu pratyEkisi, uLidiruva padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyannu modalige kalisabEku. anantara bEkAdare samskrutadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embudannu, mattu adu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa oLaracaneginta hEge bhinnavAgide embudannu vidyArtigaLige kalisabahudu.
intaha samskrutadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracaneyallU kannaDa tannadE Ada kaTTalegaLannu baLasuttiddu, ivu samskrutadalli baLakeyAguva padaracaneya kaTTalegaLiginta halavu viSayagaLalli bErAgiveyumbudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

1.6 I pustakada uddESa

samskruta mattu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive mattu I vyatyAsagaLannu sariyAgi gamanisadudarindAgi kannaDada spaSTavAgi vyAkaraNada vayyAkaraNigaLu tiLisihELuvalli hEge sOtuhOgiddAre embudannu ettugegaLa mUlaka tOrisikoDuvudE I pustakada mukya uddESa.
ittIcegina kelavu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ingliS vyAkaraNa parampareyannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisalAgide. idarindAgiyU kannaDada vyAkaraNavannu sariyAgi vivarisi hELuvalli

kaTTalegaLannu

kannaDa

tondareyunTAgide. I tondareyuntahadu embudannu tOrisi koDuvudakkAgi antaha kelavu vyatyAsagaLannU illi vivarisalAgide.
mukyavAgi pustakada hesarE sUcisuva hAge kannaDakke adaradE Ada ondu vyAkaraNa parampareyannu siddapaDisuva avaSyakateyEnu, mattu A parampareya svarUpa entahadu embudannu tiLisi hELuvudE I pustakada uddESa.
nuDigaLige illavE nuDikuTumbagaLigiruva avugaLadE Ada vyAkaraNa paramparegaLannu I rIti tiLidukoLLuvudarinda bEreyU halavu prayOjanagaLu namage dorakuttave. I vyAkaraNa paramparegaLu bEre bEre nuDikuTumbagaLu miliyagaTTale varSagaLinda beLesikonDu bandiruva nuDiyarivannu pratinidisuttaveyembudannu gamanisabEku. avu I nuDigaLannADuva janara miliyagaTTale varSagaLa anubavada sAra mattu oTTu samAjakke avara koDuge.
drAviDa nuDigaLa vyAkaraNa parampareyannu I nuDigaLannADuva janaru tamma miliyagaTTale varSagaLa anubavada mUlaka beLesikonDu bandiddAre. adu drAviDa samskrutiya ondu anga. hAgAgi adannu tiLiyadiruvudendare samskrutiya ondu angavannu tiLiyadiruvanteyE sari. jagattinalli sAvirAru nuDigaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli baruva vyAkaraNada kaTTalegaLu eSTara maTTige ondarindondu bErAgiraballuvu embudannu varSagaLinda nuDiyarigaru prayatnisuttiddAre. sAmAnyavAgi ondu maguvina tandetAyigaLu yAvudE nuDiyannADuttirali, adu beLeyuttiruva samayadalli, endare Aru tingaLininda eraDUvare-mUru varSagaLa oLage adara suttumutta yAva nuDi baLakeyallideyO adannu A magu bahaLa sulabavAgi mattu sampUrNavAgi kalitukoLLaballudu.
ettugegAgi, kannaDa mAtanADuva tAyitandeyara magu A nuDiginta tIrA bErAgiruva caynIs nuDiyannADuva janara parisaradalli beLeyuttideyAdare, namage tIra kliSTavAgi kANisuvantaha A nuDiyannU tAnAgiyE kalitukoLLaballudu. adakke A nuDiyannu pratyEkavAgi kalisuva avaSyakateyE illa. ellA makkaLU I rIti prapancadalliruva yAvudE nuDiyannu bEkiddarU sandarbavodagi bandalli tAvAgiyE kalitukoLLaballaru.

tiLiyalu

drAviDa

halavu

nuDiyannu

tAvAgiyE

magu ondu

I  rIti  makkaLu  tamma  beLavaNegeya  angavAgi  tamma  parisaradalli  kalitukoLLalu  baLakeyAguttiruva  sAdyavAguvantaha  ‘nuDiya  tiLivu’  illavE  ‘vyAkaraNada  tiLivo’ndannu  paDedu  bandiruttaveyumbudAgi  makkaLU  huTTinindalE  nuDiyarigaru ondu tIrmAnakke bandiddAre. 
I  vyAkaraNada  tiLivu  entahadu?  idu  arivige  eTakada  rUpadalliruva  tiLivembudaralli  samSayavilla.  idara  baLakeyU  arivige  eTakada  rUpadallE  naDeyuttade.  suttumuttalina  janaru  ADuva  mAtugaLannu  kELi  magu  tAnAgiyE  A  nuDiyalli  nirargaLavAgi  mAtanADalu  bahaLa  bEga  (endare  kelavE  kelavu  tingaLugaLalli)  kalitukoLLuttade. adakke yArU EnannU kalisuva avaSyakateyilla.   kalitukoLLuvAga,  adu  nuDiyannu  huTTinindalE  paDedukonDu  bandiruva  vyAkaraNada  tiLivilli  halakelavu  badalAvaNegaLunTAguttiruttave.  I  badalAvaNegaLa  mUlaka  adara  miduLinalli  adu  kaliyuttiruva  nuDiyadE  Ada  vyAkaraNada  tiLivu  tanninda tAnE siddagoLLuttade. idu prakrutiya vaycitryagaLallondu. 
prapancada  nuDigaLigella  samAnavAgiruvantaha  vyAkaraNa  tatvagaLu  yAvuvu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka cikka makkaLu huTTinindalE  paDedu baruva I vyAkaraNada tiLivu entahadu embudannu Uhisalu  baruttade. idallade, prapancada nuDigaLu ondarindondu yAva yAva  rItiyallella bErAgiraballuvu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka, cikka  makkaLu  huTTinindalE  paDedu  baruva  I  vyAkaraNada  tiLivinalli  ententaha  badalAvaNegaLannella  naDesaballuvu  embudannU  Uhisalu  baruttade.  
mAtinalli  korate  kANisuva  kelavu  makkaLige  mAtannu  kalisalu  intaha  tiLuvaLikeyinda  prayOjanavAgabahudu.  Adare  I  mElina  eraDu  rItiya  kelasagaLannu  naDesabEkiddarU  nuDigaLigiruva  avugaLadE  Ada vyAkaraNa entahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu atyavaSya. 
I  rIti  nammellara  miduLinallU  arivige  eTakada  rUpadalliruva  namma  nuDiya  vyAkaraNada  tiLivannu  arivige  eTakaballa  rUpakke  endare  vyAkaraNa  halavAru  prayOjanagaLive.  I  kelasavannu  sariyAgi  naDesikoDuvudE  ondu  nuDiya vyAkaraNada mukya uddESa.  

rUpakke badalAyisuvudarinda

kaTTalegaLa

kannaDada  maTTige  I  kelasa  hEge  naDeyabEku,  sadyakke  adu  hEge  tappudAriyalli sAgide embudannu tOrisikoDuva ondu prayatnavannu  I pustakadalli mADalAgide. vyanjana g  endAguttade

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2. sErikeya niyamagaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1 munnOTa

ondu padadondige innondu padavannu illavE pratyayavannu sErisi dAga A padadalli illavE pratyayadalli kANisikoLLuva badalAvaNegaLannu vayyAkaraNigaLu ‘sandhikAryagaLu’ embudAgi kareyuttAre. ivannE illi ‘sErikeya niyamagaLe’ndu kareyalAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, nela nAmapadakke kaDale nAmapadavannu sErisi nelagaDale emba jODupadavannu tayArisidAga, eraDaneya padada (nela+kaDale> suruvinalliruva nelagaDale). hambala nAmapadakke isu pratyayavannu sErisi hambalisu kriyApada vannu tayArisidAga modalaneya padada koneyalliruva akAra biddu hOguttade (hambala+isu>hambalisu).
intaha sErikeya niyamagaLu ellA bhAShegaLallU ondE teranAgi kANisikoLLuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, akAradalli konegoLLuva ondu padadondige akAradalli suruvAguva innondu padavannu sErisidAga, kannaDadalli modalaneya akAra bidduhOgi eraDaneyadu uLidukoLLu ttade (nanna+aNNa>nannaNNa, banda+alli>bandalli).
Adare samskxtadalli I rIti eraDu akAragaLu sEridAga avu gaLalli ondu bidduhOguva badalu averaDU oTTu sEri AkAra kANisikoLLuttade (pada+artha>padArtha, mukhya+adhikAri> mukhyA ukArada munde akAra bandAga kannaDadalli ukAra bidduhOgi akAra uLiyuttade (bennu+aTTu>bennaTTu, kappu+alla>kappalla) Adare samskxtadalli ukArada badalu vakAra baruttade, mattu adara anantarada akAra uLidiruttade (manu+antara>manvantara, guru+ akShara>guvrakShara).
samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve sErikeya niyamagaLa maTTige intaha halavAru mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. padaracane illavE

vAkyaracaneyalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLigintalU sErikeya niyamagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsagaLu bahaLa sulabhavAgi kaNNige gOcarisuttave. I kAraNakkAgiyO EnO, kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDada mEle hEralu prayatnisilla. avaru bareda vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘kannaDasandhi’ mattu ‘samskxtasandhi’ embudAgi eraDu vibhAgagaLiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

2.1.1 paThyapustakagaLalli sErikeya niyamagaLu

hIgiddarU pavraDhaSAleya vidyArthigaLigAgi bareyalAgiruva kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli (paThyapustakagaLalli) kannaDasandhi mattu samskxta sandhi emba I eraDu rItiya sErikeya niyamagaLannu kalisikoDalu baLasiruva krama mAtra aShTondu sariyAdudendu nanage tOruvu dilla. idakke kAraNagaLu halavive. modalaneyadAgi, kannaDada I vyAkaraNa paThyapustakagaLalli kannaDa sandhigaLu yAvuvu mattu samskxta sandhigaLu yAvuvu embudannu bEre bEreyAgi hELalAgide. yAva rItiyalli avu ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgive embudannu vivarisalu yatnisilla.
eraDaneyadAgi, kannaDasandhigaLu yAvuvembudannu vivarisuvAga hosagannaDa mattu haLegannaDagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu gamanisilla. modalige hosagannaDada sErikeya (sandhi)niyamagaLu yAvuvembudannu hosagannaDadavE Ada udAharaNegaLa mUlaka vivarisi hELi, anantara bEkiddare avakkinta bhinnavAgiruva sErikeya niyamagaLu haLegannaDadalli kANisikoLLuttaveyE, kANisikoLLuvudiddalli avu entahavu embudannu vivarisidalli vidyArthigaLige avannu arthamADikoLLalu heccu sulabha vAgaballudu. mUraneyadAgi, nijakkU samskxtadalli entaha sErikeya niyama gaLella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli nEravAgi vivarisuva avaSyakate illa. kannaDakkinta bhinnavAda sErikeya niyamagaLu hindi, marAThi, ingliSh modalAda bhAShegaLallU kANisuttiddu, avannella hEge kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli vivarisuva avaSyakateyillavO hAgeyE samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannU kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli vivaravAgi tiLisi hELuva avaSyakateyilla.

 hIgiddarU,  samskxtadinda  eravalAgi  bandiruva  halavAru  pada  gaLu  kannaDadalli  baLakeyalliruva  kAraNa  avugaLalli  kANisuva  sErikeya  niyamagaLentahavu  embudannu  vivarisuvudarinda  vidyArthigaLige  prayOjanavAgaballudu.  hindi,  ingliSh  modalAda  bhAShegaLindalU  kannaDakke  halavu  padagaLu  eravalAgi  bandiveyEnO  nija;  Adare,  samskxtadinda  eravalAgi  banda  padagaLige  kannaDadalli  iruvantaha  viSiShTavAda sthAna A padagaLigilla.  
udAharaNegAgi,  kannaDadalli  hosa  hosa  pAribhAShika  padagaLannu  sxShTisabEkiddalli  sAmAnyavAgi  nAvu  samskxtada  marehoguttEve.  I  kAraNakkAgiyU  kannaDa  vyAkaraNadalli  itara  bhAShegaLa  sErikeya  niyama  gaLiginta samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLige ondu viSiShTavAda sthAnavannu  koDuvudaralli avcityavide. 
Adare  samskxtada  sErikeya  niyamagaLa  varNaneyannu  nEravAgi  adara vyAkaraNadinda etti kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli irisuva  badalu, kannaDa  vyAkaraNavannu  kaliyuvavarige  anukUlavAguva  hAge  adannu  aLavaDisi  konDalli adu heccu upayuktavAgaballudu.  

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2.1.2 samskxtada niyamagaLannu tiLisuva krama

samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva sErikeya niyamagaLannu kannaDa kaliyuva makkaLige arthavAguva hAge mattu sahAyakavAguva hAge tiLisi hELabEkiddalli modalige samskxtadinda hosagannaDakke entaha padagaLella eravalAgi bandive embudannu pariSIlisabEku mattu A padagaLalli kannaDada sErikeya nimamagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva niyamagaLu entaha vella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEku.
I bhinnavAgiruva sErikeya niyamagaLannu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva samskxta padagaLannu mAtravE udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTu vivarisi hELabEku. anantara avu kannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLiginta yAva rItiyalli bhinnavAgive embudannu vivarisi hELabEku. I rIti mADidalli vidyArthigaLige avannu artha mADikoLLalu heccu sulabha vAdItendu nanage anisuttade. kannaDa vyAkaraNada paThyapustakagaLalli kANisuva hAge gangOrmi, mEghavgha, mahavja, nadaDDamaruka, lasatShODaSha, AyaShTanka modalAda kannaDa barahagaLallellU (vyAkaraNada paThyapustakagaLannu biTTu)

kANisadiruvantaha samskxtada padagaLannu illavE padakantegaLannu samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLige udAhaNegaLAgi koTTalli kannaDavannu kaliyabEkendiruva vidyArthigaLige anavaSyakavAgi tondareyunTAga balludallade adarinda avarige yAva prayOjanavU sigalAradu.
I udAharaNegaLu sUcisuva samskxtada niyamagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva pada illavE padakantegaLalli kANisadiruvudE namma vayyAkaraNigaLu hIge mADalu kAraNavirabahudu. hIgiddalli, antaha samskxtada niyamagaLannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli, adarallU pavraDha SAleya vidyArthigaLigAgi barediruva vyAkaraNa paThyadalli, vivarisuva avaSyakateyE illa. idallade, kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva mattu kannaDada barahagaLalli AgAga kANisikoLLuva samskxtada pada mattu padakantegaLalli baruva sErikeya niyamagaLannu varNisuvAga avakke samskxtada vayyAkaraNi gaLu koDuva pAribhAShika padagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU baLasuva avaSyakateyilla.
kannaDada SAlAvyAkaraNagaLalli samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu
paricayisuvAga Scutva, ShTutva, jastva, chatva, yaN, guNa, vxddhi, modalAda pAribhAShika padagaLannu hAgeyE samskxta vyAkaraNadinda etti hAkuva sampradAya beLedu bandide. vyAkaraNavendare ondu niShprayOjakavAda kagganTu emba abhiprAya vidyArthigaLalli mUDalu mAtra idu sahAyakavAgaballudu. I pAribhAShika padagaLinda kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu kaliyuvalli yAva prayOjanavU dorakalAradendu nanage anisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva vidyuttu pada Sakti padadoDane sEridAga vidyucchakti emba jODupada siddhavAguttade. illi vidyuttu embudara koneya eraDu varNagaLu (t mattu u) bidduhOgi vidyut embudu uLidide mattu adara koneya takAra cakAravAgide. idallade, I padada anantara bandiruva Sakti padada modalaneya vyanjana S endiddudu ch endAgide.
vidyucchakti padadalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamavannu I rIti vidyArthigaLige sulabhavAgi arthavAguva hAge vivarisi hELuva badalu A padadalli Scutva mattu chatvagaLemba eraDu sandhikAryagaLu naDedive endu hELuvudarinda heccina prayOjanavEnU sigalAradu. idallade

intaha hELikeyannu vivarisabEkAgiruva halavu mandi adhyApakarigU adu nijakkU Enu tiLisuttadeyumbudu arthavAgiruvudilla.

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2.2 sErikeya niyamagaLalli vyatyAsagaLu

mEleyE hELida hAge, sErikeya niyamagaLa maTTige samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. pavraDhaSAleya vidyArthigaLige samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu tiLisuvudiddalli avu kannaDada niyamagaLinda hEge bhinnavAgive embudannu tiLisidalli heccu spaShTavAgi arthavAgaballuvu. intaha kelavu vyatyAsagaLannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

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2.2.1 svaragaLa badalAvaNeyalli vyatyAsagaLu

svarakke svara sEridAga, samskxtadalli sAmAnyavAgi averaDara badalu bErondu svara baruttade illavE avugaLalli modalaneyadara badalu ondu vyanjana baruttade. endare, samskxdalli ‘AdESa’ emba hesarina sErikeya niyama baruvudE jAsti. idakke badalu kannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDu svaragaLu oTTige bandAga avugaLalli modalaneya svara biddu hOguvudE jAsti. kelavE kelavu sandabhragaLalli mAtra I eraDu svaragaLa naDuve vyanjanavondu sErikoLLuttade. endare, kannaDadalli lOpa hAgU AgamagaLemba sErikeya niyamagaLu baruvudE jAsti.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli ondE rItiya eraDu svaragaLu oTTu sEridAga averaDara badalu ondu udda svara AdESavAgi baruttade (savarNadIrgha). Adare kannaDadalli modalaneya svara biddu hOguttade mattu eraDaneya svara hAgeyE badalAgade uLiyuttade.
kannaDadalli I sErikeya niyamakke mattu keLage koTTiruva bEre kelavu sErikeya niyamagaLige halakelavu apavAdagaLiveyembudannu munde (2.3)ralli nODaliruvevu.

samskxtada badalAvaNegaLu dESa + abhimAna = dESAbhimAna cikka + amma = cikkamma alli + illa = allilla kavi + indra = kavIndra kallu + uppu = kalluppu guru + upadESa = gurUpadESa

kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu

mEle  koTTiruva  samskxta  udAharaNegaLalli  akArakke  akAra  paravAdAga  averaDara  badalu  AkAravU,  ikArakke  ikAra  paravAdAga  averaDara  badalu  IkAravU,  mattu  ukArakke  ukAra  paravAdAga  averaDara badalu UkAravU AdESavAgi bandive.  
idakke  badalu,  avugaLa  edurige  koTTiruva  kannaDada  udAharaNe  gaLalli  modalaneya  padada  koneya  svara  bidduhOgide  (lOpa  gonDide)  mattu  eraDaneya  padada  modalaneya  svara  badalAgade  hAgeyE uLidide. 
I  rIti  oTTu  sEruva  ondE  rItiya  eraDu  svaragaLalli  ondu  modaligEnE  udda  (dIrgha)  svaravAgittAdare,  samskxtadalli  adu  hAgeyE  uLiyuttade  mattu  adaroDane  bandiruva  innondu  svara  bidduhOguttade.  eraDU  udda  svaragaLAgiruvallU  ondu  udda  svara  uLiyuttade. 
illU kUDa mElina AdESa sandhiyE naDeyuvudendU (endare  A  eraDu  svaragaLa  jAgadalli  udda  svaravondu  AdESavAgi  baruvu  dendU) hELalu sAdhyavide.  
kannaDadalli  intaha  sandabhragaLallU  modalaneya  svara  biddu  hOguttade mattu eraDaneyadu uLiyuttade. 

samskxtada badalAvaNegaLu dEva + Alaya = dEvAlaya vidyA + abhyAsa = vidyAbhyAsa giri + ISa = girISa
lakSmI + ISa = lakSmISa

kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu banda + Aga = bandAga huDuga+ATa = huDugATa alli + Iga = allIga

samskxtadalli a, AgaLa anantara (1) i, IgaLu bandare averaDara  badalu  EkAra  AdESavAgi  baruttade,  (2)  u,  UgaLu  bandare  averaDara  badalu  OkAra  AdESavAgi  baruttade,  (3)  E  mattu  OgaLu  bandare  averaDara  badalu  anukramavAgi  ay  mattu  avgaLu  AdESavAgi  baruttave, (4) xkAra bandare adara badalu ar embudu AdESavAgi  baruttade, mattu (5) ay mattu avgaLu bandare avu hAgeyE uLidu  avugaLondige baruva akAra illavE AkAra biddu hOguttade.  

Adare kannaDadalli intaha ellA sandabhragaLallU modalaneya svara  bidduhOgi  eraDaneya  svara  hAgeyE  uLiyuttade  (mEleyE  sUcisida hAge kannaDadalli I niyamakkiruva apavAdavondannu munde  nODaliruvevu).  

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu

samskxtada badalAvaNegaLu
rAja + indra = rAjEndra allinda+iLida = allindiLida gaNa + ISa = gaNESa allinda + Ice = allindIce sUrya+udaya=sUryOdaya koTTa + uDuge = koTTuDuge gangA + udaka = gangOdaka namma + Uru = nammUru lOka + Eka = lOkayka jala + Ogha = jalavgha dEva + xShi = dEvaShri mahA + xShi = mahaShri
viSva + aykya = viSvaykya divya + avShadha = divavyaShadha

namma + eduru = nammeduru bidda + oDane = biddoDane (kannaDadalli xkAravilla)

nUra + ayvattu = nUrayvattu doDDa + avtaNa = doDavDataNa

akArada  badalu  bEre  svara  modalinadAdalli  bEreyE  sErikeya  badalAvaNegaLu  samskxtadalli  naDeyuttave.  (1)  modalina  svara  ikAra  vAdalli  adara  badalu  yakAra  baruttade,  (2)  ukAravAdalli  vakAra  baruttade mattu (3) xkAravAdalli rakAra baruttade. ivellavU AdESa  gaLu.  
intaha sandabhragaLallU kannaDadalli modalaneya svara bidduhOgi  eraDaneyadu uLiyuvudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. 

samskxtada badalAvaNegaLu ati + alpa = atyalpa ati + Ase = atyAse ati + uttama = atyuttama prati + Eka = pratyEka guru + akShara = gurvakShara guru + AjYe = gurvAjYe laghu + iti = laghviti pitx + Ajrita = pitrAjrita

(1)

(2)

(3)

kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu alli + alli = allalli bAyi + Arike = bAyArike alli + uLida = alluLida

bennu + aTTu = bennaTTu kADu + Ane = kADAne kADu + illa = kADilla

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2.2.2 vyanjanagaLa badalAvaNeyalli vyatyAsagaLu

hosagannaDada padagaLellavU svaradalliyE konegoLLuvuvAda kAraNa, vyanjanakke vyanjana sEri Aguva ‘vyanjanasandhi’gaLAvuvU hosagannaDa dallilla. Adare haLegannaDadalli vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva padagaLiddu vAda kAraNa haLegannaDada kAladinda uLidu banda kelavu jODupada gaLalli mAtra antaha sErikeya niyamagaLannu kANabahudu.

bennu (ben) + kAvalu = bengAvalu
kari (kar) + kallu = kaggallu
hiri (her) + bAgilu = hebbAgilu

bengAvalu embudaralli nakAra anusvAra (illavE GakAra)vAgide  mattu adara anantara baruva kakAra gakAravAgide; kaggallu embudaralli  rakAra  gakAravAgide  mattu  adara  anantara  baruva  kakAravU  gakAra  vAgide; hebbAgilu embudaralli rakAra bakAravAgide. 
intaha  badalAvaNegaLannu  biTTare  hosagannaDadalli  kANisuva  vyanjanada  badalAvaNegaLendare  avu  svaragaLa  anantara  bandAga  avugaLalli  naDeyuva  kelavu  badalAvaNegaLu  mAtra.  ivU  kannaDadalli  padagaLa  oLagaDe  endare  padagaLa  oLaracaneyalli  mAtra  kANisuva  badalAvaNegaLu (manegelasa, suDugADu, neladAvare).  
Adare  samskxtadalli  I  eraDu  rItiya  badalAvaNegaLU  sAkaShTu  kANisikoLLuttave. illU kUDa, kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve  kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu.  
udAharaNegAgi,  kannaDadalli  kakAra  mattu  takAragaLu  svarada  anantara  bandAga  anukramavAgi  gakAra  mattu  dakAragaLAguvuvAdare,  samskxtadalli ka, ta, Ta, pagaLu svarakke modalu bandAga (athavA bEre  ga,  da,  Da,  bagaLantaha  ‘koraLisi’da  (ghOSha)  vyanjanagaLa  modalu  bandAga) anukramavAgi ga, da, Da, bagaLAguttave.  
endare, kannaDadalli badalAguva vyanjana eraDaneya padada suruvige  baruvudAdare,  samskxtadalli  badalAguva  vyanjana  modalaneya  padada  konege baruttade.  
innondu  vyatyAsavEnendare,  samskxtadalli  kANisuva  vyanjanada  badalAvaNegaLige  apavAdagaLiruvudu  bahaLa  kaDime.  Adare  kannaDadalli  baruva  vyanjanada  badalAvaNegaLalli  kelavu  jODupadagaLalli  mAtra 

kANisikoLLuttave. avugaLalli pratiyondakkU ondalla ondu apavAda iddE iruttade.

samskxtada badalAvaNegaLu vAk + ISa = vAgISa cit + Ananda = cidAnanda
ShaT + Anana = ShaDAnana sat + bhakta = sadbhakta vAk + dAna = vAgdAna

kannaDada badalAvaNegaLu mane + kelasa = menegelasa nela + tAvare = neladAvare suDu + kADu = suDugADu Ane + kAlu = AnekAlu tale + terige = taleterige

kannaDadalli  I  sErikeya  niyamagaLu  vikalpavAgi  naDeyuttave  embudannu (endare ellA sandabhragaLallU naDeyuvudillavembudannu)  koneya  eraDu  udAharaNegaLinda  (AnekAlu,  taleterige  embavu  gaLinda) tiLiyabahudu. 
samskxtadalliruva  hAge  kannaDadallU  ‘anunAsika  sandhi’  embu  dondideyundu  hELalu  sAdhyavideyAdarU  averaDara  naDuve  kelavu  mukhyavAda  vyatyAsagaLive  embudannu  keLage  koTTiruva  udAharaNe  gaLinda tiLiyabahudu. 

samskxtada ‘anunAsika sandhi’
vAk + maya = vAGmaya
sat + mAna = sanmAna ShaT + mukha = ShaNmukha dik + mUDha = diGmUDha

kannaDada ‘anunAsika sandhi’ him + mELa = himmELa him + nOTa = hinnOTa mum + nuDi = munnuDi mum + naDe = munnaDe

mattu

munde

padagaLige

kannaDadalli  hinde  kelavu  jODupadagaLalli anukramavAgi him mattu mum rUpagaLive. ivugaLa  anantara anu nAsikavondu bandAga I padagaLa koneya anusvArakke  A anunAsikaddE rUpa baruttade. idannu ‘anunAsika sandhi’ embudAgi  kareyalu sAdhyavide. 
Adare,  samskxtada  anunAsika  sandhi  idakkinta  tIra  bhinnavAdudu.  yAkendare, samskxtadalli anunAsikavAgi badalAguvudu ka, Ta, ta, pa,  modalAda spaSragaLallade anusvAravalla. idallade, I rIti anunAsika  gaLAgi  badalAgiruva  spaSragaLu  samskxtadalli  avugaLa  anantara  baruva  anunAsikakkinta bhinnavAgiyE uLiyuttave. 

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2.3 nAmarUDhiyaLiyuva hAgiddare..

mEle sUcisida hAge, kannaDadalli ondu padadondige svaradalli suruvAguva innondu padavannu illavE antahadE ondu pratyaya vannu sErisidAga, modalaneya padada koneya svara biddu hOguttade yumba sErikeya niyamavide. I niyamakke halakelavu apavAdagaLU ive. kelavu sandabhragaLalli I rIti svara biddu hOguva badalu adara munde yakAra illavE vakAra hosadAgi sErikoLLuttade.

ya illavE va sErikoLLuvudu nambike + iDu = nambikeyiDu mane + ondu = maneyondu kappe + unTu = kappeyunTu magu + ige = maguvige rAju + alla = rAjuvalla

svara biddu hOguvudu
keLage + iDu = keLagiDu bEre + obba = bErobba hinde + uLi = hinduLi kADu + ige = kADige nAnu + alla = nAnalla mattu + ondu = mattondu magu+ ondu = maguvondu ittu + endu = ittendu haNada + Ase = haNadAse alli + illa = allilla bAyi + Aru = bAyAru alli + ondu = allondu iddAne + endu = iddAnendu ide + endu = ideyendu

ide + endu = ideyendu khanDita + Agi = khanDitavAgi bhIti + illa = bhItiyilla huri + Agu = huriyAgu nAyi+ondu= nAyiyondu

kannaDadalli  I  rIti  padagaLa  anantara  svaradalli  suruvAguva  pada  illavE  pratyaya  bandAga  entaha  sandabhragaLalli  modalaneya  padada  koneya  svara  biddu  hOguttade  (svarada  lOpavAguttade)  mattu  entaha  sandabhragaLalli  A  eraDu  svaragaLU  badalAgade  uLidu  averaDara  naDuve  yakAra  illavE  vakAra  AgamavAgi  sErikoLLuttade  embudakke  ondu  niScitavAda  niyamavannu  tayArisi  koDalu  kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLige sAdhyavAgiralilla.  
hAgAgi  ‘nAmarUDhi’  illavE  ‘nAmabhAga’  aLiyade  iruva  hAgiddalli  mAtra  lOpa  mADabEku  (mattu  aLiyuva  hAgiddalli  lOpa  mADade  yakAra  illavE  vakAravannu  sErisikoLLabEku  athavA  sandhi  mADade  irabEku)  embudAgi  kESirAjanE  modalAda  prAcIna  vayyAkaraNigaLu  I  samasyege  sariyAda  uttaravannu  kanDuhiDiyalu  prayatnisade jArikonDiddAre.  

anantarada  kannaDa  vayyAkaraNigaLellarU  idannu  hAgeyE  giLipATha  mADiddArallade I padakantegaLa hinde kannaDaddE Ada sErikeya niyama  gaLEnAdarU aDagiveyE embudannu kanDuhiDiyalu prayatnisidantilla.  biLigiriyavara  ‘AlOka’  (biLigiri  1969)  idakkondu  apavAdavendu  hELabahudu. 
nAmarUpa  aLiyuvudillavAdalli  mAtra  lOpasandhiyannu  baLasa  bEku  emba  haLegannaDa  vayyAkaraNigaLa  mAtu  avara  jANmeyannu  tOrisuttade embudAgi ivattina vayyAkaraNigaLu kelavaru bhAvisiruva  hAgide.  nijakkU  idu  avara  sOmAritanavannu  tOrisuttadallade  jANmeyannalla.  
yAkendare, vAkyadalli padagaLannu mattu  pratyayagaLannu baLasuvAga  elli  sandhi  mADabEku,  elli  sandhimADabAradu  mattu  elli  entaha  sandhiyannu  mADabEku  embudannu  spaShTavAgi  tiLisi  hELuvudE  vayyAkaraNiya kelasa (biLigiri 1969:173-8 nODi).  
nAmarUpa  aLiyuvalli  lOpa  mADabEDa  ennalu  sAdhyavide  yAdare,  vAkyarUpa  aLiyuvalli  padagaLannu  prayOgisabEDa  endU  hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgiddare I eraDE vAkyagaLalli iDI vyAkaraNavannu  baredu mugisibiDabahudu!  
nijakkU  mElina  apavAdagaLa  hinde  entaha  niyama  aDagide  embudannu keLage (2.4)ralli sUcisalAgide. 

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2.4 sandabhragaLa vibhajane

kannaDadalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLu bEre bEre sandabhragaLalli bEre bEre teranAgiruttave. hAgAgi kannaDalli entaha sErikeya badalAvaNegaLella naDeyuttave embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLa bEkAdare I sErikeya niyamagaLu kannaDadalli yAva yAva sandabhra gaLallella bhinnavAgiruttave embudannu kanDuhiDidu adakkanusAravAgi avannu vibhajisuvudu avaSya.
modalaneyadAgi, kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLE hELuva hAge, padamadhyadalli (endare padagaLa oLaracaneyalli) kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLigU mattu padAntyadalli (endare padagaLannu vAkyavondaralli baLasidAga avugaLa naDuve) kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLigU naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive.

udAharaNegAgi,  kannaDadalli  vyanjanagaLa  badalAvaNegaLu  padagaLa  naDuve naDeyuvuvallade padagaLa koneyalli naDeyuvudilla embudannu  nAvu mEle (2.2.2)ralli nODiruvevu.  

padagaLa naDuve nela + kaDale = nelagaDale keLa + tuTi = keLaduTi bIsu + kallu = bIsugallu Uru + kOlu = UrugOlu doDDa+kOlu=doDDa kOlu

padagaLa koneyalli nanna + kAlu = nanna kAlu doDDa+tunDu=doDDa tunDu kempu + kallu = kempu kallu

padagaLa  naDuveyU  I  badalAvaNegaLu  vikalpavAgi  mAtravE  naDeyuttavallade  ellA  sandabhragaLallU  naDeyuvudilla  embudannu  oLakONe,  AnekAlu,  taleterige,  karituLasi  modalAda  udAharaNe  gaLalli kANabahudu. 
svaragaLa  badalAvaNegaLallU  padagaLa  naDuvina  mattu  koneya  badalAvaNegaLa  naDuve  kelavu  vyatyAsagaLive.  udAharaNegAgi,  kelavu  sandabhragaLalli  padagaLa  naDuve  svara  biddu  hOguvudAdare  padagaLa  koneyalli yakAra illavE vakAra AgamavAgi baruttade. 

padagaLa naDuvina badalAvaNe
kuDi + isu = kuDisu baru + isu = barisu cikka + amma = cikkamma nene + isu = nenesu

padagaLa koneya badalAvaNe gati + illa = gatiyilla magu + illade = maguvillade kAraNa + illa = kAraNavilla nambike + iDu = nambikeyiDu

eraDaneyadAgi,  padagaLa  naDuvina  badalAvaNeyalliyE  pada  pratyayagaLa (endare ondu padadinda innondu padavannu tayArisalu  baLasuva  pratyayagaLa)  baLakeyalli  kANisuva  sErikeya  niyamagaLigU  mattu  padarUpa  pratyayagaLa  (endare  ondu  padadinda  adara  bEre  bEre  rUpagaLannu  tayArisalu  baLasuva  pratyayagaLa)  baLakeyalli  kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLigU naDuve vyatyAsagaLive.  
udAharaNegAgi,  ukArAnta  kriyApadagaLige  ike  emba  padarUpa  pratyayavannu sErisidAga vakAra AgamavAgi baruttade, Adare ike emba  padapratyayavannu sErisidAga ukAra biddu hOguttade (4.5 nODi). 

padapratyaya
hELu + ike = hELike hedaru + ike = hedarike nambu + ike = nambike

padarUpa pratyaya hELu + ike = hELuvike hedaru + ike = hedaruvike nambu + ike = nambuvike anju + ike = anjuvike

padarUpa  pratyayagaLallU  bEre  bEre  pratyayagaLannu  sErisidAga  bEre  bEre  rItiya  sErikeya  niyamagaLu  kANisikoLLalu  sAdhyavide.  udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadagaLige isu pratyayavannu sErisidAga avugaLa  koneyalli  baruva  ukAra  bidduhOguttade;  Adare  ike  pratyayavannu  sErisidAga  vakAra AgamavAgi baruttade mattu  ukAra biddu hOgade  hAgeyE uLiyuttade. 

isu pratyaya paravAdAga hADu + isu = hADisu nODu + isu = nODisu
tinnu + isu = tinnisu nungu + isu = nungisu
horaDu + isu = horaDisu

ike pratyaya paravAdAga hADu + ike = hADuvike nODu + ike =nODuvike tinnu + ike = tinnuvike nungu + ike = nunguvike horaDu + ike = horaDuvike

mUraneyadAgi,  eraDu  svaragaLu  oTTige  sEridAga  avugaLalli  modalaneya  svara  prakxtiyadE  athavA  pratyayaddE  emba  amSada  mElU  padagaLa  koneya  svara  biddu  hOguvudE  athavA  Agama  baruvudE  emba  viShaya  avalambiside.  modalaneya  svara  prakxti  yaddAdare  sAmAnyavAgi  adu  biddu  hOguvudilla  (idakke  ondu  apavAdavideyembudannu  keLage  nODaliruvevu),  Adare  adu  pratyaya  ddAdare biddu hOguvudE jAsti. 

prakxtiya svara dAri + illa = dAriyilla kelasa + unTu = kelasavunTu dappa + Agi = dappavAgi mane + ondu = maneyondu anjike + ittu = anjikeyittu maduve + ittu = maduveyittu Odade + idda = Odadidda aDDa + Agi = aDDavAgi

pratyayada svara nammalli + illa = nammallilla namma + Uru = nammUru allanda + Ace = allindAce adakke + oppi = adakkoppi ganjige + illa = ganjigilla

kADinalli + Agi = kADinallAgi

mEle dAri embudara koneyalli kANisuva ikAra prakxtiyaddAda  kAraNa adara koneya svara biddu hOgilla, Adare nammalli embudara  koneyalli kANisuva ikAra pratyayaddAda kAraNa adu biddu hOgide.  itara padagaLallU hIgeyE. 
nAlkaneyadAgi,  svarakke  svara  sEridAga  AgamavAgi  yakAra  baruvudO  illavE  vakAra  baruvudO  embudu  avugaLalli  modalaneya  svara  entahadu  embudannavalambiside.  modalaneya  svara  ekAra  illavE  ikAravAdare  AgamavAgi  yakAra  baruttade,  akAra  illavE ukAravAdare AgamavAgi vakAra baruttade. 

AgamavAgi vakAra kelasa + alla = kelasavalla

AgamavAgi yakAra kudure + alla = kudureyalla sanje + Ayitu = sanjeyAyitu illa+AdarU = illavAdarU nambike + iDu = nambikeyiDu nambike + unTu = nambikeyunTu ide + endu = ideyendu mane + ondu = maneyondu
kaDi + akki = kaDiyakki guri + Agu = guriyAgu ili + illa = iliyilla nAyi + endu = nAyiyendu vyakti + obba = vyaktiyobba

kelasa + illa = kelasavilla kelasa + unTu = kelasavunTu illa + endu = illavendu kelasa + ondu = kelasavondu magu + alla = maguvalla guru + Agu = guruvAgu karu + illa = karuvilla guru + endu = guruvendu magu+ondu = maguvondu

aydaneyadAgi, prakxtiya koneya svara ukAravAgideyAdare mattu  A prakxtiyalli kaDimeyundare mUrAdarU chandOmAtregaLiveyAdare  adara  koneya  ukAra  biddu  hOguttade.  prakxtiyalli  mUrakkinta  kaDime  (endare  eraDu)  chandOmAtregaLiveyAdare  ukAra  biddu  hOguvudilla. 

eraDakkinta jAsti mAtregaLu kallu + ondu = kallondu
kADu + ige = kADige bennu + aTTu = bennaTTu haNNu + Agide = haNNAgide

eraDu mAtregaLu magu+ ondu = maguvondu karu + ige = karuvige guru + ina = guruvina karu + Agide = karuvAgide

AraneyadAgi, prakxtiyu nAmapadavE athavA kriyApadavE emba  viShayavannAdharisiyU sErikeya niyamadalli vyatyAsa kANisikoLLuttade.  udAharaNegAgi  prakxtiyu  kriyApadavAgideyAdare,  adaralli  eraDE  chandOmAtregaLiddarU koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade.  

nAmaprakxtigaLalli lOpavilla
magu + annu = maguvannu
karu + ige = karuvige hasu + ina = hasuvina

kriyAprakxtigaLalli lOpa biDu + ali = biDali koDu + isu = koDisu iru + utta = irutta

ELaneyadAgi prakxtiyu kannaDaddE athavA samskxtadinda eravalAgi  bandudE  emba  viShayada  mElU  sErikeya  niyamadalli  vyatyAsa  kANisikoLLuttade.  samskxtada  prakxtigaLalli  mUru  athavA  jAsti  chandOmAtregaLiddarU ukAra bidduhOguvudilla. 

kannaDada prakxti mAtu + annu = mAtannu
kADu + ige = kADige kADu + ina = kADina

samskxtada prakxti dhAtu + annu = dhAtuvannu sAdhu + ige = sAdhuvige sAdhu + ina = sAdhuvina

I  rIti  kannaDadalli  elli  entaha  sErikeya  niyama  kANisikoLLu  ttade  embudannu  spaShTavAgi  vivarisi  bareyalu  halavAru  viShayagaLannu  gamanadallirisikoLLuva  avaSyakateyide.  ivannella  sariyAgi  gamanisi  sErikeya  niyamagaLannu  baredalli  ‘nAmarUpavaLiyadiddalli’  embantaha  prayOgagaLa mUlaka jArikoLLuva avaSyakateyilla. 

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2.5 sErikeya niyamagaLa aniyamitate

kannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi padagaLa naDuve baruva sErikeya niyamagaLu, adarallU jODupadagaLalli mattu padapratyayagaLa mUlaka siddha vAguva padagaLalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLu aniyamita vAgiruvudE jAsti.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, I padagaLu avugaLa avaSyakate tOri bandAga ondondAgi tayArAgi bhASheyalli baLakege bandantahavugaLu. ivu I rIti bEre bEre samayagaLalli tayArAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda

pakAra

naDedidda

SatamAnadallEnE

kANisuva DakAra

kAraNa, avugaLalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLu bEre bEre samayadavAgiralu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi kALgiccu (kADu + kiccu ‘benki’) jODupada LakAravAguva badalAvaNe haLegannaDada samayaddu. I jODupada aShTondu hindeyE tayArAgiddu, indigU badalAgade baLakeyalli uLidukonDide. idE rItiyalli, kaypiDi jODupadadalli hiDi kriyApada (illavE nAmapada) piDi emba haLegannaDada rUpadallide. I padadalli baruva pada hosagannaDadalli hiDi rUpakke badalAgiddu, idakke hattu- hannondanE hakAravAguva badalAvaNe kAraNa (bhaT 1995:77 nODi). endare, haLegannaDada kAladindalU piDi embudu I jODupadadalli badalAvaNeyAgade hAgeyE uLidukonDide.
vyanjanadalli konegoLLuva padagaLu hosagannaDadalli baLakeyallilla. hIgiddarU bembattu, kaNNIru, heddAri, kaggallu, beLdingaLu modalAda jODupadagaLalli modalaneya angavAgi kANisuva bem, kaN, her (hed), kar (kag), beL modalAda padagaLu vyanjanadalli konegoLLuttiddu, avugaLa koneya vyanjana eraDaneya angavAgiruva padada suruvina vyanjanakke anuguNavAgi badalAgide. idU haLegannaDada paLeyaLikeyE embudaralli samSayavilla. padapratyayagaLa baLakeyallU intaha paLeyaLikegaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, beccage (bisi + age), beLLage (biLi + age) modalAda kelavu padagaLalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLella haLegannaDadavu.
biLi pada pUvrada haLegannaDadalli beLi endiddirabEku. eraDaneya akSharadalli ikAra illavE ukAra bandiddAga adarallidda ekAra haLegannaDada kAladalli ikAravAgi badalAgittu (beLi>biLi). beccage mattu beLLage padagaLalli eraDaneya akSharavAgi ikAra illavE ukAra iralillavAda kAraNa, modalaneya akSharada ekAra haLegannaDadalli badalAgade hAgeyE uLidittu. adE rUpa ivattu hosagannaDadallU I jODupadagaLalli uLidukonDide (bhaT 1995:63 nODi).
idallade, ATa, OTa, kUTa, nOTa modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva DakAra TakAravAguva sErikeya niyamavU haLegannaDadinda

athavA adakkU hindina kannaDa prabhEdadinda uLidu banda paLeyaLike yirabEku. padarUpa pratyayagaLa baLakeyallU sErikeya niyamagaLa maTTige aniyamitate kANisuttiddu idakkU paLeyaLikegaLE kAraNavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi kriyApadagaLige hindina samayavannu sUcisuva da pratyayavannu sErisidAga A kriyApadagaLalli mattu pratyayadalli halakelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave. ivugaLalli kelavu aniyamitavAgiruttave (baru - banda, teru - tetta, iru - idda, koDu - koTTa, kANu - kanDa, hOgu - hOda).
padarUpa pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva I sErikeya niyamada aniyamitateyU padapratyayagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamada aniyamitateya hAgeyE paLeyaLikeya pariNAmavendu hELabahudu.

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2.6 varNagaLa paTTi

samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu siddhapaDisiruva varNagaLa paTTiyannu ‘atyanta vayjYAnikavAda paTTi’ embudAgi heccinavarU hELuttAre. Adare hEge idu vayjYAnika embudannu yArU sariyAgi vivEcisida hAgilla.
samskxtada vyanjanagaLalli vagrIya vyanjanagaLannu (spaSra mattu anunAsikagaLannu) avugaLa uccAraNeya AdhArada mEle paTTi mADa lAgideyAda kAraNa vayjYAnikate kANisuttade, Adare avagrIya vyanjanagaLannAgali illavE svaragaLannAgali A rIti avugaLa uccAraNeya AdhArada mEle paTTi mADilla.
nijakkU samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu I paTTiyannu samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu sUtrarUpadalli sUcisalu sAdhyavAguva hAge tayArisikonDiddAre.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I paTTiyannu samskxtadinda hAgeyE ettikonDiddAre. Adare adu kannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisu valli svalpavU anukUlavAgilla. hAgAgi, kannaDada maTTigantU adu nijakkU ‘vayjYAnika’valla.

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2.6.1 samskxta svaragaLa paTTi

samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu svaragaLannu a, i, u, x, lx, E, O, ay, av embudAgi paTTi mADiddAre. pANiniya vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAguva aiuN, xlxk, EOG, ayavc emba ‘mAhESvara sUtra’gaLalli I paTTiya mUlavannu kANabahudu. mEle sUcisida hAge, svaragaLa I anukramakke samskxta vyAkaraNa dalli bEreyE ondu uddESavide. samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu sUtrarUpadalli hELalu adu sahAyakavAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli a, i mattu u svaragaLu (mattu x, lx embavugaLu kUDa) giDDa (hrasva) mattu udda (dIrgha) emba eraDu rUpagaLalli baraballuvu. savarNadIrgha emba sErikeya niyamavU I svaragaLannu mAtra bAdhisuttade (2.2.1 nODi). hAgAgi avannella oTTAgi paTTiyalli modalige koDalAgide. mElina mAhESvara sUtragaLalli modalaneya sUtrada modalaneya svaradondige eraDaneya sUtrada koneya vyanjanavannu sErisi racisida ak sanjYeya mUlaka I svaragaLannu oTTige sankShiptavAgi pANiniya vyAkaraNadalli sUcisalAguttade.
uLida svaragaLu samskxtadalli udda rUpadalli mAtra baraballuvu. ivugaLalli EkAra-OkAragaLu ondu rItiyavu, mattu aykAra- avkAragaLu innondu rItiyavu. I vyatyAsavannu paTTiyalliruva avugaLa jAgada mUlaka sUcisalAgide. sErike(sandhi)ya niyamagaLallU EkAra-OkAragaLu mattu aykAra avkAragaLu ak svaragaLiginta bhinnavAgi kANisikoLLuttave (2.2.1 nODi). hAgAgi, I svaragaLannu paTTiyalli uLidavugaLiginta bErAgi hELiruvudu samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisuvalli sahAyaka vAguttade.

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2.6.2 kannaDa svaragaLa paTTi

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu mEle koTTiruva samskxta svaragaLa paTTiyalli alpa svalpa badalAvaNegaLannu mADi (e mattu o svaragaLannu adakke sErisi mattu ay svaravannu o svarada modalu irisi) tamma vyAkaraNa gaLalli baLasikonDiddAre.

Adare  samskxta  vayyAkaraNigaLa  hAge  I  paTTiyalli  baruva  svaragaLa  anukramavannu  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  sErikeya  niyamagaLannu  vivarisuvalli baLasikoLLalu yAva rItiyallU avarige sAdhyavAgilla.  
endare, I paTTiyalli baruva svaragaLa anukrama kannaDa vyAkaraNada  maTTige sampUrNavAgi anupayuktavAgiyE uLidide. nijakkU I paTTi  kannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa.  
udAharaNegAgi,  kannaDadalli  a,  i,  u  embavugaLu  mAtravallade  e, o embavugaLU giDDa mattu udda rUpagaLalli baraballuvu. Adare,  ay  mattu  av  ‘svara’gaLige  ondE  rUpavide.  hAgAgi,  ay  embudannu  o  embudara modalu irisiruvudu kannaDada maTTige sariyalla. 
idallade,  ay  mattu  avgaLige  kannaDadalli  viSiShTavAda  sthAnavE  illa.  avu  akAradondige  yakAra  mattu  vakAragaLu  sEridAga  unTAguva  ay mattu av emba akSharajODigaLallade, samskxtadalli kANisuva  hAge viSiShTavAda ‘sandhisvara’gaLalla.  
samskxtadalli  yakAra  mattu  vakAragaLannu  baLasiruva  I  eraDu  akSharajODigaLu  mAtra  baLakeyallive.  Adare  kannaDadalli  ivu  mAtra  vallade  ey,  oy,  Ay,  iv  modalAda  bEreyU  halavu  antahavE  akSharajODigaLU  (geymu,  koylu,  Ayku,  kivDu)  baLake  yallive.  hAgAgi,  mElina  eraDu  akSharajODigaLige  (ay  mattu  avgaLige) mAtra ondu viSiShTavAda sthAnavannu koDuvudaralli kannaDada  maTTige yAva avcityavU illa. 
kannaDada  sErikeya  niyamagaLalli  ikAra  mattu  ekAragaLu  ondu  rItiyalli  kANisikoLLuvuvAdare  ukAra,  okAra  mattu  akAragaLu  innondu  rItiyalli  kANisikoLLuttave.  udAharaNegAgi  ikAra  mattu  ekAragaLa  anantara  yakAra  AgamavAgi  baruvudAdare,  ukAra,  okAra  mattu  akAragaLa  anantara  vakAra  AgamavAgi  baruttade  (2.3  nODi).  I  viShayadallU  mElina  svaragaLa  paTTi  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  maTTige  anukUlavAgilla.  
samskxta  padagaLalli  kANisuva  EkAra  mattu  OkAragaLu  nijakkU  mUlapadadallidda svaragaLalla. yAkendare, samskxtada mUlabhASheyAda  inDO-yurOpiyannallidda ekAra-okAragaLu samskxtadalli akAra  vAgi badalAgive mattu EkAra-OkAragaLu AkAravAgi badalAgive.  

adE  mUlabhASheyallidda  ai,  ei  mattu  oi  svarajODigaLu  EkAravAgi mattu au, eu mattu ou svara jODigaLu OkAravAgi  badalAdudarindAgi  ivattu  samskxta  vEda,  tE,  Ojas  modalAda  padagaLalli  I  eraDu  svaragaLu  kANisikoLLuttive  (bhaT  2005:54 
idallade,  sErikeya  niyamagaLa  mUlakavU  ivu  samskxta  pada  gaLalli  kANisikoLLuvuvAda  kAraNa,  samskxtada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  I  eraDu  svaragaLannu  sandhyakSharagaLendu  kareyuttAre.  udAharaNegAgi,  akAra  mattu  AkAragaLu  ikAra  mattu  IkAragaLondige  sEridAga  EkAravU,  ukAra  mattu  UkAragaLondige  sEridAga  OkAravU  samskxtadalli  AdESagaLAgi  baruttaveyembudannu  nAvu  mEle  (2.2.1  ralli) nODiruvevu.  
EkAra  mattu  OkAragaLannu  akAra,  ikAra  mattu  ukAragaLinda  pratyEkisi  paTTi  mADuvudara  mUlaka  samskxtada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  I  viShayavannu sUtrarUpadalli vivarisalu SaktarAgiddAre.  
kannaDada  vyAkaraNakke  adara  svaragaLa  paTTi  anukUlavAgabEkAdalli  adaralli  baruva  svaragaLa  sankhyeyannu  mAtravallade  jAgavannU  badalAyisabEku. endare, i, I, e, E, u, U, o, O mattu a,  A  embudAgi  ikAra-IkAragaLannu  ekAra-EkAragaLondige  mattu  ukAra-UkAragaLannu okAra-OkAragaLondige irisi paTTi mADabEku.  
idallade,  akAra-AkAragaLannu  ikAra  mattu  ekAradondige  irisuva badalu ukAra mattu okAradondige irisabEku. 
hIge mADidalli, I svaragaLa paTTiyannu baLasi kannaDadalli kANisuva  sErikeya  niyamagaLannu  samskxta  vyAkaraNagaLalliruva  hAge  sUtrarUpa  dalli tiLisihELalu sAdhyavAdItu. 
kannaDakke  avaSyaviruva  intaha  svaragaLa  paTTige  uccAraNeya  AdhAravide.  ikAra-ekAragaLu  nAligeya  mumbhAgadalli  huTTuttave  mattu  ukAra,  okAra  mattu  akAragaLu  nAligeya  himbhAgadalli  huTTuttave (akArada kelavu prabhEdagaLu mAtra nAligeya naDubhAgadalli  huTTuttave). I vyatyAsavannu keLage kANisida hAge citrisalu sAdhyavide. 

bAyiya jAga 

nAligeya bhAga  munde   

mEle
naDuve
keLage E, F
J, K

G, H M, N C, D

I  rIti  svaragaLa  huTTannAdharisi  racisida  paTTiyE  kannaDada  maTTige  heccu  ‘vayjYAnika’vAdudu.  idu  mEle  vivarisida  samskxta  svaragaLa  paTTiyinda tIra bhinnavAgideyumbudannu gamanisabahudu. 

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2.6.3 vyanjanagaLa paTTi

samskxtada vyanjanagaLannu vagrIyagaLu (spaSra mattu anunAsikagaLu) mattu avagrIyagaLu embudAgi eraDu mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisa lAgide. ivugaLalli vagrIyagaLannu avugaLa uccAraNeya jAgavannu Adharisi aydu vagragaLalli vingaDisalAgiddu, avugaLalli pratiyondu vagradallU aghOSha-alpaprANa (kacaTatapa), aghOSha-mahAprANa (khachaThathapha), ghOSha-alpaprANa (gajaDadaba), ghOSha-mahAprANa (ghajhaDhadhabha) mattu anunAsika (GaYaNanama) embudAgi aydu rItiya vyanjanagaLu kANisikoLLuttave. avagrIyagaLannu antastha (yaralava) mattu UShma (saSaShaha) embudAgi vingaDisalAgide. kannaDada vyanjanagaLannu I rIti vingaDisuva badalu bEre rItiyalli vingaDisuvudarinda adara sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisuva kelasa heccu sulabhavAgaballudu. kannaDadalli mahAprANAkSharagaLilla. idallade, NanamagaLemba mUru anunAsikagaLu mattu saSahagaLemba mUru UShmagaLu mAtra kannaDadalli baLakeyallive. I vyanjanagaLannu vagrIya mattu avagrIyagaLendu vingaDisuva badalu, avugaLa uccAraNeyannavalambisi keLage (47nE puTadalli) koTTiruva hAge vingaDisuvudu kannaDada maTTige heccu anukUla. udAharaNegAgi, pabamavagaLannu oTTAgi ondE kAlannalli hELiruvudarinda avugaLa naDuviruva hattirada sambandhavannu sUcisalu sAdhyavAguttade. itara kAlangaLalli baruva vyanjanagaLa naDuve mattu bEre bEre sAlugaLalli baruva vyanjanagaLa naDuveyU intahavE hattirada sambandhagaLu kanDubaruttave.

I  sambandhagaLu  kannaDada  caritreyalli  naDediruva  badalAvaNegaLalli  mattu  kannaDa  padagaLa  oLaracaneyalli  baLakeyAguva  sErikeya  niyama  gaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. 

kannaDa vyanjanagaLa paTTi

l t

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2.7 tiruLu

kannaDadalli kANisuva sErikeya (sandhi) niyamagaLigU samskxtadalli kANisuva sErikeya niyamagaLigU naDuve halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsa gaLive. kannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu tiLiyalu samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyilla.
kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli samskxta davE Ada kelavu sErikeya niyamagaLu kANisikoLLuvuvAda kAraNa avannu vivarisuvalli mAtra samskxtada sErikeya niyamagaLannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli tiLisihELuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLu padagaLa naDuve mattu padagaLa kone yalli bEre bEreyAgiruttave. idallade, sErikeya niyamakke oLapaDuva varNa prakxtiyadO pratyayaddO, padapratyayaddO padarUpa pratyaya ddO, kriyAprakxtiyadO nAmaprakxtiyadO, kannaDa padaddO samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padaddO, prakxtiyalli chandO mAtregaLeShTive, sErikeya niyamakke oLapaDuva varNada svarUpavEnu modalAda halavAru viShayagaLannu gamanisikoLLade kannaDada sErikeya (sandhi)niyamagaLentahavu embudannu vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. I viShayadallU kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide.

samskxta varNagaLa paTTi samskxtada maTTige ‘vayjYAnika’vAgiruvudu  nijavAdarU kannaDada maTTige vayjYAnikavalla. 
kannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisalu adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa  vondannu  siddhapaDisuvudu  eShTu  avaSya  emba  viShaya  idarinda  spaShTa  vAguttade. 

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3. padavagragaLu

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3.1 munnOTa

bhASheyondaralli baruva padagaLannu avugaLa artha mattu vAkyagaLalli avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa - I eraDu viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle kelavu mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAguva padagaLannu avugaLa arthada AdhArada mEle keLage sUcisida hAge mukhyavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.

nAmapadagaLu:  rAju,  huDugi,  mane,  Ane  modalAda  vyakti,  prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva padagaLu. 
kriyApadagaLu:  hELu,  tinnu,  ODu,  bILu,  koDu,  mADu 

modalAda ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuva padagaLu.

guNapadagaLu: doDDa, cikka, biLi, kappu, oLLe, bahaLa modalAda

guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu.

padagaLannu  vingaDisalu  I  rIti  avugaLa  arthavannu  mAtravallade  vAkyagaLalli  avu  entaha  kelasagaLannu  naDesuttave  embudannU  tiLidu  koLLuva  avaSyakateyide.  kannaDadalli  mEle  koTTiruva  mUru  rItiya  padagaLu mUru rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesuttave embudannu I keLagina  vAkyagaLinda tiLiyabahudu. 

rAju cikka huDuganige haNNu koTTa (1kha) giri kappu kAgadadalli citra biDisida

(1ka-kha)  vAkyagaLalli  rAju,  huDuga,  haNNu,  giri,  kAgada  mattu  citra emba Aru padagaLannu Aru vyakti illavE vastugaLannu gurutisuvu  dakkAgi  baLasalAgide.  ivu  koDu  mattu  biDisu  emba  kriyApadagaLu  nirdESisuva eraDu ghaTanegaLalli toDagiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLAgive.  
idallade  mElina  vAkyagaLalli  cikka  hAgU  kappu  emba  bEreyU  eraDu  padagaLa  baLakeyAgiddu,  avugaLannu  avugaLa  mundiruva  nAmapadagaLu  (anukramavAgi  huDuga  mattu  kAgada  embavugaLu)  gurutisuva  vyakti  illavE  vastugaLa  guNadharmagaLannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  baLasalAgide.  
kannaDadalli  I  rIti  vyakti,  vastu,  viShaya,  modalAdavugaLannu  gurutisuvudu,  ghaTanegaLannu  nirdESisuvudu  mattu  guNadharmagaLannu  sUcisuvudu  embudAgi  mUru  mukhya  kelasagaLannu  naDesuvudakkAgi  mElina  mUru  rItiya  padagaLannu  baLasuttEve.  idu  avannu  anu  kramavAgi  nAmapada,  kriyApada  mattu  guNapadagaLemba  mUru  pada  vagragaLalli vingaDisalu innondu AdhAra. 

