bhASheya bagge nIvEnu balliri?
lEkhakaru: Di. en. Sankara bhaT mUla: PDF (Sarvam Vision OCR) — OCR SuddhIkxta prati
pariviDi
- bhAga ondu — bhASheya svarUpa
- bhAga eraDu — kalike mattu vyAkaraNa
- bhAga mUru — mAtu mattu baraha
- bhAga nAlku — kannaDa bhASheya svarUpa
- bhAga aydu — jagattina bhAShegaLu
bhASheya bagege nIvEnu balliri?
tiddi doDDadu mADiruva nAlkanE mudraNa bhAShAprakASana heggODu, sAgara
BHASHEYA BAGEGE NIIVEENU BALLIRI? (What do you know about language?) by D.N.Shankara Bhat, Ninasam, Heggodu, Sagara 577 417. E-mail: bhatdns@gmail.com
modalanE mudraNa: ೧೯೭೦ eraDanE pariShkxta mudraNa: ೧೯೯೮ mUranE vistrata mudraNa: ೨೦೦೨ tiddi doDDadu mADiruva nAlkanE accu: ೨೦೧೦
© : barahagAra
prakaTaNe: bhAShAprakASana, heggODu, sAgara ೫೭೭ ೪೧೭
vitaraNe:
atri buk senTar, ೪, SarAvati kaTTaDa, balmaTha, mangaLUru ೫೭೫ ೦೦೧
mudraNa:
SrISakti elekTrik pres, ೧೩nE krAs, jayanagara, maysUru ೫೭೦ ೦೧೪
mUranE mudraNada munnuDi
idondu lEkhanagaLa sankalana. I hesarina nanna pustaka modala bArige ೧೯೭೦ralli prakaTavAgittu. anantara ೧೯೯೮ralli puttUrina kannaDa sanghada mUlaka idu eraDanE mudraNavannu kanDittu. A eraDanE mudraNadalli onderaDu hosa lEkhanagaLannu sErisidde, mattu uLidavu gaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannU mADidde. Iga I mUranE mudraNa dalli bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADiddEne, mattu halavu hosa lEkhanagaLannU sErisiddEne.
bhASheyembudu namagella tIra paricitavAgiruva viShaya. namma nAligeya tudiyallE kuNiyuvantaha vicitra tantra. Adare, adara svarUpada kuritAgi nAvu sariyAgi tiLidiruvudakkintalU tappAgi kalpisi konDiruvudE jAsti. bhAShe I rIti atiparicitavAgiruva kAraNa, ivu tappu kalpanegaLendu tiLisi hELuvudU bahaLa kaShTa. hIge hELalu yatnisuva bhAShAvijYAniya mAtige yArU bele koDuvudilla. heccinavarigU avana mAtinalli nambikeyE baruvudilla.
I tappu kalpaneya phalavannu mAtra nAvellarU anubhavisuttiddEve. rAjakIyadalli mAtravalla, namma dinanityada AguhOgugaLallU bhAShA samasye bEre bEre rUpagaLalli kANisikoLLuttide. idannu bageharisalu yatnisuvavarella kaggattalalli taDakADuttiddAre. avara yatnagaLella I samasyeyannu innaShTu bigigoLisuva hAge kANisuttide. bhAShAmAdhyamada viShayadalli, lipiviShayadalli (ittIcegina xkArada kate), mattu rAjya gaLa gaDi viShayadalli I samasye anavaSyakavAgi AgAga vikAravAda rUpavannu taLeyuvudu kANisuttide.
intaha halavu samasyegaLa mEle beLaku cellaballa lEkhanagaLannu I sankalanadalli kANabahudu. illi nAlku rItiya lEkhanagaLive. bhASheya svarUpaventadembudannu tiLisuvavugaLu Aru; bhAShegU barahakkU naDuviruva sambandhavEnu, avannu kalisuva vidhAnagaLalli lOpadOSha gaLu Enive embudannu carcisuvavugaLu hanneraDu; kannaDa bhASheya svarUpavannu tiLisikoDuvavugaLu aydu; mattu, bhAratadalli mattu
i
munnuDi
prapancada itara bhAgagaLalli kANisuva bhAShegaLa vayvidhyate entahadu embudannu sUkShmavAgi varNisalu yatnisuvavugaLu ELu.
I sankalanadalli kANisuva lEkhanagaLalli kelavu sumAru naluvattu varShagaLaShTu hindeyE prakaTavAdavugaLu; innu kelavu ittIcege prakaTa vAdavugaLu; kelavu aprakaTita lEkhanagaLU idarallive. ivu pari harisalu yatnisuva samasyegaLu mAtra ivattigU kANisikoLLuvantahavu gaLE. bhASheya rAjakAraNigaLige, adhyApakarige, mattu bhASheya nijavAda svarUpavEnembudannu tiLiya bayasuva Odugarige I sankalana rucisa bahudu.
I pustakada mudraNakkAgi tamma ‘baraha’ emba hesarina tantrAmSa vannu ucitavAgi baLasalu oppige koTTiruva SrI SESAdrivAsu candraSEkharan avarige, andavAgi mudrisi koTTiruva SrISakti ilekTrik presna SrI rA. vem. SrInivAsa mUrti, mattu avara suputra SrI rA. SrI. mOhana mUrti avarige, mattu idara mArATada hoNe hottiruva atri buk senTarina SrI ji. en. aSOkavardhana avarige nAnu AbhAri.
maysUru mArc ೨೦, ೨೦೦೨ LLa
nAlkanE accina munnuDi
೨೦೦೨ralli mUraneya bArige accAgidda I pustakavannu Iga nAlkanE bArige accu hAkisuttiddEne. idakkAgi vartamAna kAla, bhASheya kalikege vyAkaraNada neravu, Tarki dESada lipikrAnti, kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’ mattu bhAShe mattu baraha emba aydu heccina lEkhanagaLannu sErisiddEne; uLida lEkhanagaLallU kelavu mArpADugaLannu mADiddEne. mattu modalidda nAlka bhAgagaLannu aydu bhAgagaLalli anugoLisiddEne.
Adare, nanna ittIcegina pustakagaLa hAge, idaralli hosabarahavannu baLasalu hOgilla. hosabarahadalli nanna olavu kaDimeyAdudu idakke kAraNavalla; hosadAgi bareyuva pustakagaLallella adannE baLasuttiddEne. ittIcege prakaTavAgiruva kannaDa barahada sollarime-೧ pustakadallU adannE baLasiddEne.
Adare, I pustakada mUraneya accu nAnu hosa barahavannu Odugara mundirisuva modalE (೨೦೦೨ralli) horabandittu. Iga adannu hosa barahakke mArpaDisabEkiddalli, adaralli baLakeyAgiruva samskxta eravalugaLa eNikeyannU sAkaShTu kaDime mADabEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi heccu kaDime hosa pustakavondannu baredaShTE kelasa mADabEkAguttade. idu nanna Igina kannaDa barahada sollarime pustakada mundina bhAgagaLa baravaNigege taDeyoDDaballudAda kAraNa, A kelasavannu kaygettikoLLalu hOgilla.
I lEkhanagaLalli kelavannu sumAru naluvattu varShagaLaShTu hindeyE baredidde, mattu bEre kelavannu ittIcege barediddEne. I dIrghavAda avadhiyalli bhASheya kuritu, mattu kannaDada kuritu nanna tiLuvaLikeyalli halavu mArpADugaLunTAgive. ivu svalpa maTTige I barahagaLallU kANisikoLLuttave. ivugaLalli ondakkondu tIra viruddha gaLAgaballantaha vAkya illavE pArAgaLannu mAtra badalisiddEne. uLidavugaLannu hAgeyE biTTiddEne.
೫
munnuDi
I pustakavannu andavAgi mudrisiruva SrISakti ilekTrik presna SrI rA. SrI. mOhana mUrti avarannu, idara mArATada hoNe hottiruva atri buk senTarina SrI ji. en. aSOkavardhana avarannu, mattu I pustakavannu siddhapaDisuvalli nanage halavu rItiya bembala nIDiruva maDadi bhArati bhaT avarannu nAnilli nenapisabayasuttEne.
heggODu, sAgara ೨೦ mE ೨೦೧೦ ೬
anukramaNike
bhAga ondu: bhASheya svarUpa
೧.೧ bhAShegaLoLage kILu-mElilla ೧೧ ೧.೨ bhAShegaLa huTTu-sAvu ೧೫ ೧.೩ bhAShegaLalli haLatu-hosatu ೨೦ ೧.೪ bhAShAsvAtantrya ೨೪ ೧.೫ bhASheyu tarkabaddhavEnu? ೨೮ ೧.೬ vartamAna kAla ೩೩ ೧.೭ eNikeyallU vayvidhyavide ೩೯
bhAga eraDu: vyAkaraNa mattu kalike
೨.೧ todalu nuDiya indrajAla ೪೪ ೨.೨ kannaDada makkaLige kannaDada pATha ೪೭ ೨.೩ vyAkaraNavemba kallina kaDale ೫೧ ೨.೪ SAlAvyAkaraNagaLalli modalaneya pATha ೫೫ ೨.೫ kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli samskxtada devva ೬೦ ೨.೬ samskxtada samAsagaLu kannaDadalli iveyE? ೬೩ ೨.೭ kannaDada makkaLige ingliSh pATha ೬೮ ೨.೮ bhASheya kalikege vyAkaraNada neravu ೭೨ ೨.೯ ganTegeShTu puTa Odaballiri? ೮೪ ೨.೧೦ Odalu bandarU Oduvudilla vEke? ೮೮
bhAga mUru: mAtu mattu baraha
೩.೧ mAtigU ondu phOTO ೯೨
೩.೨ bhAratakkella ondu lipi bEkE? ೯೭
೭
anukramaNike
೩.೩ xkArada aLivu-uLivu ೧೦೩ ೩.೪ Tarki dESada lipikrAnti ೧೦೯ ೩.೫ kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’ ೧೧೨ ೩.೬ bhAShe mattu baraha ೧೨೧
bhAga nAlku: kannaDa bhASheya svarUpa
೪.೧ kannaDada mUru mukhagaLu ೧೨೯ ೪.೨ kannaDada upabhAShegaLu ೧೩೩ ೪.೩ kannaDada vyAkaraNa parampare ೧೪೯ ೪.೪ SatamAnada kannaDa vyAkaraNa samSOdhane ೧೫೩ ೪.೫ Sabdabrahmaru eDavidAga ೧೬೬ ೪.೬ pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTi ೧೬೯
bhAga aydu: jagattina bhAShegaLu
೫.೧ bhAratada bhAShegaLu ೧೭೬ ೫.೨ ESyAda bhAShegaLu ೧೮೯ ೫.೩ yurOpina bhAShegaLu ೧೯೨ ೫.೪ AphrikAda bhAShegaLu ೧೯೩ ೫.೫ amerikAda bhAShegaLu ೧೯೭ ೫.೬ AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLu ೧೯೯ ೫.೭ OSiyAnAda bhAShegaLu ೨೦೪ ೫.೮ muktAya ೨೦೬
೮
bhAga ondu
bhASheya svarUpa
nAvu dinanityavU lIlAjAlavAgi baLasuttiruva I bhAShe nammellarigU tumbA paricitavAdudu. hAgAgi, adara viShayavAgi nammalli halavaru ella tiLidavarante mAtanADuttAre. nijakkU namma nAligeya tudiyalli kuNiyuva I bhASheya kuritu nAvu tiLiyadiruva mattu tappAgi tiLidukonDiruva viShayagaLE heccu. halavu sandarbhagaLalli I tiLuvaLikeyilladiruvudu mattu tappu tiLuvaLikeyiruvudu nammannu mattu uLidavarannu bagebageya tondaregaLige oLapaDisuttade.
bhASheya kuritAgi nammalliruva I ajYAnada phalavannu nAvu elli bEkiddarU kANabahudu. obba vyaktiya yOgyateyannu avana mAti ninda aLeyuttEve. namagariyada bhASheyannADuvavarannu samSayadinda nODuttEve. namma bhASheyannADuvavaru sikkidare avarannu nambi sulabhavAgi mOsahOguttEve. bhASheya hesarinalli nammalli eShTella hoDedATagaLu naDedilla? naDeyuttilla? Adare, ivella sariyE, avaSyavE embudannu tALmeyinda parIkShisuvavaru mAtra bahaLa kaDime.
bhAShAsahiShNute embudu nammalli beLeyabEkAdare, mukhyavAgi bhASheya kuritu nammalliruva ajYAnavannu toDedu hAkuva avaSyakate yide. bhAShegaLalli kANisuva vayvidhyate bEre bEre kAraNagaLindAgi avugaLalli taledOruva badalAvaNegaLa phala. Adare I vayvidhyate bhAShe gaLannADuva janara yOgyate, viSvAsArhate, buddhivantike, modalAduva nnEnU pratibimbisuvudilla. ondE kuTumbada janaru dUradUrada eraDu UrugaLalli paraspara samparkavillade halavu varShagaLaShTu kAla uLidarAdare, avara bhASheyallU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu mUDibarade iralAravu.
hIgiddarU, bhAShe namma jIvanada ondu ati mukhya angavAgide. hAgAgi, horagina prapancavannu nAvu hEge kANuttEve mattu anubhavisuttEve embudara mEle svalpavAdarU namma bhASheya prabhAva Agadiradu. haLadi baNNada kannaDakavannu dharisida vyaktige hEge ellA vastu
gaLU haLadi baNNadavAgi kANisuttaveyO hAgeyE ondu viSiShTavAda bhASheyannADuvavarige horagina prapanca A bhAShe adannu hEge tOri suttadeyO hAge kANisuttade. namma AlOcane, anubhava ivella bahaLamaTTige namma bhASheyallE naDeyuvuvAda kAraNa, ivugaLa mElella namma bhASheya prabhAva iddE iruttade.
I ondu viShayavannu gamanadallirisikoLLadiddare, eraDu bEre bEre bhAShegaLannADuvavaroLage anavaSyakavAgi tappu tiLuvaLikegaLu tale dOraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, namma dESada ISAnya gaDipradESadalli kanDubaruva halavAru samasyegaLige intaha bhAShege sambandhisida ajYAna mattu asahiShNutegaLU svalpamaTTige kAraNavAgiralu sAdhyavide.
namma bhASheya jYAna nammalli arivige eTakuvantahadu mattu eTakadantahadu embudAgi eraDu bEre bEre staragaLalli sthApitavAgiru ide. mAtanADuvAgalella nAvu nUrAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu anavaratavAgi baLasuttiruttEve. I vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa jYAna namma miduLinalli namma arivige eTakada sthitiyalli nelasiruttade. nAvu ADuvantaha mAtannu gaNaka yantragaLu baLasuvante mADabEkiddalli intaha nUrAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kanDuhiDidu, avannella avuga LoLage aLavaDisikoLLabEkAguttade. idarinda, namma dinanityada mAti nallU intaha nUrAru niyamagaLa baLake namage tiLiyada hAge naDeyuttiruttade emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.
intaha arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAna mAtravallade arivige eTakuva innondu rItiya vyAkaraNa jYAnavU nammallide. SAleyalli nAvu kaliyuva vyAkaraNa jYAna intahadu. I arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnada sahAyadinda nAvu namma bhASheyalli halavu bageya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLaballevu. hosa hosa padagaLannu sxShTisi adaralli baLasikoLLaballevu, mattu bEre bhAShegaLinda namage bEkenisida padagaLannu eravalAgi paDedukoLLaballevu. vAkyagaLa racaneyallU sandarbhakke takkante, I vyAkaraNa jYAnada sahAyadinda, halakelavu badalAvaNegaLannU nAvu mADikoLLaballevu.
Adare, kAladinda kAlakke namma bhASheyalli naDeyuva badalAvaNe gaLalli heccinavU nammalliruva arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAnada mUlaka naDeyuttave. avu yAra niyantraNakkU oLagAgade naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu. nirantaravAgi naDeyuva I badalAvaNegaLannu bhAShA panDitaru virOdhisuvarAdarU avannu taDeyuva Sakti yArigU illa. nammalliruva arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnada AdhArada mEle ivalli
kelavannu dUra irisuva prayatnavannEnO mADaballevu, Adare, idarindAgi bhAShe badalAgadiruvudilla. mAtina bhAShe badalAguttA iruttade, Adare barahada bhAShe kelavu viShayagaLalli badalAgade uLidu adakkU mAtina bhAShegU naDuve kandakavondu ErpaDuttade.
nammalliruva I arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAna namage gottAgada hAge namma dxShTikOnada mElU prabhAvavannu bIruttiruttade. I viShayadalli vidvAmsaroLage bhinnAbhiprAyaviruvudEnO nija; Adare, heccu heccu bhAShegaLannu abhyAsa mADidantella I arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAnadalli bhASheyinda bhAShege bahaLaShTu vayvidhyateyiralu sAdhya emba viShaya beLakige baruttide. bhASheyembudu namma anubhava mattu AlOcanA vidhAnagaLannu niyantrisaballudAdare, adaralli kANisuva I vayvidhyateyU namma anubhava mattu AlOcanA vidhAnagaLalli pratibimbitavAgaballudallavE?
bhASheya viShayavAgi nammalli beLedubandiruva ajYAnada svarUpa entahadu embudannu I modalanE vibhAgada lEkhanagaLu paricaya mADikoDuttave.
೧.೧ bhAShegaLoLage kILu mElilla
sulabhavAda bhAShe, kliShTavAda bhAShe, kivigimpAda bhAShe, kaThOravAda bhAShe, beLeyuttiruva bhAShe, kADu bhAShe endella bhAShegaLa mEle nUrAru viSEShaNagaLannEnO nAvu hEruttEve; Adare, ivellavU bhASheyannu kELuva illavE ADuva namma manassinalli mUDuva viSEShaNagaLallade bhAShegaLoLage I rItiya kILumElilla. I mAtannu bhAShAvijYAnigaLu naDesiruva nUrAru samSOdhanegaLa AdhArada mEle bareyalAgideyAdarU idannu heccinavarU sulabhadalli nambalArarembu dantU nijavE.
kaShTa-sulabha
yAva bhASheyU adannu tAynuDiyAgi ADuttiruvavarige kaShTavAgi kANisuvudilla. bhAShegaLallella kannaDavE atyanta sulabhavAdudu, caynIs iddudarallella kaShTavAdudendu nAvEnO hELaballevu. Adare, idE viShayavannu caynIs bhASheyannu ADuvavanobbanondige
hOgi kELi nODiri. Atanige khanDitavAgiyU kannaDakkinta jaynIsE heccu sulabhavAda bhASheyendenisadiradu.
bAlyadalli nAvu ondu vidhavAda bhASheyannu ADalu kalitiruttEve. A bhAShegU, munde kaliyaliruva eraDaneya bhAShegU naDuve ententaha vyatyAsagaLive, mattu eShTu vyatyAsagaLive embudara mEle A bhAShe heccu illavE kaDime kliShTavAdudendu namage anisuttade.
kannaDa mattu tamiLu bhAShegaLoLage halavAru viShayagaLalli sAmya vide. hAgAgi, tamiLannu nAvu bahaLa sulabhavAgi kalitu artha mADikoLLalu SaktarAguttEve. ingliShigU kannaDakkU naDuve intaha samAnategaLu bahaLa kaDime. Adudarinda mUru nAlku varSha kalitarU ingliSh namma hiDitakke sikkuvudilla.
bhASheyondu sulabhavAdudu illavE kliShTavAdudu endenisalu bEreyU kAraNagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, hindI bhaktarige adaralli ondu vAkya sariyAgi ADalu bAradiddarU hindiginta sulabhavAda bhAShe jagattinalli yAvudU illavendu avaru sAruttiruttAre.
bhASheyondara mEle barediruva vyAkaraNa bahaLa kliShTavAgide yAdarU A bhAShe kliShTavAgideyendu adannu kaliyalu prayatnisu vavarige anisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, samskxta bhASheya mEle bahaLa kliShTavAda, Adare atyanta uttamavAda vyAkaraNavannu siddhagoLisalAgide. samskxta bhASheyannu I vyAkaraNada sahAyadinda kaliyalu prayatnisu vavarige adu bahaLa kliShTavAda bhASheyendu anisadiradu.
kannaDakkU intahadE kliShTavAda vyAkaraNavannu tayArisi, adU bahaLa kliShTavAda bhASheyendu adannu antaha vyAkaraNada mUlaka kaliyalu prayatnisuvavarige annisuvante mADuvudu asAdhyavEnalla.
bhAShegaLalliruva vibhaktigaLa sankhye, lingabhEdagaLu, padaniShpatti, modalAda vyAkaraNAmSagaLa AdhArada mEle avugaLa sApEkSha kliShTate yannu nirdharisalu bhAShAvijYAnigaLu naDesida prayatnagaLellavU niShphala vAgive. kaShTa, sulabha embudella vyaktiniShTha mAtra, bhAShAniShTha vallavendE I vidvAmsaru koneya nirdhArakke barabEkAyitu. ondu bhASheya padaracane eShTondu sulabhavAgiruttadeyO adara vAkyaracane aShTE kliShTavAgiyU iruvante kANisuttade. bhAShegaLa ellA amSa gaLannU oTTige gamanakke tegedukonDevAdare, kliShTateyalli avugaLoLage heccu kaDimeyiralAradendE vidvAmsara abhiprAya.
bhASheya impu
lAlitya, impu modalAdavugaLU vyaktiniShThavallade bhAShAniShThavalla. karnATaka sangItavannu kELi abhyAsavAgiruva dakShiNadavarige uttarAdi sangItadalli impU illa, andavU illa. Adare uttarAdiyannu kELi santOShapaDalu abhyAsavAdavarige karnATaka sangItadalli dakShiNadavarige kANisuvantaha andavEnU kANisuvudilla.
bhAShegaLallU hIgeyE. eLeya prAyadalli nAvu entaha samskAra kkoLagAgiruvevO adannAdharisi ondu vidhada mAtu andavAgi kELisuttade, mattu innondu vidhada mAtu karkaSavAgi kELisuttade. sAmAnyavAgi ellarigU tammadE Ada tAynuDi kivigimpAgi kELisu ttade.
bhASheya beLavaNige
bhAShegaLa mEle anavaSyakavAgi hEriruva innondu viSEShaNavendare, beLavaNige. bhAratada bhAShegaLannella beLeyuttiruva bhAShegaLendu kareyu vudu rUDhi. I mAtannu rAjakAraNigaLu mAtravalla, vidvAmsarU upayOgisuttiruvudu nijakkU SOcanIyavAda sangati. nijakkU ivattu pracalitavAgiruva bhAShegaLellavU pUrti beLediruva bhAShegaLE. avugaLalli kaDime beLedavugaLu mattu jAsti beLedavugaLu embudAgi illavE prabuddhavAdavugaLu mattu aprabuddhavAdavugaLu embudAgi vingaDisi hELuvudu asAdhya.
bhAShegaLa huTTu hEgAgirabEkembudannu tiLiyalu vidvAmsaru bahaLaShTu prayatna naDesiddAre mattu I viShayadalli halavAru grantha gaLannu barediddAre. Adare I viShayadalli naDediruva vAda vivAda gaLella niShpalagaLAgi uLididdu, I prayatnagaLellavU viphalagonDive. atI hindinadennabahudAda bhASheyU Adhunika bhASheyaShTE prabuddha vAgiruvante tOruvudE I vayphalyakke mukhya kAraNa.
prANigaLa illavE pakShigaLa kUginante mottamodalige kelavE kelavu padagaLannoLagonDidda bhAShe AmEle ondondAgi tanna padarASiyannu beLesikonDu indina vistratavAda rUpavannu tALirabEkendu kelavaru vAdisiruvarAdarU intaha vAdakke AdhAravEnU doretilla.
girijanara bhAShe
girijanara illavE kADujanara bhAShegaLannu ardhambardhavAgi abhyAsa mADida miSanarigaLu A bhAShegaLalli halavAru kundukorategaLannu kanDaru. avara matadante, I bhAShegaLalli padagaLa sankhye kaDime; iruva padagaLella kaNNige kANuva illavE kayge tagaluva vastugaLannaShTE sUcisaballavallade avugaLa guNadharmagaLannu sUcisalAravu; A bhAShegaLa dhvanigaLu tIra kliShTavAdavugaLu, mattu avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLu sAkaShTu balitukonDilla, ityAdi. anantara naDesiruva ALavAda abhyAsa gaLu mAtra, ivellA abhiprAyagaLU tappembudannu spaShTavAgi tOrisi koTTive.
udAharaNegAgi, pETeyalli vAsisuva janaru ayvattO, nUrO maragiDagaLa hesarugaLannu aritiruvarAdare, girijanara mAtinalli intaha hesarugaLa sankhye eraDu mUru sAviravAdarU irabahudu. pada sampattu AyA bASheyannu baLasuva janara mukhya kasubannAdharisi bEre bEre SAkhegaLalli vistarisiruttade. bestaravanobbana nenapinalliruvantaha mInugaLa hesarugaLannu mattu avakke sambandhisiruva itara hesarugaLannu sangrahisidare ondu padakOSavE siddhavAdItu. antU I ondu viShayadalli yAva bhASheyannU kILendu kareyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
vyAkaraNada viShaya innondu tera. idara kliShTate illavE saraLate beLavaNigeya vividha hantagaLannu sUcisuvudendu vAdisa horaTa vidvAmsarella ondakkondu viruddhavAda hELikegaLannu koTTu nage gIDAgiddAre. samskxtadante tIra kliShTavAda rUpAvaLigaLannu tOrisuva bhAShegaLE beLavaNigeya tuttatudiyannu muTTidavugaLendu hELu vavarannu samskxtakkintalU nAlku pAlu jAsti rUpAvaLigaLannu tOrisuva girijanara bhAShegaLu dangugoLisive.
nAgarikarennisuva ingliSh, phrenc modalAda janAngagaLa bhAShe gaLige I vikAsavAdadalli bahaLa keLagina sthAna doretItu! yAva rItiya rUpAvaLigaLannU tOrisada ‘sulabha’vAda bhAShegaLE beLavaNigeya tuttatudiyannu muTTidavugaLendu vAdisidalli, illU nAgarikara bhAShegaLannu mIri nillaballa girijanara bhAShegaLive.
vyAkaraNagaLu beLavaNigeya bEre bEre hantagaLalliveyendu hELi, idaralli bEre bEre vyAkaraNagaLa sApEkSha sthAnavEnembudannu nirdharisa horaTa vidvAmsara prayatnavU hIge sampUrNavAgi niShpalagonDide yendu hELabahudu. iduvarege bhAShAvijYAnigaLa abhyAsakkoLagA
giruva ellA sAhajika bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLU paryAptagaLAgiyE iruvudu kanDubandide. ivu talemArininda talemArige badalAguttira bahudu, Adare, I badalAvaNeyannu beLavaNigeya hantagaLendu kareyalu yAva AdhAravU iduvarege dorakilla.
bhAShe mattu vyAkaraNa
pratiyobba vyaktiyU tanna tAynuDiyannu kaliyuvAga oDahuTTidavara, tAyitandeyara, mattu ATada geLeyara mAtugaLannu kELi kELi, avannu artha mADikoLLalu mattu itararige arthavAguvante antahavE mAtu gaLannu sxShTisikoLLalu atyanta paryAptavAda ‘vyAkaraNa’vondannu racisikoLLabEkAguttade. I vyAkaraNavE A vyaktiya bhAShAjYAnavendu vidvAmsara abhiprAya. bhASheyannADuva vyakti panDitanirali, pAmara nirali, nAgarikanirali, anAgarikanirali, intaha paripUrNavAda vyAkaraNada sahAyavillade Atanige tanna bhASheyannu upayOgisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
Adare, intahadondu vyAkaraNajYAna tannallideyendAgali, adara svarUpaventadendAgali avanige tiLidilla. avanu mAtanADuvAga nUrAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu baLakeyAguvuvAdarU, A niyamagaLu entahavembudannu Ata vivarisi hELalAra. mAtanADuvAga avana arivilladanteyE avana sahAyakke baruvante I vyAkaraNa jYAna avana miduLinalli aDagi kuLitide.
tanna bhASheyalli iduvarege kELadE iddantaha mAtugaLannu racisi ADidarU Ata arthamADikoLLaballa, mattu antaha mAtugaLannu Ata tAnE racisikoLLaballa emba viShayadinda intahadondu vyAkaraNajYAna avanalli iralEbEkendu nAvu UhisikoLLabEkAguttade. I vyAkaraNa apUrNavAgiralAradu.
೧.೨ bhAShegaLa huTTu-sAvu
maguvondu huTTi beLeyuttiruvante adara todalu nuDiyAgi huTTi, beLedu, adu mudukanAgi sAyuvAga illavE bErAvudO kAraNa dinda mUkanAguvAga naSisi hOguvantaha bhAShe, ondu vidhadalli adakke AdhAravAgiruvantaha vyaktiyondige huTTi sAyuvudendU
vAdisabahudu. Adare, A vyaktiyinda avana makkaLige, avarinda avara makkaLige - hIge anavaratavAgi talemArininda talemArige sAguva idE bhAShe innondu vidhadalli naSvaravAgiruvudendU vAdisabahudu. bhAShe yondara huTTu-sAvugaLa praSne nijakkU iveraDu vAdagaLa naDuve nintide.
yAvudE ondu bhASheyannu naSvaravAgisuvantaha ondu samAjada nirantarate sAvu-nOvugaLindAgi kaDidu hOdalli, A samAjadoDane adara bhASheyU naShTavAgi hOgalu sAdhyavideyembudannu gamanisa bEku. udAharaNegAgi, amerikada mUla nivAsigaLalli baLakeyallidda halavAru bhAShegaLu A mUlanivAsigaLu nirnAmagonDAga avaroDa neyE naShTavAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. AsTrEliyAda mUla nivAsi gaLallU idE paristhiti naDedide.
bhAratadallU halavAru guDDakADugaLalli vAsisuttidda janara bhAShe gaLu I rIti naShTavAgiruvudu, mattu naShTavAguttiruvudu kanDu baruttide. ondu samAjavu tanna tAynuDiyannu biTTukoTTu bErondu nuDiyannu baLasalu prArambhisidAgalU idE phalitAmSa labhisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, dakShiNa kannaDa mattu uDupi jillegaLalli vAsisuva koragaru tammadE Ada koraga emba bhASheyannADuttAre. Adare, dakShiNa kannaDa jilleya dakShiNa bhAgadalli vAsisuva koragarella tamma I koraga bhASheyannu biTTukoTTu tuLu bhASheyannE tamma tAynuDi yannAgi aLavaDisikonDiddAre. uLidavarU idE dAri hiDidalli, I koraga bhAShe innonderaDu talemArugaLalli sampUrNa vAgi naSisi hOgaballudu.
tAynuDi
bhAShegaLige kalpitavAgiruva innondu vidhada nASa illavE sAvige samskxta bhAShe atyuttama udAharaNe. sAmAnyavAgi pratiyondu bhASheyallU halavAru prabhEdagaLu (upabhAShegaLu) baLakeyalliruttave. ivu bEre bEre pradESagaLalli pracalitavAgiruva prabhEdagaLirabahudu, illavE bEre bEre jAtigaLalli athavA pangaDagaLalli pracalitavAgiruva prabhEdagaLirabahudu. intaha prabhEdagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu prabhEdavu baravaNigeya prabhEdavendu parigaNisalpaTTu, sAhitya kxti gaLalli baLakeyAguttade.
ADunuDiyAgi baLakeyAguva prabhEdagaLu kAladinda kAlakke badalAgutta naDeyuvuvAdarU, I rIti baravaNigeyalli baLakeyAguva prabhEda mAtra, bEre bEre kAraNagaLindAgi, kelavomme bahaLa kAlada varegU jAsti badalAgade uLiyuvudide. A prabhEdadalli uttamavAda sAhitya kxtigaLu racitavAgiddu, antaha kAryakke A prabhEdavannu baLasuvudu anivAryavemba abhiprAya beLedu baruvudu intaha kAraNagaLalli mukhyavAdudu.
kAlakramENa, ADunuDi mattu I barahada prabhEdagaLa naDuve avu bEre bEre bhAShegaLennuvallivaregU vyatyAsagaLErpaDuttave, mattu krAntikArigaLa kayyalli I ADunuDiyU barahagaLalli baLakeyAga toDaguttade. idara pariNAmavAgi, heccinavarigU sulabhadalli artha vAguva ADunuDi haLeya kAladindalU pracAradallidda barahada bhASheya sthAnavannu AkramisatoDaguttade. I AkramaNa sampUrNa vAdAga, endare haLeya barahada prabhEdavannu baLasikoLLuvavara sankhye kaDimeyAguttA hOgi, illavE illavennuvantAdAga, adu ‘sattitu’ ennuva sthiti bandodaguttade.
samskxtada sthAnavannu adara ADunuDigaLAda prAkxta, hindi, marAThi, gujarAti modalAdavugaLu AkramisikonDu, adannu barahadalli (sAhitya racaneyalli) baLasuvavara sankhye kaDimeyAguttA hOguttide yembudannE adu ‘sAva’nnapputtideyendu varNisabahudu. idu samskxta bhaktarige apriyavAgi kANisabahudAdarU nijavAda sangati.
bhASheya huTTu
bhAShegaLu hEge sattuhOgaballuvembudannu vivarisidaShTu sulabhavAgi avu hEge huTTikoLLaballuvembudannu vivarisalu sAdhyavAgadu. ondu bhASheyannu baLasuttiruva samAjavu bEre bEre kAraNagaLindAgi eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda samAjagaLAgi oDedukonDAga, adu baLasuva bhASheyU A eraDu samAjagaLalli bEre bEre dikkugaLalli badalAgutta naDedu, konege eraDu bEre bEre bhAShegaLAgi oDedukoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare, idarindAgi ondu bhAShe eraDAyitendu hELa bahudallade, hosadondu bhAShe huTTikonDitendu vAdisuvudu kaShTa sAdhya.
bhUmiya huTTannu mattu adaralliruva jIvarASigaLa vikAsavannu susambaddhavAgi kalpisikoLLalu AturarAgiruvantaha jIva vijYAnigaLige
manuShyanalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bhASheyemba hesarina I viSiShTa vAda samparka sAdhanavu hEge huTTikonDirabEkembudannu sariyAgi pratipAdisalu sAdhyavAguvallivaregU samAdhAnavilla. I viShayadalli huTTikonDiruva siddhAntagaLa mattu avugaLa mEle bareyalAgiruva puTagaLa sankhyeyU I viShayaveShTu janapriyavAgittembudannu spaShTavAgi sUcisuttade.
manuShyanalli mAtravE kANisuva I bhAShe manuShyanu vikAsa gonDu itara jIvigaLinda bErpaDuttidda samayadalli huTTikonDira bEkendEnO vAdisabahudu. Adare bhAShe bArada itara prANigaLalli kANisikoLLuva yAva rItiya samparkasAdhanagaLU I huTTu hEgira bahudembudannu tiLiyalu sahAyakavAguttilla.
bhAShAvijYAnigaLU I viShayada mEle bahaLaShTu vAda vivAda gaLannu naDesiddAre. makkaLalli, mudukaralli, santrastaralli, kivuDaralli, bhASheyE bArada prANigaLalli – hIge ellA kaDegaLallU bhASheya ugamavannariyalu suLuhugaLEnAdarU doreyuvudE embudAgi prayatnapaTTu huDukiddAre. mattu ivellA prayatnagaLU niShphalagaLAgu tiruvudannu kanDu, I kelasa bhAShAvijYAnigaLadE allavendu, athavA idannu pUrtigoLisalu sAdhyavE illavendu halavu mandi vidvAmsaru vAdisiddAre. I rItiya nirASAvAdakke kAraNavilla dilla.