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3.2 nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu

padagaLannu padavagragaLAgi vingaDisuvalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShe gaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudendare, mEle sUcisida hAge kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada gaLembudAgi mUru padavagragaLive; Adare samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu padavagragaLu mAtra ive. guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAda mUraneya padavagradalli bArade nAmapada vagradallEnE baruttave. samskxtada padagaLannu nAmapada, kriyApada mattu avyaya embu dAgi mUru gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudu avaSya embudAgi adara kelavu vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre; Adare bEre kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu ivugaLalli mUraneyadAda avyaya embudannu nAma padagaLondige sErisuvudara mUlaka, samskxtada padagaLannu nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDE eraDu padavagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhya embudAgi vAdisiddAre.
kannaDada heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU samskxta padagaLa I eraDu rItiya vibhajanegaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisa

lAgide. nAmapada, kriyApada mattu avyaya embudAgi mUru rItiya padagaLu kannaDadalliveyumbudAgi kelavu vyAkaraNagaLu tiLisu ttave mattu bEre kelavu vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra iveyendu tiLisuttave. samskxta vyAkaraNadalli guNapada (guNavAcaka pada) mattu nAma padagaLannu ondE padavagradalli irisalu kAraNavEnendare, arthada maTTige I eraDu rItiya padagaLu bhinnavAgi tOruvuvAdarU vAkya gaLalli avakke ondE rItiya baLakeyide. Adare, kannaDadalli guNapada gaLu mEle vivarisida hAge artha mattu baLakegaLeraDarallU nAmapada gaLiginta tIrA bhinnavAgive.
hAgAgi, kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAda padavagradalli baruttaveyundu vAdisalu halavu AdhAragaLannu koDa bahudu. nAmapadagaLa hAge avu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruvudilla vembudu ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudu. I viShayavannAdharisi avannu avyayagaLendu hesarisalu sAdhyavideyEnO nija. Adare, idarinda bEre kelavu samasyegaLELalu sAdhyavide.
guNapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva kelavu kriyAviSEShaNagaLannu mattu nipAtagaLannu mAtra samskxtadalli avyayagaLendu kareyuvudu rUDhi. intahavu (ayyO, OhO, cI, thU, elavO modalAdavugaLu) kannaDadallU iveyAda kAraNa, avakkinta bhinnavAgiruva kannaDada guNa padagaLannu avyayagaLendu karedalli anavaSyakavAgi gondalakkeDeyAga balludu. hAgAgi, kannaDadalli avannu bEreyE ondu padavagradalli irisuvudu oLLeyadu. samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa ondu atyanta mukhyavAda vyatyAsa. vyAkaraNada halavAru bhAgagaLalli I vyatyAsadindAgi kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgi kANisuvuvembudannu munde nODaliruvevu. I viShayadalli kannaDa yAke samskxtada hAge alla, kannaDadalli guNapadagaLannu bEreyE ondu padavagradalli yAke pratyEkavAgi irisabEku embudannu tiLiyalu I keLagina kelavu viShayagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu. nAmapadada viSEShaNavannAgi

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3.2.1 viSEShaNagaLAgi guNapadagaLa baLake

guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADuva vidhAna samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgide. samskxtadalli ondu guNapadavannu mADabEkiddalli, A nAmapadadondige yAva vibhakti pratyaya baruttideyO adannu guNapadadondigU baLasuva avaSyakateyide. samskxtadalli guNapada gaLU nAmapadagaLE ennuvudu idE kAraNakkAgi.
Adare kannaDadalli A rIti guNapadadondige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. ondu guNapadavannu nAmapadada viSEShaNavAgi baLasabEkiddalli adakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisade nEravAgi A nAmapadadondige irisabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva samskxta vAkyagaLannu mattu avugaLa kannaDa anuvAdagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

tatra EkaH kxShNaH sapraH asti ‘alli ondu kappu hAvu ide’ (2kha) hariH Ekam kxShNam sapram apaSyat ‘hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida’ (2ga) hariH EkEna kxShNEna saprEna daShTaH ‘hariyannu ondu kappu hAvu kaccitu’

(2ka)  vAkyadalli  EkaH  kxShNaH  sapraH  ‘ondu  kappu  hAvu’  emba  nAmapadakante  bandiddu  adaralliruva  sapra  nAmapada  mAtravallade,  adara  viSEShaNagaLAda  Eka  mattu  kxShNa  padagaLU  vibhakti  pratyaya  dondige (pullinga-Ekavacana-prathamA vibhaktiyalli) bandive.  
idE nAmapadakante (2kha) mattu (2ga) vAkyagaLallU bandiddu, A  padakanteyalliruva  sapra  nAmapadada  vibhakti  pratyaya  mAtravallade  itara  eraDu  viSEShaNa  padagaLa  (Eka,  kxShNa  embavugaLa)  vibhakti  pratyayavU badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.  
ivu  mUrU  (2kha)  vAkyadalli  pullinga-Ekavacana-dvitIyA  vibhaktiyalli  (Ekam  kxShNam  sapram  embudAgi)  bandive  mattu  (2ga) 

vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana-txtIyA vibhaktiyalli (EkEna kxShNEna saprEna embudAgi) bandive.
illi mukhyavAgi gamanisabEkAgiruva amSavEnendare, sapra ‘hAvu’ nAmapada mAtravallade adara viSEShaNavAgi bandiruva kxShNa ‘kappu’ guNapada (mattu Eka ‘ondu’ eNikeya pada) - ivellavU samskxtadalli linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayadondige barabEkAguttade mattu ondE padakanteya angagaLAgiruvAga ivellavU ondE linga- vacana-vibhaktiyalli barabEkAguttade. I mUru vAkyagaLa keLagEnE koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisidalli, adara guNapadagaLu (mattu eNikeya padagaLu) samskxtada guNapadagaLiginta yAke bhinnavAdavugaLu emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.
A vAkyagaLalli baruva kappu guNapada mUru vAkyagaLallU ondE rUpadallide. adakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi kappannu hAvannu illavE *kappininda hAvininda endu hELidevAdare adu kannaDa vAgalAradu.
idE rItiyalli ondu emba eNikeya padavU kannaDada I mUru (2ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli ondE rUpadallide. nAmapadadondige baLasuvAga adakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisi *ondannu hAvannu illavE *ondakke hAvige embudAgi hELalu kannaDadalli sAdhyavAgadu. (bhAShAvijYAnigaLu padakante illavE vAkyada munde ‘’ sanjYe yannu baLasuvudara mUlaka adu vyAkaraNabaddhavalla embudannu sUcisuttAre. idE kramavannu mEle koTTiruva *kappannu hAvannu, *kappininda hAvininda *ondannu hAvannu modalAda padakantegaLu kannaDadalli vyAkaraNabaddhavalla embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasa

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3.2.2 viSEShaNagaLAgi nAmapadagaLa baLake

samskxtadalli guNapadagaLa hAge nAmapadagaLannU bEre nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhyavide. I rIti baLasabEkiddalli, guNapadagaLa hAge A nAmapadagaLigU avugaLa viSEShyavAgiruva nAma padada linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.

Adare  kannaDadalli  ondu  nAmapadavannu  innondu  nAmapadada  sambandhavide  viSEShaNavannAgi  mADabEkiddalli  averaDara  embudannu  sUcisuva  a  (‘ShaShThI  vibhakti’)  pratyayavannu  sErisabEku  (endare, adannondu ‘guNapada’vAgi badalAyisabEku).  

naDuve

(3ka) aham mxttikam ghaTam dxShTavAn ‘nAnu maNNina koDavannu nODide’

(3kha) aham mxttikEna ghaTEna jalam pibam

‘nAnu maNNina koDadinda (koDadalli) nIru kuDide’

(3ka)  mattu  (3kha)  vAkyagaLalli  samskxtada  mxttika  ‘maNNu’  nAmapada  eraDu  bEre  bEre  vibhakti  pratyayagaLondige  (dvitIyA  mattu txtIyA vibhakti pratyayagaLondige) baLakeyAgide.  
Adare  I  vAkyagaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa  vAkyagaLeraDarallU  maNNu  nAmapada  ShaShThI  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  baLakeyAgide.  A  nAmapadada  vibhakti  nAmapadavannu  adara  viSEShyavAda  pratyayadondige  (endare  annu  illavE  inda  pratyayagaLondige)  baLasalu kannaDadalli sAdhyavAgadu.  
samskxtada  viSEShaNa  nAmapadagaLondige  I  rIti  baLaLakeyAguva  vibhakti pratyayagaLu avugaLa viSEShyadondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLE  AgirabEkemba  niyamavide.  (3ka)  vAkyadalli  iveraDU  dvitIyeyallive  mattu (3kha) vAkyadalli iveraDU txtIyeyallive embudannu gamanisa  bahudu.  
I  viShayadalli  samskxtada  I  nAmapadagaLu  (2ka-ga)  vAkyagaLalli  kANisuva  samskxtada  guNapadagaLiginta  bhinnavAgilla.  A  guNapadagaLU  avugaLa  viSEShyagaLAgi  bandiruva  nAmapadagaLa  vibhaktiyalliyE  baLake  yAgive.    
Adare (3ka-ga) kannaDa vAkyagaLalliruva nAmapadagaLu (2ka-ga) vAkya  gaLalli kANisuva guNapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgive. (2ka-ga) vAkyagaLalliruva  guNapadagaLige  yAva  pratyayavU  sErilla.  Adare  (3ka-ga)  vAkya  gaLalliruva nAmapadagaLige ShaShThI vibhakti pratyaya sEride. I rIti ShaShThI  vibhakti  pratyaya  sErade  kannaDada  nAmapadagaLu  bErondu  nAmapadada  viSEShaNagaLAgi baralAravu.  

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3.2.3 viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa jAga

guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu avugaLa viSEShyagaLondigEnE baLasabEkemba niyamavilla. averaDu vAkyada bEre bEre kaDegaLalli bandiralU sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTi ruva (4)nE vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

kaTam karOti daSranIyam (4) *‘cApeyannu tayArisuttiddAne sundaravAda’ (4kha) ‘sundaravAda cApeyannu tayArisuttiddAne’

(4)nE samskxta vAkyadalli daSranIyam ‘sundara’ guNapada adara  viSEShyavAgiruva  kaTam  ‘cApe’  embudarondige  baruva  badalu  A  vAkyada  kriyApadavAgiruva  karOti  ‘mADuttAne’  embudara  anantara  bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.  
Adare kannaDadalli viSEShaNavannu I rIti viSEShyadinda dUra irisi  hELalu  sAdhyavilla.  udAharaNegAgi,  (4)nE  samskxta  vAkyada  keLage  koTTiruva  modalaneya  (4ka)  kannaDa  vAkyadalli  sundaravAda  embu  dannu  kriyApadada  anantara  irisida  kAraNa,  A  vAkya  sariyAgilla.  kannaDadalli viSEShaNagaLu viSEShyadondigEnE iruvudu avaSya. 
samskxtadalli  viSEShya  mattu  viSEShaNagaLu  ondE  vibhakti,  vacana  mattu  lingagaLalli  baruttaveyAda  kAraNa,  avannu  yAvAgalU  oTTige  irisabEkemba niyamavilla. avu vAkyada bEre bEre kaDegaLalli bandive  yAdarU  vAkyavannu  artha  mADikoLLuva  samayadalli  linga-vibhakti- vacanagaLa  AdhArada  mEle  avannu  sulabhavAgi  oTTige  sErisi  artha  mADikoLLalu sAdhyavAguttade.  
Adare kannaDadalli viSEShaNagaLu linga, vacana mattu vibhakti pratyaya  gaLondige  baruvudilla.  hAgAgi  avannu  yAvAgalU  avugaLa  viSEShya  vAgiruva  nAmapadada  hattiravE  irisabEkAguttade;  vAkyada  bEre  kaDe  gaLige vagrAyisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. 
nijakkU  samskxtadalli  viSEShaNa  mattu  viSEShyagaLa  naDuve  yAva  vyatyAsavU  illa.  yAkendare  adara  padakantegaLalli  baruva  eraDu 

(athavA jAsti) padagaLalli yAvudu viSEShaNa mattu yAvudu viSEShya embudAgi avugaLa naDuve vyatyAsavannu sAdhisalu yAva AdhAravU siguvudilla.
Adare kannaDadalli viSEShaNagaLu viSEShyagaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruttave. yAkendare, kannaDada padakantegaLalli viSEShyagaLu mAtra vibhakti pratyaya dondige baraballuvu. viSEShaNagaLu guNapadagaLAgiddalli hAgeyE baruttave mattu nAmapadagaLAgiddalli ShaShThI pratyayadondige baruttave. I ShaShThI pratyaya kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayavalla (8.5.5 nODi).

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3.2.4 padakante mattu jODupadagaLalli guNapadagaLu

samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondu padakanteya angagaLannAgi baLasuva badalu, ondu jODupadada (samastapadada) angagaLannAgi baLasalU sAdhyavide. hIge baLasuvAga sAmAnyavAgi avugaLalli modalinadara vibhakti pratyayavannu tegeduhAkalAguttade. udAharaNe gAgi, kxShNam sapram padakanteyannu I rIti kxShNasapram jODupada vAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.
intaha samskxtada jODupadagaLu mEle koTTiruva kannaDada pada kantegaLa hAge (endare kappuhAvannu embudara hAge) kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kannaDada kelavu padakantegaLannu jODupada(samastapada)gaLendu tappAgi varNisiddAre. udAharaNegAgi keLagina samskxta vAkyagaLannu avugaLa keLagiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

(5ka) hariH Ekam kxShNasapram apaSyat ‘hari ondu kappuhAvannu nODida’ (5kha) hariH EkEna kxShNasaprENa daShTaH

‘hariyannu ondu kappuhAvu kaccitu’

(5ka-kha)  samskxta  vAkyagaLalli  kxShNasapram  mattu  kxShNasaprENa  embudAgi  jODupadavondu  eraDu  vibhakti  rUpagaLalli  baLake  yAgiddu, adara modalaneya angavAgiruva pada (kxShNa embudu) I  eraDu baLakegaLallU vibhakti pratyayavillade bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.  

idE  rItiyalli  ivugaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa  vAkyagaLallU  kappuhAvannu  mattu  kappuhAvu  emba  eraDu  baLakegaLalli  kappu  embudu vibhakti pratyayavillade bandide.  
Adare,  illi  samskxtada  baLakegaLigU  kannaDada  baLakegaLigU  naDuve  ondu  mukhyavAda  vyatyAsavideyembudannu  gamanisuvudu  avaSya.  samskxtada  jODupadagaLalli  modalidda  vibhakti  pratyayavondu  biddu  hOgide, Adare kannaDadalli A rIti vibhakti pratyaya bidduhOgilla.  
yAkendare,  modaligEnE  kappu  hAvu  embudaralli  kappu  embudara  munde  vibhakti  pratyaya  bandiralilla,  mattu  kannaDadalli  hAge  baralu  sAdhyavU  illa.  I  viShaya  3.2.1nE  vibhAgadalli  (2ka-ga)  vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisuvAga spaShTavAgide.  
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxtada kxShNasapra embudannu, adaralli vibhakti  pratyayavondu  biddu  hOgiruvudannu  AdhAravAgi  irisi,  jODu  padavendu parigaNisida hAge kannaDada kappu hAvu embudannu jODu  padavendu  parigaNisalu  sAdhyavilla.  kappu  hAvu  embudaralli  vibhakti  pratyaya biddu hOgilla; yakendare, adannalli baLasalE illa.  
nijakkU  samskxtadalli  jODupadagaLigU  avakke  samanAgiruva  pada  kantegaLigU naDuve arthada maTTige heccina vyatyAsavEnU illa; vibhakti  pratyayada lOpavondE avugaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsa.  
Adare  kannaDadalli  jODupada  mattu  padakantegaLa  naDuve  arthada  maTTigU  mukhyavAda  vyatyAsagaLiddu,  avannu  bariya  vibhakti  pratyayada  iruvike  illavE  illadiruvikeya  AdhArada  mEle  ondarindondannu  pratyEkisalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu munde nAlkanE adhyAyadalli nODa  liruvevu. 

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3.2.5 nAmapadagaLAgi guNapadagaLa baLake

samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu (endare guNapadada arthaviruva nAmapada gaLannu) bEre nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi mAtravallade svatantravAda nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLasalu sAdhyavide mattu hAge baLasidAga avu ellA rItiya vibhakti pratyayagaLondigU baraballuvu.
Adare kannaDadalli I rIti guNapadagaLannu hAgeyE nAmapadagaLAgi baLasalu sAmAnyavAgi sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi kannaDada doDDa,

cikka, hosa, haLe modalAda guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu (endare nEravAgi avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELalu) sAdhyavAgadu.
I niyamakke kannaDadalli kelavu apavAdagaLiruvudu nija. udA haraNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva kappu guNapada nAmapadavAgiyU baLake yAgaballudu (adakke kappu hAkiddu jAstiyAgide) mattu guNapada vAgiyU baLakeyAgaballudu (adu kappu hakki). hIgiddarU vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baralArada guNapadagaLu halavu kannaDadalliveyAda kAraNa avugaLigAgi bErondu padavagra vannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kannaDadallide. Adare intaha avaSyakate samskxtadallilla. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(6ka) aham phalam khAdAmi

‘nAnu haNNannu tinnuttEne’ (6kha) aham Suklam khAdAmi

‘nAnu biLiyadannu tinnuttEne’ (6ga) aham SuklAya phalam dAsyAmi

‘nAnu biLiyavanige haNNu koDuttEne’

(6kha-ga)  vAkyagaLalli  samskxtada  Sukla  ‘biLi’  guNapadavannu  (6ka)  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  phala  ‘haNNu’  nAmapadada  hAgeyE  baLasalAgide.  adu (6kha) vAkyadalli dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayadondige mattu (6ga)  vAkyadalli caturthI vibhakti pratyayadondige svatantravAgi, endare phala  embudara AdhAravillade, baLakeyAgide.  
Adare  I  (6kha-ga)  vAkyagaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa  vAkyagaLalli  biLi  guNapadakke  A  rIti  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  nEravAgi  sErisalu  sAdhyavAgilla.  modalige  avakke  savranAma  pratyayagaLannu  illavE  savranAmagaLannu  (du  illavE  avanu  embudannu)  sErisi  anantara  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  sErisabEkAgide.  kannaDada  guNapadagaLu  nAmapada  gaLiginta bhinnavAdavugaLu emba viShaya idarindalU spaShTavAguttade. 

kannaDada  guNapadagaLalli  kelavannu  udda-giDDa,  agala-sapura,  ettara-taggu,  dappa-teLu,  doDDa-cikka,  bisi-tampu,  bhAra-hagura,  embantaha  jODigaLAgi  sErisi  hELalu  sAdhyavide.  I  jODigaLalli  modalaneyadannu  mAtra  nAmapadavAgi  baLasalu  sAdhyaviddu,  adu  A  jODiya oTTu arthavannu sUcisaballudu.  

(7ka) I gODeya ettara Aru aDi (7kha) *I gODeya taggu eraDu aDi (8ka) mEle iruva haggada udda Aru aDi (8kha) *mEle iruva haggada giDDa eraDu aDi

(7ka)  vAkyadalli  ettara  guNapada  nAmapadavAgi  baLakeyAgide.  gODe taggAgiddarU ettaravAgiddarU adara aLateyannu tiLisalu ettara  padaviruva (7ka) vAkyavannE baLasalu sAdhya embudannu gamanisabahudu.  
idakke  badalu  giDDa  padavannu  baLasiruva  (7kha)  vAkya  sariyalla  embudannU gamanisabahudu. (8ka-kha) vAkyagaLallU hIgeyE. 
idallade  kannaDadalli  nAmapadagaLodige  ‘modalAda’  emba  artha  vannu koDuvudakkAgi avugaLa pratidhvaniya hAge kANisuva padavondannu  sErisi  hELalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare,  guNapadagaLondige  antaha  padavannu  sErisi  hELalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  sAmAnyavAgi  I  pratidhvanisuva  pada  kannaDadalli gakAradinda toDaguttade. 

(9ka) nimma doDDamma giDDamma ella bandiddAre (9kha) avaru mane gine ella kaLedukonDiddAre (9ga) *avanu tanna cikka gikka maneyannu mAriddAne

(9ka)  vAkyadalli  doDDamma  nAmapadadondige  adara  pratidhvaniya  hAge kANisuva giDDamma embudannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide. idE  rItiyalli  (9kha)  vAkyadalli  mane  nAmapadadondige  gine  embudannu  sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide.  
Adare  (9ga)dalli  cikka  guNapadadondige  adara  pratidhvaniya  hAge  kANisuva  gikka  embudannu  sErisi  hELalu  prayatnisidudarindAgi  A  vAkya sariyillavendu anisuttade. 

nAmapadavondara  arthakke  ondu  niScitavAda  guNadharmavannu  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  adara  vyAptiyannu  kaDime  mADuvudE  guNa  padagaLa  mukhya  kelasa.  ‘modalAda’  emba  arthavannu  koDuva  prati  dhvanisuva  padagaLannu  avugaLondige  sErisi  hELidalli  avu  sUcisuva  artha aniScitavAgibiDuttade mattu idarindAgi avugaLa  mukhya kelasakke  aDDiyAguttade.  
kannaDadalli  pratidhvanisuva  padagaLannu  guNapadagaLondige  baLasalu  sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke avu sUcisuva I aniScitateyE mukhya kAraNa.  
nAmapadagaLu  mattu  guNapadagaLu  kannaDadalli  bEre  bEre  vagra  gaLige  sEruttaveyumbudakke  mElina  eraDu  vyatyAsagaLU  AdhAravAga  balluvu.  

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3.2.6 guNapadagaLa jAga

samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu avugaLa viSEShyada modalU hELabahudu, anantaravU hELabahudu. Adare kannaDadalli avannu viSEShyada modalE hELabEkemba niyamavide. avannu viSEShyada anantara hELidalli A racane ondu nAmapadakanteyAgi uLiyuva badalu vAkyavAdItu.
udAharaNegAgi samskxtadalli kxShNaH sapraH endarU sapraH kxShNaH endarU artha ondE. averaDU padakantegaLAgiyE uLiyuttave. Adare kannaDadalli kappu hAvu embudondu padakante, mattu hAvu kappu embudondu vAkya. avugaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsavide. mEle (3.2.3)ralli sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli nijakkU viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU illa embudu I udAharaNeyindalU spaShTavAguttade. kxShNaH sapraH emba padakanteyalli baruva eraDu padagaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU samskxtadalli viSEShaNavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli hAgilla. kappuhAvu emba padakanteyalli kappu embudu mAtravE viSEShaNavAgaballudallade hAvu embudu viSEShaNavAgalAradu. samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu baLasi ondu vAkyavannu racisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDadallU idu sAdhya. intaha vAkyagaLa mUlaka A nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLeraDU ondE emba arthavannu I eraDu bhAShegaLallU sUcisabahudu.

Adare,  samskxtadalli  intaha  vAkyagaLannu  nAmapadagaLa  badalu  guNapadavannu  baLasiyU  racisalu  sAdhyavide,  mattu  hIge  racisida  vAkyagaLu  racisida  vAkyagaLiginta  yAva  rItiyalliyU bhinnavAgiruvudilla. 

nAmapadagaLannu baLasi

(10ka) rAmaH adhyApakaH

‘rAma adhyApaka’

(10kha) rAmaH kxShNaH ‘avanu kappu’

rAma  nAmapadadondige  (10ka)dalli  adhyApaka  emba  innondu  nAmapadada  baLakeyAgide  Adare  (10kha)dalli  adarondige  kxShNa  guNapadada  (guNapadada  arthaviruva  nAmapadada)  baLakeyAgide.  samskrutadalli  I  eraDu  rItiya  vAkyagaLa  naDuve  yAva  vyatyAsavU 
Adare kannaDadalli I rIti guNapadagaLannu baLasi racisida vAkyagaLu  nAmapadagaLannu  baLasi  racisida  vAkyagaLiginta  bhinnavAgiruttave.  udA  haraNegAgi  keLage  koTTiruva  mUru  vAkyagaLannu  hOlisi  nODa  bahudu. 

(11ka) alliruva hU gulAbi (11kha) alliruva hU biLidu (11ga) alliruva hU biLi

(11ka) vAkyadalli alliruva hU nAmapadakanteyondige gulAbi  nAmapada  bandide  mattu  (11kha)dalli  adE  nAmapadakanteyondige  biLi guNapadada biLidu nAmarUpa bandide.  
Adare  (11ga)  vAkyadalli  adE  nAmapadakanteyondige  biLi  guNa  pada yAva pratyayavU sErade nEravAgi guNapada rUpadallE bandide. 
I rIti nAmapadakanteyondige innondu nAmapadavannu illavE  guNapadada  nAmarUpavannu  baLasuvudakkU  guNapadavannE  nEravAgi  baLasuvudakkU naDuve kannaDadalli vyatyAsavide. I eraDu rItiya vAkya 

gaLannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu baLasa bEkAguttade embudarinda I viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
nAmapadakanteyondige innondu nAmapadavannu illavE guNa padada nAmarUpavannu baLasi racisida (11ka) mattu (11kha) vAkya gaLannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli alla padavannu baLasabEkAguttade, mattu nAmapadakanteyondige nEravAgi ondu guNapadavannu baLasi racisida (11ga) vAkyavannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli illa padavannu baLasabEkAgu

(12ka) alliruva hU gulAbi alla (12kha) alliruva hU biLidu alla (12ga) alliruva hU biLi illa

I viShayadalli guNapadavannu baLasiruva mUraneya (11ga) vAkya  kriyApadagaLannu  baLasiruva  vAkyagaLa  hAgeyE  ide;  yAkendare,  nAmapada(kante)yondige  ondu  kriyApadavannu  baLasiruva  vAkyavannu  allagaLeyabEkiddarU kannaDadalli illa padavannE baLasabEkAguttade.  

(13ka) avanu manege hOda (13kha) avanu manege hOgalilla

mElina viShaya nAmapadagaLigU guNapadagaLigU naDuve kannaDadalli  iruva,  mattu  samskxtadalli  illadiruva  innondu  vyatyAsavannU  tOrisikoDuttade. 
adEnendare, samskxtadalli ellA rItiya vAkyagaLannU na padavannu  baLasuvudara mUlaka allagaLeyalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada hAge nAmapada,  kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa naDuve I viShayadalli vyatyAsa illa. 

(14ka) mAm na kaScid apaSyat ‘nannannu yArU nODalilla’

(14kha) saH na adhyApakaH

‘avanu adhyApakanalla’

(14ga) saH na kxShNaH

‘avanu kappalla/ avanu kappilla’

mElina mUru vAkyagaLallU niShEdhArthavannu sUcisalu samskxta  dalli  na  emba  ondE  ondu  padada  baLakeyAgide.  Adare  kannaDada  modalaneya  (14ka)  vAkyadalli  illa  pada  baLakeyAgide  mattu  eraDaneya (14kha) vAkyadalli alla pada baLakeyAgide.  
mUraneya  (14ga)  vAkyadalli  illa  mattu  alla  embavugaLalli  yAvudannu  bEkiddarU  baLasalu  sAdhyaviddu  avu  bEre  bEre  arthagaLannu koDuttave.  
samskxtadalli nAmapada-guNapada vyatyAsavillavAda kAraNa, intaha  sAdhyategaLilla. 

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3.2.7 tAratamya sUcane

tAratamyavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli tara mattu tama pratyaya gaLannAgalI illavE Iya mattu iShTha pratyayagaLannAgalI baLasuva kramavide. ivannu guNapadagaLondigU (guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padagaLondigU) baLasabahudu nAmapadagaLondigU baLasabahudu.

(15ka) priyaH
(15kha) srak

prEyaH
srajIyaH

prEShThaH srajiShThaH

Iya mattu iShTha pratyayagaLannu (15ka)dalli priya guNapada dondige baLasalAgide mattu (15kha)dalli srak ‘mAle’ nAmapada dondige baLasalAgide. srajIya endare jAsti mAlegaLannu hAkiruvava nendu mattu srajiShTha endare ellarigintalU jAsti mAlegaLannu hAkiru vavanendu artha baruttade. intahadE baLakeyannu keLagina vAkya gaLalliyU kANabahudu.

(16ka) gOvindAd rAmO vidvattaraH

‘gOvindaniginta rAma jAsti vidvAmsa’ (16kha) tam aSvatamam vijYAya adhirUDhaH

‘adu kuduregaLallella atyanta SrEShTha endu tiLidu hattida’

tama  pratyaya  (16ka)  vAkyadalli  vidvat  guNapadadondigU  (16kha)  vAkyadalli  aSva  ‘kudure’  nAmapadadondigU  bandiruvudannu  gamanisabahudu. 
kannaDadalli  I  rIti  tara-tamArthagaLannu  koDuva  pratyayagaLilla  vAdarU,  bahaLa,  bArI,  oLLe,  modalAda  kelavu  viSEShaNagaLannu  antahadE artha baruva hAge baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare I padagaLannu  guNapadagaLondige  mAtra  baLasalu  nAmapada  gaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
kannaDada  kelavu  prabhEdagaLalli  A  rIti  baLasalu  sAdhyaviddarU,  antaha nAmapadagaLa mUlaka guNapadavondara artha dhvanitavAguttade.  tulanAtmaka vAkyagaLallU hIgeyE. 

sAdhyavideyallade

(17ka) avanu nanaginta doDDa (17kha) avanu nanaginta tamma

karAvaLiya  kannaDadalli  baLakeyAguva  (17kha)  vAkyadalli  tamma  nAmapadavannu  hOlikeya  arthadalli  baLasalAgideyAdarU  A  vAkya  dalli adakke ‘cikkavanu’ embudAgi ondu guNapadada arthavide.  
kannaDadalli  guNapadagaLu  yAvudAdarU  ondu  guNadharmavannu  mAtra sUcisuttave. Adare nAmapadagaLu idakke viruddhavAgi halavAru  guNadharmagaLannu  sUcisuttave.  bahaLa,  oLLe  modalAda  tara-tamA  rthagaLannu koDuva viSEShaNagaLannu baLasabEkiddalli avugaLa viSEShyavAgi  baruva  pada  ondakkinta  jAsti  guNadharmagaLannu  sUcisuttirabArademba  niyama  kannaDadallide.  hAgAgi,  kannaDadalli  avannu  guNapadagaLondige  mAtra baLasalu sAdhyavAguttade. 
samskxtadalli  nAmapada  mattu  guNapadagaLeraDU  ondE  padavagra  dalli  baruvuvAda  kAraNa,  tara-tama  pratyayagaLannu  baLasuva  viShaya  dalli kannaDadalliruvantaha nibrandha A bhASheyallilla. 

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3.2.8 kxdantagaLa baLake

kannaDadalli tayArisabahudAda kriyApadagaLa kxdanta rUpagaLella nAma padagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi mAtravE baraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, mADu kriyApadada mADida, mADuva, mattu mADada emba rUpagaLu

mADida kelasa, mADuva kelasa, mADada kelasa embantaha padakante gaLalli mAtra baraballuvu.
Adare samskxtadalli tayArisabahudAda kxdanta rUpagaLella nAma padagaLAgiddu avu svatantravAgiyU baraballuvu mattu bEre nAmapada gaLa viSEShaNagaLAgiyU baraballuvu (18ka-kha mattu 19ka-kha nODi).
idallade kxdantagaLu I rIti nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baruvAga avugaLondige A nAmapadagaLa vibhakti pratyayagaLU bara bEkemba niyama samskxtadallide. vibhakti pratyaya bAradiddalli avu A nAmapadadondige sEri jODupada(samastapada)gaLAguttave.
Adare kannaDadalli kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi bandAga avugaLondige samskxtada hAge vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhya vAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva (18ka-kha) samskxta vAkyagaLannu avugaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLondige hOlisi nODa bahudu.

(18ka) aham Ekam bhagnam ghaTam dxShTavAn

‘nAnu ondu oDeda koDavannu nODide’

(18kha) aham Ekam bhagnaghaTam dxShTavAn

‘nAnu ondu oDeda koDavannu nODide’

(18ka)  samskxta  vAkyadalli  bhagna  ‘oDeda’  kxdanta  adara  viSEShya  vAgiruva  ghaTa  ‘koDa’  embudara  hAge  dvitIyA  vibhakti  pratyaya  dondige  bandide.  (18kha)  vAkyadalli  I  vibhakti  pratyaya  lOpa  gonDiddu,  bhagna  kxdantavu  mundiruva  nAmapadadondige  sEri  bhagnaghaTa ‘oDeda koDa’ emba jODupadavAgi bandide.  
Adare  I  eraDU  vAkyagaLa  kannaDa  anuvAdagaLalli  kxdanta  pada  (oDeda  embudu)  ondE  rUpadalli  vibhakti  pratyayavillade  bandide.  nijakkU  kannaDadalli  kxdantagaLige  nEravAgi  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  sErisi  hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.  

samskxtada kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLAgiruva kAraNa avannu svatantra  vAgi,  endare  bEre  nAmapadagaLa  AdhAravillade,  vAkyagaLalli  baLasalu  sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDada kxdantagaLannu viSEShaNagaLAgi mAtra baLasalu  sAdhya.  
avannu  svatantravAgi  baLasabEkiddalli  avakke  udu  pratyayavannAgali  illavE  avanu,  avaLu  modalAda  savranAma(savrapada)gaLannAgali  sErisi  hELuva  avaSyakateyide.  nEravAgi  avakke  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. 

(19ka) aham bhagnam apaSyam

‘nAnu oDedudannu nODide’

(19kha) aham ghaTam kuvrANam apaSyam

‘nAnu koDa mADuvavanannu nODide’

(19ka-kha)  samskxta  vAkyagaLalli  bhagna  ‘oDeda’  mattu  kuvran  ‘mADuva’  kxdantagaLu  nEravAgi  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyondige  (endare  svatantravAda nAmapadagaLAgi) bandive.  
Adare  avugaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa  vAkyagaLalli  bhagna  mattu  kuvrangaLige samAnavAgiruva oDeda mattu mADuva kxdantagaLu A  rIti nEravAgi dvitIyA vibhaktiyondige bandilla; idakke badalu avu  anukramavAgi  udu  pratyayadondige  mattu  avanu  savranAma  (savrapada)dondige  sEri,  anantara  dvitIyA  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  paDedive. 

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3.3 jODupadagaLa racane

kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve I rIti guNapadagaLa vibhajane yalli kANisuva vyatyAsadindAgi A eraDu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLa (samastapadagaLa) racaneyallU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave.
kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU samskxtada samAsagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiruvarAda kAraNa, avaru I vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisalu SaktarAgalilla. idannu munde aydanE adhyAya

dalli vivaravAgi pariSIlisaliruvevAda kAraNa, illi padavagragaLige sambandhisiruvantaha ondu vyatyAsavannu mAtravE sUcisalAgide. samskxtada samAsagaLa oLaracaneyalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli vyatyAsa kANisuvudilla. adaralli baruva karmadhAraya mattu tatpuruSha samAsagaLalli modalaneyadu eraDu padagaLa naDuve viSEShaNa-viSEShya sambandhavannu mattueraDaneyadu bEre bEre rItiya itara sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvuvendu kelavaru varNisiruva rEnO nija.
Adare, karmadhArayadalli modalaneya pada guNapadavE Aga bEkemba niyamavEnU samskxtadallilla. eraDu nAmapadagaLa sEruvike yindalU karmadhAraya siddhavAgalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi candramukham jODupadadalli eraDu nAmapada gaLu baLakeyAgiveyAdarU adu karmadhAraya samAsakke udAharaNe yAgaballudu. I kAraNakkAgi mElina samskxta samAsagaLannu varNisu vAga, eraDu padagaLU ondE vibhaktiyalliddare karmadhAraya mattu bEre bEre vibhaktigaLalliddare tatpuruSha embudAgi hELabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAdavugaLemba viShaya kannaDada samAsagaLa racaneyallU vyaktavAgu ttade. sAmAnyavAgi kannaDada jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi baruva pada nAmapadavAgiruttade. modalaneyadu nAmapadavira bahudu, guNapadavirabahudu, illavE kriyApadavirabahudu. adu guNapadavAgideyAdare kannaDadalli eraDu rItiya samAsagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, cikkAsu mattu naDuhagalu emba eraDu jODupadagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu. ivugaLalli modalaneya dannu tayArisuvudakkAgi cikka guNapadavannu kAsu nAmapadakke viSEShaNavAgi baLasalAgide. Adare eraDaneyadaralli naDu guNapadavannu hagalu nAmapadakke A rIti viSEShaNavAgi mADilla. idakke badalu, A jODupadadallilladiruva bhAga emba padakke adannu viSEShaNavAgi mADalAgide.
naDuhagalu embudakke ‘hagalina naDubhAga’ emba arthavideyallade ‘hagalina naDuve’ emba arthavilla embudannu illi gamanisabahudu. idE rItiyalli mumbAgilu embudakke ‘(maneya) mundina bAgilu’

emba arthavideyAdarU mungay embudakke ‘mundina kay’ emba arthavilla, ‘kayya mundina bhAga’ emba arthavide.
I rIti kannaDadalli nAmapadadondige guNapadavondannu sErisi racisida jODupadakkU innondu nAmapadavannu sErisi racisida jODupadakkU naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. Adare samskxtadalli intaha vyatyAsavilla. I kAraNakkAgi samskxtadalli karmadhArayavannu tatpuruShada ondu upabhEdavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide, Adare kannaDadalli idu sAdhyavilla.

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3.4 padakantegaLannu tayArisalu eraDu vidhAnagaLu

mEleyE tiLisiruva hAge, bhASheyondaralli yAva yAva rItiya padavagragaLella ive embudu padagaLu A bhASheya vAkyagaLalli yAva yAva rItiya kelasagaLannella naDesabEkAguttade embudara mEle avalambiside.
kannaDadalli vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudu, ghaTane gaLannu nirdESisuvudu mattu vyaktigaLa guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru mukhya kelasagaLannu adara padagaLu naDesa bEkAguttade. hAgAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada embudAgi mUru mukhya pangaDagaLalli vingaDisaballa padagaLa avaSyakate adakkide.
Adare samskxtakke mukhyavAgi nAmapada mattukriyApada embu dAgi eraDu padavagragaLalli vingaDisaballa padagaLiddare sAku. guNapada emba mUraneya padavagrada avaSyakate adakkilla. I viShayadalli samskxta kannaDakkinta bhinnavAgiralu kAraNavEnendare, adara padagaLu mEle hELida kelasagaLalli vyakti illavE vastugaLa guNadharmagaLannu tiLisuvudu emba mUraneya kelasavannu naDesabEkAgilla. udAharaNegAgi kannaDada kappu hAvu padakanteyannu samskxtada kxShNaH sapraH padakanteyondige hOlisi nODabahudu. iveraDU ondE arthavannu koDuvuvAdarU A arthavannu avu koDuva krama mAtra bEre bEre.
kannaDada kappu hAvu embudaralli baruva hAvu nAmapada ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttade mattu kappu guNapada ondu guNadharma vannu (endare ondu viSiShTavAda baNNavannu) sUcisuttade. iveraDannu oTTu sErisi ondE padakanteyalli kappu hAvu embudAgi

baLasuvudara mUlaka ondu viSiShTavAda hAvannu (kappubaNNada hAvannu) gurutisalAguttade. idu kannaDada padakantegaLu vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva vidhAna. samskxtada vidhAna idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. samskxtadalli baruva kxShNaH sapraH padakanteyalli kxShNaH mattu sapraH emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu baLakeyAgive. avugaLalli kxShNaH embudu kappAgiruva ondu prANi illavE vastuvannU sapraH embudu ‘hAvA’giruva ondu prANiyannU gurutisuttave.
I eraDu padagaLannU oTTige ondE padakanteya angagaLannAgi (endare ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLalli) baLasiruva kAraNa, vAkya vondaralli avu gurutisuva prANigaLeraDU ondE emba artha vyaktavAguttade mattu idarindAgi I padakante viSiShTavAdondu prANiyannu (kappu baNNada hAvannu) gurutisuvantAguttade. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi mattu adakkAgi baLakeyAguva padakantegaLannu racisuvudakkAgi eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu baLasuttiveyembudannu gamanisabEku.
kannaDadalli baruva hAvu nAmapada halavAru rItiya hAvugaLannu gurutisaballudu. avugaLalli kelavannu kappu hAvu emba padakante yindalU, innu kelavannu hasuru hAvu emba padakanteyindalU, bEre kelavannu udda hAvu emba padakanteyindalU pratyEkisi hELalu kannaDadalli sAdhya.
illi kappu, hasuru, udda modalAda guNapadagaLu bEre bEre guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuttiddu, avugaLalli ondannu hAvu nAmapada dondige baLasidAga A guNapada sUcisuva guNadharmavannu tOrisuva hAvannu mAtravE A padakante gurutisuvantAguttade. samskxta baLasuva vidhAna idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. samskxta dalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavalla embudannu nAvu mEleyE nODiruvevu. kxShNaH embudU ondu nAmapada, sapraH embudU ondu nAmapada. modalaneyadu kappubaNNaviruva bEre bEre rItiya vyakti, vastu, prANi modalAduvannu (idaralli hAvugaLU sEruttave) gurutisuttadeyAdare, eraDaneyadu bEre bEre baNNada

mattu AkArada hAvugaLannu gurutisuttade (idaralli kappu baNNada hAvugaLU sEruttave).
I eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi ondu padakanteyannAgi mADi baLasidAga, adakke A eraDu padagaLu gurutisuvavugaLalli samAnavAgiruvantahadannu (endare kappu baNNada hAvannu) gurutisalu sAdhyavAguttade. samskxtadalli I rIti guNadharmagaLa arthavannu koDuva nAma padagaLannu mAtravallade bEre nAmapadagaLannU ondaroDanondannu sErisi padakanteyannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi mxttikam ghaTam padakanteyalli mxttika ‘maNNu’ mattu ghaTa ‘koDa’ emba eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi baLasalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneyadu maNNAgiruva ondu vastu vannU eraDaneyadu koDavAgiruva ondu vastuvannU gurutisuttiddu, averaDU ondE padakanteya angagaLAgi bandiruva kAraNa adakke maNNina koDavannu gurutisalu sAdhyavAguttade.
kannaDadalli I rIti eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondE padakanteya angagaLannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhyavilla. mElina arthavannu koDalu kannaDadalli maNNina koDa embudAgi hELabEku; endare, maNNigU koDakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka A viSiShTavAda vastuvannu gurutisabEku.

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3.5 bhAShegaLa naDuvina vayvidhya

I rIti guNapadagaLannu kannaDadalliruva hAge pratyEkavAdondu padavagradallirisuva badalu illavE samskxtadalliruva hAge nAma padagaLa vagradalli sErisuva badalu kriyApadagaLa vagradalli sErisalU sAdhyavide. bhAratada vAyavya gaDipradESadalli baLakeyalliruva kelavu TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli I mUraneya vidhAna baLakeyallide.
udAharaNegAgi, I bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva maNipuri bhAShe yannu pariSIlisabahudu. guNapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve I bhASheyalli yAva vyatyAsavU illa. ODu, bILu, oDe, koLe modalAda kriyApadagaLa hAgeyE biLi, kappu, doDDa, cikka modalAda guNapadagaLannU I bhASheyalli samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavide.

I  guNapadagaLannu  nAmapadagaLa  viSEShaNagaLAgi  baLasabEkiddarU  kriyApadagaLa hAge avugaLa kxdanta rUpakke badalAyisabEkAguttade.  
maNipuri  bhASheyalli  cA  ‘tinnu’,  cat  ‘hOgu’,  modalAda  kriyApadagaLa hAgeyE sAG ‘udda’, mU ‘kappu’ modalAda guNa  padagaLannU  samayavannu  sUcisuva  (kAlavAcaka)  pratyayagaLondige  baLasalu sAdhya embudannu I keLagina padarUpagaLinda tiLiyabahudu. 

cAgani ‘tindAnu’ catkani ‘hOdAnu’

‘hOyitu’

sAGgani mUgani
sAGaG
mUri

‘uddaviddAnu’ ‘kappiddAnu’ ‘uddavAyitu’ ‘kappAyitu’

mEle koTTiruva padarUpagaLalli mundina samayavannu sUcisuva  gani illavE kani pratyaya mattu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva i (ri)  pratyaya  -  iveraDU  ghaTaneyannu  nirdESisuva  cA  mattu  cat  padagaLondige  mAtravallade  guNadharmavannu  sUcisuva  sAG  mattu  mU padagaLondigU bandiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.   
Adare  kannaDadalli  samayavannu  sUcisuva  pratyayagaLannu  A  rIti  nEravAgi  guNapadagaLige  sErisalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  guNapadagaLa  anantara  iru  illavE  Agu  kriyApadagaLannu  baLasi  avakke  I  pratyayagaLannu  sErisabEkAguttade (uddaviddAnu, uddavAyitu). 
idE  rItiyalli  I  eraDu  rItiya  padagaLannu  maNipuri  bhAShe  yalli  nAmapadada  viSEShaNavAgi  baLasabEkiddalli  avakke  a  pUvra  pratyaya  mattu  pa  illavE  ba  parapratyaya  -  iveraDannU  sErisuva  mUlaka kxdanta rUpakke badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide. 

‘tinnuva manuShya’

acAba mI acatpa mI ‘hOguva manuShya’ asAGba mI ‘udda manuShya’ amUba mI ‘kappu manuShya’

Adare  kannaDadalli  kriyApadagaLannu  mAtra  A  rIti  kxdanta  rUpakke  badalAyisabahudallade  guNapadagaLannu  kxdanta  rUpakke  badalAyisalu  sAdhyavAgadu. 
idallade innU halavAru rItiya sandabhragaLalli kriyApada mattu  guNapadagaLu  maNipuri  bhASheyalli  ondE  vidhavAgi  baLakeyAguttiddu  avannu ondE padavagradalli sErisi hELuva avaSyakateyide. nAmapada  gaLu mAtra ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu.  
udAharaNegAgi  maNipuri  bhASheyalli  nAmapadagaLige  nEravAgi  samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idallade  ondu  nAmapadavannu  innondu  nAmapadakke  viSEShaNavAgi  mADa  bEkiddalli  adakke  kannaDadalliruva  hAge  gi/ki  ShaShThI  vibhaktiyannu  sErisa  bEkallade  mEle  koTTiruva  kxdanta  pratyayagaLannu  sErisalu  sAdhya  vAgadu (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT mattu ningomba 1997 nODi). 

‘bidiru’
laryik ‘pustaka’
ay ‘nAnu’

vAgi sambal ‘bidirina bEli’ laryikki maman ‘pustakada bele’

‘nanna patra’

I  mUru  rItiya  bhAShegaLu  mAtravallade  guNapadagaLa  maTTige  nAlkanE  rItiya  bhAShegaLU  kelavive.  ivugaLalli  nAmapada,  kriyApada  mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru rItiya artha koDuva padagaLU ondE  padavagrakke  sEruttave.  endare,  avugaLalli  yAvudannu  bEkiddarU  nEravAgi yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nAmapadavAgi,  kriyApada  vAgi illavE guNapadavAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide.  
bhAratadalli  baLakeyalliruva  munDAri  emba  AsTrO-ESiyATik  bhAShAkuTumbakke  sEruva  bhAShe  intahadu  (jAsti  vivaragaLige  bhaT  1994 nODi). 

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3.6 bEre padavagragaLu

nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva mukhyavAda padavagragaLu. kannaDa padakOSadalli kANasiguva padagaLalli heccinavannU I mUru padavagragaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide.
kannaDa vAkyaracaneyannu vivarisalu I mUru mukhyavAda pada vagragaLu mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu padavagragaLa avaSyakateyide.

intaha amukhyavAda padavagragaLa viShayadallU kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli savranAmagaLannu mattu eNikeya (sankhyAvAcaka) padagaLannu nAmapadavagradallE sErisi hELalAgide. Adare kannaDadalli hAge mADalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. ivugaLa svarUpa vEnembudannu mattu samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve ivugaLa baLakeyalli entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu munde hattanE adhyAyadalli vivarisalAguvudu. idallade kannaDada guNapadagaLallU nAmapadakke viSEShaNavAgi baruvavugaLu mattu kriyApadakke viSEShaNavAgi baruvavu embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLive. ivugaLalli eraDaneya upavagrakke sEruva padagaLannu samskxtadalli (nAmapada vagradallE baruva) avyayagaLendu kareyalAguttade.

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3.7 tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLu

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLannu mEle vivarisida hAge avugaLa arthavEnu mattu vAkyagaLalli avugaLa kelasaventahadu emba viShayada mEle mAtravallade, avugaLa mUla yAvudu (dESya padagaLE athavA eravalu padagaLE) mattu avugaLa svarUpaventahadu (eravalAgi banda mEle I padagaLu badalAgiveyE athavA hAgeyE uLidiveyE) emba viShayada mEleyU vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva dESya, tatsama mattu tadbhava emba padagaLa vingaDaNe intahadendu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu I vibhajaneyannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige mAtravE anvayisuttAre. ingliSh, hindi modalAda itara bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu tatsama mattu tadbhava pada gaLembudAgi vingaDisuvudilla. nijakkU kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva I tatsama-tadbhava vingaDaNe pAli, prAkxta modalAda samskxtajanya bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa gaLalli baLakeyallidda vibhajaneyannu kannaDa vyAkaraNakke aLavaDisalu naDesida prayatnavallade bErEnalla. kannaDa bhAShe samskxtajanya bhAShe yallavAda kAraNa, pAli-prAkxta bhAShegaLa I vibhajane kannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgilla.

pAli,  prAkxta  modalAda  bhAShegaLalli  mukhyavAgi  eraDu  rItiya  padagaLannu  kANabahudu.  vEdakAladinda  buddha  mattu  mahAvIrara  kAlada  varege  janasAmAnyara  mAtinalli  baLakeyallidda  bhASheyalli  halavAru  badalAvaNegaLu  naDedidduvu.  ivugaLa  pariNAmavannu  I  bhAShegaLavE Ada padagaLalli kANabahudu. intaha badalAvaNegaLAvuvU  samskxtadalli  naDediralillavAda  kAraNa  adara  padagaLu  I  padagaLiginta  tIra bhinnavAgi uLidive. 
intaha  badalAvaNegaLa  pariNAmavannu  tOrisuva  pAli  mattu  prAkxta  padagaLannu  avugaLa  vyAkaraNagaLalli  ‘tadbhava’  padagaLendu  kareyalAguttade.  anantarada  kAladalli,  ivE  bhAShegaLalli  granthagaLannu  racisida  bavddha  mattu  jayna  panDitaru  halavAru  padagaLannu  nEravAgi  samskxtadinda  eravalAgi  paDediddu,  avannu  ‘tatsama’  padagaLendu  kareyalAguttade. 
pAli  mattu  prAkxta  bhAShegaLallEnE  baLakeyalliruva  bEre  kelavu  padagaLige  samskxta  padagaLondige  nEravAgi  sambandhavannu  kalpisalu  sAdhyavAguvudilla.  intaha  padagaLu  inDO-Aryan  mUladinda  lEnE  bandiralu  sAdhyavide,  illavE  bEre  mUlagaLinda  eravalAgi  bandiralu  sAdhyavide.  ivannu  I  bhASheya  vyAkaraNagaLalli  ‘dESi’  illavE ‘dESaja’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. 
intahadE  ondu  vibhajaneyannu  kannaDakke  aLavaDisuvudiddalli,  haLegannaDadinda hosagannaDada varegina samayadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa  pariNAmavannu  tOrisuva  hAlu  (<pAl),  haNNu  (<paN),  nUku  (<nUnku),  habbu  tadbhavagaLendu  kareyabEku  mattu  anantarada  kAladalli  haLegannaDadinda  eravalAgi  paDeda  pADu,  paDe,  pAlu,  peTTu  modalAduvannu  tatsamagaLendu  kareyabEku. 
ivattina  kannaDa  vyAkaraNagaLalli  kANisuva  tatsama-tadbhava  vibhajane  idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, prAkxta bhASheya vayyAkaraNigaLu naDesida  vibhajaneya  nakalu  mAtra.  adarinda  kannaDa  vyAkaraNa  niyamagaLannu  racisuvalli  yAva  prayOjanavU  sigalAradu  (jAsti  vivaragaLige  bhaT  2005:88 nODi). (<pabru)  modalAduvannu

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3.8 tiruLu

mElina pariSIlaneyinda tiLiyuvudEnendare, bhAShegaLu avugaLalli kANisuva padavagragaLa maTTige ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavide. hIge bhinnavAgiralu avu vAkyaracanegAgi baLasuva vidhAnagaLu ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.
I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. hAgAgi, samskxta dalliruva padavagragaLE kannaDadallU iveyendu hELuvudu sariyalla. samskxtakke nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu mukhya padavagragaLannu kalpisikonDare sAku. Adare kannaDakke I eraDu pada vagragaLu mAtravallade guNapadagaLemba mUraneyadondu mukhya pada vagravannU kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
yAkendare, guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padagaLu samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLa hAgeyE baLakeyAguttave, Adare kannaDadalli avu nAma pada gaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva rItiyalli baLakeyAguttave.
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I mukhyavAda vyatyAsada pariNAmavAgi I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada maTTige innU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttive embudannu nAvu I adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu.

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4. padagaLa oLaracane

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4.1 munnOTa

kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi nAmapadagaLu, kriyApadagaLu mattu guNapada gaLu embudAgi mUru padavagragaLige sEruva padagaLu baLakeyallive yumbudannu hindina adhyAyadalli nODiddEve.
ivugaLalli eraDu vagragaLige sEruva padagaLu, endare nAmapada gaLu mattu guNapadagaLu, samskxtadalli ondE padavagrakke sEruttave. I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I viShayavannu sariyAgi gamanisaduda rindAgi kannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli hEge halavAru kaDe eDaviddAre embudannu I adhyAyadalli nODaliddEve. kannaDadalli baruva I mUru rItiya padagaLalli (nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLalli) kelavakke oLaracaneyembudide, Adare innu kelavakke antaha oLaracaneyembudilla. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva nAmapada, guNapada mattu kriyApadagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

Uru + kOlu
tumbu + A kuNi + isu

UrugOlu tumbA
kuNisu

gANiga,  UrugOlu,  tumbA  mattu  kuNisu  padagaLannu  pratyayagaLa  illavE  bEre  padagaLa  sErikeya  mUlaka  tayArisalAgide.  hAgAgi, avannu oLaracaneyuLLa padagaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide.  
Adare  ivugaLa  tayArikeyalli  baLakeyAgiruva  gANa,  tumbu,  Uru, kOlu mattu kuNi padagaLannAgalI illavE mara, giDa, nIru,  kay  modalAda  antahavE  bEre  halavAru  padagaLannAgalI  I  rIti 

pratyaya illavE padagaLa sErikeyinda tayArisilla. hAgAgi, avannella oLaracaneyillada padagaLendu hELabEkAguttade.
padagaLigiraballa I oLaracaneya maTTige nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli mukhyavAgi eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyAguttave: padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi bEre padagaLannu tayArisuva vidhAnavondu, mattu eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi bErondu padavannAgi mADuva vidhAna (samAsa) innondu.
ivugaLalli modalaneya vidhAna mAtra kriyApadagaLa mattu guNa padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguttade. eraDaneya samAsavemba vidhAna nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguvudallade kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguvudilla.
kannaDadalli eraDu kriyApadagaLannu oTTu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavide yAdarU (bandubiDu, tiLisihELu, mADikoDu) adakkAgi baLake yAguva vidhAna bEre rItiyadAgiddu, sAmAnyavAgi adu pada racaneya vidhAnavAgiruvudilla. guNapadagaLa viShayadalli samskxta kannaDakkinta bhinnavAgide. adaralli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLa vagradalli sEruva kAraNa, nAmapadagaLa hAge avannU samAsavemba vidhAnadinda sAdhisalu sAdhya. Adare kannaDadalli avu bEreyE ondu padavagradalli sEruvuvAda kAraNa idu sAdhyavilla.

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4.1.1 hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu

nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLannu mukhyavAgi mUru rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesuvudakkAgi kannaDada vAkyagaLalli baLasuttEvembudannu hindina adhyAyadalli nODiddEve.
vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLannu baLasalAguttade, ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuvudakkAgi kriyApadagaLannu baLasa lAguttade mattu guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi guNapadagaLannu baLasalAguttade embudAgi vAkyagaLalli I mUru padavagragaLigiruva kelasagaLannu sUkShmavAgi sUcisabahudu.

I  mUru  kelasagaLalli  vyakti,  vastu  modalAduvannu  gurutisuva  kAryavannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLa  mUlaka naDesalu sAdhyavide.  Adare uLida eraDu kelasagaLalli (endare  ghaTanegaLannu  nirdESisuva  mattu  guNadharmagaLannu  sUcisuva  kelasa  gaLalli)  intaha  vayvidhyateyilla.  (heccina  vivaragaLige  bhaT  2002,  2004 nODi).  
bhASheyalli  baruva  nAmapadagaLellavU  viSiShTavAdondu  vyakti,  vastu illavE viShayadondige rUDhiyinda sambandhisiruttave. hAgAgi,  avu  hesarisuva  vidhAnada  mUlaka  mAtravE  vyakti,  vastu  modalAdu  vannu gurutisaballuvu.  
idu  oLaracaneyillada  mara,  kallu  modalAda  nAmapadagaLige  mAtravalla, kaTTaDa, meTTalu, hodike, kalliddalu, cikkamma modalAda  oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLigU anvayisuvantaha sangati. yAkendare,  oLaracaneyiddarU  adara  mUlaka  I  nAmapadagaLa  arthavannu  sampUrNavAgi tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. 
udAharaNegAgi,  cikkamma  padakke  oLaracaneyiddu,  cikka  mattu  amma  emba  eraDu  padagaLu  adara  angagaLAgi  bandive.  Adare,  I  oLaracaneya  sahAyadinda  A  padada  arthavannu  sampUrNavAgi  tiLiyalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
kannaDadalli cikkamma pada tAyiya tangiyannu sUcisuttadeyallade,  tAyiginta  ellA  viShayagaLallU  cikkavaLAgiruva  hengasannu  sUcisuvu  dilla.  Ake  nanTinalli  mAtra  tAyiginta  cikkavaLallade  vayassinallAgalI  illavE gAtradallAgalI cikkavaLAgirabEkAgilla.   
hesarisuvudu  mattu  varNisuvudu  emba  I  eraDu  vidhAnagaLa  naDuvina  vyatyAsaventahadu  embudannu  tiLiyalu  keLagina  vAkyagaLannu  pariSIlisabahudu. 

rAjuvige ondu kempu Toppi sikkide

(1) (2) agasa kattege hoDeyuttiddAne

(1)nE vAkyadalli sigu kriyApada ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuttade.  rAju  nAmapada  A  ghaTaneyalli  toDagiruva  (endare  ondu  Toppi  yannu  paDediruva)  obba  vyaktiyannu  gurutisuttade.  Toppi  nAmapada 

adE ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva (endare rAjuvige doretiruva) ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttade.
idallade adE vAkyadalli kempu guNapada Toppi nAmapadondige adara viSEShaNavAgi bandiddu, ondu guNadharmavannu sUcisuttade, mattu A guNadharmada mUlaka adu A nAmapadada arthavannu kaDime mADuttade. kempu Toppi embudu kelavu ToppigaLannu (kempu baNNadavugaLannu) mAtra varNisaballudAda kAraNa adara vyApti barI Toppi padakkiruva vyAptiginta kaDime.
I mElina kAraNagaLigAgi, (1)nE vAkyadalli rAju nAmapada obba vyaktiyannu hesarisuvudara mUlaka gurutisuttade mattu kempu Toppi nAmapadakante ondu vastuvannu varNisuvudara mUlaka gurutisuttade endu hELalu sAdhyavide.
rAju padakke oLaracaneyembudillavAda kAraNa adu obba vyaktiyannu hesarisaballudallade varNisalAradu. Adare kempu Toppi embudakke oLaracaneyiddu, antaha racaneya AdhArada mEle adakke artha hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi I arthada mUlaka adu ondu vastuvannu varNisi gurutisaballudu.
rAju, hari, bengaLUru, ajit, modalAda ankita nAmagaLu mAtravallade mara, giDa, katte, kallu modalAda rUDhanAmagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka mAtravE obba vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisaballuvu. yAkendare, intaha rUDhanAmagaLigU oLaracane yembudillavAda kAraNa avugaLa mUlaka varNaneyondannu paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva (2)nE vAkyadalli agasa mattu katte emba eraDu rUDhanAmagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka anu kramavAgi obba vyakti mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttave. varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisabEkiddalli adakkAgi oLaracaneyiruva padagaLannu baLasuvudu atyavaSya. yAkendare oLaracaneyiruva padagaLa mUlaka mAtra varNaneyondannu paDeyalu sAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi, nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli kelavu kriyApadagaLa illavE guNapadagaLa rUpagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyaviddu avu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuva kelasavannu naDesaballuvu.

(4) avana bareyuvike innU mugidilla (5) avana doDDatanavannu ellarU ballaru

guNapadada

(4-5) vAkyagaLalli bare kriyApadada nAmarUpavAgiruva bareyu  vike  embudu  mattu  doDDa  nAmarUpavAgiruva  doDDatana  embudu  varNisuva  vidhAnada  mUlaka  anukramavAgi  ondu  ghaTane  yannu  mattu  ondu  guNadharmavannu  gurutisive.  I  padagaLa  arthavannu  sampUrNavAgi  avugaLa  oLaracaneya  sahAyadinda  paDeyalu  sAdhya  viruva  kAraNa,  avannu  ondu  varNaneyalli  toDagisalu sAdhyavAgide. 
Adare  mEle  sUcisida  hAge,  pratyayagaLa  mUlaka  illavE  samAsada mUlaka siddhavAgiruva nAmapadagaLige oLaracaneyiddarU avu  I  rIti  vyakti,  vastu  modalAduvannu  varNisuva  vidhAnada  mUlaka  gurutisalAravu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, avugaLa sariyAda arthavannu  avugaLa  oLaracaneyannu  pariSIlisuvudara  mUlaka  mAtravE  kanDu  hiDiyalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
nAmapadagaLa  mUlaka  varNisuva  kelasavannu  naDesabEkAgiddalli  avannu ondu nAmapadakanteya angavannAgi mADi baLasuva avaSyakate  yide. mEle (1)nE vAkyadalli koTTiruva kempu Toppi emba nAma  padakante  I  rIti  ondu  varNaneyannu  koTTu,  adara  mUlaka  vastu  vondannu gurutisuttide.  
nAmapadagaLa  baLakeyalli  hesarisuvudu  mattu  varNisuvudu  emba  I  eraDu  gurutisuva  vidhAnagaLu  yAva  rItiyalli  baLakeyAguttave  embudannu innaShTu spaShTavAgi tiLiyabEkiddalli jODupada (samastapada)  gaLigU  padakantegaLigU  naDuviruva  vyatyAsavEnu  embudannu  tiLiyu  vudu avaSya.  
iveraDannU  eraDu  padagaLannu  oTTu  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  tayArisalAgideyEnO nija; Adare, jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvalli  samAsavemba  padaracaneya  vidhAnavannu  baLasalAgide  mattu  padakante  gaLannu  tayArisuvalli  idakkinta  tIra  bhinnavAgiruva  vAkyaracaneya  vidhAnavannu baLasalAgide. 

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4.1.2 jODupadagaLu mattu padakantegaLu

kannaDadalli jODupadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadinda mattu padakantegaLu varNisuva vidhAnadinda vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave.
I eraDu vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu gamanisada kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu mAvina mara, neremane suddi, keTTa buddhi, biLiya baTTe modalAdavugaLannu samastapada(jODupada)gaLendu karediddAre. nijakkU ivella padakantegaLAgiddu varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAgu ttavallade hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguvudilla.
nAmapadagaLigiruva oLaracaneyembudu nijakkU avugaLa caritrege sambandhisida viShaya. yAvudO ondu kAladalli hosa padavondannu sxShTi mADuva avaSyakate mUDibandAga bhASheyalli baLakeyalliruva ondu padakke pratyayavondannu sErisi, illavE bErondu padavannu sErisi, hosa padavondannu siddhagoLisirabEku. anantara adu janara mAtinalli mattu baravaNigeyalli baLakege bandu bhASheya padavAgira bEku.
nijakkU intaha oLaracaneyiruva padagaLannu baLasuvavarige avugaLa oLaracaneyentahadu emba viShaya tiLidirabEkendEnU illa. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mEle sUcisida hAge I padagaLa arthavannu itara oLaracaneyillada padagaLa hAge avugaLa baLakeya AdhArada mElEnE tiLidukoLLabEkAguttadallade avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisuvudu kaShTasAdhya.
kelavu sandabhragaLalli mAtra intaha oLaracaneya sahAyadinda ondu padada arthavannu Uhisalu sAdhyavAgabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, jalajanaka padakke oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle ‘nIrannu unTu mADuvantahadu’ emba arthavannu koDalu sAdhyavide. Adare bariya I arthada sahAyadinda adu yAva vastuvannu gurutisuttade endu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.
adu ondu rItiya anilavannu sUcisuttade emba viShaya tiLidide yAdarU jalajanaka mattu AmlajanakagaLemba eraDu rItiya anilagaLu I ‘nIrannu unTumADuva’ kelasadalli baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, jalajanaka pada A eraDu anilagaLalli modalaneyadannu gurutisuttade

embudannu kannaDadalli A padada baLakeyentahadu embudannu tiLididdare mAtra hELalu sAdhya.
padakantegaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. adara angagaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa arthavannAdharisi adara artha vEnembudannu tiLiyalu sAdhyavide mattu A arthavannavalambisi adu entaha vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuttade embudannu tiLiyalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi hosabaTTe embudu kannaDadalli ondu padakante yAgiddu, adu varNisuva kriyeya mUlaka vastuvondannu gurutisu ttade. hosadAgiruva yAva baTTeyannu bEkiddarU I padakanteya mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavide. padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka siddhavAgiruva padagaLU I viShayadalli jODupadagaLa hAgeyE endu hELa bEkAguttade. yAkendare, avugaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneya sahAyadinda sampUrNavAgi mattu sariyAgi paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. bhASheyalli avugaLa baLakeyentahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka mAtravE avugaLa sariyAda arthavannu paDeyalu sAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi meTTalu padavannu meTTu kriyApadakke alu pratyayavannu sErisi racisalAgideyendu namage tiLididdarU adarinda A pada nijakkU sUcisuva vastu entahadu embudannu sariyAgi Uhisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, alu pratyayakke bEre bEre sandabhragaLalli bEre bEre arthagaLannu koDuva Saktiyide. meTTalu padadalli I alu pratyaya ondu jAgavannu sUcisu ttade, kemmalu padadalli ondu kriyeyannu sUcisuttade mattu bILalu padadalli ondu kriyeya mUlaka paDediruva vastuvannu sUcisuttade.
samskxtada nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli intaha hesarisuva mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa bahaLa maTTige naSisihOgide. samskxta mAtina bhASheyAgi munduvariyade bariya barahada bhAShe yAgi uLidiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabEku.
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxtadalli jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve arthada maTTige heccina baLakegaLallU vyatyAsavEnU kANisuvu dilla. angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli koneyadannu biTTu uLidavu

gaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu lOpagoLisi baLasidAgalella samskxtadalli jODupada siddhisuttade.

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4.2 kxt mattu taddhita pratyayagaLu

samskxta bhASheya innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, adaralli baLake yAguva padagaLalli heccu kaDime ellavannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. idakke diS ‘dikku’, yuddha ‘yuddha’, pad ‘kAlu’, mah ‘doDDa’ modalAda kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLannu mAtra kANalu sAdhyavide.
endare, oLaracaneyillada padagaLalli heccukaDime ellavU samskxta dalli kriyAdhAtugaLAgive. antaha padagaLalli kelavu mAtra (mEle sUcisida hAge) nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttaveyAvAdarU ‘sonne’ pratyayavannu baLasuva mUlaka avannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi samskxtadalli dhAtu padavannu kriyAdhAtu emba arthadallEnE baLasuvudu rUDhi.
kannaDadallU halavAru nAmapadagaLannu mattu guNapadagaLannu kriyAdhAtugaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka paDeyalu sAdhya videyAdarU, A rIti paDeyalu sAdhyavilladantaha nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli halavive.
udAharaNegAgi, mara, hU, kallu, karu, kAlu, hallu, nAru, nore modalAda halavAru nAmapadagaLannu mattu hiri, hALu, teLu, naDu modalAda halavu guNapadagaLannu kannaDadalli kriyAdhAtugaLinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
hAgAgi, kannaDada dhAtugaLannella samskxtada hAge kriyAdhAtugaLemba ondE vagradalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. idakke badalu, avannu sandabhrakke takka hAge kriyAdhAtu, nAmadhAtu, mattu guNa dhAtu embudAgi mUru vagragaLalli vingaDisabEkAguttade.
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLagina nAmapadagaLu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttave.

nAmapadagaLu svapna kShEtra

‘kanasu’

kriyAdhAtugaLu svap

‘kanasu kANu’ ‘vAsavAgiru’

dakSha vxddha vxh

‘tenka, bala’ ‘mudi’ ‘billu’ ‘mara’ ‘haLe’

‘cUpu mADu’ ‘samarthanAgiru’ ‘beLe’ ‘tayArisu’ ‘jOrAgi hOgisu’ ‘beLe’ ‘bhETi mADu’ ‘haLeyadAgu’

vxddha dhanu vxkSha

mEle  koTTiruva  samskxtada  nAmapadagaLannella  kriyAdhAtugaLige  pratyayagaLannu  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  racisalAgide.  Adare  avakke  arthagaLAgi  koTTiruva  kannaDada  nAmapada  illavE  guNapadagaLalli  ondannU I rIti kriyAdhAtuvininda tayArisilla. 
samskxta  nAmapadagaLa  racaneyalli  kANisuva  I  guNadharmavannu    AdhAravAgirisi,  avannu  vayyAkaraNigaLu  kxdanta,  taddhitAnta  mattu  samAsa  embudAgi  mUru  vagragaLalli  vingaDisuttAre.  kriyAdhAtu  gaLige pratyayavondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu  kxdantagaLu; A rIti tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLige bErondu (taddhita)  pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu taddhitAnta  gaLu;  mattu  eraDu  nAmapadagaLannu  oTTige  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  tayArAda nAmapadagaLu samAsagaLu (jODupadagaLu).  
mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli heccukaDime ellA padagaLannU  kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa intaha vibhajane A  bhASheya vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgide. 
Adare  kannaDada  nAmapada  mattu  guNapadagaLalli  halavannu  A  rIti  kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa, kxdanta, taddhitAnta  mattu  samAsagaLemba  nAmapadagaLa  vibhajane  kannaDakke  anukUlavAdu 
hIgiddarU  kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLalli  heccinavarU  samskxtada  A  vibhajaneyannu  hAgeyE  kannaDakke  aLavaDisalu  prayatnisiddAre.  adakke  oLagAgadantaha  padagaLannu  mAtra  kelavaru  vayyAkaraNigaLu  nAma  emba  nAlkaneya  padavagradalli  sErisi,  kannaDadalli  kxdanta,  taddhitAnta,  samAsa mattu nAma emba nAlku padavagragaLiveyundu hELiddAre.  

taddhita

sEruva

kriyApadagaLige sEruva pratyayagaLannella kxtpratyayagaLendu mattu  pratyayagaLendu  pratyayagaLannella  nAmapadagaLige  parigaNisuva  innondu  vidhAnavannU  kelavaru  kannaDa  vayyAkaraNigaLu  anusarisiruvudu kanDubaruttade.  
idU  ondu  maTTige  samskxta  vyAkaraNada  anukaraNeyE.  yAkendare,  samskxtadalli  heccukaDime  ellA  nAmapadagaLannU  kriyA  dhAtuvige  pratyayavondannu  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  tayArisalAgide  embudannu  nAvu  mEle  nODiruvevu.  hAgAgi,  avugaLa  (endare  nAmapadagaLa)  anantara  baruva  pratyayagaLella  samskxtadalli  taddhita  pratyayagaLAguttave (endare ‘modalaneya’ pratyayavAgiruvudilla).  
Adare  kannaDadalli  kriyAdhAtugaLinda  tayArisillavAda  nAmapada  gaLU  bEkAdaShTive.  hAgAgi,  nAmapadagaLondige  baruva  pratyayagaLalli  heccinavU kannaDadalli modalaneya pratyayagaLE. endare, I eraDaneya  vidhAnavannu  baLasuvavaru  samskxtada  kxt  mattu  taddhita  emba  pAribhAShika  padagaLige  modalaneya  mattu  anantarada  pratyayagaLemba  samskxta  vyAkaraNadalliruva  arthakkinta  bEreyE  arthavannu  koDa  bEkAgide.   
Adare  intaha  tEpe  kelasa  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  maTTige  tIrA  asamaprakavAdudembudaralli samSayavilla. 
kannaDa  mattu  samskxta  bhAShegaLa  naDuviruva  innondu  vyatyAsavU  mElina  vibhajane  kannaDada  maTTige  anukUlavallavembudannu  tOrisi  koDuttade.  kannaDadalli  sAmAnyavAgi  baDava,  kaLavu,  nOvu,  baraha,  biruku  modalAda  ondE  ondu  pratyayavannoLagonDiruva  sAdhita  padagaLE  jAsti.  eraDu  athavA  jAsti  pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva  tiLuvaLike,  baravaNige,  billugArike  embantaha  sAdhita  padagaLu  kannaDadalli bahaLa kaDime.  
idakke  viruddhavAgi,  samskxtadalli  eraDu  athavA  jAsti  pratyaya  gaLannoLagonDiruva  padagaLu  bEkAdaShTive.  udAharaNegAgi,  keLage  koTTiruva samskxta padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.  

man

kxdanta
kartx

taddhitAnta kartxtva matimat

f Suc
pxth pxthu
dEva
buddhi
jYAna

pArthiva dayva buddhimat jYAnin vAgmin

padagaLannu

samskxtadalli  baruva  oLaracaneyiruva  kxdanta,  taddhitAnta mattu samAsa embudAgi vingaDisidAga heccu kaDime ondE  pramANada mUru padavagragaLu siddhavAguttave.  
Adare  kannaDadalli  pratyayagaLiruva  heccina  padagaLallU  ondE  pratyaya  kANisuvudAda  kAraNa,  mElina  samskxta  vyAkaraNada  niyama  vannu  baLasidalli  heccina  padagaLannU  ‘kxdanta’  emba  ondE  vagradalli  sErisabEkAguttade. taddhitAnta emba vagradalli sErisalu kelavE kelavu  padagaLu  mAtra  uLiyuttave.  kannaDada  nAmapadagaLannu  vibhajisalu  bEreyE  AdhAravannu  baLasuvudu  oLLeyadennuvudakke  idU  ondu 

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4.3 padada modalu mattu anantara baruva pratyayagaLu

kannaDadalli baruva pratyayagaLellavU padada anantara baruvavugaLu (meccu-ge, naDa-te, aLi-vu, baDa-va, gAN-iga). I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. yAkendare, samskxtadalli pratyayagaLu padada modalU baraballuvu (pra-kxti, pra-bhAva, vi-nASa, a- bhAva, a-satya), anantaravU baraballuvu (rasa-rasika, naTa-naTi, pada-padya, sanyAsi-sanyAsini).
kannaDadalliyU hejjEnu, hingAlu, kemmaNNu, innUru modalAda padagaLalli jEnu, kAlu, maNNu, nUru modalAda padagaLa modalu baruva hej, him, kem, in embantaha ‘pratyaya’gaLiveyendu kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu vAdisiddAre (SrIdhar 1995 nODi).

modalAdavugaLu

jODupadagaLendu

Adare  ivannu  pratyayagaLendu  hELuva  badalu  padagaLendu  hELi,  hejjEnu  parigaNisuvudE  oLLeyadendu  bEre  kelavaru  vAdisiddAre  (tirumalES  1997  nODi).  kESirAjanE  modalAda  prAcIna  vayyAkaraNigaLU  hIgeyE  hELiddAre.  
idallade,  intaha  padagaLalli  avugaLa  modalige  baruva  amSagaLu  (hej,  him,  kem,  in  modalAdavu)  pratyayagaLendu  hELidalli  ibbaru  embantaha  kelavu  padagaLu  eraDu  pratyayagaLa  sErikeyinda  (endare dhAtuvilladeyE) tayArAgiveyendu hELabEkAdItu.  
sAmAnyavAgi  pratyayagaLannu  padagaLige  illavE  dhAtugaLige  sErisi  hosa  padagaLannu  tayArisuttEvallade  eraDu  pratyayagaLannu  mAtravE  ondaroDanondannu sErisi padagaLannu tayArisuva kramavilla. 

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4.4 nAmapadagaLa racane

kannaDada nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige, guNapadagaLige illavE itara nAmapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi daNi kriyApadakke vu pratyayavannu sErisi daNivu nAmapadavannU, baDa guNapadakke va pratyayavannu sErisi baDava nAmapadavannU, gANa nAmapadakke iga pratyayavannu sErisi gANiga nAmapadavannU tayArisalAgide. I rIti kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruvantaha nAmapadagaLE kannaDadalli jAsti. mEle sUcisiruva hAge, nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyembudu mukhya vAgi avugaLa caritreyannavalambisiruttade. padavondannu hosadAgi tayArisi baLakege tandAga entaha padaracaneya niyamavannu anusarisa lAgittu embudE adara oLaracanege AdhAravAguttade.
sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuvAga illavE avugaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuvAga avugaLa oLaracane heccineDegaLallU jAsti sahAyakavAguvudilla. padagaLige rUDhiyalli entaha arthavide embudu mAtravE avugaLa baLakege mattu arthakke AdhAravAgaballudu. udAharaNegAgi hAsu kriyApadakkU hAsuge nAmapadakkU naDu viruva sambandha, teru kriyApadakkU terige nAmapadakkU naDuviruva sambandha, illavE miDi kriyApadakkU miDite nAmapadakkU hELa bahudu. naDuviruva sambandha I nAmapadagaLannu (hAsuge, terige mattu miDite embavu gaLannu) baLasuvAga namma gamanakke baruvudu aparUpavendE rUDhimUlavAda arthada sahAyadindalEnE nAvu avannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuttEve mattu bEre yArAdarU avannu baLasidAga avakke artha koDuttEve. I rIti padagaLa oLaracane avugaLa dinanityada baLakege avaSya villavAda kAraNa, sAmAnyavAgi adu bahaLa aniyamitavAgiruvudE jAsti. idallade nAmapadagaLalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtra kANisuttiddu, avugaLa svarUpa mattu artha iveraDU bahaLa maTTige aniyamitavAgiruttave.
I kAraNakkAgi oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLannu vyAkaraNagaLalli varNisuvAga avugaLalli baruva pratyayagaLa paTTiyannaShTE koDalu sAdhyavAguttade. antaha pratyayagaLondige baruva padagaLu, A padagaLalli illavE pratyayagaLalli unTAguva sErikeya badalAvaNegaLu, mattu avugaLa mUlaka tayArAgaballa padagaLa artha ivellavannU paTTi mADiyE hELabEkAguttade. I kAraNakkAgi kelavaru vayyA karaNigaLu padagaLa oLaracaneyembudu arthakOSada angavallade vyAkaraNada angavalla embudAgiyU vAdisiddAre. pratyayagaLa mUlaka sAdhitavAguva nAmapadagaLa oLaracane I rIti aniyamitavAgiruvudAda kAraNa adannu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa mUlaka vivarisi hELuvudu kaShTasAdhya. avugaLa hinde niyamagaLiruva badalu barE kelavu ‘olavu’gaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade. I olavugaLannu niyamarUpadalli varNisidarU avugaLalli pratiyondakkU ondalla ondu apavAdavillade iruvudilla.
vyAkaraNada itara racanegaLiginta sAdhita padagaLa racane I ondu viShayadalli tIrA bhinnavAgide. sAdhita nAmapadagaLannu mattu avugaLa arthavannu arthakOSagaLalli koDabEkAgiruvudu idE kAraNakkAgi. udAharaNegAgi kannaDada padaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva ike-ige pratyayada svarUpavEnembudannu pariSIlisabahudu.

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4.5 ike-ige pratyaya

kannaDada nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLalli ike-ige embudu mukhyavAdudu. I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAgaballa

nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli halaviddu, avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva olavannu kelavu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa mUlaka vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, ivu nijakkU niyamagaLalla, olavugaLu mAtra - endare avugaLalli pratiyondakkU sAkaShTu apavAdagaLive embudannu illi nenapinallirisikoLLabEku.
I pratyayavannu mukhyavAgi kriyApadagaLige sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu (baLalu-baLalike, oppu-oppige, hiDi-hiDike, koDu-koDuge). idakke ike, ige, ke mattu ge embudAgi nAlku rUpagaLive. ivugaLa baLakeyannu keLage koTTiruva niyama(olavu)gaLa mUlaka vivarisabahudu.

sAmAnyavAgi ukArAnta kriyApadagaLa anantara I pratyayakke ike rUpavide.

baLalu hELu

baLalike hELike

ukArAnta kriyApadagaLalli eraDE akSharagaLiddu modalanE akSharadalli baruva svara hrasvavAgideyAdare avugaLa anantara baruva I pratyayakke ige illavE ge rUpavide. Adare, ivugaLalli ige embudu elli baruttade mattu ge embudu elli baruttade emba viShayadalli niyamavannu mADalu sAdhya vAguvudilla.

muccu muttu koDu meccu

muccige muttige koDuge meccuge

mEle koTTiruva niyamakke nAcu-nAcuge, ELu-ELige  embantaha kelavu apavAdagaLU ive. 

su illavE isu pratyayadalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLa anantara I pratyayakke ke rUpavide. I kriyApadagaLa koneya su akShara mElina pratyaya paravAdAga lOpagoLLuttade.

bayasu
harasu turisu gadarisu

bayake harake

pratyaya

tayArisalu

nAmapadagaLannu

koneya ekAra I

ikArAnta kriyApadagaLa anantara idakke ge rUpavide (suli-sulige, holi-holige); Adare, hiDike embudaralli idakke ke rUpavide.
ekArAnta kriyApadagaLa anantara idakke ke rUpaviddu kriyApadada sEridAga akAravAguttade (moLe-moLake); I niyamakkU hode- hodike, naDe-naDuge embantaha apavAdagaLive.
I pratyayavannu kannaDadalli baruva ellA kriyApadagaLigU sErisi sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi mADu, kudi, bare, duDuku, tirugu modalAda halavAru kriyApadagaLige idannu sErisi nAma padagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAva kriyApadagaLondigella adu I rIti sEruttade, mattu yAva kriyApadagaLondige sEruvudilla embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli entaha padagaLella kannaDadalli baLakeyallive embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEkAguttade.
I pratyayada mUlaka siddhavAda nAmapadagaLige entaha arthavide, adakkU kriyApadada arthakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannU rUDhiya AdhArada mEle mAtravE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi, anjike embudu ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudAdare, moLake embudu ondu ghaTaneyinda siddhavAda vastuvannu sUcisuttade mattu hodike embudu

ondu ghaTaneyannu sAdhisalu bEkAguva karaNavannu sUcisu

heggaLike, tiLuvaLike modalAda kelavu padagaLalli I pratyaya vaLi emba bErondu pratyayada anantara baruttade.
billugArike, SrImantike modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva ike pratyaya mElina pratyayakkinta bhinnavAdudu. idu nAmapadagaLa anantara baruttiddu, samskxtada ika pratyayakke (kShaNa-kShaNika, takra-tAkrika) sambandhisidudirabEku.

ellA kriyApadagaLigU sErisalu sAdhyaviruvantaha ike emba innondu pratyaya kannaDadallide. idu mElina pratyayakkinta bhinna vAdudu. I pratyayavannu kriyApadakke sErisuvudara mUlaka ondu nAmapadavannu tayArisuva badalu, nAmapadada jAgadalli baraballa ondu kriyArUpavannu (kriyApadada nAmarUpavannu) tayArisuttEve embudE idakkU mElina ike-ige pratyayakkU naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsa.
endare, I ike embudu ondu ‘padarUpa’ pratyaya mattu mEle vivarisida ike-ige embudu ondu ‘padapratyaya’. I kAraNakkAgi, I eraDu pratyayagaLa naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLiveyembudannu gamanisa bahudu.

ka. mEle sUcisida hAge, ike padarUpa pratyayavannu yAva kriyApadadondige bEkiddarU sErisi hELabahudu (mADu vike, kudiyuvike, bareyuvike, duDukuvike, tiruguvike). samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva kriyApadagaLondigU adannu sErisi hELabahudu (rakShisuvike, SikShisuvike, anu matisuvike, virOdhisuvike). kha. ellA baLakegaLallU adakke ike emba ondE rUpavide. Adare I pratyaya sEridAga ukArAnta kriyApadagaLa kone yalli vakArAgamavU mattu ekArAnta hAgU ikArAnta kriyApadagaLa koneyalli yuv embudara AgamavU kANisu

hogaLuvike

hAsuvike hELuvike
hiDiyuvike
iLiyuvike koLeyuvike

hogaLu hAsu
hELu
koLe

ga. ellA baLakegaLallU adakke kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu gurutisi hELuvantaha ondE arthavide. gha. I pratyayada baLakeyannu ondu vyAkaraNaniyamada mUlaka varNisalu sAdhyavide. padapratyayagaLa hAge niyamada badalu ‘olava’nnu baLasuva avaSyakateyilla.

ike  padarUpa  pratyayakkU  ike-ige  padapratyayakkU  naDuviruva  I vyatyAsagaLannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave. 

kriyApada ike (padarUpapratyaya) koDu nAcu holi moLe bayasu
kettu hAsu

koDuvike teruvike
nAcuvike
holiyuvike moLeyuvike bayasuvike kettuvike
hAsuvike
hiDiyuvike

ike-ige (padapratyaya)

koDuge

nAcuge holige moLake bayake hAsuge

kriyApadagaLinda  nAmapadagaLannu  sAdhisalu  ike-ige  emba  I  pratyayada  hAgeyE  kannaDadalli  bEreyU  kelavu  pratyayagaLu  baLake  yAguttave.  Adare  avugaLalli  heccinavU  kelavE  kelavu  kriyApada  gaLondige mAtrabaraballuvu. idallade avugaLa baLake ike-ige embu  dakkintalU jAsti aniyamitavAdudu.  
udAharaNegAgi  ta  pratyayavannu  ikArAnta  kriyApadadondige  baLasi kuNita, hiDita, duDita modalAda nAmapadagaLannU, ekArAnta 

kriyApadadondige baLasi aleta, negeta, odeta modalAduvannU tayArisabahudu; gu illavE Du akSharadalli konegoLLuva kriyA padagaLige a pratyayavannu sErisi (kriyApadada koneya ukAravannu lOpagoLisi mattu gakAra-DakAragaLannu kakAra-TakAragaLannAgi mADi) naDuka, tiruka, maruka, ATa, OTa, nOTa, hOrATa modalAda kelavu nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu. (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2002 nODi). nAmapadagaLannu I rIti bEre bEre rItiya padapratyayagaLannu sErisi kriyApadagaLinda mAtravallade guNapadagaLinda mattu itara nAmapadagaLindalU tayArisalu sAdhyavide (hosa-hosatu, jANa- jANme, okkalu-okkaliga, mUgu-mUguti).

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4.6 kriyApadagaLa racane

kannaDada nAmapadagaLa hAge kriyApadagaLannU oLaracaneyiruvavugaLu mattu illadavugaLu embudAgi eraDu vagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLa arthavannu heccina sandabhragaLallU nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi hangisu, biDisu, tunDisu, hesarisu modalAda oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLannu hangu, biDu, tunDu, hesaru modalAda nAmapadagaLige isu pratyayavannu sErisi racisalAgiddu, avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyinda paDeyabahudu. I niyamakke kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLiruvudu nijavAdarU antaha apavAdagaLannu ‘nuDigaTTu’gaLembudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.
oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva hesaru mattu varNane emba bhEda oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisa diruvudE avugaLa baLakeyalli nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha aniyamitateyilladiralu mukhya kAraNa. kannaDadalli ‘kriyAsamAsa’vemba ondu viSiShTavAda samAsavide yendu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. Adare I AbiprAyakke AdhAravAgi avaru koDuva maravEru, kaymugi, kanasukANu modalAda udAharaNegaLu nijakkU padakantegaLu mAtra, jODupada(samastapada)gaLalla.

kappuhAvu, satta hAvu modalAda padakantegaLalli modalaneya  padada anantara vibhakti pratyaya bAradiruvudannu kanDu avannu samAsa  gaLendu  tappAgi  hELiruva  hAge  illU  modalaneya  padada  anantara  (mara,  kay,  kanasu  modalAdavugaLa  anantara)  vibhakti  pratyaya  bAradiruvudannu  kanDu  avannU  samAsagaLendu  kareyuva  tappAda  nirNayakke kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu bandiddAre.  
kaymugi,  maravEru  modalAda  baLakegaLalli  modalaneya  padada  vibhakti lOpagonDiruvudu kannaDada vAkyaracaneya niyamada AdhArada  mElallade, vAkyaracaneya AdhArada mElalla. kriyApadadondige baruva  I  nAmapadagaLannu  vAkyada  itara  jAgagaLige  konDuhOdAga  (6nE  vAkya  nODi),  illavE  avugaLondige  ottihELuva    pratyayavondannu  baLasidAga  (7nE  vAkya  nODi),  A  rIti  lOpagonDiruva  vibhakti  pratyaya tirugi kANisikoLLuttade. 

(6) (7)

maravannu rAju nALe EruttAne. ninne rAju maravannU Erida.

kaypiDi,  bAnuli  modalAda  jODupadagaLa  angagaLAgi  baruva  padagaLannu I rIti vAkyadalli bEre kaDegaLige konDuhOgalu illavE  avugaLa  naDuve  ottihELuva  pratyayavannu  baLasalu  sAdhyavAgadembu  dannu illi gamanisabEku. 
kannaDa  kriyApadagaLa  oLaracaneyalli  pratyayagaLannu  baLasiruvudu  bahaLa  aparUpa.  cAritrika  avaSEShagaLAgiruva  intaha  kelavannu  mAtra  kaLe-kaLacu,  ere-eracu,  nuNupu-nuNucu  embantaha  kelavu  padayugmagaLalli  illavE  turuku,  doraku,  niluku,  kuTuku  embantaha kelavu kriyApadagaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide.  
bEre  kelavu  kriyApadagaLa  oLaracaneyalli  isu  pratyayada  baLake  yannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi hesarisu, kannaDisu, ottA  yisu  modalAda  kelavu  kriyApadagaLigU  hesaru,  kannaDa,  ottAya  nAmapadagaLigU naDuve intaha sambandhavannu kANabahudu. 
idE  rItiyalli  ettarisu,  bOLisu,  tampisu  kriyApadagaLigU  ettara,  bOLu,  tampu  guNapadagaLigU  naDuve  antahadE  sambandha  viruva hAge kANisuttade. idallade, gahagahisu, baDabaDisu, capparisu, 

kEkarisu modalAda bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLannu aNakisuva padagaLige isu pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida hAge kANisuttade. Adare cAritrikavAgi I isu embudu ondu kriyApadada rUpavE. Agu, ADu, koDu, baru, biDu, kaTTu, bILu, mADu, hAku modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLondige itara kriyApada (athavA kriyA rUpa)gaLannAgalI (kanDubaru, hoDedADu, ODADu, ODibaru, illavAgu) illavE nAmapada athavA guNapadagaLannAgalI (siTTAgu, bErubiDu, mAtukoDu, aDDabILu, kappAgu, suLLAgu) sErisi ‘samyukta kriyApada’gaLannu racisuva krama kannaDadalli baLakeyallide.
illU sAmAnyavAgi I racanegaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneya sahAyadindalEnE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi ivannU jODu pada(samAsa)gaLendu kareyade ‘kUDupada’gaLemba bEreyE ondu rItiya racanegaLendu parigaNisuvudu uttama.

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4.7 guNapadagaLa racane

kriyApadagaLa baLakeya hAge guNapadagaLa baLakeyallU hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba prayOgabhEdavilla. Adudarinda, sAmAnya vAgi oLaracaneyiruva guNapadagaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa anga gaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa AdhArada mEle nirdharisalu sAdhyavide.
cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgi kANisuvantaha oLaracanegaLannu paDediruva kelavu guNapadagaLannu mAtra idakke apavAdavAgi kannaDadalli udA harisalu sAdhyavide (kempu, kappu, tampu, nuNupu).
I rIti cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgi kANisuva oLaracanegaLannu biTTare, bEre niyamitavAda oLaracaneyuLLa guNapadagaLu kannaDadalli illavendE hELalU sAdhyavide.
kriyApadagaLannu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare nAmapadagaLige viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi) baLasalu kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLinda guNapada gaLannu tayArisi baLasuva badalu avugaLa kxdantarUpagaLannu baLasuva krama rUDhiyallide (bEyisida baTATe, oNagida kaTTige, hasida huli). idE rItiyalli nAmapadagaLannu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu avugaLa sambandha (ShaShThI) rUpagaLannu baLasuva kramavU kannaDadallide (maNNina koDa, hattiya baTTe, kallina mUtri).

I  kAraNakkAgi,  niyamitavAda  oLaracaneyuLLa  guNapadagaLannu  kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi samskxtavE modalAda bEre kelavu bhAShegaLinda  eravalAgi banda padagaLalli mAtra kANalu sAdhya.  
samskxtadalli  nAmapadagaLu  mattu  guNapadagaLu  emba  I  eraDu  rItiya  padagaLU  ondE  padavagrakke  sEruttaveyembudannu  nAvu  hindina adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. Adare, samskxtada padagaLu kannaDakke  eravalAgi  bandAga  avugaLalli  kelavu  nAmapadagaLAgi  baLakeyAguttave  mattu bEre kelavu guNapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave.  
udAharaNegAgi, nIli, mukhya, uttama, yOgya modalAdavu  gaLu kannaDadalli guNapadagaLAgiyU grAma, kavi, pATha, vidye, sEvaka,  yantra modalAdavugaLu nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAguttave. 
samskxtadinda  eravalAgi  bandiruva  padagaLalli  kANisuva  pada  pratyayagaLallU  kelavannu  kannaDadalli  nAmapadagaLa  racaneyalli  baLake  yAguva  pratyayagaLendU  mattu  innu  kelavannu  guNapadagaLa  racane  yalli  baLakeyAguva  pratyayagaLendU  vibhajisalu  sAdhyavide.  intaha  vyatyAsa  samskxtadalli  illadiddarU  adu  kannaDakke  avaSyavAda  kAraNa,  kannaDadalli kANisikoLLuttade.  
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli te  (adhyakSha-adhyakShate,  kxtajYa-kxtajYate,  ahra-ahrate,  aspxSya- aspxSyate),  i  (adhikAra-adhikAri,  ArOpa-ArOpi,  viraha- virahi,  vyApAra-vyApAri)  modalAda  kelavu  pratyayagaLiruva  samskxta  nAmapadagaLAgi  baLakeyAguttave. 
idakke  badalu,  ika  (dEha-dayhika,  lOka-lavkika,  vyavahAra- vyAvahArika, vaShra-vAShrika, yantra-yAntrika), Iya (sthaLIya,  prEkShaNIya,  SlAghanIya,  rAShTrIya)  modalAda  bEre  kelavu  pratyayagaLiruva  samskxta  padagaLu  kannaDadalli  guNapadagaLAgi  baLake  yAguvudE jAsti. I niyamakkU rasika, mAntrika, vaydika, tAkrika  modalAda kelavu apavAdagaLive. sAmAnyavAgi kannaDadalli gaLu

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4.8 tiruLu

padagaLa oLaracaneyalli samskxtakkinta kannaDa halavu viShayagaLalli bhinna vAgide. pratyayagaLa mUlaka nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada

gaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli bEre bEre rItiya vidhAnagaLu baLakeyallive.
kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli intaha pratyayaviruva padagaLannella kxt mattu taddhita emba eraDu vagragaLalli vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. idu samskxtada padaracaneya vidhAnavannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisidudara nijakkU kannaDakke idakkinta tIrA bhinnavAda vagrIkaraNada avaSyakate yide. nAmapadagaLannu mukhyavAgi yAva vagrada padagaLinda tayArisa lAgide emba viShayavannAdharisi vagrIkarisuvudE kannaDakke anukUla.
padagaLa oLaracaneya kuritu heccina vivaragaLige kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane emba nanna pustakavannu (bhaT 2002) nODabahudu.

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5. samAsagaLu

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5.1 munnOTa

kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU kannaDa samAsagaLannu varNisuva sandabhradalli modalige samskxta samAsagaLu yAvuvu embudannu varNisuttAre. anantara avakkinta bhinnavAgiruvantaha yAva samAsagaLu kannaDadallive embudannu tiLisalu prayatnisuttAre. samskxtada samAsaga LellavU kannaDadalli hEgiddarU iddE iruttave athavA iddE irabEku emba bhAvane avaralliruva hAge tOruttade.
Adare I abhiprAyakke yAva AdhAravU illa. kannaDa bhAShe samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, adaralli baLakeyAguva samAsagaLa racane samskxta samAsagaLa racaneginta bahaLa bhinnavAdudu. kannaDadavE Ada padagaLige mAtravalla, samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLigU kannaDadalli kannaDaddE Ada oLaracaneyiruttade. hAgAgi, antaha pada gaLigU samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva oLaracaneyannu kannaDadalli koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. samskxta samAsagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNadoLakke tandu turukisiruvudu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu mADiruva ondu tappAdare, kannaDadalli samAsa mattu padakantegaLa naDuve vyatyAsavideyumbudannu gamanisadiruvudu innondu tappu. idakkU I vayyAkaraNigaLu bahaLa maTTige samskxta vyAkaraNagaLannu avalambisiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.
samAsa mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa kannaDadalliruva hAge samskxtadallilla. I viShayavannu gamanisade, samskxtada pada racaneya niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudara mUlaka I vayyAkaraNigaLu A huDuga, satta hAvu, kanasu kANu modalAda padakantegaLannu samAsagaLendu bhramisi varNisuttAre mattu kannaDadalli illada gamakasamAsa, kriyAsamAsa modalAdavugaLannu I udAharaNe gaLalli kANuttAre.

samAsagaLa  maTTige  kannaDa  samskxtakkinta  hEge  bhinnavAgide,  mattu  hAge adu bhinnavAgiralu kAraNavEnu embudannu keLagina  vibhAgagaLalli  svalpa  vivaravAgi  pariSIlisalAguvudu.  Adare  adakke  modalu  samAsa  vendarEnu, adakkU padakantegU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLentahavu embu  dannu tiLidukoLLuvudu avaSya. 

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5.2 jODupadagaLu mattu padakantegaLu

‘samAsa’ emba padavannu eraDu arthagaLalli baLasuva krama vyAkaraNa gaLallide. vUdalaneyadAgi, eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondE padavannAgi mADalu baLasuva vyAkaraNa vidhAnavannu (illavE vyAkaraNa kriyeyannu) samAsavendu kareyalAguttade.
tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, bahuvrIhi modalAdavugaLu intaha vyAkaraNakriyegaLannu sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa, avu samAsagaLu. samskxta dalli nAlku illavE Aru samAsagaLive emba mAtinalli samAsa pada I arthadalli baLakeyAgide.
eraDaneyadAgi, intaha vyAkaraNa kriyeya mUlaka tayArAgiruva padagaLannU samAsavemba hesarininda kareyalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada kxShNasapraH padavannu karmadhArayavemba ondu samAsa kriyeya mUlaka tayArisalAgideyAda kAraNa, adannU samAsavendu kareyuva paddhatiyide.
Adare I rIti ondE pAribhAShika padavannu eraDu arthagaLalli baLasuvudarinda svalpa maTTige gondalavunTAgalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, I pustakadalli ‘samAsa’ emba padavannu mEle vivarisiruva vyAkaraNa kriyeyannu hesarisalu mAtravE baLasalAgide.
antaha kriyeyinda tayArAgiruva padagaLannu hesarisalu ‘jODu pada’ emba bEreyE ondu padavannu baLasalAgide. samskxtadalli idakke ‘samastapada’ emba hesarU ide. eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondE padavannAgi mADi baLasidare adannu ondu jODupadavendU, eraDu padagaLannu bEre bErAgi, AdarU ondu ghaTakavannAgi mADi baLasidare adannu ondu padakanteyendU hELabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi,  kaggallu  embudu  ondu  jODupada,  Adare  kappukallu  embudu  ondu  padakante.  modalaneyadaralli  kappu  padavannu (adara kag rUpavannu) kallu emba innondu padadondige  sErisi  ondE  padavannAgi  mADalAgide.  Adare  eraDaneyadaralli  (kappukallu  embudaralli)  avannu  A  rIti  oTTu  sErisade  bEre  bEre  padagaLAgiyE uLisalAgide.  
kappukallu  embudaralli  I  rIti  kappu  mattu  kallu  padagaLu  eraDu  bEre  bEre  padagaLAgi  uLidiveyAdarU  avu  oTTige  vAkyada  ondu  ‘ghaTaka’vAgi  baLakeyAgiruttave.  I  kAraNakkAgi  kappukallu  embudannu ondu padakanteyundu kareyalAguttade.  
kaggallu  embudaralli  kappu  pada  kag  emba  rUpakke  badalAgide.  Adare  I  rIti  badalAguvudu  jODupadada  racanege  avaSyavEnU  alla. udAharaNegAgi, aDDadAri padadalli angavAgi bandiruva eraDu  padagaLU  badalAgade  hAgeyE  uLidive.  hIgiddarU  kannaDadalli  adu  ondu jODupadavallade padakanteyalla. 
ondu padakanteya arthavannu adara angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa  arthada  sahAyadinda  sampUrNavAgi  nirdharisalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare  ondu  jODupadada  arthavannu  A  rIti  adara  angagaLAgi  bandiruva  padagaLa arthada sahAyadinda sampUrNavAgi nirdharisalu sAdhyavAgadu.  idu I eraDu rItiya ghaTakagaLa naDuviruva eraDaneya vyatyAsa.  
udAharaNegAgi, kaggallu embudu kappu(kag) mattu kallu emba  eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda siddhavAgide. Adare adu ellA rItiya  kappu  baNNada  kallugaLannU  gurutisuvudilla,  ondu  viSiShTavAda  jAtige  sErida  kallugaLannu  mAtra  gurutisuttade.  idakke  badalu,  kappukallu  padakante ellA rItiya kappubaNNada kallugaLannU gurutisaballudu. 
jODupadada  arthavannu  tiLiyalu  rUDhiyalli  adu  yAva  arthadalli  baLakeyAguttade  illavE  rUDhiyalli  entaha  vyakti  athavA  vastuvannu  adu  gurutisuttade  embudannu  tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade.  udAharaNegAgi kaggallu pada yAva rItiya kallugaLannu gurutisuttade  embudannu rUDhiya baLakeyinda mAtravE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhya.  
jODupada  mattu  padakantegaLa  naDuviruva  I  eraDu  vyatyAsa  gaLannu ellA rItiya jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuveyU spaShTa 

vAgi kANalu sAdhyavAgadirabahudu. Adare heccineDegaLallU averaDannu I vyatyAsagaLa sahAyadinda pratyEkisalu sAdhyavide.
idallade, jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve vAkyadalli avu yAva rItiyalli baLakeyAguttave emba viShayadalliyU vyatyAsavide. hindina adhyAyadalli vivarisida hAge, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu I eraDu rItiya ghaTakagaLU naDesaballu vAdarU, idakkAgi jODupadagaLu ‘hesarisuva’ vidhAnavannu baLasuttave mattu padakantegaLu ‘varNisuva’ vidhAnavannu baLasuttave.
I vyatyAsakke jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva eraDaneya (arthakke sambandhisida) vyatyAsavE mukhya kAraNa. varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisabEkiddalli varNisalu baLasuva ghaTakada arthavannu sampUrNavAgi adara oLa racaneya sahAyadinda tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavirabEku. jODupadagaLa arthavannu I rIti paDeyalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa avu varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAgalAravu.
jODupadavannu ondu cAritrika sxShTi endu kareyabahudu. yAvudAdarU ondu vastuvannu gurutisalu (hesarisalu) bhASheyalli padavilladiruvAga, illavE iruva pada nenapige bAradiruvAga, hosa padavondannu tayArisalu janaru samAsavemba I vyAkaraNa kriyeyannu baLasuttAre. I kriyeya mUlaka tayArAgiruva pada anantara itarara mAtinallU sErikonDu rUDhige bandAga mAtra adu bhASheya pada venisaballudu.
Adare padakantegaLu A rItiyavalla. bhASheyannu baLasuvAga avannu bEkAda hAge hosadAgi tayArisikonDu baLasalAguttade.
I kAraNakkAgi, ondu bhASheya arthakOSavannu tayArisuvAga adaralli A bhASheya ellA jODupadagaLannU koDuva avaSyakateyide; Adare ellA padakantegaLannU koDuva avaSyakateyilla; hAge koDalu sAdhyavU Agadu. yAkendare, ondu bhASheyalliruva jODupadagaLa sankhye cikkadu. Adare padakantegaLa sankhye bahaLa doDDadu. adu ananta endE hELalU sAdhyavide.

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5.3 samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa

jODupadagaLa viShayadalli samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLade samskxtada ellA samAsagaLannU kannaDadalli kANalu naDesida kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa prayatna halavu rItiya gondalagaLige eDemADide.
samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLalli mukhyavAda kelavannu keLage vivarisalAgide.

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5.3.1 samskxtada jODupadagaLu

samskxtadalli mEle (5.2)ralli tiLisiruvantaha jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve kANisabEkAda vyatyAsagaLu bahaLa maTTige aLidu hOgive. A bhAShe dinanityada vyAvahArika bhASheyAgi uLiyade sumAru eraDu sAvira vaShragaLindalU bariya kAvyagaLa mattu SAstragaLa bhASheyAgi mAtravE uLidukonDiruvudE idakke kAraNavira bEku.
eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisidoDane samskxtadalli ondu jODupada (samastapada) siddhavAgibiDuttade. anantara averaDu ondE padavAgi A bhASheyalli rUDhige barabEkAda avaSyakateyE illa.
hAgAgi, jODupada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa samskxta dalli mukhyavAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLu yAva jAgagaLallella baraballuvu embudara mEle avalambiside. ondu ghaTakada angagaLAgi baruva padagaLellavU vibhaktipratyayadondige baruttaveyAdare adondu padakante mattu koneya anga mAtra vibhaktipratyayadondige baruttade yAdare adondu jODupada embudAgi samskxtadalli ondu niyamavannu mADalu sAdhyavide.
I niyamakke kelavu apavAdagaLiveyAdarU sAdhAraNavAgi samskxtadalli vibhaktipratyaya lOpavAdAgalella jODupada siddhisuttade yundu hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxtada padakantegaLannu mattu jODupadagaLannu hOlisi nODa bahudu.

padakante
mAtrA sadxSaH svagrAt patitaH svagrapatitaH karmakuSalaH karmaNi kuSalaH

jODupada mAtxsadxSaH

‘tAyiya hAgiruvavanu’ ‘svagradinda biddavanu’ ‘kelasadalli kuSalanAdavanu’

grAmam gataH rAjYaH puruShaH

grAmagataH rAjapuruShaH

‘haLLige hOdavanu’ ‘rAjana jana’

modalanE  kAlannalli  koTTiruva  padakantegaLalli  eraDu  padagaLU  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  bandive,  Adare  avugaLa  eduru  eraDanE  kAlannalli  koTTiruva  jODupadagaLalli  eraDaneya  pada  mAtra  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  bandide,  modalaneya  pada  vibhakti  pratyayavillade 
mele  sUcisida  hAge,  padakante  mattu  jODupadagaLa  naDuve  samskxtadalli  kANisuva  I  vyatyAsavE  kannaDadallU  irabahudendu  bhAvisi,  samskxtada  I  padaracaneya  niyamavannu  hAgeyE  kannaDakke  aLavaDisalu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu prayatnisiddAre.  
padakanteyondaralli  eraDu  athavA  jAsti  padagaLu  baLakeyAgive  yAdare,  avugaLalli  pratiyondannU  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  baLasa  bEkemba niyama samskxtadallide. hAgAgi, A padagaLalli yAvudAdarU  ondu padadondige vibhakti pratyaya bandillavAdare, adu tanna anantara  bandiruva padadondige sEri samastapadavAgideyundE artha. 
Adare  kannaDadalli  intaha  niyamavilla.  kannaDada  padakantegaLalli  baruva  padagaLalli  koneyadakke  mAtra  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  sErisalu  sAdhya.  uLida  padagaLu  nAmapadagaLAgiveyAdare  ShaShThiyalli  baruttave,  mattu guNapada, eNikeya pada illavE kxdantagaLAgiveyAdare yAva  pratyayavU sErade hAgeyE baruttave.   
samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I mukhyavAda vyatyAsa  vannu keLage (5.2.2-5)nE vibhAgagaLalli vivarisalAgide. 

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5.3.2 padakantegaLalli guNapadagaLa baLake

samskxtada padakantegaLalli ondu guNapadavannu baLasabEkiddalli adakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade mattu I vibhakti pratyaya adara anantara baruva nAmapadada (viSEShyada) vibhakti pratyayavE Agira bEkAguttade (3.2.2 nODi). Adare, kannaDadalli I rIti guNapadagaLige vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisi hELuva vidhAna baLakeyallilla. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva

samskxta padakantegaLannu avugaLa kannaDa rUpadondige hOlisi nODa bahudu.

(1ka) Ekam kxShNam sapram

‘ondu kappu hAvannu’

(1kha) EkEna kxShNEna saprENa

‘ondu kappu hAvininda’ (1ga) EkAya kxShNAya saprAya ‘ondu kappu hAvige’

(1ka-ga)  samskxta  padakantegaLalli  dvitIyA,  txtIyA  mattu  caturthI  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  padakanteya  mUru  padagaLondigU  bandive.  Adare  avugaLa  kannaDa  rUpagaLalli  padakanteya  koneya  padavAgiruva  hAvu  embudarondige  mAtra  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  bandive.  
ivugaLalli  kxShNa  ‘kappu’  padavannu  samskxtadalli  vibhakti  pratyaya  villadeyU baLasalu sAdhyavide. hAge mADidalli adu adara anantara  baruva sapra ‘hAvu’ padadondige sEri kxShNasapra emba jODupada  vAguttade.  Adare  kannaDadalli  kappu  pada  hEgiddarU  vibhakti  pratyaya  villadeyE kappu hAvu padakanteyalli bandiruvudAda kAraNa adannu  A rIti jODupadavAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavAgadu. 

(2ka) Ekam kxShNasapram

‘ondu kappu hAvannu’ (2kha) EkEna kxShNasaprENa

‘ondu kappu hAvininda’ (2ga) EkAya kxShNasaprAya

‘ondu kappu hAvige’

mEle koTTiruva (2ka-ga) padakantegaLannu adakke hinde koTTiruva  (1ka-ga) padakantegaLondige hOlisi nODidalli samskxta mattu kannaDa  bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa spaShTavAdItu.  

samskxtada  (1ka-ga)  padakantegaLalli  kxShNa  padadondige  bandidda  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  (2ka-ga)  padakantegaLalli  lOpagonDive;  Adare  avakke  samAnavAgiruva  kannaDada  padakantegaLalli  yAva  rItiya  vyatyAsavU Agilla. 
intaha  sandabhragaLalli  eraDu  padagaLu  oTTu  sEri  ondu  jODupadavAgideyendu  hELabEkiddalli  kannaDadalli  adakke  ondu  viSiShTavAda arthavU bandiruvudu avaSya. I artha adara angagaLAgi  bandiruva padagaLu koDuva arthakkinta bhinnavAgirabEku. 
udAharaNegAgi,  cikkamma  embudu  ondu  jODupada;  Adare,  cikkaDike embudu ondu padakante. cikkamma embudu cikka ammanannu  sUcisuvudilla;  ammana  tangiyannu  sUcisuttade;  Adare,  cikkaDike  embudu  cikka  aDikeyannE  sUcisuttade.  cikkamma  embudara  baLake  yalli  arthada  badalAvaNeyU  sErikonDide;  Adare,  cikkaDike  embu  daralli antaha badalAvaNe sErikonDilla.   
guNapadavannu nAmapadadondige baLasiruva sandabhradalli I rIti  arthada badalAvaNe naDedillavAdare adannu kannaDadalli padakanteyendE  parigaNisabEkallade  jODupadavendu  parigaNisalu  yAva  AdhAravU  iruvudilla.  

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5.3.3 kxdantagaLa baLake

kxdantagaLannu nAmapadakantegaLalli baLasabEkiddarU samskxtadalli avakke nAmapadada linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva vibhakti pratyaya vondannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare kannaDadalli A rIti kxdanta gaLige vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke kAraNa vEnendare, mEle (5.3.2)ralli sUcisida hAge, kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLu nAmapadakantegaLa koneya padadondige mAtra baruttave.

(3ka) Ekam mxtam sapram ‘ondu satta hAvannu’ (3kha) EkEna mxtEna saprENa

‘ondu satta hAvininda’ (3ga) EkAya mxtAya saprAya ‘ondu satta hAvige’

samskxtadalli intaha kxdantagaLannU vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisade  baLasalu  sAdhyavide.  hAge  mADidAga  avu  avugaLa  mundiruva  nAma  padadondige  sEri  jODupadagaLAguttave.  Adare  kannaDada  kxdantagaLu  padakantegaLallEnE  vibhakti  pratyayavillade  baruttave.  hAgAgi,  avuga  Londige vibhakti pratyaya bandilla emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avu  anantara  baruva  nAmapadagaLondige  sEri  jODupadagaLAgiveyendu  hELalu sAdhyavilla. 

(4ka) Ekam mxtasapram

ondu satta hAvannu’

(4kha) EkEna mxtasaprENa ‘ondu satta hAvininda’

(4ga) EkAya mxtasaprAya

‘ondu satta hAvige’

illU  (3ka-ga)  mattu  (4ka-ga)  padakantegaLa  naDuve  samskxtadalli  vibhaktigaLa  maTTige  vyatyAsavide,  Adare  kannaDadalli  yAva  vyatyAsavU  illa.  (4ka-ga)gaLalli  baruva  mxtasapra  embudannu  samskxtadalli  jODupada  embudAgi  parigaNisalu  (3ka-ga)gaLalli  mxta  padada  anantara  kANisuttidda  vibhakti  pratyaya  illavAgiruvudannu  AdhAravAgi  koDalu sAdhyavide. 
Adare  kannaDada  satta  pada  (4ka-ga)gaLalli  mAtravallade  (3ka- ga)gaLallU vibhakti pratyayavilladeyE bandiruva kAraNa, kannaDadalli satta  hAvu  embudannu  jODupada  embudAgi  parigaNisalu  yAva  AdhAravU siguvudilla. 

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5.3.4 nirdESaka padagaLa baLake

samskxtada padakantegaLalli ayam ‘ivanu’, saH ‘avanu’ modalAda mAtanADuvavanigU mAtinalli baruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLigU naDuviruva ‘sthAnIya’ sambandhavannu sUcisuva nirdESaka padagaLannu baLasabEkiddalli avugaLondige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakate yide. hAgAgi avu intaha vibhakti pratyayagaLillade bandAga avugaLa

anantara baruva nAmapadagaLondige sEri jODupadagaLAgiveyendu hELalu baruttade.
Adare kannaDadalli intaha padagaLannu padakantegaLalli baLasuvAgalella I mattu A emba sankShipta rUpagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide. samskxtadalli kANisuva hAge avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva krama kannaDadallilla.

(5ka) imam ghaTam

‘I koDavannu’

(5kha) asmAt ghaTAt

‘I koDadinda’

(5ga) tasmAt ghaTAt

‘A koDadinda’ (5gha) tasmin ghaTE ‘A koDadalli’

samskxtada  idam  ‘I’  embudu  (5ka)dalli  imam  embudAgi  dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli bandide mattu (5kha)dalli asmAt embudAgi  txtIyA vibhaktiyalli bandide; tat ‘A’ embudu (5ga)dalli tasmAt  embudAgi  txtIyA  vibhaktiyalli  bandide  mattu  (5gha)dalli  tasmin  embudAgi saptamI vibhaktiyalli bandide. I ellA baLakegaLallU avu  avugaLa  anantara  baruva  nAmapadada  (ghaTa  embudara)  vibhaktiyallE  bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.  
Adare  kannaDada  I  mattu  A  embavugaLu  A  rIti  vibhakti  pratyaya  dondige  baruvudilla.  avugaLa  anantara  baruva  nAmapada  yAva  vibhaktiyallE  irali  avakke  kannaDadalli  ondE  rUpaviruttade.  idu  kannaDadalli padakantegaLannu racisuva vidhAna.  
samskxtadalli  mEle  koTTiruva  nirdESaka  padagaLannu  vibhakti  pratyayavilladeyU  (tadghaTAt  ‘A  koDadinda’,    tadghaTE  ‘A  koDa  dalli’  modalAdavugaLa  hAge)  baLasalu  sAdhyavide  mattu  hAge  baLasi  dAga samskxtadalli jODupada siguttadeyundu hELalu sAdhyavide.  

Adare kannaDadalli I rIti jODupadavannu racisalu sAdhyavAgadu.  yAkendare  intaha  padakantegaLalli  kannaDada  nirdESaka  padagaLu  A  koDadinda,  A  koDadalli  embavugaLalli  kANisuva  hAge  vibhakti  pratyayavillada rUpadalli mAtra baraballuvu.   
kannaDada  kelavu  vyAkaraNa  paThyagaLalli  A  huDuga  embantaha  pada  kantegaLannu jODupada (samAsa)gaLendu tOrisikoDuvudakkAgi avakke  avanu huDuga embantaha oLanuDi (vigrahavAkya)gaLannu koDalAgide.  
Adare  illU  modalaneya  padadalli  vibhakti  pratyayavideyendu  hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare kannaDadalli *avanannu huDuganannu  illavE *avaninda huDuganinda embudAgi samskxtada imam ghaTam,  asmAt  ghaTAt  embavugaLa  hAge  padakanteya  modalaneya  padakke  vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
innondu viShayavEnendare, kannaDadalli avanu huDuga embudu  ondu  vAkyavAguttadallade  padakanteyAguvudilla.  hAgAgi  A  huDuga  embudannu avanu huDuga embudarinda sAdhisuvudU sariyalla. 

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5.3.5 dvitIyA vibhaktiya baLake

kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kANisuva innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, aprANi vAcaka padagaLu kriyApadada pakkadallE iveyAdare avugaLondigiruva dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayavannu tegedu hAkalu sAdhyavide. Adare A padavannu vAkyadalli bEreDege sAgisidAga illavE otti hELuva U pratyayavannu adakke sErisidAga A rIti tegedu hAkida dvitIyA vibhakti pratyaya tirugi kANisikoLLuttade.

rAju bengaLUrinalli ondu mane kaTTisiddAne (6kha) rAju bengaLUrinalli ondu maneyannU kaTTisiddAne rAju ondu maneyannu bengaLUrinallU kaTTisiddAne

mane  padadondigidda  dvitIya  vibhakti  pratyaya  (6ka)  vAkyadalli  bidduhOgide, Adare (6kha-ga) vAkyagaLalli adu uLidukonDide.  
I rIti kriyApadada pakkadalli aprANivAcaka nAmapadagaLu vibhakti  pratyayavillade bandiruvudannu nODi, kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu antaha  racanegaLu  (manekaTTu  embantahavugaLu)  ‘kriyAsamAsa’vemba  kannaDakke 

viSiShTavAgiruva samAsavondakke udAharaNegaLAguttaveyendu vAdisi Adare nijakkU idu kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vAkya racaneyalli (endare vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli) kANisuva ondu vyatyAsa mAtra (8.4 nODi). illi hosa padada racaneyAgilla.

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5.3.6 nAmapadagaLa baLake

kannaDadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu ondu padakanteya angagaLannAgi mADi baLasabEkAgideyAdare averaDannu sambandhisalu modalaneyada rondige ShaShThI ‘vibhakti’ pratyayavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide.
Adare samskxtadalli averaDannU ondE vibhaktiyallirisi baLasa lAguttade. samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

(7ka) Ekam mxttikam ghaTam

‘ondu maNNina koDavannu’ (7kha) EkEna mxttikEna ghaTEna ‘ondu maNNina koDadinda’

(7ga) EkAya mxttikAya ghaTAya ‘ondu maNNina koDakke’

maNNina

sUcisuva Eka pada (7ka-ga) padakantegaLalli eNikeyannu mAtravallade mxttika nAmapadavU viSEShya nAmapadada (ghaTa embudara) vibhaktigaLalli bandide. illU I vibhakti pratyayagaLannu lOpamADuvudara mUlaka jODupadagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. (mxttikaghaTam ‘maNNina koDavannu’, koDadinda’).
Adare (7ka-ga) kannaDa padakantegaLalli maNNu nAmapada A rIti viSEShyada vibhaktigaLalli baruva badalu elleDeyallU adannu viSEShya dondige sambandhisaballa a pratyayadondige (ShaShThI vibhaktiyalli) intaha sandabhragaLalli mAtra kannaDadallU samskxtada hAge ‘vibhakti pratyaya’ lOpavAguvudara mUlaka jODupada siddhisuttadeyundu

mxttikaghaTEna

hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, aramane ‘arasana mane’, mUgudAra ‘mUgina dAra’, kaNNIru ‘kaNNina nIru’ modalAdavu gaLalli I rIti ShaShThI vibhaktiya lOpavannu kANabahudu. vibhaktilOpada maTTige kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve svalpavAdarU samAnateyideyAdare adu illi mAtra. Adare nijakkU kannaDadalli ShaShThI vibhaktiyumbudu ondu vibhakti pratyayavalla embudannu munde (8.5.5)ralli nODaliruvevu.