AdhAragaLa korate
indu baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLa AdhArada mEle, mattu namage doretiruva atI prAcInavAda bhAShAviShayaka avaSEShagaLa AdhArada mEle, halavAru mUlabhAShegaLannu kalpisalAgide. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudU Adhunika bhAShegaLiginta avugaLa dhvaniyallAgali, vyAkaraNa dallAgali svalpavU bhinnavAgilla. bhASheya ugamavu intaha kalpita mUlagaLinda miliyagaTTale varShagaLaShTu hindinadAgirabEkembudE idakke mukhya kAraNavirabahudu. A ugama hEgiddirabahudu embu dannu UhisuvudakkU kUDa I kalpita mUlagaLalli sUcane doreyu ttilla.
prapancadalliruva bEre bEre bhAShegaLannu tulanAtmakavAgi abhyasisi, bhAShAvikAsada bEre bEre hantagaLalli avannu hancikoLLalu naDesida prayatnagaLU idE rItiyalli niShpalagonDive. beLedantella ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNa samskxta bhASheyalliruvante kliShTavAgutta naDeyuvu
dendu bhAvisuvavarige samskxtajanyagaLAda hindi, marAThi modalA davugaLa illavE lyATinninda beLedu banda phrenc, spyAniSh modalAdavugaLa vyAkaraNagaLu lalitavAguttiruvudu doDDa tale nOvannE tandoDDide.
I vAdakke viruddhavAgi, bhAShe beLedantella adara vyAkaraNa lalita vAguttA hOguttadeyendu vAdisuvavarigU eduru nillaballa nidarSanagaLu halavive. kliShTa-lalita embantaha viSEShaNagaLu bhAShegaLige anvayisuvantahavE allavembudu Adhunika siddAntavAgiruvAga, I mElina vAdagaLigella nijakkU yAva beleyU illa.
bhASheya ugamada kuritu vAdavivAdagaLannu naDesuttiruvavaralli heccinavarU adu mottamodalige atyanta rUkSha rUpadalliddu, kramENa adannADuva jana heccu heccu nAgarikarAdante avara bhASheyU mellamellane pariShkxtagoLLutta indina viSiShTa rUpavannu taLedira bEkendu bhAvisuttAre. bhASheya ugamavannu anukaraNAtmaka pada gaLinda, prANigaLa kUgugaLinda, illavE bEre ati saraLavAda pada gaLinda sAdhisalu ivaru prayatnisuttiruvudakke idE mukhya kAraNa. Adare, jIvarASigaLa mattu avugaLa viSEShaguNagaLa vikAsavu I rIti sAvadhAnavAgi, svalpa svalpavE badalAgutta naDedirabEkendu vAdisuvu dakke iduvarege yAva AdhAravU doretilla.
dayvadattavAda vara
yAvudE ondu jIviya Antarika racaneyalli iddakkiddante viSiShTavAda badalAvaNe naDedu, adu beLedubaruvAga hosa hosa cAturya gaLannu kayvaSamADikoLLuvantaha navInavAdondu Saktiyannu paDedu koLLalu sAdhyavide; mattu mAnavana vikAsadallAda intahadE ondu Antarika badalAvaNeya phalavAgi bhASheyU huTTikonDirabahudendu kelavaru samSOdhakaru abhiprAyapaDuttAre.
uNNuvudu, naDeyuvudu modalAda itara kAryagaLante bhASheyU sAhajavAgi, vyaktiyobbana beLavaNigeya angavAgi mUDi baruvantahadu, adannu yArU prayatna pUrvakavAgi kaliyabEkAgilla mattu kalisabEkAgilla emba siddhAntavondannu I abhiprAyavannAdharisi manDisalAgide. idu nijavAdare, bhASheyu mAnavanirmitavalla, dayva dattavAdudu ennuva haLeya hELikeyu ondu maTTige sariyE endU vAdisidantAdItu.
೧.೩ bhAShegaLalli haLatu-hosatu
karNATakada karAvaLiya jillegaLalli nelesiruva havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAda kannaDavannADuva kelavu janAngagaLa mAtannu ‘haLagannaDa’ vendu kareyuva kramavide. Adhunika barahada kannaDakkU I janara mAtigU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLu sumAru ondu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hindina pampa-rannara kAlada kannaDavannu nenapige taruvudE idakke kAraNa virabEku.
Adare, atyAdhunika kAladallE rUDhiyalliruva pracalita bhAShArUpa vondannu I rIti ‘haLe’ya kAladdendu kareyuvudaralli SAstrIya vAdantaha avcityavEnAdarU ideyE embudannu vicArisuvudu avaSya.
parivartaneya phala
kAladinda kAlakke bhAShegaLu badalAguttA hOguvuvembudannu ellarU ballaru. haLegannaDaviddaddu naDugannaDavAgiruvudu, mattu naDugannaDa viddaddu hosagannaDavAgiruvudu idakkondu uttama udAharaNe. I rIti parivartanegoLLuvAga, bhASheyalliruva padagaLa uccAraNeyalli halavAru vyatyAsagaLu tOribaruttave. idallade, A bhASheya padagaLalli kelavu rUDhiyinda biddu hOguttave, mattu avugaLa sthAnadalli hosa hosa padagaLu nirmANagonDu rUDhige baruttave. nerehoreya bhAShe gaLindalU padagaLu eravalAgi bandu I bhASheyalli sErikoLLuttave.
hIge bEre bEre rItiyalli unTAguva badalAvaNegaLu ondu pradESadalli naDeda hAge innondu pradESadalli naDeyuvudilla, ondu jAtiyalli naDeda hAge innondu jAtiyalli naDeyuvudilla, ondu pangaDadalli naDeda hAge innondu pangaDadalli naDeyuvudilla. idarindAgi, Urininda Urige, jAtiyinda jAtige, mattu pangaDa dinda pangaDakke ADumAtinalli vyatyAsagaLu mUDibaruttave.
haLegannaDada kAladinda hosagannaDada kAlakke barabEkAdare, intaha halavAru badalAvaNegaLannu dATikonDu barabEku. I badalAvaNe gaLalli kelavu iDI kannaDa nADannE vyApisikonDantahavugaLu. innu kelavu kannaDa nADininda horage bEre bhAShegaLigU habbidavugaLu. bEre
kelavu kannaDanADinoLage ondu pradESa, jAti illavE pangaDakke mAtravE sambandhisiruvavugaLu.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDa padagaLa Adiyalli baruva pakAravu sumAru hattaneya SatamAnadalli hakAravAgi parivartitavAyitu. I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavAgi, haLegannaDada pAl indu hAlu endAgide, pattu embudu hattu endAgide, pOgu embudu hOgu endAgide, peN embudu heNNu endAgide.
idE rItiyalli, haLegannaDadallidda a-La bhEda mattu a-ra bhEdagaLu hosagannaDadalli illavAgive. Adare, ivugaLalli a-ra bhEda kannaDada ellA prabhEdagaLallU naShTavAgilla. soligaru mattu baDagaru baLasuva kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli I bhEda indigU uLidukonDide.
karAvaLiyalli naDeyada badalAvaNegaLu
karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli mEle hELiruva badalAvaNegaLella naDediveyAdarU, bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDedilla. udAharaNe gAgi, kannaDada eraDu laghu akSharagaLiruva padagaLa modalaneya akShara dalli baruva ekAra mattu okAragaLu, eraDaneya akSharadalli i illavE u iddAga, anukramavAgi ikAra mattu ukAragaLAgi kannaDada heccina prabhEdagaLallU badalAgive.
I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavAgi, hinde keDi endidda pada Iga kiDi endAgide; beLe endiddudu biLiyAgide; kodi endiddudu kudi yAgide, mattu sori endiddudu suriyAgide.
I badalAvaNe sumAru hattanE SatamAnada hottige naDedira bEkendu vAdisalu SAsanagaLa AdhAravide. adakke hindina enTu- ombattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli edir ‘idiru’, pogu ‘pugu > hugu’, tolu ‘dana’, periya ‘hiriya’ modalAda padarUpagaLu kANa siguttiddu, avu I badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuttilla.
I badalAvaNe karAvaLiya havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa, modalAda kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU naDedilla. udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli hosa gannaDada biLi emba pada beLe endide, suli embudu soli endide, uLi embudu baLi endide, mattu kuNi embudu koNi endide. karAvaLiya itara kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU hIgeyE.
haLegannaDada eraDu rItiya padagaLallidda anusvAra hosagannaDada eraDu bageya padagaLalli mAyavAgide. dAnTu embudu dATu endAdudu, nAnTu embudu nATu endAdudu, illavE nUnku embudu nUku endAdudu I badalAvaNegaLalli modalaneyadu; mattu avunku embudu avuku endAdudu, tuLunku embudu tuLuku endAdudu, kalinku embudu kaliku endAdudu, illavE kADinge embudu kADige endAdudu eraDaneyadu.
karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLallU anusvAra lOpagonDilla. udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli dAnTu, nUnku, kalinku, murunTu, kADinge modalAda padagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu rUDhiyallive.
karAvaLiyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu
intaha innU kelavu badalAvaNegaLu hosagannaDadalli, endare ivattina barahada kannaDadalli naDediddu, karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLAda havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAdavugaLalli naDedilla. hIgenda mAtrakke, A prabhEdagaLu ‘haLeya’vendEnU siddhavAguvudilla. barahada kannaDada hAge, mattu mElina badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuva kannaDada itara prabhEdagaLa hAge, I karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLU ivattu baLakeya lliruvantaha ‘hosa’gannaDagaLE.
idallade, bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLalli naDediddu, barahada kannaDadalli mattu itara kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli naDedilla. udAharaNegAgi, padAdiya cakAra, jakAra, mattu gakAragaLa anantara baruva akAravu havyakada halavu padagaLalli ekAravAgide, Adare barahada kannaDadalli idu badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide.
I badalAvaNeya phalavAgi, hosagannaDada cappara embudu havyaka dalli ceppara embudAgi kANisuttade, jari embudu jeri embudAgi kANisuttade, mattu gadde embudu gedde embudAgi kANisuttade.
mUrakSharada padagaLalli modalinaveraDu laghuvAgiruvAga mUranE akShara dvitvavAguvudu havyakadalli kANisuva, mattu barahada kannaDadalli kANisadiruva innondu badalAvaNe. idarindAgi, barahada kannaDada huDuku emba pada havyakadalli huDukku embudAgiyU, orate emba pada oratte embudAgiyU, mattu hurupu emba pada huruppu embudAgiyU kANisuttade.
bahuvacanada pratyaya
I rIti kannaDada bEre bEre prabhEdagaLu avu tOrisuva badalAvaNe gaLa maTTige bEre bErAgive. Adare, ivannAdharisi I prabhEdagaLannu hosatu-haLatendu vingaDisuvudu mAtra sariyalla. havyakavu ‘haLe gannaDa’vendu adannu kELuvavarige anisuvudakke bahuvacana pratyaya dalli naDeda (mattu naDeyadiruva) badalAvaNegaLu ondu mukhya kAraNavennabahudu. I pratyaya haLegannaDadalli akArAnta padagaLa munde ೦gaL endittu. mara-marangaL, dESa, dESangaL moda lAda padarUpagaLalli I pratyayada prayOgavannu kANabahudu.
Adhunika barahada kannaDadalli idara sonne mAyavAgi (mattu koneya vyanjanakke ukAra sEri) maragaLu, dESagaLu embantaha rUpagaLu siddhavAgive. idakke badalAgi, havyakadalli sonne uLidu konDide, Adare LakAra mAyavAgide, mattu gakArada anantara baruva akAra okAravAgi badalAgide. idarindAgi havyakadalli marango, dESango embantaha rUpagaLu siddisive.
illi gamanisabEkAda viShayavEnendare, Adhunika barahada kannaDa (illavE ‘hosagannaDa’) mattu Adhunika havyaka kannaDa - iveraDarallU badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. Adare, ondaralli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu innondaralli naDedilla. averaDarallU bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLu naDedive aShTe.
hosagannaDavannu kELi abhyAsavAdavarige havyaka kannaDada bahuvacana rUpadalli kANisuva sonneyannu kELidAga adu haLegannaDavira bahudemba bhrame mUDuttade. Adare, baraha kannaDadalliruva mattu havyaka kannaDadalli illadiruva LakAra baraha kannaDa haLeyadirabEkemba bhrameyannu yAkO mUDisuttilla. baraha kannaDavannu modaligEnE ‘hosa’gannaDavendu parigaNisiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
itara prabhEdagaLu
kannaDada itara prabhEdagaLannu gamanisidevAdare, avugaLallU idE rIti kelavu badalAvaNegaLu heccige kANisuttave, mattu bEre kelavu badalAvaNegaLu kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, maysUrina kelavu prabhEdagaLalli padAdiya hakAragaLella biddu hOgive. hakki emba pada akki endAgide, hAlu emba pada Alu endAgide, hELi emba pada ELi endAgide.
ekArAntavAda dhAtugaLella I kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli ikArAnta gaLAgive. bare, age, kare modalAdavugaLu idarindAgi bari, agi, kari endAgive. Adare I kAraNakkAgi, maysUrina I prabhEdakkinta itara prabhEdagaLu ‘haLeya’vendu yArU vAdisuvudilla.
padagaLa aLivu-uLivu
haLegannaDadallidda padagaLallU kelavu ondu prabhEdadalli uLidira bahudu, mattu innondaralli aLidirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLe gannaDadallidda abbe (tAyi), kiccu (benki), pacce (hasiru) modalAda padagaLu havyakadalli uLidive, mattu itara kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli aLidive.
Adare, bEre kelavu padagaLu (udA: uguLu, teru, nOyu, modalAdavugaLu) havyakadalli aLidive, mattu itara prabhEdagaLalli uLidive. idarindAgi havyaka kannaDa ondu bhinnavAda prabhEdavendu siddha vAguttadeyallade haLeyadendEnU siddavAguvudilla.
ondE bhASheyannADuva eraDu samAjagaLu eShTu samaya mattu eShTu dUra ondarindondu bErAgiruttaveyO aShTaramaTTige avugaLoLagina bhAShAvyatyAsavU heccuttade. karAvaLiya kannaDigaru uLida kannaDigarinda bErpaTTu sAvirakkintalU heccu varShagaLu kaLedira bEkAddarinda, mattu I eraDu pradESagaLannu durgamavAda paScima ghaTTagaLu bErpaDisuttidduvAddarinda, I eraDu pangaDagaLa nuDigaLu bhinnabhinnavAgi beLedu bandive. idaralli haLetana-hosatanagaLa praSneyilla.
೧.೪ bhAShA svAtantrya
konkaNi marAThiya prabhEdavE, athavA adakkinta bhinnavAda mattu svatantravAda bhASheyE embudondu bahaLa maTTige kAvErisuva praSne. bahaLa mandi idakke ‘koneya’ uttaravannu koDalu prayatnapaTTiruva rAdarU I praSneyinnU praSneyAgiyE uLidide. mukhyavAgi rAja kAraNigaLa maTTadallE naDediruva I vAda vivAdagaLeDeyalli halavAru tarka vitarkagaLu mEleddive. ivugaLalli prastuta viShayakke svalpavU sambandhavilladantaha vAdagaLE jAstiyAgiruvudarinda, avu ‘kAva’ nnallade bErEnannU huTTisalAravu.
lipiya bele
udAharaNegAgi, konkaNige tannadE Ada ondu lipiyillavAdudarinda, adannu svatantravAda bhASheyendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavillavendu vAdisuva mandi halavariddAre. karnATakadalli idannu kannaDa lipiyalli bareyuttAre, gOvAdalli dEvanAgari illavE rOman lipiyalli bareyuttAre, mattu kEraLadalli malayALa lipiyalli bareyuttAre.
Adare, ivara I tarkavannu oppikoLLalu sAdhyavideyAdare, samskxta mattu hindI bhAShegaLigiruva lipiginta bhinnavAda mattu tannadE ennisikoLLabahudAda lipi marAThigU illavAdudarinda, adannU ondu svatantra bhASheyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. maNipuri bhASheyannu bangAli lipiyayalli bareyalAguttade, mattu sindhi bhASheyannu dEvanAgari, parsO-arEbik mattu rOman lipigaLalli bareya lAguttade.
nijakkU nammalli bahaLa mandi bhAShe mattu lipigaLoLagiruva sambandhavannu sariyAgi artha mADikonDantilla. manuShyanigondu phoTo iruva hAge bhAShegondu lipi. phoTo tegesikoLLalillavemba ondu kAraNakke mAtravE manuShyanobbana svAtantryakke illavE astitvakke hEge dhakke baruvudillavO hAgeyE tannadE Ada lipiyillavemba kAraNa mAtradinda bhASheyondara yOgyatege cyuti baruvudilla.
allade, jagattina lipigaLella mUrO nAlkO mUla lipigaLinda beLedubandavugaLAddarinda, heccina bhAShegaLU avu baLasuttiruva lipi gaLannu ondalla ondu kAladalli bEre yAvudAdarondu bhASheyinda eravalAgi paDedukonDiddiralE bEku. bhAratada lipigaLalli heccinavU aSOkana kAlada brAhmI lipiyinda beLedu bandavugaLendu vidvAmsara abhiprAyavide.
sAhitya mattu bhAShe
konkaNige niScitavAdondu sAhitya parampareyillavAddarinda adannu svatantravAdondu bhASheyendu kareyalu sAdhyavillavendu vAdisuva mandiyU kelavariddAre. Adare, I vAdavannu munde taruvavaru bhASheya atI mukhyavAda kAryavEnembudannE maretantide. dinanityada jIvanadalli obbana manassinalliruva ingitavannu innobbanige tiLisi hELalu sAdhakavAgiruvantahadE bhAShe. adannu baLasuttiruvavaru ibba rirali, eraDu kOTi janarirali, sAhajavAgi beLedu bandiruva bhAShe
gaLellavU I kAryavannu txptikaravAgi naDesaballuvu. I viShayadalli samskxta mattu asamskxta janara bhAShegaLoLage yAva vyatyAsavU illa.
sAhitya racaneyembudu bhAShegiruva amukhyavAda baLakegaLalli ondu mAtra. manuShyanu tanna kaykAlugaLannu naDeyuvudu, uNNu vudu, modalAda jIvanAvaSyaka kelasagaLige mAtravallade, kuNiyu vudu, abhinayisuvudu modalAda kalAtmaka kAryagaLallU baLasikoLLa ballanu.
hIgeyE, tanna bhASheyannU dinanityada vyavahAragaLalli mAtravallade kate kaTTuvudu, kavite racisuvudu modalAda kalAtmaka kAryagaLallU baLasikoLLaballanu. yAvudE ondu bhASheyalli intaha kalAtmaka kxti gaLu racitavAgiveyE, athavA illavE embudu avannu racisaballa vyaktigaLannu avalambisideyallade, avaru baLasuva bhASheyannalla. pratibhAvantanAda vyakti yAva bhASheyannu kayge tegedukonDarU adaralli mEru kxtigaLannu racisaballanu.
hAgAgi, bariya prabhEdavendu kareyabEkE, illavE svatantravAda bhASheyendu parigaNisabEkE emba I praSnege uttara koDalu yAva bhASheyallU AntarikavAda purAvegaLu sigalAravu. rAjakIya, sAmAjika illavE cAritrika kAraNagaLindAgi bEre bEre bhAShA prabhEdagaLige bEre bEre rItiya mahatva labhisuttade.
hIge labhisida mahatvadindAgi, hosa hosa sannivESagaLalli prayukta vAguvantaha sandarbhagaLu avugaLige baruttave. Adare, hIge viSiShTa vAda kAryagaLalli prayuktavAgiveyAddarinda A bhAShegaLallEnO vaySiShTyavirabEkendu vAdisuvudakke mAtra antaha bhAShegaLa abhyAsa dinda iduvarege yAva AdhAravU doretilla.
vyatyAsada parimANa
eraDu prabhEdagaLannu ondu bhASheya prabhEdagaLendu parigaNisuva badalu, bEre bEre bhAShegaLendu kareyalu avu eShTara maTTige bhinna vAgirabEku embudu innondu praSne. idakkU kUDa, rAjakIya illavE sAmAjika AdhAragaLa mEle uttara koDalu sAdhyavideyallade, bhAShAviShayaka AdhAragaLa mEle uttara koDalu sAdhyavAgadu.
udAharaNegAgi, hindi mattu urdugaLoLagina vyatyAsavannu gamanisabahudu. kelavu viSiShTavAda padagaLannu biTTare, iveraDaroLage
bhAShAviShayakavAda vyatyAsagaLEnU illa. AdarU rAjakIya mattu sAmAjika kAraNagaLindAgi, mattu I eraDu bhAShegaLige bhinna bhinnavAda lipigaLiveyembudakkAgi, avannu bEre bEre bhAShegaLendu parigaNisa lAgide.
idakke vyatiriktavAgi, caynIs bhASheya prabhEdagaLAda mandArin, kanTonIs modalAdavugaLa naDuve bahaLaShTu antaravide. avugaLalli ondannu mAtanADuvavarige innondannu kELidAga svalpavU artha vAgadu. AdarU avannella ondE bhASheya prabhEdagaLendu parigaNisa lAguttide. idakke rAjakIya mattu lipi viShayaka AdhAragaLu mAtra kAraNavallade, bhAShA viShayaka AdhAragaLalla.
cAritrika sambandha
konkaNi mattu marAThigaLoLage atyanta nikaTavAda cAritrika sambandha vide. averaDU ondE mUladinda eraDu kavalugaLAgi oDedu bandavugaLu. Adare, intaha cAritrika sambandhada AdhArada mEle avu bhinna bhinna bhAShegaLallavendu vAdisalu baruvudilla.
yAkendare, intahadE nikaTa sambandha bangAli mattu oDiyAgaLa naDuve ide, tamiLu mattu malayALagaLa naDuveyU ide. Adare, ivannu ondE bhASheya prabhEdagaLendu yArU vAdisuvudilla. illi nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, eraDu samAjagaLalli baLakeyalliruva mAtugaLu ondE nuDiya prabhEdagaLendu hELalu avugaLa naDuve cAritrika sambandhaviralEbEku, endare averaDU ondE nuDiyinda beLedubandirabEku. idallade, avu tumbA hattiravU irabEku; Adare, mEle sUcisida hAge, eShTu hattira irabEku emba praSnege sariyAda uttara koDuvudu kaShTa.
prabhEdagaLa yOgyate
nijakkU konkaNi svatantra bhASheyE athavA marAThiya prabhEdavE emba praSneya uttara konkaNiyannADuva konkaNigara kayyallide. tAvu maneyallADuva mAtu sAhityaka bhASheyAgi virAjisabEkemba AkAnkShe avarallideyAdare, avarE adannu A sthAnakke Erisaballaru.
idakke sAdhakavAgaballantaha Sakti illavE yOgyate konkaNigilla vendu yArAdarU hELuvudiddare mAtra, antaha vAdavannu vayjYAnika
vAgiyE khanDisabahudu. yAkendare, sAhajavAgi talemArininda talemArige sAgi bandiruva ellA bhAShe mattu bhAShAprabhEdagaLigU intaha Antarika Sakti iddE iruttade. I viShayadalli bhAShegaLoLage kILumElilla. A Saktiyannu baLasi, uttamavAda sAhityaka kxtigaLannu A bhASheyalli racisuvavaru adannADuva samAjadalli huTTi bandare sAku.
bhAShegaLa caritreyalli I abhiprAyakke sAkaShTu nidarSanagaLU doreyuttave. ondu kAladalli bariya hengasara mattu keLagina starada janara bhASheyendu parigaNitavAgidda pAli mattu prAkxtagaLu bavddhara mattu jaynara kayyalli kAvyagaLa racanegU SAstragaLa carcegU yOgya venisuva nuDigaLAduvu.
avugaLindalE beLedu bandiruva bangAli, marAThi, hindi modalA davugaLu ravIndranAtha, tuLasIdAsa modalAdavarindAgi indina sAhityaka bhAShegaLAgive. ondu kAladalli lyATin, phrencgaLinda tuLisi konDu, bahaLa hInAya sthitiyallidda ingliSh bhAShe indu antarAShTrIya bhASheyeniside. ivellA nidarSanagaLU bhAShegaLannu kILu -mElendu, svatantra-asvatantragaLendu vibhajisalu avugaLalli Antarika vAda AdhAragaLEnU dorakalAravu embudannu spaShTamADikoDuttave.
೧.೫ bhASheyu tarkabaddhavEnu?
kannaDadalli mUru kAlagaLu, mUru vacanagaLu, enTu vibhaktigaLu endella iveyendu varNisuttiruva namma vayyAkaraNigaLu bhAShegaLella tarkabaddhavAgi iruttave, illavE irabEku emba bhAvaneyanniTTu konDantide. avaru mADida I tappinindAgi, vyAkaraNavembudu kannaDa dalli kabbiNada kaDaleyAgide. kannaDadallillada enTu vibhaktigaLannu ive yendu yArE hELali, kaliyuvudu asAdhya tAnE?
karNATakadalli mAtravalla, jagattina itara bhAgagaLallU vayyAkaraNi gaLu I rItiya tappannu padE padE mADutta bandiddAre.
kAlabhEda
kAlavembudu bhUta, vartamAna mattu bhaviShyat embudAgi mUru vidhavendu vAdisabahudu. Adare, kAlada I vibhajane namma mAtige sambandhisidudu: ondu ghaTaneyu adannu mAtina mUlaka tiLisi
hELuva samayadalli naDeyuttideyAdare adara kAla vartamAna; A samayakkinta hindeyE adu naDedu hOgideyAdare adara kAla bhUta; mattu adu A samayada anantara naDeyuvantahadAdare adara kAla bhaviShyat. kAlavannu yAva rItiyallE Agali vibhajisabEkiddalli, adakke I rIti ghaTaneyondara AdhAra bEkAguttade.
Adare I rIti mAtige sambandhisidante vingaDisi hELabahudAda kAlabhEdavannu ellA bhAShegaLU ondE rItiyAgi avugaLa kriyA rUpagaLalli kANisabEkemba niyamavEnilla. kelavu bhAShegaLu avugaLa kriyArUpagaLalli kAlabhEdavannE tOrisuvudilla. namma dESada uttara kkiruva maynmArna barmIs bhAShe intahadu. namma dESadallEnE nAgAlEnDina kelavu bhAShegaLallU (udA: khEjO bhAShe) kAlabhEda vannu tOrisuva kriyArUpagaLilla.
barmIs bhASheya kriyApadagaLalli avu tiLisuva ghaTaneya kAla bhEdavannu sUcisuva badalu, avugaLa nayjateya kuritu mAtanADu vavana anisikeyannu sUcisuttade. ondu ghaTane naDeyuvudu illavE naDediruvudu nijavembudu Atana anisikeyAdare kriyApadada ondu rUpavannu baLasalAguttade, mattu nijavallavembudu Atana anisikeyAdare illavE A viShayadalli Atanige samSayavideyAdare innondu rUpavannu baLasalAguttade.
kriyApadagaLalli kAlabhEdavannu tOrisuva bhAShegaLU bEre bEre bageyalli adannu tOrisaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, antaha kelavu bhAShegaLalli kShaNika ghaTanegaLannu tiLisuva kriyApadagaLige vartamAna rUpagaLiruvudilla.
kannaDadalli iru emba ondu kriyApadakke mAtra mUru kAlarUpagaLive (iddAne, iruttAne mattu idda); Adare, kuDi, tinnu, bILu, ODu modalAda uLida ellA kriyApadagaLigU eraDu kAlarUpagaLu mAtra ive (kuDiyuttAne, kuDida; bILuttAne, bidda). bILuvanu embantaha mUraneya rUpavU ideyendu vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli baredirabahudu (idakkanuguNavAgi iru emba kriyApadakke iruvanu emba nAlkaneya rUpavannU koDabahudu); Adare, I heccina rUpa kannaDadalli ondu heccina kAlarUpavAgi baLakeyAguttilla.
lingabhEda
prakxtiyalli lingavu pullinga, strIlinga, mattu napumsakalingavembudAgi mUru vidhavAgideyendu vAdisabahudu. Adare idu bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bEre rItigaLalli vyaktavAguttade. avugaLalli kANisuva lingabhEdakkU prakxtiyalliruva lingabhEdakkU yAva sambandhavU illadiralu sAdhyavembudakke hindi, samskxta modalAda bhAShegaLu uttama udAharaNegaLu.
bhAShegaLalli kANisuva lingabhEdagaLu sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLa vibhajanege sambandhisidavugaLu. ivugaLa sankhye mUrakkinta kaDimeyU irabahudu, illavE jAstiyU irabahudu. banTU kuTumbakke sErida Aphrikada kelavu bhAShegaLalli nAmapadagaLu ippattakkintalU heccu ‘linga bhEda’gaLannu tOrisuttave.
sarvanAmadalli vaySiShTya
namage paricitavAgiruva bhAShegaLallella uttama, madhyama, mattu prathama embudAgi mUru puruShabhEdagaLive. mAtanADuvavanu, mAtannu kELuvavanu, mattu itararu embudAgi mAtige sambandhisi dante mUvaru vyaktigaLannu sUcisuva I puruSha bhEda tarkabaddhavAdu dendu namagEnO anisabahudu. Adare idakkinta heccina vayvidhyate yannu tOrisuva bhAShegaLU kelavive.
algonkiyan kuTumbakke sErida amerikAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli nAlkaneyadondu puruShavide. ‘avanu avana (innobbana) tandeyannu kareda’ embantaha vAkyagaLalli baruva eraDu ‘avanu’gaLannu I bhAShe gaLalli baruva eraDu prathama puruShagaLu pratyEkisuttave.
kannaDadalli nAvu emba padavannu ‘nAvu mAtra’, ‘nAvu mattu avaru’, ‘nAvu mattu nIvu’, ‘nAvu, nIvu, avaru, ellarU’ modalAda halavu bageya arthagaLalli baLasabahudu.
dakShiNa kannaDada havyakara mAtinalli nAvu emba padavannu ivu gaLalli koneya eraDu arthagaLalli mAtra baLasalAguttade; ‘nAvu mAtra’ illavE ‘nAvu mattu avaru mAtra’ embarthadalli engo emba bErondu sarvanAmavannu baLasalAguttade. intahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDadallU ittu.
munDa kuTumbakke sErida bihArina santAli emba bhASheyalli puruSha mattu vacanagaLa vyavasthe innaShTu kliShTavAgide. adaralli Ekavacana, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLembudAgi mUru vacanagaLiddu, dvivacana dalli nAvibbaru, endare ‘nAnu mattu avanu’, ‘nAnu mattu nInu’, ‘nIvibbaru’, ‘avaribbaru’ embavannella bEre bEre sarvanAmagaLa nnupayOgisi tiLisabahudu. bahuvacanadallU ‘ninnannuLidu nAvu mAtra’, ‘nAvella’, ‘nIvella’, ‘avarella’ endella pratyEka pratyEkavAgi tiLisabahudu.
nAlku vacanagaLu
vacanagaLa sankhyeyAdarU hIgeyE. mUru vacanagaLiruvudarinda samskxtakkondu vaySiShTya baruvudilla; eraDE iruvudarinda kannaDakke kundU baruvudilla.
linnATOn dvIpadalli vAsisuva kADujanara bhASheyalli Ekavacana, dvivacana, trivacana mattu bahuvacana embudAgi nAlku vacanagaLive. phijiyan bhASheyalli halavaru embudannu sUcisuva bahuvacana vallade, kelavaru embudannu sUcisuva innondu vacanavU ide.
idakke viruddhavAgi, mEksikOda tarahumara bhASheyalli Ekavacana mattu bahuvacana emba bhEdavU kANisuvudilla. adaralli iruvudu ondE vacana. bahutvavannu sUcisabEkAdAgalella I bhASheyannADuva janaru sankhyeyannupayOgisuttAre.
gaNanA paddhati
nammalli baLakeyalliruva daSamAmSa paddhatiyu atyanta tarkabaddhavAda gaNanApaddhatiyendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaDuttAre. I abhiprAyadalli tappEnU illa. Adare idakke namma bhAShegaLu sankhyegaLalli daSamAmSa paddhatiyannu baLasuttiruvudE kAraNavembudannu mareyabAradu.
ondu, eraDu, mUru embudAgi lekka hAkuvAga, nAvu namma bhAShegaLalli I eNikeyannu hattakke nillisi, anantara hannondu, hanneraDu embudAgi mundakke hOguttEve, enTakke nillisi enTondu, enTeraDu endAgalI illavE aydakke nillisi aydondu, ayderaDu endAgalI mundakke hOguva aShTamAmSa illavE
pancamAmSa paddhatiyannu nAvu anusarisuvudilla. hAgAgi, daSamAmSa paddhati namma bhAShegaLa maTTige mAtra tarkabaddhavAdudu.