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5.3.7 padagaLa sankhye

samskxtadalli eShTu padagaLannu bEkiddarU oTTige sErisi jODupada gaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, bANabhaTTana kAdambari yalli baruva kelavu jODupadagaLu ondu iDI puTavannE tumbu vaShTu uddavAgive.
vEda kAlada samskxtadalli I rItiyiralilla. adaralli baLake yAguva jODupadagaLa sankhyeyU kaDimeyittu mattu avu jAsti uddavAgiyU iralilla. heccina jODupadagaLallU eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLu angagaLAgiralilla. bahuSaH vEdakAladalli samskxta vyavahArada bhASheyAgiddudE idakke kAraNavirabEku. idE rItiyalli kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLalli eraDa kkinta jAsti angagaLiruva padagaLu bahaLa kaDime. heccinavugaLallU eraDu padagaLu mAtra oTTu sEriruttave. I kAraNakkAgi kannaDadalli ‘samastapada’gaLannu ‘jODupada’ emba hesarininda kareyuvudu sari

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5.3.8 jODupadagaLa artha

arthada maTTige samskxtadalli padakante mattu jODupadagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavideyundu vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuvarAdarU I vyatyAsa spaShTa vAgi kANisuvudu vEda kAlada samskxtadalli mAtra. anantarada kAvya mattu SAstragaLa samskxtadalli idu bahaLa maTTige aLidu hOgide.
kAvyagaLalli baLakeyalliruva kelavu jODupadagaLalli mAtra intaha arthavaySiShTyavannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, nIlOtpala jODupadakke ‘nIlibaNNada kamala’ emba arthavannu koTTare adu

sAdhuvenisadu. A pada ondu viSiShTavAda jAtige sErida kamalavannu mAtra sUcisuttade.
Adare samskxtada heccina jODupadagaLallU intaha arthavaySiShTya kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, kxShNaH sapraH padakantegU kxShNasapraH jODupadakkU naDuve samskxtadalli arthada maTTige yAva vyatyAsavU kannaDadalli mEle (5.3.1)ralli sUcisida hAge heccineDegaLallU arthavyatyAsa mUDibandillavAdare eraDu padagaLu oTTige sEriruva sandabhragaLalli samAsa naDedideyundu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

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5.4 samskxta samAsagaLa vibhajane

samskxtadalli mukhyavAgi tatpuruSha, avyayIbhAva, dvandva mattu bahuvrIhi embudAgi nAlku rItiya samAsagaLiveyendu adara vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttAre. ivannu baLasi tayArisida jODupada gaLalli ‘pradhAna pada’ yAvudu embudara mEle I vibhajane avalambiside.
jODupadada angagaLAgi baruva eraDu padagaLalli eraDaneyadu A padakke pradhAna padavAgideyAdare tatpuruSha, modalaneyadu pradhAna padavAgideyAdare avyayIbhAva, eraDU pradhAna padagaLAgiveyAdare dvandva, mattu eraDU pradhAna padavallavAdare bahuvrIhi. udAharaNegAgi, rAjaShri jODupadadalli rAja mattu xShi emba eraDu angagaLive. A pada obba xShiyannu sUcisuva kAraNa, adara pradhAna pada xShi endu hELabEkAguttade. hIge I padadalli eraDaneya anga pradhAnavAgiruva kAraNa, adu tatpuruSha samAsakke udAharaNe.
samskxtadalli ‘arasana hattira’ jODupadavannu avyayIbhAva samAsakke udAharaNeyAgi koDalAguttade. idu yAra hattira embudannu tiLisuva ondu kriyAviSEShaNa(avyaya)vAgiddu, adara angagaLAgiruva upa ‘hattira’ matturAja ‘arasu’ emba eraDu padagaLalli upa emba modalaneya pada pradhAnavAdudu. rAmalakShmaNav ‘rAmalakShmaNaru’ jODupada dvandva samAsakke udAharaNe. idaralli rAma mattu lakShmaNa emba eraDu padagaLu

angagaLAgi sErikonDive. ivugaLalli yAvudannU pradhAnapadavalla endu hELalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa, adara eraDu angagaLU pradhAna padagaLE endu hELabEkAguttade. pItAmbaraH ‘haLadibaTTeya vyakti’ embudu bahuvrIhi samAsakke udAharaNe. idaralli pIta ‘haLadi’ mattu ambara ‘baTTe’ emba eraDu padagaLu angagaLAgi bandiddu, avugaLalli yAvudannU adara pradhAna padavembudAgi hELalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.
A jODupadada horagiruva, endare adara angavAgi bAradiruva vyakti embantaha padavondu adara pradhAna padavendu hELabEkAgu ttade. yAkendare I jODupada obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttadallade ondu baNNa(pIta)vannAgalI illavE ondu baTTe(ambara)vannAgalI gurutisuvudilla. tatpuruSha samAsada upabhEdagaLAgi karmadhAraya mattudvigu emba innU eraDu rItiya samAsagaLannu samskxtadalli gurutisuva krama rUDhiyallide.
(1) tatpuruSha jODupadada angagaLAgi baruva padagaLannu oLa nuDiya (vigrahavAkyada) mUlaka sambandhisuvAga averaDannU ondE vibhaktiyallirisi (endare prathamA vibhaktiyallirisi) sambandhisalu sAdhya videyAdare adannu karmadhArayavemba upavibhAgadalli sErisuvudu udAharaNegAgi kxShNasapraH ‘kappuhAvu’ embudara angavAgiruva padagaLannu kxShNaH sapraH embudAgi ondE vibhaktiyalli (prathamA vibhaktiyalli) irisi sambandhisabahudu. hAgAgi adu karmadhAraya vAguttade.
Adare, vxkabhaya ‘tOLana hedarike’ emba innondu jODupada tatpuruShakke udAharaNeyAgaballudAdarU karmadhArayakke udAharaNe yAgalAradu. yAkendare, I jODupadada angagaLAgi baruva vxka ‘tOLa’ mattu bhaya ‘hedarike’ padagaLannu ondE vibhaktiyallirisi sambandhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. vxkAt bhayam embudAgi avugaLalli modalaneya padavannu pancamI vibhaktiyalli irisuva avaSyakate samskxtadallide.

(2)  tatpuruSha  jODupadada  angagaLAgi  baruva  padagaLalli  modalaneyadu  eNikeyannu  sUcisuva  padavAgideyAdare  adannu  ‘dvigu’ emba upavibhAgadalli sErisuva kramavide.  
udAharaNegAgi  trilOkam  ‘mUru  lOkagaLu’  jODupadadalli  modalaneya angavAgiruva tri ‘mUru’ embudu eNikeya padavAgide.  hAgAgi,  adannu  tayArisuvalli  dvigu  samAsada  baLakeyAgideyendu  hELabahudu. 

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5.5 kannaDa jODupadagaLa oLaracane

mEle (5.1ralli) sUcisida hAge, samskxtada Aru samAsagaLU kannaDadalliveyembudAgi kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttAre. idallade, gamaka mattu kriyAsamAsagaLemba bEre eraDu rItiya kannaDadavE Ada samAsagaLU kannaDadalliveyendu ivaru hELuttAre.
Adare idu kannaDada jODupadagaLannu samskxta vyAkaraNada mattu padaracaneya dxShTiyinda pariSIlisidudarindAgi huTTibanda tappu kalpane. kannaDada jODupadagaLannu kannaDaddE Ada vyAkaraNada mattu padaracaneya dxShTiyinda pariSIlisidalli samskxtada vibhajaneginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva bErondu rItiya kannaDaddE Ada vibhajane namage dorakuttade. hosagannaDada jODupadagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDaneya anga vAgi baruva pada nAmapadavAgiruttade. modalaneyadu nAmapadavira bahudu, kriyApadavirabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu.
I viShayada AdhArada mEle kannaDada jODupadagaLannu keLage sUcisida hAge mUru mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide (heccina vivaragaLige kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane (bhaT 2002) nODi).

(1) nAmapadaviruvavu:  bayalATa, nelagaDale, kaymagga  
(2) kriyApadaviruvu: kaDegOlu, siDimaddu, tUgudIpa  
(3) guNapadaviruvavu: doDDamma, kiruberaLu, kaggallu 

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5.5.1 nAmapadaviruva jODupadagaLu

‘nAmapadaviruva’ jODupadagaLalli heccinavakkU oLanuDiyannu (vigraha vAkyavannu) hELuvAga modalaneya angavannu ShaShThI vibhaktiyallirisuva mUlaka eraDaneya angadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavide.

oLanuDi
benkiya peTTige
nelada kaDale bayalina ATa
kAlina maNe kayya magga

jODupada benkipeTTige nelakaDale bayalATa kAlmaNe kaymagga

I  niyamakke  AnekAlu,  kaygamba,  ilikivi,  neladAvare  modalAda  kelavu  apavAdagaLive.  yAkendare,  mEle  koTTiruva  jODupadagaLa  hAge  ivugaLa  eraDu  angagaLannu  ShaShThI  vibhaktiya  mUlaka sambandhisalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
udAharaNegAgi  AnekAlu  pada  ‘Aneya  kAla’nnu  sUcisuva  badalu  ‘Aneya  kAlina  hAge  kAlu  bAtukoLLuva  ondu  rOga’vannu  sUcisuttade. intaha jODupadagaLalli modalaneya anga, eraDaneya  anga, illavE eraDU angagaLu upamAnagaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. 

jODupada kallede
neladAvare

oLanuDi kallina hAge kaThiNavAgiruva ede neladalli beLeyuva tAvareyantaha hU iliya kiviya hAgiruva eleyiruva giDa

idallade, bEre kelavu jODupadagaLa angagaLannu ShaShThI vibhaktiya  mUlaka sambandhisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU avugaLa arthavannu sariyAgi  sUcisuva hAge bEre rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavide, mattu  I  AdhArada  mEle  avannu  halavu  upavibhAgagaLalli  vingaDisalu  sAdhyavide.  
sAmAnyavAgi  intaha  oLanuDigaLalli  jODupadada  angagaLAgi  bandiruva  nAmapadagaLalli  ondaroDanondannu  sambandhisuvudakkAgi  yAvudAdarondu  kriyApadavannu  baLasuva  avaSyakateyiruttade.  I 

kriyApadada AdhArada mEleyU intaha jODupadagaLannu vingaDisa bahudu.

jODupada kAlmaNe
aramane jEnuhuLa benkipeTTige kaykoDali kaNNusanne tappukANike mUgudAra kaNNIru
talegUdalu

oLanuDi kAlu iruva maNe

arasanu vAsisuva mane

jEnannu sangrahisuva huLa benkiyannu hottisalu baLasuva peTTige kayyinda kaDiyalu baLasuva koDali kaNNininda mADuva sanne tappige koDuva kANike mUgige kaTTuva dAra kaNNinalli baruva nIru taleyalli beLeda kUdalu

mEle  koTTiruva  jODupadagaLellavannU  avugaLa  modalaneya  angavAgi  bandiruva  padavannu  ShaShThI  vibhaktiyallirisuvudara  mUlaka  sAdhisalu  sAdhyavideyembudannu  gamanisabahudu  (kAlina  maNe,  jEnina huLa, kayya koDali, tappina kANike, kaNNina nIru). 

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5.5.2 kriyApadaviruva jODupadagaLu

kriyApadaviruva jODupadagaLalli modalaneya angavAgi ondu kriyApada bandiruttade. I kriyApadakkU eraDaneya angavAgi bandiruva nAmapadakkU naDuve bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyavide.
(1) kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyalli nAmapadavu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastu toDagikonDirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, suLigALi jODupadada eraDaneya angavAgi gALi nAmapada bandiddu, idu suLi ghaTaneyalli toDagide; siDimaddu embudarallU hIgeyE.
(2) bEre yArAdarU adannu A ghaTaneyalli toDagisirabahudu udAharaNegAgi, tUgudIpa jODupadadalli eraDaneya anga

vAgiruva dIpavannu yarO tUgalu baLasiddAre; cuccumaddu jODupadavU intahadE.
(3) adu A ghaTaneya karaNavAgirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, bIsugallu jODupadadalli eraDaneya angavAgiruva kallu bIsuva
ghaTaneya karaNavAgide; kaDegOlu jODupadadallU hIgeyE.
(4) adu A ghaTaneya AkaravAgirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, suDugADu jODupadadalli eraDaneya angavAgiruva kADu nAma padavu suDu ghaTaneya AkaravAgide (suDuvudelli embudannu adu sUcisuttade); jArubanDi jODupadavU intahadE.
idallade, intaha jODupadagaLalli baruva kriyApadagaLu bEre bEre rItiya ghaTanegaLannu sUcisalu sAdhyaviddu, avannavalambisiyU intaha jODupadagaLannu vibhajisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, I kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva ghaTane halavu bAri naDeyuvantahadirabahudu (surimaLe, bIsugallu) illavE omme mAtra naDeyuvantahadira bahudu (biccugatti, hurigaDale).

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5.5.3 guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLu

jODupadagaLalli modalaneya angavAgi guNapada bandideyAdalli avakke eraDu rItiya oLaracanegaLiralu sAdhyavide. avugaLalli kelavakke eraDaneya angavAgi bandiruva nAmapada pradhAna padavAgiraballudu mattu bEre kelavakke angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAvudU pradhAna padavAgirade, jODupadadinda horagiruva padavondu pradhAna padavAgiraballudu.
keLage koTTiruva (ka-kha) jODupadagaLa naDuve I vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu.

jODupada kaDehallu (8kha) kaDegaNNu (9ka) mumbAgilu (9kha) mungay
(10ka) naDuberaLu (10kha) naDuhagalu

oLanuDi (bAyiya) kaDeyalliruva hallu

kaNNina kaDeyalliruva bhAga

(maneya) mundugaDeyiruva bAgilu kayya mundiruva bhAga (kayyalli) naDuve iruva beraLu hagalina naDuve iruva bhAga

(11ka) cikkAsu
(11kha) cikkamma
cikkadAgiruva kAsu ammaniginta cikkavaLAgiruva hengasu

(8-11) jODupadagaLalli (ka) mattu (kha)jODupadagaLa naDuve  pradhAna  padada  maTTige  vyatAsavideyembudannu  gamanisabahudu.  illi  pratiyondarallU  (ka)jODupadakke  eraDaneya  angavAgi  banda  pada  pradhAna padavAgideyAdare, (kha)jODupadakke adara eraDu angagaLalli  ondU  pradhAna  padavAgirade,  jODupadada  horagiruva  padavondu  pradhAna padavAgide.  
udAharaNegAgi,  (8ka)dalli  bandiruva  kaDehallu  jODupadakke  adara eraDaneya angavAgiruva hallu pada pradhAna padavAgide. Adare,  (8kha)dalli bandiruva kaDegaNNu jODupadakke A padada angavAgillada  (endare adara horagiruva) bhAga pada pradhAna padavAgide.  
uLida  (9-11)  padayugmagaLallU  intahadE  vyatyAsavideyembudannu avugaLa munde koTTiruva oLanuDigaLinda tiLiyabahudu. 
guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLa naDuve innU kelavu vyatyAsagaLannu  kANalu  sAdhyaviddu,  avu  bEre  kelavu  rItiya  vibhajanegaLige  AdhAra  vAgaballuvu.  udAharaNegAgi,  I  jODupadagaLa  modalaneya  anga  vAgi  bandiruva  guNapadavu  nAmaviSEShaNavAgiralU  sAdhyavide,  kriyA  viSEShaNavAgiralU sAdhyavide. 

(12ka) guNapada nAmaviSEShaNavAgiruva jODupadagaLu:

cikkAsu
karituLasi

cikka kAsu kempu tALi (tengu) kari (kappu) tuLasi

(12kha) guNapada kriyAviSEShaNavAgiruva jODupadagaLu: (kelasakke) mundAgi koDuva kaDa aDDakke hOguva dAri (maneya) horagiruva bAgilu

mungaDa horabAgilu

innondu rItiya vyatyAsavEnendare, kelavu guNapadagaLu nEravAgi  obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvina guNadharmavannu sUcisuvuvAdare, 

innu kelavu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvigU bErobba vyakti illavE vastuvigU naDuve antaha guNadharmada maTTige vyatyAsavEnide yembudannu tiLisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, karituLasi embudu tuLasiya ondu guNadharma vannu sUcisuva mUlaka bEre rItiya tuLasigaLinda adannu bEpraDisu ttade. Adare, naDuberaLu embudu kayyalliruva beraLugaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka avugaLalli ondu beraLannu gurutisuttade.

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5.5.4 kelavu apavAdagaLu

kannaDada jODupadagaLalli heccinavugaLallU eraDaneya angavAgi ondu nAmapada bandiruttadeyumbudAgi mEle sUcisalAgittu. idakke apavAdavAgi kelavu jODupadagaLa oLanuDiyalli guNapada eraDaneya angavAgi bandiruvudannu kANabahudu; Adare, intaha sandabhragaLallU jODupadadalli adu modalaneya angavAgi badalAgiruttade. eraDaneya anga nAmapadavE AgirabEkemba kannaDa jODupadagaLa sAmAnya svarUpavannu idu otti hELuttade.
udAharaNegAgi, ‘kayya mundiruva bhAga’ emba oLanuDiyalli munde pada eraDaneya angavAgideyAdarU adarinda tayArAda mungay jODupadadalli A guNapada adara modalaneya angavAgi badalAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.
I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi kANisuva bEre kelavu jODu padagaLU kannaDadallive. udAharaNegAgi, kaypiDi, bAnuli, iLijAru, oDahuTTu modalAda jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi ondu kriyApada bandiruva hAge kANisuttade. Adare illi eraDaneya angagaLAgi bandiruva piDi, uli, jAru, huTTu modalAdavugaLu hiDi, kaTTu, nagu, Odu, tappu, baduku modalAdavugaLa hAge ‘sonne’ pratyayada mUlaka tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide.
kannaDada jODupadagaLa I vibhajaneyalli ondu mukhyavAda viShayavannu manassinallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. pratyayagaLannu baLasi tayArisiruva nAmapadagaLa hAge samAsavemba vidhAnavannu baLasi tayArisiruva I jODupadagaLU halavAru viShayagaLalli aniyamita

vAgiruttave. hAgAgi, mEle vivarisiruva vibhajanegaLige apavAdagaLannu kanDuhiDiyuvudEnU kaShTavalla. endare, I vibhajanegaLu bhASheya ondu ‘olava’nnu sUcisuttiveyallade takrabaddhavAda niyamavannalla.

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5.6 samskxtada samAsagaLu kannaDadalliveyE?

hosagannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLannu kannaDaddE Ada vyAkaraNada dxShTiyinda pariSIlisidevAdare, mEle vivarisidantaha oLaracane avugaLallideyemba viShaya spaShTavAguttade. idallade A oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle avannu mukhyavAgi nAmapadaviruvavu, kriyApada viruvavu mattu guNapadaviruvavu emba mUru rItiya samAsagaLalli vibhajisalu sAdhya emba viShayavU spaShTavAguttade.
I vibhajane samskxtadalli baLakeyalliruva jODupadagaLa vibhajane ginta tIra bhinnavAdudu. jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli pradhAnavAgiruva pada yAvudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu adara jODupadagaLannu mukhyavAgi tatpuruSha, dvandva, avyayIbhAva mattu bahuvrIhi embudAgi vingaDisiddAre. samskxtada I vibhajaneyannu kannaDakkU aLavaDisalu sAdhya embudu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAya. endare, mElina nAlku samAsa gaLallade tatpuruShada upabhEdagaLAgiruva karmadhAraya mattu dvigu emba bEre eraDu samAsagaLannu mattu kannaDadavE Ada kriyAsamAsa mattu gamakasamAsa emba innU eraDu samAsagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka kannaDa samAsagaLannu varNisalu sAdhya embudu avara abhiprAya. I abhiprAya sariyE embudannu illi pariSIlisuvudu avaSya.

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5.6.1 vibhajaneya AdhAra

mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada jODupadagaLannu mukhyavAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli yAvudu pradhAna padavAgi nilluttade emba viShayada AdhArada mEle tatpuruSha, avyayIbhAva, dvandva mattu bahuvrIhi emba nAlku samAsagaLAgi vingaDisalAgide.
eraDaneya pada pradhAnavAgideyAdare tatpuruSha, modalaneya pada pradhAnavAgideyAdare avyayIbhAva, eraDu padagaLU pradhAnavAgive

yAdare dvandva mattu ondU pradhAnavAgillavAdare bahuvrIhi endu hELuvudu I vibhajaneya sAra.
I nAlku samAsagaLoLage bahuvrIhi samAsadalli mAtra jODu padada angavAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAvudU pradhAnapadavAgirade jODupadada horagiruva padavondu pradhAnapadavAgiruttade.
Adare hosagannaDada jODupadagaLannu vingaDisuvalli I rIti pradhAnapada yAvudu emba viShaya aShTondu mukhyavAda pAtravannu vahisuvudilla. yAkendare, kannaDada jODupadagaLalli heccinavugaLallU pradhAnapada eraDaneya angavAgiruttade.
hAgAgi, mElina viShayada badalu jODupadada modalaneya angavAgi baruva pada yAva padavagrakke sEruttade - adu nAmapadavE, kriyApadavE, athavA guNapadavE emba viShaya kannaDada jODupadagaLa vibhajaneyalli heccu mukhyavAda pAtravannu vahisuttade. I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada jODupadagaLannu samskxtadalli kANisuva hAge Aru (illavE nAlku) samAsagaLAgi vingaDisalu prayatnisidalli gondalavallade bErEnU sigalAradu. kannaDada jODupadagaLalli guNapadavuLLavugaLannu mAtra avugaLa pradhAnapada yAvudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle eraDu upa vibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhya. mEle (5.6.3ralli) sUcisiruva hAge mumbAgilu mattu mungay embantaha jODupadagaLa naDuve intaha vyatyAsavide.
hAgAgi ivugaLalli modalaneyadannu (mumbAgilu embudannu) tatpuruShada hAge eraDaneya anga pradhAnavAgiruva samAsavendU eraDaneyadannu (mungay embudannu) bahuvrIhiya hAge yAva angavU pradhAnavAgillada samAsavendU parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.
Adare kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu iveraDannU avyayIbhAvadalli (avu kannaDadalli avyayavallavAda kAraNa avakke ‘amSI’ emba bEreyE ondu hesarannu koTTu) sErisiddAre, mattu bahuvrIhige bEre rItiya jODupadagaLannu udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTu gondala innU heccuva hAge mADiddAre. karmadhArayavannu tatpuruShada ondu upabhEdavembudAgi parigaNi siruvudu samskxtadalli I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa naDuve entaha sambandhavide emba viShayada AdhArada mEle embu

dannu mEle (5.5ralli) nODiruvevu. jODupadagaLa angagaLannu prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhisalAgideyAdare avu karma dhArayakke udAharaNegaLAguttave mattu bEre vibhaktigaLa mUlaka sambandhisalAgideyAdare avu (karmadhArayavallada) tatpuruShakke udA haraNegaLAguttave.
Adare kannaDadalli intahadE vibhajaneyannu baLasuvudu kaShTasAdhya. yAkendare modalaneyadAgi, samskxtadalli karmadhAraya samAsada mUlaka tayArAguva jODupadagaLalli heccinavakkU pratiyAgi kannaDadalli guNapadavannoLagonDiruvantaha jODupadagaLu baruttave. idallade, ivugaLalli baruva modalaneya anga avugaLa oLanuDiyalli (vigrahavAkyadalli) yAva vibhakti pratyayadondigU sErade baruttave (5.4 nODi).
hAgAgi, avugaLannu tatpuruShada upabhEdavendu parigaNisuva badalu guNapadaviruvavugaLemba bEreyE ondu vibhAgadalli irisuva avaSyakateyide. intaha guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLu karmadhArayavendenisalu (illavE tatpuruShada ondu upavibhAgavendenisalu) avugaLa eraDu angagaLU ondE vibhaktiyalli baruvudu avaSya. I avaSyakateyannu pUraysuvudakkAgi kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu intaha jODupadaLige oLanuDiyannu hELuvAga guNapadagaLannu hAgeyE baLasade, avugaLa nAmarUpadalli baLasuttAre (hosadu kannaDa > hosagannaDa, karidu mugilu > karmugilu) embudannu mEle nODiddEve. Adare intaha oLanuDigaLu kannaDadalli ‘vAkya’ (illavE vAkyAmSa) gaLAgalAravu. udAharaNegAgi hosadu embudu kannaDadalli hosa guNapadavannu kriyApadada jAgadalli endare vAkyada koneyalli irisa bEkAdAga baLasuva rUpa (I pustaka hosadu embudAgi). adannu hosadakke, hosadara embantaha vibhakti rUpadallU baLasalu sAdhyavide.
Adare, nAmapadada munde irisi hosadu pustaka embudAgi hELidare adakke hosa pustaka embudakkinta tIra bhinnavAda artha baruttade. idallade, *hosadara pustaka embantaha baLakeyU kannaDadalli illavAdudarinda, I guNapadavuLLa jODupadagaLannu

ondE vibhaktiyalliruva eraDu nAmapadagaLannu jODisuvudara mUlaka paDeyuvudu kaShTa. angagaLeraDu viSEShaNa-viSEShya sambandhadinda sErikonDiveyAdare antaha jODupadavannu karmadhArayavendu kareyabahudembudAgi bEreyE ondu viShayavannu kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu tatpuruShada vibhajanege AdhAravAgi koDalu prayatnisiddAre. Adare, antaha vibhajaneya vyAptiyalli kannaDada guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLalli kelavu mAtra baraballuvallade ellavU baralAravu.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada naDuhagalu, cikkamma modalAdavugaLu guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLAgive. Adare avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLu (hagalu, amma modalAdavu) avugaLalli bandiruva guNapadagaLa (naDu, cikka modalAdavugaLa) viSEShyagaLalla. I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgilladantaha bhAga, hengasu modalAda padagaLu avugaLa viSEShyagaLu (hagalina naDubhAga > naDuhagalu). hAgAgi antaha jODupadagaLige viSEShaNa-viSEShya sambandha AdhAra vAgalAradu.
innondu viShayavEnendare, samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLu angagaLAgi bandiruva candramukham, gOgabhriNI modalAda jODupadagaLallU karmadhAraya samAsavideyendu hELabEkAguttade. I padagaLallU prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka eraDu angagaLannu sambandhisalAgideyembudE idakke kAraNa.
Adare kannaDadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi racisida jODupadagaLu guNapadavondannu nAmapadadondige sErisi racisida jODupadagaLiginta tIrA bhinnavAgiruttave (3.2-4 nODi). hAgAgi,
antaha vibhajane kannaDada maTTige samaprakavAgalAradu. tatpuruSha samAsadalli modalaneya angavAgi baruva pada eNikeyannu sUcisuva padavAgideyAdare adannu dvigu emba bErondu upavibhAgadalli irisuva krama samskxtadalli rUDhiyallide. kannaDadalli intaha jODupadagaLu tatpuruShada angavAgi baruva badalu karmadhArayada (endare guNapadaviruva samAsada) angavAgi baruttave. yAkendare, kannaDadalli eNikeya padagaLu guNapadagaLa hAge nAmapadagaLondige baruvAga vibhakti pratyayavillade baruttave.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli mUru pustakagaLinda ennuttEvallade  *mUrarinda  pustakagaLinda  endu  hELuvudilla;  Adare  samskxtadalli  tribhyaH  pustakEbhyaH  ‘mUru  pustakagaLinda’  embudAgi  bhyaH  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  pustaka  nAmapadakke  mAtravallade,  tri  eNikeya  padakkU  sErisi hELalAguttade (10.3 nODi).     
I  rIti  jODupadagaLa  vibhajanege  kannaDadalli  AdhAravAgaballa  viShayagaLu  samskxtadalli  AdhAravAgaballa  viShayagaLiginta  tIrA  bhinna  vAgiruvuvAda  kAraNa,  jODupadagaLa  (samAsagaLa)  vibhajaneyannu  samskxtadinda kannaDakke hAgeyE tandu aLavaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. 

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5.6.2 oLanuDigaLa baLake

jODupadagaLa oLaracane entahadu embudannu mattu avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu avugaLige entaha oLanuDi (vigrahavAkya)gaLannu koDabEkAguttade athavA koDalu sAdhya emba viShayada AdhArada mEle nirdharisa bEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, mincuhuLa jODupadakke mincuva huLa embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu adannu I huLa mincuttade emba vAkyadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide. I vAkyadalli jODupadada angagaLAgi bandiruva mincu mattu huLa emba padagaLu anukramavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kriyApada mattu A ghaTaneyannu naDesuva jantugaLAgive.
idE rItiyalli kaNNusanne jODupadakke kaNNininda mADida sanne emba oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adara angagaLAgi bandiruva kaNNu mattu sanne emba eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuve txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcitavAguva karaNa-kArya sambandhavideyendu hELabahudu. sAmAnyavAgi jODupadagaLa oLanuDiyannu avugaLa arthakkanu sAravAgi koDuvudu rUDhi. Adare kelavomme avugaLa arthakkU avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLigU hondikeyAgadiralu sAdhyavide. antaha sandabhragaLalli ondu jODupadada oLanuDi adara arthavannu sUcisadiralu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi,  hosamane  jODupada  bahaLa  haLeyadAgiruva  ondu  maneyannu  gurutisalu  sAdhyavideyAdarU  A  padakke  oLanuDi  yannu  koDuvAga  hosa  embudara  badalu  haLe  emba  guNapadavannu  baLasuvudu sariyAgadu.  
nijakkU  jODupadavondakke  eraDu  rItiya  oLanuDigaLannu  koDalu sAdhyavide. A padavannu modala bArige bhASheyalli baLasidAga  adakke  yAva  artha  iddirabahudu  embudannu  sUcisuva  oLanuDi  yondu,  mattu  rUDhige  banda  mEle  adu  gurutisuva  vyakti  illavE  vastuvinalli badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi adara arthadallU mAprATu  gaLAgiveyAdalli, adara Igina arthavEnembudannu sUcisuva oLanuDi  yinnondu.  
sAmAnyavAgi  jODupadada  angagaLannu  adara  Igina  arthakke  hondikeyAguva  hAge  avugaLalli  ondannu  innondarondige  sambandhisuvantaha  oLanuDi  vayyAkaraNigaLige  oppigeyAguttade.  idu  I eraDu rItiya oLanuDigaLa sammiLanavAgiralU sAdhyavide. 
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLalli kANisuva kelavu jODupadagaLu  mElnOTakke  ondE  rItiyavAgi  kanDubandarU  avugaLa  oLanuDi  gaLannu  pariSIlisidAga  avu  ondakkinta  ondu  tIrA  bhinnavAgiruvudu  kanDubaruttade.  jODupadagaLa  vibhajanege  avugaLa  oLanuDi  ondu  kaDegaNisalu  mukhyavAda  AdhAravAguvudarinda  I  vyatyAsavannu  sAdhyavilla.  
samskxtadinda  kannaDakke  eravalAgi  banda  jODupadagaLigU  kannaDadalli koDabEkAguva oLanuDi samskxtadalli koDuva oLanuDiginta  bhinnavAgiralu sAdhya embudannu munde (5.9ralli) nODaliruvevu. 

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5.7 kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva samAsagaLu

samskxta jODupadagaLa vibhajaneyannu kannaDakke hAgeyE aLavaDisalu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu prayatnisiddArendu mEle hELidde. I prayatna kannaDada atI prAcIna vyAkaraNa granthagaLa kAladindalU naDedu bandide. prAkxta, apabhramSa, pAli modalAdavugaLa hAge kannaDavU samskxtada ondu (vikxta) rUpavemba tappu kalpane idakke AdhAra vAgiddirabEku.

I  eraDu  bhAShegaLalli  baLakeyAguva  jODupadagaLa  oLaracane  mEle  vivarisida  hAge  ondakkinta  ondu  tIrA  bhinnavAgideyAda  kAraNa,  I  prayatna  saphalavAguvudu  asambhavavE.  hAgiddarU  namma  vayyAkaraNigaLu adannu ivattigU, endare I eraDu bhAShegaLu bEre  bEre  bhAShAkuTumbagaLige  sEridavugaLemba  viShaya  tiLidamElU,  hAgeyE  uLisikonDu  bandiruvudu  nijakkU  AScaryavannu  taruva 
samskxtada  Aru  samAsagaLannu  (tatpuruSha,  avyayIbhAva,  dvandva  mattu bahuvrIhi emba nAlku mukhya samAsagaLannu mattu avugaLalli  ondAda  tatpuruShada  eraDu  upabhEdagaLAgiruva  karmadhAraya  mattu  dvigu embavugaLannu) kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudaralli entaha tondaregaLella  ive embudannu, mattu avugaLiginta bhinnavAda hAgU kannaDadavE Ada  kannaDadalliveyundu  kriyAsamAsa  sAdhisuvudu hEge asAdhya embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide. gamakasamAsagaLembavu mattu

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5.7.1 tatpuruSha

samskxtadalli rAjEndra, indradhanu modalAda jODupadagaLannu ‘tatpuruSha’vemba hesarininda kareyalAguttade. (5.5)ralli vivarisida hAge, I jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya anga pradhAna padavAgide emba viShaya idakke AdhAravAgide. Adare kannaDada jODupadagaLannu I viShayada AdhArada mEle hesarisuvudarinda yAva prayOjanavU dorakalAradu.
yAkendare, kannaDadalli heccu kaDime ellA jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya anga pradhAna padavAgiruttade (5.6 nODi). hAgAgi, mElina viShayavannu baLasidalli kannaDada ellA jODupadagaLU tatpuruShavemba ondE samAsakke udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu. endare, mElina viShayavannu baLasidalli namage kannaDadalli jODupadagaLa vibhajaneyE siguvudilla.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada avyayIbhAvakke samanAgiruva (‘amSi’ emba hesarina) samAsakke kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuva keLaduTi (keLagina tuTi) horabAgilu (horagina bAgilu) modalAdavugaLalli eraDaneya anga pradhAna padavennalu yAva tondareyU illa.

idE  rItiyalli,  kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  bahuvrIhi  samAsakke  udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuva haNegaNNa, calavAdi modalAdavugaLallU  keLage (5.8.6)ralli vivarisiruva hAge eraDaneya angavAgi baruva pada  pradhAnavendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide. 
idallade, kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu gamaka, kriyAsamAsa modalAda  itara  hesarugaLinda  kareyuva  jODupada  illave  padakantegaLallU  eraDaneya padavE pradhAna padavAgiruttade. 
hAgAgi,  kannaDada  maTTige  tatpuruSha  samAsa  embudu  ondu  anavaSyakavAda kalpane.  

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5.7.2 karmadhAraya

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli karmadhAraya samAsakke koDuva udAharaNe gaLalli heccinavU jODupadagaLE alla. guNapadagaLannu kannaDadalli hAgeyE avugaLige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisade nAmapadagaLondige baLasuva kramavideyAda kAraNa, samskxtada jODupadagaLondige hOlisidAga avu jODupadagaLa hAge kANisuttave. Adare nijakkU kannaDadalli avu padakantegaLallade jODupadagaLallavembudannu mEle (5.3)ralli spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDalAgide. karmadhArayakke koTTiruva bEre kelavu jODupadagaLu (kirugejje, eLanIru, haLagannaDa, beLgallu modalAdavugaLu) kannaDadalli jODu padagaLAgiveyAdarU avannu tatpuruShada upavibhAgavendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli I jODupadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva pada nAmapadavalla. adu guNapada vemba bEreyE ondu padavagrakke sEruva pada.
hAgAgi, I jODupadagaLu karmadhAra samAsakke udAharaNe gaLendu hELuvudiddalli, adu samskxtada hAge tatpuruShada anga vAgirade, bEreyE ondu samAsavAgideyundu vAdisabEkAguttade. mEle koTTiruva guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLannu avugaLa anga gaLeraDu ondE vibhaktiyallilladiddarU karmadhArayavendu karedalli bErondu tondare kANisikoLLuttade. adEnendare, angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli eraDU ondE vibhaktiyalliruvantaha eraDu nAmapadagaLannu sErisi racisida jODupadagaLU kannaDadalli kelavive.

udAharaNegAgi aramane (arasanu iruva mane), kAlmaNe (kAlu  irisuva  maNe)  modalAda  jODupadagaLalli  ondE  vibhaktiyalliruva  eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTige sErive. Adare ivugaLa modalaneya pada  guNapadavallavAda  kAraNa,  mEle  sUcisida  abhiprAyada  mErege  avu  karmadhArayavAgalAravu.  antU  karmadhArayavannu  samskxtada  hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudu asAdhya.       
mEle  (5.5.2)nE  vibhAgadalli  kriyApadaviruva  jODupada  gaLendu  karediruva  hurigaDale,  siDimaddu,  kaDegOlu  embantaha  karmadhArayavendu  kelavaru  vayyAkaraNigaLu  jODupadagaLannu  parigaNisiddAre  (SrIkanThayya  1952  nODi).  intaha  jODupadagaLige  hurida  kaDale,  siDiyuva  maddu,  kaDeyuva  kOlu  embudAgi  kriyA  padada  kxdantarUpavondannu  baLasiruva  oLanuDi(vigrahavAkya)vannu  koDuvudara mUlaka idannu samarthisalAgide.  
Adare  illU  jODupadada  angagaLAgi  bandiruva  padagaLalli  modalaneyadu  nAmapadavalla  (oLanuDiyallU  modalaneyadu)  embudannu  gamanisabEku.  samskxtadalli  kxdantagaLu  nAmapadagaLAgi  baLakeyAguttave.  yAkendare,  avakke  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  sErisalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  kxdantagaLu  nAmapadagaLalla;  avu  guNapadagaLa  jAgadalli  (endare  nAmapadagaLa  viSEShaNagaLAgi)  baLake  yAgaballa kriyArUpagaLu mAtra. 

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5.7.3 dvigu

tatpuruSha samAsakke sErida jODupadagaLalli modalaneya angavAgi ondu eNikeya pada bandideyAdare, avannu samskxtada vayyA karaNigaLu dvigu emba ondu upavibhAgadalli vagrIkarisuttAre. samskxtadalli eNikeya padagaLu itara nAmapadagaLa hAgeyE baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa I samAsavannu samskxtadalli tatpuruShada ondu upavibhAgavendu parigaNisuvudaralli tappilla.
Adare kannaDadalli eNikeya padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli nAma padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave mattu bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli guNapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, bEre nAmapada gaLondige baLasidAga avu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa hAge ShaShThI vibhakti yalli baruvudilla. idakke badalu guNapadagaLa hAge yAva pratyaya

dondigU sErade hAgeyE baruttave (mUru pustakagaLannu, mUru pustakagaLige).
nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baruvAga mAtra avu itara nAmapadagaLa hAge vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruttave (mUrannu illi koDu).
ibbhAga, immaDi, munnUru, naluvattu modalAda jODu padagaLa oLaracaneyalli eNikeya padagaLu guNapadagaLa hAge vibhakti pratyayavillade baLakeyAgiveyAda kAraNa antaha jODupadagaLannu guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLa vibhAgadalli sErisuvudE oLLeyadu.
I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu samAna (illavE asamAna) vibhaktiyalliruvavugaLendu hELalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa (avu yAva vibhaktiyallU illavAda kAraNa) avannu tatpuruShadalli sErisuvudu kannaDada maTTigantU kaShTasAdhya.

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5.7.4 avyayIbhAva

samskxtadalli yathASakti, upakxShNam, pratidinam, parOkSham modalAda jODupadagaLannu avyayIbhAva samAsakke udAharaNe gaLannAgi koDuvudu krama. ivugaLalli avyayadondige nAmapadavannu sErisalAgide, mattu I jODupadagaLannu vAkyagaLalli avyayagaLAgi baLasalAguttade. Adare kannaDadalli I rIti avyayakke nAmapadagaLannu sErisi racisida mattu vAkyagaLalli avyayagaLAgi baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLu kANisuvudillavAda kAraNa, mEle koTTiruva samskxtada jODupada gaLalli kANisuva innondu amSavannu AdhAravAgirisuva mUlaka, kannaDadalli avyayIbhAvakke udAharaNegaLannu huDuki hiDiyalAgide.
mEle koTTiruva samskxtada jODupadagaLalli modalaneya anga vAgi bandiruva pada pradhAnavAgiddu, I viShayadalli adu itara jODupadagaLiginta bhinnavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, yathASakti jODu padadalli Sakti embudu pradhAna padavalla, yathA embudE pradhAna pada. ‘eShTu SaktiyideyO aShTu’ embudAgi idu Saktiya pramANa vannu sUcisuva jODupada.
idE rItiyalli, kannaDadalli baruva tudinAlige, angay, hora may, hingAlu modalAdavugaLa modalaneya anga pradhAna

bhAvisi, avannu I

yumbudAgi

padavAgide samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli koDalAgide (idu yAke tappu embudannu keLage vivarisalAgide).
idallade, I jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli avyayagaLAgi baLake yAguvudillavAda kAraNa kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu avannu avyayI bhAvavendu kareyade ‘amSi’ endu kareyuttAre. ivugaLalli amSavannu amSiyondige sambandhisalAguttadeyembudE idakke AdhAra.
udAharaNegAgi, tudinAlige jODupadadalli tudi embudu nAligeya ondu amSavannu sUcisuttade; I amSavannu paDediruva nAlige padadondige (endare amSiyondige) tudi emba adara amSavannu sUcisuva padavannu sErisi tudinAlige padavannu tayArisa Adare mele sUcisida hAge, intaha jODupadagaLalli ellavakkU modalaneya anga pradhAna padavAgiruttade endu hELuvudu kaShTa. udAharaNegAgi horabAgilu embudakke ‘bAgilina horagu’ (athavA ‘bAgilina horage’) emba oLanuDiyannu koTTare adu A padada arthavannu sariyAgi sUcisalAradu. horabAgilu embudu horagina bAgilannu sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, adaralli eraDaneya pada pradhAna vAgideyallade modalaneyadalla.
idE rItiyalli keLaduTi jODupadakke ‘tuTiya keLagu’ emba oLanuDiyannu koTTare adu A padada arthavannu sariyAgi sUcisalAradu. nijakkU I jODupada ‘keLagina tuTi’yannu sUcisuva kAraNa, karmadhArayakke mAtravE udAharaNeyAgaballudu. idallade, idE amSi samAsakke kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu udA haraNegaLannAgi koDuva hingAlu, horamay, naDuhagalu modalAda bEre kelavu jODupadagaLalli kANisuva angagaLalli yAvudU pradhAna padavAgi illadiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, naDuhagalu embudu ‘hagalina naDu bhAga’vannu sUcisuvudAda kAraNa adara angagaLAgi bandiruva naDu mattu hagalu emba eraDu padagaLalli yAvudU adara pradhAna padavAgirade, A jODupadada horagiruva bhAga emba pada adara pradhAna padavendu hELabEkAguttade.

hAgAgi I padagaLannu amSi samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuva  badalu  bahuvrIhi  samAsakke  udAharaNegaLannAgi  koDuvudE  yOgya  vendu tOruttade. 
‘amSi’  pAribhAShika  padavU  kannaDada  I  jODupadagaLannu  varNisalu  samaprakavAdudalla.  yAkendare,  amSa  mattu  amSigaLa  naDuviruva  sambandhavannu  sUcisadiruvantaha  cikkamma,  doDDappa  modalAda  jODupadagaLallU  intahadE  racane  kANisuttade  (5.5.3  nODi). 

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5.7.5 dvandva

dvandva samAsakke kannaDadalli koTTiruva udAharaNegaLella padakante gaLallade jODupadagaLalla. samskxtadalli rAmalakShmaNav, mAtA pitarav modalAdavugaLannu jODupadagaLendu kareyalu avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli koneyadarondige mAtra vibhakti pratyayagaLu bandiveyumbudE mukhya kAraNa. intaha jODupadagaLalli eraDE angagaLirabEkendEnilla. udA haraNegAgi, rOgaSOkaparitApabandhanavyasanAni emba jODupada dalli oTTu aydu angagaLive.
Adare kannaDadalli jODupadagaLannu vibhakti pratyayada baLake yAgideyE athavA illavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle varNisalu illavE vibhajisalu sAdhyavillavembudannu nAvu mEle (5.3)ralli nODiruvevu. hAgAgi, dvandvavemba samAsa kannaDadalli illavendu hELuvudE oLLeyadu.

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5.7.6 bahuvrIhi

samskxtadalli cakrapANi ‘kayyalli cakravannu hiDidavanu’, pItAmbara ‘haLadi baTTeyannuTTavanu’, dattadhana ‘haNavannu koTTavanu’ modalAda jODupadagaLannu bahuvrIhi samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuvudu krama. I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAva padavU adara pradhAna padavAgilladiruvudE avannu bahuvrIhiyendu kareyalu kAraNa.
udAharaNegAgi, cakrapANi jODupadadalli cakra mattu pANi ‘kay’ emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEriddu, A padagaLiginta bhinnavAda sa:

‘avanu’ illavE vyakti emba pada adara pradhAna padavAgide. endare, cakrapANi embudu cakravannAgali, kayyannAgali hesarisade, kayyalli cakravannu hiDidiruva obba vyaktiyannu (kxShNanannu) hesarisuttade.
kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli bahuvrIhi samAsakke udAharaNegaLAgi koDuva haNegaNNa, calavAdi, geDDemUga, haNAhaNi modalAda jODupadagaLalli I rIti avugaLa angagaLAgiruva padagaLalli yAvudU pradhAna padavalla endu vAdisuvudu kaShTasAdhya.
udAharaNegAgi, calavAdi embudaralli eraDaneya angavAgi bandiruva vAdi padavannu pradhAna padavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgi koDuva itara halavAru jODupadagaLU samskxtada bahuvrIhi padagaLiginta ondu mukhyavAda viShayadalli bhinnavAgive embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu nAmapadagaLa linga, vacana, mattu vibhakti I mUrannU sUcisuttave embudannu nAvu munde ELanE adhyAyadalli nODaliruvevu. Adare kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktiyannu mAtra sUcisuttave. linga mattu vacanagaLannu sUcisalu kannaDadalli bEreyE pratyayagaLive.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada gurubhyaH embudaralli bandiruva bhyaH vibhaktipratyaya pullinga, bahuvacana mattu caturthI vibhakti - I mUrannU oTTAgi sUcisuttade. Adare idakke samanAgi kannaDadalli baruva gurugaLige nAmapadarUpadalli gaLu pratyaya bahuvacanavannu mAtra sUcisuttade; caturthI vibhaktiyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi I padarUpadalli bahuvacana pratyayakkinta bhinnavAgiruva ige pratyaya samskxtada pItAmbara jODupadavannu (athavA bEre yAvudE nAmapadavannu) samskxta vAkyadalli prayOgisabEkAdAga adakke linga, vacana mattu vibhakti I mUrannU sUcisuvantaha vibhakti pratyaya vondannu sErisalEbEkemba niyamavide. Adare kannaDadalli calavAdi jODupadavannu (illavE itara yAvudE nAmapadavannu) vAkyadalli hAgeyE adakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisade baLasalu sAdhya. idu samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu mukhya vyatyAsa.

(14ka) pItAmbaraH kutra gataH

‘haLadi baTTeyuTTavanu ellige hOda? ’

(14kha) calavAdi ellige hOda?

mEle koTTiruva (14ka) samskxta vAkyadalli pItAmbara padavannu  adakke  pullinga-Ekavacana-prathamA  vibhakti  pratyayavAda  as  embu  dannu  (visagrarUpadalli)  sErisi  baLasalAgide.  Adare  (14kha)  kannaDa  vAkyadalli  calavAdi  padavannu  adakke  yAva  pratyayavannU  sErisade  hAgeyE baLasalAgide.  
samskxtada pItAmbara jODupadadalli pIta mattu ambara emba  eraDu  padagaLu mAtra A jODupadada angagaLAgi bandive. avugaLa  anantara  baruva  as  embudu  linga,  vacana  mattu  vibhaktigaLannu  sUcisuva  pratyaya  (idu  illi  visagrarUpadallide).  I  pratyaya  pItAmbara  padada  angavalla;  A  padavannu  vAkyadalli  prayOgisuvAga  adarondige baLasabEkAgiruva pratyaya mAtra.  
Adare  kannaDada  calavAdi  padadalli  cala  mattu  vAda  emberaDu  padagaLu    mAtravallade  i  pratyayavU  A  padada  angavAgi  bandide.  pItAmbaraH  embudaralli  baruva  as  pratyayada  hAge  calavAdi  embudaralli  baruva  i  pratyayavannu  kannaDadalli  ondu  padarUpa  pratyayavendu parigaNisalu yAva AdhAravU illa.  
illi  mukhyavAgi  gamanisabEkAgiruva  viShayavEnendare,  vAda  padada anantara baruva i pratyaya kannaDadalli padaracanege sambandhisidu  dallade  padarUpada  racanege  (illavE  vAkyaracanege)  sambandhisidudalla.  hAgAgi, I jODupadavannu eraDu rItiyalli varNisalu sAdhyavide.  
(1) cala mattu vAdi emba eraDu padagaLu adara angagaLendu  hELabahudu; illavE 
(2)  cala  mattu  vAda  emba  eraDu  padagaLu  mattu  i  emba  pratyaya - I mUru adara angagaLendu hELabahudu.  
modalaneya  varNaneya  prakAra,  vAdi  embudu  calavAdi  jODupadada  pradhAna  padavenisuttade  mattu  I  kAraNakkAgi  adu  bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgalAradu.  

eraDaneya  vidhAnada  prakAra,  pada  mattu  pratyayagaLeraDU  I  jODupadada  oLaracaneyalli  baLakeyAgiveyAda  kAraNa,  adannu  jODupadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva bEreyE ondu vagradalli sErisuva  avaSyakateyide. 
endare,  karmadhAraya  samAsadinda  siddhavAda  calavAda  jODu  padakke  i  pratyayavannu  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  calavAdi  padavannu  tayArisalAgideyundu hELabEkAguttade. 

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5.7.7 kriyAsamAsa

kannaDadalli samskxtadallillada kriyAsamAsavemba hosadondu rItiya samAsavideyendu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudu kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vibhaktigaLa baLakeyalliruva vyatyAsavannu sari yAgi tiLidukoLLadudarindAgi embudannu nAvu mEle (5.3.5ralli) nODiruvevu.
maravEru, kaymugi, marehogu, billettu, niddemADu modalA davugaLannu ivaru kriyAsamAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTiddAre. intaha baLakegaLalli nAmapadada vibhakti pratyaya (dvitIyA vibhakti pratyaya) lOpagonDiruvudu nijavAdarU adu kannaDada ondu vAkyaracaneya niyamada mUlaka lOpagonDideyallade padaracaneya niyamada mUlakavalla. idakke badalu modalaneya angavAgi ondu kriyApada bandiruva cuccumaddu, suLigALi, bIsugallu modalAda kannaDakke viSiShTa jODupadagaLannE kriyAsamAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi vAgiruva koDuvudu oLLeyadu (5.5.2 nODi).

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5.7.8 gamaka samAsa

kannaDada innondu viSiShTa samAsavendu parigaNisalpaTTiruva gamaka samAsavU idE rItiyadu. kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli idakke udAharaNe gaLannAgi (1) modalaneya angadalli ShaShThI vibhaktiyannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva bisiya hAlu, kiriya maga modalAdavugaLannu, (2) kxt pratyayavannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva tUguva toTTilu, kanDa vicAra modalAdavugaLannu mattu (3) modalaneya angadalli

vibhakti pratyayavillade baruva A mara, I huDuga modalAdavugaLannu koDuvudu rUDhi.
Adare nijakkU ivu kannaDadalli padakantegaLallade jODupadagaLalla. mEle (5.3.3-4)ralli vivarisiruva hAge, kxdantagaLu mattu A, I modalAda jAgavannu sUcisuva padagaLu padakantegaLalli vibhakti pratyayavillade baruttaveyumbudu kannaDa bhASheya vAkyaracaneya niyamavallade padaracaneya niyamavalla. hAgAgi intaha racanegaLannu padakantegaLendu hELabEkallade jODupadagaLendu hesarisuvudakke kannaDadalli yAva AdhAravU illa (sEDiyApu kxShNabhaTTa 1992:269 nODi).

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5.8 samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda jODupadagaLu

kannaDakke samskxtadinda halavAru padagaLu eravalAgi bandiddu ivugaLalli jODupadagaLU halavive. I jODupadagaLu entahavu, avannu varNisuvudakkAgi samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnavannE kannaDa vyAkaraNadallU baLasalu sAdhyavE? endare, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva I jODupadagaLalli samskxtada nAlku (illavE Aru) samAsagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavE embudannu illi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide.

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5.8.1 jODupadagaLa oLanuDigaLu

I padagaLu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiveyAdarU kannaDadalli avakke kannaDaddE Ada, endare kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLige hondikoLLuvantaha baLakegaLive. hAgAgi, avugaLa oLaracaneyannu kannaDadavE Ada niyamagaLa mUlaka varNisuva avaSyakateyide.
udAharaNegAgi, I jODupadagaLige oLanuDi(vigrahavAkya)vannu hELuvAga adannu kannaDadalli hELabEkallade samskxtadalli hELidare adu kannaDadalli A padagaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embudannu tiLisa lAradu. kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva jODupadagaLige samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva oLa nuDigaLannu hAgeyE kannaDadallU koTTiddAre. idu sariyalla. samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva ellA jODupadagaLigU kannaDadalli oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu illi

gamanisuvudu avaSya. Adare idu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLigU anvayisuvantaha sangati.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada eNNe pada eLLu mattu ney emba eraDu padagaLu oTTige sEridudarindAgi siddhavAda jODupadavendu hELuvudakke cAritrika AdhAravide. Adare hosagannaDadalli I padavannu I rIti oLaracaneyiruva padavendu parigaNisalu aShTondu samapraka vAda AdhAravilla. hAgAgi, hosagannaDada maTTige eNNe emba padavannu oLaracaneyillada padavendu parigaNisuvudE mElu.
idE rItiyalli samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli kelavannu jODupadagaLendu parigaNisuva badalu kannaDada maTTige oLaracane yillada padagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakate kanDubandItu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, sAdhisalu AdhAraviddarU A padadondige antaha AdhAra kannaDakke eravalAgi bAradiralu sAdhyavide. idu nAvu varNisuttiruva kannaDada bEre bEre prabhEdagaLalli bEre bEreyAgiralU sAdhyavide. samskxtadalli avakke oLaracaneyannu

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5.8.2 vibhajane

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandu hosagannaDadalli baLakege bandiruva jODupadagaLige kannaDadavE Ada oLanuDigaLannu koTTu pariSIlisidalli, avannu eraDu mukhya vagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhya emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade. modalaneya angavAgi (1) nAmapadaviruvavu mattu (2) guNapadaviruvavugaLu embavugaLE I eraDu vagragaLu.
ivu mEle kannaDadavE Ada jODupadagaLannu vibhajisuvalli baLasida vagragaLE embudannu gamanisabahudu. modalaneya angavAgi kriyApadaviruvavu emba mUranE vagra mAtra I eravalAgi bandiruva jODupadagaLalli kANisuvudilla. nAmapadaviruva jODupadagaLa eraDu angagaLannu kannaDadavE Ada jODupadagaLa hAge ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhisalu sAdhya embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

oLanuDi
mAnada hAni
yugada Adi

jODupada mAnahAni yugAdi

lagnada patrike jagattina guru
bhUmiya kampa

lagnapatrike jagadguru bhUkampa

samskxtadinda  eravalAgi  banda  jODupadagaLalli  ellavannU  I  rIti  ShaShThI vibhaktiya  mUlaka  sAdhisalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  kelavu  jODu  padagaLa  angagaLAgi  bandiruva  padagaLalli  modalaneyadu  kannaDadalli  nAmapadavAgi baLakeyallilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa.  
udAharaNegAgi,  kxShNasapra,  gADhanidre,  mUlanivAsi,  Subha  kArya, mahAnagara, dxDhamanassu, pUrNavirAma, dIrghAyuShya  modalAdavugaLa  angagaLannu  mEle  koTTiruva  jODupadagaLalli  kANisuva hAge ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. 
intaha  jODupadagaLalli  kelavakke  oLanuDiyannu  koDuvAga  avugaLa modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva padavannu Agu kriyApadada  viSEShaNavannAgi mADi hELalu sAdhyavide. 

jODupada

oLanuDi
gADhavAda nidre
dxDhavAda manassu
dxDhamanassu
dIrghavAda AyuShya dIrghAyuShya

gADhanidre

Adare  bEre  kelavakke  (kxShNasapra,  paralOka,  mUlanivAsi  modalAdavugaLige) I rIti Agu kriyApadavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu  hELalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  idakke  kAraNavEnendare,  I  guNapadaviruva  jODupadagaLige  kriyAviSEShaNa  mattu  nAmaviSEShaNa  embudAgi  eraDu mUlagaLive.  
kriyAviSEShaNa  mUlavAgiruva  jODupadagaLige  oLanuDiyannu  hELabEkiddalli  avugaLa  modalaneya  angavannu  Agu  kriyApadada  viSEShaNavannAgi  mADi  hELalu  sAdhyavAguttade,  Adare  nAmaviSEShaNa  mUlavAgiruva  jODupadagaLige  antaha  oLanuDiyannu  hELalu  sAdhyavAguvudilla.  

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5.9 tiruLu

kannaDada jODupadagaLige kannaDadavE Ada oLaracanegaLiveyAda kAraNa, samskxtada samAsa vidhAnagaLannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli hAgeyE aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva jODupadagaLigU kannaDadalli intaha kannaDadavE Ada oLaracanegaLu iveyallade samskxtadalliruvantaha oLaracanegaLilla.
samskxta vyAkaraNadalli jODupadagaLannu sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli yAvudu pradhAna emba viShayada AdhArada mEle vingaDisuvudu krama. eraDaneya anga pradhAnavAdare tatpuruSha, modalaneyadu pradhAnavAdare avyayIbhAva, eraDU pradhAnavAdare dvandva, mattu ondU pradhAnavallavAdare (endare horagina padavondu pradhAnavAgideyAdare) bahuvrIhi embudAgi adara jODupadagaLannu vibhajisalAguttade. Adare kannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLalli heccinavugaLallU eraDaneya pada pradhAnavAgiruttade. hAgAgi avugaLa vibhajaneyannu samskxtada hAge angavAgi bandiruva padagaLa prAdhAnyateya AdhArada mEle sAdhisuvudarinda txptikaravAda vibhajane sigalAradu.
I jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya anga heccinavugaLallU nAmapada vAgiddu, modaneyadu nAmapada, guNapada illavE kriyApadavAgiralu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi kannaDada jODupadagaLannu avugaLa modalaneya angada padavagravannAdharisi mUru mukhya vibhAgagaLalli (nAmapada viruvavu, guNapadaviruvavu mattu kriyApadaviruvavu embudAgi) vingaDisuvudu kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige atyanta samaprakavAda vidhAna vendu hELabahudu. samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi banda jODu padagaLigU I vibhajane anvayisuttade.

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ಕನ್ನಡ →

6. linga mattu vacanagaLu

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6.1 munnOTa

kannaDa vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyalli linga mattu vacana emba I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLige mukhyavAda sthAnavide. vAkyadalli baLakeyAguva nAma padagaLannu mUru upavagragaLalli vingaDisuva kelasavannu avugaLa ‘linga’ naDesuttade mattu avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa eNikeyuntahadu embudannu avugaLa ‘vacana’ tiLisuttade.
kannaDadalli pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsakalinga embudAgi mUru lingagaLive. ivu ganDu, heNNu mattu itara embudAgi nAma padagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa svarUpavannanusarisi nAmapadagaLannu vingaDisuttave.
idallade, Ekavacana mattu bahuvacana embudAgi kannaDadalli eraDu vacanagaLive. ivu nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavu gaLu ondE athavA ondakkinta jAstiyE embudAgi avugaLa eNike yannu sUcisuttave. nAmapadavannu adara prakxti rUpadalli, endare adakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisade baLasidare Ekavacana mattu ru illavE gaLu pratyayadondige baLasidare bahuvacana.
linga mattu vacanagaLemba I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLU nAmapada gaLa baLakege sambandhisidavugaLu embudannilli gamanisuvudu avaSya. kriyApadagaLa baLakeyallU ivannu kANalu sAdhyavideyAdarU alli avugaLa svarUpa kriyApadagaLondige baruva nAmapadagaLa svarUpa vannavalambisideyallade kriyApadagaLa svarUpavannavalambisilla.
udAharaNegAgi, baruttAre endAga ‘halavu mandi vyaktigaLu baruttAre’ emba artha baruvudallade ‘baruva kriyeyannu obba vyakti halavu bAri mADuttAne (endare halavu bAri bandu hOgi mADu ttAne)’ emba artha baralAradu. hAgAgi, baruttAre kriyApadadalli bandiruva bahuvacana A kriyApadakke sambandhisidudalla.

kriyApadagaLalli kANisuva linga vyatyAsavU idE rItiyalli nAma  padakke sambandhisidudallade nEravAgi kriyApadakke sambandhisidudalla. 