Adare, bhAShegaLellavU eNikeyalli I rIti daSamAmSa paddhatiyannE anusarisabEkendEnilla. aShTamAmSa paddhatiyannO pancamAmSa paddhati yannU anusarisalU sAdhyavide, mattu intaha bhAShegaLannADuvavarige daSamAmSa gaNanApaddhati tarkabaddavAgalAradu.
udAharaNegAgi, assAmina bODO janAngadavaru tamma bhAShe yalli sankhyegaLannu nAlkakke nillisi anantara nAlkondu, nAlayraDu embudAgi munduvariyuttAre. ivara bhASheyalli hattu ennabEkiddare ‘eraDu nAlkugaLu mattu eraDu’ endu hELabEku.
eraDu niShEdhagaLiddarU niShEdhavE
eraDu niShEdha padagaLannu ondu vAkyadalli prayOgisidevAdare, adakkiruva niShEdhArtha mAyavAgi ide emba artha baruttade emba vAda (udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli illavendilla endare ide emba artha baruttade embudu) namagEnO tarkabaddhavAgi tOrabahudu. Adare phrenc mAtanADuvavanobbana hattira hOgi kELi nODidare, idakke viruddhavAda abhiprAya dorakItu. eraDu niShEdhArthaka pada gaLiddarU vAkyada artha niShEdhavAgiyE uLiyaballudendu Ata vAdisabahudu. yAkendare, phrenc bhASheyalli intaha prayOgagaLu kANasiguttave. tarkabaddhateyembudu bhASheyannavalambideyallade bhAShe adannavalambisilla.
bhASheya svacchandate
jarmaniyavanobba hELidanante, ‘I phrencaru nijakkU tIra vicitra manuShyaru. yAkendare, avaru roTTiyannu DuvE endu kareyu ttAre. idu huccutanavallade mattEnu? yArEnE kareyali, nija vAgiyU adu brOT endu entaha humbanigU gottide’ (jarman bhASheyalli roTTige brOT endu hesaru).
bhASheya svacchandateyannu mElina kate bahaLa sundaravAgi vivarisu ttade. ondu vastuvannu nAvu angi endu kareyuttEve. illi A vastu vigU mattu angi emba padadalli baruva akAra, anusvAra, gakAra illavE ikAragaLigU naDuve nEravAgi yAva tarada sambandhavU illa.
namma hiriyaru A vastuvannu angi endu karedaru, adannu kELi nAvU hAgeyE kareyuttiddEve.
vastuvigU adannu hesarisuva padakkU naDuve sahajavAda sambandha videyAdare, kannaDada angi embudu ingliShnalli SarT AgalAradu, illavE hindiyalli kamIj AgalAradu. pada mattu arthagaLa naDuviruva sambandha I rIti rUDhimUlavAdudu. I rUDhi illavE parampare bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bErAgiruttade.
padagaLannu sErisi vAkyagaLannu mADuva kramavU idE rIti bhAShe yinda bhAShege bEre bErAgiruttade. illU kUDa sAkaShTu vayvidhyatege eDeyiddu, ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNa (endare vAkya racaneya vidhAna) innondu bhASheya vyAkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavide. idaralli ondu sari, innondu tappu illavE ondu innondakkinta uttama endu vAdisuvudendare, mEle jarmaniyavanu phrAnsinavana mAtannu hIgaLedantallade bErEnalla.
೧.೬ vartamAna kAla
kAlavembudu anavaratavAgi sAguttalE iruttade. adannu bEre bEre tuNukugaLAgi oDeyalu, mattu A tuNukugaLannu bEre bEreyendu gurutisalu kAladalli jaraguva ghaTanegaLannu nAvu baLasikoLLabEkAgu ttade. gaDiyArada muLLugaLa calaneyannAdharisi kAlavannu nAvu sekenDu, miniTu mattu ganTegaLAgi oDeyuttEve, mattu gaDiyAradalliruva doDDa muLLu mattu saNNa muLLugaLu yAva ankeya munde nintive embudannAdharisi, intiShTanE ganTeya intiShTanE miniTu embudAgi A tuNukugaLallondannu gurutisuttEve.
idE rItiyalli sUryana calaneyannAdharisi kAlavannu dinagaLAgi mattu dinada bhAgagaLAgi oDeyuttEve mattu A bhAgagaLannu beLagge, madhyAhna, sanje, rAtri ityAdiyAgi gurutisuttEve. idallade, dina gaLannu vAra, tingaLu mattu varShagaLalli jODisuttEve mattu avakke tArIku, vAra, tingaLu mattu isavigaLa hesaru koTTu gurutisuttEve.
kAlavannu I rIti oDedu hesarisuva vidhAna hindina kAladalli UrindUrige bEre bErAgittu. Adare Ivattu nAvella kayge vAcu
kaTTi, gODege kelenDar tUga hAki, prapancadalliruvavarellarU ondE vidhAnavannanusarisuva hAgAgide.
vyAkaraNadalli kAla
Adare, vyAkaraNadalli kANisuva kAlada vibhajane idakkinta tIrA bhinna vAdudu, mattu bhASheyinda bhAShegU bhinnavAgiruvantahadu. ellA bhAShegaLU ondE rItiya kAlavibhajaneyannu baLasidare uttama endu nAvu bhAvisabahudu, Adare, hAge baLasuvante mADalu yArigU sAdhyavAgadu.
idakke kAraNavEnendare, bhASheyannu baLasuvavarige tAvu tamma bhASheyalli kAlada vibhajanegAgi entaha vidhAnavannu baLasuttiruttEve embudE tiLidiruvudilla. adara baLake avara arivige eTakada rUpadalli naDeyuttiruttade. vayyAkaraNigaLu tAvu varNisuva bhASheyalli kAlada baLake hEgide embudannu pariSIlisuva mUlaka tiLiyaballarAdarU, avarU adannu tamma arivige eTakada rUpadallEnE baLasabEkAguttade.
kannaDada eraDu vidhAnagaLu
kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, nAvu kAlada vibhajanegAgi eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLannu anusarisuttEve. ivugaLalli modalaneya vidhAnada mUlaka nAvu ondu ghaTaneya kAla yAvudembudannu sUcisuttEve, mattu innondu vidhAnada mUlaka eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve kAlada maTTige entaha sambandhavideyembudannu tiLisuttEve.
ondu ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayakkinta modalu naDe dirabahudu illavE adara anantara naDeyalirabahudu. I vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDada kriyApadagaLigella eraDeraDu kAlarUpagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, ‘rAju pETege hOgu’va ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayakkinta modalE naDedideyAdare, adannu sUcisalu hOda emba rUpavide mattu anantara naDeyaliruvudAdare hOgu ttAne emba rUpavide.
eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve mUru rItiya sambandhagaLiraballuvu: ondu ghaTane innondu ghaTaneya modalu naDedirabahudu, anantara naDedirabahudu, illavE averaDU oTTige ondE kAladalli naDediraba hudu (athavA naDeyalirabahudu). idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi eraDu
ghaTanegaLalli modalaneyadannu sUcisuva kriyApadakke kannaDadalli mUru rUpagaLive.
udAharaNegAgi, ‘tinDi tinnuva’ ghaTane mattu ‘manege hOguva’ ghaTanegaLa naDuviruva I mUru rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi avugaLalli modalinadannu sUcisuva kriyApadavannu mUru bEre bEre rUpagaLalli baLasaballevu:
- (೧) jAnaki tinDi tindu manege hOguttALe.
- (೨) jAnaki tinDi tinnuttA manege hOguttALe.
- (೩) jAnaki tinDi tinnalu manege hOguttALe.
mElina vAkyagaLalli ‘tinDi tinnuva’ ghaTaneyannu tindu, tinnuttA mattu tinnalu emba mUru kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.
kannaDadalli I rIti ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva ellA kriyApadagaLigU kAlavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi eraDu pUrNa rUpagaLive mattu mUru apUrNa rUpagaLive. pUrNarUpagaLa mUlaka ondu ghaTaneya samayavannu adannu varadi mADuva samayakke sambandhisidante sUcisu tEve, mattu apUrNa rUpagaLa mUlaka samayada maTTige eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuviruva sambandhavemhadu embudannu sUcisuttEve. ivu samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva eraDu vidhAnagaLu.
iru kriyApadada vaySiShTya
iru emba ondu kriyApadakke mAtra kannaDadalli (idda, iruttAne mattu iddAne embudAgi) mUru bEre bEre kAlagaLannu sUcisuva pUrNarUpagaLive. ivu varadi mADuva samayakkinta modalu, adara anantara, mattu adE samayagaLalli kANisuva iruvikegaLannu sUcisu ttave.
iru embudu ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva badalu ‘iruvike’ emba ondu sthitiyannu sUcisuttiruvudE adakke I rIti mUru pUrNarUpagaLiruvudakke kAraNavirabEku. (idallade, itara kriyApada gaLa hAge iru embudakkU iddu, iruttA mattu iralu embudAgi mUru apUrNa rUpagaLive).
vartamAna kAla
ondu ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayadallEnE naDeyuttide embudannu sUcisalu kannaDadalli viSiShTavAda ‘vartamAna’ kAlada kriyA rUpavilla. hAgAgi, I arthavannu sUcisabEkAdAga nAvu ondu ghaTanegU adara iruvikegU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvantaha baLasudAriyannu hiDiyabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, ‘rAju hOguva’ ghaTane adannu varadi mADuva samayadallEnE naDeyuttide embudannu sUcisabEkiddalli rAju hOguttA iddAne (illavE hOguttiddAne) embudAgi hOgu vikegU iruvikegU naDuviruva sambandha ondE kAladdu (mattu A iruvike Iginadu) embudAgi apUrNarUpa mattu pUrNarUpagaLa jODiyannu baLasabEkAgide.
kAlabhEda tOrisada padagaLu
bal mattu Ar emba eraDu kriyApadagaLige kannaDadalli kAlavannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu (mADaballe, hOga lAre, modalAda prayOgagaLalli avugaLa munde kAlapratyaya bandilla embudannu gamanisabahudu). ivu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva badalu, ghaTaneyalli toDagalu vyaktiyobbanigiruva (athavA illadiruva) ‘sAmarthya’vannu sUcisuttave. ivakke nEravAgi kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuva Saktiyilla. hAge sUcisabEkAdalli, mADaballavanAgidde, mADaballavanAguttEne embantaha prayOgagaLalli kANisuva hAge, baLasudAriyannu hiDiyabEkAguttade.
mUru kAlagaLu
kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLallella sAmAnyavAgi bhUta, vartamAna mattu bhaviShyat embudAgi mUru kAlagaLiveyendu, mattu ivannu sUci suvudakkAgi kannaDadalli banda, baruttAne mattu baruvanu embantaha mUru kriyArUpagaLiveyendu hELuvudu rUDhi.
Adare I mUru kriyArUpagaLalli baruvanu embantaha rUpa gaLannu kannaDada kelavu barahagAraru mAtra baLasuttiddAre; mattu hAge baLasiruvallU avakke baruttAne embantaha rUpagaLa arthavE iruva hAge kANisuttade.
haLegannaDadallU ‘vartamAna’ rUpavembudAgi vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva mADidapam, ettidapam embantaha rUpagaLu hosagannaDada mADuttA iddAne (mADuttiddAne), ettuttA iddAne emba rUpagaLa hAge, mEle vivarisida eraDu vidhAnagaLa sErikeyinda (endare apUrNa mattu pUrNa kriyArUpagaLa sErikeyinda) tayArAda rUpagaLallade, ondE vidhAnadalli tayArAda (ondE kriyA padada) rUpagaLalla.
udAharaNegAgi, mADidapam embudaralli mADida emba apUrNa kriyArUpada mUlaka mADuva ghaTanegU Aguva ghaTanegU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisalAgide, mattu apam (appam) emba bErondu kriyApadada pUrNa kriyArUpadada mUlaka Aguva ghaTane naDeyuvudu (endare mADuva ghaTane konegoLLuvudu) varadi mADuva samayada anantara embudannu sUcisalAgide.
idallade, haLegannaDadalli I kriyArUpavannu vartamAnArtha mattu bhaviShyadarthagaLemba eraDu arthagaLallU baLasalAguttittu; udAharaNe gAgi, pampana kAvyagaLalli I kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu gamanisidAga I viShaya spaShTavAguttade (nanna nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu? pustakavannu nODi); haLegannaDada va rUpakkU intahadE baLakeyide; adannU vartamAnArtha mattu bhaviShyadarthagaLemba eraDu arthagaLallU baLasalAguttittu. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada dapa mattu va rUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa kAlada vyatyAsavE alla endu hELabEkAgu ttade.
maNipuriyalli kAlabhEda
kAlavannu vibhajisuva vidhAna, mattu adannu kriyApadagaLa mUlaka sUcisuva vidhAna, mEle tiLisida hAge, bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgiruttade. udAharaNegAgi, maNipuri bhASheyalli kAlavannu sUci suvudakkAgi kannaDadalliruva hAge eraDu pUrNa kriyArUpagaLive yAdarU avugaLa baLake kannaDada kriyArUpagaLa baLakeginta bhinnavAgide:
kannaDadalli Iga naDeyuttiruva mattu munde naDeyaliruva ghaTane gaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU, hinde naDedidda ghaTanegaLannu innondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU sUcisalAguttade; Adare, maNipuri bhASheyalli hinde naDedidda mattu Iga naDeyu tiruva ghaTanegaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU,
munde naDeyaliruva ghaTaneyannu bErondu kriyArUpada mUlakavU sUcisalAguttade.
mUru dxShTikOnagaLu
samayavannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLa baLakeyalli bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva ondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, avu ghaTanegaLa samayavannu ondE dxShTikOnadinda pariSIlisuvudilla.
kannaDa, maNipuri, ingliSh modalAda bhAShegaLu varadi mADuva samayakkU ghaTane naDeyuva samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhakke prASastra koDuvuvAdare, samskxta, hindi, marAThi, mAlTIs, hOpi modalAda bhAShegaLu ghaTanegaLa Antarika kAlavyavasthege, endare avu sampUrNavO, asampUrNavO, kShaNikavO, nirantaravO, omme naDedavugaLO, halavu bAri naDedavugaLO embantaha viShayagaLige heccina prASastra koDuttave.
idallade, ghaTaneya yathArthatege (adu nijakkU naDedideyE athavA illavE, naDedideyennalu entaha purAvegaLive mattu adu naDeyuvante mADuva SaktigaLu entahavu embantaha viShayagaLige) prASastra koDuva bhAShegaLU halavive.
udAharaNegAgi barmis bhASheya kriyApadagaLige eraDu rUpa gaLiddu, ivu ghaTane yathArthavE athavA allavE embudannu sUcisu ttave. naDediruva ghaTane mattu naDeyuttiruva ghaTane iveraDannU ondu kriyArUpa sUcisuttade, mattu naDeyaliruva ghaTane mattu naDedira bahudAda (Adare I viShayadalli samSayaviruva) ghaTane iveraDannu eraDaneya rUpa sUcisuttade.
I rIti kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka kAlasambandha illavE kAlavyavasthe yannu sUcisuva badalu, ghaTaneya yathArthateyannu sUcisuva bhAShe gaLU halavive. ‘senekA’dantaha amerikAda uttara irokviyan bhAShe gaLu, ‘munA’dantaha pOlinESiyan bhAShegaLu, ‘kayAradil’nantaha AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLu, ‘manAm’nantaha OSiyAnik bhAShegaLu intahavu. (jAsti vivaragaLige ೧೯೯೯ralli amsTarDAmina jAn benjamins kampeni prakaTisida nanna pustaka The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood emba pustakavannu nODabahudu).
illi ondu viShayavannu nAvu nenapinallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. tArkikaru namma mundirisuva niyamagaLu ellA kAlakkU mattu ellA
pradESagaLigU ondE rItiyalli anvayisuvantaha niyamagaLu. avu ellA bhAShegaLigU samAnavAgi anvayisuttave.
Adare, vyAkaraNada niyamagaLu ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, ondu bhASheya ondu prabhEdakke mAtra anvayisuvantahavugaLu. haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli halavu hosagannaDakke anvayisalAravu, mattu hosagannaDada halavu niyamagaLu hindigAgali, marAThigAgali, samskxta kkAgali anvayisalAravu.
ellA bhAShegaLigU mUru kAlagaLannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyide, hAgAgi, ellA bhAShegaLallU kriyApadagaLige mUru kAlarUpagaLira bEku endu vAdisuvavaru tArkika niyamagaLigU vyAkaraNa niyama gaLigU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisilla embudu spaShTa.
vyAkaraNagaLa maTTigantU intaha niyamagaLannu hAkalu sAdhyavE illa. yAkendare, ghaTanegaLa samayakkU avannu varadi mADuva samayakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu kriyApadagaLa mUlaka nEravAgi sUcisadE iruvantaha (tenseless) halavu bhAShe gaLive. ivu kriyArUpagaLa mUlaka ghaTanegaLa kAlavyavasthe illavE yathArthateyannu mAtravE sUcisuttave.
೧.೭ eNikeyallU vayvidhyavide
lekka hAkuvAga nAvu ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku ityAdiyAgi hattaravarege eNisi, anantara hannondu ‘hattara ondu’, hanneraDu ‘hattara eraDu’, hadimUru ‘hattara mUru’ embudAgi punaH onda rinda surumADuttEve. I rIti namma eNike hattu hattara gumpugaLalli sAguttade.
intaha hattu gumpugaLa doDDa gumpige nUru emba hesaru koDuttEve. hIge sAguva namma eNike hattara paddhatiyadu. (namma ombattu emba padakke mAtra ‘hattarinda ondu kaDime’ emba mUlArthavide.)
ingliSh, hindi, marAThi modalAda halavAru bhAShegaLalli idE hattara paddhati jAriyallide. Adare eNikegaLellavU intahadE hattara paddhatiyalli sAgabEkemba niyamavEnilla. eNikeya gumpugaLannu
hattaralli mADuva badalu idaralli mADabahudu, illavE ippatta rallU mADabahudu.
nAlkara paddhati
assAminalli vAsisuva kasAri janAngadavara boDo (illavE boro) bhASheyalli nAlkara paddhati kANasiguttade. I bhASheyalli ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku embudAgi nAlkara varege lekka hAki, mundakke ondnAlkara ondu (endare aydu), ondnAlkara eraDu (endare Aru), ondnAlkara mUru (endare ELu) mattu eraDAlku (endare enTu) ityAdiyAgi eNike sAguttade. hannondu ennalu I bhASheyalli eraDAlkara mUru ennabEku, hadinAlku ennalu mUrnAlkara eraDu ennabEku, ityAdi.
boDO bhASheyalli aydakkU ondu pada ideyAda kAraNa, I nAlkara paddhatiyalli ippattara varege lekka hAkalu baruttade; adakkinta heccina eNikeyannu naDesalu, adakke hosadondu paddhati bEkAguttade. idakkAgi nammalli nUrara paddhatiyiruvante, bODO bhASheyalli ippattara paddhatiyide.
I paddhatiyante, ippattAru ennalu ‘ondippattu ondnAlkara eraDu’ ennabEku. ‘mUrippattu mUrnAlkara ondu’ endare eppattamUru (೩ x ೨೦) + (೩ x ೪) + ೧ endAguttade. intaha eNike nammadarinda toDakAdudendu namage tOrabahudu, Adare bODO bhASheyalli mAtanADuvavarige nammalliruva hattara paddhatiginta avara nAlkara paddhatiyE lEsendu anisadiradu.
eNisuva vastugaLa sUcane
bODO janara eNikeyalli I vaySiShTya mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu vaySiShTyagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, avarige namma hAge ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku embudAgi bariya ankegaLannu eNisuvudE tiLiyadu. hAge ankegaLannu baLasabEkAgi bandAgalella, avaru yAva rItiya vastugaLanneNisuttiddEve embudannU kaDDAyavAgi tiLisabEku embudAgi avara bhASheyalli ondu vyAkaraNa niyamavide. idu avara bhASheya eNikeyalli tOruva innondu vaySiShTya.
udAharaNegAgi, avaru eNisuttiruvudu haNNu, cenDu, kaNNu modalAda uruTAgiruva padArthagaLannAdare, A eNikeyalli prati salavU tAy emba padavannu sErisikoLLabEku; idara badalu pustaka, kAgada, ele, rekke muntAda cappaTeyAda padArthagaLannu eNisabEkAgi bandAga, gAj emba padavannu sErisikoLLabEku; janarannu lekka hAkuvAga kA emba padavannu sErisabEku, prANigaLannu lekka hAkuvAga mA emba padavannu sErisabEku, ityAdi.
idarante, ondnAlkara ondu endu hELidare I bhASheyalli adakke yAva arthavU illa; hAge avaru hELuvudU illa. ondnAlkara mA ondu endare aydu prANigaLu endAguttade; ondnAlkara tAy ondu endare aydu haNNugaLantaha uruTAda vastugaLu emba artha baruttade; ondnAlkara gAj ondu endare aydu pustakagaLantaha cappaTeyAda vastugaLu endAguttade. ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku modalAda ankegaLigU bODO bhASheyalli kannaDada ankegaLiginta bhinnavAda sE, nay, tAm, ba modalAda padagaLive endu bEre hELabEkAgillavaShTe
lekka hAkuvAga I rIti vastugaLa svarUpavannu sUkShmavAgi tiLisi hELuva krama bODO bhASheyalli mAtravallade, namma dESada uttara mattu ISAnya gaDi pradESagaLalli vAsisuva bEreyU halavAru girijanara bhAShegaLalli baLakeyallide. I janara samparkadindAgi intaha krama inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLAda assAmi, bihAri modalAdavu gaLallU baLakege bandive. bihArina rAjamahAl parvata SrENigaLalli vAsisuva namma ‘dAyAdi’gaLAda mAlTO janara mAtinallU I vaySiShTya kanDubaruttideyendu vidvAmsaru varadimADiddAre.
kriyApadagaLa vaySiShTya
bODO bhASheyannADuva kasAri janAngadavaru tamma bhASheya itara vibhAgagaLallU idE rItiya halavAru vaySiShTyagaLannu paDediddAre. vastugaLannu cappaTeyAdavugaLu, uruTAdavugaLu, kOlinantiruvavu gaLu, haggadantiruvavugaLu ityAdiyAgi sUcisade avarige A vastu gaLannu lekkahAkalu hEge sAdhyavAguvudillavO hAgeyE kriyApada gaLannu baLasuvAgalU kriyegaLalli kANisuva sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisade avarige avara bhASheyalli mAtanADalu bAradu.
nammalli tinnu, endiruva ondE ondu kriyApadakke samanAgi I bhASheyalli innUrayvattu kriyArUpagaLive: entaha vastuvannu tinnu tEve, hEge tinnuttEve, eShTu tinnuttEve, yAroDane tinnuttEve, modalAda vividha viShayagaLiganusAravAgi, avaru ArisikoLLabEkAda kriyArUpa vyatyAsagoLLuttade. kattaleyalli tinnuvudu ennuvudakke ondu rUpavide, kaddu tinnuvudu ennuvudakke innondu rUpavide, maDaci tinnuvudu ennuvudakke mattondu rUpavide, tUtu mADi tinnuvudu ennuvudakke innondu rUpavide.
bhASheyu manuShyana AlOcanAkramavannE tanna kayhiDitadalli iTTu koLLuvudendu kelavaru vAdisuttAre. suttalU kaNNige kANisuva jagattE I bhASheganuguNavAgi bhinna bhinnavAgi tOruvudendU ivara vAdavide. I vAda nijavAdare, bODO janara jagattigU kannaDigara jagattigU naDuve bahaLaShTu vyatyAsavideyenda hAgAyitu. idu nijavAdare, bhinna bhinnavAda halavAru bhAShegaLannu abhyasisuvudara mUlaka namma jagattannu innaShTu vyApaka mattu vayvidhyayuktavannAgi mADalu sAdhya vAdItallavE?
bhAga eraDu
kalike mattu vyAkaraNa
cikka makkaLu tamma beLavaNigeya angavAgi mAtxbhASheyannu kaliyuvu dakkU, SAleyalli ingliSh, hindi modalAda eraDanE illavE mUranE bhASheyannu kaliyuvudakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. idE rItiyalli, bhASheyannu kaliyuvudakkU adannu Odalu illavE bareyalu kaliyuvudakkU naDuveyU halavu vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsa gaLu entahavu embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLade, hosa bhAShe yondannu, illavE mAtxbhASheyadE Ada barahavannu kalisa horaTare halavAru samasyegaLELaballuvu.
intaha halavu samasyegaLu ivattu namma SAlegaLalli baLakeya lliruva paThya kramadalli kANisuttive. kannaDada klAsinalli kannaDa makkaLige Odu-baraha kalisabEkAgide, Adare nijakkU nAvu kalisuttiruvudu kannaDa bhASheyannu. idakke badalu, hosa bhASheyondannu kalisabEkAgiruva ingliSh, hindi modalAda bEre bhAShegaLa klAsugaLalli bhASheyannu sariyAgi kalisuva modalE nEravAgi A bhASheya sAhitya kxtigaLannu kalisuva yatna naDeyuttide!
kannaDa vyAkaraNavemba hesarinalli kannaDakke svalpavU sambandhisadantaha viShayagaLannu kalisalAguttide. nijakkU ondu bhASheyalli padagaLannu, padarUpagaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu hEge racisalAguttade embudannu vyAkaraNa hELikoDabEku; Adare kannaDada taragatigaLalli kalisuva vyAkaraNa idondannU hELade, kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyaka gaLAgiruva kelavu samskxta vyAkaraNada viShayagaLannu tiLisuttade.
bhAShe mattu barahagaLannu kalisuva vidhAnadalli mUDi bandiruva I tappugaLindAgi vidyArthigaLu aydAru varSha ondu bhASheyannu kalitarU avarige adaralli ondu vAkyavannU sariyAgi bareyalu sAdhyavAgada hAgAgide. idallade, barahavannu kalitarU avaralli pustaka gaLannu Oduva Asakti unTAguvudilla.
I samasyegaLinda horabaruvudu hEge, ittIcegina samSOdhanegaLu I viShayadalli Enu hELuttave embudannu keLagina hattu lEkhanagaLalli vivarisalAgide.
೨.೧ todalu nuDiya indrajAla
huTTidoDaneyE jOrAgi aLalu surumADuva makkaLige tamma bAyi yinda svara horaDisalu yArU hELikoDabEkAgillavEnO nija. Adare, I svaradalli nUrAru vayvidhyategaLannu barisi avannella tamma svAdhInadallirisikonDu mAtAgi baLasuvudendare aShTondu sulabhada kelasavEnalla. I kAryada kliShTateyannu managanDa bhAShAvijYAnigaLu mattu manOvijYAnigaLu magu tanna bhASheyannu modala bArige hEge kayvaSa mADikoLLuttade embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLalu bahaLa samayadindalU prayatnisuttiddAre. Adare avara prayatnavinnU pUrti saphalagonDideyennuva sthitige bandu muTTilla.
huTTidandinindalU bage bageya SabdagaLannu utpAdisalu prayatni suttalE iruva magu sAmAnyavAgi ondu-ondUvare varShadalli eraDu illavE mUru padagaLuLLa mAtugaLannADalu SaktavAguttade mattu innondu varSha kaLeyuvudaroLage tanna mAtxbhASheyalli heccu kaDime sariyAgiyE mAtanADalU kalitu biDuttade embudu kela samSOdhakarigantU AScaryavannE unTumADide.
idu eShTu kaShTada kelasavembudannu ELenTu varSha prayatnapaTTu kalitarU ingliShnalli ondE ondu vAkyavannU sariyAgi ADalu sAdhyavAgadiruvantaha namma SAlA vidyArthigaLu hELaballaru. avarE I kelasavannu tamma bAlyadalli lIlAjAlavAgi mADi mugisiruva rAddarinda I kAryada hinde namagariyadantaha indrajAlavEnO aDagideyembudaralli yAva sandEhavU illa.
mAtu kaliyuva Sakti
identaha indrajAla? huTTuvAgalE makkaLu mAtu kaliyalu bEkA dantaha ondu viSiShTavAda Saktiyannu paDedukonDu huTTiruvarendU, mattu I Sakti aydu-Aru varSha prAyada varege mAtravE avaralli uLidiruttadeyendU vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. ondu magu A
prAyadoLage bhASheyannu kaliyali, kaliyadirali, anantara A Sakti A maguvina kayyalli uLidiralAradu.
arekivuDAda maguvigU mUru nAlku varShagaLoLagEnE bhAShe yannu prayatnapUrvakavAgi kalisidalli adu sulabhavAgi kaliyaballudu; Adare, adara vayassu jAstiyAdantella I kelasa heccu heccu kaThiNa vAguttA hOguttadeyendu vijYAnigaLu kanDuhiDidiruvudu idakke ondu uttama udAharaNe. SAlege baruva vidyArthigaLella I mAtu kaliyuva Saktiyannu paDediruvantaha vayassannu dATiruttAre. hAgAgi, avara taleyoLage hosadondu bhASheyannu tumbuvudu aShTondu kaShTavAguttideyendu bEre hELabEkAgillavaShTe?
todalu nuDiya I hasuLegaLa bhAShAbhyAsa hEge naDeyuttade? kelavu manegaLalli tAyitandeyaru tamma makkaLondige spaShTavAgi avarige arthavAguvante mAtanADuvarAdarU I rItiya mAtu makkaLa bhAShAbhyAsakke eShTu avaSyavembudinnU spaShTavAgilla. tammoDane yAva rItiyallU mAtanADalu tAyitandeyarE illadantaha tabbali makkaLU lIlAjAlavAgi tamma modala bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuttAre. hAgAgi, I kAryada hindina vaycitrya innaShTu gUDhavAgirabEkendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaDuttAre.
bahuSaH tamma maneya mattu nerehoreya manegaLa vayaskaru ADuva mAtugaLannu kELikELi tAvAgi mAtanADalu mattu bEreyavara mAtugaLannu arthamADikoLLalu bEkAdantaha anubhavavannu mEle hELida viSiShTavAda Saktiya mUlaka makkaLu tAvAgiyE paDedukoLLu tArendu hELabahudEnO. I anubhavavannu paDeyuva krama hEge emba viShayadalli ittIcege bahaLaShTu vAda vivAdagaLu naDeyuttive.
kelavara matadante, huTTuvAgalEnE makkaLu jagattina bhAShegaLigella hondikeyAgabahudAdantaha niyamAvaLiyondannu (endare vyAkaraNa vannu) taleyoLage tumbikonDiruttave, mattu tamma suttumuttalinavara mAtugaLannu kELi kELi antaha niyamAvaLiyalli avaSyaviruva badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLuttave.
idu hEgE irali, makkaLu tamma modala mUru nAlku varSha gaLalli ondu bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuva kramakkU, A vayassu dATida mEle hosadondu bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuva kramakkU naDuve bahaLaShTu vyatyAsavideyembudantU nija. modalaneya bhASheyannu
kalitabanda anubhavada taLapAyada mElEnE eraDaneya illavE mUraneya bhASheya kaliyuvike naDeyabEku.
modalaneya bhASheyannu kaliyuvantaha eLe vayassannu dATida makkaLu A vayassinalli yAva bhASheyannU kaliyadiddarU, mattu anantara avarige modalaneya bhASheyannE kalisabEkiddarU, eraDaneya illavE mUraneya bhASheyannu kalisuva kramadallEnE adannu kalisa bEkAguvudendu vijYAnigaLu kanDukonDiddAre.
I eraDu rItiya kaliyuvikegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu spaShTa mADikoDuvudakkAgi makkaLu tamma modalaneya mAtxbhASheyannu ‘gaLisi’koLLuttArendU, eraDaneya illavE mUraneya bhASheyannu ‘kalitu’koLLuttArendU I eraDu kAryagaLannu sUcisalu bEre bEre kriyApadagaLannu baLasuva krama bhAShAvijYAnigaLalli rUDhige bandide.
kivuDu makkaLige mAtu kalisuvudu
huTTu kivuDarAda makkaLige mAtu bAradiruvudakke avaralli intaha mAtu kaliyuva Sakti illadiruvudu kAraNavalla, hAge kaliyuvudakke avaSyavAgiruvantaha itararu ADuva mAtannu kELuva Sakti avara llilladiruvudE kAraNa. modala hattu hadinaydu tingaLugaLalli itara makkaLante kivuDarAda makkaLU bEre bEre rItiya SabdagaLannu horaDisuttiruttave. Adare, I SabdagaLu tAyi tandeyara illavE sahOdara sahOdariyara mAtinalli baruva padagaLige samanAgi badalAgalu sAdhyaviruvudilla.
itara makkaLu tamma suttalinavara mAtugaLannu kELi kELi, hosa hosa SabdagaLannu utpAdisuva vayassannu muTTidAga, kivuDutanaviruva makkaLu mella mellage bAyiyinda Sabda horaDisuvudannE nillisa toDaguttave. hAgAgi, yAvudAdarondu magu I rIti bAyiyinda Sabda horaDisuvudannu antaha prAyadalli kaDimemADatoDagide yAdare, adakke kividOShavEnAdarU ideyE endu parIkShisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
doDDavaralliruvante makkaLallU bEre bEre maTTada kivuDutana viruttade. kelavu makkaLige svalpa gaTTiyAgi mAtanADidare kELisuvantaha kaDime maTTada kivuDutanavirabahudu. intaha ondu magu bhAShe kaliyuva prAyavannu muTTuttiruva samayadalli, endare sumAru ondUvare-eraDu varSha vayassinadAdAga, tAyitandeyaru prayatna
paTTu A maguvinoDane nityavU adakke kELisuvante gaTTiyAgi mattu spaShTavAgi mAtanADuva paripAThavanniTTukonDare, A maguvina todalu nuDi kaDime kaDimeyAgi mAyavAguva badalu hiriyara mAta nnanusarisi padagaLantAgi, A magu itara makkaLanteyE mAtanADalu kaliyuvudendu vijYAnigaLu sAdhisi tOrisiddAre.
idakkU heccina maTTada kiviDutanaviruva maguvige uLidavarADuva mAtu kELisuvante kivigaLige hAkikoLLuva upakaraNavondannu toDisuva sAdhyateyide. bariya hattu tingaLina SiSugaLigU amerikada kelavu prayOgaSAlegaLalli intaha upakaraNagaLannu toDisi parIkShisi ddAre. atI kaDime kELisuvantaha huTTukivuDarAda makkaLU intaha upakaraNagaLa sahAyadinda itara makkaLanteyE SIghravAgi mattu spaShTa vAgi mAtanADalu kalitive.
kivuDutana mattu mAtubAradiruvike iveraDu manuShyanannu entaha asahAyaka sthitige mattu asahyavAda EkAntakke taLLabahudembudannu managanDu tAyitandeyaru eLE prAyadallEnE kivuDutanavira bahudAda tamma makkaLige mAtu kaliyalu ellA rItiya sahAya gaLannU odagisikoDuvudu avaSya.