(1) (2) (3)

ninne jAnaki puttUrige hOgiddaLu rAju santeyalli yArannu kanDidda? nAyi Enu mADuttade?

(1-3)nE  vAkyagaLalli  kriyApadagaLu  mUru  bEre  bEre  linga  gaLalli  bandiveyembudannu  gamanisabahudu.  (1)nE  vAkyada  hOgi  ddaLu  kriyApada  strIlingadallide,  (2)nE  vAkyada  kanDidda  kriyApada  pullingadallide mattu (3)nE vAkyada mADuttade kriyApada napumsaka  lingadallide.  
Adare  kriyApadagaLalli  kANisuva  I  lingabhEda  avugaLondige  A  vAkyagaLalli  bandiruva  jAnaki,  rAju  mattu  nAyi  embavugaLalli  kANisuva  linga  vyatyAsavannavalambisideyallade  kriyApadavu  sUcisuva  ghaTaneya svarUpavannavalambisilla. 
nAmapadagaLige  sambandhisida  hAge  sAmAnyavAgi  ‘puruSha’  emba  innondu  vyAkaraNa  tatvavannU  hesarisuva  krama  rUDhiyallide.  Adare,  nijakkU  I  vyAkaraNatatva  nAmapadagaLige  sambandhisidudalla.  vAkyada  ADuga  mattu  kELugarannu  sUcisuva  ‘puruShapada’  emba  bEreyE  ondu  padavagrakke sEruva  padagaLige sambandhisida hAge  I tatva baLake  yallide (10.2.1 nODi).  

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6.2 lingabhEdagaLu

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6.2.1 ‘linga’ padada baLake

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘linga’ padavannu eraDu arthagaLalli baLasalAgide. ‘vibhaktigaLannu paDeyaballa nAmaprakxtigaLu’ embudu adara ondu artha; ‘pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsaka lingagaLemba nAmaprakxtigaLa vagragaLu (illavE prabhEdagaLu)’ embudu adara innondu artha.
hIge ondE pAribhAShika padavannu eraDu bhinnavAda arthagaLalli baLasuvudarinda anavaSyakavAgi gondalakkeDeyAgalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, modalaneya arthadalli ‘nAmaprakxti’ (illavE nAmapada) padavannE

upayOgisi, ‘linga’ padavannu eraDaneya arthadalli mAtra uLisi koLLuvudu oLLeyadu. idallade, kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge nAmaprakxtigaLannu vAkyadalli baLasuvAgalella vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisiyE baLasabEkemba niyama villa (8.4 nODi). avaSyavilladalli avakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisade hAgeyE prakxtirUpadallU baLasalu sAdhyavide.
hAgAgi, samskxtada hAge kannaDadalli ‘nAmapada’ mattu ‘nAma prakxti’ (illavE ‘prAtipadika’) embudAgi eraDu pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyU illa, mattu I kAraNakkAgi mEle koTTiruva modalaneya arthadalli ‘linga’ padavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyU illa.

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6.2.2 kannaDadalli lingavibhajane

‘linga’ embudu (mEle koTTiruva eraDaneya arthadalli) nAmapada gaLannu vibhajisuvalli baLakeyAguva ondu vyAkaraNatatva endu hELa bahudu. heccina bhAShegaLallU nAmapadagaLannu ganDu, heNNu mattu itara emba vyatyAsada AdhArada mElEnE pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsakalinga embudAgi vibhajisuvudu rUDhi. kannaDadallU hIgeyE. nAmapadagaLa lingavannu kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi avugaLa artha dindalEnE tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide. kelavu nAmapadagaLalli I vyatyAsavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu kANisikoLLuvuvAdarU heccineDe gaLallU nAmapadagaLa arthavE I vibhajaneya AdhAravAgiruttade.
udAharaNegAgi, huDuga-huDugi, ajja-ajji, geLeya-geLati modalAda kelavu nAmapadagaLalli lingavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu bandive. Adare aNNa, akka, mara, hengasu, ganDasu modalAda padagaLalli antaha pratyayagaLilla. avugaLa lingavannu arthadindalEnE tiLiyabEkAguttade.
idallade, kannaDadalli ganDu mattu heNNu emba lingabhEda manuShyarannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli mAtra kANisi koLLuttade. itara prANigaLallU ganDu-heNNu emba bhEdavannu kANalu sAdhyavideyAdarU avannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLannella kannaDadalli manuShyEtararannu sUcisuva napumsakalingadalli sErisuvudE rUDhi.

(4)

manuShya

manuShyEtara

huDuga banda
huDugi bandaLu
dana bantu ettu bantu

kannaDadalli  kANisuva  lingabhEdada  innondu  vaySiShTyavEnendare,  adaralli  pum-strI  lingabhEda  Ekavacanadalli  mAtra  kANisikoLLuttade;  I kAraNakkAgi, bahuvacanadalli pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsakalinga  emba  lingabhEdada  badalu  manuShya-manuShyEtara  emba  lingabhEda  kannaDadallide.  

(5ka) Ekavacana pullinga
strIlinga
napumsakalinga ettu bantu

huDuga banda
huDugi bandaLu

(5kha) bahuvacana

manuShya

manuShyEtara

huDugaru bandaru huDugiyaru bandaru ettugaLu banduvu

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6.2.3 samskxtada linga vibhajane

samskxtadalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLa linga vibhajane kannaDada linga vibhajaneginta halavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgide.
(1) samskxtadalli I vibhajanege arthada AdhAra bahaLa kaDime. padagaLa koneya varNavannAdharisi avugaLa linga yAvudu embudannu nirdharisalu svalpa maTTige sAdhyavAguvudAdarU heccineDegaLallU nAma padagaLa lingavannu avugaLa baLakeya AdhArada mElEnE tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakate samskxtadallide.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli ellA rItiya nAmapadagaLU pullinga, strIlinga illavE napumsakalingadalli baraballuvu: varNaH ‘baNNa’ embudu pullinga, mati ‘buddhi’ embudu strIlinga mattu madhu ‘jEnu’ embudu napumsaka linga; ‘henDati’ emba arthaviruva dArA pada pullinga, patnI pada strIlinga mattu kalatram pada napumsakalinga.

heccina  nAmapadagaLigU  samskxtadalli  ondu  niScitavAda  linga  viruttade. Adare kelavannu sandabhrakkanusAravAgi eraDu illavE mUru  lingagaLallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. 
hAgAgi,  samskxtada  arthakOSagaLalli  nAmapadagaLa  arthavannu  (mattu  padavagravannu)  koDabEkAguttade  mAtravalla,  pratiyondu  nAmapadada edurigU adu ondE lingadalli baruvantahadO illavE  eraDu athavA mUru lingagaLalli baruvantahadO embudannu mattu  yAva lingadalli (athavA lingagaLalli) baruvantahadu embudannu spaShTa  vAgi sUcisabEkAguttade. 

(6ka) yAvAgalU ondE lingadalli baruva padagaLu

pullinga: pitx, tilaka, dhI, taDi ‘ETu’, cOla ‘ravike’, takra, timingila, tiraskAra, Atman, nidhi, ityAdi. strIlinga: mAtx, nadI, nav, SrI, lipi, nidrA, mahAnavamI, cacrA, kAdambarI, ityAdi. napumsakalinga: hxdaya, citra, tAmbUla, madhu, asthi, yakxt, brahman, ityAdi.

(6kha) eraDu athavA mUru lingagaLalli baraballa padagaLu

pum-strIlinga: tithi, vajra, kIla ‘kIlu’, kuTa ‘mane’, pum-napumsakalinga: kartx, tanDula, mOdaka, mUla, kaShAya, kirITa, kuTumba, abhraka, ityAdi. strI-napumsakalinga: avcitya(tI), SAla(lA), nxsEna(nA), pum-strI-napumsakalinga: Suci, guru, nitya, nidrita, prakA Saka, parakIya, ityAdi.

Adare kannaDadalli I samasyeyilla. ellA nAmapadagaLa lingavannU  avugaLa  arthada  AdhArada  mElEnE  UhisikoLLalu  sAdhyavideyAda  kAraNa,  avugaLa  lingavannu  kannaDada  arthakOSadalli  sUcisuva  avaSyakateyilla.  

samskxtadalli  nAmapadagaLa  lingavannu  tiLidukoLLuvudu  bahaLa  kaShTada  kelasavAda  kAraNa  adara  vayyAkaraNigaLu  nAmapadagaLannu  pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsaka linga embudAgi mUru lingagaLalli  mAtravallade pumstrI linga, punnapumsakalinga, strInapumsakalinga ityAdi  yAgi bEre kelavu vagragaLallU vingaDisalu prayatnisiddAre. 
kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  samskxtada  I  kliShTavAda    lingavibhajane  yannu  kannaDakkU  aLavaDisahOgi  anavaSyakavAgi  adu  iruvudakkinta  heccu kliShTavAgi kANuva hAge mADiddAre mattu gondalavannU tandu  hAkiddAre. 
(2) samskxtadalli pum-strI lingabhEda kannaDada hAge Ekavacanadalli  mAtravallade  (6.3.2  nODi),  dvivacana  mattu  bahuvacanagaLallU  kANisikoLLuttade.  

(7) ‘avanu’
‘avaLu’

Ekavacana

dvivacana

bahuvacana

(3)  kannaDadalli  nAmapadagaLa  lingabhEdavannu  kriyArUpagaLallU  sUcisuva  kramavide;  Adare  samskxtada  kriyArUpagaLu  puruSha  mattu  vacana  bhEdagaLannu  mAtra  sUcisuttaveyallade  lingabhEdavannu  sUcisu  vudilla.  idu  kannaDa  mattu  samskxta  bhAShegaLa  naDuviruva  innondu  vyatyAsa. 

(8)

samskxtada kriyArUpagaLu
tatra rAmaH asti
tatra sItA asti
tatra gxham asti

kannaDada kriyArUpagaLu alli rAma iddAne alli sIte iddALe alli mane ide

(8)ralli  kannaDada  iru  kriyApadakke  adarondige  baruva  nAma  padada  lingavannanusarisi  iddAne,  iddALe  mattu  ide  emba  mUru 

rUpagaLive; Adare samskxtada as kriyApadakke ellA sandabhragaLallU asti emba ondE rUpavide. kannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli I lingabhEda ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itara vyaktigaLannu (illavE vastugaLannu) sUcisuvalli mAtra kANisikoLLuttade. ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva sandabhragaLalli adu samskxtada hAge vacana bhEdavannu mAtra sUcisuttade.

(9ka) aham gacchAmi

‘nAnu hOguttEne’

(9kha) tvam gacchasi

‘nInu hOguttI’

(9ka)  vAkyavannADida  vyakti  ganDasAgirabahudu  illavE  hengasAgira  bahudu.  I  vyatyAsavannu  samskxtada  gacchAmi  kriyArUpa  illavE  kannaDada hOguttEne kriyArUpa sUcisalAradu. (9kha) vAkyadallU  hIgeyE. 

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6.2.4 bhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, heccina bhAShegaLallU nAmapadagaLa vibhajane nija jIvanada lingabhEdavannu avalambisiruttadeyAda kAraNa, adannu ‘linga vibhajane’yumbudAgi kareyuvudaralli tappilla. Adare, nijakkU idu mukhyavAgi nAmapadagaLannu vibhajisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva ondu vyAkaraNa vidhAna mAtra embudannu mareyabAradu. yAkendare, kelavu bhAShegaLalli I vibhajane nija jIvanada lingabhEdakkinta tIra bhinnavA giralU sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, hindi bhASheyalli pullinga mattu strIlinga emba eraDu vagragaLu mAtra kANisikoLLuttave. samskxtadalli kANisuva hAge adaralli nijrIva vastugaLannu sUcisuva padagaLannU pullinga mattu strIlingagaLAgi vingaDisalAgiddu adakke arthada AdhAra bahaLa kaDime. I rIti eraDu lingagaLannu mAtra baLasuva bEreyU kelavu bhAShegaLu bhAratadallive.
bEre kelavu bhAShegaLu (udAharaNegAgi, pAjri emba drAviDa bhAShe) ganDu mattu itara emba lingavibhajaneyannu baLasuttade mattu

AsTrEliyAda diyAri bhAShe heNNu mattu itara emba linga vibhajane yannu baLasuttade. ganDu, heNNu mattu itara emba I vyatyAsada badalu bEre vyatyAsagaLannu nAmapadagaLa vibhajanege AdhAravAgi baLasuva bhAShegaLU halavive. udAharaNegAgi, AsTrEliyAda dyibrAl bhASheyalli (1) hengasaru, (2) ganDasaru mattu itara prANigaLu, (3) mAmsavajrita AhAra mattu (4) itara embudAgi nAlku vidhada lingagaLive.
bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli cikka vastu, prANi modalAdavugaLigAgi bEreyE ondu lingaviruttade. AphrikAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli nAmapada gaLannu manuShyaru, cikkavu, doDDavu, uddadavu, kriye, bhAvane moda lAda 20-25 lingagaLalli vibhajisuva kramavide. illi nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, nAmapadagaLannu vibhajisuva krama bhASheyinda bhAShege bhinnavAgiralu sAdhya. kannaDada lingavibhajaneyannu kannaDaddE Ada dxShTikOnada mUlaka pariSIlisidalli mAtra adara nijavAda svarUpa namage gottAguttade.

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6.2.5 eNikeya padagaLalli lingabhEda

kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli nAmapadagaLa hAge mattu bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli guNapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave yumbudannu nAvu munde (10.3)ralli nODaliruvevu.
nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLakeyAguva sandabhradalli avu linga mattu vacana bhEdagaLannu sUcisaballuvu. I viShayadallU avu nAmapadagaLannu hOluttave. obbanu, obbaLu mattu ondu emba padagaLu Ekavacanada mUru rUpagaLAgive. kannaDadalli obbaru emba bahuvacana rUpavideyAdarU adakke sAmAnyavAgi gavravArthadalli Ekavacanada arthavE ide. eraDarinda aydara varegina padagaLige bahuvacanada eraDeraDu (manuShya-manuShyEtara) lingarUpagaLive (ibbaru-eraDu, mUvaru- mUru, nAlvaru-nAlku, ayvaru-aydu). uLida padagaLigU haLegannaDa dalli lingarUpagaLidduvu. Adare hosagannaDadalli avugaLa baLakeyilla.

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6.3 vacanabhEdagaLu

nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi vacana emba vyAkaraNa tatva baLakeyallide. kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu avakke vacana pratyayavannu sErisade hAgeyE baLasidalli avu gurutisuva sankhye ondu (illavE anirdiShTa) emba artha baru ttade. avugaLondige bahuvacana pratyayavannu baLasidalli avugaLa sankhye ondakkinta jAsti emba artha baruttade.
vacanagaLa maTTige samskxta kannaDakkinta kelavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgide. I vyatyAsagaLannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLade kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisahOgi gondalakkeDemADiddAre.

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6.3.1 vacanagaLa sankhye

samskxtadalli Ekavacana, dvivacana mattu bahuvacana embudAgi mUru vacanagaLive. Adare kannaDadalli Ekavacana mattu bahuvacanagaLemba eraDu vacanagaLu mAtra ive. samskxtada vacanarUpagaLannu kannaDada vacana rUpagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga I viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

(10) EkaH pustakaH davva pustakav trayaH pustakAH

ondu pustaka eraDu pustakagaLu mUru pustakagaLu

pustaka  padakke  samskxtadalli  mUru  vacana  rUpagaLive;  Adare  kannaDadalli  I  padakke  eraDu  vacana  rUpagaLu  mAtra  ive  embudannu  mElina udAharaNeyinda tiLiyabahudu. pustakagaLa sankhye eraDAgirali  illavE  adakkinta  jAsti  irali,  kannaDadalli  bahuvacanavannu  sUcisuva  gaLu pratyayavE baLakeyAguttade. 
kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLalli  kelavaru  samskxtada  vyAkaraNavannu  kannaDakke aLavaDisuva bharadalli, kannaDadallU kAlgaL, kaygaL modalAda  padagaLalli  dvivacanavannu  kanDukonDiddAre.  I  padagaLu  eraDu  vastugaLannu  sUcisuvudu  nijavAdarU  ivugaLondige  bahuvacanada  gaLu  pratyayavE  bandiruva  kAraNa  avugaLalli  dvivacanavideyunnuvudakke  kannaDadalli yAva AdhAravU illa.  

idallade,  kannaDadalli  eraDE  vacanagaLiveyumbudu  ondu  korate  yalla  mattu  samskxtadalli  mUru  vacanagaLiveyumbudu  ondu  heggaLikeyU  alla.  vyakti,  vastu  modalAdavugaLa  sankhyeyannu  sUcisu  valli  bhAShegaLu  ondakkinta  ondu  bhinnavAgiralu  sAdhya  embudannaShTE  idu sUcisuttade.  
yAkendare,  mUrakkinta  jAsti  vacanabhEdavannu  tOrisuva  bhAShe  gaLU  kelavive.  udAharaNegAgi  phiji  bhASheyalli  Ekavacana,  dvivacana  mattu  bahuvacanagaLu  mAtravallade  trivacana  embudU  ide.  idallade,  kelavu  embudannu  sUcisuva  aydaneyadondu  vacanavU  I  bhAShe  yallide. sursurunga emba innondu bhASheyalli trivacana mAtravallade  catuvracanavU  ide.  nAmapadagaLalli  yAva  vacanabhEdavannU  tOrisa  diruva khmEr nantaha bhAShegaLU kelavive. 

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6.3.2 vacana mattu vibhakti

samskxtadalli vacana mattu vibhakti iveraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisu ttade. Adare kannaDadalli iveraDannu sUcisalu bEre bEre pratyayagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada nadIbhiH ‘nadigaLinda’ emba padarUpa dalli bandiruva bhiH pratyaya bahuvacana mattu txtIyA vibhakti iveraDannU oTTAgi sUcisuttade. idE rItiyalli, nadIShu ‘nadigaLalli’ emba padarUpadalli bandiruva Shu pratyaya bahuvacana mattu saptamI vibhakti iveraDannU oTTAgi sUcisuttade. Adare mEle I padagaLa eduru koTTiruva kannaDada nadigaLinda mattu nadigaLalli emba padarUpagaLalli bahuvacanavannu sUcisalu gaL pratyaya bandide mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisalu adakkinta tIra bhinnavAda inda (txtIyA) mattu alli (saptamI) pratyayagaLu bandive. samskxtadalli I rIti vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu ondE pratyaya sUcisuva kAraNa, adaralli vibhaktiyannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyilla diruvallU vacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ‘vibhakti’ pratyayagaLannu baLasa bEkAguttade; kannaDadalli I avaSyakateyilla.
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxtakke ‘prathamA vibhakti’ embudu bEkAguttade; Adare kannaDakke bEkAguvudilla embudannu munde (8.5.1)ralli nODa liruvevu.

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6.3.3 Ekavacanada sUcane

samskxtadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu ondE pratyaya sUcisuva kAraNa, adaralli dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLannu mAtravallade Eka vacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU pratyayagaLiveyundu hELalu sAdhya vAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, pustakaH padarUpadalli baruva as (aH) pratyaya Ekavacana mattu prathamA vibhakti iveraDannU oTTAgi sUcisu ttadeyundu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu bEre bEre pratyayagaLu sUcisuva kAraNa, Ekavacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi pratyayavondannu baLasuva avaSyakateyilla. bahuvacanavannu sUcisabEkAdAga mAtra vacana pratyayavannu baLasidare sAku. kannaDadalli lingavannu sUcisuva pratyaya kelavu sandabhragaLalli vacanavannU sUcisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, avanu savranAmadalli nu embudu pullingavannu mAtravallade EkavacanavannU sUcisuttide; idakke badalu, avaru savranAmadalli ru embudu pum-strI (manuShya) lingadondige bahuvacanavannU sUcisuttide.
intaha sandabhragaLalli mAtra kannaDadalli Ekavacanavannu sUcisuva pratyayavideyundu hELalu sAdhyavide.

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6.3.4 vacanavannu sUcisadiruvudu

vastugaLannu sUcisuva padagaLannu avu ondakkinta jAsti vastugaLannu gurutisuttiddarU bahuvacana pratyayavilladEnE baLasuva krama kannaDa dalli rUDhiyallide. avugaLa sankhyeyannu spaShTavAgi tiLisabEkAdalli mAtra bahuvacana pratyayavannu baLasidare sAku.

(11) ellA pustakagaLannU mEjina mElirisiddEne (12) nAlku pustaka sikkitu

pustaka pada (11)nE vAkyadalli gaLu bahuvacana pratyayadondige  bandide;  Adare  (12)nE  vAkyadalli  adu  A  pratyayavillade  bandide.  hIgiddarU adu I eraDu vAkyagaLallU ondakkinta jAsti vastugaLannu  sUcisuttade. 

samskxtadalli  I  rIti  vacana  pratyayavannu  baLasade  iralu  sAdhya  vAgadu.  eNikeya  pada  bandiruva  kaDegaLallU  adaralli  vacanavannu  sUcisabEkAguttade.  

(13ka) EkaH vxkShaH apatat ‘ondu mara bittu’

(13kha) davva vxkavSha apatatAm

‘eraDu maragaLu bidduvu/eraDu mara bittu’

(13ga) trINi vxkShAni apatan

‘mUru maragaLu bidduvu/mUru mara bittu’

(13ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli vxkSha ‘mara’ pada mAtravallade adarondige  bandiruva eNikeya padagaLU A padada vacanavannu sUcisuttive. 
samskxtadalli  I  rIti  kannaDada  hAge  avaSyakateyilladalli  vacana  pratyayavannu tegeduhAkalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke adaralli vacana mattu  vibhaktigaLeraDannU  ondE  pratyaya  sUcisuttiruvudE  mukhya  kAraNa.  vacanavannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyilladallU vibhaktiyannu sUcisabEkAgu  ttade tAne!  

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6.4 tiruLu

linga mattu vacanagaLemba I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLa baLake bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bEre teranAgiruttade. kelavu bhAShegaLalli linga mattu vacanagaLa baLakeyAgadE iralU sAdhyavide.
I viShayadalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta halavu rItiyalli bhinnavAgide yAda kAraNa samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli aLavaDisikoLLalu illavE avugaLalli alpa svalpa badalA vaNegaLannu mADi upayOgisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu.
hAgAgi, I eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu kannaDadalli yAva rIti yallella baLakeyAguttave embudannu pUrtiyAgi abhyAsa mADi adara AdhArada mEle kannaDakke kannaDaddE Ada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu siddhapaDisikoLLuvudu atyavaSya.

nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu entahavu  embudannu I eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu sUkShmavAgi sUcisuttave. I  viShayavannu  nAmapadagaLalli  mAtravallade,  kriyApadagaLalli,  nAma  padagaLa  viSEShaNagaLalli  mattu  savranAma(pada)gaLallU  sUcisuva  kramavide.  
I  viShayadallU  bEre  bEre  bhAShegaLu  bEre  bEre  teranAgira  balluvAda kAraNa, pratiyondu bhASheya vyAkaraNadallU A bhASheyalli  kANisuva  baLake  entahadu  embudannu  pratyEkavAgi  pariSIlisi  vivarisu  vudu avaSya.  

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7. vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu

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7.1 munnOTa

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti mattu kAraka embudAgi eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu baLakeyAguttave. prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA, caturthI, pancamI, ShaShThI mattu saptamI embudAgi ELu vibhakti gaLannu mattu idakkinta bhinnavAda kartx, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna mattu adhikaraNa embudAgi Aru kArakagaLannu I vyAkaraNa gaLalli baLasalAguttade.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu ivellavannU hAgeyE ettikonDu kannaDa vyAkaraNakke hondisikonDiddAre. hAge hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgada kelavu kaDegaLalli kannaDadallilladantaha vibhaktirUpagaLannu (maradattaNim, rAmana deseyinda) mattu vibhakti prayOgagaLannu (karmaNi prayOga) kannaDada mEle horisiddAre. illi eraDu praSnegaLige uttaragaLannu huDukuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDa vyAkaraNakke vibhakti mattu kAraka emba I eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLa avaSyakateyideyE embudu ivugaLalli modalaneya praSne. samskxta vyAkaraNavannu bareyuvalli I eraDu tatvagaLa avaSyakate yideyembudannu adara vayyAkaraNigaLu spaShTavAgiyE tOrisikoTTi Adare kannaDa vyAkaraNakkU avugaLa avaSyakateyideyE embudannu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu pariSIlisida hAgilla. samskxta vyAkaraNadalli I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLannu baLasiddAre, hAgAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNadallU avannu baLasabEkAguttade embudAgi avaru nirdharisida hAgide. ellA bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNadallU I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLu iralEbEkendilla embudannu avaru gamanisida hAgilla.
hAgAgi, nAvu modalige samskxta vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAguttiruva kAraka mattu vibhaktigaLemba I eraDu tatvagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsa

gaLive mattu A vyAkaraNadalli avu entaha kAryagaLannu sAdhisuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLabEku.
anantara, kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli antaha kAryagaLannu sAdhisabEkAda sandabhragaLiveyE? iveyAdare A sandabhragaLalli vibhakti mattu kAraka emba I eraDu tatvagaLannu baLasalE bEkAguttadeyE? embudannu, endare nijakkU I eraDu tatvagaLa avaSyakate kannaDa vyAkaraNakkideyE embudannu pariSIlisabEku.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu mAtravallade bhAratada itara bhAShegaLa vayyAkaraNigaLU idE rItiyalli samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu anusarisutta vibhakti mattu kArakagaLemba I eraDu vyAkaraNatatvagaLannu avu avaSyavE athavA anavaSyavE embudannu pariSIlisade hAgeyE tamma bhASheya vyAkaraNagaLige aLavaDisikonDiddAre. mattu hAge mADuvudara mUlaka halaveDegaLalli A vyAkaraNagaLu bahaLa kliShTavAgu vanteyU mADiddAre.
I viShayavannu svalpa ALavAgi pariSIlisidalli, kannaDa vyAkaraNakke vibhaktiyemba ondu vyAkaraNatatva mAtra iddare sAku, adakkinta bhinnavA giruva kArakavemba vyAkaraNatatva avaSyavilla embudu siddhavAguttade. idannu nAnu bErondu pustakadalli (bhaT 1991) kUlankaSavAgi cacrisiddEne.
samskxtadalli vibhaktigaLannu nEravAgi avugaLa arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavAgade iruva kAraNa, adara vayyAkaraNigaLu kAraka vemba tatvavondannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyunTAgittu. Adare kannaDadalli vibhaktigaLannu nEravAgi arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhya vide. hAgAgi adakke kArakagaLemba kalpita tatvagaLa avaSyakate illa.
idallade, intaha avaSyavillada vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu kalpisikoLLuvu darindAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi jAsti kliShTavAguttade. nAvilli pariSIlisabEkAgiruva eraDaneya praSneyEnendare, samskxta dalli baruva ELu vibhaktigaLu kannaDadallU baruva avaSyakateyideyE, mattu avu nijakkU kannaDadalli baruttiveyE embudu. I viShayada maTTige kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLalli abhiprAyabhEdaviddu svalpa maTTige samSOdhaneyU naDedideyendu hELabahudu. AdarU samskxta vyAkaraNada prabhAvadinda pUrtiyAgi horabandu kannaDa vibhaktigaLannu kannaDaddE Ada svabhAvavannanusarisi vivarisuva kelasa innU naDedilla.

I  viShayavannu  nAnu  mundina  adhyAyadalli  pariSIlisaliddu,  I  adhyAyadalli  kannaDakke  kAraka  illavE  antahadE  Ada  bEre  kalpitavAda  vyAkaraNatatva yAke avaSyavilla embudannu svalpa vistAravAgi vivarisalu  yatnisuttEne.   

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7.2 vibhaktigaLa kelasa

vAkyavondaralli sAmAnyavAgi ondu kriyApada mattu ondu athavA adakkinta heccu nAmapadagaLu (illavE nAmapadakantegaLu) baLakeyAgu ttave. kriyApadagaLu yAvudAdarU ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisuttave mattu nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.

(1)

rAju hariyannu ondu marakke kaTTida

(1)nE  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  kaTTu  kriyApada  ondu  ghaTaneyannu  tiLisuttade.  adE  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  rAju,  hari  mattu  mara  nAma  padagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLannu gurutisu  ttave.  
vAkyavondaralli  I  rIti  kriyApadadondige  ondakkinta  jAsti  nAmapadagaLu bandAga, avugaLa mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu  gurutisabEkAguttade  mAtravalla,  A  kriyApadavu  tiLisuva  ghaTaneyalli  avu  yAva  yAva  kelasagaLalli  toDagive  embudannU  tiLisabEkAgu 
udAharaNegAgi,  *rAju  hari  mara  kaTTida  endiShTE  hELidare,  ‘yAru  yArannu  yAvudakke  kaTTiddu’  emba  viShaya  spaShTavAgalAradu.  idannu  spaShTapaDisuvudakkAgi  vAkyadalli  baruva  I  nAmapadagaLondige  vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide.  
mEle koTTiruva (1)nE vAkyadalli mara padada anantara kke vibhakti  pratyaya  bandiddu,  ‘kaTTi  hAkiddu  yAvudakke’  embudannu  adu  tiLisuttade;  hari  nAmapadada  anantara  annu  vibhakti  pratyaya  bandiddu  ‘marakke yArannu kaTTi hAkiddu’ embudannu adu tiLisuttade. 

I rIti nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastuvigU kriyA  padavu  tiLisuva  ghaTanegU  naDuviruva  sambandhavEnembudannu  tiLisalu  vibhakti pratyayagaLa (athavA bErAvudAdarU sAdhanagaLa) avaSyakateyide.  kannaDadantaha kelavu bhAShegaLalli I kelasakkAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLake  yAguttade. Adare bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre sAdhanagaLa baLakeyAguvudU  ide.  udAharaNegAgi  ingliSh  bhASheya  vAkyagaLalli  padagaLa  jAgavU  I kelasavannu naDesaballudu.  

‘rAju hariyannu marakke kaTTida’

(2R) Hari tied Raju to the tree

‘hari rAjuvannu marakke kaTTida’

(2ka) mattu (2kha) vAkyagaLa naDuve kANisuva artha vyatyAsa khaciriu  mattu  UciDii  emba  I  eraDu  padagaLu  vAkyadalli  elli  bandive  embudara mEle, endare vAkyadalli avugaLa jAga yAvudu embudara  mEle avalambiside. I vAkyagaLalli kriyApadakkinta modalu bandiruva  nAmapada  ‘kaTTidavaru  yAru’  embudannu  tiLisuttade  mattu  kriyA  padada  anantara  bandiruva  nAmapada  ‘yArannu  kaTTiddu’  embudannu  tiLisuttade.  
idallade, I eraDu vAkyagaLallU ‘yAvudakke kaTTiddu’ embudannu  tiLisalu Nao emba upasagrada baLakeyAgide.   
kannaDadalli  intaha  kelasagaLannella  mukhyavAgi  vibhakti  pratyayagaLE  naDesuvuvAda kAraNa, avu yAvuvella ive mattu vAkyagaLalli avugaLa  baLakeyentahadu embudannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli vistAravAgi vivarisuva  avaSyakateyide.  

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7.3 kArakagaLa kelasa

mEleyE sUcisiruva hAge, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti emba vyAkaraNa tatva mAtravallade ‘kAraka’ emba innondu vyAkaraNa tatvavU baLakeyAguttade. kArakagaLemba I vyAkaraNa tatvavu naDesuva kelasa vibhaktigaLu naDesuva kelasakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu.

avu  vibhaktigaLa  hAge  nijakkU  vAkyagaLalli  kANisuva  angagaLalla;  samskxta  vayyAkaraNigaLu  tamma  anukUlakkAgi  sxShTisikonDiruva  vayyAkaraNika parikalpanegaLu mAtra.  
avaru  I  parikalpanegaLannu  sxShTisikoLLalu  kAraNavEnendare,  samskxtadalli  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  avu  sUcisabEkAgiruva  artha  dondige  nEravAgi  sambandhisuvudu  bahaLa  kaShTa.  I  kAraNakkAgi,  vibhaktigaLannu  kArakagaLondige  sambandhisi,  anantara  antaha  kArakagaLa  mUlaka  vAkyada  artha  vEnembudannu  vivarisi  hELalu  samskxtada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  prayatnisa  bEkAgide. 
samskxtadalli  I  rIti  vibhaktigaLigU  avugaLa  arthakkU  nEravAda  sambandhavilladiralu  halavu  kAraNagaLive.  avugaLalli  kelavannu  keLage  vivarisalAgide. kalpisikonDiruva modalu tAvu

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7.3.1 ondu vibhaktige halavu arthagaLu

samskxtadalli prathamA vibhaktige ondu niScitavAda arthavannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesikoDuva vyaktiyannu mAtravallade A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva itara vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLannU prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka samskxtadalli sUcisalu sAdhya

rAmaH sthAlyAm Odanam kAShThayH pacati ‘rAmanu maDakeyalli annavannu kaTTigeyannu baLasi bEyisu ttAne’ (3kha) sthAlI pacati

‘maDakeyalli (annavannu) bEyisuttAne’ kAShTham pacati ‘kaTTigeyannu baLasi (annavannu) bEyisuttAne’

(3ka-ga)dalli koTTiruva mUru vAkyagaLalli prathamA vibhaktige mUru bEre bEre arthagaLiveyumbudannu gamanisabahudu. (3ka) vAkyadalli adu bEyisuva ghaTaneyannu naDesikoDuva vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade; Adare, (3kha) vAkyadalli adu A ghaTaneyannu naDesalu

baLasida pAtreyannu sUcisuttade mattu (3ga) vAkyadalli adakkAgi baLasa lAgiruva kaTTigeyannu sUcisuttade.
(3kha) mattu (3ga) vAkyagaLalli bEyuva padArtha mattu bEyisuva vyakti iveraDannu hesarisillavAda kAraNa, sthAlI ‘maDike’ embudannu (3kha) vAkyadalliyU kAShTham ‘kaTTige’ embudannu (3ga) vAkyadalliyU prathamA vibhaktiyalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgide. idu samskxtada vaySiShTya.
hIge prathamA vibhaktige I mUru (3ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli mUru bEre bEre arthagaLive.

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7.3.2 ondE arthakke halavu vibhaktigaLu

samskxtadalli I rIti ondE vibhakti pratyayavannu halavu arthagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide mAtravalla, ondE arthavannU halavu vibhaktigaLa mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle sUcisiruva arthagaLalli modalaneyadannu, endare ghaTaneyannu naDesuvudu yAru embudannu, samskxtadalli prathamA vibhaktiya mUlakavU sUcisabahudu, txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlakavU sUcisabahudu (4ka-kha nODi).
samskxtadalli ‘kartari’ mattu ‘karmaNi’ embudAgi eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLu baLakeyallive. ghaTaneyondannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu kartari vAkyadalli prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka mattu karmaNi vAkyadalli txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisalAguttade.

(4ka) dEvadattaH grantham paThati

‘dEvadattanu pustakavannu OduttAne’

(4kha) dEvadattEna granthaH paThyatE

‘dEvadattanu pustakavannu OduttAne’

(4ka)  mattu  (4kha)  vAkyagaLeraDakkU  samskxtadalli  artha  ondE;  hIgiddarU  ghaTaneyannu  naDesuva  (Oduva)  vyaktiyannu  (4ka)dalli  prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisalAgide mattu (4kha)dalli txtIyA  vibhaktiya  mUlaka  sUcisalAgide.  endare,  I  eraDu  vAkyagaLalli 

ondE arthavannu eraDu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAgide. kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli (4kha) vAkyavannu ‘dEvadattaninda pustaka OdalpaDuttade’ embudAgi anuvAdisuvudu rUDhi. Adare intaha vAkya kannaDadalli samskxtada prabhAvadinda bandiddu, hosagannaDadalli illavE mAtinalli idu illavendE hELabahudu. idE rItiyAgi dvitIyA mattu saptamI vibhaktigaLannu ondE arthadallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, ‘kuLitiddAne’ emba artha koDuva AstE mattu adhyAstE emba eraDu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu.

(5ka) pavratE AstE

‘guDDadalli kuLitiddAne’ (5kha) pavratam adhyAstE ‘guDDadalli kuLitiddAne’

(5kakha)  vAkyagaLeraDarallU  guDDavu  kuLitukoLLuva  jAgavAgide.  hIgiddarU, (5ka) vAkyadalli adu saptamiyalli bandide, mattu (5kha)  dalli dvitIyuyalli bandide.  

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7.3.3 bEre kAraNagaLu

samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthakkU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavilladiralu bEreyU kelavu kAraNagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, kelavu sandabhragaLalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyaya gaLige samskxtadalli viSiShTavAda arthavE iruvudilla.
idallade, I vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktyarthavannu mAtravallade, nAmapadada linga-vacanagaLannU sUcisuttave. nAmapadagaLa koneya akSharagaLannanusarisiyU samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLalli kelavu vyatyAsa gaLu kANisikoLLuttave. (vivaragaLige 8.3 nODi). intaha vyatyAsagaLU samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avugaLa arthadondige sambandhisuva kelasa heccu kliShTavAguvante mADive.

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7.3.4 kArakagaLa mUlaka sambandhisuvudu

mEle vivarisida hAge, samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisa bEkAgiruva arthagaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavillavAda kAraNa, samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu vAkyada racaneyannu mattu adaralli baLake yAguva vibhaktigaLa svarUpavannu modalige kArakagaLa mUlaka vivarisi, anantara A racaneyannu adara arthadondige sambandhisabEkAgide. nijakkU bhASheyalliruvudu vibhakti pratyayagaLu mattu avu sUcisa bEkAgiruva artha (endare nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandha) iveraDu mAtra. mEle sUcisida hAge, kArakagaLembuvu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu tamma anukUlakkAgi sxShTisikonDiruva kAlpanika tatvagaLu mAtra. avu A bhASheyalli vibhaktigaLa baLake ondu viSiShTavAda rItiyallideyAda kAraNa mAtra bEkAgive.
udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva (3ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli prathamA vibhaktiyalli bandiruva padagaLannu mattu (4kha) vAkyadalli txtIyA vibhaktiyalli bandiruva padavannu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu kartx kArakavendu parigaNisuttAre. idakke badalu, (4kha) vAkyadalli prathame yalli bandiruva padavannu karmakArakavendu parigaNisuttAre.
vibhakti mattu avugaLa arthagaLa naDuve mAtravalla, vibhakti mattu kArakagaLa naDuveyU samskxtadalli nEravAda sambandhavilla. idakke kAraNavEnendare, vibhaktigaLu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthavannu vivarisu vudakkAgi mAtravallade, vyAkaraNada bEre kelavu niyamagaLannu sankShipta vAgi varNisuvudakkAgiyU samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I kAraka gaLannu baLasuttAre.
udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (6-7) vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisa bahudu.

(6ka) akShAm dIvyati

‘pagaDegaLalli jUjADuttAne’

(6kha) akShayH dIvyati

(7ka) Ajyam juhOti

‘tuppadalli hOma mADuttAne’

(7kha) AjyEna juhOti

parigaNisadiralu

(6)  mattu  (7)nE  vAkyagaLeraDarallU  nAmapadavannu  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyallAgali  illavE  txtIyA  vibhaktiyallAgali  baLasalu  sAdhya  vide.  akSha  ‘pagaDe’  embudu  (6ka)dalli  dvitIyuyalli  bandide  mattu  (6kha)dalli  txtIyuyalli  bandide;  Ajya  ‘tuppa’  embudu  (7ka)dalli  dvitIyuyalli bandide mattu (7kha)dalli txtIyuyalli bandide. 
Adare  samskxtada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  (6)ra  vAkyagaLalli  akSha  nAma  pada  dvitIyeyalli  bandare  karmavannu  sUcisuttade  mattu  txtIye  yalli  bandare  karaNavannu  sUcisuttade  embudAgi  hELuttAre  mattu  antahadE  (7)ra  vAkyagaLalli  Ajya  ‘tuppa’  nAmapada  dvitIyeyalli  bandarU  karmavE,  txtIyeyalli  bandarU  karmavE  embudAgi  hELuttAre.  
avaru  I  rIti  (7kha)  vAkyadalli  Ajya  nAmapada  txtIyeyalli  mEle  karaNavendu  bandideyAdarU  adannu  hELidantaha eraDaneya avaSyakateyE (vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu sankShipta  vAgi bareyabEkembudE) mukhya kAraNa.  
samskxtadalli  kriyApadakke  ana  pratyayavannu  sErisi  tayArisida  padada  mUlaka  adara  karaNavannu  sUcisalu  sAdhya  emba  vyAkaraNa  niyamavondide.  I  niyamada  prakAra,  SAt  ‘tunDu  mADu’  kriyA  padadinda  siddhavAguva  SAtana  padada  mUlaka  adara  karaNavAgiruva  ‘cUri’yannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide.  
hu  ‘hOma  mADu’  kriyApadadondige  (6nE  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  juhOti  ‘hOma  mADuttAne’  embudu  A  kriyApadada  ondu  rUpa)  txtIyA  vibhaktiyalli  baruva  Ajya  ‘tuppa’  nAmapada  vannu  karaNa  embudAgi  parigaNisidalli,  A  kriyApadadinda  siddhavAguva  havana  padakkU  adu  sUcisuva  kriyeya  karaNavAda  ‘tuppa’  emba  arthavannu koDabEkAdItu.  
Adare nijakkU samskxtadalli havana embudara artha ‘AhutiyAgi  tuppavannu  hOmadalli  hAkalu  baLasuva  sAdhana’  embudu.  ‘hOma  mADuvudu’  emba  arthavU  adakkide.  AhutiyAgi  baLasuva  tuppa  emba artha adakkilla. hAgAgi, samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu Ajya ‘tuppa’  embudannu hu kriyApadada karaNavendu parigaNisuvudilla.  

samskxta  vyAkaraNadalli  kANisuva  intaha  halavu  samasyegaLindAgi  adara  vayyAkaraNigaLige  vibhaktigaLannu  arthadondige  mAtravallade  kArakagaLondigU nEravAgi sambandhisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. 

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7.4 pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLalli kalpita tatva

kelavu pAScAtya bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLalliyU intahadE vyAkaraNa tatva vondannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDubandide. idannu vyAkaraNa sambandha (gDicimmciNaichiciTa DieTaciNaioTi) embudAgi kareyuvudu rUDhi.
sabjekTa (subriechiNa), DayrekTa AbjekTa (jaiDiechiNa obriechiNa), mattu inDayrekTa AbjekTa (iTijaiDiechiNa obriechiNa) embavugaLu intaha vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLu.
samskxta vyAkaraNada kartx, karma modalAda kArakagaLa hAgeyE pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLa sabjekTa, AbjekTa modalAda vyAkaraNa sambandha gaLU kalpita tatvagaLAgive. idallade, avannu kalpisikonDiruvudakke kAraNavU samskxta vyAkaraNadalliruvantahadE.
vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthakkU naDuve I bhAShegaLalli nEravAda hondANikeyillavAda kAraNa, avugaLa vyAkaraNa gaLalli sabcekTa, AbjekTa modalAda I vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLannu kalpisikoLLabEkAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh bhASheyalli ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesi koDuva vyaktiyannu mAtravallade, A ghaTaneya karaNa, kAraNa mattu jAga (adhikaraNa) I mUrannU kriyApadada mundiruva jAgadalli (endare prathamA vibhaktiyalli baruva nAmapadada jAgadalli) irisalu sAdhyavide.

John opened the door with a key ‘jOn bAgilannu ondu kIliyinda tereda’

(8R) The key opened the door

‘ondu kIliyinda bAgilannu tereyalAyitu’

‘gALige bAgilu tereyitu’ The garden is swarming with bees

(9)

‘tOTadalli jEnuhuLagaLu gumpAgi hAruttive’

(8ka-ga)  mattu  (9)nE  ingliSh  vAkyagaLalli  jOn  embudu  (8ka)dalli, kI embudu (8kha)dalli, vinD ‘gALi’ embudu (8ga)dalli  mattu  gADran  embudu (9)ralli kriyApadada  mundiruva  jAgadalli  (endare ‘prathame’yalli) bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.  
I kAraNakkAgi, ingliSh vAkyagaLalli kriyApadada mundiruva nAma  padavannu nEravAgi kriyeyannu naDesikoDuvavanu emba arthadondige,  illavE  bEre  yAvudAdarU  ondu  niScitavAda  arthadondige  sambandhisalu  sAdhyavAguvudilla.  hAgAgi,  I  jAgavannu  sabjekTa  jAga  embudAgi  karedu  anantara  bEre  niyamagaLa  mUlaka  adannu  artha  dondige sambandhisabEkAgide. 

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7.5 kannaDakke kArakagaLu bEkAgilladiruvudu

kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avugaLu sUcisabEkAgiruva artha dondige nEravAgi sambandhisalu sAdhyavide. I viShayadalli kannaDa bhAShe samskxta mattu ingliSh bhAShegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAdudu.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli ondu nAmapadavannu dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli baLasabEkendiddalli adu kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneya pariNAmavannu ondalla ondu rItiyalli tOrisalEbEkemba niyama vide. idallade, adu gurutisuva vyakti svEccheyinda A ghaTaneyalli toDagirabArademba niyamavU ide.
idE rItiyalli ondu nAmapadavannu saptamI vibhaktiyalli baLasa bEkendiddalli adu ondalla ondu rItiyalli ghaTane naDeyuva jAgavannu sUcisuttirabEkemba niyamavide.

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7.5.1 eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLu

kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avugaLa arthakkU naDuve nEravAda sambandhaviddu ingliShnalli antaha sambandhavilladiralu bEreyU ondu mukhyavAda kAraNavide.
vAkyavondaralli baruva nAmapadagaLigU kriyApadakkU naDuve eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyavide. mEle vivarisidantaha artha sambandhavondu; mattu nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu

modalAdavugaLalli mAtanADuttiddEve, yAvudara viShayavAgi yAvudannu hosatAgi gurutisuttiddEve embantaha ‘bhAShAvyavahAra’kke sambandhisidantaha viShayagaLannu sUcisuva sambandha innondu.
kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisalu bEre bEre sAdhanagaLive. Adare ingliShnalli iveraDannU ondE sAdhanada mUlaka sUcisabEkAgide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (10ka-kha) ingliSh vAkyagaLannu avugaLa bhAShAntaragaLAgi koTTiruva kannaDa vAkyagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

‘huDuga mudukanannu dUDida’ (10R) The old man was pushed by the boy ‘mudukanannu huDuga dUDida’

(10ka)  mattu  (10kha)  vAkyagaLa  naDuviruva  vyatyAsavEnendare,  (10ka)dalli  ADuganu  obba  huDugana  viShayavAgi  mAtanADuttiddAne,  Adare  (10kha)dalli  Ata  obba  mudukana  viShayavAgi  mAtanADu  ttiddAne.  
ingliShnalli  obba  vyakti  illavE  vastuvina  badalu  innobba  vyakti  illavE  vastuvannu  ‘mAtanADuva  viShaya’vannAgi  mADi  vAkyavannu  racisabEkiddalli  avugaLa  jAgavannu  adalu  badalu  mADuvudarondige  kriyArUpavannU  badalisabEkAguttade.  kannaDadalli  idu  avaSyavalla.  (10kha)dalli  kANisida  hAge  nAmapadagaLa  jAgavannu  adalu  badalu  mADidare sAku.  
ingliShnalli  I  kAraNakkAgi  kartari  mattu  karmaNi  embudAgi  eraDu  bageya  vAkyagaLa  avaSyakateyide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  idu  avaSya  villa.  mEle  (7.3.2)ralli  sUcisida  hAge,  kannaDa  vyAkaraNagaLalli  *mudukanu  huDuganinda  dUDalpaDuttAne  embantaha  vAkyagaLannu  karmaNi  prayOgakke  udAharaNegaLannAgi  koDuvudu  nijavAdarU  antaha vAkyagaLu ingliSh (illavE samskxta) vAkyagaLa bhAShAntaragaLu  mAtra.  barahadalli  avugaLa  baLake  bahaLa  aparUpa;  mAtinallantU  illavE  illavendu  hELabahudu.  nijakkU  kannaDakke  antaha  vAkyagaLa  avaSyakateyU illa. 

ingliSh  bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva I eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLalli  padagaLa jAgavannu adalu badalu mADuvudarondige bEre badalAvaNe  gaLannU  mADabEkAguttade  embudu  avugaLalli  savranAmagaLannu  baLasidAga spaShTavAguttade.  

‘avanu avaLannu dUDida’ (11R) She was pushed by him ‘avaLannu avanu dUDida’

(11ka) vAkyadalli he ‘avanu’ mattu heDi ‘avaLannu’ emba eraDu  savranAmagaLannu baLasalAgide; A vAkyada karmaNi rUpavAda (11kha)  vAkyadalli  I  eraDu  savranAmagaLa  jAgavannu  badalAyisalAgide  mAtravalla, avugaLa vibhaktirUpagaLannU badalAyisalAgide.  
(11kha) vAkyadalli ingliShna he embudu him endAgide mattu  heDi embudu she endAgide. Adare kannaDadalli intaha vibhakti rUpagaLa  badalAvaNe  avaSyavilla.  mEle  (11kha)  vAkyada  kannaDa  rUpadalli  avanu  mattu  avaLannu  emba  eraDu  savranAmagaLu  svalpavU  badalAgade  (11ka)  vAkyadalliruvanteyE  uLidukonDive.  avugaLa  jAga mAtra badalAgide. 
kannaDadalli I rIti artha sambandha mattu bhAShAvyavahAra sambandha  gaLannu  bEre  bEreyAgi  mattu  svatantravAgi  sUcisuva  vidhAna  baLakeyallide.  padagaLa  jAgada  mUlaka  bhAShAvyavahArakke  sambandhisida  viShayagaLannu  sUcisalAguttade  mattu  vibhakti  pratyayagaLa  mUlaka  arthakke sambandhisida viShayagaLannu sUcisalAguttade.  
hAgAgi,  kannaDada  vAkyagaLalli  bhAShAvyavahArakke  sambandhisidantaha  badalAvaNegaLannu mADalu avugaLalli baruva padagaLa jAgavannu mAtra  badalAyisidare  sAku,  ingliShnalli  kANisuva  hAge,  vibhaktirUpagaLannu  mattu kriyArUpagaLannu badalAyisuva avaSyakateyilla. 
arthasambandhagaLannu  mattu  bhAShAvyavahAra  sambandhagaLannu  I  rIti oTTige sErisade bEre bErAgi irisiruva kAraNa kannaDadalli vibhakti  pratyayagaLigU  avu  sUcisabEkAgiruva  arthakkU  naDuve  nEravAda  hondANikeyide.  

I  kAraNakkAgi,  kannaDada  vAkyaracaneyannu  mattu  adaralli  baLake  yAguva  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  varNisuvAga  kartx,  karma,  karaNa  modalAda  kArakagaLannAgali  illavE  sabjekTa,  DayrekTa  AbjekTa,  inDayrekTa  AbjekTa  modalAda  bEre  rItiya  vyAkaraNa  sambandha  gaLannAgali  baLasikoLLuva  avaSyakateyilla  (‘bhAShAvyavahAra’da  kuritu  heccina vivaragaLige tirumalES 1979 nODi).  

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7.5.2 kannaDa vAkyagaLalli sabjekTa emba tatva

avaSyavillada kalpita vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu baLasuvudarinda kannaDa vyAkaraNa hEge anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAguttade embudannu ittIcege pAScAtya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli bareda kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu bahaLa spaShTavAgi tOrisikoTTive.
I kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli pAScAtya vyAkaraNagaLalli baruva sabjekTa, DayrekTa AbjekTa mattu inDayrekTa AbjekTa emba vyAkaraNa sambandha gaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. Adare, kannaDada maTTige idu kelavu pariharisa lAgada samasyegaLannU tanduhAkide.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa vAkyagaLalli yAva nAmapadavannu sabjekTa embudAgi hesarisabEku embudu ondu doDDa samasyeyAgiddu, I viShayadalli bahaLa cacre naDedide. modalaneya nAmapada prathamA vibhaktiyalli baruva badalu caturthI vibhaktiyalli baruvantaha kelavu kannaDa vAkyagaLu I sandabhradalli vayyAkaraNigaLige tondareyannu koDuttave.
sAmAnyavAgi, kelavu mAnasika illavE dayhika avasthegaLannu anubhavisuva (illavE anubhavisida) vyaktiyannu I rIti caturthI vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisuvudu kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyama.

(12) rAjuvige hAvannu kanDu hedarikeyAyitu (13) rAjuvige henDatiya nenapAyitu (14) rAjuvige ondu hADu kELisitu

(12-14)rantaha vAkyagaLalli caturthI vibhaktiyalli bandiruva pada  (rAjuvige embudu) sabjekTa endu kelavaru hELuttAre mattu vibhakti  pratyayavilladiruva  pada  (hedarike,  nenapu  illavE  hADu  embudu)  sabjekTa endu bEre kelavaru vAdisuttAre (SrIdhar 1976 nODi).  

I eraDu abhiprAyagaLalli yAvudu sari  mattu yAvudu tappu  endu hELuvudu kaShTa. yAkendare, (12-14) vAkyagaLalli yAvudannu  sabjekTa  embudAgi  ArisikonDarU  ondalla  ondu  samasyeyannu  edurisabEkAguttade.  
intaha  vAkyagaLalli  sAmAnyavAgi  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  bAra  diruva  pada  kriyApadadondige  sEri  vAkyavu  tiLisuva  ghaTaneyannu  sUcisuvudAda  kAraNa,  adannu  sabjekTa  endu  hELuvudu  aShTondu  ucitavendu tOruvudilla.  
udAharaNegAgi,  (12)nE  vAkyadalli  nijakkU  hedarike  embudu  kriyApadada  bhAga  mAtra.  hedarikeyAguvudu  embudE  illi  naDe  diruva ghaTane. hAgAgi hedarike embudannu vAkyada sabjekTa embudAgi  hesarisuvudu svalpa vicitravAgi tOruttade. 
idakke badalu, I (12)nE vAkya rAjuvige EnAyitu embudannu  tiLisuttideyAda  kAraNa,  adaralli  rAju  padavE  sabjekTa  endu  hELidalli bEreyE tondare kANisikoLLuttade.  
intaha  vAkyagaLalli  kriyApadada  koneyalli  baruva  ‘AkhyAta’  pratyayagaLu  caturthI  vibhaktiyalliruva  padada  puruSha-linga-vacana  gaLannu    sUcisuva  badalu,  vibhakti  pratyayavilladiruva  padada  puruSha- linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuttave.  
udAharaNegAgi, (12)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva Agu kriyArUpada  puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu  sUcisuttade  yallade  puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu  sUcisuvudilla.  idE  rItiyalli  (14)nE  vAkyadalli  kELisitu  kriyArUpada  AkhyAta  pratyaya  hADu  padada  puruSha-linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuttade. 
hAgAgi,  (12)nE  vAkyadalli  rAju  pada  sabjekTa  endu  hELidalli  antaha  vAkyagaLalli  baruva  kriyApadada  AkhyAta  pratyaya  vAkyada  sabjekTannu  avalambisilla  endu  hELabEkAguttade.  idU  ondu  samasyeyE.  
kannaDa  vAkyagaLalli  sabjekTa  yAvudu  embudannu  nirdharisuvalli  bEreyU  kelavu  tondaregaLannu  vayyAkaraNigaLu  edurisabEkAgide.  udAharaNegAgi,  ingliSh  modalAda pAScAtya bhAShegaLa  vyAkaraNadalli 

hedarike

padada padada

pratyaya

sakarmaka mattu akarmaka emba eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke bahaLa mahatvavide. idakke viruddhavAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli aycchika mattu anaycchika ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva bEreyE eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke heccina mahatvavide.
sabjekTa emba vyAkaraNa tatvavannu mukhyavAgi sakarmaka-akarmaka vAkyabhEdada AdhArada mEle sAdhisalAgideyAda kAraNa, mattu I vAkyabhEda kannaDadalli aShTondu mahatvavAdudallavAda kAraNa, sabjekTa tatvavannu kannaDakke aLavaDisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. I samasyeyannu keLagina (7.5.3)nE vibhAgadalli vivarisalAgide.

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7.5.3 eraDu vyavasthegaLu

sakarmaka-akarmaka vyatyAsakke mahatvavannu koDuva bhAShegaLallU ondu mukhya vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsa akarmaka vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadavu sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli baruva eraDu nAmapadagaLalli yAvudakke samAnavAgide embudara mEle avalambiside. I vyatyAsada svarUpavEnembudannu tiLiyalu modalige sakarmaka mattu akarmaka vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLannu bEre bErAgi gurutisikoLLuvudu avaSya.
akarmaka vAkyagaLalli kriyApadadondige sAmAnyavAgi ondE ondu mukhyavAda nAmapada baruttiddu adannu ‘sa’ embudAgi gurutisabahudu. idakke badalu sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli eraDu mukhya nAmapadagaLu baruttiddu avannu ‘ni’ mattu ‘ka’ embudAgi gurutisa bahudu. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva akarmaka mattu sakarmaka vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu:

(15) rAju atta (16) rAju hariyannu dUDida

(15)nE  vAkya  akarmakavAgiddu  adaralli  kriyApadadondige  rAju emba ondE ondu mukhya nAmapada (‘sa’ embudu) bandide.  
(16)nE  vAkya  sakarmakavAgiddu  adaralli  kriyApadadondige  eraDu  mukhya  nAmapadagaLu  bandive.  ivugaLalli  modalaneyadannu  (rAju embudannu) ‘ni’ embudAgi mattu eraDaneyadannu (hari embu 

dannu) ‘ka’ embudAgi parigaNisabahudu. ivugaLalli ‘ni’ embudu sAmAnyavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade mattu ‘ka’ embudu antaha ghaTaneyinda yAvudAdarondu rItiyalli prabhAvitanAgiruva vyakti illavE vastuvannu sUcisuttade.
kelavu bhAShegaLalli akarmaka vAkyada ‘sa’ nAmapadakke sakarmaka vAkyada ‘ni’ nAmapada samAnavAgiruvudAdare, bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli ‘ka’ nAmapada samAnavAgiruttade. I samAnate nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyaya, avakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandha, modalAdavugaLannu avalambiside.
kelavu bhAShegaLalli I eraDu rItiya vyavasthegaLU oTTAgi kANisi koLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, hindI bhASheyalli apUrNa samayada vAkyagaLalli modalaneya vyavasthe kANisuttade mattu pUrNa samayada vAkyagaLalli eraDaneya vyavasthe kANisuttade.

(a) modalaneya vyavasthege udAharaNe:

(17ka) rAm sOtA hay ‘rAma nidrisuttiddAne’ (18ka) rAm kitAb paDhtA hay ‘rAma pustaka OduttiddAne’

(18ka)  sakarmaka  vAkyadalli  ‘ni’  nAmapadavAgi  bandiruva  rAm  embudu  (17ka)  akarmaka  vAkyadalli  ‘sa’  nAmapadavAgi  bandiruva  rAm  padakke  samanAgideyendu  hELabahudu.  yAkendare,  (17ka)  vAkyada  kriyApadavu  ‘sa’  nAmapadada  puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu   tOrisuttade  mattu  (18ka)  vAkyada  kriyApadavu  ‘ni’  nAmapadada  (rAm embudara) puruSha-linga-vacanagaLannu tOrisuttade.  