೨.೨ kannaDada makkaLige kannaDa pATha
modalaneya taragatige bandu sEruva huDuga huDugiyarige kannaDada klAsinalli Enannu kalisabEku emba viShayavannu namma vidyAdhikAri gaLinnU sAkaShTu sUkShmavAgi vivEcisidantilla. huTTi mUru nAlku varSha kaLeyuvudaroLagEnE I makkaLu kannaDa bhASheyannu ADuvu daralli mattu bEreyavaru ADiddannu kELi artha mADikoLLuvudaralli sAkaShTu paLagiruttAre. I viShayadalli kaliyabEkAdudannella svataH kalitukoLLuva SaktiyU janmataH avarige labhisiruttade. tamma mAtx bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuva krama hEgembudannu avarige yArU hELikoDabEkAgilla. hAgAdare, kannaDa klAsinalli avarige kalisikoDa bEkAdaddEnu?
mAtanADidudannu kELi artha mADikoLLuvudu mattu hELa bEkendenisidudannu mAtininda hELi tiLisuvudu iveraDu kAryagaLa nnallade, Oduvudu mattu bareyuvudu emba inneraDu kAryagaLannU mADuva Sakti manuShyanigirabEkembudu namma Adhunika nAgarikateya
vaySiShTyagaLallondAgide. modalaneya taragatige sEruva makkaLige kalisikoDabEkAgiruva viShayagaLalli Oduvudu mattu bareyuvudu iveraDU atyanta mukhyavAda amSagaLembudu idarinda spaShTavAguttade. I kelasavannu mukhyavAgi kannaDada klAsinallE naDesabEkAgide. hAgAgi, iveraDu cAturyagaLannu makkaLige kalisikoDuvalli kannaDa klAsina paThya pustakagaLu mattu pAThakramagaLu eShTara maTTige takkudAgiveyembudannu pariSIlisuvudu avaSya.
Odu kalisuvudu
Oduvikeyalli pariNatanAgalu vidyArthiyu halavAru rItiya kavSalya gaLannu kayvaSamADikoLLabEkAguttade. Atanu tAnu OdabEkAgiruva bhASheyannu sariyAgi tiLidirabEku mAtravalla, baravaNigeyalli baLasa lAguva bEre bEre sanjYegaLoLagiruva ati sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisikoLLuvaShTu Atana buddhi beLedirabEku. sanjYegaLigU SabdagaLigU naDuve sambandhavannu kalpisikoLLuva, mattu barahada sanjYegaLannu nEra vAgi mattu SabdagaLa mUlaka arthamADikoLLuva Sakti Atanalli mUDira bEku.
sanjYegaLannu yAva kramadalli baLasalAgideyembudannu, endare sara mattu rasagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa entahadembudannu gamanisikoLLuva Sakti AtanigirabEku. beLavaNigeya vividha hantagaLalliruva I sAmarthya gaLannella avugaLa pUrNa rUpakke beLesikoDuvudara mUlaka vidyArthige kannaDa barahavannu kalisikoDuvudE kannaDa klAsina mukhya uddESavendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.
makkaLige Odu kalisuvudu hEge embudaralli mukhyavAgi eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda abhiprAyagaLu vidvAmsara gamanavannu seLedive. makkaLige bEre bEre padagaLannu Odalu hELikoDuvAga, avugaLalli baLake yAgiruva akSharagaLannu biDisi biDisi Odalu kalisabEkembudondu; mattu hAge biDisi hELalu hOgade, padagaLannu mattu padasamUha gaLannu oTToTTAgi Odi grahisikoLLalu kalisabEkembudinnondu. sadyakke I eraDu abhiprAyagaLalli yAvudu sari endu tiLiyalu prayatni suvudakkintalU avugaLalli yAva vidhAna namma bhASheya barahavannu kalisuvalli heccu upayuktavAgaballudu embudannu nirdharisi koLLuvudu atyavaSya.
ingliShnalliruvaShTu ‘spelling’ samasyegaLilladiruva kannaDa baraha vannu kalisuvalli mEle koTTiruva modalaneya vidhAnavE heccu prayOjanakAriyAgaballudu. idallade, aduvarege OdadE iddantaha hosa hosa padagaLannOdalu makkaLu bEre bEre akSharagaLigiruva uccAraNeyannu aritukonDiruvudu uttama. AdarU Oduvikeyu jAsti vEgadinda naDeyabEkAdare, padagaLannu akShara akSharagaLAgi biDisi Odalu hOgade, oTToTTAgi grahisikoLLuva abhyAsavannU kUDa mADa bEkAguttade.
makkaLige koDuva Odina SikShaNadalli modalige akSharagaLannu biDisi biDisi Odalu kalisi, akSharagaLa sariyAda paricayavAguva hottige avarannu I abhyAsadinda tappisi, padagaLannu oTToTTAgi grahisikonDu SIghravAgi Odalu kalisuvantaha madhyada dAriyondannu anusarisuvudE kannaDada maTTige uttamavendu illi hELabahudu.
antU kannaDada modala pustakavu makkaLu tamage tiLidiruvantaha padagaLannu mattu mAtugaLannu AdaShTu SIghravAgi Odi tiLidukoLLalu sahAya mADuvantirabEku. idakkAgi I pustakadalli baruva pAThagaLannu kannaDada akSharagaLige mattu avugaLa racanAkramakke anuguNavAgi tayArisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide, mattu avugaLalli AdaShTu maTTige makkaLige tiLidiruvantaha padagaLannE upayOgisuva avaSyakateyide. ivugaLalli baLasalAguva akSharagaLU kUDa bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli prayOgisalpaTTu, makkaLa manassinalli dxDhagoLLuvantirabEku. yAva akSharavU ondO eraDO padagaLalli mAtravE tOribandu anantara ellU tOri baradiruvantaha sthitiyirabAradu.
Odina bhAShe kalisuvudu
barahada kannaDakkU mAtina kannaDakkU naDuve svalpavAdarU vyatyAsaviddE iruttade. paThyapustakagaLalli barahakke yOgyavAgiruvantaha kannaDada prabhEdavannE baLasuttiruvevAddarinda lipiyannu kaliyuvudarondige kannaDada I viSiShTavAda prabhEdavannU makkaLu kaliyabEkAguttade.
hAgAgi, kannaDada klAsinalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisuvudu mAtravallade, ondu viSiShTavAda bhAShAprabhEdavannU makkaLige kalisa bEkAguvudemba viShayavannu nenapinallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. pATha gaLannu racisuvAga lipiya vaySiShTyagaLannu mAtravallade, bhASheya vaySiShTyagaLannU (endare adu yAva amSagaLalli ADumAtiginta
bhinnavAgideyembudannu) gamanadallirisikoLLuvudu idarinda avaSyavAgu ttade.
paThyapustakagaLa racane
Adare, namma SAlegaLalli baLasuva kannaDa paThyapustakagaLannu racisidavaralli heccinavarU I mElina viShayagaLannu gamanadallirisikonDiruvante kANisuvudilla. SAlA makkaLige tamma mAtxbhASheyAda kannaDavannu kalisalu baLasuva pustakagaLu avara eraDanE illavE mUranE bhAShe yAgaballa ingliSh mattu hindI bhAShegaLannu kalisalu baLasuva pustaka gaLiginta svalpavAdarU bhinnavAgiveyE embudannu gamanisidevAdare I viShaya spaShTavAdItu.
ingliSh mattu hindI klAsugaLalli namma makkaLige ondu hosa lipiyannu Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisabEku mAtravalla, ondu hosa bhASheyannU kalisabEku. idakkAgi hosa hosa padagaLannu mattu hosa hosa vAkyaracanAkramagaLannu avarige kalisabEku. paThyapustaka gaLannu racisuvavaru I rIti namma makkaLige kannaDa kalisuvudakkU ingliSh kalisuvudakkU naDuviruva I atyanta mukhyavAda vyatyAsa vannu gamanisikoLLabEDavE?
nijakkU namma SAlegaLalli kaliyuva heccina makkaLU paThyapustaka gaLalli baruva pAThagaLannu mattu padyagaLannu bAyipATha mADikoLLuttArallade avannu Odalu kaliyuvudilla. avugaLalli baruva citragaLu hIge bAyipATha mADida amSagaLannu A puTagaLannu tere doDane nenapige taralu sahAyavannu mAtra mADuttave. hAgAgi, makkaLu pustakadalli baredudannu Odade, adaralli iruva citragaLannu OduttArendarU salluttade
makkaLu akSharagaLannu mattu padagaLannu Oduvante mattu A padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa arthavannu hAge Odi grahisikoLLuvante prErEpisalu samarthavAgadiruva paThyapustakagaLu Odu-baraha kalisalu arhavalla vendu bEre hELabEkAgillavaShTe.
paThyapustakada uddESa
kannaDadalli modalaneya taragatige paThyapustakavannu tayArisuvavaru I ondu viShayavannu atyavaSyavAgi gamanadalliTTukoLLabEku. kannaDada
makkaLige kannaDada modala taragatiyalli bhAShegintalU barahavannu kalisuvudE ati mukhyavAda kelasa. kannaDa padyavondannu bAyipATha mADi hELalu makkaLige baruvudE illavE embudu mukhyavalla. bAyige baradE iruva padyavannu mattu pAThavannu pustakadinda Odi hELalu avarige baruvudE illavE embudu mukhya.
idakkAgi, modalu kannaDa pustakadalli bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli baruva akSharagaLannOdalu makkaLige sandarbhavannodagisi koDuvantaha vividha rItiya pAThagaLirabEku. intaha pAThagaLa sankhye jAstiyiddaShTu, mattu avugaLa vayvidhyate heccidaShTu makkaLu bAyipATha mADuvudu tapputtade, mattu akSharagaLannu hAgU padagaLannu OdiyE grahisikoLLu vantaha sandarbha jAstiyAguttade.
akSharagaLannu mattu padagaLannu Oduvalli makkaLige sAkaShTu kutUhalavannunTumADalu sAdhyavideyAdalli, barahavannu kalisuva paThyapustakagaLalli citragaLannE koDabEkAgillavendu kelavaru vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. ingliSh makkaLige barahavannu kalisuvudakkAgi intaha paThyapustakavondannu amerikada khyAta bhAShAvijYAni liyonArD blUmphIlD racisi koTTiddAre. Adare I viShayadalli innU heccina samSOdhanegaLu naDeyuva avaSyakateyide. yAkendare, kelavara abhiprAyadante, makkaLa pustakagaLalli kelavAdarU citragaLu iddE tIrabEku.
೨.೩ vyAkaraNavemba kallina kaDale
vyAkaraNavendare bahaLa mandige talenOvu. adondu SuShka mattu niShTrayOjaka viShayavendu halavarige adaralli tAtsAra. nijavAgiyU ondu pattEdAri kateya hAge rOmAncakavAgirabEkAgiruva I viShayavannu intaha adhOgatige tandu iLisidavaru bErArU alla, namma neccina vayyAkaraNigaLE.
vyAkaraNadalli nAvu tiLiyabEkAdudu illavE kaliyabEkAdudu Enide endu halavu mandi praSnisabahudu. idakke uttaravAgi namma kannaDa bhASheya vyAkaraNavannE pariSIlisabahudu. eraDu eraDUvare varSha prAyadavarAdAginindalU nAvu anavaratavAgi I bhASheyalli mAtanADutta bandiddEve. nammalli heccinavarU tamma manassinalliruva viShayavannu itararige arthavAguvante tiLisikoDaballaru, mattu
innobbaru hELidudannu sAkaShTu maTTige sariyAgiyE arthamADikoLLaballaru. mAtxbhASheyalli nAvu paDediruva I cAturya nijakkU dayvadattavAdudu endE hELabahudu.
kannaDadalli vyAkaraNagaLu tiLisi hELabEkAgiruvudu I cAturyada svarUpavEnembudannu, nAvu hEge mAtanADuttEve? manassinalliruvu dannu hEge innobbarige arthavAguvante tiLisi hELuttEve? innobbaru hELidudannu hEge artha mADikoLLuttEve? embityAdi praSnegaLige vyAkaraNa uttara koDuttade. nAligeyannu bEre bEre rItiyalli tirugisi Sabda horaDisuttEve; I SabdagaLinda siddhavAda padagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli sErisi mAtugaLannu racisuttEve; idu hEge naDeyu ttade embudannu vyAkaraNa tiLisuttade.
tiLiyuvudara phala
I sangatiyannu tiLidu AgabEkAdaddAdarU Enu endu kelavaru kELabahudu. idakkondu uttamavAda udAharaNeyide. kay, kAlu, tale modalAda angagaLannu nAvu hEge bEkO hAge manassige bandante tirugisaballevu; naDeyaballevu, ODaballevu, kuNiyaballevu; I eraDu kaygaLinda sAvirAru bEre bEre rItiya kelasagaLannu mADaballevu.
Adare, intaha calanegaLannella naDesuvudakkAgi namma kaykAlu gaLalliruva ententaha snAyugaLannu mattu elubugaLannu hEge hEgella calisabEku embudannu nAvEnAdarU tiLidiruvevEnu? idondU tiLiyadiddarU namage namma I kelasagaLannella samarpakavAgi mADi mugisalu sAdhyavAguttide.
Adare, naDeyuvAga kAlu uLukidalli, kay elubu muridalli, illavE bErEnAdarU apaghAta sambhavisidalli nAvu nEravAgi DAkTara rallige ODabEkAguttade, allavE? Aga gottAguttade, nijakkU namma ajYAnada mahimeyantahadu embudu. bhASheya viShayadalli nama giruva ajYAnadindAgi intaha tondaregaLAvuvU baralAravendu yArAdarU bhAvisabahudu. Adare bhASheya oLaguTTannariyada namma rAjakAraNigaLa ajYAnada phalavannu nAvindu dinanityavU anubhavisu tiddEvalla?
tiLiyuva Ase
vyAkaraNavannu kalitu Enu prayOjana endu kELuvavarige innondu rItiya uttaravannU koDabahudu. prapancadalli sAvirAru kutUhala kAriyAda viShayagaLive. AkASadalli candraniddAne, nakShatragaLive; samudra dalli mInugaLive, mattu innU EnEnO jantugaLive; namma suttalU sAvirAru AScaryakAraka vastugaLu haraDive. ivannella kUlankaSavAgi tiLidukoLLabEku embudu namma mAnavasahajavAda Ase. I Aseyannu IDErisuvudakkAgi mAnavanu himAlayada tudige hattiddAne, samudrada ALakke iLididdAne, candralOkakkU prayANa beLesiddAne.
namma bAyiyindalE hora horaDuva mAtU intaha AScarya karavAda sangatigaLalli ondu. adara viShayavAgi abhyAsa mADidaShTU hosa hosa sangatigaLu horabaruttive. udAharaNegAgi, mAtu horaDisuvAga naDeyuva namma nAligeya calaneyannE parIkShisi nODa bahudu. ra ennuvAga adara tudi bAyiya mElchAvaNiyannu taTTu ide; la ennuvAga adu allE nintu eraDU badigaLalli usiru hora hAyuvante mADuttade; ta ennuvAga usiru ellU hOgadante adu taDegaTTuttade; Ta ennuvAga adara tudi hindakke maDacikonDu I kelasa mADuttade. nammalli pratiyobbarU mAtanADuvAga tamma nAligeya mUlaka I ellA kelasagaLannU mADuttiruvevAdarU nAligeya I calanavalanagaLannu sUkShmavAgi gamanisidavareShTu mandi?
vyAkaraNadalli bhASheya kuritu tiLisi hELabahudAda sAvirAru viShayagaLalli idU ondu. maneyinda bande mattu manege bande emberaDu vAkyagaLoLage arthadalli vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsavannu kannaDa dalli hEge sUcisuttEve embudannu kannaDada vyAkaraNa tiLisuttade. mane emba padakke eraDu bEre bEre ‘vibhaktipratyaya’gaLannu sErisi kannaDadalli I arthabhEdavannu sUcisuttade. Adare, ellA bhAShe gaLU idE kramavannu anusarisabEkendEnU niyamavilla. kelavu bhAShe gaLalli padagaLa sthAnavannu badalAyisi I arthabhEdavannu sUcisa lAguttade; mattu innu kelavu bhAShegaLalli pratyayagaLa badalu bEre padagaLannE baLasalAguttade.
nIrasateyannu kaLeyalu dAri
namma bhASheya vyAkaraNa I rIti nijakkU namma bhASheya svarUpavEnu embudannu kutUhala huTTuvante varNisahoraTalli adara nIrasate
yella iddakkiddante mAyavAdItu. ma embudu ‘anunAsika’ endu hELi ‘nAsikeyannu anusarisuvudE anunAsika’ endu vivaraNe koTTare yArigU EnU arthavAgadu, mattu adu yAra kutUhalavannU keraLisalAradu. Adare namma SAlA vyAkaraNagaLallella makAravannu varNisuva krama intahadE.
hIge hELuva badalu, ma ennuvAga tuTigaLeraDu muccikonDu, usiru bAyiyinda horage hOgadantAguttade; Adare, mUgina mUlaka hora hOguva dvAra terediruva kAraNa, adu mUgina mUlaka hora hOguttade embudAgi makAravannu uccarisi vivarisi dalli, antaha vivaraNe yArallU kutUhalavannu keraLisItu.
innondu uddESa
vyAkaraNavannu kaliyuvudaralli innondu uddESavU ide. adEnembu dannu svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisONa: mAtanADuvAga nAvu sAmAnya vAgi obbara mukhavannobbaru nODuttiruttEve. mAtannu kELuttiru vavanu hIge mukhavannu nODiyE mAtanADuvavanu santOSha dalliddAnO, bEsaradalliddAnO, kOpadalliddAnO embudannella tiLiyaballanu. mAtanADuvavana mAtina kramadindalU kELuvavanige intaha halavu viShayagaLu gottAgabahudu.
allade, mAtanADuvAga nAvu kaysanne, kaNNusanne modalAdavu gaLannu baLasuttiruttEve. hELida mAtu sariyAgi kELisadiddarU, I kaysanne, kaNNusannegaLa sahAyadinda mAtanADuvavana manassinalli Enide embudannu UhisikoLLaballevu. idondU sAdhyavAgadiddarU, mAta nADuvavanu edurigEnE iruva kAraNa, avanoDane arthavAgadiruva viShayagaLa bagge bEkAdaShTu praSnegaLannu kELi avannu gottumADi koLLuva sAdhyateyU ide embudannu mareyabAradu.
barahada samasyegaLu
dUrada Urinalliruva mitranobbanige patra bareyuvudiddalli intaha sahAyaka amSagaLondU siguvudilla. patradalli barediruva vAkyagaLu mAtravE Atanige nAvu tiLisikoDabEkendiruva viShayagaLannella tiLisi koDabEku. patra baredavanu santOShadalliddanO, kOpadalliddanO, bEsaradalliddanO embudannella I vAkyagaLu mattu avugaLalli bandiruva bEre bEre padagaLu mattu pratyayagaLu tiLisikoDabEku.
mAtina mUlaka ondu viShayavannu tiLisi hELuvudakkintalU barahada mUlaka tiLisi hELuvudu heccu kaShTada kelasavemba viShaya idarinda spaShTavAguttade. I kelasavannu txptikaravAgi naDesalu vidyArthigaLu SAle yalli ondu hosa cAturyavannE kayvaSa mADikoLLabEkAguttade.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLadavaru jIvanadalli halavAru tondaregaLige sikki bILu ttAre. tamASegAgi tamma patradalli EnAdarU gIcihAkiddare, avara mitraru adannu nijavendE tiLidu, avarigU avara mitrarigU naDu viruva sambandhavE oDeduhOguva sandarbha barabahudu. saraLa nuDi, konku nuDi, dvEShada nuDi, tamASeya nuDi ivannella barahadalli sUcisalu bEre bEre kramagaLive. bhASheya svarUpavannu sariyAgi arthamADikonDavarige I cAturyagaLellavU kayvaSavAgiruttave.
mOTAru naDesuvavanu tanna mOTArina Antarika racaneyantaha dembudannu tiLidukoLLadiddarU A kelasavannu samarpakavAgiyE mADa ballanembudEnO nija. Adare mOTArina oLaguTTannaritalli avanu I kelasadalli innU heccina cAturyavannu baLasaballanembudU nijavE. bhASheya mattu barahada baLakeyallU idE tatvavannu kANabahudu. SAleyalli vyAkaraNavannu kalisuvudarinda tamma bhASheya bagge vidyArthi gaLalli kutUhalavannu keraLisuvudarondige, barahada oLaguTTannU avarige tiLisikoDalu sAdhyavide. idannu sariyAgi mADalu SaktarAdalli, vayyAkaraNigaLu ondu doDDa kAryavannE sAdhisidantAdItu.
೨.೪ SAlA vyAkaraNagaLalli modalaneya pATha
kannaDadalli vyAkaraNagaLannu bareyuttiruva vidvAmsaralli heccinavarU tamma vicAra Saktiyannu sampUrNavAgi kaLedukonDiruvarembudakke ‘varNamAle’yemba avara vyAkaraNada modalaneya pAThavE uttama udAharaNe. kannaDa bhASheya varNagaLAvuvu, mattu entahavu embu dannu cikka makkaLige arthavAguvante vivaravAgi tiLisi hELabEkAgiruva I pAThada svarUpa ondu sAvira varShagaLaShTu samayavU badalAgade uLidide.
I sAvira varShagaLalli bErellA SAstragaLallU ententaha badalA vaNegaLella naDedu hOgiveyembudannu gamanisidavAdare (cappaTeyidda
bhUmi uruTAgide), kannaDada I baDa vyAkaraNaSAstra eShTu hinduLi dideyemba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.
bhAShe mattu lipi
bhAShe mattu adu baLasuva lipigaLa naDuve bahaLaShTu vyatyAsagaLiralu sAdhyavide. kannaDa bhASheya caritre mattu kannaDa lipiya caritre - iveraDU bhinna bhinnavAdavugaLu; hAgAgi, kannaDadallU bhAShe mattu lipigaLa naDuve tumbA vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsagaLannu sariyAgi grahisi koLLalu prayatnisadiruvudE varNamAleyennuva I pAThavannu bareda vidvAmsara mukhya dOShavAgide. kESirAjanU I tappannu mADiddanu, adannu kanDukoLLalArada avana himbAlakarellarU idannu mADu ttiddAre.
kannaDavannu bareyalu nAvindu baLasuttiruva lipi kannaDakkAgiyE siddhavAdudEnalla. aSOkana kAladalli baLakeyallidda brAhmI lipiyannu, illavE adakke tIra hattiravidda lipiyondannu namma pUrvikaru alpa svalpa badalAvaNegaLondige tamma bhAShegU aLavaDisikonDiddaru. I lipiya racanAkramadalli ivattigU viSESha badalAvaNeyEnU naDedilla. Adare, adara sanjYegaLalli mAtra halavu badalAvaNegaLAgive.
bhAratada lipigaLalli heccinavU I brAhmI lipiyindalE utpanna vAdavugaLAddarinda, telugu, malayALa, marAThi, gujarAti modalAda bhAShegaLu baLasuva lipigaLallella kannaDada lipiyantahadE racanAkrama tOribaruttide. I lipigaLoLagina vyatyAsagaLalli heccinavU avu baLasuva sanjYegaLa svarUpadalli naDedu banda badalAvaNegaLa phala.
varNamAle mattu akSharamAle
I rIti, kannaDa bhASheya caritre adu baLasuva lipiya caritreginta tIra bhinnavAgideyAda kAraNa, adara ‘varNamAle’ mattu adu baLasuva lipiya ‘akSharamAle’ ivugaLoLage vyatyAsagaLiruvudu sahaja. bahaLa mandi vidvAmsaru kannaDadalli iveraDU ondE emba artha baruva hAge barediruttAre.
kannaDa lipiyalli oTTu hadinAlku svara sanjYegaLiveyAdare (kelavaru innU eraDannu sErisikoLLuttAre) kannaDa bhASheyalli oTTu a, A, i, I, u, U, e, E, o, mattu O emba hattu svara varNagaLu mAtra
ive. lipiyalli kANisuva x, khU, ay, mattu av emba uLida nAlku svara sanjYegaLannu nAvu vyanjanayukta svaragaLannAgi uccarisuvevAda kAraNa, avannu mElinavugaLinda bhinnavAda svaravarNagaLendu kareyuvu daralli arthavilla.
udAharaNegAgi ay mattu av emba eraDu svarasanjYegaLannu gamanisabahudu. uccAraNeyalli ivu ay mattu av emba sanjYAgucchagaLinda svalpavU bhinnavAgilla. yakAra mattu vakAragaLu kannaDadalli itara svaragaLoDaneyU (udA: ey, bay, iv ityAdi) baruttaveyAda kAraNa, avugaLalli ay mattu avgaLige mAtra ondu viSiShTavAda sthAnavannu kalpisikoTTu, avannu bareyalu ay mattu av emba bEreyE eraDu akSharagaLannu baLasuvudaralli yAva avcityavU illa.
hIgiddarU namma pUrvikaru tamma bhASheyannu bareyalu brAhmI lipiyannu baLasatoDagidAga, itara svarasanjYegaLondige iveraDannU ettikonDarembudu namma lipiyalli tOribaruva I eraDu anavaSyaka sanjYegaLige kAraNa.
itara eraDu svarasanjYegaLalli xkAravu kannaDada maTTigantU vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli mAtravE kANasiguvantahadu. adakke kannaDa varNa mAleyalli yAva sthAnavU illa. kannaDa lipiya akShara mAleyallU adannu sErisikoLLuva avaSyakateyEnilla.
xkArada maTTige hELuvudAdare, adu uccAraNeyalli rakAra yukta svaravAgiyE baLakeyallide. I svara kelavaralli ikAravirabahudu, kelavaralli ukAravirabahudu, mattu innu kelavaralli viSiShTavAdondu ukAra (vivxtOShNa)vAgiyU irabahudu. I vayvidhyavannu tOrisuvudakkAgi, bahuSaH barahada maTTige adannondu viSiShTa akSharavendu parigaNisabahudu. Adare, adannondu heccina svaravarNa vembudAgi hELalu baruvudilla.
vargIyagaLu mattu avargIyagaLu
vyanjanagaLannu vargIya mattu avargIyagaLemba eraDu gumpugaLAgi vingaDisuva samskxta vyAkaraNada paddhatiyannE kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU anusarisalAguttade. vargIyagaLannu kavarga, cavarga, Tavarga, tavarga, mattu pavargagaLendu oTTu aydu vargagaLAgi vingaDisuvudu krama. ondondu vargadallU aydaydu sanjYegaLiddu, vargIya vyanjanagaLa
oTTu sankhye ippattaydAguvudu. ya, ra, la, va, Sa, Sha, sa, ha, mattu LagaLu ombattu avargIyagaLenisuvuvu. anusvAra mattu visargagaLannu yOgavAhagaLemba mUraneya gumpinallirisuvudu rUDhi.
idu kannaDa lipiya vyanjana sanjYe(akShara)gaLa vivEcaneyAyitu. mEleyE hELidante, kannaDa bhASheya vyanjana varNagaLa sankhye adara lipiya akShara sankhyege sarihondabEkendEnU niyamavillavaShTe? kannaDa dalli mahAprANAkSharagaLa sthAnavEnembudara kuritu bahaLa carce naDedide. avu kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli mAtra prayuktavAguvuvembudu kelavara matavAdare, accakannaDa padagaLallU avugaLa prayOgavideyembudu innu kelavara mata.
Adare, mahAprANAkSharagaLu baruva padagaLa mUla kannaDavirali, samskxtavirali, avannuccarisuvAgalantU alpaprANAkSharagaLinda bhinnavAgi uccarisuva kannaDigaru kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra embudaralli samSaya villa. kannaDa varNamAle kannaDigara uccAraNeya mEle avalambisira bEku; hAgAgi, mahAprANagaLannu viSiShTa varNagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyillavendE hELabahudu.
i, i, Na, na, ma emba aydu anunAsikagaLalli modala mUru padamadhya sthAnadalli mAtravE prayuktavAguttave. adarallU jakAra mattu ikAragaLu savargIya vyanjanagaLeduru (endare jakAravu ka mattu ga embavugaLeduru mattu ikAravu ca mattu ja embavu gaLeduru) mAtra baruttave; hAgAgi, mattu A sthAnadalli uLida anunAsikagaLu baradE iruva kAraNa, averaDakkU viSiShTavAda varNa sthAnavannu kalpisabEkAgilla. Na, na, mattu ma embivu mUrE kannaDada anunAsika varNagaLu embudu idarinda siddhavAguttade.
avargIyagaLendu hELalAguva yakArAdigaLannu mElina aydu vargagaLoLageyE sErisi vargIyagaLannAgi parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. ShakAravannu heccinavarU SakAravAgiyE uccarisuttAre; hAgAgi, adakke varNasthAna koDabEkAgilla. hakAravannu kavargadallU, SakAra, yakAra gaLannu cavargadallU, LakAravannu TavargadallU, sakAra, lakAra mattu rakAragaLannu tavargadallU, vakAravannu pavargadallU avugaLa uccAraNeyannanusarisi sErisikoLLabahudu.
I lekkadante kannaDada kavargadalli mUru (ka, ga, ha), cavargadalli nAlku (ca, ja, Sa, ya), Tavargadalli nAlku (Ta, ja, Na, La), tavargadalli Aru (ta, da, na, sa, la, ra), mattu pavargadalli nAlku
(pa, ba, ma, va) embudAgi kannaDadalli oTTu ippattondu vyanjana varNagaLiveyendu siddhavAguttade.
yOgavAhagaLu
anusvAra mattu visargagaLemba yOgavAhagaLeraDU kannaDakke tAnu eravalAgi paDakonDa lipiyoDane banda horegaLu mAtra. uccAraNe yalli anusvAravu makAra, nakAragaLiginta bhinnavAdudalla. visargakke padAntyadalli hakAravAgiyU, padamadhyadalli ottakSharavAgiyU uccA raNeyide. hAgAgi, iveraDakkU kannaDa varNamAleyalli sthaLavilla.
varNagaLa uccAraNe
innu I varNagaLa uccAraNeyantahadu embudannu varNisuva rItiyU sAvira varShagaLaShTu hindinadE. I viShayadalli bhAShA vijYAnigaLu bahaLaShTu samSOdhanegaLannu naDesiddu, nUrAru hosa hosa viShayagaLu beLakige bandive. ivondU namma kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa gamanakke bandillavendu tOruttade. athavA bandarU avakkanuguNavAgi paThyavannu sudhArisabEkemba utsAha avaralli mUDilla. tAvu cikkandinalli Enu kalitiddevO adannE indina huDugarU uruhoDedu parIkSheyalli baredare sAku embudu avara ASayavirabahudu.
I vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli kANisuva uccAraNeya varNanegU kannaDa bhASheya uccAraNegU naDuve yAva sambandhavU illavAdare adu varNane hEgAdItu? mattu adannu kaliyuvavarige Enu artha vAdItu? udAharaNegAgi, kavargada vyanjanagaLannu ‘ganTali’nalli uccarisuva kAraNa avu kanThagaLendu heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU baredide. nijakkU nAvivannu ganTalinalli uccarisuttEveyO? ka ennuvAga nAlageya himbhAga mElakke ubbi nAlageya mElbAgadalliruva anguLu (mxdutAlu)vannu muTTuvudallade ganTalalli entaha uccA raNeyU naDeyuvudilla.
idE rItiyalli, Tavargada vyanjanagaLannu uccarisuvAga, nAligeya tudi hindakke maDacikoLLuvudE atyanta mukhyavAda kArya. idannu vivarisihELuva badalu avu mUrdhanyagaLu, bAyiya mElbAgadalli utpannavAguttave endu baredare avugaLa viSiShTavAda uccAraNe vidyArthigaLige hEge gottAdItu?
kannaDa varNagaLa uccAraNeyannu vivaravAgi varNisahoraTare ondu doDDa pustakavannE bareyabahudu. intaha pustakadalli barabahu dAda viShayagaLalli yAvuvannu kannaDa vyAkaraNada modalaneya pATha dalli sErisikoLLabEku, mattu yAvuvannu biDabEku embudu ondu praSne. idannu paThyapustakagaLannu rUpisuva vidvAmsarE nirdharisabEku. Adare, ivattina vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli intaha pustakadalli kANisadE iruvantaha arthavillada ‘varNane’gaLE jAsti kANisuttave; hAgAgi, avu Enannu varNisuttaveyembudU vidyArthigaLige (mattu adhyApaka rige) gottAgalAradu.
varNamAle mattu akSharamAlegaLoLage kannaDadalli iShTellA vyatyAsa gaLiddarU, avannu svalpavU parigaNisadiruvudarindAgi, namma SAlA vyAkaraNagaLu vidyArthigaLige bariya talenOvAgiyE uLidive. vastu sthitiyannu arthavAguvante varNisahoraTalli mAtra avu vidyArthi gaLalli kutUhalavannu keraLisaballuvu.
೨.೫ kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli samskxtada devva
kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNadinda suruvAgi ivattina SAlAvyAkaraNagaLa varege, kannaDadavendenisikoLLuva vyAkaraNagaLallella saNNa doDDa samskxta devvagaLanEka tumbikonDive. I devvagaLa kATadindAgi, kannaDa bhAShe yalli eShTE badalAvaNeyAdarU adara ‘vyAkaraNa’ mAtra banDegallina hAge acalavAgi nintukonDide. bhASheyalli iruvudondu, adara vyAkaraNa hELuvudinnondu emba I paristhitiyindAgi, vyAkaraNavannu kaliyuva vidyArthigaLalli gondalavallade bErEnU mUDuttilla.
bhASheyallillada bhaviShyattu
bhUta, vartamAna mattu bhaviShyat embudAgi kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli mUru kAlabhEdagaLiveyendu namma SAlAvyAkaraNagaLella sAri hELu tive. avugaLa varNaneya prakAra, bandanu embudu bhUtarUpa, baruttAne embudu vartamAna rUpa, mattu baruvanu embudu bhaviShyat rUpa. Adare nijakkU kannaDadalli I mUru kriyArUpa gaLannu nAvu I mUru arthagaLalli baLasuttiruvevEnu?
kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli samskxtada devva
kannaDada Adhunika prayOgagaLannu parIkShisi nODidalli ondu kutUhalajanakavAda amSa gamanakke bandItu. karNATakada dakShiNa bhAgada lEkhakaru baruttAne emba rUpavannE vartamAna mattu bhaviShya darthagaLeraDarallU baLasuttAre. baruvanu emba rUpa avara baraha gaLalli kANisuvudE illa. uttaradavara kelavu lEkhanagaLalli baruvanu emba rUpa kANisuvudAdarU adakke bhaviShyadarthadondige vartamA nArthavU ide. antU bhASheya maTTige hELuvudAdare, barahada kannaDadalli bhUta mattu itara emba eraDE eraDu kAlabhEdagaLu mAtra kanDubaruttave. SAlA vyAkaraNagaLalli mAtra kAlabhEdagaLu mUru.
sAmAnyArtha mattu niScitArtha
hIge prayOgadalli illadE iruva kAlabhEdavannu kriyArUpagaLa mEle hErida namma vayyAkaraNigaLu iru emba ondu kriyApadadalli mAtra bahaLa spaShTavAgiyE tOribaruva kAlabhEdavannu gamanisi dantilla. kannaDadalli iddAne mattu iruttAne emba I eraDu rUpa gaLige eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda arthagaLive. maneyalli iruttAne endare ‘sAmAnyavAgi iruttAne, Iga iddAnO illavO tiLiyadu’ emba arthavAdare, maneyalli iddAne endare, ‘niScitavAgiyU iddAne’ emba artha baruttade.
hIge sAmAnya mattu niScitagaLemba eraDu arthagaLannu koDuva rUpabhEda iru emba ondu dhAtuvinalli mAtra tOribaru ttade. heccina vayyAkaraNigaLU I eraDu rUpagaLige ondE arthavide yemba hAge barediddAre.
vyatyAsagaLa mUla
nAvu upayOgisuva bhAShegU adannu varNisalendu horaTa vyAkaraNagaLigU naDuve intaha halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kanDu baruttive. kannaDa bhASheya svarUpavEnembudannu tiLiyalu nAvu yAva rItiya prayatnavannU mADuttillavembudE I vyatyAsagaLigella mUla kAraNa vAgide. pANiniyE modalAda vidvAmsara satata prayatnadindAgi samskxta bhASheyannu spaShTavAgi varNisuva granthagaLu halavu siddha vAduvu. samskxta bhAShegU kannaDa bhAShegU naDuve bahaLa vyatyAsa videyAda kAraNa, samskxta vyAkaraNavannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisi
koLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAge mADalu yatnisuttiruvudarindalE namma vyAkaraNagaLu iShTondu hIna sthitiyallive.
samskxta vyAkaraNagaLu samskxta bhASheyannu varNisalu yatnisuva hAge, kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDa bhASheyannu varNisalu yatnisabEku. kannaDada padagaLannu nAvu hEge uccarisuttEve, pratyayagaLa mUlaka avannu nAvu hEge sAdhisuttEve, avannu ondakkondu sErisidAga entaha badalAvaNegaLella taledOruttave, kannaDada vAkyagaLannu racisalu I padagaLannella yAva yAva rItiyalli pONisikoLLabEku - intaha halavAru kutUhalakArakavAda praSnegaLige kannaDada vyAkaraNa nEravAda uttaragaLannu koDalu yatnisabEku.
I uttaragaLannu SAlA vidyArthigaLige arthavAguvante bareya bEku mAtravalla, SAlA vidyArthigaLu tamma mAtinalli illavE baraha gaLalli baLasuva dhvanigaLa, padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyannu mAtravE udAharaNegaLannAgi baLasi I vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu paThya pustakagaLu varNisabEku.
hIge iruvudannu iruvante varNisatoDagidalli vyAkaraNavu vidyArthigaLa kutUhalavannu keraLisabahudu mAtravalla, munde doDDava rAda mEle I vidyArthigaLE kannaDa bhASheya kuritu hosa hosa sangatigaLannu kanDuhiDiyuvante prErEpaNeyannU koDaballudu. vastusthitiyinda dUravAgi uLiyuvudarindalE namma vyAkaraNavindu bariya SuShka viShayavAgi yArallU kutUhalavannu keraLisalu samartha vAgade uLidide.
ondu bhASheya svarUpavannu citrisuva vyAkaraNa A bhAShe badalAdantella badalAgutta hOgabEku, mattu A bhASheya kuritu hosa hosa amSagaLu gamanakke bandantella adarallU mArpATu gaLAguttirabEku. hIge jIvakaLeyannu tumbuvallivaregU namma bhASheya vyAkaraNa niShprayOjakavAgiyE uLidItu.
SAlA vyAkaraNagaLa mukhya dOSha
namma SAlA vyAkaraNagaLa mukhya dOShavEnendare, avu hosagannaDada svarUpavEnembudannu spaShTavAgi tiLisalu yatnisuva badalu, kESirAja, pANini modalAdavaru carcisida atI kliShTavAda mattu hosagannaDakke svalpavU sambandhisadantaha nUrAru viShayagaLannu vidyArthigaLa tale yoLage tumbalu yatnisuttave.
samskxta bhAShege sambandhisidantaha guNa, vxddhi, Sutva, ShTutva, jaStva modalAda sandhikAryagaLannu hELikoDuva I vyAkaraNagaLige kannaDada udAharaNegaLu siguvudu asambhavavE. hAgAgi, enTanE taragatige siddhavAda vyAkaraNagaLalli hUvilla, ammaya, ShaDUrmi modalAda, kannaDada maTTige tIra vicitravAgi kANisuva, padagaLa prayOga kANasiguttade. ivannella parIkShegAgi bAyipATha mADa bEkAgiruva vidyArthigaLige vyAkaraNavembudondu vicitravAda viShaya vendu anisidare tappEnu?
hAgAgi, SAlA vyAkaraNagaLannu bareyuvavaru mattu avarige mArgadarSana mADuva paThyapustaka samitiyavaru I vyAkaraNagaLannu bareyuvudara mattu kalisuvudara uddESavEnembudannu modaligEnE nirdharisikoLLabEku. tamma tAyinuDiya svarUpavEnembudannu tiLidu koLLalu, mattu A bhASheyalli barahada mUlaka tamma manassinalliruva viShayavannu itararige sariyAgi arthavAguva hAge tiLisalu hAgU itararu baredudannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLalu vidyArthigaLige vyAkaraNavannu kalisuva avaSyakateyide. avaru yAva rItiya baraha vannu baLasuttiddAre mattu baLasabEkAgide embudara mEle I vyAkaraNada racane avalambisirabEku.
hosagannaDada vyAkaraNadalli hosagannaDada vicAragaLannu mAtravE vivarisabEku. samskxtada illavE haLegannaDada vicAragaLannU makkaLige tiLisi hELuvudarinda prayOjanavEnAdarU ideyendu I vidvAmsara matavAdare, A viShayagaLigAgi bEreyE pustakavannu bareyuvudu uttama. ivellavannu hosagannaDa vyAkaraNadallE sErisuvudarinda vidyArthigaLa manassinalli gondalavallade bErEnU mUDalAradu.
೨.೬ samskxtada samAsagaLu kannaDadalli
iveyE?
paThya pustaka samitiya AdESada mErege hayskUlu vidyArthigaLige kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu kalisalu siddhavAgiruva paThya pustakagaLalli ‘samAsagaLu’ emba vibhAgavondide. idaralli prAmukhyavAgi tatpuruSha, karma dhAraya, dvigu, bahuvrIhi, avyayIbhAva mattu dvandva emba Aru samskxta samAsagaLannU gamaka hAgU kriyAsamAsagaLemba eraDu
heccina ‘kannaDa’ samAsagaLannU paricayisuvudu rUDhi. kannaDa vyAkaraNa gaLalli samAsagaLannu paricayisuva I krama hadimUranE SatamAna dallidda kESirAjana kAladindalU baLakeyallide.
Adare, kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli I rIti samskxta samAsagaLannu kalisuva avaSyakateyideyE, mattu hAge kalisuvudarinda vidyArthigaLige prayOjanavEnAdarU sigabahudE, athavA idakke badalAgi adu avaralli gondalavannEnAdarU unTumADabahudE embudannu yArU vivEcisidantilla.
vyAkaraNada uddESa
kannaDadalli baruva padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyentahadembudannu tiLisihELuvudE kannaDa vyAkaraNada mukhya uddESavAgirabEku. samskxta padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racane kannaDadavakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva kAraNa, kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli avannU vivarisahOdare A vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi bahaLa kliShTavAdItu. samskxta bahaLa mukhyavAda bhAShe, atyuttamavAda kAvya mattu SAstra granthagaLu adarallive, mattu adannu nAvu ‘dEva bhAShe’yendu parigaNisuttEve embudellavU nijavAdarU kannaDa padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyannu ariyabEkendiruvavarige samskxta padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyannu tiLisahOguvudu tIrA anavaSyaka.
nimma manege hOgalu dAri kELidavarige nimmUrina dEva sthAnada dAri hELidirAdare, adU nimma mane dEvasthAnakkinta bEreyE ondu dikkinallideyAdare, hEge tondareyunTAgabahudO, hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli samskxta vyAkaraNada amSagaLannu sErisuvudarinda vidyArthigaLige tondareyAgadiradu.
samAsavendarEnu?
samAsa embudu eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgiruvantaha kelavu viSiShTavAda padagaLa (endare samastapadagaLa) racaneyentahadu embudannu tiLisuva ondu vyAkaraNa SAstra vibhAga. intaha samasta padagaLu kannaDadallU ive, samskxtadallU ive; hindi, ingliSh, marAThi modalAda bEre bhAShegaLallU ive. intaha padagaLillada bhAShegaLU kelavive. I padagaLa racane bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bEre teranAgide.
kannaDadalli baruva samastapadagaLa racaneyannu tiLisi hELalu hEge hindi, ingliSh, marAThi modalAdavugaLalli baruva samasta padagaLa racaneyannu tiLisuva avaSyakateyillavO, hAgeyE adakke samskxtadalli baruva samastapadagaLa racaneyannu tiLisuvudU avaSyavilla.
namma paThyapustaka samitiyavarAgalI, vyAkaraNa pustakagaLannu bare yuva vidvAmsarAgalI I viShayavannu gamanisida hAge kANisuvu dilla. samskxtakkU kannaDakkU naDuve samastapadagaLa racaneyalli halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLigU kannaDadalli kannaDadavE Ada racanA niyamagaLu anvayisuttave. hAgAgi, antaha samastapadagaLannu varNisuvallU samskxta samAsagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyilla.
kelavu mukhya vyatyAsagaLu
samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva ondu atyanta mukhyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra ive (avyayagaLemba mUranE rItiya padagaLiveyAdarU ivannu nAmapadagaLendE parigaNisuvudu rUDhi). Adare kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNavAcaka pada embu dAgi mUru bageya padagaLive.
samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige guNavAcaka padagaLannu viSEShaNa gaLannAgi baLasuvAga, nAmapadagaLa hAge avakkU vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDadalli idu avaSyavilla. samskxtada kxShNEna sarpaNa embudu kannaDadalli kappu hAvininda endAgutta dallade, kappininda hAvininda endAguvudilla.
idE rItiyalli sarvanAma, kxdanta modalAdavugaLU nAmapada gaLondige viSEShaNagaLAgi baruvAga avugaLige samskxtadalli nAmapada gaLa hAgeyE vibhaktipratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade, Adare kannaDadalli idu avaSyavilla. mxtEna sarpaNa - satta hAvininda, tasya bAlakasya - A huDugana modalAda prayOgagaLalli I vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu.
samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige viSEShaNagaLAgi baruva guNa padagaLu vibhaktipratyayavillade bandAga (udA: kxShNa sarpaNa, mxtasarpaNa) avugaLalli vibhakti pratyaya lOpavAgi samastapada vAgideyendu hELuttAre. hAge hELuvudu samanjasavU havdu. Adare
kannaDadallU idE rItiyalli kappu hAvannu, satta hAvige embantaha prayOgagaLalli vibhakti pratyayada lOpavAgideyendu hELidare adu sariyAgalAradu.
yAkendare, kannaDada nAmapadagaLondige viSEShaNagaLAgi baruva guNapadagaLu illavE kxdantagaLu samskxtada hAge vibhakti pratyaya gaLondige baruvudilla. hAgAgi, alli vibhaktilOpada praSneyE ELuvu dilla. hIgiddarU kUDa, kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLallella bisigALi, A huDuga, satta hAvu modalAdavugaLalli samAsavAgideyendU, avu karmadhAraya, gamaka modalAda samAsagaLige udAharaNegaLendU bareyalAgide. samskxta vyAkaraNadinda samAsagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNakke tandu sErisiruvudE I rIti namma vayyAkaraNigaLu tappu mADalu mukhya kAraNa.
linga mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLu
samskxtakkU kannaDakkU naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsa vEnendare, samskxtadalli baruva nAmapadagaLa lingavEnembudannu avakke entaha vibhaktipratyaya sEruttade embudara mEle tiLidukoLLa bEkAgu ttade. nijakkU samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLu nAmapadada linga, vacana, mattu vibhakti I mUrannU oTTAgi sUcisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli nxpa ‘arasu’, vxkSha ‘mara’, anila ‘gALi’ modalAdavugaLu pullingadallU, janani ‘tAyi’, mAlA ‘mAle’, AjYA ‘AjYe’ modalAdavu strIlingadallU, kalatra ‘henDati’, brahma ‘paramAtma’ udaka ‘nIru’ modalAdavu napumsaka lingadallU ive. bariya arthadinda I padagaLa lingavEnembudannu tiLiyalu sAdhyavAgadu.
kannaDadalli baruva nAmapadagaLa linga idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. adu avugaLa arthavannavalambiside. idallade, kannaDada vibhakti pratyaya gaLu vibhaktiyannu mAtra sUcisuttave, vacana mattu lingagaLannu sUcisalu kannaDadalli aycchikavAgiruva bEreyE pratyayagaLive.
I kAraNakkAgi, samskxtadalli baruva bahuvrIhi samAsakkU kannaDa dalli baruva bahuvrIhi samAsakkU naDuve vyatyAsavide. samastapadada angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu adara kEndra binduvAgiruva badalu, adara horagiruva ondu pada kEndra bindu vAgideyAdare adannu bahuvrIhiyendu kareyuvudu rUDhi.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada pItAmbaraH ‘haLadi baTTeyannuTTavanu’ emba padadalli pIta ‘haLadi’ mattu ambara ‘baTTe’ emba eraDu pada gaLu angagaLAgi bandive. Adare, I padada kEndra bindu I eraDu angagaLalli ondara mElU bILade adara horagiruva ‘uTTavanu’ embarthada padada mEle bILuttade. hAgAgi, adannu bahuvrIhi yendu kareyabahudu.
illi gamanisabEkAda amSavEnendare, pItAmbaraH emba padada koneyalli baruva visarga A padada vibhaktiyannu sUcisuttideyallade adu A padada angavalla.
kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli bahuvrIhi samAsakke haNegaNNa, calavAdi modalAda padagaLannu udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuvudu rUDhi. ivu samskxtada bahuvrIhi samAsaviruva padagaLannu hOluttiruvudE idakke kAraNa. Adare, I padagaLa koneyalli baruva a illavE i emba pratyayagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLalla. avu A padagaLa angagaLE.
kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, haNegaNNa emba padadalli haNe mattu kaNNa ‘kaNNuLLavanu’ emba eraDu padagaLu sErive. hAgAgi, adaralli eraDaneya angavAgiruva pada (kaNNa embudu) pradhAna padavAgideyallade horagiruva padavondu pradhAna padavAgilla. hAgAgi adu tatpuruSha samAsakke udAharaNeyallade bahuvrIhigalla.
kannaDada bahuvrIhi
samskxtadalli avyayIbhAvavemba samAsavondide. idarinda sidda vAguva padagaLu avyaya (kriyAviSEShaNa)gaLAgiddu, avugaLa kEndra bindu modalaneya angada mEle bILuttade. udAharaNegAgi, upa kxShNam ‘kxShNana hattira’ embudu samskxtadalli ondu avyayavAgiddu, adara kEndra bindu upa emba modalaneya angada mEle bILuttade.
avyayIbhAva samAsakke kannaDadalli kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu koDuva udAharaNegaLu hingAlu, mundale, modalAdavugaLu. Adare ivu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiveyallade avyaya illavE kriyAviSEShaNa gaLAgilla. idallade, hingAlu emba pada kAlina himbhAgavannu sUcisu tiddu, adara kEndra bindu hinde mattu kAlu emba adara eraDu angagaLalli yAvudara mElU bILade, A padada horagiruva bhAga emba padada mEle bILuttade. hAgAgi nijakkU idu bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgaballudallade avyayIbhAvakke udAharaNeyAgalAradu.
kelavaru I samAsavannu ‘amSi’ endare ondu vastuvina amSavannu tiLisuvavu embudAgi bEre hesarininda karediddAre. Adare, ammaniginta cikkavaLAgiruva obba hengasannu (endare avaLa tangiyannu) sUcisuva cikkamma embantaha bEre kelavu padagaLU intahavE Agiddu avannu amSiyendu kareyalu baruvudilla. ivellavU kannaDadalli bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu.
kelavu vyAkaraNagaLalli keLaduTi emba padadallU amSi samAsavide endiddAre, mattu ‘tuTiya keLagu’ embudAgi adakke vigrahavAkya koTTiddAre. Adare nijakkU keLaduTi embudu keLagina tuTiyannu sUcisuttiddu, karmadhArayakke udAharaNeyAgaballudallade amSigalla.
hayskUlu vidyArthigaLigAgi racitavAgiruva kannaDa vyAkaraNa emba paThyapustakada ‘samAsagaLu’ emba ondu cikka vibhAgadalli intaha innU halavAru asAngatyagaLu mattu tappugaLive. samskxta vyAkaraNavannu hAgeyE kannaDakke anvayisalu horaTiruvudE I tappugaLige mukhya kAraNa. intaha halavAru tappugaLinda tumbi tuLukuttiruva I vyAkaraNa vibhAgavannu kaliyabEkAgiruva vidyArthigaLige adu talenOvannallade bEre EnannU odagisalAradu.
೨.೭ kannaDada makkaLige ingliSh pATha
aydAru varSha SAlegaLalli kalitarU namma vidyArthigaLige A bhASheyalli ondE ondu vAkyavannU sariyAgi racisalu sAdhyavAguttillavemba dUru kELibaruttide. Adare idakke vidyArthigaLa aSraddhegintalU avarige ingliSh kalisahoraTa namma ajYAna mattu aSraddhegaLu mUlakAraNa vembudannu mAtra yArU gamanisidantilla.
inglenDinalli ingliSh bhASheyalli sarAgavAgi mAtanADalu baruva huDugarige A bhASheya barahavannu kalisuvudakkAgi tayArAgiruva paThya pustakada pratirUpavannE nAvilli A bhASheya hesarannE kELirada makkaLige bhAShe mattu baraha iveraDannU kalisuvudakkAgi baLasuttiddEve. I pustakavannirisikonDu klAsinalli avarige akShara hELikoDuttEve, mattu spelling kalisuttEve, Adare bhASheyannu mAtra kalisuttilla. hIgellA iddarU avaru alpasvalpa ingliSh kalitukoLLuttAralla, adu nijakkU namma bhAgyavendE hELabEku.
bhAShe kaliyade Odu kaliyuvudu
I paThyapustakagaLannu racisiruva vidvAmsarige bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavE tiLidantilla. barahavu nijakkU ondu bhAShe yannu pratinidhisuva sanjYAvidhAna mAtra. namage tiLiyadiruva bhASheyannu modalu kalitukoLLade, adara barahavannu kaliyuvudu tumbA kaShTa.
bhASheyannu kaliyuvudendare adaralli ADidudannu kELi arthamADi koLLalu kaliyuvudu, mattu itararige arthavAguvante adaralli ADalu kaliyuvudu. iveraDu cAturyagaLannu kayvaSa mADikonDa mElEnE A bhASheyalli bareyuva illavE Oduva cAturyagaLannu dorakisikoLLalu sAdhyavide.
namage tiLidiruva hosa bhASheyondannu hIge ADalu mattu kELalu kaliyadEnE nEravAgi adaralli bareda pustakagaLannu Odi artha mADikoLLalu bahaLa mandi prayatnisuttArEnO nija. intaha janaralli kelavaru I prayatnadalli alpa svalpa jayavannU gaLisuttAre.
Adare, intahavaru A bhASheyalli Oduva krama mAtra atyanta kliShTavAdudu. pustakadalli baruva vAkyagaLannu nEravAgi arthamADi koLLuva badalu, ivaru pratiyondu padavannU bEre bEreyAgi tamma mAtxbhASheyalli bhAShAntarisutta biDibiDiyAgi OduttAre. hIge Oduvudaralli eraDu mukhyavAda tondaregaLive.
I rItiya Oduvike atyanta nidhAnavAgi sAguvudembudu intaha tondaregaLalli modalinadu. ondu puTavannu OdalEnE intaha Odugarige bahaLaShTu samaya hiDidItu. eraDaneyadAgi, pratiyondu padavannU bEre bErAgi bhAShAntarisi OduvAga, vAkyada nijavAda artha ivara kayge siguvudilla.
idallade, ondu bhASheyalli baruva padagaLige samarpakavAgi hondikeyAguva padagaLu innondu bhASheyalli siguvudu bahaLa aparUpa. sannivESakkanusAravAgi padagaLa artha bahaLaShTu vyatyAsa goLLuttade; hAgAgi, arthakOSagaLalli koTTiruva vivaraNegaLa sahAya dinda vAkyadalli baruva padagaLa artha hELuvudu tumbA kaShTa.
I ellA kAraNagaLindAgi, intaha Oduvikeya mUlaka prayatnakke takka pratiphala endigU sigalAradu.
bhASheya mUru amSagaLu
nijakkU ondu hosa bhASheyannu kaliyabEkendiruvavaru adara mUru mukhyavAda amSagaLannu kayvaSa mADikoLLalu prayatnisabEku. A bhAShe yalli baLasuva dhvanigaLu, adara padarASi, mattu I padagaLannu vAkya gaLAgi jODisuva krama - endare A bhASheya vyAkaraNa - ivu bhASheyondara mUru mukhya amSagaLAgive.
ivugaLalli padarASiyembudu bhASheyalliruva atyanta vistAravAda amSa. eShTE abhyAsa mADirali, ondu bhASheya padarASiyannu tAnu sampUrNavAgi kayvaSa mADikonDiruvenendu yArU edetaTTi hELa lAraru. obbana adhInadalliruva padarASiya vistAra Atana anubhava vannu hondikonDu heccu kaDimeyAgiruttade. yAvudE ondu viShaya dalli obbana anubhava jAstiyAdantella A viShayakke sambandhisida pada gaLa mEle Atana hiDita bhadravAguttade.
manuShyanu sAvirAru bEre bEre rItiya dhvanigaLannu uccarisaballa nAdarU avana bhASheyu I dhvanigaLalli nUrinnUrannu mAtra baLasi koLLuttade. hIge baLasikoLLuva dhvanigaLu bhASheyinda bhAShege bhinna vAgiruttave; hAgAgi, hosa bhASheyondannu kaliyabEkendiruvavaru hosa hosa dhvanigaLannU uccarisalu kaliyabEkAguttade. mAtannu kELi arthamADikoLLuvalli dhvaniyE mukhyadvAravAgiruvudarinda, hosa bhASheyondannu kaliyuvalli A bhASheyu baLasuva vividha dhvanigaLannu kELi, uccarisi, avugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu grahisikoLLalu abhyAsa mADuvudE modalina pAThavAgirabEku.
vyAkaraNavannu kaliyade bhAShe baralAradembudannu ellarU ballaru. Adare, I kaliyuvike hEge sAgabEkembudannu mAtra heccinavarU arthamADikonDantilla. vyAkaraNada niyamagaLannu bAyipATha mADi koLLuvudarinda mAtravE bhASheyannu kaliyabEkendiruvavarige yAva prayOjanavU sigalAradu. A niyamagaLu avara manassinalli nelenintu, avugaLa prayOga yAntrikavAdarEnE avu avara kayvaSavAdante. hAgAgi, vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu nEravAgi kaliyuvudakkintalU avannu baLasuvudara mUlaka siddhavAda vAkyagaLannu manana mADuvudE atyuttamavAda mArgavembudaralli sandEhavilla.
hAgAgi, bhASheyondannu kaliyuvavaru adara vyAkaraNa niyama gaLannu nEravAgi kaliyuva avaSyakateyilla. Adare bhASheyannu itararige
kalisuvudakkAgi paThyapustakagaLannu racisahoraTavarige I niyamagaLella avaSyavAgi tiLidirabEku.
ingliSh pAThakramada dOShagaLu
namma ingliSh pAThakramada dOShagaLAvuvembudu I mElina carce yinda spaShTavAgi gOcarisuttade. ingliSh klAsige baruva makkaLige ondu bhAShe (kannaDa) AgalE tiLidiruttade. avaru ingliSh emba hosa dondu bhASheyannE kaliyabEkAgide, bariya ingliSh barahavannalla. I bhASheyalli baruva dhvanigaLigU kannaDadalli baruva dhvanigaLigU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. hAgAgi, modalige I hosa dhvanigaLannu makkaLige tiLisikoDuva prayatna mADabEku. cikka cikka vAkyagaLannu ADalu mattu kELi arthamADikoLLalu kalisabEku. idakke ingliSh akSharada jYAna bEkAgilla.
dhvanigaLannu kalisuvudarondige ingliShna vAkyaracaneya krama gaLannU kalisabahudu. idakke avaSyabILuva kelavE kelavu padagaLannu mAtra baLasikonDu avugaLa sahAyadinda bEre bEre rItiya vAkya gaLannu racisuva kramavannu tiLisabEku. pAThagaLu munduvaridante ivugaLalli baruva padagaLa sankhyeyU mella mellane jAstiyAguttira bEku. I pAThagaLellavU bAyiyindalE naDeyabEku. spelling samasye yindAgi ingliShna barahada krama bahaLaShTu kliShTavAgide. hAgAgi, onderaDu varShagaLa bhAShAbhyAsavAda mElEnE makkaLige ingliSh barahada SikShaNavannu koDisabEku.
bhAShe mattu barahagaLu bhinna bhinnavAdavugaLu. hosadondu bhAShe yannu kalisuvAga iveraDannu bErpaDisuvudu avaSyavemba I viShaya vannu heccina SikShaNatajYarU managanDantilla. bhASheyondannu sariyAgi ADalu kaliyuva modalE adannu Odalu illavE bareyalu prayatnisuvudendare bhadravAda aDipAyavillade mALige maneyannu kaTTalu horaTante.
ivattina SAlegaLalli baLakeyalliruva ingliSh pAThakramada mukhya vAda korateyE idu. I korateyannu nIgisadiruvudarindAgi, namma makkaLu kaliyuvudaralli hinde bILuttiddAre mAtravalla, avara kaliyuva samayavU bahaLaShTu vyarthavAguttide.
bhASheyannu kaliyuvudaralli padagaLa abhyAsakkintalU dhvani mattu vyAkaraNagaLa abhyAsa heccu mukhyavAdudu, mattu mUlabhUta
vAdudu embudannu mareyabAradu. bariya padagaLannu mAtravE kaliyuva mUlaka mAtugaLannu ADalu illavE arthamADikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. mEleyE hELiruvante, padagaLa kaliyuvikege koneyE illa. adu nirantaravAgi sAguttiruva kelasa. dhvani mattu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu mAtra heccu kaDime sampUrNavAgi kalitu mugisalu sAdhyavide. iveraDu amSagaLalli vidyArthigaLu pariNatarAguvante mADu vudE ingliSh klAsina mukhya uddESavAgirabEku.
hindi, samskxta modalAda itara bhAShegaLannu kalisuva klAsugaLU namma SAlegaLalli idE rIti dikku tappiveyAddarinda vidyArthigaLu allU bahaLaShTu tamma amUlyavAda samayavannu hALumADabEkA gide.
೨.೮ bhASheya kalikege vyAkaraNada neravu
kannaDadalli ivattu vyAkaraNada kuritAgi eraDu bageya samSOdhanegaLu oTToTTige naDeyabEkAgide: nijakkU kannaDada vyAkaraNa entahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva samSOdhane ondu bageyadu; mattu I tiLivannu hEge bEre kelasagaLannu naDesuvalli baLasaballevu embudannu kanDuhiDiyuva samSOdhane innondu bageyadu.
kannaDadalli entaha padagaLella baLakeyAguttive, avugaLa oLaracane entahadu, avannu jODisi bage bageya vAkyagaLannu unTumADuva bage hEge, vAkyagaLannu baLasi lEkhanagaLannu mattu pustakagaLannu bareyuva bage hEge embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudE vyAkaraNada mUla guriyAgide.
I tiLivu namage halavu bagegaLalli neravige baraballudu. udA haraNegAgi, kAnUnugaLannu illavE oppandagaLannu bareyuvavaru tAvu baLasuva vAkyagaLige eraDu illavE heccu huruLugaLu (ippuruLu) bAradiruvante nODikoLLabEkAguttade. illavAdare, avu halavu bageya jagaLagaLige kAraNavAgaballuvu. tamma barahadalli ippuruLu nusuLadante nODikoLLabEkiddalli, entaha vAkyagaLige ippuruLu bara balludu, mattu adu bArada hAge vAkyagaLannu badalAyisikoLLuvudu hEge embudannu tiLidirabEkAguttade. I tiLivannu paDeyuvalli vyAkaraNada tiLivu neravige baraballudu.
cikka makkaLigAgi, illavE sAmAnya janarigAgi tiLivina barahagaLannu bareyuvavaru tamma manassinalliruva viShayavannu avarige sulabhavAgi gottAguva hAge bareyuvudu hEge embudannu tiLidirabEku. illa vAdare, ivattu kannaDadalli barediruva paThyapustakagaLa hAge, avannu Odi tiLidukoLLuvudu tumbA toDakina kelasavAgaballudu. entaha vAkya gaLu cikka makkaLige illavE sAmAnya Odugarige toDakinavAguttave embudannu tiLidukoLLuvalli, mattu avu tamma barahadalli bArada hAge nODikoLLuvalli vyAkaraNada tiLivu neravige baraballudu.
ellakkintalU mukyavAgi, kannaDadalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyabEkendiruvavarige, mattu ingliShnantaha bEre bhASheyondannu kaliyabEkendiruvavarige kannaDada vyAkaraNa tumbA neravannu nIDa balludu. I koneya viShayavannu mAtra I lEkhanadalli pariSIlisa lAgide.
Odu-barahada kalike
hosadAgi SAlege sEruva makkaLige tamma ADunuDiyalli (kannaDadalli) mAtanADalu cannAgi tiLidiruttade. SAleyalli avaru modalige mADa bEkAgiruva kelasavEnendare, tamma ADunuDiginta svalpa maTTige bErA giruva ellara kannaDadalli (endare karnATakada ellA SAlegaLallU heccu kaDime ondE rUpadalliruva kannaDadalli) mAtanADalu kaliyuvudu, mattu adarallEnE Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuvudu.
mAtanADuvudu hEge embudu makkaLige gottide; hAgAgi, ellara kannaDadalli mAtanADuvudendare, kannaDada ondu rUpada badalu innondu rUpavannu mAtinalli baLasalu kaliyuvudu. idannu avaru heccu tondareyillade naDesaballaru.
Adare hIge kaliyuttiruvAga, avaru maneyalli baLasuva ADugannaDa tappu tappAdudu mattu SAleyalli baLasuva ellara kannaDavE sari yAdudu emba tappu anisike avaralli mUDada hAge nODikoLLa bEku.
averaDu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli baLasabEkAgiruva kannaDada bage gaLAgiddu, avugaLalli yAvudU tappalla embudannu avarige tiLisikoDa bEku. idallade, averaDara naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu avaru gamanisuva hAge mADidalli, ellara kannaDavannu kaliyuva kelasa heccu sulabhaddAga balludu.
makkaLa ADugannaDakkU SAleyalli baLasuva ellara kannaDakkU naDuve dhvanigaLa baLakeyalli kelavu vyatyAsagaLiraballuvu, mattu avu makkaLige tondare koDaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, makkaLa ADumAtinalli SakAra illadirabahudu; hAgiddalli, SakAra bandiruva padagaLu makkaLa mAti nalli sakAravAgi kANisikoLLaballuvu. idannu saripaDisabEkiddalli, SakArakkU sakArakkU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa ide embudannu kalisu vavaru tiLidirabEkAguttade, mattu adannu makkaLige kalisuvudu hEge embudannU avaru tiLidirabEkAguttade.
idallade, makkaLige ellara kannaDadalli baruva dhvanigaLalli kelavannu horaDisalu bAradiruvudakke avu avara ADunuDiyalli illadiruvudu kAraNavallade, avara illavE avara nAligeya korateyalla embudannu kalisuvavaru tiLidirabEku. yAvudAdarU ondu taragatiyalli kali tiruva makkaLige antaha dhvanigaLannu ADalu tiLidillavAdare, adakke A taragatiyalli kalisuvavarara korateyE kAraNavallade makkaLa korate yalla.
dhvanigaLannu horaDisuva I ondu viShayavannu biTTare, ellara kannaDa dalli mAtanADalu kaliyuvudu makkaLige heccu tondare koDuva kelasa valla. Adare, Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuvudu avaralli heccinavarigU ondu tumbA toDakina kelasavendu anisadiradu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, adu avaru huTTinindalE paDeyaballa kelasagaLalli sErilla. avaraShTakkE biTTare makkaLu mAtanADalu kaliyuttAre, Adare Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyuvudilla.
idallade, mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve halavu bageya vyatyAsagaLive. mAtinalli padagaLannella oTToTTige sErisi hELuttEve; Adare, bareyuvAga avannu bErpaDisi bareyabEkAguttade. mAtinalli baruva vAkyagaLu tunDu tunDAgiruttave; Adare, bareyuvAga avella iDi iDiyAgiruvante nODikoLLabEkAguttade. mAtinalli heccAgi cikka cikka vAkyagaLu mAtra baruttiruttave; Adare, barahadalli heccu toDakA giruva uddudda vAkyagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. mAtinalli halavu bAri hELiddannE hELuttiruttEve; mattu hELuvudakke ondu kramaviruvudilla; Adare, bareyuvAga avannella ondu kramadalli jODisikoLLabEkAgu ttade.