(A) eraDaneya vyavasthege udAharaNe:

(17kha) rAm sOyA

‘rAma niddemADida’ (18kha) rAm nE kitAb paDhI

‘rAma pustaka Odida’

(18kha)  sakarmaka  vAkyadalli  ‘ni’  nAmapadavAgi  bandiruva  rAm  embudu  (17kha)  akarmaka  vAkyada  ‘sa’  nAmapadakke  (rAm  embu  dakke)  samanAgilla  embudannu  gamanisabahudu.  adu  nE  emba  viSiShTavAda  vibhakti  pratyaya(upasagra)dondige  bandide,  mattu  A  vAkyada kriyApada adara linga-vacanagaLannu tOrisuttilla.  
idakke  badalu,  (18kha)  vAkyada  kriyApada  A  vAkyada  ‘ka’  nAma  padavAgi bandiruva kitAb embudara linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuttade.  endare,  I  (17kha-18kha)  vAkyagaLalli  akarmaka  vAkyada  ‘sa’  nAma  padakke  (kitAb  embudakke)  sakarmaka  vAkyada  ‘ka’  nAmapada  (rAm  embudu) samanAgide. 
modalaneya vyavastheyannu baLasuva sakarmaka vAkyagaLalli ‘ni’ nAma  padavannu  sabjekTa  endU  eraDaneya  vyavastheyannu  baLasuva  sakarmaka  vAkyagaLalli  ‘ka’  nAmapadavannu  sabjekTa  endU  parigaNisabEkembudu  kelavara  abhiprAya.  Adare,  bEre  kelavara  abhiprAyadante  I  eraDu  rItiya  vyavasthegaLallU  sakarmaka  vAkyada  ‘ni’  nAmapadavannE  sabjekTa  embudAgi parigaNisabEku (jAsti vivaragaLige Diksan 1994 nODi).   

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7.5.4 kannaDada vaySiShTya

kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, adara vAkyagaLu I eraDu vyavasthe gaLigU sErade avugaLinda horage nilluttave. hAgAgi avugaLalli yAva nAmapadavannu sabjekTa embudAgi parigaNisabEku emba viShaya dalli nirdhArakke baralu tondareyAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli anaycchika ghaTanegaLalli toDagiruva vyaktigaLu A ghaTaneya mUlaka ondu anubhavavannu paDeyuvantiddare avannu caturthI vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisuva kramavide. hAgAgi adara akarmaka mattu sakarmaka vAkyagaLeraDU eraDu bEre bEre rIti yavugaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave.

(19ka) avanu hedarida (19kha) avanige hedaritu (20ka) avanu kate mareta (20kha) avanige kate maretitu

mEle  (19ka)  mattu  (20ka)  vAkyagaLalli  ‘prathamA’  vibhaktiyalli  bandiruva  avanu  padavannu  sabjekTa  endu  kareyabahudu,  Adare  (19kha)  mattu  (20kha)  vAkyagaLalli  caturthI  vibhaktiyalli  bandiruva  avanige padavannU hAge kareyalu sAdhyavE?  
I  praSnege  uttara  koDuvudu  yAke  kaShTa  embudannu  mEleyE  nODiruvevu.  (20kha)  vAkyadalli  kate  embudannu  sabjekTa  endu  parigaNisalu  sAdhya,  Adare  (19kha)  vAkyadalli  yAvudu  sabjekTa?  adaralli sabjekTa embudE illa endu hELidevAdare, mEle vivarisida  akarmaka-sakarmaka vAkya vibhajanege adu apavAdavAgi nilluttade. 
nijakkU illi gamanisabEkAgiruva sangatiyEnendare, kannaDa vAkyagaLa  oLaracaneyannu  vivarisuvalli  sakarmaka  mattu  akarmaka  emba  vibhajane  gintalU  aycchika  mattu  anaycchika  emba  vibhajaneyE  heccu  sahAyaka  vAguttade.  ivugaLalli  eraDaneya  vibhajane  modalaneyadannu  aDDakke  kattarisuva kAraNa, avugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu mukhya vibhajane  yAgi ArisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.  
kannaDada maTTige aycchika-anaycchika vibhajaneyE mukhyavAda vibhajane  (idannu bembalisuva bErondu viShayakke (7.5.5) nODi). hAgAgi,  sakarmaka-akarmaka  vibhajaneya  AdhArada  mEle  nintiruva  sabjekTa  emba  vyAkaraNatatvavannu  kannaDakke  anvayisalu  sAdhyavillavendE  hELa  bEkAguttade. nijakkU adu kannaDakke avaSyavU illa. 

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7.5.5 eraDu rItiya vyAkaraNa kAryagaLu

kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kANisuva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu eraDu vagragaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. avugaLalli modalaneya vagrakke sErida vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu vivarisalu nAmapadagaLa vibhaktirUpagaLannu (endare vibhaktirUpagaLu sUcisuvantaha nAmapadagaLigU kriyApadakkU naDu viruva sambandhavannu) baLasikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
eraDaneya vagrakke sErida vyAkaraNa kAryagaLu ivugaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, avannu vivarisalu bhAShAvyavahAradalli nAmapadagaLa sthAna vEnu emba viShayavannu baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadagaLa ‘jODisuva’ rUpada sahAyadinda kannaDadalli eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisalu sAdhyavide. idu modalaneya vagrakke sEruva vyAkaraNa kArya.

(21ka) avanu kADige hOda (21kha) avanu kaTTige tanda (22) avanu kADige hOgi kaTTige tanda

(21ka)  mattu  (21kha)  vAkyagaLannu  jODisuvudara  mUlaka  (22)nE vAkyavannu tayArisalAgide mattu idakkAgi (21ka) vAkyadalli  bandiruva  hOda  kriyApadavannu  hOgi  embudAgi  adara  jODi  suva  rUpakke    badalAyisalAgide.  entaha  vAkyagaLannu  I  rIti  jODisalu  sAdhya  embudu  avugaLalli  baruva  nAmapada  mattu  kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu avalambiside.  
jODikoLLuva vAkyagaLeraDarallU ondu ghaTaneyalli svEccheyinda  toDagiruvantaha  vyaktiyannu  gurutisalAgideyAdare,  averaDU  obbanE  vyaktiyannu  gurutisuttirabEku  emba  niyama  kannaDadallide.  keLage  koTTiruva (23-26) vAkyagaLu I viShayavannu spaShTapaDisuttave. 

(23ka) rAju akki tandu bEyisida (23kha) *rAju akki tandu hari bEyisida (24ka) rAju A nAyiyannu hiDisi kollisida (24kha) *rAju A nAyiyannu hiDisi hari kollisida (25) mara biddu mADu muriyitu (26)

rAju bobbe hAki maguvige eccaravAyitu

(23ka-kha)  mattu  (24ka-kha)  vAkyagaLalli  oTTu  sEriruva  eraDu  upavAkyagaLallU  svEccheyinda  ghaTaneyalli  toDaguva  vyaktigaLannu  gurutisalAgide.  (23ka)  mattu  (24ka)  vAkyagaLalli  ivu  obbanE  vyakti  yannu  (rAjuvannu)  sUcisuvuvAda  kAraNa  A  vAkyagaLu  vyAkaraNa  sammatavAgive.  
Adare  (23kha)  mattu(24kha)  vAkyagaLalli  avu  bEre  bEre  vyakti  gaLannu  (rAju  mattu  hari  embavarannu)  sUcisuttave.  hAgAgi,  A  vAkyagaLu vyAkaraNasammatavAgilla.  
(25)nE  vAkyadalli  svEccheyinda  ghaTaneyalli  toDaguvantaha  yAva  vyaktiyannU  gurutisillavAda  kAraNa  A  vAkya  vyAkaraNa  sammata 

vAgide; mara mattu mADu iveraDU svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguvavugaLalla.
(26)nE vAkyada modalaneya upavAkyadalli mAtra svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguva vyaktiyannu (rAjuvannu) gurutisalAgide; eraDaneya vAkyadalli bandiruva magu embudu eccaravAguva ghaTane yalli toDagiddu, adu svEccheyinda toDaguva ghaTaneyalla. hAgAgi, A vAkya vyAkaraNasammatavAgide. kannaDadalli I rIti nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva arthasambandhavannu baLasikoLLuva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLu innU halavive. idakke badalu, bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida viShayavannu baLasuva eraDanE rItiya vyAkaraNa kAryagaLU kannaDadalli halavive.
udAharaNegAgi, ondu vAkyadalli bandiruva avanu, ivanu modalAda savranAma(pada)gaLu yAva nAmapadadondige sambandhisive embudu A vAkyadalli avu elli baruttave embudara mEle, endare yAra viShayavAgi A vAkyavannu hELalAgide emba bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida viShayada mEle avalambiside.

(27ka) rAju hariyannu kareyalilla, yAkendare avanu baruvAga

bahaLa taDavAgittu.

(27kha) hariyannu rAju kareyalilla, yAkendare avanu baruvAga

bahaLa taDavAgittu.

avanu savranAmavu (27ka)dalli rAjuvannu gurutisuttade, Adare  (27kha)dalli  adu  hariyannu  gurutisuttade.  I  vyatyAsakke  kAraNa  vEnendare, (27ka)da modalaneya upavAkya rAjuvina kuritAgi ondu  sangatiyannu  tiLisuttade,  Adare  (27kha)da  modalaneya  upavAkya  idannu hariya kuritAgi tiLisuttade. 
I rIti jODisiruva eraDu vAkyagaLalli modalaneyadannu yAra  viShayavAgi  hELalAgide  emba  ‘bhAShAvyavahAra’kke  sambandhisidantaha  viShayavE  adaralli  baruva  eraDu  nAmapadagaLalli  yAvudarondige  eraDaneya  vAkyadalli  baruva  savranAmavannu  sambandhisabEku  embu  dannu nirdharisuvalli AdhAravAguttade. 

I  eraDu  (27ka-kha)  vAkyagaLa  naDuve  vibhakti  pratyayagaLa  baLake  yalli  yAva  vyatyAsavU  kANisuvudillavAdudarinda,  avugaLa  naDuvina  vyatyAsakke  ‘artha  sambandha’dalliruva  vyatyAsa  kAraNavAgalu  sAdhyavilla  embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. 
ingliSh  mattu  samskxta  bhAShegaLu  I  viShayadalli  kannaDakkinta  bhinnavAgive. yAkendare, I eraDu bhAShegaLallU mEle vivarisidantaha  eraDu  rItiya  vyAkaraNa  kAryagaLannu  kannaDada  hAge  bEpraDisalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  hAgAgi,  avugaLalli  baLakeyAguva  ellA  rItiya  vyAkaraNa  kAryagaLannU  kalpitavAda  vyAkaraNa  sambandhagaLa  mUlakavE  vivarisabEkAguttade. 
ingliSh  vyAkaraNagaLalli  ‘sabjekTa’  emba  kalpitavAda  vyAkaraNa  sambandhavannu A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLa  ThiivoNa  endare  ‘niyantraka’  embudAgi  parigaNisuva  avaSyakate  kanDubandide.  samskxtadalliyU  ‘kartxkAraka’  emba  kalpitavAda  vyAkaraNa  sambandha  vannu  A  bhASheyalli  baLakeyAguva  heccina  vyAkaraNa  kAryagaLigU  niyantrakavAgi baLasabEkAgide.  
Adare  kannaDadalli  baLakeyAguva  vyAkaraNa  kAryagaLannu  mEle  vivarisida  hAge  nEravAgi  (1)  nAmapadakkU  kriyApadakkU  naDuviruva  sambandhagaLa  mUlaka  illavE  (2)  bhAShAvyavahArakke  sambandhisida  viShayada  AdhArada  mEle  varNisalu  sAdhyavideyAda  kAraNa  adakke  vyAkaraNa  sambandhagaLa  (sabjekTa,  AbjekTa  modalAdavugaLa  illavE  kartx, karma modalAda kArakagaLa) avaSyakateyilla (jAsti vivaragaLige  bhaT 1991 nODi).  

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7.6 tiruLu

kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti mattu kAraka emba eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu baLasuvudu rUDi. svalpa ALavAgi vicArisidAga, I eraDu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu samskxtakke avaSyavembudu nijavAdarU kannaDakke avugaLalli ondu mAtra, endare vibhakti mAtra avaSya, kAraka embudara avaSyakateyilla emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
kannaDadalli vibhaktigaLannu avu sUcisabEkAgiruva arthadondige (endare nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide emba

viShayadondige) nEravAgi sambandhisalu sAdhya Adare samskxtadalli idu sAdhyavilla embudE I vyatyAsakke mukhya kAraNa.
vAkyaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNa kAryagaLannu varNisu vallU samskxtakke kArakagaLa avaSyakateyide Adare kannaDakke idara avaSyakateyilla. ingliSh modalAda kelavu pAScAtya bhAShegaLigU samskxtada hAge eraDu vidhavAda vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu (vibhaktigaLu mattu sabjekTa, AbjekTa modalAda vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLu) mEle vivarisida kAraNakkAgiyE avaSyavendu kanDubandide. Adare kannaDakke avugaLalli ondu mAtra endare vibhaktigaLu mAtra iddare sAku. sabjekTa, AbjekTa, modalAda vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLa avaSyakate kannaDakkilla.
nijakkU kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli antaha vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu kalpisi koLLalu prayatnisidalli halavu samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAguttade.

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8. vibhaktigaLu

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8.1 munnOTa

kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vibhaktigaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu hindina adhyAyadalli pariSIlisa lAgittu. adEnendare, kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avugaLa arthakkU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyide, Adare samskxtadalli A rIti nEravAda hondANikeyilla.
I vyatyAsada AdhArada mEle, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyannu vivarisuvudakkAgi ‘kAraka’vemba vyAkaraNa tatva vondannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate yAke ide, mattu kannaDadalli antaha avaSyakate yAke illa embudannu alli vivarisalAgittu. samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve vibhaktigaLa sankhyeyalli mattu avugaLa baLakeyalli entaha vyatyAsagaLive embudannu I adhyAyadalli pariSIlisalAgide mattu ‘vibhakti pallaTa’ vemba vyAkaraNa parikalpaneyannu I eraDu bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLalli hEge baLasikoLLalu sAdhya embudannu mundina adhyAyadalli vivarisalAgide. I ellA vyatyAsagaLannU pariSIlisidAga ondu viShayavantU spaShTa vAguttade. samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhakti pratyayagaLa vyavasthe yannu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli tandirisuva kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa prayatna saphalavAgalu sAdhyavE illa.

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8.2 vibhaktigaLa hesaru

samskxtada vibhaktigaLannu ondu kramadalli paTTimADi avakke prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA, caturthI, pancamI, ShaShThI mattu saptamI (endare anukramavAgi ondanE, eraDanE, mUranE, nAlkanE, aydanE, AranE mattu ELanE) vibhaktigaLendu hesaru koDalAgide. I hesarugaLannu kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtadinda hAgeyE kannaDakke vagrAyisikonDiddAre.

samskxtadalli vibhaktigaLannu I rIti prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA  modalAgi  paTTimADi  hesarisalu  ondu  uttamavAda  kAraNavide.  adaralli  baruva  vibhaktigaLalli  yAvuvakkella  ondE  rUpadalliruva  pratyayagaLive  embudannu  sulabhavAgi  vivarisi  hELalu  mElina  krama  atyanta  yOgyavAdudu.  bEre  yAva  rItiyalli  I  vibhaktigaLannu  paTTimADi hELidarU A rIti ondE rUpadalli baruva pratyayagaLannu  aShTondu sulabhavAgi (endare oTToTTAgi) sUcisalu sAdhyavAgadu. 
udAharaNegAgi,  dEvaH  nAmapadakke  dvivacanada  prathamA  mattu  dvitIyA vibhaktigaLeraDaralli dEvav emba ondE rUpavide, txtIyA,  caturthI mattu pancamigaLemba mUru vibhaktigaLalli dEvAbhyam emba  ondE  rUpavide,  mattu  ShaShThI  hAgU  saptamI  vibhaktigaLeraDaralli  dEvayOH emba ondE rUpavide.  

dvivacana

prathamA-dvitIyA txtIyA-caturthI-pancamI dEvAbhyAm dEvayOH ShaShThI-saptamI

dEvav

bahuvacana

caturthI-pancamI

dEvEbhyaH

idE  rItiyalli  agni  nAmapadakke  (1)  Ekavacanada  pancami- ShaShThigaLalli,  (2)  dvivacanada  prathamA-dvitIyegaLalli,  txtIyA- caturthI-pancamigaLalli  mattu  ShaShThI-saptamigaLalli,  hAgU  (3)  bahuvacanada caturthI-pancamigaLalli samAnavAda rUpagaLive.  

Ekavacana

pancamI-ShaShThI

dvivacana

prathamA-dvitIyA txtIyA-caturthI-pancamI agnibhyAm agnayOH ShaShThI-saptamI

bahuvacana

caturthI-pancamI

agnibhyaH

samskxtada  vibhaktigaLannu  mEle  sUcisida  hAge  paTTi  mADidalli  ondE  rUpaviruva  vibhaktigaLella  oTToTTige  baruttave;  bEre  yAva  kramadalli avannu paTTi mADidarU avu A rIti oTToTTige baralAravu  mattu I kAraNakkAgi avugaLa naDuviruva rUpasAdxSyavannu aShTondu  sulabhavAgi vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
endare, rUpasAdxSyavannu tOrisuva samskxtada vibhakti rUpagaLu  I  rIti  oTToTTAgi  nAmapadagaLa  rUpAvaLigaLalli  kANisikoLLa  bEkiddalli  avannu  samskxta  vyAkaraNadalli  mEle  kANisida  hAge  prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA ityAdiyAgi vingaDisuvudu avaSya. 
kannaDada  vibhaktigaLannu  mElina  samskxta  vibhaktigaLa  kramavannanusarisi  prathamA,  dvitIyA,  txtIyA  modalAgi  hesarisuvudarinda  intaha  prayOjanavEnU  sigalAradu.  yAkendare,  kannaDadalli  samskxtada  hAge  ondE rUpaviruva vibhaktigaLE illa.  
samskxtada  ELu  vibhaktigaLannu  kannaDadallU  kANalu  prayatnisidalli  mAtra  adaralli  kelavu  ondE  rUpaviruva  vibhaktigaLiveyendu  hELalu  sAdhya.  Adare  antaha  prayatnadalli  txtIyA-pancamigaLu  (naDuviruva  caturthiyannu  biTTu)  inda  emba  ondE  rUpadavAgi  kANisuttave.  hAgAgi, pratyayagaLannu hesarisuva I mElina samskxtada krama kannaDakke  anukUlavAguva badalu pratikUlavAguttade.   
nijakkU kannaDada vibhaktigaLannu prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA moda  lAgi  kareyuva  badalu,  vAkyagaLalli  baLasidAga  avakke  entaha  artha  baruttade embudannu sUcisuvantaha hesarugaLannu koDuvudE uttama.  idarinda avannu kaliyabEkendiruva vidyArthigaLigU avannu nenapinalli  irisikoLLabEkAgiruva itararigU prayOjanavAdItu.  
udAharaNegAgi,  inda  pratyaya  kannaDadalli  mukhyavAgi  ondu  calaneya  mUla(suru)vannu  sUcisuttade  mattu  ge  pratyaya  calaneya  kone  illavE  guriyannu  sUcisuttade.  I  vibhaktigaLannu  ‘txtIyA’  (illavE  ‘pancamI’)  mattu  ‘caturthI’  embudAgi  hesarisuva  badalu  avugaLa  I  pradhAnavAda  arthavannu  sUcisuva  hAge  ‘suru’  vibhakti  mattu  ‘kone’  vibhakti  embudAgi  hesarisidalli  vAkyadalli  avugaLa  baLake  yentahadu embudannu vivarisuva kelasa sulabhavAdItu.  

idE rItiyalli, kannaDada annu pratyaya mukhyavAgi ondu ghaTane  yinda  bAdhitavAgiruva  vyakti  illavE  vastuvannu  sUcisuttade  mattu  alli pratyaya ondu ghaTane naDediruva jAgavannu sUcisuttade. hAgAgi  iveraDannu  yAva  viSiShTavAda  arthavannU  koDada  ‘dvitIyA’  mattu  ‘saptamI’ vibhaktigaLemba hesarugaLinda kareyuva badalu, avugaLa mukhya  arthavannu spaShTavAgi sUcisuva ‘bAdhita’ illavE ‘Aguga’ vibhakti mattu  ‘jAga’  vibhakti  embudAgi  hesarisuvudE  kannaDada  maTTige  uttamavAda  krama. 
Adare iShTaravarege samskxtada hesarugaLannE baLasi abhyAsavAgiruva  vyAkaraNa panDitarige mAtra idu svalpa tondare koDabahudu.  
kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  samskxtadalli  kANisuva  itara  (prathamA,  pancamI  modalAda)  vibhaktigaLige  samanAda  vibhaktigaLU  kannaDadallive  yendu  hELuttArAdarU  nijakkU  kannaDadalli  adakke  AdhAravillavembu  dannu munde nODaliruvevu.  

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8.3 vibhakti, linga mattu vacana

hinde Araneya adhyAyadalli vivarisida hAge, kannaDadalli baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktiya arthavannu (endare nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu) mAtra sUcisuttave; linga mattu vacana gaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAda pratyaya gaLu baLakeyAguttave.
Adare, samskxtadalli baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktiya artha vannu mAtravallade linga-vacanagaLannU sUcisuttave. idu samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsa.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli pullingada dEva, strIlingada dEvi mattu napumsakalingada jagat padagaLige dvitIyA vibhaktiya Ekavacana, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLalli baruva vibhaktirUpagaLannu gamanisa bahudu.

nAmapada

Ekavacana
dEva (pullinga) dEvam
dEvi (strIlinga) dEvIm

dvitIyA vibhaktiya rUpagaLu dvivacana
dEvav
dEvavya

bahuvacana dEvAn dEvI

jagat (napumsaka jagat

  mEle  dEvam  padadalli  am  pratyaya  bandide.  idu  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu mAtravallade pullinga mattu EkavacanagaLannU sUcisuttade  yundu  hELabEkAguttade.  yAkendare,  dEvIm  padadalli  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu sUcisalu adakkinta tIra bhinnavAda im pratyaya  bandide.  I  pratyayakkU  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu  mAtravallade  strIlinga  mattu  EkavacanagaLannu  sUcisuva  arthavideyundu  hELabEkAguttade.  jagat  padadalli ‘SUnya’ pratyaya bandiddu, adara mEle dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu  mAtravallade  napumsakalinga  mattu  EkavacanagaLannu  sUcisuva  kelasannU  horisabEkAgide.  
idE  rItiyalli  pullinga  dvivacanavannu  sUcisalu  av  pratyaya,  pullinga bahuvacanavannu sUcisalu an pratyaya, strIlinga bahuvacana  vannu  sUcisalu  i  pratyaya,  napumsaka  dvivacanavannu  sUcisalu  I  pratyaya  modalAdavu  bandiruvudannu  idE  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyalli  kANabahudu.  I  kAraNakkAgi,  samskxtadalli  vibhakti  pratyayagaLannu  linga  pratyayagaLinda  illavE  vacana  pratyayagaLinda  bEpraDisalu  sAdhya  vAguvudilla.  
Adare  kannaDadalli  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  vibhaktiya  arthavannu  mAtra  sUcisuttave.  linga  mattu  vacana  bhEdagaLannu  sUcisalu  kannaDadalli  bEreyE  pratyayagaLu  baruttave.  ivugaLalli  linga  pratyayagaLu  huDuga-huDugi,  ajja-ajji  modalAda  kelavE  kelavu  nAmapada  gaLondige  mAtra  baruttave;  uLideDegaLallella  nAmapadagaLa  lingavannu  avugaLa  arthadindalEnE  tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade  (6.3.2  nODi).  adakkAgi pratyayagaLa baLakeyilla. 
kannaDada  vacana  pratyayagaLu  kelavu  sandabhragaLalli  lingabhEdavannU  sUcisaballuvu.  udAharaNegAgi,  bahuvacanada  ru  pratyaya  manuShya  (pum-strI) lingavannU sUcisaballudu mattu vu pratyaya manuShyEtara  (napumsaka)  lingavannU  sUcisaballudu.  Adare  ellA  sandabhragaLallU  I pratyayagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruttave.  
kannaDadalli  linga  mattu  vacana  pratyayagaLu  vibhakti  pratyayagaLiginta  bEreyAgiruvudannu keLagina padarUpagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. 

nAmapada

Ekavacana

huDuga (pullinga) huDuganannu huDugi (strIlinga) huDugiyannu kallu (napumsaka

kallannu

dvitIyA vibhaktiya rUpagaLu bahuvacana huDugarannu huDugiyarannu kallugaLannu

mEle koTTiruva ellA padarUpagaLallU annu pratyaya bandiddu  adu dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu mAtravE sUcisuttade. linga mattu vacana  gaLannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  I  padarUpagaLalli  a  (an),  i,  ru  mattu  gaLu  pratyayagaLu  bandiddu,  avannu  vibhakti  pratyayadinda  bEpraDisalu  yAva tondareyU illa. 
samskxtada  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  mEle  sUcisida  hAge  nAmapadada  vibhakti,  linga  mattu  vacanagaLannanusarisi  mAtravallade  avugaLa  koneya  akSharavannanusarisiyU bhinnavAgiruttave.  
udAharaNegAgi, pullingadalliruva agni mattu guru emba eraDu  nAmapadagaLige txtIyA vibhakti Ekavacanadalli agninA mattu guruNA  emba  rUpagaLive.  guru  padada  koneya  akSharadalliruva  rakAradindAgi  txtIyA Ekavacanada nA embudu NA endAgide. intaha bEreyU  halavu  vyatyAsagaLu  samskxtada  vibhakti  pratyayagaLalli  kANisuttiveyAda  kAraNa,  adara  nAmapadagaLigiruva  vibhakti  rUpagaLannu  kaliyuvudu  ondu bahaLa kaShTavAda kelasavAgide.  
kannaDadalliyU  nAmapadagaLa  svarUpavannavalambisi  vibhakti  pratyaya  dalli  kelavu  vyatyAsagaLu  kANisikoLLuttave.  udAharaNegAgi,  caturthI  pratyayakkiruva  ige,  ge  mattu  kke  rUpagaLu  mukhyavAgi  nAmapadada  svarUpavannavalambisive.  Adare,  samskxtakke  hOlisidevAdare  kannaDadalli  kANisuva I vyatyAsagaLu atyalpavendE hELabahudu.  

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.4 pratyayagaLa avaSyakate

mEle vivarisida hAge, samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktiyannu mAtravallade nAmapadada linga mattu vacanagaLannU sUcisabEkA gideyAda kAraNa, nAmapadavondannu vAkyadalli baLasuvAgalella adakke

yAvudAdarondu vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisiyE baLasabEkembudAgi samskxta vyAkaraNadalli niyamavondannu mADalu sAdhyavAgide.
Adare kannaDadalli intaha niyamavannu mADalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, kannaDada nAmapadagaLu avaSyaviddalli mAtra vibhakti pratyaya dondige baruttave. illavAdalli avu yAva vibhakti pratyayadondigU sErikoLLade prakxtirUpadallEnE baLakeyAguttave.
yAva sandabhradalli I rIti kannaDa nAmapadagaLondige vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide mattu yAva sandabhradalli adara avaSyakateyilla embudu A nAmapadagaLannu baLasabEkAgiruva vAkyada svarUpavannavalambiside. hindina adhyAyadalli vivarisida hAge, vAkya gaLalli sAmAnyavAgi ondu kriyApada mattu ondu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLu (illavE nAmapadakantegaLu) baruttave. ivugaLalli kriyApadavu ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuttade mattu adarondige baruva nAmapadagaLu (illavE nAmapadakantegaLu) A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuttave.
I vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu yAva kelasadalli toDagikonDive embudannu - endare avannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLigU kriyA padakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu - nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu tiLisuttave. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.

(1)

rAju tanna kArannu harige mArida

(1)nE  vAkyadalli  rAju,  hari  mattu  kAru  emba  mUru  nAmapadagaLu  bandiddu,  avu  mAru  kriyApadavu  sUcisuva  (endare  mAruva)  ghaTaneyalli  toDagikonDiruva  eraDu  vyaktigaLannu  mattu  ondu vastuvannu gurutisuttave.  
ivugaLalli  hari  nAmapadadondige  caturthI  vibhakti  pratyaya  ge  bandiddu,  adu  ‘mAriddu  yAva  vyaktige’  embudannu  (harige  embu  dAgi)  tiLisuttade  mattu  kAru  nAmapadadondige  dvitIyA  vibhakti  pratyaya  annu  bandiddu,  adu    ‘mAriddu  yAvudannu’  embudannu  (kArannu embudAgi) tiLisuttade.  

mAriddu  yAru  embudannu  sUcisalu  kannaDadalli  iveraDakkinta  bhinnavAda pratyayada avaSyakateyilla. yAkendare, mElina eraDu vibhakti  pratyayagaLU  illadiruva  mUraneya  nAmapadavE  A  vyaktiyannu  sUcisuvudembudAgi tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide.  
bEre bEre rItiya kriyApadagaLu bEre bEre rItiya ghaTanegaLannu  sUcisaballuvAda  kAraNa,  avugaLalli  toDagikonDirabEkAda  vyakti,  vastu  modalAdavugaLU  bEre  bEre  rItiyavAgiruttave.  udAharaNe  gAgi,  aLu  kriyApadavu  sUcisuva  ghaTaneyalli  obba  vyakti  mAtra  bhAgavahisaballa;  Adare,  bILu  kriyApadavu  sUcisuva  ghaTaneyalli  obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu toDagikonDiralu sAdhyavide.  

rAju atta

(2kha) *pustaka attitu

rAju bidda

(3kha) pustaka bittu

bayyu,  dUDu,  hogaLu,  kollu  modalAda  kriyApadagaLu  sUcisuva  ghaTanegaLalli  avannu  naDesuva  vyakti  mattu  avugaLinda  bAdhitavAguva vyakti embudAgi ibbaru vyaktigaLu bhAgavahisaballaru.  
hAgAgi,  intaha  kriyApadagaLiruva  vAkyagaLalli  obba  vyaktiyannu  innobba  vyaktiyinda  bEpraDisuvudakkAgi  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  baLasuva  avaSyakateyide.  kannaDadalli  idakkAgi  ghaTanegaLinda  bAdhitanAguva  vyakti  yannu annu pratyayada mUlaka sUcisalAguttade.  

(4ka) hari rAjuvannu dUDida (4kha) hariyannu rAju dUDida

(4ka-kha)  vAkyagaLalli  ‘dUDiddu  yArannu’  embudannu  sUcisuvu  dakkAgi  annu  vibhakti  pratyayaviruva  padavannu  baLasalAgide.  Adare  ‘dUDidduyAru’ embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi rAju padavannu adakke  yAva vibhakti pratyayavannU sErisade baLasalAgide.   

kannaDa  vAkyagaLalli  I  rIti  ghaTanegaLannu  naDesuva  vyaktiyannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  yAva  vibhakti  pratyayavannU  baLasuvudilla.  nijakkU  antaha  pratyayada  avaSyakateyE  illa;  yAkendare  annu  vibhakti  pratyayada  mUlaka  sUcisadiruva  vyaktiyE  ghaTanegaLannu  naDesuvavanu  embudAgi tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavAguttade.  
intaha  vAkyagaLu  tiLisuva  ghaTaneyalli  obba  vyakti  mattu  ondu  vastu bhAgavahisuttiveyAdare avugaLalli eraDakkU vibhakti pratyayavannu  sErisadiralu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, avugaLalli yAvudakke yAva kelasa  embudannu sAmAnyavAgi sandabhradindalE UhisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgu 
udAharaNegAgi,  kaTTisuva  kelasavannAgali  illavE  ettuva  kelasa  vannAgali  sAmAnyavAgi  obba  vyakti  mADaballanallade  ondu  vastuvalla.  hAgAgi,  antaha  kriyApadaviruva  vAkyagaLalli  eraDu  nAmapadagaLannU  vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisade baLasalu sAdhyavide. 

(5) (6)

rAju ondu mane kaTTisida hari kay ettida

(5) nE vAkyadalli kaTTisu kriyApadadondige rAju mattu mane  emba  eraDu  nAmapadagaLu  bandiddu  averaDU  vibhakti  pratyayavillade  baLakeyAgive.  I  nAmapadagaLu  gurutisuva  vyakti  mattu  vastugaLa  kelasavEnu  embudannu  tiLiyalu  vibhakti  pratyayada  avaSyakateyilla  diruvudE idakke kAraNa.  
(5)nE vAkyakke ‘kaTTisiddu maneyannu’ emba artha baraballudallade  ‘kaTTisiddu  rAjuvannu’  emba  artha  baruvudu  kaShTasAdhya.  (6)nE  vAkya  dallU hIgeyE.  
vAkyadalli  baruva  nAmapadagaLeraDU  vastugaLannu  sUcisuttiddalli  athavA  nAmapadagaLige  kriyApadadondigiruva  sambandhavannu  jAsti  spaShTavAgi  tiLisabEkiddalli  vibhakti  pratyayada  avaSyakate  kanDubandItu.  antaha sandabhragaLalli annu pratyaya kANisikoLLuttade. 

(7) birugALi maravannu uruLisitu (8)

nanna kay hariyannu etti hiDidide

(7)nE  vAkyadalli  eraDu  nAmapadagaLU  vastugaLannu  sUcisuttive.  hAgAgi, avugaLalli bAdhitavAgiruva nAmapadadondige annu pratyaya  vannu baLasabEkAgide. idakke badalu (8)nE vAkyadalli ondu nAmapada  (kante)  vyaktiyannu  sUcisuttiddu  innondu  vastuvannu  sUcisuttide  yAdarU,  averaDara  naDuve  bAdhitavAgiruvudu  vyaktiyAda  kAraNa,  adarondige annu pratyayavannu baLasabEkAgide. 
kannaDadalli  I  rIti  avaSyaviruvalli  mAtra  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  baLasi  avaSyavilladalli  avannu  baLasadiralu  sAdhyavide.  Adare  samskxta  dalli  avaSyavirali  athavA  illadirali,  vAkyadalli  nAmapadavannu  baLasu  vallella  adarondige  khaDDAyavAgiyU  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  baLasalE  bEkemba niyamavide.  
mEle  sUcisida  hAge,  samskxtadalli  vacana  mattu  vibhaktigaLannu  sUcisalu  kannaDada  hAge  bEre  bEre  pratyayagaLilladiruvudE  idakke  mukhya kAraNa. vibhaktiyannu  sUcisabEkAgilladallU  vacanavannu sUcisa  bEkAguttadeyAda kAraNa, vibhakti  pratyayavannu avaSyavilladallU baLasa  bEkAguttade. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5 pratyayagaLa sankhye

kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhyeyallU bahaLa vyatyAsavide. samskxtadalli eShTu vibhaktigaLiveyO aShTE kannaDadallU irabEkendu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu bhAvisiruvantide. idakkAgi rAmana deseyinda embantaha kannaDada padakanteyannU avaru vibhaktirUpavendu parigaNisiddAre.
Adare nijakkU vibhaktigaLa sankhye bhASheyinda bhAShege bhinnavAgiralu sAdhya. ondE ondu vibhakti pratyayavannU baLasada bhAShegaLU halavive. samskxtakkinta eShTO jAsti, endare hattippattu vibhakti pratyayagaLiruva bhAShegaLU kelavive. udAharaNegAgi, urAlik bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida permyAk bhASheyalli oTTu 28 vibhakti pratyayagaLive! vAkyadalli baruva nAmapadagaLannu (illavE nAmapadakantegaLannu) kriyApadadondige sambandhisuvudE vibhakti pratyayagaLa mukhya kelasa vembudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. Adare I kelasavannu vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlakavE mADabEkendEnU niyamavilla. bEre sAdhana

gaLannu baLasiyU nAmapadagaLige kriyApadadondige entaha sambandha videyembudannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh bhASheyalli I kelasavannu ondu nAmapada vAkyadalli kriyApadada modalu bandideyE athavA anantara bandideyE emba viShayavU naDesaballudu.

‘rAju hariyannu dUDida’

(9R) Hari pushed Raju

‘rAjuvannu hari dUDida’

(9ka-kha) ingliSh vAkyagaLalli ‘yAru dUDiddu’ embudannu Thiush  ‘dUDu’  kriyApadada  modalu  bandiruva  nAmapada  gurutisuttade  mattu  ‘yArannu  dUDiddu’  embudannu  adara  anantara  bandiruva  nAmapada  gurutisuttade.  (9ka)  vAkyadalli  khaciriu  nAmapada  kriyApadada  modalu  bandideyAda  kAraNa,  dUDidavanu  rAju;  idakke  badalu,  (9kha)  vAkyadalli  UciDii  nAmapada  modalu  bandideyAda  kAraNa,  dUDidavanu hari.  
Adare  I  ingliSh  vAkyagaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  eraDu  kannaDa  vAkyagaLallU  ‘yAru  dUDiddu’  embudannu  vibhakti  pratyayavillada  nAmapada  sUcisuttade  mattu  ‘yArannu  dUDiddu’  embudannu  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyalliruva  nAmapada  sUcisuttade.  ingliShna  hAge  avu yAva jAgadalli bandive embudakke I arthavannu koDuva Sakti  kannaDadallilla. 
idE kelasavannu naDesalu munDAri bhASheyalli bErondu vyavasthe  baLakeyallide.  I  bhASheya  kriyApadagaLallEnE  avu  sUcisuva  ghaTane  yalli toDagikonDiruva vyaktigaLannu gurutisalu kelavu AkhyAta pratyaya  gaLu  baLakeyAguttave.  I  pratyayagaLa  jAgavE  avakkU  kriyApadakkU  naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu tiLisuttade. 

(10) dal-ked-ko-a-e

hoDe-bhUtakAla-avaru-kriyApada-avanu ‘avanu avarige hoDeda’

(10)nE  vAkyadalli  ondu  kriyApada  mAtra  bandideyAdarU  adakke ondu iDI vAkyada arthavide. adaralli bandiruva dal ‘hoDe’  embudu  ghaTaneyannu  sUcisuvudAdare,  adara  anantara  bandiruva  ked  pratyaya  bhUtakAlavannU,  ko  ‘avaru’  pratyaya  hoDedudu  yArige  embudannU,  e  ‘avanu’  pratyaya  hoDedudu  yAru  embu  dannU tiLisuttave.  
ko  mattu  e  emba  I  eraDu  pratyayagaLa  jAgavE  avugaLalli  hoDeyuva  vyaktiyannu  sUcisuva  pratyaya  yAvudu  mattu  hoDeta  tinda  vyaktiyannu  sUcisuva  pratyaya  yAvudu  emba  viShayavannu  spaShTapaDisuttade. 
kannaDadalli  annu,  inda,  ge  mattu  alli  emba  nAlku  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  mAtra  baLakeyallive.  ivugaLannu  dvitIyA,  txtIyA,  caturthI mattu saptamigaLendu kareyuvudu rUDhi.  
samskxtada  I  hesarugaLu  kannaDada  maTTige  aShTondu  txptikara  vAgillavembudannu mEle (8.2)ralli nODiruvevu. artha mattu baLake  gaLa maTTigU samskxtadalli I hesarininda gurutisalAguva vibhaktigaLigU  kannaDada vibhaktigaLigU naDuve halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive.  
Adare,  I  pustakada  Odugarige  samskxta  hesarugaLE  rUDhiyAgive  yAda  kAraNa,  anavaSyakavAgi  avaralli  gondalavunTAgada  hAge  A  hesarugaLannE  illU  baLasalAgide.  samskxta  mattu  kannaDa  bhAShegaLa  naDuve vibhaktigaLa arthadalli mattu baLakegaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannu  pariSIlisuvudara  mUlaka  avugaLa  sankhyeyallU  vyatyAsa  hEge  kANisi  koLLuttade embudannu I keLage vivarisalAgide. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.1 prathamA vibhakti

samskxtadalliruva hAge kannaDadalli prathamA vibhaktiyembudilla. idakke mukhyavAgi eraDu viShayagaLannu kAraNagaLendu parigaNisabahudu.
(1) kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avaSyaviddalli mAtra baLasi, avaSyavilladalli avannu baLasadiralu sAdhyavide, Adare samskxtadalli idu sAdhyavilla.

(2)  samskxtadalli  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  vibhaktiyannu  mAtravallade,  nAmapadada  linga  mattu  vacanagaLannU  sUcisuttave,  Adare  kannaDadalli  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  vibhaktiyannu  mAtra,  endare  nAmapadakkU  kriyA  padakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu mAtra sUcisuttave.  
I eraDu kAraNagaLigAgi samskxtakke prathamA emba vibhakti pratyaya  bEkAguttade,  Adare  kannaDakke  bEkAguvudilla.  prathamA  vibhaktiyannu  baLasabEkAgiruva sandabhragaLalli kannaDada nAmapadagaLu yAva pratyaya  vannU paDeyade hAgeyE baLakeyAguttave. 
kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  samskxtada  hAge  kannaDadallU  prathamA  vibhaktiyembudirabEku embudAgi bhAvisiruva kAraNa adakke anurUpa  vAda  ondu  pratyayavannu  huDukabEkAgide.  haLegannaDadalli  m  (sonne  illavE anusvAra)vannu mattu hosagannaDadalli u embudannu idakkAgi  ArisikoLLalAgide.  
Adare  ivu  akArAnta  padagaLondige  mAtra  baruvuvAda  kAraNa,  uLida  kaDegaLalli  prathamA  vibhakti  pratyaya  lOpa  honduttadeyendu  avaru  hELabEkAgide.  idallade,  hosagannaDadalli  akArAnta  padagaLU  intaha  ukAravannu  paDeyade  baraballuvAda  kAraNa,  allU  pratyaya  lOpavannu kANabEkAgide. 

(11ka) huDuganu manege hOgiddAne (11kha) huDuga manege hOgiddAne (12ka) ?tAyiyu aDuge mADuttiddALe (12kha) tAyi aDuge mADuttiddALe

kannaDadalli  sAmAnyavAgi  mEle  (kha)  vAkyagaLalli  koTTiruvantaha  prayOgagaLE jAsti embudannu illi gamanisabahudu. 
SAstrIya  granthagaLalli  baLakeyAguva  kannaDadalli  vibhakti  pratyaya  villade  baruva  nAmapadagaLa  munde  (avu  akAradalli  mAtravallade  itara  svaragaLalli  konegonDiveyAdarU)  vyAkaraNavu,  pratyayavu,  hariyu embudAgi ukAravannu sErisi hELuvudu svalpa jAsti.  
idakke  kAraNavEnendare,  intaha  baravaNigegaLalli  kliShTavAgiruva  vAkyagaLannu baLasuvudu svalpa jAsti. antaha vAkyagaLalli vibhakti pratyaya  villade  bandiruva  nAmapadagaLannu  itara  padagaLinda  (udAharaNegAgi, 

innondu nAmapadakanteya angavAgi bandiruva padagaLinda) bEre mADalu I ukAra prayOjanakke baruttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.2 dvitIyA vibhakti

kannaDadalli dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayavAda annu embudannu avaSya viddalli mAtra baLasi, avaSyavilladalli nAmapadavannu prakxtirUpa dallEnE baLasalu sAdyavide. Adare samskxtadalli idu sAdhyavilla. dvitIyA vibhakti barabEkAda sandabhragaLallella kaDDAyavAgiyU A pratyayavannu baLasalEbEku emba niyama samskxtadallide (8.4 nODi).
idallade, kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve dvitIyA vibhaktiya baLakeyalli bEreyU kelavu vyatyAsagaLive. (1) ondu calaneya guri yAvudu embudannu sUcisalu samskxtadalli dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare, kannaDadalli idu sAdhyavilla. intaha sandabhragaLallella kannaDadalli caturthI vibhaktiyannE baLasabEkAguttade.

(13) saH grAmam gacchati (13ka) ‘avanu haLLige hOguttAne’ (13kha) *avanu haLLiyannu hOguttAne

(13)nE  samskxta  vAkyadalli  hOguvudu  ellige  (haLLige)  grAmam  sUcisabEkAdalli  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu  embudannu  ‘haLLiyannu’  emballi  baLasalu  sAdhyavAgide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  idu  asAdhya  embudannu  vyAkaraNada  maTTige  sariyallada  (13kha)  vAkya  spaShTapaDisuttade. 
(2)  yAroDane  mAtanADuttiddAne  embudannu  tiLisuvudakkAgi  samskxtadalli  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu  baLasalu  sAdhya,  Adare  kannaDadalli  idakkAgi  caturthI  vibhaktiyannu  illavE  oDane  padavannu  baLasa  bEkAguttadallade dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu baLasalu sAdhyavilla. 

(14) saH pitaram uvAca (14ka) ‘avanu tandeyoDane mAtanADida’

(14kha) ‘avanu tandege hELida’ (14ga) *avanu tandeyannu hELida

(14)nE samskxta vAkyadalli yAroDane mAtanADiddu embudannu  sUcisalu  pitaram  ‘tandeyannu’  embudAgi  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu  baLasalAgide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  idu  sAdhyavilla  embudannu  vyAkaraNada  maTTige sariyallada (14ga) vAkya spaShTapaDisuttade. 
(3)  samskxtadalli  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyannu  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  eraDu nAmapadagaLondige, avu bEre bEre vyakti illavE vastugaLannu  gurutisuttiddarU,  baLasalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  idu  sAdhya 

(15) sUdaH tanDulAn Odanam pacati (15ka) ‘aDugeyavanu akkiyannu bEyisuttAne’ (15kha) ‘aDugeyavanu annavannu bEyisuttAne’ (15ga) *aDugeyavanu akkiyannu annavannu bEyisuttAne (16) bAlA andham gxham nayati (16ka) ‘huDugi kuruDanannu manege karedukonDu hOguttALe’ (16kha) *huDugi kuruDanannu maneyannu karedukonDu hOguttALe (17) indraH karNam kavacam yAcatE (17ka) ‘indranu karNana hattira kavacavannu yAcisuttAne’ (17kha) *indranu karNanannu kavacavannu yAcisuttAne

(15-17)  samskxta  vAkyagaLalli  eraDu  bEre  bEre  nAmapadagaLu  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyalli  bandiruvudannu  kANabahudu.  Adare  ivugaLa  kannaDa rUpadalli dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu avugaLalli ondaroDane mAtra  baLasalu  sAdhyavAgideyallade  eraDaroDaneyU  baLasalu  sAdhyavAgilla  embudannu  vyAkaraNada  maTTige  sariyallada  (15ga),  16kha)  mattu  (17kha) vAkyagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.  
(4) samskxtadalli dvitIyA vibhaktige ondu niScitavAda arthavannu  koDalu  adara  vayyAkaraNigaLige  sAdhyavAgilla.  itara  vibhakti  pratyaya  gaLu  sUcisadiruvantaha  artha  dvitIyeyadu  embudAgi  adakkondu  niShEdha  rUpada  arthavannaShTE  koDalu  sAdhyavAgide  (tArApOrvAlA 

1967 nODi). mEle sUcisida hAge ondE vAkyadalli eraDu kriyA sambandhagaLannu adu sUcisaballudembudU I samasyege ondu kAraNa virabahudu.
Adare kannaDadalli I samasyeyilla. adaralli dvitIyA vibhaktige ondu niScitavAda arthaviddu, adu ghaTaneyondaralli svEccheyinda toDagadiruva mattu innobba vyaktiya kAryadindAgi toDagiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu sUcisuttade. idE arthadalli adannu mEle (8.2)ralli ‘Aguga’ illavE ‘bAdhita’ embudAgi hesarisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.3 txtIyA mattu pancamI vibhaktigaLu

samskxtadalli txtIyA mattu pancamI emba eraDu vibhakti pratyaya gaLiddu, kannaDadalli ivakkanuguNavAgi inda emba ondE vibhakti pratyaya baLakeyallide. kannaDada kelavu vayyAkaraNigaLu deseyinda embudannu pancamI vibhakti pratyayavendu karediddArEnO nija. Adare idu ondu nAmapadavallade pratyayavalla.
sEDiyApu deseyinda embudu inda pratyayavannu anTisikonDiruva diSA emba samskxta padada tadbhava rUpa mAtra. rAmana deseyinda embantaha baLakeyalli ondu padakante bandideyallade rAma nAmapadada vibhaktirUpa bandilla. kannaDadalli inda pratyayakkiruva ati mukhyavAda baLakeyundare, calane yAva dikkininda naDeyitu embudAgi calaneya mUlavannu sUcisuvudu.

(1992:164)

kxShNabhaTTaru

hELuva

(18ka) rAju maneyinda banda (18kha) sIte bAviyinda nIrettidaLu (19) rAmu hariyinda pustakavannu kasidukonDa

(18-19)nE  vAkyagaLalli  kANisuva  hAge,  inda  pratyayakke  kannaDa  dalli  mukhyavAgi  apAdAnArtha  (illavE  apakaShrArtha)viddu,  idakke  viruddhavAda  sampradAnArtha  (illavE  sahayOgArtha)vannu  koDuva  Sakti ige (caturthI) pratyayakkide.  

yAva  dikkininda  illavE  yAva  jAgadinda  calane  naDeyuttade  embudannu  inda  pratyaya  sUcisuttade  mattu  yAva  dikkige  illavE  jAgakke calane naDeyuttade embudannu ige pratyaya sUcisuttade. 

rAju manege hOda

(20) (21) sIte kaTTege nIru suriyuttiddALe (22) huDugaru SAleyinda manege ODidaru

sahayOgArthavannu  sUcisuvalli  kannaDa  mattu  samskxta  bhAShegaLa  naDuviruva  I  vyatyAsavannu  keLage  koTTiruva  (23)nE  vAkyavU  spaShTa  paDisuttade. 

(23) dEvO dEvEbhir Agamat ‘dEvanu dEvategaLondige banda’

idE  rItiyalli  samAna  illavE  sadxSa  emba  arthadallU  samskxtadalli  txtIyA  vibhaktiya  prayOgavide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  idakkAgi caturthI vibhaktiya prayOgavide. 

(24) anEna sadxSO lOkE na bhUtO na bhaviShyati

‘ivanige sadxSanAdavanu jagattinalli huTTiyU illa, huTTu vudU illa’

(24)nE  samskxta  vAkyadalli  anEna  embudu  txtIyuyalli  bandide,  Adare  kannaDadalli  avanige  embudAgi  caturthI  padarUpada  baLakeyAgide. avaninda embudannu illi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. 
samskxtadalli sahayOgavannu txtIyA vibhakti sUcisuttade mattu  viyOgavannu  pancamI  vibhakti  sUcisuttade.  Adare  kannaDadalli  idakke  viruddhavAda  prayOgaviddu,  txtIyA  vibhakti  viyOgavannu  sUcisu 

(25) vxkShAt phalam patati

‘maradinda haNNu bILuttade’

(26) aham asmAt vanAt gantumicchAmi

‘nanage I kADininda (horage) hOgabEku’

(25)nE  samskxta  vAkyadalli  pancamiya  vxkShAt  padarUpa  bandide;  Adare  kannaDadalli  txtIyuya  maradinda  embudu  bandide.  idE  rItiyalli  (26)nE  samskxta  vAkyadalli  pancamiya  asmAt  vanAt padakante bandide; Adare kannaDadalli txtIyuya I kADininda  padakante bandide. 
kannaDadalli  I  rIti  inda  pratyayakke  viyOgavE  mukhyavAda  ArthavAda kAraNa, adannu txtIyA endu kareyuva badalu pancamI  endu  kareyuvudE  yOgya  embudAgi  sEDiyApu  kxShNabhaTTaru  (1992:178) vAdisiddAre. 
samskxtadalli  txtIyA  vibhaktiyannu  karaNArthadallU  baLasuva  kramavide.  kannaDadallU  karaNavannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  inda  vibhaktiya  baLakeyE  baruttadeyundu  bhAvisi  kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  adannu  txtIyA vibhaktiyendu karediddAre.  
Adare  nijakkU  idu  sariyalla.  kxShNabhaTTaru  (1992)  tOrisi  koTTiruva  hAge,  kannaDadalli  karaNArthakke  saptamiyannu  baLasuvudE  jAsti (8.5.6 nODi). 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.4 caturthI vibhakti

samskxtadalli calaneya guri illavE uddESakke sambandhisida hAge dvitIyA (8.5.2 nODi), caturthI mattu saptamI emba I mUru vibhaktigaLannU baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli intaha sandabhra gaLalli caturthiyannu mAtra baLasalu sAdhya.

(27ka) rAmaH grAmam gacchati

‘rAma Urige hOguttAne’

(27kha) rAmaH grAmAya gacchati

‘rAma Urige (Urina kaDegAgi) hOguttAne’

(27ga) rAmaH grAmE gacchati

‘rAma Urige hOguttAne (hOgi Urannu sEruttAne)’

samskxtada  grAma  pada  (27ka)  vAkyadalli  dvitIyeyalli,  (27kha)  vAkyadalli caturthiyalli mattu (27ga) vAkyadalli saptamiyalli bandide.  Adare  kannaDada  Uru  pada  mElina  mUru  vAkyagaLallU  caturthI  vibhaktiyallE bandide. 
samskxtadalli sampradAna ‘koDuvudu’ embudE caturthI vibhaktiya  mukhyavAda artha embudAgi vidvAmsaru hELuttAre. Adare kannaDadalli  I vibhaktige calaneya guri (illavE kone)yannu sUcisuvudE mukhya  vAda  artha.  adu  txtIyA  vibhaktiya  viruddha  nilluttade  mAtravalla,  txtIyA vibhaktiyondige sEri saptamI vibhaktiya viruddhavU nilluttade.  
kannaDadalli  txtIyA  mattu  caturthI  vibhaktigaLa  baLakeyalli  calaneya  artha  baruttade,  saptamiya  baLakeyalli  baruvudilla.  Adare,  samskxtadalli  calaneya  artha  caturthI  vibhaktiyalli  mAtravallade  saptamI vibhaktiyallU baraballudu (27ga nODi). 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.5 ShaShThI vibhakti

kannaDada a pratyayavannu ShaShThI vibhaktiyendu kareyuva rUDhiyide. Adare nijakkU adu kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayavAgi baLakeyallilla. I viShayadallU kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide.
a pratyayada mUlaka kannaDadalli ondu nAmapadavannu innondu nAmapadadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavideyallade kriyApadadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi adu kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyaya valla.
Adare samskxtadalli ShaShThI pratyaya ondu vibhaktiyE. yAkendare, A pratyayada mUlaka nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadadondigU nEravAgi sambandhisalu samskxtadalli sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (28-30) samskxta vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.

(28) nEyam mama mahI dulrabhaH

‘nanage I bhUmiyannu gelluvudu kaShTavalla’

(29) bhImasya anukariShyAmi (29ka) ‘(nAnu) bhImanannu anukarisuttEne’ (29kha) *nAnu bhImana anukarisuttEne’ (30) mama prItiH sanjAtaH

(30ka) ‘nanage prItiyunTAyitu’ (30kha) *nanna prItiyunTAyitu’

(28-30)  samskxta  vAkyagaLalli  nAmapadagaLa  ShaShThI  rUpagaLannu  (mama mattu bhImasya embavugaLannu) nEravAgi kriyApadagaLondige  sambandhisalu  baLasalAgide.  Adare  avugaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa  vAkyagaLalli I rIti ShaShThI rUpagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgilla. 
(28) mattu (30)nE vAkyagaLalli ShaShThI vibhaktiyalliruva samskxtada  mama ‘nanna’ padarUpakke badalAgi kannaDadalli caturthI vibhaktiyalliruva  nanage  rUpavU  (29)nE  vAkyadalli  ShaShThI  vibhaktiyalliruva  samskxtada  bhImasya  ‘bhImana’  padarUpakke  badalAgi  kannaDadalli  dvitIyA  vibhaktiyalliruva bhImanannu rUpavU bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.  
I  mUru  baLakegaLallU  samskxtadalli  nAmapadavannu  kriyApada  dondige  sambandhisuvudakkAgi  adara  ShaShThI  rUpavannu  baLasalu  sAdhyavAgide.  Adare  kannaDadalli  hIge  sambandhisalu  ShaShThIrUpavannu  (nanna  illavE  bhImana  embavugaLannu)  baLasuva  badalu  caturthi  illavE  dvitIyA  rUpavannu  baLasabEkAgide.  kannaDadalli  I  kelasakkAgi  ShaShThI rUpavannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. 
hAgAgi,  kannaDadalli  a  pratyayavannu  baLasi  tayArisida  ShaShThI  rUpavannu ondu ‘vibhakti’ rUpavendu parigaNisuvudu sariyalla. ondu  nAmapadavannu  innondu  nAmapadadondige  sambandhisuvudakkAgi  A  nAmapadavannu  adara  ‘viSEShaNa’  rUpakke  badalAyisuvudE  kannaDadalli  I ShaShThI pratyayakkiruva kelasa. 
samskxtadalli viSEShaNavembudillavAda kAraNa adakke nAmapadavannu  viSEShaNarUpakke parivartisuva pratyayada avaSyakateyilla. sAmAnyavAgi  ondu  nAmapadavannu  innondu  nAmapadadondige  sambandhisalu  samskxtadalli averaDannU ondE vibhaktiyalli baLasuvudu krama (3.2.2  nODi).  
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLagina  (31)nE vAkyadalli kANabahudu. 

(31) mxttikam ghaTam Anaya ‘maNNina koDavannu tA’

(31)nE  samskxta  vAkyadalli  mxttika  mattu  ghaTa  emba  eraDu  nAmapadagaLu  ondE  vibhaktiyalli  (dvitIyeyalli)  bandiddu  avu  ondaroDanondu  sambandhisive.  Adare  kannaDadalli  modalaneyadu  ShaShThiyalli  bandiddu,  A  pratyayada  mUlaka  adu  eraDaneyadarondige  sambandhiside.  
nAmapadagaLeraDannu samskxta bhASheyallU ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlaka  sambandhisalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare,  avayavagaLu,  svAmya,  nanTu,  modalAda  kelavu  viSiShTavAda  sambandhagaLannu  mAtra  I  rIti  ShaShThiya  mUlaka sambandhisalu sAdhya.  

(32) mama pustakam iha asti

‘nanna pustaka illi ide’

(33) paSUnAm rAjA simhaH ‘paSugaLa rAja simha’

(34) saH mama pitxH bhrAtA

‘avanu nanna tandeya aNNa’

idakke  badalu,  eraDu  nAmapadagaLa  naDuve  entaha  sambandha  gaLannella  kalpisalu  sAdhyavO  avellavannU  kannaDadalli  a  pratyayada  mUlaka sambandhisabahudu. idallade kelavu guNapadagaLannU kannaDadalli  I  pratyayada  mUlaka  nAmapadadondige  sambandhisalu  sAdhyavide  (dappada halige, ettarada gODe, kOpada huDugi, eLeya miDi). 
kannaDada  a  pratyayakkU  kannaDaddE  Ada  annu,  inda,  ge  mattu  alli  ‘vibhakti’  pratyayagaLigU  naDuve  halavu  vyatyAsagaLive.  ivannella  pariSIlisidAga  nijakkU  kannaDadalli  a  pratyaya  yAke  ondu  vibhakti  pratyayavalla emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.      (1)  kannaDada  a  pratyaya  guNapadagaLannu  mattu  kriyApadagaLa  kxdanta rUpagaLannu hOluttade. I mUrU kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa  viSEShaNagaLAgi baraballa pada(rUpa)gaLembudannu illi gamanisabahudu.  

guNapada
doDDa mane

kxdantarUpa a pratyaya murida mane arasana mane

kappu kallu udda hagga huccu nAyi hasida nAyi

bidda kallu kaTTida hagga

guDDada kallu hullina hagga namma nAyi

(2) ‘mattu’ emba arthavannu koDuva U pratyayavannu kannaDadalli  ellA vibhaktirUpagaLondigU baLasalu sAdhyavide (maneyannU, mane  yindalU,  manegU,  maneyallU);  Adare  a  pratyayaviruva  nAma  padagaLondige adannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.  
idE  rItiyalli  guNapadagaLondigAgali  illavE  kriyApadagaLa  kxdanta rUpadondigAgali I pratyayavannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. I  viShayadallU  a  pratyayaviruva  nAmapadagaLa  baLake  guNapada  mattu  kxdantagaLa hAgideyallade, vibhaktirUpagaLa baLakeya hAgilla. 
(3)  illi  nAvu  mukhyavAgi  gamanisabEkAgiruva  viShayavEnendare,  guNapadagaLu,  kriyApadagaLa  kxdanta  rUpagaLu  mattu  nAmapadagaLa  ShaShThI  rUpa  ivu  mUrU  kannaDadalli  padakantegaLannu  tayArisu  vudakkAgi  mAtravE  baLakeyAguttave.  avu  nEravAgi  vAkyagaLannu  tayArisuvalli  baLakeyAguvudilla.  idakke  badalu,  annu,  inda,  ge  mattu  alli  pratyayagaLu  nEravAgi  vAkyagaLannu  tayArisuvalli  baLake  yAguttave. 
padakantegaLa tayArikeyumbudu vAkyagaLa tayArikeginta keLagina stara  dalli  baruva  vyAkaraNa  kArya.  kannaDada  ShaShThI  pratyaya  I  keLagina  staradalli mAtravE baraballudu.  
idakke  badalu,  annu,  inda  modalAda  vibhakti  pratyayagaLu  adakkinta  mEliruva  vAkyaracaneya  staradalli  baLakeyAguttave.  hAgAgi,  kannaDada  ShaShThI  pratyayavannu  itara  ‘vibhakti’  pratyayagaLondige  ondE  gumpinalli irisi hELuvudu sariyalla. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

8.5.6 saptamI vibhakti

saptamI vibhakti pratyaya samskxta mattu kannaDagaLeraDarallU baLake yAguttade. Adare adara baLakeyalli I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive.
(1) mEle (8.5.4ralli) sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli saptamiya mUlaka ondu calaneya kone yAvudu (yAva jAgadalli calane

muktAyavAyitu) embudannu sUcisalu sAdhya; Adare kannaDadalli idakkAgi caturthiyannu baLasabEkAguttade.