SAleyalli makkaLu ellara kannaDadalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kaliyabEkiddalli I ondu hosa bageya barahada kannaDavannu avaru kaliyabEkAguttade, mattu adakkAgi avaru halavu hosa kavSalyagaLannU
kaliyabEkAguttade. idu tumbA toDakina kelasavAgiddu, idannu naDesu valli makkaLige mattu kalisuvavarigerige vyAkaraNada tiLivu halavu bage yalli neravannu nIDaballudu.
Oduva kelasa
sariyAgi Odalu kaliyabEkiddalli, modalige tamma mAtinalli baruva padagaLannu dhvanigaLa sErikeyinda unTumADalAgide emba viShayavannu makkaLu tiLidukoLLuvudu avaSya; AmEle, barahadalli baruva gurutu gaLu (akSharagaLu) I dhvanigaLannu sUcisuttave embudara kaDege avara gamana hOgabEku. dhvanigaLannu jODisi padagaLannu unTumADida hAge, akSharagaLannu jODisi padagaLannu unTumADalAguttade embu dannu kanDukonDAga mAtra, avarige barahadalli baruva entaha padavannU (aduvarege nODiradantaha padavannU) Odalu gottAgu ttade.
I tiLuvaLikeyannu makkaLige koDisuvudu hEge embudannu kalisuvavaru tiLidirabEku. heccina makkaLU adannu tAvAgiyE paDeya lAraru. makkaLige Oduva bage hEge embudannu sariyAgi kalisadiddalli, avaru padagaLannu biDisi Odade iDi iDiyAgi Odalu kaliyuttAre, mattu I tappu kalikeyindAgi, avarige Oduva kelasa tumbA toDakina dAgi kANisuttade. munde salIsAgi Odalu avarige baruvudE illa.
I vyatyAsa eShTu mukhyavAdudu embudannu ittIcege naDesida miduLina samSOdhanegaLu tOrisikoTTive. salIsAgi Oduva makkaLa miduLinalli avaru OduttiruvAga mUru bageya naragaLu mincuttiru ive: (೧) akSharagaLannu gamanisuva kaNNige sambandhisida naragaLu, (೨) avannu dhvanigaLAgi mArpaDisuva kivige sambandhisida naragaLu, mattu (೩) dhvanigaLannu padagaLAgi jODisi avakke arthavannu hondisuva padakOSakke mattu vyAkaraNakke sambandhisida naragaLu. gaTTiyAgi OduttiruvAga mAtravallade, mavnavAgi OduttiruvAgalU I mUru bageya naragaLu avara miduLinalli mincuttiruttave.
idakke badalu, salIsAgi Odalu bAradiruva makkaLa miduLinalli OduttiruvAga eraDu bageya (೧nE mattu ೩nE) naragaLu mAtra mincuttiruttave; akkaragaLannu dhvanigaLAgi mArpaDisuva kivige sambandhisida (೨nE bageya) naragaLu avaru OduttiruvAga mincuvudE illa. I naragaLU mincuva hAge avarige sariyAgi Oduva bageyannu
tiLisikoTTalli, munde salIsAgi Oduvudu hEge embudannu avaru tAvAgiyE kalitukoLLuttAre.
ingliShnantaha nuDigaLa barahagaLalli tumbA toDaku toDakAda spelling samasyeyide; hAgAgi, avugaLalliyU I rIti akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU naDuve sambandhavide embudannu makkaLige tOrisikoDu vudu tumbA kaShTada kelasa. kannaDadalliyU kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli I sambandhavannu makkaLige sulabhavAgi tOrisikoDabahudu. Adare, samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLu avaralli gondalavannunTu mADaballuvu.
yAkendare, I padagaLannu kannaDadalli avugaLa uccAraNe hEgideyO hAgeyE bareyuva badalu, samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAda niyamavide. mahA prANa, Sha, x modalAda halavu akSharagaLige bEkAguva uccAraNe heccinavara OdinallU kANisikoLLuvudilla. hAgAgi, akSharagaLigU dhvani gaLigU naDuviruva sambandhavannu kanDukoLLuvalli makkaLige I padagaLu tondare koDuttave.
samskxtada eravalugaLannu samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE kannaDadallU bareyabEkemba I niyamavannu biTTukoDuva mUlaka, illavE intaha akSharagaLiruva samskxta eravalugaLannu cikka makkaLa pustakagaLalli baLasadiruva mUlaka, avarige mElina sambandhavannu kanDukoLLuvalli gondalavunTAgada hAge nODikoLLabahudu.
barahagaLannu makkaLu sariyAda kramadalli Odalu kaliyabEku mAtra valla; Oduttiruva hAge, avu Enu hELuttive embudannu gottumADi koLLalU kaliyabEkAguttade. vAkyagaLalli baruva padagaLannu artha koDuva gumpugaLAgi jODisi Oduvudu hEge embudannu, mattu Oduvudannu sariyAda jAgagaLalli nillisi nillisi Oduvudu hEge embudannu avaru kaliyabEkAguttade. I kelasavannu sariyAgi naDesalu bArada makkaLige avaru Oduttiruva vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embantaha vyAkaraNada tiLivannu koDisidalli, adu avarige neravannu nIDuttade.
Odinalli baruva kliShTavAda vAkyagaLannu saraLa vAkyagaLAgi oDeyu vudu hEge, avugaLalli mukhya vAkya yAvudu, uLida vAkyagaLu I mukhya vAkya koDuva arthavannu hEge heccisuttave embantaha vyAkaraNakke sambandhisida tiLivu Odinalli munde hOgalu neravu
nIDuttade. I tiLivu taragatiyalli mundiruvavarigintalU hinde bILuvavarige heccina neravannu nIDuttade.
bareyuva kelasa
Odalu kaliyuva kelasakkintalU bareyalu kaliyuva kelasa heccu toDakinadAdudu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mAtigU barahakkU naDu viruva halavu vyatyAsagaLannu bareyuvavaru tamma baravaNigeyalli mUDisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, mAtinalli baruva vAkyagaLu tunDu tunDAgiraballuvu; Adare, barahadalli avella iDiyiDiyAgiru vante nODikoLLabEkAguttade. tunDu vAkyagaLigU iDI vAkyagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa entahadu, tunDu vAkyagaLannu iDI vAkyagaLAgi mArpaDisuvudu hEge embudannu tiLididdalli mAtra, avarige I kelasavannu sariyAgi naDesalu baruttade.
cikka cikka vAkyagaLannu jODisi udda vAkyagaLannu unTumADuvudu hEge, ondu cikka vAkyadoLage bEre cikka vAkyagaLannu irisi kliShTavAda vAkyagaLannu unTumADuvudu hEge embudannU avarige kalisabEkAgu ide. yAkendare, sAmAnyavAgi mAtinalli bAradiruvantaha halavu bageya udda vAkyagaLu mattu kliShTa vAkyagaLu barahadalli baruttave. ellA makkaLigU ivannu unTumADuva bage hEge embudannu tAvAgiyE kalitukoLLalu baruvudilla.
vAkyagaLannu sErisi pArAgaLannu kaTTuva bageyannU avarige kalisi koDabEkAguttade. oLLE mAdari pArAgaLalli modalige mukhya viShayavannu mundiDuva cikka vAkyaviruttade; AmEle, adannu heccu vivaravAgi tiLisuva, mattu adakke bembala nIDuva viShayagaLu baruttave; mattu koneyalli, muktAyagoLisuva vAkya baruttade. vAkyagaLannu I rIti ondakkondu hondikoLLuva hAge bareyuvudu hEge embudannu avarige tiLisikoDabEku.
barahadalli baruva pArAgaLannu hEge aNigoLisuvudu embudannU avarige kalisabEkAguttade. idu bEre bEre gurigaLigAgi baLakeyAguva barahagaLalli bEre bErAgiruttade. ondu kateyannu bareyuvavaru adara kate munde hOguvudakke heccina gamana koDabEkAguttade. idakke badalu, ondu viShayada maTTige innobbara oppige illavE olavannu paDeyabEkendiruvavaru A viShayavannu Odugara mundirisuvudu
hEge, mattu adannu bembalisuva viShayagaLannu koDuva bage hEge embudakke gamana koDabEkAguttade.
mAtinallilladantaha kone (.), arekone (;), taDe (,) modalAda halavu bageya gurutugaLannu barahadalli baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. mAti nalli baruva kayyanne, kaNNusanne, dhvaniya EriLita, biDuvu modalAdavu gaLige badalAgi ivannu baLasalAguttade. I gurutugaLannu sariyAgi baLasikoLLuvalli vyAkaraNada tiLivu neravige baruttade.
omme baredudannu Odi nODi, adu sariyillavendu anisidalli adannu tiddi saripaDisuvudu hEge embudannU makkaLu tiLidirabEku. idakkAgi avaru tAvu barediruva vAkyavannu bEre bEre bagegaLalli mArpaDisalu kalitirabEkAguttade. tAvu barediruva vAkyada oLaracane entahadu, A vAkyavannu bEre yAva racanegaLige mArpaDisabahudu embantaha vyAkaraNada tiLivu avarigiddalli, tAvu barediruva barahavannu tiddi saripaDisuva kelasavannu avaru heccu cannAgi naDesaballaru.
intaha hattu halavu kavSalyagaLannu bareyalu kaliyuva makkaLu paDedirabEkAguttade; ivakke sambandhisida vyAkaraNada tiLivannu koDisi dalli, avarige I kavSalyagaLannu tammadAgisikoLLalu heccu sulabhavAgu ttade. hAgAgi, yAva bageya vyAkaraNada tiLivu bareyalu kaliyuva makkaLige neravannu nIDaballudu embudannu kanDuhiDiyuva kelasavannU nAvu ivattu naDesabEkAgide.
idakke udAharaNeyAgi, barahagaLalli sariterapina (co-ordinated) racanegaLannu baLasuvalli kANisikoLLuva tondareyannu gamanisabahudu: ondE bageya eraDu illavE heccu viShayagaLannu tiLisabEkAdAga intaha racanegaLannu baLasalAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, avanu ApIsigU hOgalilla, maduvegU baralilla emba vAkyadalli eraDu viShayagaLannu eduredurAgi nillisi hELalAgide, mattu idakkAgi sariterapina racaneyannu baLasalAgide. intaha racanegaLalli viShayagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi mattu, illavE, Agali, U, inta modalAda pada illavE pratyayagaLannu baLasa lAguttade. tiLisabEkAgiruva viShayagaLu eraDakkinta heccu iddalli, avannu ondu paTTiyAgiyU koDabahudu.
sariterapina racanegaLalli viShayagaLannu pada, padakante tunDu vAkya, illavE iDI vAkyagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAguttade. illi bareyuvavaru mukhyavAgi gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, ivugaLalli baruva
nuDitagaLu ondE bageyavAgirabEku. yAkendare, avu bEre bEre bageyavAgiddare Odugarige tondareyAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva paTTiyalli ellA nuDitagaLU ondE bageyavAgilla:
ivattu nAvu mADiruva kelasagaLu:
- viLAsagaLannella eNNukadalli sErisi accu hAkidevu
- hodikegaLige viLAsagaLannu anTisi suttOlegaLannu
- avugaLoLage hAkidevu
- anceyalli kaLisabEkAduvannu bEre irisalAyitu
- ippattAytu kaDegaLige suttOle muTTisiddu
I udAharaNeyalli modala mUru nuDitagaLu vAkyagaLu; Adare, nAlkaneyadu ondu padakante. idallade, mUranE vAkyada racane modala eraDu vAkyagaLa racaneginta bErAgide. I vyatyAsagaLindAgi, mElina sariterapina baraha Odugarige tondare koDuttade embudannu gamanisabahudu. adu sulabhavAgi OdisikonDu hOguvudilla.
intaha vyatyAsagaLu tamma barahadalli sErikonDiveyembudu bareyuvavarige sAmAnyavAgi gottE Aguvudilla. avu gamanakke bara bEkiddalli, barahavannu avaru gaTTiyAgi Odi nODabEku, illavE bErobbara hattira Odalu hELabEku. barahagaLalli baruva racanegaLa tiLivu intaha tappugaLannu gurutisuvalli, mattu avannu saripaDisuvalli bareyuvavara neravige baruttade.
ingliSh bhASheya kalike
SAleyalli ingliSh bhASheyannu eraDanE bhASheyAgi kalisuttiruvAga makkaLa tAynuDiyannu baLasabahudE, illavE baLasabEkE emba viShaya dalli ittIcege tumbA carcegaLu naDeyuttive; Adare, ivattu heccina samSOdhakarU ingliSh bhASheya kalikeyalli tAynuDiya baLake halavu bageyalli neravAgaballudu embudannu oppuva hantakke bandiddAre.
Adare kaLeda SatamAnadinda, ingliSh taragatigaLalli tAynuDiyannu baLasalE kUDadu emba kaTTaleyondu beLedubandide. idakke tAynuDi
yannu A rIti baLasidalli, adu ingliSh kalikege aDDiyannunTumADa balludemba tappu tiLivaLike ingliSh nuDiyannu kalisuvavaralli beLedu bandudE mukhya kAraNa.
idallade, makkaLu yAvAgalU ingliSh bhASheyannE kELuttiddalli, mattu bEre yAva bhASheyannU kELade iddalli, avarige ingliShnalli tumbA cannAgi mattu bahaLa bEgane mAtanADalu bandItemba innondu tappu anisikeyU idakke kAraNavAgittu.
ingliSh bhASheyannu SikShaNa mAdhyamavAgi baLasuva kelavu SAlegaLa llantU makkaLu SAleyoLage tamma tAynuDiyannu baLasuvudE ondu doDDa aparAdhavembudAgi ivattigU parigaNisalAguttide.
nijakkU idu makkaLa illavE doDDavara kalike hEge sAguttade embudannu tiLiyade mADiruvantaha kaTTale. yArE Agali, tamma lliruva tiLuvaLikeya taLahadiya mEle hosa tiLuvaLikeyannu paDeya bEkAguttade. SAlege baruva modalE makkaLu tamma tAynuDiyalli cannAgi mAtanADalu kalitiruttAre; tamma anisikegaLannu A bhASheyalli tiLisuvudu hEge, mattu adaralli bEreyavaru hELidudannu kELi tiLiyuvudu hEge embudannu avaru cannAgi tiLidiruttAre. avara AlOcanegaLellavU A bhASheyalliyE naDeyuttiruttave.
hAgiruvAga, makkaLu SAleyalli hosa bhASheyondannu kaliya bEkiddalli, adannu avaru adakke modalE kalitukonDidda tAynuDiya mUlakavEnE kaliyabEku. idallade, bhASheya svarUpaventahadu embudannu SAlege sEruva modalEnE avarige tAynuDiya kalike tiLisikoTTide. dhvanigaLannu baLasi padagaLannu unTumADuvudu hEge, avannu baLasi padakantegaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu unTumADuvudu hEge, avu arthagaLannu hEge sUcisaballuvu embudannella avaru adakke modalE tamma tAynuDiya kalikeya mUlaka tiLidiruttAre.
avaru kaliyabEkAgiruva hosa bhASheyalli (ingliShnalli) idannE bErondu bageyalli naDesalAguttade. I bage entahadu embudannu avaru gamanisuva hAge mADuva mUlaka, adannu kaliyalu toDagisu vudE sariyAda mattu sulabhavAda dAri. I rIti tAynuDiya mUlaka hosa bhASheyannu kalisahoraTalli, makkaLige nemmadiya kalike dorakuttade, mattu hosa bhASheyalli anjade mAtu kaliyalu baruttade.
idakke badalu, tAynuDiyannu SAleyalli baLasalE kUDademba kaTTaleyannu mADidalli, kalikeyalli avaru baLasaballa ondu amUlya vAda sAdhanavannu avarinda kittukonDahAgAguttade, mattu tAynuDiya kuritAgi avaralli kILarimeyannu unTumADida hAgAguttade. idarindAgi, halavu makkaLige tamma tannatanavannE kaLedukonDa hAgeyU Aguttade.
nijakkU makkaLu tamma eraDanE bhASheyannu modalanE bhASheya taLahadiya mElEnE kaliyuttAre. taragatiyalli tAynuDiyannu baLasa bArademba kaTTaleyannu mADidarU, avaru kaliyuttiruvAga manassi nalli illavE miduLinalli tAynuDiyannu baLasadiruvudilla. yAkendare, hAge baLasadiralu avarige sAdyavE illa! hAgAgi, avara tAynuDi yannu manassinalli mAtravE baLasalAguttideyO, illavE horagU baLasalAguttideyO embudE illiruva vyatyAsa.
pada mattu vAkyagaLigU avugaLa arthakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLidukonDu, adannu nenapinalli uLisikoLLuva kelasa makkaLa miduLina ondu kaDeyalli mAtra naDeyuttade. hosadondu bhASheyannu kaliyuva makkaLallU I kelasa adE jAgadalli, endare avaru tamma tAynuDiyannu kaliyuttiruvAga baLasida jAgadallEnE naDeyuttade. eraDanE bhASheyannu enTu-hattu varSha dATida makkaLu kaliyuttiru vAgalU avara miduLinalli I kelasavannu naDesalu bEre hosa jAga baLakege baruvudilla. endare, tAynuDiya tiLivige sambandhisida hAgEnE avara eraDanE bhASheya tiLivu miduLinalli nelegoLLuttade.
modalanE bhASheya nelegaTTina mEle eraDanE bhASheya kalike naDeyuva kAraNa, averaDu bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada niyama gaLalliruva vyatyAsavannu makkaLu gamanisuva hAge mADidalli, eraDanE bhASheyannu kaliyuva kelasa heccu sulabhavAgaballudendu samSO dhanegaLu tOrisikoTTive. intaha tiLivu cikka makkaLigintalU doDDavarige heccu neravannu nIDuttade.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli kriyApada vAkyada konege baruttade (nAnu manege hOde); Adare, ingliShnalli idu vAkyada naDuve baruttade (I went home). idu I eraDu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva vAkyagaLa naDuviruva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsa. idakke sambandhisidante, bEreyU halavu vyatyAsagaLu I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisi koLLuttave:
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli ottAseya (auxiliary) kriyApada mukhya kriyApadada baLika baruttade (bandiddEne), Adare ingliShnalli adu mukhya kriyApadada modalu baruttade (have come). kannaDadalli marada keLage ennuttEve, Adare ingliShnalli under the tree ennuttEve; kannaDadalli marada gellu ennuttEve; ingliShnalli branch of the tree ennuttEve; kannaDadalli bEga banni ennuttEve; ingliShnalli come quickly ennuttEve.
intaha bEreyU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuttive; IgAgalE ondu bageya baLakeyannu kalitavarige adakkU Iga kaliyabEkAgiruva baLakegU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisikoTTalli, avara kalike heccu sulabhavAgi sAguttade.
ondu bhASheyalli Oduva mattu bareyuva kelasavannu naDesalu halavu kavSalyagaLannu kaydaSa mADikoLLabEkAguttade; ivannu bEre bhAShegaLalli paDeyuvudakkinta tAynuDiyalli paDeyuvudE heccu sulabha. yAkendare, tAynuDiyalli cannAgi mAtanADalu baruvu darinda, adaralli Oduvudannu mattu bareyuvudannu bEgane kaliya bahudu. I rIti tAynuDiyalli paDeda kavSalyagaLannu AmEle sulabha vAgi bEre bhAShegaLige vargAyisalu baruttade. hAgAgi, modalige tAynuDiyalli Odalu mattu bareyalu kalisi, AmEle eraDanE illavE mUranE bhASheyalli kalisuvudE sariyAda dAri.
ingliShnalli tumbA toDaku toDakAda spelling samasyeyide. hAgAgi, adara barahagaLalli akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU naDuve hondANike ide embudannu makkaLu gamanisuva hAge mADuvudu tumbA toDakina kelasa. halavu mandi makkaLa gamanakke idu baruvudE illa. hAgAgi, antaha makkaLu padagaLannu akSharagaLAgi oDedu dhvani gaLondige hondisalu hOgade, nEravAgi Odalu toDaguttAre. I rIti Odalu modalige aShTondu tondareyAguvudillavAdarU, kalike yalli munde hOdante heccu heccu barahagaLannu OdabEkAguvudAda kAraNa, avaru kalikeyalli hinde bILatoDaguttAre.
hAgAgi, modalige kannaDadalli Odalu kaliyuva mUlaka sariyAgi Oduva bage hEge embudannu tiLidukonDiruva makkaLu ingliShnallU sariyAgi Odalu sulabhavAgi kalitukoLLaballaru. yAkendare, Oduva kelasakkAgi kannaDadalli paDediruva kavSalyavannu avaru sulabhavAgi tamma ingliSh OdigU vargAyisaballaru.
akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU nEra sambandhaviruva barahagaLannu Odalu kalisuvAga makkaLige ondu varShadalli eShTu kaliyalu sAdhyavAgu ttadeyO aShTannu kaliyalu, ingliShnantaha spelling samasyeyiruva barahagaLannu Odalu kalisuvAga eraDUvare varShagaLaShTu samaya tagaluttadeyendu samSOdhanegaLu tOrisikoTTive. hAgAgi, munde kannaDavannu OduvudE bEDa ennuvavarigU modalige adaralli Odalu kalisi, AmEle ingliShnalli Odalu kalisuvudarinda sariyAgi Oduva kramavannu avaru heccu bEgane tiLidukoLLaballaru.
mEle vivarisida hAge, Odalu kaliyuvudakkintalU bareyalu kali yuvudu heccu toDakina kelasa. idannu eraDanE bhASheyalli naDesalu kaliyuvudu mattaShTu toDakina kelasa. I eraDanE kelasavannu tamma tAynuDiyalli bareyalu kalitiruva makkaLu eraDanE nuDiyalli heccu sulabhavAgi naDesaballaru. yAkendare, avaru idakkAgi tamma tAynuDi yalli kalitu konDidda kavSalyagaLalli heccinavannU eraDanE bhASheya baravaNigegU vargAyisikoLLaballaru.
makkaLige tamma tAynuDiyalli AlOcisalu EnU tondare yAguvudilla. Adare, eraDanE bhASheyalli sAkaShTu paLaguvallivarege avarige adaralli AlOcisalu baruvudilla. hAgAgi, bareyabEkAgiruva viShayagaLannu modalige tamma tAynuDiyalli AlOcisi, mattu avannu bEkAda kramadalli jODisikonDu, AmEle eraDanE bhASheyalli bareyuvudu avarige heccu sulabhavAda kelasavAgaballudu.
idallade, tAynuDiyalli bareyalu kalitiruva makkaLu tAvu oTTugUDisiruva viShayagaLannu modalige tamma tAynuDiyalli baredu, AmEle adannu eraDanE bhAShege anuvAdisabahudu. eraDanE bhAShe yannu kaliyuva modala hantagaLalli intaha anuvAdada baLakeyU neravige baruttadeyendu ittIcegina kelavu samSOdhanegaLu tOrisi koTTive.
eraDanE bhASheyannu kaliyuttiruvAga oTToTTige tamma tAynuDi yallU Odu-barahada tiLivannu heccisikoLLuva makkaLu eraDanE bhASheya kalikeyalli bEre makkaLiginta munde hOguttAre. tAynuDi yannu pUri kaDegaNisiruva makkaLu modamodalige tumbA vEgavAgi munde hOguttiruvante kANisuttAre; Adare, AmEle avaralli halavu makkaLu tamma eraDanE bhASheya kalikeyalli hinde bILatoDaguttAre. idarinda gottAguvudEnendare, eraDanE bhASheya kalikeyalli heccina makkaLigU tamma tAynuDiya bembala bEkAguttade.
illi innondu viShayavannU gamanisabEkAgide: bhASheya kalikeyalli eraDu mukhyavAda hantagaLiruttave. adaralli salIsAgi mAtanADalu kaliyuvudu ondu hanta, mattu gaNita, vijYAna modalAda amUrta (abstract) viShayagaLannu tiLiyalu, mattu innobbarige tiLisalu kaliyu vudu innondu hanta.
SAleyalli modalinindalU ingliSh nuDiyannE SikShaNamAdhyama vAgi baLasiruva makkaLu A bhASheyalli salIsAgi mAtanADuvudannu gamanisiruva halavarige, avaru adannu bahaLa cannAgi kalitukonDi ddArendu anisuttade. hAgAgi, tamma makkaLU ingliSh nuDiyannE SikShaNamAdhyamavAgi baLasi, AdaShTu bEgane A bhASheyalli pariNata rAgabEkendu avaru bayasuttAre. Adare, nijakkU antaha makkaLu tamma ingliSh kalikeyalli modalaneya hantavannaShTE talapiruttAre.
munde eraDanE hantavannu talapuva kelasadalli avaru hinde bILu ttAre. idakke kAraNavEnendare, makkaLu tamma tAynuDiyalli I kelasa vannu heccu sulabhavAgi naDesaballaru, mattu AmEle adannu tamma eraDaneya bhAShegU sulabhavAgi vargAyisaballaru. ingliSh bhAShe yannu SikShaNamAdhyamavAgi baLasuttiruva makkaLige intaha tAynuDiya neravu dorakuvudillavAda kAraNa, avarige tamma kalikeya eraDanE hantavannu talapuvalli tumbA tondareyAguttade.
hAgAgi, modalige kannaDavannE SikShaNamAdhyamavAgi baLasi, AmEle hayskUlinalli, illavE munde kAlEjinalli ingliSh bhASheyannu SikShaNa mAdhyamavAgi baLasuva makkaLu A bhASheyalli eraDanE hantavannu talapuvalli suruvinindalU adakkAgi ingliSh bhASheyannE baLasuva makkaLiginta munde hOguttAre.
೨.೯ ganTegeShTu puTa Odaballiri?
Oduvudaralli bariya vEgakke antaha mahatvavEnU illa. Odiddannu sari yAgi arthamADikoLLuvudu, yAva mAtu sari, yAvudu tappu endu nirdharisikoLLuvudu, mattu barahada andavannu managanDu Anandisuvudu - ivellavU Odininda manuShyanu paDedukoLLabahu dAda mahatvada amSagaLu.
AdarU, ivellA kAryagaLige mUlAdhAravAda Oduvikeyemba yAntrika kelasavondideyalla, puTagaLa mEle baredudannu illavE
mudrisidudannu kaNNininda nODi mAtugaLAgi illavE mAtugaLa artha gaLAgi parivartisikoLLuvantaha I kelasavannu tvaregoLisidaShTU namma Oduvikeya vEga jAstiyAgiyE Aguttade, mattu antaha vEgadinda namma samayada uLitAyavU Aguttade embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. hAgAgi, Oduvikeyemba I yAntrika kelasavannu tvaregoLisu vudu hEge embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu oLLeyadu.
mAna Odu
AlOcaneya illavE kalpaneya vEgaveShTiruvudO aShTE vEgavAgi OduvikeyU sAgaballudAdare, adannu atyuttamavAda Oduvikeyendu kareyabahudu. Adare, barahadalliruvudannu nODi grahisikoLLalu kaNNige svalpavAdarU samaya tagaluvudAddarinda Oduvikeya vEga AlO caneya vEgakkinta aShTara maTTigAdarU kaDimeyAgiyE Aguttade.
miniTige ondu sAvira padagaLa varegU kaNNu grahisikoLLabahudu. Adare, hIge kaNNu grahisikonDudannu arthamADikoLLalu innU svalpa samaya hiDiyuttade. hAgAgi, atyanta vEgavAgi OduvavarU miniTige ArunUru-ELunUrakkinta jAsti padagaLannu Odi grahisikoLLalAraru.
mavnavAgi Oduvavaru padagaLannu ondondAgi uccarisi Odu vavariginta heccu SIghravAgi Odaballarembudu idarinda vyaktavAguttade. nijakkU bahaLa vEgavAgi Oduvavaru vAkyagaLalli baruva padagaLannu mattu akSharagaLannu bEre bErAgi gamanisikoLLalu hOgade oTToTTAgi Odalu kalitiruttAre. ati paricitavAda padagaLannu avugaLa kelavE kelavu viSiShTavAda amSagaLinda (udA: talekoTTu, ottakShara modalA davugaLinda) mAtravE UhisikoLLuva abhyAsa ivarigiruttade.
gaTTiyAgi OduvavarU intaha viSiShTavAda amSagaLinda padagaLa iravannu UhisikoLLaballaru. Adare, A padagaLannu avaru bEre bErAgi uccarisabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, avara Odina vEga aShTaramaTTige kunThitavAguttade.
gaTTiyAgi Oduvavara kaNNu yAvAgalU avaru Oduttiruva padakkinta mundeyE iruvudembudannu gamanisabahudu. kaNNigiruvaShTu vEga nAligegillavAda kAraNa, avara Odina vEga nAligeya vEgadallE uLiyuttade.
barahada yOgyate
uttama OdugAranige tanna Odina vEgavannu sannivESakkanusAravAgi heccu kaDime mADikoLLuva sAmarthyavirabEku. atI uttama darjeya barahagaLannOduvAga, Atanu adaralli baruva pratiyondu hELike yannU tUginODi, adara sArAsAragaLannu vicArisutta munduvariya bEkAguttade. hAgAgi, antaha barahagaLannOdalu Atanige heccu samaya bEkAguttade. barahada darje keLagAdantella Atana Oduvikeya vEga heccuttA hOguttade.
tamma Oduvikeyannu uttamagoLisabEkendu iruvavaru I rIti barahada yOgyateyannanusarisi tamma Odina vEgavannu heccu kaDime mADikoLLalu kaliyabEku. ellA rItiya barahagaLannU ondE vEgadinda, ondakSharavannU biDade, Oduvavaru tamma samayavannu bahaLaShTu hALu mADikoLLuttiruttArembudu spaShTa.
Odina uddESa
barahada yOgyateyannanusarisi mAtravalla, Oduvudaralli tamma uddESa vEnembudannu anusarisiyU Odina vEgavannu heccu kaDime mADi koLLalu kaliyuvudu avaSya. ondu puTavannu mElininda mEle nODiyE adaralli nAvu arasuttiruva viShayavirabahudE athavA illavE embudannu UhisikoLLalu, mattu bEDavAgiruva puTagaLannu hAgeyE biTTu Odannu munduvarisalu abhyAsa mADabEku. pustaka dalliruva pariviDi, viShayasUci, modalAdavugaLa sahAyadinda namage bEkAgiruva amSa intahadE jAgadallideyembudannu aritukoLLalu kaliyabEku.
pustakadalli barediruvudellavU vEdavAkyavendu lEkhakana hELike gaLannella hAgeyE giLipATha mADikoLLuvudu bahaLa mandi vidyArthi gaLalli mattu itara Odugaralli tOribaruva innondu korateyAgide. hELikegaLa satyAsatyategaLannu vicArisi nODuvante, barahadalli kANisuva viShayagaLannU hAgeyE svIkarisade, avannu vimarSisuva abhyAsavannu beLesabEku. Oduvike namma AlOcaneyannu keraLisuttirabEku.
Adare, I AlOcane sandarbhada hiDitadallirabEku. ellellO aleyutta hOgabAradu. kelavaru OduvAga, ondondu padavU avara nenapinalliruva yAva yAvudO haLeya anubhavagaLannu hora taruttiruttade, mattu avara kaNNu gereyinda gerege barahavannOdutta
sAguvudAdarU, manassu mAtra innellO aledADuttiruttade. intaha Oduvikeyinda Oduganige Ananda sigabahudAdarU adara nijavAda uddESa mAtra siddhisalAradu.
Odina sAmarthya
AlOcanA sAmarthyadante Oduva sAmarthyavU obbobbaralli ondondu teranAgiruttade. prayatnapaTTalli pratiyobbanU tannalliruva I sAmarthyavannu ondu niScitavAda maTTadavarege Erisaballanu. tAnu talapabahudAda Odina vEga entahadembudannu tiLidukonDu, adannu paDeyalu pratiyobbanU prayatnisuvudu avaSya.
sAmAnyavAgi buddhivantarAda Odugarella tAvu talapabahudAda Odina vEgakkinta bahaLa kaDime vEgadallEnE Oduttiruvarendu samSOdhanegaLinda tiLidu bandide. udAharaNegAgi, gaNita, vijYAna modalAda viShayagaLalli jAsti ankagaLannu paDeyaballa vidyArthi kannaDa, ingliSh modalAdavugaLalli kaDime ankagaLannu paDeyu tiruvanAdare, avanige sariyAgi Odalu bAradiruvudE idakke mukhya kAraNavirabahudu. kannaDa illavE ingliSh barahagaLa Odu avana buddiya OTakke sariyAgi ODade, avanige Odinalli bEsara bandiralU sAdhyavide.
yAntrika upakaraNagaLu
Oduvikeya vEgavannu mattu kramavannu abhivxddhigoLisalu halavu bageya vidhAnagaLannu kanDuhiDiyalAgide. idakkAgi kelavu yAntrika upakaraNagaLannU baLasabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, TekisToskOp emba upakaraNavu ondu niScita vEgadalli OdabEkAda baraha ondu paradeya mEle bILuttiruvante mADuttade. I vEgavannu svalpa svalpavE heccisi, Oduganu jOru jOrAgi Oduvante mADalu sAdhyavide. padagaLannu ondondAgi Oduva badalu artha ghaTakagaLAgiruva padasamUhagaLannu oTToTTAgi grahisuvante prErEpisalU kUDa I upakaraNavannu baLasa bahudu.
yAntrika upakaraNagaLa sahAyavilladiddarU svaprayatnadindalE namma Odina vEgavannu heccisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. I viShayadalli vidyArthigaLu mAtravalla, vayaskarU prayatnisidalli saphalarAga ballarendu samSOdhanegaLu tOrisikoTTive.
Oduttiruva viShayadallE uLidiruvante manassannu hiDitadalliTTu koLLuvudu, mavnavAgi mattu vEgavAgi Odalu kaliyuvudu, ondu pArAdalli hELiruvantaha viShayavannu adara modalina onderaDu vAkya gaLindalE Uhisalu yatnisuvudu - intaha halavu bageya abhyAsa gaLa mUlaka Oduvikeyannu abhivxddhi goLisalu sAdhyavide.
೨.೧೦ Odalu bandarU OduvudillavEke?
indina vidyArthigaLu Odinalli jAsti Asakti vahisuttilla, ottAyakkAgi paThyapustakagaLannu konDukonDiddarU avannella Odalu hOgade bariya mArgadarSakagaLindalE parIkShege bEkAguvaShTu uttaragaLannu bAyi pATha mADikonDu aShTarindalE txptarAgiruttAremba mAtu AgAga kELibaruttade. vidyArthigaLalli mAtravalla, vayaskarallU Odina bagge I rItiya aSraddhe tOribaruttide. paThyapustakagaLannu biTTu bErAva pustaka gaLannu prakaTisahoraTarU prakASakara kay suTTu hOguttiruvudu ida kkondu uttama nidarSana.
nammalli divasadinda divasakke SAlegaLa sankhye jAstiyAguttide, mattu I SAlegaLalli ‘Odalu-bareyalu’ kaliyuttiruva vidyArthigaLa sankhyeyU jAstiyAguttide. idarindAgi nammalliruva akSharasthara sankhye yEnO heccuttide; Adare, nijakkU I akShara kalita mandiyannu akSharastharendu kareyalu sAdhyavE embudannu yOcisuvudu avaSya.
tAvu kalita akSharavannu tamma hitakkAgi illavE AnandakkAgi ivaru baLasuttillavAdare, akShara kalita ivarigU itara anakSharastharigU Enu bhEda siddhisida hAgAyitu? Odu kalisuvudakkintalU kalita Odinalli abhiruci mattu Asakti huTTuvante mADuvudE ati mukhyavAda kelasa vembudu idarinda spaShTavAguttade.
Odina uddESa
kALidAsana illavE bhAsana kxtigaLannu OdabEkendu samskxta kaliyu vavarige, illavE SEkspiyar OdabEkendu ingliSh kaliyuvavarige, munde A Odina upayOgavannu hEge mADikoLLabahudembudannu yArU tiLisikoDabEkAgilla. Adare, nammalli heccinavarigU Odu
Odalu bandarU OduvudillavEke?
kaliyuvudaralli, illavE bhAShe kaliyuvudaralli intaha nEravAda uddESavEnU iruvudilla.
es.es.el.si.yalli sarAsari jAsti sigabEkendu hindI klAsige sEruvavarige, illavE mArku heccu sigabEkendu kannaDa biTTu samskxta vannarasuvavarige kALidAsanAdarEnu bErobbanAdarEnu? kaliyuvikeya uddESa I rIti tiruvu muruvAgiruvudE kalita viShayada mEle nammalli beLedu baruttiruva I anAstheya mUla.
adbhuta ramya kAdambarigaLannOdi manassannu taNisikonDavarige, illavE vicArapUrNa lEkhanagaLannOdi buddhiyannu harita mADi konDavarige hosa hosa pustakagaLannu konDukonDO, eravalu paDedO OdabEkendu yArU ottAya mADabEkAgilla.
Adare, intaha pustakagaLa illavE lEkhanagaLa ruciyannE nODira dantaha sAmAnya Odugarige avugaLalli Asakti huTTabEkAdare, adakkAgi yArAdarU prayatna illavE ottAya mADalEbEkalla? I kelasavannu mADalu ati uttama sthaLavendare makkaLige Odu kalisuttiruvantaha SAlegaLE embudannu mAtra heccinavarU gamanisidantilla.
Odina sannivESa
maneyalli vayaskaru dinAlU pustakagaLannO patrikegaLannU Oduttiru varAdare, antaha sannivESadalli beLeyuva makkaLu tAvAgiyE Odinalli Asakti tOrisabahudu. antaha Asaktiyannu gamanisi, avarige rucisu vantaha Odina sAmagriyannu odagisi koTTalli, A Asakti tAnAgiyE beLedukoLLuttade.
Adare, ivattu heccina vidyArthigaLU intaha Odina sannivESa lavalESavU illadantaha manegaLallE beLeyuttiddAre; hAgAgi, avarige Odannu mAtravalla, Odina ruciyannU kalisikoDuvantaha javAbdAri sampUrNavAgi namma SAlegaLa mEle biddiruttade.
namma SAlegaLu mAtra, I prAmukhyavAda kelasada kaDege svalpavU gamanavittantilla. Odannu kaliyuttiruvAgalAgali, kalitu mugisidAga lAgali, I makkaLalli heccinavarigU pustakagaLannu kanDarEnE talenOvu baruttade. idakke I vidyArthigaLannu dUri phalavilla.
svAbhAvikavAgi avaralli mUDibaruva Asaktiyannu cikkandinallEnE muridu hAkuva avara adhyApakarannE dUrabEku. kate kAdambarigaLa
nOdi samaya hALumADabEDiri, paThyapustakagaLannu mAtravE Odiri endu upadESa mADuva I mahAtmarannu bErEnanna bEku?
Odina phala - manOranjane
pustakagaLa mUlaka, illavE patrikegaLa mUlaka bEre bEre viShayagaLa nnaritukoLLalu sAdhyavAguvudembudEnO nija. Adare, pustakagaLu iru vudE I ‘oNa’ uddESakkAgi emba bhAvane makkaLalli bErUritendare, avu mADuva innondu aShTE mukhyavAda kAryakke sandarbhavE dorakadantAguttade.
calaccitra, nATaka modalAduvannu nODi santOShapaDuvante, pustakagaLannu OdiyU manuShyanu santOShapaDaballanu embudannu I ruciyannu savida mattu saviyuttiruva nAvellarU ballevu. Adare, jana sAmAnyarige I ruciya arivu svalpavU Adantilla. paThyapustakagaLannu horatupaDisi, bEre pustakagaLa mArATa ivattu hEge naDeyuttide embudannu gamanisidalli idu spaShTavAguttade. vidyArthigaLige pustakagaLa ruciyannu tOrisikoDuvudakkAgi namma SAlegaLu nEravAda prayatna naDesabEku.
Odinalli abhiruci huTTadE iruvudakke, illavE mUDibanda Asakti alligE naSisi hOguvudakke halakelavu viShayagaLu kAraNagaLAga balluvu. manassige hiDisuvantaha pustakavAvudU Odu kaliyuttiruva huDugara kaNNige bILalillavembudondu; hAge kaNNige biddarU adara lliruva kateyannu A kateya OTakke hondikoLLuvante SIghravAgi Oduva krama avarige karagatavAgillavembudu innondu; A kateyannu sariyAgi arthamADikonDu AnandisuvaShTu avara padasampattu beLedillavembu dinnondu; antaha pustakagaLannu OduvudE tappemba bhAvaneyannu avaralli tAyitandeyaru illavE adhyApakaru mUDisiruvarembudu mattondu.
intaha halavu kAraNagaLindAgi, Odalu bandarU OdadE iru vantaha janara sankhye nammalli jAstiyAgide. kAlEjina hostilannu dATidarU, tamma paThyapustaka (illavE avugaLa mArgadarSike)gaLannu biTTu bEre pustakagaLalli ondE ondannU sampUrNavAgi buDadinda koneya varege Odida anubhava namma vidyArthigaLalli bahaLa mandigilla. I vidyArthigaLella tamma jIvanadalli atyamUlyavAda ondu anu bhavakke horatAgiddArembudu bahaLa bEsarada sangati.
Odalu bandarU Oduvudilla Eke?
bengaLUrinantaha nagaradalli hattu hadinaydu varSha vAsisiyU ondE ondu calanacitravannU nODadiruva mahanIyanobbaniddare avanannu nIvu Enendu kareyabahudO adannE I pustaka Odada mahanIyarigU anvayisabahudu.
samasyege parihAra
akShara kalitU anakSharastharAgiyE uLiyuvantaha I duravastheyannu hOgalADisalu namma SikShaNatajYaru mattu I viShayadalli Asakti yiruva itara mahanIyaru EnAdarU vyavasthe mADuvudu avaSya. Odu kaliyuttiruva makkaLa manassige hiDiyuva, mattu avara Odina vEgakke hondikeyAguva bEre bEre pustakagaLannArisi, andavAgi mudrisi, A makkaLa kayge sulabhavAgi eTakuvante mADabEku; I pustakagaLannu avaru tAvAgiyE Arisi, Odi, santOShapaDuvante avara SAlegaLalli sannivESagaLannu kalpisi koDabEku; mattu intaha Odinalli Asakti tOradiruva makkaLige avara vayyaktika samasyegaLEnembudannu pariSIlisi, avakke takka parihAragaLannu odagisabEku.
SikShaNAdhikArigaLu mattu SikShaNa tajYaru mAtravalla, Odugara sankhye jAstiyAgabEkendu bayasuva itara mahanIyarU samasyeya I mUlavannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. Odugara sankhye jAstiyAdaShTU barehagArara, pustaka vyApArigaLa, mattu patrikegaLa vyApti heccuttade, mattu idarindAgi avannu avalambisiruva itara udyamagaLa vyAptiyU heccuttade. hAgAgi, bErAva kAraNakkAgi alladiddarU tamma svArthakkAgiyAdarU I udyamigaLa dxShTi SAlA vidyArthigaLa Odina kaDege haridare, I samasyeyannu bageharisalu heccu anukUlategaLu labhisabahudu.
bhAga mUru
mAtu mattu baraha
barahavuLLa bhAShegaLigU barahavillada bhAShegaLigU naDuve, avugaLa vyAkaraNada maTTige, yAva vyatyAsavU illa; I eraDu bageya bhAShe gaLallU paripUrNavAda vyAkaraNagaLE baLakeyAguttiruttave. idallade, ‘prabuddhateya’ maTTigU avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavAgadu.
ondu bhASheyu baLasuttiruva lipiya caritre A bhASheya caritre ginta tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavide. bhAratada bhAShegaLu nAlku bEre bEre mUlagaLinda beLedu bandive; Adare, avugaLalli heccinavU ondE mUladinda beLedu banda lipigaLannu baLasuttive. I lipigaLa mattu avugaLannu baLasuva barahagaLa mUla ittIceginadu; Adare, bhAShegaLa mUla miliyagaTTale varShagaLaShTu hinde, endare namma arivige eTukada kAlavondaralli aDagide.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve bEreyU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiddu, kelavomme baraha mAtininda bErAgi tannadE Ada ondu astitvavannu unTumADikoLLabahudu. hAgAdAga, adakkU mAtigU naDuvina konDi tappi hOgi, adaralli halavu bageya kxtakate gaLu tumbikoLLuttave; idarindAgi adu ondu ‘bhAShe’yendu kareyalu sAdhyavilladantaha rUpavannu paDeyaballudu.
bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsagaLu entahavu, mattu avannu tiLidukoLLuvudu yAke avaSya embudannu I vibhAgada Aru lEkhanagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
೩.೧ mAtigU ondu phOTO
kyAmarAda eduru nintu nAvella namma phOTO tegesikoLLuttEvalla? hAgeyE namma mAtannU kyAmarAdeduru ‘nillisi’ adara phOTO tegeyalu sAdhyavE? idannu sAdhyavAgisiddAre indina vijYAnigaLu.
Adare, illi phOTO tegeyuvudu sAdhAraNa kemarA alla, spekTO grAm ennuva ondu viSiShTavAda upakaraNa. mAtu nimma bAyi yinda horaTu ale aleyAgi gALiyalli sancarisuvAga, I upakaraNa adannu hiDidiTTu, vicchEdisi, adara bhavtika citravondannu tayArisi koDuttade. nIvondu bhAShaNa koDuttiddIrAdare, adannu I upakaraNa calanacitravAgiyU parivartisaballudu. TeliviShanna mEle mAtina I calanacitravannu nODi, kivuDarU nimma bhAShaNavannu artha mADikoLLaballaru.
Oduva phOTO
Adare, I bageya upakaraNada samSOdhane ittIceginadu. mAtannu kaNNineduru hiDidu nillisuva prayatna idakkintalU eShTO varSha hindeyE prArambhavAgittu. andina kAlada mAnavana cANAkShateya phalavAgi, nIvindu nAnADabahudAda mAtina ‘phOTO’vannu I puTada mEle nODi, ‘Odi’, adara arthavannu grahisikoLLuttiddIri.
I dikkinalli kaDimeyendare mUru svatantravAda samSOdhane gaLAdarU naDedirabEkembudu lipiSAstrajYara Uhe. purAtana IjipTina llondu, purAtana cInAdallondu, mattu yukATanda mAyAdava ralli mattondu. ivallade, mesapoTEmiyAdallU svatantravAgi barahada samSOdhane naDedirabahudemba Uheyide. ivattu jagattinalli baLakeyalliruva lipigaLalli heccinavakkU IjipT mattu mesapoTE miyAgaLalli andu siddhavAgidda lipigaLE mUlavAgirabEku.
padasankEta mattu varNasankEta
padasankEta mattu varNasankEta embudAgi lipigaLalli eraDu mukhya vAda prabhEdagaLannu gurutisabahudu. padasankEtavendare, lipiyalli ondondu padakkU ondondu viSiShTavAda sankEtavannu koDuvudu. intaha lipigaLannu baLasuvavaru tamma bhASheyalli eShTu padagaLiveyO aShTE sankhyeya sankEtagaLannu kalitukoLLabEkAguttade. endare, intaha lipiyalli kaDimeyendare hattippattu sAvira sankEtagaLAdarU ira bEkAguttade.
varNasankEtavendare, bhASheyalliruva ondondu varNa (svara illavE vyanjana)kkU ondondu sankEtavannu koDuvudu. yAva bhASheyallU ೫೦-೬೦kkinta jAsti varNagaLiruvudillavAddarinda, intaha
lipiyannu baLasuvavaru nUrakkinta jAsti sankEtagaLannu kalitukoLLa bEkAguvudilla.
viSvada baravaNigegaLannella I eraDu gumpugaLoLage sErisikoLLalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, SuddhavAgi yAva lipiyannU padasankEta illavE varNasankEta embudAgi varNisalubaruvudilla. ingliSh baravaNige yalli pada mattu varNasankEtagaLeraDU sErihOgive. udAharaNe gAgi, no mattu know emba eraDu padagaLa naDuve uccAradalli vyatyAsavEnU illavAdudarinda avu eraDu bEre bEre padagaLannu sUcisuva padasankEtagaLendu hELabEkAguttade.
japAnIyara baravaNigeyalli padasankEtagaLondige varNaguccha gaLannu sUcisuva sankEtagaLU sErikonDive. padasankEtakke atI uttama udAharaNeyendare cInI baravaNige. Adare, I baravaNige yallU varNasankEtagaLa prayOga kelaveDe sErikonDide. iveraDa kkintalU bhinnavAgiruva arEbik baravaNigeyalli sAmAnyavAgi svara varNagaLannu biTTu, vyanjanavarNagaLannu mAtravE bareyuva rUDhiyide.
padasankEtada vaySiShTya
ondondu padakkU ondondu sankEtaviruva I padasankEtada lipi yalli sAvirAru bhinna bhinnavAda sankEtagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, caynIs lipiyalli sAmAnyavAgi padakkondu sankEta viruttade. adara halavAru padagaLa naDuve uccAraNeyalli vyatyAsa villadiddarU arthadalli vyatyAsaviruva kAraNa, barahadalli bEre bEre sankEtagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, henDati, ELu, mOsamADu, kAla, du:kha moda lAda halavu arthagaLannu sUcisalu caynIs bhASheyalli chI emba ondE uccAraNeyiruva padavannu baLasalAguttade, Adare ivakkella caynIs lipiyalli bEre bEre sankEtagaLive. idE rItiyalli, nuDi, are, baNNa, uppu, alli modalAda arthagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLige lipiyalli bEre bEre sankEtagaLive; Adare, ivellakkU uccAraNe jen embudondE.
cInI bhASheyalli bareda pustakagaLannu Odalu kaDimeyendare ELenTu sAvira sankEtagaLannAdarU kalitukoLLabEkAguttade. adara sampUrNa padakOSavondaralli oTTu sumAru ayvattu sAvira sankEta gaLive! idu vidyArthigaLigondu doDDa talenOvannE tandoDDa
balludEnO nija; Adare, tamma tamma bhAShegaLannu kaliyuvudarondige iShTellA sankEtagaLannU avaru kaDDAyavAgiyE kalitukoLLa bEkAguvu dAddarinda, eppattaydu kOTi janariruva cInAdESadalli bhAShA samasyeyE ELuttilla.
idu hEgendare, dUra dUrada UrugaLalliruva caynIs janaralli obbara mAtannu innobbaru arthamADikoLLalArarAdarU, obbaru baredudannu innobbaru Odi arthamADikoLLaballaru. udAharaNegAgi, mandArin emba ondu mAdariya caynIs bhASheyannADuvavanobba tanna bhASheyalli caynIs lipiyannu baLasi bareda patravannu kenTonIs ennuva innondu mAdariya caynIs bhASheyannADuvavanu tannadE bhASheyalli Odi arthamADikoLLaballanu. Adare, mandArinnavanu tanna bhASheyalli mAtanADahoraTare avanADida ondE ondu mAtU kenTonIsnavanige arthavAgadu
namma dESadallU intaha ondu lipi pracAradalliddiddare, SEkaDA eppattaydu mandiyAdarU obbaru baredudannu innobbaru yAva hosa bhASheyannu kalitukoLLadeyU sulabhadalli arthamADikoLLuvante Agabahudittu.
kannaDada lipi
nAvu bhAratadalli baLasuva lipigaLallella heccu kaDime varNakkondu sankEtavide. rOman lipigU, kannaDa lipigU naDuve iruva mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, rOman lipiyalli svara mattu vyanjanagaLeraDakkU svatantravAda astitvavuLLa sankEtagaLive, Adare kannaDa lipiyalli sAmAnya vAgi ondu vyanjanada anantara baruva svara illavE vyanjanagaLa sankEtagaLige padada Adiyalli illavE svarada anantara baruva sankEta gaLaShTu pUrNateyilla. idannu sariyAgi gamanisada kelavaru kannaDa lipiyalli svara mattu vyanjanagaLeraDakkU oTTAgi sankEtagaLiveyendu tappAgi tiLidukonDantide.
lipi samasye
bhAShAsamasyeyondige lipi samasyeyU namma dESadalli halakelavu hOrATagaLige kAraNavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, hindi-urdu vivAda heccu kaDime lipi vivAdavendE hELidarU tappAgadu. bhASheya
vyAkaraNada maTTige hindi mattu urdugaLoLage heccina vyatyAsavEnU illa.
samskxta, hindI mattu marAThi bhAShegaLu baLasuva dEvanAgari lipiyaShTu ‘vayjYAnika’vAda lipi bErillavendu kelavaru rAjakAraNigaLu mAtravalla, vidvAmsarendennisikoLLuvavarU hELuttiruttAre. Adare I mAtige AdhAravEnU illa.
dEvanAgari lipi vayjYAnikavendu hELalu adaralli baruva sankEta gaLannu vayjYAnikavAgi, endare avugaLa uccAraNeganusAravAgi, bEre bEre vargagaLalli vingaDisalAgide embudE mukhya AdhAra. Adare idu sankEtagaLa vingaDaNeya vayjYAnikateyallade, sankEtagaLa illavE avannu baLasuva lipiya vayjYAnikateyalla. yAva lipiyalli baruva sankEta gaLannu bEkiddarU I rIti uccAraNeganusAravAgi vingaDisuvudu kaShTa vEnalla.
nijakkU bhAratada lipigaLallella urdu lipiyannu biTTare dEva nAgari lipiyE atyanta kliShTavAda mattu toDakutoDakAda lipi. kannaDa lipi mattu dEvanAgari lipi iveraDU ondE mUladinda bandive yAdarU kannaDa lipi dEvanAgariginta halavAru viShayagaLalli saraLa vAgide mattu lalitavAgide. idannu arthamADikoLLalArada kannaDigaru kelavaru nammalli IgAgalE baLakeyalliruva uttamavAda lipiyannu horagesedu, dEvanAgariyannu baLasikoLLuva Aturadalliruvantide.
mAtu mattu baravaNige
mAtige hOlisidevAdare baravaNigeyembudu bahaLa ittIceginadu. sAvirAru varShagaLa hindeyE IjipT mattu mesapoTEmiyAgaLalli manuShyanige baravaNige tiLidittembudu nija. Adare, sAmAnya janara kayge adu bandu innU innUru varSha kaLedilla. ivattigU baravaNigeyannu baLasikoLLuvantaha bhAShegaLu kelavu mAtra. jagattu iShTondu mundu varidideyAdarU Odalu mattu bareyalu balla janara sankhye SEkaDA ayvattakkintalU kaDime.
lipiyillada bhAShegU lipiyiruva bhAShegU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa vide? I praSnege ‘EnU illa’ embudAgi bhAShAvijYAnigaLu koDuva uttaravannu bahuSaH heccinavarU nambalAraru. Adare, jagattinalli baLake yalliruva halavAru bhAShegaLa mEle avaru naDesiruva samSOdhanegaLa phalavAgi tiLidu banda AScaryakara viShayagaLalli idU ondu.
bhAShegaLalli naDeyabahudAda badalAvaNegaLalli lipiyindAguva kArya sonneyendE hELabahudu. bhASheyondara yOgyateyU lipi yiruvudarinda illavE illadiruvudarinda heccukaDimeyAguvudilla. lipiyiruva bhASheyaShTE lipiyillada bhASheyU samxddha mattu sampanna vAgiraballudu.
samskxta bhAShege tannadE Ada lipi dorakuvudakkinta eShTO varSha gaLa hindeyE adaralli jagattina mahOnnata kxtigaLalli ondAgiruva vEdagaLa racaneyAgittembudu idakke ondu uttama udAharaNe. lipiyu bhASheya mEle mADabahudAda pariNAmavEnAdarU iddare, adu A bhASheya (barahada) vyAkaraNa niyamagaLigiruva apavAdagaLa sankhyeyannu svalpa maTTige heccu mADuvudu mAtra
೩.೨ bhAratakkella ondu lipi bEkE?
bhAratada bhAShegaLella ondE lipiyannu baLasatoDagidalli namma dESada bhAShAsamasyegaLellavU iddakkiddante mAyavAgi biDuvuvendu vAdisuva ASAvAdigaLu nammalli bahaLa mandi iddAre. tamiLu, kannaDa, bangAli, oDiyA modalAda I bEre bEre bhAShegaLannADuva janaru tammavE Ada lipigaLannu sampUrNavAgi biTTu koDalu siddharilladirabahudu. AdarU ‘rAShTrada aykyate’gAgi I bhAShegaLannADuva mandi tamma tamma lipigaLoDane intaha rAShTrIya lipiyondannU kalitu baLasatoDagi dalli, namma dESa bahaLaShTu uddhAravAdItendu ivarellarU nambiru vantide.
intaha vAdavannu munde taruvavaru bariya rAjakAraNigaLu mAtravalla; I viShayadalli sAkaShTu samSOdhanegaLannu naDesi pariNata rAgiruvevendu hELikoLLuva vidvAmsarU ivE abhiprAyagaLannu manDisuttiruvudu nijakkU AScaryakaravAda sangatiyAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, ೧೯೫೬ralli prakaTavAda adhikxta bhAShA samitiya varadiyu intaha rAShTrIya lipiyondara baLakeyu avaSyavendE samarthisittu. jasTis SAradAcaraNa mitraru ‘Ekalipi vistAra pariShat’ embudAgi ondu samstheyannE sthApisiddaru.
intaha Ekalipi vAdavannu manDisuvavaralli heccinavarU bhAratada I rAShTrIya lipi ivattu hindI bhASheyannu bareyalu baLasuttiruva
dEvanAgari lipiyE AgabEkendu vAdisuttiruvudu innondu gama nArhavAda sangatiyAgide.
Ekalipi avaSyavE?
illi eraDu mukhyavAda praSnegaLannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. bhAratada bhAShegaLella ondE lipiyannu illavE samAna lipiyondannu baLasuvudu avaSyavE, mattu hAge mADuvudarinda prayOjana vEnAdarU ideyE embudondu; mattu adu avaSyavAgide yAdarU, antaha samAna lipiyAgalu dEvanAgariyE arhavAdu demba vAdadalli huruLideyE embudinnondu.
ivugaLalli modalaneya praSneyannu yArU iduvarege sariyAgi vivEcisida hAge kanDubaruvudilla. Ekalipiya kuritu vAda naDesu vavarella adara avaSyakate svataHsiddhavAdudemba abhiprAyadindalE tamma vAdavannu prArambhisuttAre.
I viShayadalli adhikxta bhAShA samitiyu eraDu mukhyavAda kAraNagaLannu koTTide. dESada aykyatege adu sahAyakavAgabahudembu dondu; bEre bEre bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa adarinda sugama vAgabahudembudinnondu. iveraDU heccina maTTige kalpitavAda kAraNa gaLu. dESada aykyateyembudu tarkadeduru nillada viShaya. bhAratakkella ondu lipiyannu tandu hAkuva avasaradalli Iga iruva aykyateyU oDeduhOguva sambhavavE jAsti.
lipi mattu bhAShAbhyAsa
lipi bhEdavilladiddare nere prAntadavara bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa sugamavAgabahudu, mattu adarindAgi hAge kaliyuva janara sankhyeyU heccabahudu emba vAda satyadinda bahaLa dUra ide. telugu mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLige heccu kaDime ondE lipiyide yendarU salluttade. telugu bhASheyannu kaliyabEkemba iccheyuLLa kannaDigaru ardha ganTeyoLage adara lipiyannu kayvaSa mADikoLLa ballaru. Adare, indu eShTu mandi kannaDigaru illavE telugaru I savkaryavannu upayOgisikoLLuttiddAre?
marAThi mattu hindI bhAShegaLeraDU ondE lipiyannu baLasikoLLu ttive. hAgendu marAThiyannu kaliyuva hindI janara sankhye adE
bhASheyannu kaliyuva kannaDigara illavE gujarAtigaLa sankhyeginta jAsti yiruva hAgEnU kANisuttilla. nijakkU ondu bhASheyannu kaliyuva avaSyakate bandare cInI bhAShegiruvantaha atI kliShTavAda lipiyannU jana aragisikonDAru. bEDavAgiruva bhASheya lipi samAnavAgiddarU ondE, bhinnavAgiddarU ondE.
lipi bhEdavannu tegeduhAkidalli bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa sugama vAdItendu vAdisuvavarella lipi mattu bhAShegaLa naDuvina sambandha vannE sariyAgi arthamADikonDantilla. ingliShnantaha kelavu baraha gaLalli kliShTavAda ‘spelling’ samasyegaLiruva kAraNa, bhAShegaLannu kalitAda mElU avugaLa barahavannu Odi arthamADikoLLalu heccina prayatna naDesabEkAguttade. Adare, bhAratIya bhAShegaLalli heccinavU ondE mAdariya lipigaLannu baLasuttiveyAda kAraNa, avugaLalli ondu lipiyannu kalitavaru hosadondu lipiyannu onderaDu dinagaLallE kayvaSamADikoLLaballaru. lipigintalU bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuvudE illi heccina samasyeyAgiruttade.
hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLella samAna lipiyondannu baLasuvudarindAgi hosa bhASheyannu kaliyuvalli Aguva uLitAya barE onderaDu dina gaLaShTu mAtra. I alpa uLitAyakkAgi nAvu mADabEkAgiruva tyAga ventahadembudannu gamanisidalli, yArU I kelasakke kayhAkalAraru. EkalipivAda mAtravalla, samAnalipivAdavU bhAratada maTTige nirAdhAravAdudembudu idarinda spaShTavAguttade.
dEvanAgariya arhate
innu EkalipivAdigaLu I sthAnakke dEvanAgari lipiyE arhavendu vAdisuttiddAralla, I vAdadalli eShTu huruLide embudannu vivEcisu vudu avaSya. itara bhAratIya lipigaLigintella dEvanAgari lipiyannu baLasuva bhAratIyara sankhye bahaLaShTu jAstiyAgiruvudemba ondu kAraNa mAtra yuktiyuktavAgide. marAThi, hindi mattu samskxta - I mUru bhAShegaLU dEvanAgari lipiyannE baLasuttive. kelaveDegaLalli konkaNigU idE lipi baLakeyallide. hAgAgi, I lipige jana sankhyeya bembala bEkAdaShTide.
Adare, hindiyannu bhAratada rAjakIya bhASheyannAgi ArisikoLLu valli janasankhyeyannu gaNanege tegedukonDante dEvanAgari lipiyannu samAna lipiyAgi ArisikoLLuvallU adE amSakke mahatva koDa
bEkendEnilla. sAhajavAgi beLedu bandiruva bhAShegaLoLage mElu kILillavembudEnO nija. Adare lipigaLu mAnava nirmitavAgiruvu vAddarinda, avugaLalli kelavu atyuttamavAdavugaLu mattu saraLavAdavu gaLu, mattu kelavu atI kliShTavAdavugaLu embudAgi mavlyamApana mADalu baruttade. dEvanAgari lipige janasankhyeya (baLasuvavara sankhyeya) bembalavondannu biTTare bErAva yOgyateyU illa embudu I keLagina vicAragaLinda spaShTavAguttade.
lipiya vayjYAnikate
prapancadalli dEvanAgariyaShTu vayjYAnikavAda lipi bErondillavendu halavAru hindI bhaktaru mattu rAjakAraNigaLu sAruttiddAre. lipi yalli vayjYAnikateyendare Enembudannu svalpavU arthamADikoLLade hELuva mAtidembudaralli samSayavilla. nijakkU dEvanAgari bahaLa kliShTavAda mattu toDaku toDakAda lipi. ingliSh, phrenc, modalAda bhAShegaLu baLasuva rOman lipi adakkinta bahaLaShTu saraLavAdudu. kannaDa lipiyU dEvanAgari lipiginta heccu SrEShThavAdudu.
lipigaLa yOgyateyannu tulanAtmakavAgi abhyasisuvalli eraDu mukhya amSagaLannu gamanadalliTTukoLLuvudu avaSya. A lipiyalli baruva sanjYegaLa illavE sankEtagaLa oLaracane hEgide embudondu; mattu, adannu baLasuttiruva bhASheyalli baruva dhvanigaLannu I sankEta gaLu hEge pratinidhIkarisuttive embudinnondu. lipigaLa kuritu vAda naDesuvavarella I eraDu amSagaLannu sariyAgi bErpaDisikoLLalArade ellellO dikkutappi aleyuttiruttAre.
sTelling samasye
rOman lipiyannu baLasuva ingliSh barahadalli ati kliShTavAda ‘spelling’ samasyeyide. idaralli ondE sanjYege halavAru uccAraga Liruttave, mattu ondE dhvanige halavAru sanjYegaLU iruttave; sanjYegaLigU avugaLa uccArakkU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavilla. I kAraNakkAgi, ingliSh barahavannu tumbA kliShTavAda barahavendu hELalAguttade.