(35) purEShu prEShayAmAsa dUtAn ‘dUtarannu nagaragaLige kaLuhisida’

(35)nE  samskxta  vAkyadalli  saptamiya  purEShu  ‘nagaragaLalli’  bandide; Adare kannaDadalli caturthiya nagaragaLige bandide.  
(2)  kannaDadalli  saptamiyannu  baLasabEkiddalli  adu  calaneya  jAga  vAgirabEkallade  koneyAgirabAradu.  saptamigU  caturthigU  naDuve  kannaDadalliruva I vyatyAsavannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu. 

(36ka) rAju kADige ODida (36kha) rAju kADinalli ODida

ODuva  calane  kADina  dikkigAgi  endare  kADinalli  konegoLLuvante  naDedideyAdare,  (36ka)dalli  kANisidante  kannaDadalli  caturthiyannu  baLasabEkAguttade;  adu  kADinoLagEnE  (endare  kADu  A  calaneya  jAgavAgiruvante)  naDedideyAdare  (36kha)dalli  kANisidante  saptami  yannu baLasabEkAguttade. 
(3)  kannaDada  innondu  vaySiShTyavEnendare,  ghaTaneyalli  baLake  yAguva  karaNa,  dravya,  kAla  modalAda  bEre  kelavu  sambandhagaLannu  sUcisuvudakkAgiyU adaralli saptamiyannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. 

(37) rAju camacadalli UTa mADida (38) jAnaki ondu mUtriyannu maNNinalli mADidaLu (38) Ake aydE miniTinalli UTa mugisidaLu

(4)  samskxtadalli  saptamI  vibhaktiyannu  ellA  rItiya  nAmapada  gaLondigU  ‘jAga’  emba  arthadalli  baLasalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare  kannaDadalli manuShyarannu sUcisuva padagaLondige adannu I arthadalli  baLasalu sAdhyavilla. 

(39) pavrEShu prEShayAmAsa dUtAn

‘pavrarallige dUtarannu kaLuhisida’ tasmin khaDgEna praharan munav ‘avanu munige khaDgadalli hoDeda’

(40)

samskxtada  (39)nE  vAkyadalli  pavrEShu  ‘pavraralli’  embudAgi  manuShyarannu  sUcisuva  padavondu  nEravAgi  saptamI  vibhaktiyalli  bandide.  Adare,  kannaDadalli  I  rIti  saptamI  rUpavannu  mAtravE  baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. 
(39)nE  vAkyada  kannaDa  anuvAdadalli  pavrarallige  embudu  bandide.  idaralli  jAgavannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  allige  padavannu  baLasa  lAgiddu,  adarondige  pavraru  padavannu  sambandhisuvudakkAgi  adara  viSEShaNa  rUpavannu  (pavrara  emba  a  pratyayavannu  sErisiruva  rUpa  vannu) baLasalAgide. 
idakke  badalu,  (40)nE  vAkyada  kannaDa  anuvAdadalli  saptamiya  badalu caturthiyannu (munige embudannu) baLasalAgide. 
kannaDadalli  manuShyarannu  sUcisuva  padagaLondige  baruva  saptamI  vibhaktige  nEravAgi  jAgada  arthavilla.  rAmanalli  endare  rAmana  baLiyalli emba artha mAtra baruttade.  
kannaDadalli  baLakeyAguva  nAlku  vibhakti  pratyayagaLige  entaha  baLakegaLella  ive  embudannu  kUlankaSavAgi  pariSIlisuva  kelasa  innU  naDedilla.  samskxtada  vibhaktigaLannu  mattu  avugaLa  baLakegaLannu  kannaDa  dallU kANuva prayatnavaShTE naDedide.  
samskxtakkinta  kannaDa  I  viShayadalli  tIra  bhinnavAgiralu  sAdhya  embudannu  gamanadallirisikonDu  kannaDada  vibhaktigaLannu  nEravAgi  pariSIlisidalli  mAtra  kannaDa  vibhaktigaLa  nijavAda  svarUpa  entahadu  emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.  

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8.6 tiruLu

kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhye, avugaLa artha mattu avugaLa baLake - ivelladarallU halavAru rItiya vyatyAsagaLive. samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisuva mUlaka kannaDa vyAkaraNada nijavAda svarUpa entahadu embudannu vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

idallade,  kannaDada  vibhaktigaLige  dvitIyA,  txtIyA,  caturthI  mattu saptamI emba kannaDada maTTige arthahInavAgiruva hesarugaLannu  koDuva badalu, kannaDadalli avugaLigiruva mukhyavAda baLakeyentahadu  embudannu sUcisuva Aguga, suru, kone mattu jAga emba (illavE  antahavE  bEre)  hesarugaLannu  koTTalli  A  hesarugaLannu  kaliyuva  mattu baLasuva kelasa sulabhavAgaballudu.   
kannaDadalli prathamA vibhaktiyembudilla. dvitIyeyannu avaSyaviddAga  mAtra  baLasuva  anukUlate  kannaDadallide.  txtIyA,  caturthI  mattu  saptamigaLu  kannaDadalli  mukhyavAgi  jAgavannu  sUcisuttiddu,  avugaLalli  modalaneya eraDu vibhaktigaLu calanege sambandhisida jAgavannu sUcisu  ttave mattu mUraneyadu bariya jAgavannu sUcisuttade.  
txtIyeginta  bhinnavAda  pancamiyemba  vibhakti  kannaDadallilla.  samskxta  vibhaktigaLa  arthakke  hOlisidevAdare  kannaDada  txtIyeyannu  pancamiyendu kareyuvudE oLLeyadu.  
kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva ShaShThI pratyayakke vibhaktiyAgi baLakeyilla.  yAkendare, adu eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu sUcisu  ttadeyallade  nAmapada  mattu  kriyApada  naDuviruva  sambandhavannu  sUcisuvudilla. 

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9. vibhaktipallaTa

ಕನ್ನಡ →

9.1 munnOTa

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘vibhaktipallaTa’ emba vibhAgavondiruttade. ondE arthadalli eraDu athavA jAsti vibhaktigaLu baLakeyAguva kelavu sandabhragaLannu sAmAnyavAgi I vibhAgadalli vivarisalAguttade.
Adare svalpa sUkShmavAgi I sandabhragaLannu pariSIlisidAga, avu gaLalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLige kannaDadalli ondE arthavalla, bEre bEre arthagaLiveyemba viShaya spaShTavAguttade. endare, vayyA karaNigaLu tiLisuva hAge avu ondE arthadalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLalla.
samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalliyU ‘vibhaktipallaTa’gaLannu varNisuva krama vide. Adare, avugaLalli kelavE kelavakke mAtra kannaDada hAge arthabhEda vannu hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAguttade. hAgAgi, heccineDegaLallU avannu ondu vibhaktiya arthadalli innondu vibhaktiya baLakeyumbu dAgi varNisalu sAdhyavide.
kannaDadalli ellA vibhakti pratyayagaLigU arthadondige nEravAda sambandhavide mattu samskxtadalli illa embudE kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve avugaLa vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva I vyatyAsakke mUla kAraNa. kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi intaha eraDu rItiya ‘vibhaktipallaTa’gaLannu kANabahudu.

(1) kriyApadavannu hAgeyE uLisi, adarondige baruva nAmapadagaLannu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhya embudu ondu rItiya vibhaktipallaTa.
(2) kriyApadadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADidAga adarondige baruva nAmapadagaLa vibhaktigaLallU kelavu

badalAvaNegaLannu mADabEkAguvudembudu innondu rItiya vibhaktipallaTa.

I  eraDu  rItiya  vibhaktipallaTagaLallU  kannaDa  vAkyagaLalli  artha  badalAgade  uLiyuvudilla.  samskxtadallU  I  eraDu  rItiya  vibhakti  pallaTagaLannu kANabahudu. Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada I  vibhaktipallaTavannu  kannaDada  hAge  arthavyatyAsadondige  heccineDegaLallU  hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. 

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9.2 kriyApadadalli badalAvaNeyAgade vibhaktipallaTa

hindina adhyAyadalli vivarisida hAge, vibhakti pratyayagaLu nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandha entahadu embudannu tiLisuttave; endare, nAmapadagaLu gurutisuvantaha vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAdavugaLu kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyalli entaha kelasavannu naDesuttave embudannu avu sUcisuttave.
I viShayadalli kannaDada kriyApadagaLannu eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. (1) kelavu kriyApadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu ondu viSiShTavAda rItiyalli mAtra sambandhisalu sAdhyavide. Adare (2) bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli sambandhisalu sAdhyavide.
eraDaneya gumpige sEriruva kriyApadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu avu sUcisaballa sambandhagaLannanusarisi bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyajODigaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.

rAju pustakagaLannu kapATinalli tumbisida (1kha) rAju kapATannu pustakagaLinda tumbisida (2ka) hari pAThavannu maretiddAne (2kha) harige pATha maretide (3ka) jAnaki ENiyinda maravannu hattidaLu (3kha) jAnaki ENiyinda marakke hattidaLu

(1-3)  vAkyajODigaLalli  bandiruva  (ka-kha)  vAkyagaLalli  kriyA  rUpagaLu  badalAgade  uLidiveyAdarU  avugaLondige  bandiruva 

nAmapadagaLa vibhaktigaLu badalAgive. udAharaNegAgi, pustaka nAma pada (1ka)dalli dvitIyeyalli bandide, Adare (1kha)dalli txtIyeyalli bandide. idallade, (1ka)dalli saptamiyallidda kapATu nAmapada (1kha) dalli dvitIyuyalli bandide.
uLida (ka-kha) vAkyagaLallU kriyApada badalAgade uLidide; Adare adarondige bandiruva ondu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLu avugaLa vibhakti pratyayadalli badalAgive.
illi nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, kannaDadalli intaha ‘vibhaktipallaTagaLu’ arthavillada badalAvaNegaLalla. avugaLalli mukhyavAgi ‘samagrate’, ‘svEcche’ mattu ‘sAnnidhya’ embudAgi mUru rItiya arthavyatyAsagaLannu kANalu sAdhya (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 1978, 2004 nODi).

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9.2.1 samagrate

kannaDada kriyApadagaLannu avu sUcisuva ghaTane ondu vastuvannu samagravAgi bAdhisuvudE athavA asamagravAgi bAdhisuvudE emba viShayada mEle eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.
Iju, dATu, tumbu modalAda kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva ghaTane ondu vastuvannu samagravAgi bAdhisuttade; Adare muTTu, kattarisu, hari, nODu modalAda kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva ghaTane ondu vastuvannu asamagravAgi bAdhisuttade.

(4) (5)

hari mEjannu muTTida hari nadiyannu Ijida

hari  mEjina  tudiyannu  mAtravE  muTTiruvanAdarU  (4)nE  vAkyavannu baLasalu sAdhyavide; Adare (5)nE vAkyavannu baLasabEkiddalli  avanu  nadiyannu  samagravAgi,  endare  ondu  daDadinda  innondu  daDadavarege Iji dATirabEkAguttade. 
samagravAgi  bAdhisuva  kriyApadagaLalli  kelavakke  samagra  mattu  asamagra emba I eraDu rItiya arthagaLU baralu sAdhyaviddu, idu  avugaLondige baruva nAmapadada vibhaktiyannavalambiside.  

udAharaNegAgi,  intaha  kelavu  kriyApadagaLu  dvitIyA  vibhakti  yalliruva  nAmapadadondige  bandAga  samagrArthavannu  koDuttave  mattu  nAmapadadondige  bandAga  caturthI  vibhaktiyalliruva  asamagrArthavannu koDuttave (6ka-kha nODi). 
hAgAgi,  antaha  eraDu  baLakegaLannu  dvitIyA-caturthI  vibhakti  pallaTakke udAharaNeyAgi koDalu sAdhyavideyAdarU alli dvitIyA  mattu  caturthI  vibhaktigaLu  ondE  arthadalli  bandive  endu  hELuvudu  sariyalla.  yAkendare  A  eraDu  vibhaktigaLu  bEre  bEre  arthagaLannu koDuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave.  

(6ka) bekku maravannu hattitu (6kha) bekku marakke hattitu

bekku  marakke  buDadindalEnE  hattideyAdare  (6ka)vannu  mattu  mADininda  marakke  hattideyAdare  (6kha)vannU  baLasalu  sAdhyavide.  marada  maTTige  modalaneyadu  samagrArthavannu  koDuvudAdare  eraDaneyadu  asamagrArthavannu  koDuttade.  I  artha  vyatyAsavannu  (7ka-ga) vAkyagaLallU kANabahudu. 

(7ka) jAnaki ENiyinda maravannu hattidaLu (7kha) jAnaki ENiyinda marakke hattidaLu (7ga) jAnaki mADininda marakke hattidaLu

(7ka)dinda  jAnaki  ENiyannu  baLasi  (neladinda)  maravannEridaLemba  artha  siguvudAdare,  (7kha)dinda  Ake,  ENiya  mEle  nintiddavaLu,  allinda  marakke  hattidaLemba  artha  siguttade.  marada  buDadindalE  hattidaLemba  artha  (7kha)  vAkyakke  baralAradu.  antaha  artha  (7ga)  vAkyakkU,  adaralli  mara  nAmapada  caturthiyalli  bandiruva  kAraNa,  baralAradu. 
kannaDadalli  dvitIyA-saptamI  vibhaktipallaTavU  idE  rItiyalli  samagra mattu asamagrArthagaLannu koDaballudu.  

(8ka) Ata kAvEri nadiyannu Ijida (8kha) Ata kAvEri nadiyalli Ijida

(9ka) avanu ondu pustaka(vannu) barediddAne (9kha) avanu ondu pustakadalli (ondu kate) barediddAne

nadiya ondu daDadinda innondu daDakke Ijidanemba artha nadi  pada  dvitIyeyalliruva  (8ka)  vAkyakkide  mattu  nadiyallE  ellO  ondu  kaDe  Ijidanemba  artha  nadi  pada  saptamiyalliruva  (8kha)  vAkyakkide embudannu gamanisabahudu. 
idE  rItiyalli  (9ka)  vAkyakke  avanondu  iDI  pustakavannu  barediddAnemba  samagrArtha  baruttade.  adaralli  pustaka  pada  dvitIyu  yalliruvudE  idakke  kAraNa.  idakke  badalu,  (9kha)  vAkyakke  avanu  pustakada  ondu  bhAgadalli  barediddAnemba  asamagrArtha  baruttade.  adaralli  pustaka  pada  saptamiyalliruvudE  idakke  kAraNa.  I  artha  vyatyAsavannu (9kha)dalli kamsadoLage koTTiruva pada spaShTapaDisuttade.  
mEle  9.2ralli  (1ka-kha)  vAkyagaLalli  intaha  dvitIyA-saptamI  vibhaktipallaTa  mAtravallade,  dvitIyA-txtIyA  vibhakti pallaTavU ide. I vAkyagaLannu keLage punaH koDalAgide. 

koTTiruva

rAju pustakagaLannu kapATinalli tumbisida (1kha) rAju kapATannu pustakagaLinda tumbisida

(1ka)  vAkyada  prakAra  tannalliruva  pustakagaLellavannU  rAju  kapATi  nalli  tumbisidanemba  artha  baruttade,  Adare  kapATu  tumbitemba  artha  baruvudilla.  (1ka)  vAkyada  prakAra  kapATinalli  innU  svalpa  jAga  uLidiralu sAdhyavide.  
(1kha)  vAkya  idakkinta  bhinnavAgide.  A  vAkyada  prakAra,  kapATu  pustakadinda  tumbitemba  artha  baruttade,  Adare  rAjuvige  tannalliruva  pustakagaLellavannU  A  kapATinalli  tumbisalu  sAdhyavAyitemba  artha  baruvudilla. I vAkyada prakAra, kapATu tumbida mElU svalpa pustaka  rAjuvina hattira uLidiralu sAdhyavide. 
(1ka-kha) vAkyagaLalli kANisida hAge, mattu idaranteyE (9ka-kha)  vAkyagaLallU  kANisida  hAge,  samagrArthavannu  koDuva  kriyApada  gaLondige  dvitIyuyalli  baruva  nAmapadavannu  baLasidAga  A  kriyA  padagaLu sUcisuva ghaTaneyu nAmapadavu sUcisuva vastuvannu samagra 

vAgi bAdhisuttadeyumbudu kannaDa vAkyaracaneya ondu sAmAnya niyama.

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9.2.2 svEcchApravxtti

nAmapadavondannu prakxti (prathamA) rUpadalli baLasuva badalu caturthiyalli baLasidAga, A nAmapadavu gurutisuva vyakti ghaTaneyalli svEccheyinda pravxttavAgilla emba artha siguttade. illU vibhaktipallaTa kANisuvudu nijavAdarU ‘prathamA’ mattu caturthI vibhaktigaLu ondE arthadalli bandiveyendu hELuvudu sariyalla.

(10ka) sanyAsi tale turisida (10kha) sanyAsige tale turisitu (11ka) huliyannu kanDu hari hedarida (11kha) huliyannu kanDu harige hedaritu (12ka) pustakavannu taralu avanu maretiddAne (12kha) pustakavannu taralu avanige maretide

gurutisuva

nAmapadavu

(10-12)  vAkyagaLalli  nAmapadavannu  caturthiyalli  baLasidAga  kriyApadavu  tiLisuva  ghaTanege  vyakti  javAbdAranalla  (endare  A  ghaTane  Atana  hatOTiyalliralilla)  emba  artha siguttade. Adare adE nAmapadavannu yAva vibhakti pratyayavannU  sErisade  (‘prathame’yalli)  baLasidAga  adu  gurutisuva  vyakti  ghaTanege  javAbdAranemba artha siguttade. 
prEraNArthavannu  koDuva  vAkyagaLalli  prEritanAgiruva  vyaktiyannu  dvitIyeyindalU  sUcisabahudu  mattu  kayyalli  emba  padadoDane  bandiruva  ShaShThiyindalU  sUcisabahudu.  illU  prEritanAgiruva  vyakti  svEccheyinda mattu svaSaktiyinda kAryadalli toDagiruvanO illavO  emba  viShaya  Atanannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  yAva  vibhakti  pratyayavannu  baLasalAgide embudara mEle avalambisiruttade. 

(13ka) naLiniyu huDuganannu marakke hattisidaLu (13kha) naLiniyu huDugana kayyalli marakke hattisidaLu

(13ka)  vAkyadinda  naLini  huDuganannu  kayyinda  etti  marakke  hattisidaLemba  arthavU  (13kha)  vAkyadinda  naLini  Atanannu  marakke  hattuvante prErEpisidaLemba arthavU siguttade. huDuganu svEccheyinda  marakke hattidanemba artha eraDaneya vAkyadalli mAtra siguttade. 

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9.2.3 sAnnidhya

bayyu kriyApadadondige baygaLannu tinnuva vyaktiyannu gurutisuva nAmapada dvitIyeyallU baraballudu caturthiyallU baraballudu. illU dvitIyA-caturthI vibhaktipallaTakke kannaDadalli artha vyatyAsa vannu sUcisuva Saktiyide.

(14ka) mAlini raviyannu cannAgi baydaLu (14kha) mAlini ravige cannAgi baydaLu

(14ka) vAkyadalli ravi pada dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli bandiddu, idakke  mAlini  raviyannu  hindininda  endare  avanilladAga  avana  tAyiya  hattira athavA bEre yArAdarU obbana hattira baydiddALe emba artha  baruttade.  
(14kha)dalli  adE  pada  caturthiyalli  bandiddu,  idakke  mAlini  raviyannu Atana edurigEnE baydiddALe emba artha baruttade.  
kannaDadalli  dUru  kriyApadavu  sUcisuva  ghaTaneyannu  sAmAnya  vAgi  obba  vyaktiya  edurigEnE  mADuvudillavAda  kAraNa  A  vyakti  yannu gurutisuva nAmapada caturthiyalli baruvudilla.  
idakke badalu, hELu kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu sAmAnya  vAgi  obba  vyaktiya  edurige  mAtravE  naDesuva  kAraNa,  A  vyaktiyannu  gurutisuva nAmapada dvitIyeyalli baruvudilla.  

(15) mAlini raviyannu dUridaLu (16) mAlini ravige hELidaLu

kannaDadalli  caturthI  vibhaktige  I  rIti  ‘sammukhadalli’  emba  artha  baralu  A  vibhaktige  ondu  anubhavavannu  paDeyuva  vyaktiyannu 

sUcisuva arthaviruvudE mukhya kAraNa. obbana sammukhadalli baydare mAtravE Atanige A baygaLina anubhavavAgaballudu tAnE!

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9.2.4 bEre arthagaLu

mEle sUcisida ArthabhEdagaLannu mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu artha bhEdagaLannu kannaDadalli I rIti ‘vibhaktipallaTa’da mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi bILu kriyApadadondige biddiruva jAgavannu sUcisuva padavannu caturthiyalliyU baLasalu sAdhyavide, saptami yalliyU baLasalu sAdhyavide.

(17ka) surESana cenDu nIrige biddide (17kha) surESana cenDu nIrinalli biddide

Adare  I  eraDu  vAkyagaLalli  caturthI  mattu  saptamI  vibhaktigaLu  ondE  arthadalli  bandilla  embudannu  gamanisabahudu.  kannaDadalli  caturthI vibhaktiya baLakeyAdAgalella calaneya artha baruttade, Adare  saptamI vibhaktiya baLakeyAdAga antaha calaneya artha barabEkAgilla.  
mEle  (17ka)  vAkyavu  cenDu  nIrige  hOgi  biddideyembudannU  mattu  (17kha)  vAkyavu  adu  nIrinalli  biddukonDideyembudannU  tiLisuttiddu modalaneyadaralli mAtra calaneya artha kANisuttade. 

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9.3 samskxtadalli vibhaktipallaTa

kannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi vibhakti vyatyAsaviruvallella arthavyatyAsavannU kANalu sAdhya embudAgi ondu niyamavannu mADabahudu. idallade I artha vyatyAsa vibhaktiya mukhya arthadindalEnE sAdhisalu sAdhya vAguvantaha vyatyAsavU Agiruttade embudu kannaDada vaySiShTya.
samskxtadallU kelavu sandabhragaLalli vibhaktipallaTagaLige I rIti arthavannu hondisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare idakke apavAdagaLU halavive.

(18ka) rAmaH grAmam gacchati

‘rAma haLLige hOguttAne’

(18kha) rAmaH grAmAya gacchati

‘rAma haLLige (haLLiya kaDegAgi) hOguttAne’

(18ga) rAmaH grAmE gacchati

‘rAma haLLige hOguttAne (hOgi haLLiyannu sEruttAne)’

(18ka-ga)  vAkyagaLalli  gacchati  kriyArUpadondige  grAma  nAma  pada mUru bEre bEre vibhaktigaLalli baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.  I  mUru  baLakegaLige  heccu  kaDime  ondE  arthavideyendu  hELalu  sAdhyavideyAdarU  avugaLa  naDuve  arthadalli  sUkShmavAda  vyatyAsa  gaLU  ive.  ivannu  mEle  avugaLa  kannaDa  anuvAdadalli  kamsagaLoLage  koTTiruva padagaLu sUcisuttive.  
dvitIyeyu ondu dikkinalli calane naDeyuttideyendiShTE sUcisu  vudAdare,  A  dikku  yAvudu  embudannu  caturthi  tiLisuttade  mattu  calaneya  mUlaka  obba  vyakti  illavE  ondu  vastu  yAva  sthAnadalli  bandu  nilluttade  embudannu  saptami  tiLisuttade  (tArApOrvAlA  1967). 
Adare  samskxtadalli  kANisuva  bEre  halavu  vibhaktipallaTagaLige  I  rIti  arthavyatyAsavannu  hondisalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  udAharaNegAgi,  prEraNArthaka  kriyApadagaLondige  prEritanAguvantaha  vyaktiyannu  gurutisuva nAmapadavondu baruttiddu, adannu samskxtadalli dvitIye  yallU  baLasabahudu,  txtIyeyallU  baLasabahudu.  I  vibhakti  pallaTakke  hondikeyAguvantaha  arthavyatyAsavAvudU  samskxtadalli  iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. 

(19ka) dEvadattEna ghaTam kArayati

‘dEvadattana mUlaka koDavannu mADisuttAne’

(19kha) dEvadattam ghaTam kArayati

‘dEvadattana mUlaka koDavannu mADisuttAne’

(19)nE samskxta vAkyadalli kArayati ‘mADisuttAne’ kriyApadavu  sUcisuva  ghaTaneyinda  prEritanAguva  vyakti  dEvadatta.  Atanannu  gurutisuva  nAmapada  (19ka)dalli  txtIyuyalli  bandide  mattu 

(19kha)dalli dvitIyuyalli bandide. Adare I vibhakti vyatyAsakke hondikeyAguvantaha arthavyatyAsa I vAkyagaLallilla.
idE rItiyalli, kAraNavannu sUcisuva pada samskxtadalli kAraNEna embudAgi txtIyuyallU baraballudu, kAraNAt embu dAgi pancamiyallU baraballudu;
yArondige mAtanADidudu embudannu sUcisuva pada caturthi yallU baraballudu, dvitIyuyallU baraballudu;
yArige koTTaddu embudannu sUcisuva pada caturthiyallU baraballudu, ShaShThi illavE saptamiyallU baraballudu (spIjar 1886 nODi). ivannella vibhaktipallaTavendu kareyuvudakkU mEle vivarisidantaha kannaDada baLakegaLannu vibhaktipallaTavendu kareyuvudakkU naDuve vyatyAsa videyumbudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.

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9.4 kriyApadadalli badalAvaNe

kriyApadadalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADuvudara mUlaka adu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli baLakeyAguva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyannu jAstiyU mADabahudu illavE kaDimeyU mADabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, ondu kriyApadakke prErEpisu emba arthavannu koDuva isu pratyayavannu sErisidAga adu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli prErEpisuva vyaktiyU sEruvanAda kAraNa adarondige baraballa vyakti gaLa sankhye jAstiyAguttade.
idakke badalu, AtmArthakavAda koLLu embudannu sErisidAga adu sUcisuva ghaTanege sambandhisidantaha eraDu kelasagaLannU obbanE vyakti vahisuvantAguva kAraNa, adarondige baraballa vyaktigaLa sankhye kaDime yAguttade.

(20ka) rAju ODida (20kha) hari rAjuvannu ODisida (21ka) nAnu rAjuvige hariya kayyalli pATha hELiside (21kha) nAnu hariya kayyalli pATha hELisikonDe

(20ka)  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  ODu  kriyApadakke  (20kha)  vAkyadalli  prEraNArthakavAda  isu  pratyayavannu  sErisalAgide  mattu  idarindAgi  adu  sUcisuva  ghaTaneyalli  toDagiruva  vyaktigaLa  sankhye  jAstiyAgide  (rAju mattu hari).  
Adare,  (21ka)  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  hELisu  kriyApadadondige  (21kha)  vAkyadalli  AtmArthakavAda  koLLu  embudannu  sErisalAgide  mattu  idarindAgi  adaralli  baruva  vyaktigaLa  sankhye  kaDimeyAgide;  (21ka)dallidda  rAju  (21kha)dalli  bandilla.  (20ka)  vAkyadalli  ibbaru  mADuva  kelasavannu  (20kha)dalli  obbanE  naDesuttiddAne  embudannu  gamanisabahudu. 
I  rIti  vAkyadalli  baruva  nAmapadagaLa  sankhye  heccukaDime  yAdAga,  kelavomme  avugaLalli  modalige  baLakeyAgidda  nAmapadagaLa  vibhaktiyalli badalAvaNeyAgalu sAdhyavide.  
udAharaNegAgi,  (20ka)dalli  vibhakti  pratyayavillade  bandidda  rAju  nAmapada  (20kha)dalli  dvitIyA  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  bandide.  hosatAgi  sErida  hari  padavannu  A  vAkyadalli  vibhakti  pratyayavillade  baLasabEkAgideyembudE idakke kAraNa.  
(20ka)dalli  vibhakti  pratyayavillade  (‘prathame’yalli)  bandidda  rAju  pada (20kha)dalli dvitIyA vibhaktige badalAdudannu vibhaktipallaTavendu  hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli intaha vibhaktigaLa badalAvaNegaLU  artha vyatyAsavannu sUcisuttave. (20kha) sUcisuva ghaTaneyannu rAju  svEccheyinda naDesuvudilla.    
idakke  badalu,  samskxtadalli  kANisuva  intaha  halavu  vibhaktigaLa  badalAvaNegaLige arthavannu hondisikoDalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.  
udAharaNegAgi,  kannaDada  prEraNArthaka  vAkyagaLalli  prEritanAguva  vyaktiyannu  gurutisuva  nAmapadavannu  dvitIyeyallU  baLasabahudu  illavE  kayyalli  padadondige  ShaShThiyallU  baLasabahudu.  dvitIye  yalli  baLasidAga  prEritanAda  vyakti  svEccheyinda  kelasavannu  naDesilla  emba  artha  baruttade  Adare  kayyalli  embudarondige  ShaShThiyalli  baLasidAga A artha baruvudilla. 

(22ka) nAnu rAjuvannu mUru maylu ODiside (22kha) nAnu rAjuvina kayyalli mUru maylu ODiside

(22ka)  vAkyakke  nAnU  rAjuvina  hindeyE  ODi  avanu  mUru  maylu  ODuva  hAge  mADide  emba  artha  baralu  sAdhyavide.  Adare,  (22kha)  vAkyakke  A  arthavilla.  hAgAgi,  (22ka)  vAkyakkinta  (22kha)  vAkyadalli  rAjuvige  heccina  svEcchApravxttiyide  endu  hELalu  sAdhya 
samskxtadalli kartari mattu karmaNi emba eraDu prayOgagaLiddu  ivugaLalli  nAmapadagaLa  vibhaktipallaTavannu  kANabahudu.  Adare  I  vibhakti pallaTakke arthavyatyAsavannu hondisi hELuvudu kaShTasAdhya. 

(23ka) SiSupAlaH kxShNam nindati

‘SiSupAla kxShNanannu nindisuttAne’

(23kha) kxShNaH SiSupAlEna nindyatE

‘SiSupAla kxShNanannu nindisuttAne’

mEle  koTTiruva  (23ka)  mattu  (23kha)  vAkyagaLa  naDuve  artha  dalli vyatyAsavilla embudannu avugaLa keLage koTTiruva kannaDa anuvAda  gaLu  spaShTapaDisuttave.  (23kha)  vAkyavannu  kelavaru  ‘kxShNanu  SiSu  pAlaninda  nindisalpaDuttAne’  embudAgi  anuvAdisuttArEnO  nija.  Adare illi artha vyatyAsavilla. 
samskxtada  kelavu  kriyApadagaLige  upasagragaLannu  sErisidAgalU  avugaLondige  baruva  nAmapadada  vibhaktiyannu  kelavomme  badalisa  bEkAguttade.  intaha  vibhaktipallaTakkU  samskxtadalli  elleDegaLallU  arthabhEdavannu hondisalu sAdhyavAgadu. 

(24ka) hariH SilApaTTE tiShThati

‘hari pAdekallina mEle kuLitukoLLuttAne’

(24kha) hariH SilApaTTam adhitiShThati

‘hari pAdekallina mEle kuLitukoLLuttAne’

(24ka)  vAkyadalli  tiShThati  ‘kuLitukoLLuttAne’  kriyArUpadondige  kuLitukonDa  jAgavannu  gurutisuva  nAmapada  saptamiyalli  bandide.  Adare  (24kha)dalli  adE  kriyApadavannu  adhi  upasagradondige 

baLasiruva kAraNa, kuLitiruva jAgavannu sUcisuva padavannu dvitIye yalli baLasabEkAgide. illi kANisuva vibhaktipallaTa artha vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudilla.
kriyApadadondige upasagragaLannu baLasidAga samskxtadalli intaha halavu rItiya vibhaktipallaTagaLu kANisikoLLuttave. ivugaLalli kelavannu upasagrada arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavideyEnO nija; Adare heccineDegaLallU idu kaShTasAdhya.

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9.5 tiruLu

samskxtada hAge kannaDadallU vAkyadalli baruva nAmapadagaLondige ondu vibhaktiya badalu innondu vibhaktiyannu baLasuva sAdhyateyide. vayyAkaraNigaLu idannu ‘vibhaktipallaTa’vendu kareyuttAre.
nAmapadada vibhaktiyalli kANisuva I badalAvaNe kriyApadadalli yAvudAdarU ondu badalAvaNeyannu mADidudarindAgi naDedira bahudu, illavE kriyApadadalli yAva rItiya badalAvaNeyannu mADiradiddarU adu naDedirabahudu. I eraDu rItiya vibhakti pallaTagaLU samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. Adare, I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. samskxtadalli kANisuva vibhaktipallaTagaLalli heccinavakkU anurUpavAda arthavyatyAsavannu hondisikoDalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. hAgAgi avannu ondu vibhaktiya arthadalli innondu vibhaktiya baLake embudAgi varNisuvudu sari.
Adare, kannaDadalli vibhaktipallaTa kANisuvallella adakke anurUpa vAda arthavyatyAsavU kANisikoLLuttade. hAgAgi, kannaDada vibhaktipallaTa vannu ondu vibhaktiya arthadalli innondu vibhaktiya baLake embudAgi vivarisuvudu sariyalla.
samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisidantilla.

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10. savranAmagaLu mattu eNikeya padagaLu

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10.1 munnOTa

kannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLembudAgi eraDu mukhya pada vagragaLu mAtravallade guNapadagaLemba innondu padavagravU ide yembudannu nAvu mUranE adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLa hAgeyE baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, adaralli kannaDada hAge guNapadagaLemba mUraneyadondu padavagra videyendu hELuvudakke yAva AdhAravU illa.
I eraDu bhAShegaLallU mElina padavagragaLige sErada bEre kelavu padagaLiddu, avannu avyayagaLemba innondu vagradalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu kelavaru ivannU nAma padagaLa vagradallE sErisiddAre. Adare kannaDadalli idu sAdhyavAgadu.
samskxtadalli savranAmagaLannu mattu eNikeya (sankhyAvAcaka) padagaLannu) nAmapadagaLa vagradallEnE sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. Adare, kannaDadalli hIge mADalu sAdhyavAgadu. kannaDada savranAmagaLu eraDu mukhya gumpugaLalli baruttiddu, avu nAmapadagaLinda halavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive. eNikeya padagaLU kelavu viShayagaLalli nAma padagaLa hAgilla.

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10.2 savranAmagaLu

heccina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU eraDu rItiya padagaLannu oTTAgi ‘savra nAma’ emba hesarininda kareyalAguttade. ADuga(uttamapuruSha) mattu kELuga(madhyamapuruSha)gaLannu sUcisuva nAnu, nAvu mattu nInu, nIvu embavugaLu mattu vAkyadallEnE bEre kaDeyalli gurutisiruva vyaktiyannu sUcisuva tAnu, tAvu embavugaLu ondu rItiyavugaLu.

itara  (prathamapuruSha)  vyakti,  vastu  modalAduvannu  sUcisuva  avanu,  avaLu  modalAdavugaLu  mattu  mukhyavAgi  kELvi  (‘praSnA  rthaka’)  vAkyagaLalli  baruva  yAvanu,  yAvaLu  modalAdavugaLu  innondu rItiyavugaLu.  
I  eraDu  rItiya  savranAmagaLa  naDuve  halavu  vyatyAsagaLiddu,  nijakkU  ivannella  ‘savranAma’  emba  ondE  padavagradalli  sErisi  hELuvudu svalpa kaShTa. 

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10.2.1 puruShapadagaLu mattu savrapadagaLu

mEle vivarisida padagaLannella sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLige badalAgi baraballuvemba ondu viShayada AdhArada mEle ‘savranAma’ emba padavagradalli irisuvudu rUDhi.
Adare nijakkU ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva nAnu, nInu modalAda padagaLu bEre nAmapadagaLige badalAgi baruvantaha pada gaLalla. avakke tammadE Ada ondu vyAkaraNa kAryavide. (1ka, kha) vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisidalli I viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

(1R

nAnu nimage hattu rupAyi koDuttEne rAju harige hattu rupAyi koDuttAne

(1ka)  vAkya  ondu  vAgdAna  illavE  mAtu  koDuva  kAryavannu  naDesaballudu,  Adare  (1kha)  vAkya  barE  ondu  viShayavannu  mAtra  tiLisaballudu. yAkendare, vAkyavondaralli adara ADuganannu sUcisuva  nAnu padada baLakeyAgade adu ‘vAgdAna’vAgalAradu. 
intaha nibrandhagaLige kAraNavEnendare, ondu vAkyavannu ADiruva  vyaktiyannu  A  vAkyadalli  bandiruva  nAnu  emba  pada  mAtravE  sUcisaballudu mattu yArannuddESisi A vAkyavannu ADalAgideyO A  vyaktiyannu  nInu  emba  pada  mAtravE  sUcisaballudu.  I  eraDu  kelasagaLannu kannaDadalli bEre yAva padavU mADalAradu. 

nAnu rUpaLannu mecciddEne (2kha) ninage I pustaka meccigeyAgideyE?

(2ka)  vAkyadalliruva  nAnu  padakke  A  vAkyavannu  ADiruva  vyakti  yannu sUcisuva kelasavide. A vAkyavannu rAju hesarina vyakti ADiruva  nAdare,  adaralli  bandiruva  nAnu  pada  rAjuvannu  sUcisuttide  yundEnO  hELabahudu.  Adare  (2ka)dalli  nAnu  padada  badalu  rAju padavannu baLasidalli adu A vAkyada ADuganannu sUcisalAradu. 

rAju jAnakiyannu mecciddAne

nInu padada baLakeyU idE rItiyalli (2kha)dalli kANisida hAge  tannadE Ada ondu kelasavannu kannaDa vAkyagaLalli naDesuttade. 
ADuga  mattu  kELugarannu  sUcisuva  savranAmagaLa  innondu  vaySiShTyavEnendare,  sAmAnyavAgi  avu  sUcisuva  vyakti  entahavanu  embudannu A padagaLu nEravAgi tiLisalAravu. idakkAgi avugaLondige  bEre nAmapadagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide.  
udAharaNegAgi,  obba  vyakti  bAgilannu  taTTidAga  oLagiddavanu  yAru?  endu  praSnisabahudu.  Aga  horagiddavanu  nAnu  endiShTE  hELidalli adu yArendu oLagiddavanige gottAgadiralu sAdhyavide.  
intaha  sandabhragaLalli  ADuga  savranAmakke  nEravAgi  viSEShaNa  gaLannu  sErisi  hELalu  sAdhyavAgadu.  adarondige  horagiddavanu  tanna  hesarannU  sErisi  nAnu  rAju  embudAgi  hELuvudondE  illi  uLidiruva dAri.    
Adare  itara  savranAmagaLa  baLakeyalli  intaha  tondareyilla.  udAharaNegAgi,  ADuga  mattu  kELugarannu  horatupaDisi  itara  vyaktigaLannu  sUcisuva  avanu  savranAmadondige  viSEShaNagaLannu  sErisi doDDavanu, modalinavanu, manege hOdavanu modalAda  rUpagaLannu tayArisi baLasalu sAdhyavide.  
innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, ADuga mattu kELuga savranAmagaLu  vyaktisUcakagaLAgi nAmapadagaLa hAge mAtra baraballuvu.  Adare, itara  savranAmagaLu  avanu,  avaLu,  adu  modalAda  rUpagaLalli  nAma  padagaLa  hAge  mAtravallade  A,  I,  yAva  modalAda  rUpagaLalli  guNapadagaLa  hAgeyU  aShTu,  eShTu,  hEge  modalAda  rUpagaLalli  kriyAguNapadagaLa  hAgeyU  baraballuvu  (heccina  vivaragaLige  bhaT  2003, 2004 nODi). 

intaha  halavu  kAraNagaLigAgi,  nAnu,  nAvu,  nInu,  nIvu,  tAnu  mattu  tAvu  embavugaLannu  ‘puruShapada’gaLemba  padavagradalli  mattu  avanu,  avaLu,  adu,  ivanu,  Ike,  yAru,  eShTu,  elli,  yAvAga  modalAduvannu  adakkinta  tIra  bhinnavAda  ‘savrapada’gaLemba  padavagradalli irisi hELuvudE kannaDa (mattu itara halavu bhAShegaLa)  vyAkaraNagaLa maTTige yOgyavAda vidhAna.  

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10.2.2 savrapadagaLa svarUpa

mEle sUcisida hAge, puruShapada mattu savrapadagaLa naDuve bEreyU halavu vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli pum-strI- napumsaka lingabhEda savrapadagaLalli mAtra kANisuttadeyallade puruSha padagaLalli kANisuvudilla.
nAnu embudannu hengasaru mAtanADuvudiddarU baLasabahudu, ganDasaru mAtanADuvudiddarU baLasabahudu. nInu mattu tAnu embavugaLannU idE rItiyalli lingabhEdavannu gamanakke tegedukoLLade baLasalu sAdhyavide.
Adare avanu, avaLu modalAda savrapadagaLu mEle vivarisida puruShapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiddu lingabhEdavannu tOrisuttave.
idallade bahuvacanarUpa, ShaShThIrUpa modalAdavugaLallU savra padagaLu puruShapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgive embudannu keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

Ekavacana rUpa

puruShapada nAnu nInu tAnu

savrapada avanu

bahuvacana rUpa ShaShThIrUpa nAvu
nIvu
tAvu
avaru
avu(gaLu)

nanna 
ninna 
tanna 
avana 

idakkintalU  mukhyavAgi,  avanu,  avaLu,  avaru,  adu  modalAda  savrapadagaLu  ivanu,  ivaLu,  ivaru,  idu  modalAda  bEre kelavu savrapadagaLondige mattu yAvanu, yAvaLu, yAru, 

yAvudu modalAda ‘praSnArthaka’ savrapadagaLondige ondu rUpA vaLiyalli baruttave.
I rUpAvaLiyalli nAmapadagaLAgi baruva savrapadagaLu mAtra vallade guNapadagaLAgi mattu avyayagaLAgi baruva savrapadagaLU ive. udAharaNegAgi, I paTTiyalli baruva padagaLalli antaha, hAge, eShTu, yAva modalAdavugaLannu kannaDada maTTige ‘savranAma’gaLendu kareyuvudu kaShTasAdhya. yAkendare avugaLalli ellavU ‘nAma’pada gaLalla; kelavu guNapadagaLu mattu bEre kelavu avyayagaLu. hIgiddarU I paTTiyalliruva ellA padagaLU ondE vagradalli sEruttaveyumbu daralli samSayavilla.

avanu ivanu avaLu ivaLu avaru ivaru D

yAvanu
yAvaLu
yAvudu
yAru yAvuvu
yAva

iShTu aShTu antaha intaha entaha

yAvAga eShTu hEge

kannaDadalli  mElina  padagaLu  mAtravallade,  Enu  mattu  yAke  emba  bEreyU  eraDu  savrapadagaLiddu  avu  I  rUpAvaLiyinda  horage  nilluttave.  I  ellA  padagaLannU  a,  i  mattu  yA  emba  mUru dhAtugaLannu baLasi tayArisalAgideyumbudannu gamanisabahudu.  
haLegannaDadalli  u  dhAtuvininda  tayArisiruva  uvam,  uvaL,  udu  modalAda  padagaLannoLagonDiruva  intahadE  bErondu  rUpAvaLiyU baLakeyallittu. Adare hosagannaDadalli idu naShTavAgide.  ivugaLalli  ikArada  padagaLu  mAtanADuvavana  hattirada  vyakti,  vastu  modalAduvannU,  akAradavu  avaniginta  mattu  ukAradavu iveraDara naDuvinavannU sUcisuttidduvendu tOruttade. dUradavannU

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10.2.3 samskxtada savranAmagaLu

samskxtadalliyU kannaDada hAge ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararannu sUcisuva (prathamapuruSha) savranAmagaLu eraDaneya vibhAgadalli (savrapadagaLAgi) baruttiddu, aham ‘nAnu’, tvam ‘nInu’ modalAda puruShapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgive. I viShayadalli samskxta

kannaDada hAge endu hELalu sAdhyavideyAdarU samskxtadalli I padagaLu kannaDakkinta jAsti rUpAvaLigaLalli kANisikoLLuttave.
EShaH ‘ivanu’, EShA ‘ivaLu’, Etat ‘idu’ modalAdavugaLu ADugana hattiradavarannu sUcisuvuvAdare, asav ‘avanu, avaLu’, adaH ‘adu’ modalAdavugaLu ADuganinda dUra iruvavarannu sUcisuttave.
idallade edurige iruvavaru mattu illadavaru emba vyatyAsavannu sUcisuva bEre eraDu rUpAvaLigaLU samskxtadallive. ayam ‘ivanu’, iyam ‘ivaLu’, idam ‘idu’ modalAdavugaLu mAtanADu vavana sAnnidhyadalli iruvavarannu sUcisuttave mattu saH ‘avanu’, sA ‘avaLu’, tat ‘adu’ modalAdavugaLu sAnnidhyadalli illadavarannu sUcisuttave. (samskxtadalli modalige idda I vyatyAsa anantara illavAgide). I nAlku rUpAvaLigaLu mAtravallade kakAradinda suruvAguva kaH ‘yAvanu’, kA ‘yAvaLu’ modalAda praSnArthaka rUpAvaLi mattu yakAradinda suruvAguva yaH ‘yAvanu’, yA ‘yAvaLu’ modalAda sambandhaka rUpAvaLigaLU samskxtadallive. Adare kannaDadalli I eraDu rUpAvaLigaLa sthAnadalli ondE rUpAvaLiyide.
kannaDadalli vAkyagaLannu ondu nAmapadada viSEShaNavannAgi mADi baLasabEkiddalli praSnArthaka savrapadagaLannu hAgeyE ‘sambandhaka’ savra padagaLannAgi baLasuva rUDhiyide. Adare samskxtadalli idakkAgi bEreyE ondu savrapadagaLa rUpAvaLiyannu baLasabEkAguttade.
praSnArthaka savrapadagaLu samskxtadalli kakAradinda ArambhavAguvu vAdare I ‘sambandhaka’ savrapadagaLu yakAradinda prArambhisuttave. idu kannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsa.

kaH nxpAya patram likhati? ‘rAjanige kAgadavannu yAru bareyuttAre?’ (3kha) yaH nxpAya patram likhati saH tatra tiShThati

‘rAjanige kAgadavannu yAru bareyuttArO avaru alli nintiddAre’

mEle  samskxtada  kELviyalli  (3kadalli)  kaH  ‘yAru’  praSnArthaka  pada  bandideyAdare,  sambandhaka  vAkyadalli  (3khadalli)  yaH  ‘yAru’  sambandhaka pada bandide. Adare kannaDadalli iveraDu vAkyagaLallU ondE  pada, endare yAru embudE bandide embudannu gamanisabahudu. 
samskxtadalli  ADuga  mattu  kELuga  puruShapadagaLige  dvitIyA,  caturthI  mattu  ShaShThI  vibhaktigaLalli  sankShipta  rUpagaLive.  udAharaNe  gAgi,  bahuvacanadalli  ADuganannu  sUcisuva  asmAn  ‘nammannu’,  asmabhyam ‘namage’ mattu asmAkam ‘namma’ emba mUru rUpagaLigU  naH emba sankShipta rUpavide, mattu kELuganannu sUcisuva yuShmAn  ‘nimmannu’,  yuShmabhyam  ‘nimage’  mattu  yuShmAkam  ‘nimma’  emba  mUru  rUpagaLigU  vaH  emba  sankShiptarUpavide.  I  padagaLannu  otti  hELadiruva sandabhradalli I sankShipa rUpagaLannu baLasabahudu.  
ADuga  mattu  kELugarannu  sUcisuva  savranAmagaLu  (puruSha  padagaLu)  itara  savranAmagaLiginta  (savrapadagaLiginta)  bhinnavAduvu  embudakke idU ondu AdhAravAgaballudu. 
Adare  illi  ondu  viShayavannu  gamanisuvudu  avaSya.  kannaDadalli  nAmapada,  kriyApada  mattu  guNapada  embudAgi  mUru  padavagra  gaLiveyAda  kAraNa,  mattu  avyayavemba  nAlkaneyadondu  padavagra  vannU kanDukoLLalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, mEle vivarisiruva ellA  rItiya padagaLannU savranAmagaLendu kareyuvudaralli tondareyide.  
Adare  samskxtadalli  I  tondareyilla.  yAkendare  samskxtada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  adara  padagaLannella  kriyApada  mattu  nAmapada  embudAgi  eraDE  eraDu  padavagragaLalli  vibhajisalu  SaktarAgiddAre.  hAgAgi,  mEle  koTTiruva  padagaLannella  ‘savranAma’gaLendu  kareyuvu  daralli  samskxtada  maTTige  tondareyEnU  illa.  idu  kannaDa  mattu  samskxta  bhAShegaLa  naDuve  savranAmagaLa  maTTigiruva  innondu  mukhyavAda vyatyAsa embudannu gamanisabahudu. 

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10.2.4 samskxtada ‘savrAdi’ padagaLu

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli savra, viSva, Eka, tad, Etad, idam, kim, itara, katara, ubhaya, alpa modalAda mUvattaydu padagaLannu oTTige sErisi ‘savrAdi’ emba paTTiyalli irisalAgide. avugaLondige

baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu bEre nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyumbudE I paTTige AdhAra. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli savra rUpadalli eraDu padagaLive. ivugaLalli ondakke ‘ella’ emba arthaviddu, adu ondu savranAma vAgi baLakeyallide; innondakke ‘Siva’ emba arthaviddu, adu savra nAmavallada ondu nAmapadavAgi baLakeyallide. I padagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLa rUpadalli halavu vyatyAsagaLive.

prathamA-bahuvacana caturthI-Ekavacana pancamI-Ekavacana saptamI-Ekavacana ShaShThI-bahuvacana

savra ‘ella’ savrE
savrasmay savrasmAt savrasmin savrEShAm

savra ‘Siva’ savrAH savrAya savrAt savrE savrANAm

savra  paTTiyalli  bandiruva  itara  padagaLigU  mEle  koTTiruva  savra  ‘ella’  padada  hAgeyE  iruvantaha  vibhakti  rUpagaLive.  I  viShayavannu  sankShiptavAgi  sUcisalu  samskxtada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  ivannella ‘savrAdi’ paTTiyalli sErisi hELiddAre. 
kannaDadalli  nAnu,  nInu  mattu  tAnu  embavugaLannu  biTTu  uLiduvakke I rIti viSiShTavAda vibhakti rUpagaLilla. hAgAgi, samskxtada  savranAmagaLa  hAge  kannaDada  ellA  savranAmagaLannU  oTTige  ondu  vagradalli  sErisi  hELalu  antaha  vibhakti  rUpada  AdhAravU  siguvu 

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10.3 eNikeya padagaLu

kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu halavu viShayagaLalli samskxtada eNikeya (sankhyAvAcaka) padagaLinda bhinnavAgive. hAgAgi avannu samskxtada hAge nAmapadagaLa padavagradalli irisuvudu sariyalla.
samskxtada eNikeya padagaLu nAmapada vagradalli baruttave. Adare kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli nAmapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttave, Adare bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli guNapadagaLa hAge

baLakeyAguttave. hAgAgi avannu bEreyE padavagradalli irisuva avaSyakateyide.
idallade, oLaracaneyallU kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu samskxtada eNikeya padagaLiginta kelavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive.

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10.3.1 baLakeyalli vyatyAsa

kannaDada eNikeya padagaLannu ondu nAmapadada viSEShaNavAgi baLasi dAga, avu guNapadagaLa hAge yAva pratyayavannU paDeyade baruttave. Adare nAmapadagaLu I jAgadalli ShaShThI pratyayadondige baruttave.

nAmapada maNNina koDa marada peTTige
kallina mane

eNikeya pada mUru koDa enTu peTTige nAlku mane

guNapada kappu koDa doDDa peTTige hosa mane

(4R)

(4ka-ga)da  modalanE  kAlannalli  koTTiruva  nAmapadagaLu  ShaShThI  vibhaktiyalli  bandive,  Adare  eraDanE  kAlannalli  koTTiruva  eNikeya  padagaLu  mattu  mUranE  kAlannalli  koTTiruva  guNapadagaLu  vibhakti  pratyayavillade hAgeyE bandive. 
I  viShayadalli  samskxta  kannaDakkinta  bhinnavAgide.  yAkendare,  A  bhASheya  eNikeya  padagaLannu  ondu  nAmapadada  viSEShaNavAgi  baLasi  dAga,  avu  A  nAmapadada  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  baruttave.  idE  rItiyalli  samskxtada  nAmapadagaLannu  (illavE  guNapadagaLannu)  bErondu  nAmapadadondige  viSEShaNavAgi  baLasidAgalU  avu  A  nAmapadada vibhakti pratyayavannu paDeyuttave.  

(5)

nAmapada
mxttikaH ghaTaH
‘maNNina koDa’

eNikeya pada ‘ondu koDa’

guNapada kxShNaH ghaTaH ‘kappu koDa’

(5)ralli koTTiruva samskxtada padakantegaLalli mxttika, Eka mattu  kxShNa ivu mUrU avugaLa mundiruva ghaTa embudara linga-vacana- vibhaktiyannE  paDedive.  I  kAraNakkAgi  samskxtada  nAmapada,  eNikeya 

pada mattu guNapadagaLannu ondE padavagradalli irisuvudu sari. Adare kannaDadalli A rIti mADuvudu sariyalla.
kannaDada eNikeya padagaLannu nAmapadada jAgadalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade hAgeyE avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavide (6ka-kha nODi). Adare guNapadagaLannu A rIti baLasalu sAdhyavilla (3.2.5 nODi).
I viShayadalli kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu samskxtada eNikeya padagaLannu hOluttave. yAkendare, samskxtadallU eNikeya pada gaLannu nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide.

(6ka) aham Ekam phalam khAdAmi

‘nAnu ondu haNNannu tinnuttEne’

(6kha) aham Ekam khAdAmi

‘nAnu ondannu tinnuttEne’

(6kha)dalli  samskxtada  Ekam  eNikeya  pada  mattu  kannaDada  ondannu  eNikeya  pada  iveraDU  dvitIyA  vibhakti  pratyayadondige  nAmapadada  (phalam  embudara  illavE  haNNannu  embudara)  jAgadalli  baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.  

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10.3.2 oLaracaneyalli vyatyAsa

kannaDadalli hannondu, hanneraDu, hadimUru modalAda ippattara varegina eNikeya padagaLannu hattu padada ShaShThI rUpakke ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAdavuLannu sErisi racisalAgide (hattina + ondu - hannondu). idakke badalu ippattu, mUvattu, nalu vattu, ayvattu modalAdavugaLannu eraDu, mUru, nAlku, aydu modalAdavugaLige nEravAgi hattu padavannu sErisi racisalAgide.
I rIti kannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya eNikeya padagaLa oLaracane yalli vyatyAsavide. Adare samskxtadalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLannU ondE rItiyalli, endare Eka, dvA, traya, catur modalAduvannu ‘hattu’ embarthada padakke sErisi racisalAgide.

EkAdaSa  ‘hannondu’,  dvAdaSa  ‘hanneraDu’,  trayOdaSa  ‘hadi  mUru’,  catudraSa  ‘hadinAlku’  modalAdavugaLalli  idakkAgi  daSa  ‘hattu’  pada  bandideyAdare,  vimSati  ‘ippattu’,  trimSat  ‘mUvattu’,  catvArimSat  ‘naluvattu’,  pancASat  ‘ayvattu’  modalAdavugaLalli  *daSati embudarinda bandirabahudAda Sati illavE Sat pada bandide. 
innondu  vyatyAsavEnendare,  ippattu,  mUvattu,  naluvattu  modalAduvakke  ondu,  eraDu,  mUru  modalAdavugaLannu  sErisi  hELabEkAdAga  kannaDadalli  modalinavannu  ShaShThI  rUpadalli  baLasuva  kramavide. ondu, eraDu modalAdavugaLu avugaLa anantara baruttave.  kannaDada  ippattamUru,  naluvattanAlku,  aruvattamUru  modalA  davugaLallU,  mattu  nUramUvattAru,  sAvirada  innUra  naluvatta  mUru modalAdavugaLallU idE vyAkaraNa vidhAna baLakeyAgide.  
Adare  samskxtadalli  ondu,  eraDu,  mUru  modalAduvannu  sUcisuva  padagaLu  ippattu,  mUvattu,  naluvattu  modalAduvannu  sUcisuva  padagaLa  modalu  baruttave.  udAharaNegAgi,  pancasaptati  ‘eppattaydu’  padadalli  panca  ‘aydu’  pada  modalu  bandide  mattu  saptati  ‘eppattu’  pada  anantara  bandide.  illi  padagaLa  anukramadalli  badalAvaNeyAgideyumbudannu gamanisabahudu. 
kannaDada  eNikeya  padagaLannu  padagaLa  rUpadalli  bareyali  illavE  ankegaLa  rUpadalli  bareyali,  avugaLa  oLaracaneyalli  baruva  ankegaLa  anukramadalli vyatyAsavEnU kANisuvudilla. 

ippattamUru
naluvattanAlku
nUramUvattAru
1243 sAvirada innUra
naluvattamUru

2 (hattu) 3 4 (hattu) 4 1 (nUru) 3 (hattu) 6 1 (sAvira) 2 (nUru)
4 (hattu) 3

Adare  samskxtada  eNikeya  padagaLannu  padarUpadalli  baredAga  avugaLa  oLaracaneyalli  baruva  ankegaLa  anukrama  ondu  rItiyalli  iruttade  mattu  ankegaLa  rUpadalli  baredAga  innondu  rItiyalli  iruttade. keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLu I viShayavannu spaShTapaDisu  ttave. 

catustrimSat 4-3 (hattu) pancasaptati 5-7 (hattu) 217 saptadaSam dviSatam

7 (hattu) 2 (nUru)

‘mUvattanAlku’ 3 (hattu) 4 ‘eppattaydu’ 7 (hattu) 5 ‘innUra hadinELu’ ‘2 (nUru) (1) (hattu) 7’

mEle  modalanE  kAlannalli  koTTiruva  ankeya  rUpadalliruva  sankhyeya oLaracanegU mattu eraDanE kAlannalli koTTiruva padarUpa  dalliruva  adE  sankhyeya  oLaracanegU  naDuve  halavu  vyatyAsagaLiruvu  dannu gamanisabahudu. 
udAharaNegAgi,  modalaneya  kAlannalli  ankeya  rUpadalliruva  34 sankhyeyalli 3 modalu bandide mattu 4 anantara bandide; Adare,  eraDaneya kAlannalli padarUpadalliruva catustrimSat sankhyeyalli 3  (trimSat)  anantara  bandide  mattu  4  (catur)  adakkinta  modalu  bandide. itara sankhyegaLallU hIgeyE.  
Adare  mUranE  kAlannalli  bandiruva  I  sankhyegaLa  kannaDa  pada  rUpagaLigU  mattu  modalaneya  kAlannalli  ankeya  rUpadalliruva  avE  sankhyegaLigU  naDuve  intaha  vyatyAsagaLilla.  kannaDada  mUvatta  nAlku  embudaralli  34  embudaralliruva  hAge  3  (mUvatta)  modalu bandide mattu 4 (nAlku) anantara bandide. 

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10.4 tiruLu

kannaDadalli ADuga (uttama) mattu kELuga (madhyama) puruShada nAnu, nAvu, nInu, nIvu embavugaLu mattu itara (prathama) puruShada tAnu, tAvu embavugaLu ondu vagradalli sEruvuvAdare, itara savranAmagaLu bErondu vagradalli sEruttave. samskxtada hAge ivellavannU ‘savranAma’ (illavE savrAdi) emba ondE vagradalli sErisi hELalu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli yAva AdhAravU illa.
bEre kelavu viShayagaLallU samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLalli baruva savranAmagaLu ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgive.

kannaDada eNikeya padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli nAmapadagaLa hAge  baruvuvAdarU bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli guNapadagaLa hAge baruttave.  

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11. kriyArUpagaLu

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11.1 munnOTa

kannaDada kriyArUpagaLu samskxtada kriyArUpagaLiginta halavu viShaya gaLalli bhinnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, avannu vivarisuvalli kannaDada vayyA karaNigaLige samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu jAsti baLasikoLLalu sAdhyavAgilla. hIgiddarU samskxta vyAkaraNada neraLannu illU halavu kaDegaLalli kANabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLondige baruva tiG emba hesarina AkhyAta pratyayagaLu puruSha mattu vacanabhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttavallade linga bhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla. Adare kannaDada AkhyAta pratyayagaLu puruSha-vacana bhEdagaLannu mAtravallade prathama puruShadalli linga bhEdavannU sUcisuttave.

puruSha Ekavacanada rUpagaLu hOguttAne prathama hOguttALe hOguttade

bahuvacanada rUpagaLu linga gacchanti hOguttAre (pullinga) ,, (strIlinga) hOguttave (napumsakalinga)

madhyama gacchasi uttama gacchAmi hOguttEne

hOguttI

gacchatha hOguttIri gacchAmaH hOguttEve

kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  kannaDada  AkhyAta  pratyayagaLannu  varNisu  vAga,  modalige  avu  samskxtada  hAge  puruSha  mattu  vacana  bhEda  gaLannu  mAtra  sUcisuttaveyundu  hELi  anantara  lingabhEdavannu  sUcisuva  pratyayagaLu  AkhyAta  pratyayagaLige  AdESagaLAgi  baruttave  embudAgi varNisuttAre. idarindAgi kannaDada vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi  kliShTavAgide.  
samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLondige tiG pratyayavannu mAtra baLasa  bEkAguttade.  I  pratyaya  puruSha-vacanabhEdavannu  mAtravallade  kAla  bhEdavannU sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, yAti ‘hOguttAne’ emba 

bhEdavannu

kriyArUpadalli yA ‘hOgu’ kriyApadadondige ti pratyaya (tiG pratyaya) mAtra bandide.
Adare kannaDada kriyApadagaLondige eraDu pratyayagaLu baruttiddu kAlabhEdavannu mattu eraDaneyadu avugaLalli modalaneyadu puruSha-linga-vacana sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, hOguttAne kriyArUpadalli hOgu kriyApadadondige kAlavannu sUcisuva utta pratyaya mattu puruSha-vacana-lingagaLannu sUcisuva Ane pratyaya iveraDU bandive.
kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I eraDu pratyayagaLalli eraDaneyadannu mAtra ‘pratyaya’vendu karedu, modalaneyadannu Agamavendu varNisi ddAre. udAharaNegAgi, baruttAne kriyArUpadalli baru embudannu kriyAdhAtuvendU Ane embudannu pratyayavendU mattu utta embudannu A pratyayadondige baruva AgamavendU kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu varNisuttAre.
illU avaru samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDakke horisa hOgi kannaDada vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAguva hAge mADiddAre.

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11.2 kAlasambandha mattu kAlavyavasthe

kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuvalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli atyanta mukhyavAdudendare kannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli hindina kAla (bhUta kAla) mattu mundina illavE Igina kAla (bhaviShyat illavE vartamAna kAla) embantaha ‘kAla sambandhada’ bhEda kANisuttade; Adare samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli mugida (pUrNa) mattu mugiyada (apUrNa) ghaTane embantaha ‘kAla vyavastheya’ bhEda kANisuttade.
I viShayadalli kannaDa ingliSh bhASheya hAgideyAdare samskxta adakkinta tIrA bhinnavAgide.

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11.2.1 kannaDada kAlasambandha

kannaDada kAla pratyayagaLu ondu vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTanegU A vAkyavannu baLasuva samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, rAju manege hOda emba vAkya hindina kAla dallide, endare A vAkya tiLisuva (rAju manege hOgiddAnemba) ghaTane adannADuva samayakkinta modalE naDedide.

rAju  manege  hOguttAne  vAkya  mundina  (illavE  Igina)  kAladallide, endare adu tiLisuva ghaTane A vAkyavannADuva samayada  anantara  naDeyuvantahadu  (athavA  Igina  kAladalli  (rUDhiyalli)  jaraguvantahadu). 
kannaDada  kriyArUpagaLalli  I  rIti  hindina  kAla  mattu  mundina  kAla embudAgi eraDu rItiya kAlagaLannu sUcisuva da mattu utta  pratyayagaLu  baLakeyAguttave.  banda-baruttAne,  tinda-tinnuttAne,  hADida-hADuttAne  modalAda  kriyArUpagaLalli  I  eraDu  pratyayagaLa baLakeyannu kANabahudu.   
kannaDada  vayyAkaraNigaLu  kannaDadalli  bhUta,  vartamAna  mattu  bhaviShyat  embudAgi  mUru  kAlasUcaka  pratyayagaLiveyendu  hELu  ttAre.  haLegannaDadalli  ivu  da,  dapa  mattu  va  embavugaLu  mattu  hosagannaDadalli  da,  utta  mattu  va  embavugaLu  embudu  ivara  abhiprAya.  
Adare  nijakkU  hosagannaDadalli  utta  pratyayayavE  vartamAna  mattu bhaviShyadarthagaLeraDarallU baLakeyAguttiddu, va pratyayada baLake  bahaLa aparUpavendE hELabahudu.  
idallade,  haLegannaDadalli  dapa  embudu  nijakkU  ondu  pratyaya  valla. adaralli kANisuva da  embudu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva  pratyayavAgiddu pa embudu adakkinta bhinnavAgiruva mundina samaya  vannu sUcisuva pratyayavAgide. 
udAharaNegAgi,  bandapam  kriyArUpavannu  baru  kriyApadada  banda rUpakke Agu kriyApadada appam rUpavannu sErisi racisalAgide.  sandhiyalli  I  eraDaneya  rUpa  apam  endAgide  mattu  anantara  adara  akAra  lOpagonDu  pam  endiShTE  uLidide  (bandavan  appan - bandapam). 
haLegannaDadalli  dapa  mattu  va  ‘pratyaya’gaLa  baLakeyuntahadu  embudannu pariSIlisidAgalU mEle koTTiruva kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa  abhiprAya  tappembudu  spaShTavAguttade.  udAharaNegAgi,  pampabhArata  mAtravallade  bhaviShyadarthadallU baLakeyAguttade.  
idallade,  va  pratyayavU  pampabhAratadalli  bhaviShyadarthadalli  mAtra  vallade vartamAnArthadallU baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, dapa mattu va  pratyayagaLa  naDuvina  vyatyAsakke  kAlabhEdavannu  sUcisuva  badalu 

vartamAnArthadalli

pratyaya

bEreyE kelasavideyundu hELabEkAguttade (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2005:200 nODi).
illi gamanisabEkAgiruva ondu mukhyavAda viShayavEnendare sAmAnyavAgi ghaTanegaLa kAlavannu tiLisuvAga avu mAtanADuva samayakkinta modalE naDedavugaLu (endare hindina kAladavu) mattu mAtanADuva samayada anantara naDeyuvavugaLu (endare mundina kAladavu) embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLendu vibhajisuvudE sulabha.
yAkendare, avu mAtanADuva kAladalli naDeyuttiveyembudAgi (endare Igina (vartamAna) kAladavu embudAgi) hELabEkiddalli nirantaravAgi naDeyuva illavE rUDhiyalli naDeyuva ghaTanegaLAgira bEkAguttade.
kannaDadalli rUDhiyalli jaraguva ghaTanegaLannu mEle sUcisida hAge utta pratyayada mUlakavE sUcisalAguttade. Adare nirantaravAgi naDeyuva ghaTanegaLannu sUcisabEkAdalli adakkAgi mADuttA iddAne embantaha nirantarArthada kriyArUpavannu baLasalAguttade. I kriyA rUpada mUlaka ghaTaneya kAlavannu mAtravallade kAla vyavastheyannU (adu nirantaravAdudu embudAgi) sUcisalAguttade (jAsti vivara gaLige bhaT 2004 nODi).

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11.2.2 samskxtada kAlavyavasthe

samskxtada kriyArUpagaLannu nAlku mukhya vagragaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. A bhASheya vyAkaraNagaLalli ivannu laT, liT, luG mattu lxT emba nAlku lakAragaLendu hesarisuvudu rUDhi. samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu ivu bEre bEre ‘kAla’gaLannu sUcisu ttaveyundu hELuttArAdarU nijakkU avu kAlavyavastheya bhEdavannu sUcisuttave (barO 1955 nODi).

luG akarat kariShyati

karOti ‘mADuttAne’ cakAra ‘mADida’
‘mADida’
‘mADuttAne’

bhavati ‘Aguttade’ babhUva ‘Ayitu’ abhUt ‘Ayitu’ bhaviShyati ‘Aguttade’

I  kriyArUpagaLa  bhAShAntaragaLannu  gamanisidAga,  laT  hAgU  lxT  rUpagaLu  mundina  kAlavannu  mattu  liT  hAgU  luG  rUpagaLu  hindina  kAlavannu  sUcisuva  hAge  kANisuttade.  Adare 

pUrNa

nijakkU ivugaLalli liT embudu ghaTane mugidiruvudannu sUcisuttade mattu uLida rUpagaLu (laT, luG mattu lxTgaLu) adu mugiyadiruvudannu sUcisuttave.
hAgAgi, ivugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kannaDada hAge hindina mattu mundina kAlada ghaTanegaLa naDuvina kAlasambandhada vyatyAsa vendu vivarisuva badalu, mattu apUrNagaLemba kAlavyavastheya vyatyAsavendu hELuva avaSyakateyide.
kAlasambandhakkU kAlavyavasthegU naDuve bahaLa mukhyavAda vyatyAsa vide. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadada pUrNarUpa adu tiLisuva ghaTane yannu A ghaTaneya pUrNagonDa avastheyalli sUcisuttade mattu apUrNarUpa A ghaTaneya oLavyavastheyannu (adara Adi, antya, sUcisuttade. nirantarate, iveraDU mundina kAladallirabahudu. samskxtadalli kAlasambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpada munde a pratyayavannu sErisuva kramavide. mEle sUcisida nAlku rItiya kriyArUpagaLigU intaha a pratyayavannu sErisi avakke hindina kAlada artha baruva hAge mADabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, intaha a pratyayavannu kriyApadada laT rUpakke sErisi laG rUpavannu paDeyalu sAdhyavide mattu lxT rUpakke sErisi lxG rUpavannu paDeyalu sAdhyavide.

modalAdavugaLallondannu) kAladallirabahudu

kShaNikate hindina

illavE

laT karOti ‘mADuttAne’ laG akarOt ‘mADida’ lxT kariShyati ‘mADuttAne’ lxG akariShyat ‘mADida, mADuttidda’

mEle  koTTiruva  uLida  eraDu  kriyArUpagaLalli  liT  rUpakke  a pratyayavannu sErisi racisida rUpagaLannu vEda kAlada samskxtadalli  mAtra  kANabahudu.  kAvyagaLa  kAlada  samskxtadalli  antaha  rUpagaLu  uLidilla.  
idakke badalu luG rUpa kAvyagaLa kAladalli a pratyayadondige  mAtravE  baLakeyAguttade.  Adare  vEda  kAlada  samskxtadalli  a  pratyaya  sErida  mattu  sEradiruva  eraDu  rItiya  rUpagaLU  baLake  yallidduvu.  kAvyagaLa  kAlada  samskxtadallU  mA  bhUt  embantaha  allagaLeyuva  padarUpagaLalli  intaha  a    pratyaya  sErirada  luG  rUpagaLannu kANabahudu. 

samskatadalli  hindina  kAlavannu  sUcisuva  a  pratyayavannu  sErisadeyU  mElina  kriyArUpagaLannu  hindina  samayada  ghaTane  yondannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi keLage  koTTiruva vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu.  

(1)

kasmimScit vxkShE purA aham vasAmi ‘nAnu hinde yAvudO ondu maradalli vAsisuttidde’

(1)nE  vAkyadalli  hindina  samayavannu  sUcisuva  kriyAviSEShaNa  vondu  (purA  ‘hinde’  embudAgi)  bandiruva  kAraNa,  adaralliruva  laT rUpakke (vasAmi  embudakke) a  pratyayavannu sErisillavAdarU  ‘vAsisuttidde’ emba hindina samayada artha doretide.     samskxtadalli  kAlasambandhada  bhEdakkintalU  kAlavyavastheya  bhEdakke  heccina prAmukhyateyideyembudu I viShayadindalU spaShTavAguttade. 
Adare  hinde  vEdagaLa  kAlada  samskxtadalli  baLakeyallidda  kriyA  rUpagaLa  I  kAlavyavasthe  kAvyagaLa  kAladalli  mattu  Adhunika  kAladalli  bahaLa  maTTige  naShTavAgide.  mEle  sUcisida  hAge,  vEda  kAladallidda  halavu  kriyArUpagaLu  anantarada  kAladalli  baLakeyalli  uLidilla  mAtravalla, uLidiruva kriyArUpagaLU halakelavu badalAvaNegaLigoLa 
idallade,  kAvyagaLa  kAlada  samskxtadalli  kartari  prayOgakkintalU  karmaNi  prayOgavE  jAstiyAgide  mattu  vAkyagaLalli  kriyArUpagaLa  badalu kxdanta rUpagaLannu baLasuvudU jAstiyAgide. intaha halavu  kAraNagaLindAgi  mEle  sUcisida  kriyApadagaLa  kAlavyavasthe  kAvyagaLa  kAlada  samskxtadalli  aShTondu  spaShTavAgi  gOcarisuvudilla  (bhaT  2000:100 nODi). 

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11.2.3 kAlarUpagaLalli vyatyAsa

kriyApadagaLigiruva kAlarUpagaLa oLaracaneyallU kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. mEle sUcisida hAge samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLige AkhyAta (tiG) pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kAlarUpagaLannu paDeyabahudu.
Adare kannaDadalli idakkAgi kriyApadagaLige AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu mAtravallade kAla pratyayagaLannU sErisabEkAguttade.

samskxtada kriyAdhAtugaLigiruva pUrNa rUpagaLannu (endare liT  lakAradalliruva  rUpagaLannu)  tayArisuvudu  bahaLa  sulabha.  idakkAgi  dhAtuvina  dvitva  rUpavannu  baLasabEku  mattu  adara  svara  mattu  vyanjanagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEku, aShTe. 

dhAtugaLu

‘mADu’
‘horu’
‘aDuge mADu’

liT rUpagaLu cakAra ‘mADida’ babhUva ‘Ayitu’ babhAra ‘hotta’ rurOdha ‘taDeda’ papAca ‘aDuge mADida’

samskxtada kriyAdhAtugaLigiruva apUrNarUpagaLannu tayArisabEkiddalli A dhAtugaLalli halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade. I badalAvaNegaLu bahaLa kliShTavAduvAda kAraNa avannu varNisuvudakkAgi samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada kriyAdhAtugaLannu hattu vagra(gaNa)gaLalli vingaDisabEkAgide.
ivugaLalli kelavu dhAtugaLu dvitva rUpadalli baruttave, kelavu svaradalli badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuttave, kelavakke svarAgamada avaSyakate yide, kelavakke ya pratyayada avaSyakateyide, kelavakke dhAtuvinoLage nakAravondannu irisabEkAguttade, ityAdi.

dhAtugaLu
kup muc

‘horu’
‘mADu’
‘kOpisu’

laT rUpagaLu bibhatri ‘horuttAne’ karOti ‘mADuttAne’ bhavati kupyati ‘kOpisuttAne’ muncati ‘biDuttAne’

‘Aguttade’

idakke  badalu,  kannaDadalli  baLakeyAguva  kriyApadagaLa    mundina  kAlada rUpavannu varNisuvudu bahaLa sulabha. kriyAprakxtige I kAla  vannu  sUcisuva  utta  pratyayavannu  sErisi,  anantara  adakke  puruSha- linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLallondannu sErisidAga  I  rUpa  siddhisuttade.  (mADu-mADuttAne,  koDu-koDuttAne,  tinnu-tinnuttAne, kuDi-kuDiyuttAne, bare-bareyuttAne).  
hindina  kAlavannu  sUcisuva  kriyArUpagaLannu  varNisuvudu  idakkinta  svalpa  kaShTa.  illU  kriyAprakxtige  kAlavannu  sUcisuva  da 

pratyayavannu sErisi, anantara adakke AkhyAta pratyayagaLallondannu sErisabEku (kuDi-kuDida, bare-bareda, mADu-mADida, hELu- hELida).
Adare I hindina kAlada rUpagaLalli baruva kriyAprakxtigaLalli mattu halakelavu badalAvaNegaLAguvu vAda kAraNa (baru-banda, kANu-kanDa, kollu- konda, sAyu-satta, hogu-hokka, ityAdi) mundina kAlada kriyArUpagaLa varNane ginta hindina kAlada kriyArUpagaLa varNane kannaDadalli svalpa kliShTa vAdudu. AdarU samskxtada kriyArUpagaLige hOlisidevAdare I kliShTate atyalpavendE hELabahudu. pratyayadalli sUcisuva kAlavannu

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11.2.4 ghaTanegaLa naDuvina kAlabhEda

ondE vAkyadalli eraDu ghaTanegaLannu sUcisabEkAdAga, avugaLalli ondannu sUcisuvudakkAgi jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalu sAdhya vide. kannaDadalli idakkAgi nAlku rItiya jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu (mADuttA, mADi, mADalu, mADade) baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu.

(2ka) avanu UTa mADuttA nammondige mAtanADida (2kha) avanu UTa mADi nammondige mAtanADida (2ga) avanu UTa mADalu nammallige banda (2gha) avanu UTa mADade nammallige banda

(2ka)  vAkyadalli  eraDu  ghaTanegaLu  ondE  samayadalli  naDeduvu  embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mADuttA jODisuva kriyArUpavannu  baLasalAgide;  idakke  badalu  (2kha)dalli  modalu  tiLisiruva  ghaTane  eraDaneyadakkinta modalu naDedide embudannu sUcisuvudakkagi mADi  jODisuva kriyArUpavannu baLasalAgide. 
(2ga)dalli  modalaneya  ghaTane  eraDaneyadara  anantara  naDedide  embudannu  sUcisabEkAgide,  mattu  idakkAgi  mADalu  jODisuva  kriyArUpavannu  baLasalAgide.  idakke  badalu  (2gha)dalli  eraDaneya  ghaTane  naDeyuva  samayadalli  modalinadu  naDediralilla  embudannu  sUcisabEkAgide mattu idakkAgi mADade jODisuva kriyArUpavannu  baLasalAgide. 

vAkyada

(11.2.1)ralli vivarisida

kannaDadalli  I  rIti  nAlku  jODisuva  kriyArUpagaLiddu,  avu  gaLalli  kANisuva  kAlabhEda  vAkyada  koneya  kriyArUpagaLalli  kANisuva  kAlabhEdakkinta  bhinnavAgide  embudannu  gamanisabahudu.  mEle  koneya  kriyArUpagaLalli  ‘hindina  kAla’  mattu  ‘mundina  kAla’  embudAgi  eraDu kAlapratyaya gaLu mAtra baLakeyAguttave. ivu vAkyada ADugana  samaya  mattu  vAkya  tiLisuva  ghaTaneya  samayagaLa  naDuviruva  kAlasambandhavannu sUcisuttave.  
Adare, jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli modalina ghaTane, anantarada  ghaTane  mattu  ondE  samayada  ghaTane  embudAgi  mUru  rItiya  kAlabhEdagaLannu sUcisabEkAgiddu, adakkAgi mUru kAlapratyayagaLannu  baLasabEkAgide  (idallade  nAlkaneya  allagaLeyuva  pratyayavU  I  jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli baLakeyAguttade).  
samskxtadalli kannaDada hAge viSiShTavAda jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa  baLakeyAguvudilla.  heccineDegaLallU  I  rIti  vAkyagaLannu  jODisa  bEkAdalli  kriyApadagaLa  nAmarUpa(kxdanta)gaLannAgali  illavE  ‘sati  saptami’ emba racaneyannAgali baLasabEkAguttade.  

(3) aham dakShiNAraNyE caran mxgamEkam apaSyam

(4)

‘nAnu dakShiNAraNyadalli naDeyuttA mxgavondannu nODide’ tasmin rAjYi sati kaH bhUmim jayEt ‘avanu rAjanAgiruvAga bhUmanDalavannu yAru geddAru?’

(3)nE  vAkyadalli  caran  nAmapadavannu  jODisuva  kriyArUpa  vannAgi  baLasalAgide  mattu  (4)nE  vAkyadalli  tasmi  rAjYi  sati  embu  dAgi satisaptami racaneyannu baLasalAgide.     
idakke apavAdavAgi, tvA illavE ya pratyayavannu baLasi racisida  jODisuva  kriyArUpavondu  samskxtadalli  baLakeyallide.  idu  modalaneya  ghaTane  eraDaneyadakkinta  modalu  naDedide  embudannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva kriyArUpa. samskxtada I kriyArUpa  drAviDa  bhAShegaLa  sampakradindAgi  beLedu  bandideyundu  vidvAmsara 

(4ka) chAgam tyaktvA svagxham yayav

‘ADannu tyajisi (avanu) tanna manege hOda’

(4kha) narAH SAstram adhItya panDitAH bhavanti

‘mAnavaru SAstragaLannu Odi panDitarAguttAre’

vAkyagaLannu

samskxtadalli  I  jODisuvudakkAgi  baLakeyAguva  kriyArUpagaLalli  ondu  niScitavAda  vyavastheyilla.  hAgAgi,  adara  vyAkaraNagaLalli  ivugaLa  baLakeyannu  vyavasthitavAgi  vivarisuva avaSyakate kanDubandilla.  
Adare  kannaDadalli  jODisuva  kriyArUpagaLa  baLakeyalli  ondu  accukaTTu  kANisuttade.  samskxta  vyAkaraNada  andhAnukaraNa  mADiruva  kannaDa  vayyAkaraNigaLige  I  accukaTTannu  spaShTavAgi  vivarisi  hELalu  sAdhyavAgalilla (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT 2005 nODi). 

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11.3 AkhyAta pratyayagaLu

samskxta kriyApadada pUrNa rUpagaLalli baLakeyAguva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu apUrNa rUpagaLalli baLakeyAguva AkhyAta pratyayagaLi ginta bhinnavAgirabEkAguttade.
yAkendare, kAlavyavastheyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi I kriyArUpa gaLalli AkhyAta pratyayagaLondige bEre pratyayagaLu baruvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa (mattu kriyAdhAtugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsa) ivugaLE pUrNa mattu apUrNa emba eraDu kAlavyavasthegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannU sUcisabEkAgide.

laTrUpada pratyayagaLu

puruSha Ekavacana dvivacana bahuvacana karOti kurutaH kuvranti
prathama madhyama karOShi kuruthaH kurutha uttama karOmi kuvraH

kurmaH

liTrUpada pratyayagaLu Ekavacana dvivacana bahuvacana cakAra cakratuH cakruH cakartha cakrathuH cakra cakAra cakrava cakrama

mEle prathamapuruSha Ekavacanada laTrUpadalli (endare apUrNa  rUpadalli) ti AkhyAta pratyaya bandide; Adare, liT (pUrNa) rUpa  dalli a pratyaya bandide. madhyama puruSha Ekavacanada laT rUpadalli  si(Shi)  akhyAta  pratyaya  bandide;  Adare  liT  rUpadalli  tha  pratyaya  bandide. itara rUpagaLallU intahavE vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu.  

kannaDadallU mundina mattu hindina kAlagaLannu sUcisuva  kriyA  rUpagaLalli  baruva  AkhyAta  pratyayagaLa  naDuve  kelavu  vyatyAsagaLive  yembudannu I keLagina rUpAvaLigaLalli kANabahudu: 

mundina kAlada kriyArUpagaLu

mADuttAre ,, mADuttave

hindina kAlada kriyArUpagaLu mADidaru mADida
,, mADidaLu mADitu

mADuttIri mADuttEve

mADide
mADide

mADidiri mADidevu

prathama mADuttAne mADuttALe mADuttade mADiduvu madhyama mADuttI uttama mADuttEne

mundina  kAlavannu  sUcisuva  uttamapuruSha  mattu  Ekavacanada  kriyArUpadalli Ene AkhyAta pratyayavide; Adare adakke samanAgiruva  hindina  kAlada  kriyArUpadalli  e  AkhyAta  pratyayavide.  itara  rUpa  gaLallU intahavE vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu.  
Adare  kannaDada  I  kriyArUpagaLalli  AkhyAta  pratyayagaLu  mAtra  vallade  utta  illavE  da  kAlapratyayagaLU  baruvuvAda  kAraNa,  kAla  bhEdavannu sUcisuva kelasavannu AkhyAta pratyayagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsada  mEle horisuva avaSyakateyilla. avannu nEravAgi kAlapratyayagaLAda  utta mattu da pratyayagaLa mEleyE horisabahudu.   

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11.4 parasmaypada mattu AtmanEpada

samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli parasmaypada mattu AtmanEpada embudAgi innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi A bhASheya kriyArUpagaLalli eraDu rItiya AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu baLasalAguttade.
kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu obba vyakti tanna lAbhakkAgi naDesuttiruvanAdare AtmanEpadada rUpagaLannu baLasabEku mattu bErobbana lAbhakkAgi naDesuttiruvanAdare parasmaypadada rUpagaLannu baLasabEku embudu I vyatyAsada mUla uddESavAgittu.
Adare samskxtadalli I mUla uddESa bahaLa maTTige naShTavAgide. idakke kAraNavEnendare, A bhASheya kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAvAgalU AtmanEpadada AkhyAta pratyayagaLondigEnE baruttave mattu innu kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAvAgalU parasmaypadada AkhyAta pratyayaga

LondigEnE baruttave. hAgAgi avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva I vyatyAsa arthabhEdavannu sUcisalAradu.
Adare bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLu I eraDu rItiya AkhyAta pratyayagaLondigU baralu sAdhyaviddu, antaha kriyApadagaLalli kelavu mAtra mElina artha vyatyAsavannu tOrisuttave.

(5ka) dEvadattaH pacati

‘dEvadatta aDige mADuttAne’

(5kha) dEvadattaH pacatE

‘dEvadatta aDige mADikoLLuttAne’

pac ‘aDige mADu’ kriyApada (5ka) vAkyadalli pacati embudAgi  parasmaypadadalli baLakeyAgide mattu (5kha) vAkyadalli pacatE embu  dAgi  AtmanEpadadalli  baLakeyAgide.  aDige  mADuttiruvudu  tanagAgi  emba  artha  I  (5kha)  vAkyakkide;  Adare  (5ka)  vAkyakke  antaha  artha 
kannaDadalli  I  arthavannu  AkhyAta  pratyayada  mUlaka  sUcisuva  badalu  kriyApadadondige  koLLu  embudannu  baLasuvudara  mUlaka  sUcisalAguttade  embudannu  mEle  (5kha)  vAkyada  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa vAkyadalli kANabahudu. 

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11.5 karmaNi prayOga

samskxtadalli kartari, karmaNi mattu bhAvE embudAgi mUru rItiya vAkyagaLive. vayyAkaraNigaLu ivannu mUru ‘prayOga’gaLendu kareyuttAre. ivugaLalli karmaNi prayOgada mUla uddESa bhAShA vyavahArakke sambandhisidudAgittu.
vAkyavu sUcisuva ghaTaneya svarUpa mattu adakkU adaralli bhAga vahisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLigU naDuviruva sambandha -
iveraDU karmaNi prayOgadalli badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttave. ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalli yAvudannu mukhya viShayavAgi ArisalAgide emba bhAShAvyavahArakke sambandhisida amSa mAtra badalAguttade.
kartari-karmaNi prayOgagaLa naDuvidda I mUla uddESa samskxtadalli uLidilla. Adare intahadE prayOga vyatyAsavannu

hondiruva ingliSh bhASheyalli I artha vyatyAsa uLidukonDide. idannu keLage koTTiruva (6ka-kha) vAkyagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu.

‘avaLu avanannu hogaLidaLu’

(6R) He was praised by her

‘avanannu avaLu hogaLidaLu’

(6ka)  vAkyadalli  she  ‘avaLu’  embudu  mukhya  viShayavAgide;  Adare, (6kha)dalli adara badalu he ‘avanu’ embudu mukhya viShaya  vAgi  bandide.  kannaDadalli  I  rIti  vAkyada  mukhya  viShayavannu  badalisabEkAdalli adaralli baruva nAmapadagaLa jAgavannu badalisidare  sAku;  vAkyadalli  bEre  yAva  badalAvaNeyannU  mADuva  avaSyakate  yilla;  idannu  I  vAkyagaLa  keLage  koTTiruva  kannaDa  anuvAda  vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.  
ingliShnalli  mElina  arthavyatyAsavannu  sUcisuvudakkAgi  padagaLa  jAgavannu  badalAyisuvudarondige  bEre  badalAvaNegaLannU  mADa  bEkAgide;  idakkAgi  vAkyada  kriyApadavannu  ‘karmaNi’  rUpakke  badalisa  bEkAguttade  (ThiDiciiseja  embudannu  ticis  ThiDiciiseja  embudAgi  badalisi  koLLabEkAguttade)  mattu  savranAmagaLa  jAgavannu  badalAyisuvu  diddalli avugaLa vibhaktirUpavannU badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade.  
Adare,  mEle  sUcisida  hAge,  samskxtada  kartari  mattu  karmaNi  vAkyagaLa  naDuve  ‘artha’dalli  I  vyatyAsa  uLidillavAda  kAraNa,  adaralli  kANisuva  vibhaktipallaTakke  ingliShnalliruva  hAge  Artha  vyatyAsavannu hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. 
samskxta vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLa jAgavannu badalAyisalu  vAkyada  kriyArUpadalli  illavE  nAmapadagaLa  vibhaktiyalli  yAva  badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakateyilla. hAgAgi, mElina uddESa  kkAgi  karmaNi  prayOgavannu  baLasuva  avaSyakate  samskxtadallilla  embudu spaShTa. samskxtadinda beLedu banda hindi, marAThi modalAda  Adhunika  bhAShegaLallU  karmaNi  prayOgaviddu  adakke  bEreyE  ondu  uddESavide.  
hindiyalli kriyApadada bhUtakxdanta rUpadondige jA ‘hOgu’  kriyApadada  rUpavondannu  baLasidAga  karmaNi  prayOga  siddhisuttade. 

intaha karmaNi vAkyadalli kartxpadavannu karaNArthada sE embuda rondige baLasabEkAguttade. sAmAnyavAgi I karmaNi vAkyavannu hindiyalli kartxvige ghaTaneyannu naDesalu sAdhyavAgalilla emba arthadalli niShEdhArthaka vAkyavAgi baLasuvudE jAsti.

rAm rOTI nahIm khAyA ‘rAma roTTi tinnalilla’

(7kha) rAm sE rOTI nahIm khAyI gayI

‘rAmanige roTTi tinnalu sAdhyavAgalilla’

Adare  kartxpadavannu  vAkyadalli  baLasadiddalli  intaha  ‘sAdhyavAga  lilla’ emba arthavilladeyU hindiyalli karmaNi vAkyavannu baLasalu  sAdhyavide. 

(8)

cOr pakaD liyE gayE ‘kaLLarannu hiDiyalAyitu’

ಕನ್ನಡ →

11.6 allagaLeyuva vAkyagaLu

vAkyagaLannu allagaLeyuva rUpakke (endare niShEdharUpakke) badalA yisuvalli kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. samskxtadalli ghaTaneyannu varadi mADuva yAvudE ondu vAkyavannU allagaLeyuva na pada vannu sErisuvudara mUlaka allagaLeyuva vAkyavannAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.
Adare kannaDadalli illa mattu alla emba eraDu allagaLeyuva padagaLiddu ivugaLalli modalaneyadannu kriyApadaviruva vAkyagaLannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi mattu eraDaneyadannu eraDu nAmapada (illavE nAmapadakante)gaLinda siddhavAda (kriyApadavillada) vAkyagaLannu allagaLe yuvudakkAgi baLasuva avaSyakateyide. idallade, kannaDadalli kriyApadaviruva vAkyagaLige illa padavannu sErisuva modalu avugaLa kriyApadavannu sambandhisuva rUpakke illavE nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide. hindina samayada arthavannu koDalu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavannu mattu mundina samayada arthavannu koDalu nAmarUpavannu baLasu vudu kannaDadalli rUDhi.

Adare samskxtadalli allagaLeyuva na padavannu baLasalu vAkyadalli  yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakateyilla. 

(9)

tE pustakAni na paThanti ‘avaru pustakagaLannu Oduvudilla’ (10) viSvAmitraH ayOdhyAm na agacchat

‘viSvAmitra ayOdhyege hOgalilla’

kriyApadagaLa kxdanta (guNa)rUpavannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi kannaDa  dalli ada emba bEreyE ondu allagaLeyuva pratyayada baLakeyide.  Adare  samskxtadalli  intaha  sandabhragaLallU  na  padada  baLakeyE  kANisuttade.  
kannaDadalli  I  rIti  ada  pratyayavannu  baLasi  racisida  kriyArUpa  gaLu  kAlavyatyAsavannu  sUcisalAravu.  Adare  samskxtadalli  kannaDada  hAge pratyayavannu baLasade na padavannE baLasuva kAraNa, adara kxdanta  rUpagaLu kAlavyatyAsavannU sUcisaballuvu. 

(11ka) bhOjanam na kariShyamANaH naraH ‘UTamADada manuShya’

(11kha) bhOjanam na cakrANaH naraH

‘UTamADada manuShya’

(11ka)dalli  yAru  UTa  mADuvudillavO  Atanannu  sUcisa  lAgide  mattu  (11kha)dalli  yAru  UTa  mADalillavO  Atanannu  sUcisalAgide.  I  eraDu  sandabhragaLallU  kannaDadalli  mADada  emba  ondE kriyArUpa baLakeyAguttade. 
samskxta  mattu  kannaDa  bhAShegaLa  naDuviruva  innondu  vyatyAsa  vEnendare,  samskxtadalli  vAkyagaLannu  mAtravallade  padagaLannU  a  illavE  an  upasagrada  mUlaka  allagaLeyalu  sAdhyavide.  Adare  kannaDadalli I rIti padagaLannu allagaLeyuva vidhAnavilla. samskxtadinda  eravalAgi  banda  intaha  allagaLeyuva  upasagragaLiruva  padagaLu  kelavu kannaDadalliruvudu nijavAdarU kannaDadavE Ada padagaLige antaha  allagaLeyuva rUpagaLilla. 

satya jYAna
nyAya

asatya anAcAra anEka ajYAna anartha anyAya

Adare,  vAkyavondannu  pUrtiyAgi  allagaLeyuva  badalu  adara  ondu  angavannu  mAtra  allagaLeyalu  kannaDadalli  bEreyE  ondu  vyAkaraNa  vidhAna  baLakeyallide.  idakkAgi  alla  padavannu  allagaLeya  bEkAgiruva  vAkyAngadondige  sErisi  hELabEku  mattu  vAkyadalli  baruva kriyApadavannu nAmapadavAgi badalAyisikoLLabEku.  

(12ka) hari rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTa (12kha) hari rAmuvige ondu pustaka koDalilla (12ga) hariyalla rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTaddu (12gha) hari rAmuvigalla ondu pustaka koTTaddu (12Ga) hari rAmuvige ondu pustakavannalla koTTaddu (12ca) hari rAmuvige ondu pustaka koTTaddalla (mAriddu)

(12kha)  vAkyadalli  (12ka)  vAkyavannu  pUrtiyAgi  allagaLeya  lAgide.  Adare,  (12ga)dalli  adara  ondu  bhAgavannu  mAtra,  endare  rAmuvige  pustakavannu  koTTavanu  hari  embudannu  mAtra  allagaLeya  lAgide.  vAkyada  itara  bhAgavannu,  endare  yArO  rAmuvige  ondu  pustaka  koTTiddAre  embudannu  I  vAkyadalli  allagaLeyalAgilla  embudannu  gamanisabahudu.  itara  (12gha-ca)  vAkyagaLallU  hIgeyE  ghaTakagaLannu  allagaLeyalAgide. 
AjYe  mADuva  vAkyagaLannu  allagaLeyalu  samskxtadalli  na  embudara  badalu  mA  embudannu  baLasuva  kramavide.  kannaDadalli  idakkAgi  illa  embudara  badalu  bEDa  emba  padavannu  baLasuva  kramavide. 

vAkyada

bEre

(13) bhOjanasamayE jalam mA piba

‘UTada samayadalli nIru kuDiyabEDa’

illi  kannaDa  mattu  samskxta  bhAShegaLa  naDuve  allagaLeyuva  arthavannu  sUcisuvalli  kANisuva  vyatyAsavEnendare  kannaDadalli  I  arthavannu  ondu  kriyArUpa  sUcisuttade;  Adare,  samskxtadalli  adannu ondu upasagra illavE avyaya sUcisuttade. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

11.7 kELuva vAkyagaLu

kELuva (praSnArthaka) vAkyagaLa racaneyallU kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve intahadE vyatyAsavide. samskxtadalli vAkyavondannu kELvi (praSne)yannAgi badalAyisabEkiddalli kim padavannu adaralli sErisidare sAku. vAkyadalli bEre yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADuva avaSyakateyilla.
Adare kannaDadalli idakkAgi O pratyayada baLakeyiddu idannu kriyApadada koneyalli baLasuvudAdare mAtra vAkyadalli bEre badalAvaNegaLannu mADuva avaSyakateyilla. vAkyadalli baruva bEre padagaLondige adannu baLasabEkiddalli kriyApadavannu adara nAma rUpakke badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide.

(14ka) vyAdhAH vanEsmin sancaranti

‘I kADinalli bETegAraru sancarisuttAre’

(14kha) kim vyAdhAH vanEsmin sancaranti?

‘I kADinalli bETegAraru sancarisuttArO?’ (14ga) bETegAraru I kADinallO sancarisuvudu? (14gha) bETegArarO I kADinalli sancarisuvudu?

kannaDadallikELviya  arthavannu  koDuva  O  pratyayavannu  vAkya  dalliruva  nAmapadagaLalli  ondaroDane  baLasidAga  adu  sUcisuva  kELvi  A  padavannu  mAtra  bAdhisuttade  embudannu  gamanisabahudu.  mEle (14ga) vAkya kADinalli yArAdarU sancarisuttiddArO athavA  illavO embudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuva badalu sancarisuvudu I  kADinallO  endu  kELuttade  mattu  (14gha)  vAkya  sancarisuvavaru  yAru (bETegArarO) endu kELuttade. 
kannaDa  mattu  samskxtagaLeraDarallU  I  rIti  vAkyadalli  baruva  nAmapadagaLalli  ondara  kuritAgi  mAtra  viShayavannu  tiLiyuvudakkAgi  savranAmavannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. 

(14Ga) kE vanEsmin sancaranti?

‘I kADinalli yAru sancarisuttAre?’

(15) kva bhavatAm nivAsaH?

‘nimma mane elli?’

kannaDada  ‘kELvi’  padagaLige  O,  U  mattu  E  emba  mUru  pratyayagaLalli  yAvudAdarU  ondannu  sErisuvudara  mUlaka  avannu  aniScitavAda  vyakti,  vastu  modalAdavugaLannu  sUcisuva  padagaLannAgi  badalAyisalu sAdhyavide.  
samskxtadalliyU  idE  rItiyalli  api,  ca,  cana,  cid,  vA  modalAdavugaLalli  ondannu  baLasi  kELvi  padagaLannu  aniScayArthada  padagaLannAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavide. 

(16) na mAm kaScit apaSyat ‘nannannu yArU nODalilla’

(17) na kincit uktavAn

‘avanu EnU hELalilla’

Adare  kannaDadalli  mEle  koTTiruva  mUru  pratyayagaLinda  siddha  vAda  aniScayArthada  padagaLige  mUru  bhinnavAda  arthagaLive.  O  pratyayakke  bEre  baLakegaLalli  vikalpArthavideyAda  kAraNa,  adarinda  siddhavAda aniScayArthada padakke EkadESArtha mattu astitvArthagaLive.  
idakke viruddhavAgi U pratyayakke samuccayArthavideyAda kAraNa,  adarinda  siddhavAda  padakke  sAvratrikArthavideyallade  astitvArthavilla.  I vyatyAsavannu I aniScayArthada padagaLa baLakeyalli kANabahudu.  
udAharaNegAgi,  I  eraDu  rItiya  padagaLannU  ondu  ghaTane  naDedillavendu  tiLisuva  allagaLeyuva  vAkyagaLalli  baLasalu  sAdhyavide,  Adare  ondu  ghaTane  naDedideyendu  tiLisuva  vAkyagaLalli  O  pratyayada  mUlaka sAdhitavAgiruva padagaLannu mAtra baLasalu sAdhya. 

(17ka) ninne Ata yArannO kanDiralilla (17kha) ninne Ata yArannU kanDiralilla (18) ninne Ata yArannO kanDidda

idakke  badalu  vidhyarthaka  vAkyagaLalli  U  pratyayadinda  sAdhita  vAgiruva  padagaLannu  baLasalu  sAdhyavide,  Adare  O  pratyayadinda  sAdhitavAgiruva padagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavilla (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT  1978, 2003 nODi). 

(19) elligU hOgu (20) yArannu bEkiddarU kELu

samskxtada  kELvi  padagaLondige  baraballa  ca,  api,  vA  modalA  davugaLa baLakeyalli intaha artha vyatyAsaviruva hAge kANisuvudilla.  bahuSaH  modalige  antaha  vyatyAsaviddu  anantara  A  bhASheyalli  adu  naShTavAgiralu sAdhyavide. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

11.8 tiruLu

kriyArUpagaLa oLaracaneyalli mattu baLakeyalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi hindina mattu mundina kAladavugaLembudAgi ‘kAlasambandha’da bhEda kANisu ttade; Adare, samskxtadalli mugida (pUrNa) mattu mugiyada (apUrNa) embudAgi ‘kAlavyavasthe’ya bhEda kANisuttade.
kannaDadalliruvantaha kAlasambandhada bhEdakke samskxtadalli heccina prAmukhyateyilla. adannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli kriyApadada modalige a upasagravannu sErisalAguttade. Adare idannu baLasalE bEkemba niyamavilla, avaSyaviddalli mAtra baLasidare sAku.
kannaDadalli kAlasambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu puruSha- vacana-lingagaLannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAdavugaLu, Adare samskxtadalli kAlavyavastheyannu mattu puruSha-vacanagaLannu oTTAgi AkhyAta pratyayagaLE sUcisuttave.
kannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEdavannu sUcisalAguttade, Adare samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEdada sUcaneyilla. kannaDadalli AtmArthavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi koLLu embudara baLake yAguttade. samskxtadalli modalige idannu AkhyAta pratyayagaLallEnE kANisuva parasmaypada-AtmanEpada vyatyAsada mUlaka sUcisalAgu ttittu; Adare kAvyagaLa kAladalli I vyatyAsa heccina maTTige arthahIna

samanAda

idE  rItiyalli,  samskxtadalli  modalige  baLakeyallidda  kartari- karmaNi prayOgabhEdavU kAvyagaLa kAladalli tanna mUla uddESavannu  prayOgabhEda  prayOgabhEdakke  kaLedukonDide.  I  kannaDadalli kelavu viSiShTavAda baravaNigegaLalli mAtra kANisuttade.  
allagaLeyuva  mattu  kELuva  (praSnisuva)  vAkyagaLa  racaneyallU  kannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgide. 
kriyArUpagaLa  oLaracaneyalli  I  rIti  samskxta  mattu  kannaDa  bhAShegaLa  naDuve  halavu  vyatyAsagaLiddu,  samskxtada  vyAkaraNa  niyama  gaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. samskxtakkinta  tIra  bhinnavAgiruva  kannaDaddE  Ada  niyamagaLannu  tayArisikonDalli  mAtra kannaDada I kriyArUpagaLannu vivarisalu sAdhya.  

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12. muktAya

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.1 vyatyAsagaLa mUla

kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyondannu siddhapaDisuvudu yAke avaSya embudannu spaShTavAgi tiLisi hELuvudE I pustakada mukhya uddESa.
kannaDadalli iduvarege tayArAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLalli heccinavU samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareyannE avalambisive. samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvudu hEge embudannu mAtra I vyAkaraNagaLu pariSIlisive. Adare, nijakkU kannaDada padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva niyamagaLu samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva niyamagaLiginta bahaLaShTu bhinnavAgive. I padagaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu kannaDaddE Ada dxShTikOnadinda pariSIlisidAga mAtra, avugaLa hindiruva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa nijavAda svarUpavEnu embudu spaShTavAguttade. samskxtada vyAkaraNada dxShTikOnadinda pariSIlisidalli avu aspaShTavAgi mAtravE kANisaballuvu.
kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve avu baLasuva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli kANisuva intaha halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu nAnu I pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
Adare, I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannella kUlankaSa vAgi paTTimADi hELuvudu I pustakada uddESavalla. samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDakke aLavaDisahOdare hEge tondare yunTAgaballudu embudannu manamuTTuvante tOrisi koDuvudaShTE nanna uddESa. hAgAgi I uddESavannu sAdhisuvudakke bEkAguvaShTu viShayagaLannu mAtra nAnu illi koTTiddEne.
samsxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLu bEre bEre mUlagaLinda beLedu bandiruvudE avugaLa vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli iShTondu vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLalu mukhya kAraNa. samskxta bhAShe inDO-yurOpiyan mUladinda beLedu bandide; Adare kannaDa bhAShe adakkinta tIra bhinna vAgiruva drAviDa mUladinda beLedu bandide (bhaT 2005ka nODi).

manassinalliruva  ingitavannu  innobbarige  tiLisuvudakkAgi  mattu  praSnisuvudu,  vidhisuvudu,  samSayisuvudu  modalAda  halavu  rItiya  mAtina  kelasagaLannu  naDesuvudakkAgi  nAvu  bhASheyannu  baLasuttEve.  ivannu  naDesalu  ellA  bhAShegaLU  ondE  bageya  vyAkaraNa  vidhAna  gaLannu baLasuvudilla, bEre bEre bageya vyAkaraNa vidhAnagaLannu baLasu  ttave.  
idakkAgi  inDO-yurOpiyan  mattu  drAviDa  bhAShAmUla  gaLu  bEre  bEre  vidhAnagaLannu  ArisikonDiddirabEku  mattu  hAgAgi,  prArambhadallEnE  avu  ondakkinta  ondu  tIrA  bhinnavAgiddirabEku.  anantara  I  vidhAnagaLu  A  eraDu  mUlagaLinda  beLedu  bandiruva  samskxta,  kannaDa  modalAda  bhAShegaLa  sAvirAru  vaShragaLa  caritreyalli  bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAguttA bandirabEku.  
anantarada  kAladalli  kannaDa  bhAShe  samskxtada  sampakrakke  banduda  rindAgi  kelavu  viShayagaLalli  samskxtadondige  hOlikeyannu  paDedide  yAdarU  heccina  viShayagaLallU  adu  tanna  mUla  svarUpavannu  hAgeyE uLisikonDide.     
inDO-yurOpiyan  bhAShAkuTumbakke  sEriruva  samskxta  illavE  ingliSh  bhASheya  vyAkaraNa  parampareyannu  baLasuva  badalu  bEre yAvudAdarU ondu drAviDa bhASheya vyAkaraNa parampareyannu  baLasi  kannaDada  vyAkaraNavannu  racisidalli  adu  kannaDada  padaracaneya  mattu  vAkyaracaneya  niyamagaLannu  heccu  spaShTavAgi  mattu  sariyAgi  tiLisaballudu.  
Adare  antaha  vyAkaraNa  parampareyinnU  siddhavAgilla.  tamiLu,  telugu  modalAda  itara  drAviDa  bhAShegaLa  vyAkaraNagaLU  bahaLa  maTTige  samskxta  illavE  ingliSh  vyAkaraNa  parampareyallEnE  tayA  rAgiddu  avU  kannaDada  vyAkaraNagaLa  hAgeyE  asamaprakagaLAgive.  hAgAgi, kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyondannu tayArisi  koLLuvudondE namage uLidiruva dAri. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.2 hosa dxShTikOna

kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle lEkhana illavE pustakagaLannu bareyuvavaru I kAraNakkAgi ondu hosa dxShTikOnavannu baLasikoLLuva avaSyakate yide. kannaDada lEkhakaralli sAmAnyavAgi vyAkhyAnakArara dxShTikOnavE kANisuttide. nAgavarma, kESirAja modalAda kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu

nijakkU Enu hELiddaru, avara hELikegaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu paTTimADi vivarisuvudE ivaru ivattu mADuttiruva ‘samSOdhane’gaLu.
I rIti hindina vayyAkaraNigaLa granthagaLannu vimaSrisuvudu avaSyavAdarU kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige avu nammannu heccu mundakke konDoyyalAravu. yAkendare, kannaDada haLeya vyAkaraNagaLella samskxta vyAkaraNada dxShTikOnavannirisikonDive; hAgAgi, avu kannaDa vyAkaraNada nijavAda svarUpavannu vivarisi hELalAravu.
udAharaNegAgi, namma vayyAkaraNigaLu kannaDadalli entaha samAsa gaLella ive embudannu varNisuva krama hEge embudannu gamanisa bahudu. modalige samskxtadalli entaha samAsagaLella ive embudannu vivarisi avakke kannaDadinda udAharaNegaLannu koDalu avaru prayatnisu ttAre. anantara I samAsagaLalli ondakkU udAharaNeyAgalArada jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli kANisuttiveyAdare avu entaha samAsa gaLige udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu emba praSnege iLiyuttAre.
idarindAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNa samskxta mattu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa ondu tEpekelasavAgide. I samskxta vyAkaraNada dxShTikOnavannu biTTu koTTu, nEravAgi kannaDada jODupadagaLannu ondeDe kalehAki avugaLalli entaha samAsagaLella ive embudannu mAtravE pariSIliside vAdare namage kannaDada nijavAda samAsagaLAvuvu emba praSnege sari yAda mattu spaShTavAda uttara doretItu (bhaT 2002 nODi). idE rItiyalli kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva halavu rItiya vAkya gaLannu ondeDe sangrahisi, avugaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLannu kriyApada gaLondige sambandhisalu entaha pratyayagaLella bEkAguttave, mattu I pratyayagaLu entaha sambandhagaLannella sUcisaballuvu embudannu pariSIlisidalli kannaDadalli eShTu vibhaktigaLu baLakeyallive mattu avugaLa kAryaventahadu emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu (bhaT 1978, 2004 nODi).
idakke badalu namma vayyAkaraNigaLu mADuva hAge samskxtada vibhaktigaLAvuvu, avugaLa kAryavEnu, kArakagaLigU avakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide, modalAda viShayagaLannu modalu tiLidukonDu anantara kannaDakke avannu hondisuva bage hEge embudAgi AlOcisi dalli kannaDada maTTige ondu tIrA vicitravAda vyAkaraNa siddhavAdItu (mattu siddhavAgide).

ondu  bhASheya  vyAkaraNavannu  arthamADikoLLuva  sandabhradalli  innondu  bhASheya  vyAkaraNa  hEgideyendu  tiLidukoLLuvudarinda  svalpavU  prayOjanavillavendEnU  nAnu  hELuttA  illa.  heccu  heccu  bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLannu abhyAsa mADidaShTU namma bhASheya vyAkaraNa  vannu tiLidukoLLuva kelasa heccu heccu sulabhavAgaballudu.  
Adare bEre bEre bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLu bEre bErAgiralu sAdhya  emba viShayavannu mareyadiruvudu avaSya. halavu bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa  gaLannu  abhyAsa  mADidAga  vyAkaraNagaLu  hEgirabahudu  emba  viShaya  namage  tiLiyuttade.  I  tiLuvaLikeya  AdhArada  mEle  namma  bhASheya  vyAkaraNa hEgide embudannu tiLiyalu nAvu prayatnisabEku. 
I  hosa  dxShTikOnada  avaSyakateyannu  mukhyavAgi  eraDu  sandabhragaLalli  kANabahudu.  pavraDhaSAlegaLalli  Oduva  vidyArthigaLige  kannaDa  vyAkaraNavannu  kalisuvudakkAgi  vyAkaraNa  paThyapustakagaLannu  tayA  risuvudu ondu sandabhra.   
kAlEjugaLalli kannaDa bhASheyannE heccu ALavAgi abhyAsa mADuva  vidyArthigaLige  paThyavannodagisabEkAgiruvudu  mattu  kannaDa  vyAkaraNada  mEle  samSOdhaneyannu  mADabEkendiruva  vidyArthigaLige  mAgra  daSranavannu  mADabEkAgiruvudu  eraDaneya  sandabhra.  I  eraDu  sandabhragaLalli bEre bEre rItiya samasyegaLELuvuvAda kAraNa avannu  bEre bEreyAgi pariSIlisuvudu avaSya. 

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12.3 SAlA vyAkaraNagaLu

kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, ivattu SAlegaLalli kalisuvudakkAgi baLakeyalliruva vyAkaraNada paThyapustakagaLannu pUrtiyAgi badalAyisu vudu avaSya. avugaLalli kANisuva samskxta vyAkaraNada amSagaLella vannU pUrtiyAgi tegedu hAkabEku mattu haLegannaDada padaracane mattu padarUpa racanegaLa kuritu avugaLalli baruva ellA amSagaLannU tegedu hAkabEku.
hosagannaDadalli kANisuva padagaLa, padarUpagaLa, padakantegaLa mattu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyannaShTE I vyAkaraNagaLalli vivarisi hELidalli vidyArthigaLige avannu arthamADikoLLalu kaShTavAgalAradu. idallade intaha vyAkaraNagaLa sahAyadinda hosagannaDada padagaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu baLasikoLLuvalli avarige svalpavAdarU prayOjanavAdItu.

tI. nam. SrIkanThayyanavara kannaDa madhyama vyAkaraNa I dikkinalli  mADida  ondu  uttama  prayatnavendu  hELabahudu.  idaralli  hosa  gannaDada  prayOgagaLannu  mAtravE  vivarisuvudara  mUlaka  vyAkaraNada  niyamagaLannu vidyArthigaLu sulabhavAgi arthamADikoLLalu sAdhyavAgu  vante  mADalAgide.  idallade  vyAkaraNa  niyamagaLannU  sulabhavAgi  arthavAguvante idaralli bareyalAgide.  
Adare  kannaDakke  avaSyavallada  mattu  kannaDakke  hondikeyAgada  samskxta parampareya kelavu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu idarallU hAgeyE  uLidukonDive.  udAharaNegAgi,  kannaDada  samAsagaLannu  vibhajisuvu  dakkAgi  samskxtada  hAge  jODupadada  eraDu  angagaLalli  pradhAna  vAdudu  yAvudu  emba  amSavannE  baLasalAgide.  kannaDadalli  idakkintalU  modalaneya  anga  yAva  vagrakke  sEruttade  emba  amSavE  yOgya  embudannu  nAvu  mEle  aydanE  adhyAyadalli  nODiruvevu. 
guNapadagaLannu  nAmapadagaLa  vagradalli  sErisidudarindAgi  avakke  viSEShaNa  rUpa  mattu  kAraka  rUpa  embudAgi  eraDu  rUpagaLive  yendu  hELabEkAgide.  Adare  nijakkU  doDDavanu,  cikkavaLu,  hiriyavaru modalAdavugaLu guNapadagaLalla, vyaktivAcaka padakantegaLu.  avugaLalli  doDDa,  cikka,  hiri  modalAda  guNapadagaLu  avanu,  avaLu, avaru modalAda savranAma (savrapada)gaLondige viSEShaNa  gaLAgi baLakeyAgive aShTe.  
idE  rItiyalli,  eNikeya  padagaLige  mattu  kxdantanAmagaLige  (hOguvavanu,  baruvavaru,  hADidavaLu)  viSEShaNa  rUpa  mattu  kAraka  rUpagaLiveyendu  hELalAgide.  Adare  illU  kannaDadalliruvudu  padakantegaLallade  padarUpagaLalla.  intaha  bEreyU  kelavu  kannaDakke  hondikeyAgada  viShayagaLu  I  vyAkaraNadalliddu  ivannu  tegedu  hAkuva illavE badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide. 

ಕನ್ನಡ →

12.4 kAlEjugaLalli bOdhane mattu samSOdhane

kAlEjugaLalli kannaDa bhASheyannu ALavAgi abhyAsa mADuva mattu kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle heccina samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuva vidyArthi gaLige mEle vivarisida hosa dxShTikOnavannu odagisikoDuvudu ondu atyanta mukhyavAda kelasavendu nanna abhiprAya. kannaDada padaracane mattu vAkyaracanegaLannu nEravAgi pariSIlisuva pravxtti avaralli beLeyabEku.

idallade  kannaDada  vyAkaraNa  pustakagaLalli  baruva  vyAkaraNa  niyama  gaLannu hAgeyE uruhoDeyuva badalu avannu sariyAgi arthamADi  konDu  nijakkU  avu  kannaDada  padaracaneyannu  mattu  vAkyaracaneyannu  sariyAgi  vivarisuttiveyE  embudannu  pariSIlisuva  mattu  praSnisuva  pravxtti avaralli beLeyuvante mADabEku.   
intaha  pravxtti  namma  kannaDa  vidyArthi-samSOdhakaralli  illavE  illavendu hELidarU tappAgalAradu. illavAdare nAnu I pustakadalli  vivarisidantaha  mattu  kaNNige  hoDedu  kANisuvantaha  asamapraka  vyAkaraNa  niyamagaLu  kannaDa  vyAkaraNadalli  tumbi  tuLukuttiruvudannu  I vidyArthi-samSOdhakaralli obbibbarAdarU gamanisadiralu sAdhyave? 
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli dapa pratyayakke vartamAnArthavide  mattu  va  pratyayakke  bhaviShyadarthavideyundu  kannaDa  vayyAkaraNigaLu  kaLeda  sAvira  vaShragaLindalU  hELuttA  bandiddAre.  nijakkU  idu  nijavE, haLegannaDa kAvyagaLalli I pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva padagaLu  nijakkU I arthabhEdavannu  sUcisuttiveyE embudannu  obbanE  obba  samSOdhakanU pariSIlisalu hOgillavendare AScaryavAguvudillave? 
nAnu  mEleyE  hELiruvante,  vyAkhyAnakArana  manObhAvavannu  biTTukoTTu  samSOdhakana  manObhAvavannu  aLavaDisikonDarEnE  namma  jYAnavannu  heccisalu  sAdhya.  hindina  vidvAmsaru  Enu  hELiddaru  embudannu vivarisuvudu mAtravE vyAkhyAnakArana uddESa. hindinavara  hELikeyalli  tappideyE?  ideyAdare  adannu  saripaDisuvudu  hEge?  hindinavaru  hELiradantaha  viShayagaLEnAdarU  iveyE?  embudannu  kanDuhiDiyuvudE samSOdhakana kelasa.  
hindinavaru  hELidudannu  sariyAgi  arthamADikonDare  namage  A  viShayada  jYAna  labhisuttade.  Adare  A  viShayada  kuritAgi  namma  samAjadalliruva  jYAna  heccuvudilla.  hindinavaru  hELidudaralli  asAngatyavEnAdarU  ideyAdare  adannu  kanDukoLLuvudara  mUlaka  mAtravE namma samAjada jYAnanidhi heccaballudu.   
kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle samSOdhaneyannu naDesabEkendiruvavaralli  intaha  samSOdhaka  pravxtti  beLeyuvante  mADuvalli  mattu  SAlA  vidyArthigaLigAgi  vyAkaraNa  paThyapustakagaLannu  racisuva  vidvAmsaralli  ondu  hosa  dxShTikOnavunTAguvante  mADuvalli  I  pustaka  svalpa  vAdarU sahAyakavAgavAgali embudE nanna hArayke.  

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