Adare ivella ingliSh janaru rOman lipiyannu tamma bhAShege tappu tappAgi aLavaDisikonDiruvudarindAgi huTTikonDiruva dOSha gaLu. I dOShagaLannu rOman lipiya Antarika dOShagaLendu
kareyalu endigU sAdhyavAgadu. idE lipiyannu hosadondu bhAShe yannu bareyuvalli baLasabEkAdAga, I samasyegaLalli ondU bAradante nODikoLLabahudu.
intaha spelling samasye lipiya dOShavalla, adara baLakeya dOSha embudakke dEvanAgari lipiyE ondu uttama udAharaNe. samskxta bhASheyannu bareyuvalli I lipiyannu bahaLa maTTige samarpakavAgiyE baLasalAguttide. Adare, adannu baLasuva marAThi mattu hindI bhAShegaLa barahagaLalli halakelavu spelling dOShagaLu sErikonDive.
indina hindI panDitaru kuDukh, bODO, kOlAmi moda lAda kelavu lipiyillada bhAShegaLige idE dEvanAgari lipiyannu baLasi konDiruva kramavannu nODidare mAtra, yArigU AScaryavAdItu. ingliShna barahagaLalliruvudakkinta hattaraShTu spelling bhUtagaLu I bhAShegaLa ‘dEvanAgari’ barahagaLalli sErikonDive
Antarika guNagaLu
lipigaLige irabahudAda Antarika guNagaLendare, avugaLalliruva sanjYe gaLa svarUpa, ondE sanjYegiruva upasanjYegaLa sankhye (kannaDa lipi yalli rakArakke ra, ೯, mattu embudAgi mUru upasanjYe gaLiruvante), eShTu SIghravAgi avannu bareyabahudu, Tayp mADa bahudu, mattu eShTu hattira hattiravAgi avannu mudrisabahudu, ityAdi. I ellA viShayagaLallU dEvanAgari lipige dorakuva anka gaLu bahaLa kaDime.
dEvanAgari lipiya sanjYegaLu bahaLa toDaku toDakAgive; hAgAgi avannu bareyuvAga kay heccu SIghravAgi ODalAradu; sanjYegaLa mEle baruva talekoTTu bareyuva vEgavannu innaShTu kaDime mADuttade; sanjYegaLu ondakkondu sErikoLLade dUra dUra nilluvuvAddarinda bareyuvAga lEkhaniyannu AgAga etti iDabEkAguttade; adaralli baruva ottakSharagaLu mattu svara sanjYegaLu I lipiyannu Tayp rayTarge aLavaDisuvalli bahaLaShTu tondare koTTive; mudraNadallU I lipiya sAlugaLannu rOman lipiya sAlugaLaShTu hattira hattira vAgi mudrisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
hAgiddare, dEvanAgari lipi atyanta vayjYAnika lipiyendu bahaLa mandi sAri hELuttiruvudakke kAraNavEnu? adara sanjYegaLa (sankEta
gaLa) paTTi (akSharamAle)yannu sanjYegaLu sUcisuva dhvanigaLa uccA raNege anusAravAgi siddhapaDisalAgideyembudE idakke mukhya AdhAra. Adare, akSharamAleya racanegU lipiya yOgyategU yAva sambandhavU illavembudannu I mahanIyaru gamanisidantilla. ondu lipiyalli baruva sanjYegaLannu hEge bEkiddarU paTTimADabahudu. idarindAgi A lipiya yOgyateyEnU heccu kaDimeyAguvudilla.
hindiyannu illavE samskxtavannu dEvanAgariyallade bErAva lipiyalli baredarU adara yOgyate aLiyuttade endu vAdisuva I hindI prEmigaLige, kannaDavE modalAda itara lipigaLannu baLasu vavarigU tamma tamma lipigaLalli Adaraviruttade emba viShaya artha vAguvudilla. dEvanAgari lipiginta vayjYAnikavAgi heccu yOgyateyuLLa kannaDa lipiyannu nUrAru varShagaLindalU namma hiriyaru beLesi konDu bandiruva kAraNa, adu namma samskxtiya avibhAjya anga vAgide. adannu khaDDAyavAgi toreyabEkiddarU A sthAnakke dEvanAgari lipi yAva vidhadallU arhavallavembudannu kannaDigaru mareyabAradu.
kannaDakke rOman lipi
ivattina kannaDalipiyondige Aykeya lipiyAgi baLasalu, rOman lipiyannu baLasi mADida ‘hala’ emba hesarina hosalipiyondannu bA. rA. kiraN avaru kannaDa barahagArara mundirisuttiddAre. rOman lipiya akSharagaLalli namage bEkAduvannu Arisi, avugaLalli kelavakke mEle gere eLeda mattu innu kelavakke keLage cukke irisida kelavu heccina akSharagaLannu sErisi, avaru I halalipiyannu unTumADiddAre. IgAgalE mobaylgaLa mUlaka essemayns kaLuhisuvudakkAgi kannaDavannu baLasuvavarellarU adakkAgi kannaDa lipiya badalu rOman lipiyannE baLasuttiddAre. Adare, hIge baLasuvAga obbobbaru ondondu rItiyalli A lipiya akSharagaLannu aLavaDisikoLLuva kAraNa, tumbA gondalagaLive. idakke badalu, ellarU ondE rItiyalli avannu baLasuva hAgAdare, I gondala illavAgabahudu. kiraN avara halalipi illi neravAgaballudu.
bEre kaDegaLallU kannaDavannu bareyalu I hosalipiyannu ondu Aykeya lipiyAgi baLasabahudu; adaralli pustakagaLannU accu hAkisabahudu. yAkendare, adara baLakeyinda nAvu halavu heccina prayOjanagaLannU paDeyaballevu: adaralli kannaDavannu Odalu-
bareyalu kalitavarige ingliSh kaliyalu heccu sulabhavAgaballudu embudondu; padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, Igina lipiyalliruva spelling toDakugaLu hosalipiyalli illavAguttave embudinnondu; mattu kannaDa mAtanADalu baruttiddarU adara lipiyannu kaliyadavaru mattu ingliSh tiLidiruvavaru sulabhavAgi I lipiyalli kannaDa barahagaLannu Odaballaru embudinnondu.
akSharagaLa racaneya maTTige, halalipiyannu baLasuvudu Igiruva kannaDa lipiginta halavu viShayagaLalli heccu anukUlavAgide. udA haraNegAgi, adaralli ottakSharagaLiruvudilla; hAgAgi, adara sAlugaLannu heccu hattira irisabahudu. tumbA cikkadAgi accuhAkisidarU adannu Odalu kaShTavAguvudilla. kannaDa lipiyannu aShTu cikkadAgi accu hAkisidare Odalu tumbA kaShTavAguttade. kannaDa lipiyalli vyanjanagaLa baLika baruva svaragaLannu mattu vyanjanagaLannu adarondige sErisi bareyuvudu idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
idallade, kampyUTar modalAda upakaraNagaLalli kannaDavannu I halalipiyalli baLasuvudu heccu sulabhavAguttade; ingliShnantaha yurOpina nuDigaLinda padagaLannu eravalu paDedu baLasuvudU sulabha; mattu, I lipiyindAgi kannaDakke jAgatika maTTada baLake sulabhavAguttade. intaha halavu prayOjanagaLiruva kAraNa, idannu ondu Aykeya lipiyAgi baLakege taruvudarinda yAva tondareyU illa.
೩.೩ xkArada aLivu-uLivu
kannaDada paThyapustakagaLalli x emba akSharavannu baLasuva badalu ru embudannE baLasuva mUlaka (xShi, kxShNa, mxga modalAda pada gaLannu ruShi, kruShNa, muruga ityAdiyAgi bareyuvudara mUlaka), kannaDa lipiyannu kaliyabEkAgiruva makkaLa horeyannu kaDimemADa bahudendu paThyapustaka samitiyavaru ondu nirdhArakke bandiddaru. Adare I nirdhAravannu halavu mandi gaNyara virOdhadindAgi kaybiDa bEkAyitendu dinapatrikegaLalli baredide. illi yAva nirdhAra sari mattu yAvudu tappu?
varNamAle mattu akSharamAle
bhASheyalliruva varNamAlegU adu baLasuva lipiyalli iruva akShara mAlegU naDuve vyatyAsagaLiraballuvu. heccina bhAShegaLU bEre yAvudO ondu bhAShegAgi siddhavAda lipiyannu tammadAgi mADi konDiruvudu idakke ondu kAraNa. bhAratada bhAShegaLu baLasuva lipi gaLalli heccinavakkU aSOkana kAladalli pAli bhASheyannu bareyalu baLasuttidda brAhmI lipiyE mUla. idallade, bhAratada horage baLake yalliruva TibeTan, barmIs, thAyi, lavOtiyan, kambODiyan modalAda itara halavu bhAShegaLu baLasuva lipigaLigU idE brAhmI lipi mUlavAgide.
ondu lipiyannu tammadAgi mADikoLLuvAga, bEre bEre bhAShe gaLu adaralli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLa bEkAguttade. ellA bhAShegaLallU varNamAle ondE AgilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, brAhmI lipiyannu kannaDakke aLavaDisi konDAga adaralli dIrgha ekAra mattu dIrgha okAra (E mattu O) emba eraDu heccina svarAkSharagaLannU, a mattu ಿ emba eraDu heccina vyanjanAkSharagaLannU sErisikoLLabEkAgittu.
eravalAgi paDeda lipiyalliruva anavaSyakavAda akSharagaLannu biTTu koDuvudU aparUpavEnalla. udAharaNegAgi, idE brAhmI lipi yannu tamiLige aLavaDisikoLLuvAga, vargAkSharagaLalli modalaneya mattu aydaneya akSharagaLannu mAtra (udA: kavargadalli ka mattu ji embavugaLannu mAtra) uLisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDubandittu. hAgAgi, uLida mUru akSharagaLannu (kha, ga, ghagaLannu) tamiLu lipige aLavaDisi konDiralilla. itara vargagaLallU idE vidhAnavannu anusarisalAyitu.
idallade, kAladinda kAlakke bhAShegaLalli naDeyuva badalAvaNe gaLindAgi avugaLalliruva varNagaLa sankhyeyalli heccu kaDimeyAgalu sAdhyavide, mattu I rIti naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLindalU avugaLa lliruva varNa mattu akSharagaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLunTAgalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli ra-a mattu Li-LagaLannu bhinna bhinnavAgi uccarisuttiddirabEku. I uccAraNAbhEda hosagannaDada kAladalli aLidu hOgide. adu I rIti aLiduhOguttiruva kAladalli barahakkU uccAraNegU naDuve antaravErpaTTirabEku. Adare, hosa gannaDada barahadalli a mattu Li emba eraDu vyanjanAkSharagaLannu tegedu hAkuva mUlaka, I antaravannu illavAgisalAgide.
sTelling samasye
bhASheyondara varNamAlegU adu baLasuva lipiya akShara mAlegU naDuve hondANikeyillavAdAgalella A bhASheya baravaNigeyalli spelling samasye taledOruttade. kannaDada lipiyalli baruva Sa mattu Sha emba eraDu akSharagaLigU uccAra ondE. endare, avu ondE varNavannu sUcisuttiddu, avugaLa baLakeyalli akSharakkU varNakkU naDuve hondANikeyilla. idE rItiyalli, ay mattu ay embavu gaLa naDuve, av mattu av embavugaLa naDuve, mattu alpaprANAkShara -mahAprANAkSharagaLa naDuve heccina kannaDigara mAtinallU uccAraNe yalli vyatyAsavilla.
kannaDada lipiyalli xkArada sthAnavU intahadE. heccinavarU adannu ru illavE ri endu uccarisuttAre. (athavA rakAravannE ukAra mattu ikAragaLinda bhinnavAda bErondu svaradondige uccarisuttAre.) yArU adannu ondu svatantra svaravAgi uccarisuvu dilla. uccAraNeyallillada I vyatyAsavannu lipiyalli kANisabEkAgiru vudarinda, adondu sTelling samasyeyAgide.
barahadalliruva akSharagaLigU avugaLa uccAraNegU naDuve I rIti vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLalu lipiyannu bhAShege aLavaDisikoLLuvAga lipi panDitaru mADuva tappugaLu innondu kAraNa. hindina kAladalli barahavannu kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra baLasuttiddaru. Sa-ShabhEda, alpaprANa-mahAprANabhEda mattu x-ru bhEdavannu ivaru uccAraNe yalli spaShTavAgi mUDisuttiddirabahudu. Adare, ivattu barahavannu baLasuvavara sankhye bahaLaShTu jAstiyAgiruva kAraNa, heccinavara uccAraNeyallU I vyatyAsagaLu kANisade tondareyunTAgide.
ay-ay bhEda, av-av bhEda, mattu sonne-anunAsika bhEda kannaDada maTTige avaSyavillada vyatyAsagaLu. brAhmI lipiyannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvAga namma hindinavaru ivannu biTTukoDabahudittu. hAge mADadiddudE ivattina tondarege kAraNa.
a-ra mattu bi-LagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa uccAraNeyalli illavAdu dannu gamanisi, namma hiriyaru a mattu ಿ emba eraDu akSharagaLu hosagannaDakke anavaSyaka embudAgi nirdharisiddaru, mattu avannu namma barahadinda tegeduhAkiddaru. avaru hIge mADiradiddare ivattigU nAvu I eraDu heccina akSharagaLannu kaTTikonDu kaShTapaDabEkAguttittu.
uccAraNeyalli vyatyAsavillada itara akSharayugmagaLa sthitiyU intahadE. eShTO bAri elli Sha bareyabEku mattu elli Sa bareya bEku embudannu nirdharisalu nAvu arthakOSada marehogabEkAgu ttade. ivugaLa uccAraNeyalli vyatyAsavilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa. I eraDu vyanjanagaLannu bareyuvalli vidyArthigaLu tappu mADuvudakkU idE kAraNa. alpaprANa mattu mahAprANagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavU intahadE. heccina kannaDigara uccAraNeyallU ivugaLoLage yAva vyatyAsavU illa. barahadalli mAtra I vyatyAsavannu kANisabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, elli mahAprANa barabEku, mattu elli alpaprANa barabEku embudannu nirdharisalu nAvu AgAga arthakOSada marehogabEkAgu ttade.
samasyege parihAra
I rIti barahakkU mAtigU (uccAraNegU) naDuve hondANike tappihOdAgalella barahadalli badalAvaNeyannu mADi adu uccA raNege hondikoLLuvante mADuvudE spelling samasyege uttama parihAra. ingliShnantaha bhAShegaLalli spelling samasye bahaLa jaTila vAgide. hAgAgi, adannu pariharisuvudU bahaLa kaShTa. Adare, kannaDada barahadalli heccinaDegaLallU mAtinoDane nEravAda hondANike yiruvudAda kAraNa, kelavE kelavu badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka adaralli kANisuva spelling samasyeyannu nivArisabahudu.
illi kelavu mukhyavAda viShayagaLannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. kAla dinda kAlakke bhAShe badalAguttiruvudu ondu sahajavAda kriye. adu namma arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAnadalli naDeyuva badalAvaNeya phalavAda kAraNa, adannu yArU taDeyalAraru. Adare I badalAvaNe gaLannanusarisi namma baraha illavE lipiyalli badalAvaNegaLannu prayatna pUrvakavAgi mADikoLLabEkAguttade. hAge mADadiddalli bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuve hondANike tappihOgi, barahavannu spelling samasye kADuttade.
intaha badalAvaNegaLannu samAjada gaNyaru niShEdhisuvudU sahajavE. avaru sAmAnyavAgi I rIti lipiyalli mADabahudAda badalAvaNegaLannu mAtravalla, bhASheyalli sAhajavAgi naDeyuvantaha badalAvaNegaLannU sahisuvudilla. Adare, bhASheyalli naDeyuva badalA vaNegaLa mEle yArigU nEravAda niyantraNaviruvudilla. antaha
badalAvaNegaLu barahavannu sparSisadante avaru svalpamaTTige adannu niyantrisaballaru. Adare idarindAgi barahakkU mAtigU naDuve kandaka vErpaDuttade.
sTelling samasye svalpa svalpavAgi barahadalli sErikoLLuttiruttade. idu bahaLa jAstiyAdAga mAtra, janarige adondu samasyeyemba arivAguttade. intaha samayadalli krAntikArI yuvakaru gaNyara virOdhavannU lekkisade, barahavannu badalAyisikoLLaballaru. kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi ru-x, Sa-Sha, ay-ay, av-av, mattu alpaprANa- mahAprANagaLemba I akSharayugmagaLa baLakeyalli, mattu sonne hAgU visargagaLa baLakeyalli sTelling samasyeyiruvudantU nija.
I akSharayugagaLalli pratiyondarallU eraDaneya akSharavannu barahadinda tegeduhAki kannaDa barahada spelling samasyeyannu nivArisa bahudu. hIge mADidalli vidyArthigaLige kannaDada barahavannu kaliyalu mattu itararige adannu baLasalu sulabhavAdItu embudU nijavE. Adare, intaha badalAvaNegaLannu mADabEkE athavA bEDavE, mattu mADuvudAdare yAva badalAvaNegaLannu mADabEku embudannu samAjavE nirdharisabEku.
haLE mattu hosa barahagaLu
I anavaSyakavAda akSharagaLannu biTTukoTTalli, avugaLannu baLasuva haLeya barahagaLannu Odalu kaShTavAgabahudE, mattu hAge OduvAga gondalavunTAgabahudE embudannU cintisuvudu avaSya. nijakkU ondu hosa akSharavannu gurutisikoLLalu namage kelavE kelavu miniTu gaLaShTu samaya sAku.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada barahagaLannu modala bArige OduvAga avugaLalli hosadAgi kANisuva a mattu ಿgaLannu gurutisikoLLuvalli namage samasyeyEnU udbhavisuvudilla. ivattina uccAraNeyalli a-ra mattu ಿ-LagaLoLage vyatyAsavilla, haLegannaDada kAladallidda vyatyAsavannu avu pratinidhIkarisuttave endiShTannu mAtra namage yArAdarU tiLisi hELidare sAku.
nijakkU uccAraNeyalli kANisada vyatyAsavannu barahadalli kANisa bEkAgi bandAga mAtra samasye edurAguttade. elli x bareyabEku elli ru bareyabEku, illavE elli Sa bareyabEku elli Sha bareya bEku, elli mahAprANa baLasabEku elli alpaprANa baLasabEku
embudE namma samasye. itararu antaha vyatyAsavannu kANisiruvarAdare adannu Oduvalli namage yAva samasyeyU udbhavisalAradu. hAgAgi, x, ay, av, Sha, sonne, visarga modalAda anavaSyakavAda akSharagaLannu namma barahadinda tegedu hAkidevAdare, kannaDa barahadalli kANisuva spelling samasye bahaLa maTTige kaDimeyAgaballudallade, avannu baLasuva haLeya barahagaLannu Oduvalli entaha gondalavU unTAga lAradu.
yAvudu samskxti?
I mElina akSharayugmagaLu kannaDa bhASheya maTTige anavaSyaka embudaralli samSayavilla. samskxta bhASheyannu bareyuvalli avu avaSyavirabahudu. avugaLalli kelavu vEdakAladalli samskxta bhASheyannu nuDiyuttiddAga mADuttirabahudAda uccAraNAbhEdavannu pratibimbisu tive. innu kelavu sandhikAryadalli kANisuva vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi baLakege bandive. Adare I kAraNakkAgi samskxta padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga I lipibhEdavannu nAvu hAgeyE uLisi koLLabEku, illavAdare namma ‘samskxti’yE naShTavAguttade endu kelavaru gaNyaru vAdisuttiruvudu nijakkU AScaryakaravAda sangati.
I rIti samskxta lipiya vaySiShTyavannu hAgeyE uLisikoLLa diddare namma samskxtiyE nASavAguvudendu hELuva I gaNyaru yArU haLegannaDada a mattu LigaLannu kaybiTTiruvudarindAgi namma samskxti naShTavAgideyendAgali, illavE avannu punaH baLakege tara bEkendAgali hELuva hAge kANisuvudilla. samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu kannaDadalli nAvu hEge uccarisuttEveyO hAgeyE bareyuvudaralli tappEnilla. hAge mADuvudE namma samskxtiyendu tiLidukonDare sAku.
tamiLu barahadalli xkAra, visarga, sonne, mahAprANa modalA davugaLannu baLasuva kramavilla. hIge baLasadiruvudE tamma samskxti yendu avaru tiLididdAre. E-O, a-agaLu mAtravallade kannaDada llillada viSiShTavAdondu nakAravannU avaru tamma lipige avaSyavendu sErisikonDiddAre. namma bhASheyalliruva varNagaLannella tappillade sariyAgi sUcisuvantaha lipiyannu namma bhAShege aLavaDisikoLLuvudE samskxtiyallade anavaSyakavAda sanjYegaLannu kaShTadinda uLisikoLLuvudu bhrameyallade samskxtiyalla.
Tarki dESada lipikrAnti
nanna cikkandinalli juTTannu irisikoLLuvudu samskxtiyendu hiriyaru vidhisiddaru. Adare SAleyalli heccinavarU adannu tegeduhAki andavAgi krApu bAcikoLLuttiddarAda kAraNa, nanage juTTannu irisi koLLuvudu mujugaravendenisuttittu. hAgAgi, yAvAgalU nAnu ondu gAndhI Toppiyannu dharisuttiddu, juTTannu adara oLage aDagisi koLLuttidde. anantara uccavidyAbhyAsakkAgi dUrada UrinallirabEkAgi bandAga, dhayrya tandukonDu adannu tegesi hAki A ‘samskxti’ya horeyinda muktanAde.
xkAra, ShakAra, aykAra modalAdavugaLa horeyU intahadE endu nanna abhiprAya. A horeyinda muktarAgalu dhayrya bEku. gaNyarendennisikonDavara virOdhavannU lekkisade anavaSyakavAda I horeyannu tegeduhAkidalli, mundina pILigeyavarellara kxtajYategU nAvu bhAgigaLAgaballevu.
೩.೪ Tarki dESada lipikrAnti
sumAru eppattaydu varShagaLaShTu hinde, Tarki dESadalli ondu doDDa lipikrAnti naDeyitu. aduvarege heccinavarU tamma barahagaLalli baLasu tidda arEbik lipiyannu biTTukoTTu, adara badalige lyATin lipi yannu baLasuva nirdhAra mADalAyitu. idarindAgi, mElvargada kelavE kelavu janara sottAgi uLididda TarkiSh baraha ellara sottAgalu sAdhyavAyitu.
baraha ellara sottAgabEku, ellarU ‘sAkShararAgabEku’ emba prayatna nammallU halavu varShagaLinda naDeyuttide, mattu idakkAgi namma sarakAra kOTigaTTale haNavannU kharcu mADuttide. Adare, idara pratiphala mAtra tumbA kaDime. kaShTapaTTu baraha kalitarU adannu tamma dinanityada jIvanadalli baLasikoLLaballavaru ivattigU nammalli heccu mandiyilla.
keLavargada janaru kannaDa barahavannu kaliyadiruvudakke, mattu kalitarU adannu tamma dinanityada jIvanadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAga diruvudakke nAvu kannaDadalli baLasuva lipiya dOShavEnAdarU kAraNa virabahudE? mattu idu nijavAdare, TarkiSh dESada I lipikrAnti
yinda nAvEnAdarU kalitukoLLalu sAdhyavE embudannu illi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide.
arEbik lipiya dOShagaLu
TarkiSh bhASheyannADuva janaru muslimarAgi matAntaragonDAga lEnE arEbik lipiyannu tamma bhAShege aLavaDisikonDirabEku. hAgAgi, A lipiya baLakege TarkiSh bhASheyalli sAvira varShagaLi gintalU heccu dIrghavAda caritreyide. Adare, A lipi halavu rItiyalli TarkiSh padagaLa uccAraNeyannu sariyAgi sUcisalu SaktavAgiralilla.
udAharaNegAgi, TarkiSh bhASheyalli enTu svaravarNagaLiddu vAdarU adu baLasuva arEbik lipiyalli mUru svaragaLannu mAtra sUcisalu sAdhyavittu. idallade, arEbik mattu parSiyan bhAShe gaLinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvAga, uccAraNeyalli illadantaha halavu vyatyAsagaLannu lipiyalli tOrisuva paddhati baLake yallittu. barahadalli intaha padagaLa baLakeyU bahaLa jAstiyittu. idarindAgi, barahada bhAShe mAtina bhASheginta bahaLa bhinnavAgi beLedu bandittu.
I ellA kAraNagaLindAgi, TarkiSh baraha A dESadalli kelavara sottAgi mAtra uLidittu. SEkaDA hattakkinta kaDime jana mAtra A dESadalli barahavannu ballavarAgiddaru. I paristhiti hindina kAlakke sarihOgabahudittAdarU, ippattanE SatamAnakke kAlirisuttiddante, yurOpina itara dESagaLalli kANisuva hAge, Tarki dESadallU baraha ellara sottAgabEkemba kaLakaLi allina vidvAmsaralli mattu rAjakAraNi gaLalli unTAyitu.
lipiya badalAvaNe
೧೯೨೩ralli Tarki ondu prajAprabhutvavuLLa gaNarAjyavAyitu. Aga I kaLakaLige innaShTu heccina mahatva bantu. prajAprabhutvadalli baraha ellara sottAguvudu rAjakIyavAgi mAtravallade, sAmAjikavAgi mattu ArthikavAgiyU atyavaSya. heccina vidvAmsarU I rIti TarkiSh baraha ellara sottAgadiruvudakke adu baLasuva arEbik lipiyE kAraNa emba nirdhArakke bandiddaru.
Tarki dESada lipikrAnti
hattombattaneya SatamAnada madhyabhAgadindalU arEbik lipi yalli TarkiSh bhASheyannu bareyuva kuritu vidvAmsaralli asamadhAna kANisalu suruvAgittu. A samayadalli heccinavarU TarkiSh bhAShe yannu bareyalu arEbik lipiyannu baLasuttiddarAdarU, alpamata davarAda kriSciyannaru rOman lipiyannu baLasuttiddaru. idallade, bEre kelavaru grIk lipiyannU I bhAShege aLavaDisikonDiddaru.
pakkada dESavAda albEniyAdalli ೧೮೭೯rallEnE albEniyan bhAShege arEbik lipigintalU rOman lipiyE uttamavembudAgi nirdharisi, aduvarege baLakeyallidda arEbik lipige badalAgi rOman lipiyannu baLasalu toDagiyAgittu. sudhAraNeya hesarinalli hIge mADuvudu dharmanindaneyembudAgi matAdhikArigaLu phatvA horaDi siddarAdarU I kelasa naDeduhOgittu.
೧೯೨೮ralli Tarki dESavU TarkiSh bhAShege arEbik lipiyannu baLasuva badalu rOman lipiyannu baLasabEkemba nirdhArakke bantu. Agina janapriya adhyakSharAgidda mustAphA kamal avaru I viShayadalli heccina Asakti vahisidudarindAgi, I badalAvaNe iDI dESadalli kelavE kelavu tingaLugaLalli naDedu hOgalu sAdhyavAyitu. idarindAgi, A dESadalli heccu heccu jana TarkiSh barahavannu tammadannAgi mADi koLLalu SaktarAdaru.
kannaDada paristhiti
kannaDada paristhiti bahaLamaTTige I TarkiSh paristhitiyannu hOluttade: TarkiSh bhAShege arEbik mUlada lipiyannu aLavaDisikonDidda kAraNa, arEbik mattu parSiyan mUlada padagaLannu A bhAShegaLalli hEge bareyuttArO hAgeyE TarkiShnallU bareyabEku emba niyamavannu tamma mEle horisikoLLalu avarige sAdhyavAgittu.
kannaDadallU hIgeyE. I bhAShege brAhmI lipiyannu aLavaDisi konDidda kAraNa, samskxta padagaLannu A bhASheyalli hEge bareyu tArO hAgeyE kannaDadallU bareyabEkemba kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAda niyamavannu namagU mADikoLLalu sAdhyavAgittu.
Tarki dESada janaru I anavaSyakavAda horeyannu tegedu hAkalu tamma lipiyannE badalAyisikonDaru. kannaDadallU Igiruva lipiyannu biTTukoTTu rOmannantaha bErondu lipiyannu aLavaDisikonDalli, sulabhavAgi mElina hore nammannu biTTuhOdItu.
Adare, arEbik mUlada lipi bEreyU kelavu viShayagaLalli TarkiSh bhAShege anukUlavAgiralilla; udAharaNegAgi, mEle tiLisida hAge, TarkiSh bhASheya ellA svaragaLannU A lipiyalli sariyAgi sUcisalu sAdhyavAguttiralilla. hAgAgi, A lipiyannu biTTukoTTu bEre lipiyannu baLasatoDaguvudu I heccina kAraNagaLigAgiyU avarige avaSyavAgittu.
kannaDadalli kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu bareyuvalli yAva samasyeyU illa. hAgAgi, kannaDada Igina lipiyallEnE avaSyavillada akSharagaLannu tegeduhAkuva mUlaka, mElina horeyinda muktarAga ballevu.
೩.೫ kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
mEle ೩.೩nE lEkhanadalli vivarisida hAge, kannaDa barahadalli kannaDakke bEkAguva akSharagaLannu mAtravE uLisikonDiruva ‘hosa baraha’ emba hesarina kannaDa barahavondannu nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisONa (೨೦೦೬, ೨೦೦೯) emba pustakadalli Odugara mundirisidde; idallade, AmEle bareda nAlku pustakagaLalli adannE baLasidde. (Adare, I pustakada lEkhanagaLannu nAnu adakke modalE barediddenAda kAraNa, avugaLalli baLakeyAgidda haLe barahavannu badalisahOgilla; idaralli hosadAgi sErisiruva lEkhanagaLallU adannu baLasilla.)
kannaDadavE Ada padagaLannu bareyalu a, A, i, I, u, U, e, E, o, O emba hattu svaragaLu mattu k, c, T, t, p; g, j, D, d, b; N, n, m; s, S, r; l, L; y, v emba ೨೧ vyanjanagaLu embudAgi oTTu ೩೧ akSharagaLu mAtra sAkAguttade; Adare, samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvudakkAgi x, ay, av emba mUru heccina svaragaLu, mattu kh, ch, Th, th, ph; ph, jh, Dh, dh, bh; Y, Y; H emba ೧೪ heccina vyanjanagaLu embudAgi oTTu ೧೭ heccina akSharagaLannu ivattu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasuttiddEve.
haLegannaDadalli L mattu L emba innU eraDu heccina akShara gaLu baLakeyallidduvu; Adare hosagannaDada kAladalli, ivu heccina kannaDigara uccAraNeyallU r mattu L embavugaLinda bhinnavAgilla
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
embudannu gamanisida namma hindina barahagAraru A eraDu akShara gaLannu barahadinda tegeduhAkiddaru.
adE rItiyalli, samskxta padagaLannu bareyuvalli baLakeyAgu tiruva mElina ೧೭ akSharagaLU ivattu heccina kannaDigara uccAraNe yallU bhinnavAgi kANisikoLLuvudillavembudannu gamanisi, nAvu ivattu avannU namma barahadinda tegeduhAkabEkAgide. I kelasavannu ‘hosa baraha’dalli mADalAgide.
ingliShninda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu bareyuvallU mukhya vAgi Sh, ph mattu th emba mUru heccina akSharagaLannu kannaDa barahagaLalli baLasalAguttade; Adare, ivugaLalli modalinadannu heccina kannaDigarU t embudAgiyE uccarisuttAre, mattu ingliShnalliyU adara uccAra t embudAgiyE ide; hAgiruvAga, adannu t embudAgi bareyade Sh embudAgi bareyuvudu nijakkU vicitravE! (ingliS eravalu padagaLannu bareyuvAga t embudannu nAvu baLasuvudE illa!) ‘hosa baraha’dalli adannu t embudAgiyE bareyalAguttade. uLida eraDu akSharagaLa badalAgiyU p mattu t embavugaLannE, heccina kannaDigara uccAraNeyannanusarisi, baLasabahudu.
vimarSegaLu
೨೦೦೬ralli nAnu Odugara mundirisidda I ‘hosa baraha’da kuritAgi halavu vimarSegaLu bandive; halavaru adarindAgabahudAda tondare gaLa kuritU barediddAre. Adare, avaru kalpisikonDiruva I tondare gaLu nijakkU tondaregaLE alla; bhAShe mattu barahagaLa naDuvina sambandha entahadu embudannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLade avaru I AkShEpaNegaLannu ettiddAre. I vyatyAsa entahadu embudannu nAnu vivaravAgi mundina (೩.೬) lEkhanadalli bareyaliddEne.
ondu barahadalli baredudannu yAva rItiyalli OdalAguttade embudannu Oduganige tiLisuvudE adaralli baLakeyAguva lipiya mukhya kelasa; padagaLa caritreyannu tiLisuvudAgali, bErondu bhAShe yalli avannu hEge bareyalAguttade embudannu tiLisuvudAgali adara kelasavalla. intaha bEDada kelasagaLa horeyannu adara mEle horisi dAga, baraha kliShTavAguttA hOguttade.
samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga, avannu samskxtadalli hEge bareyalAguttadeyO hAgeyE bareyabEku
emba niyama kannaDada maTTige intaha tIrA anavaSyakavAda ondu hore. hindina kAladalli kannaDa barahagArarige samskxtada mEle atiyAda pUjyabhAvavittu; mattu I kAraNakkAgi, adara padagaLannu ‘keDisa’hOgade adaralliruva hAgeyE avannu kannaDadallU bareyabEku emba I niyamavannu avaru tamma mEle horisikonDiddaru.
hindina kAladalli samAjada kelavE kelavu mandi panDitaru mAtra barahavannu baLasuttiddaru; hAgAgi, mElina kaTTaleyinda heccu tondareyAguttiralilla; tondareyAdarU, samskxtada mElina pUjya bhAvadindAgi avaru adannu sahisikonDiddaru. Adare, ivattu ellA kannaDigarU barahavannu baLasalu kaliyabEkAgide. hAgAgi, I sandarbha dalli, kannaDada maTTige tIra anavaSyakavAgiruva I niyamavannu tegedu hAkuvudE buddhivantike.
yAkendare, hAge mADuva mUlaka, kannaDa barahavannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa heccu sulabhavAguvante mADabahudu. samskxtada eravalugaLannu heccina kannaDigarU hEge OduttAre embudannu tiLisu valli I ೧೭ heccina akSharagaLu svalpavU sahAyamADuvudillavAda kAraNa, nijakkU avu kannaDa barahakke bEkAgiyE illa.
nanna I vAda tappu endu hELuvavaru yArU samskxta eravalu gaLannu samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyuvudarinda kannaDada Odugarige yAva rItiyalli sahAyavAguttade embudannu ellU tOrisi koTTilla. bEre EnEnO viShayakke sambandhisada vAdagaLannu mundiTTu konDu avaru I badalAvaNeyannu virOdhisuttiddAre.
udAharaNegAgi, da-dha vyatyAsavannu barahadalli tOrisadiddare dana -dhana, madya-madhya modalAda padagaLannu barediruvalli gondala vunTAgaballudu emba vAdavannu gamanisabahudu. haLegannaDada ra-a mattu La-i vyatyAsavannu biTTukoTTAgalU intahadE samasye eddira bahudallavE? yAkendare, kare ‘barahELu’, kaL ‘hAlu kare’; sAru ‘hattira hOgu’, sALu ‘kUgi hELu’; eLe ‘eLatu’, el ‘eLedADu’ embantaha halavAru padagaLannu bareyuvalli, a mattu igaLannu tegeduhAkidAga, modaligidda vyatyAsa illavAgittu; hAgiddarU namma hindinavaru dhayryadinda I mAppADannu mADikonDiddaru. ivattu yArigU idondu samasyeyendu tOruvudE illavalla! nijakkU avaru I badalAvaNeyannu mADiradiddare adu namage ondu doDDa samasyeyAguttittu
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
idallade, mAtinalli I vyatyAsa illavAdarU tondareyAguvu dillavenda mEle, barahadalli yAke tondareyAgabEku? innondu viShayavEnendare, bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva heccina padagaLigU onda kkinta heccu arthagaLiruttave; samskxtada padagaLigantU innaShTu heccu arthagaLiruttave; kelavu padagaLige ippattu-mUvattu arthagaLiruttave. samskxtada ondu padakOSavannu biDisi nODidare idu spaShTavAdItu. hAgiddarU, Odugarige yAva tondareyU Aguvudilla. heccineDe gaLallU baLasida sandarbhadindalE avugaLalli sariyAda arthavannu ArisikoLLalu namage gottAguttade. hAgAgi, kannaDa barahadallU Odina llillada mElina vyatyAsagaLannu tegeduhAkuvudarinda Odugarige yAva heccina tondareyU AgalAradu.
barahavannu saripaDisuvudu
‘bhAShAvijYAnigaLu bhAShegaLannu varNisahOgabEkallade avannu badalA yisuva prayatna mADabAradu; hAgiruvAga, nAnu yAke I rIti kannaDavannu badalAyisalu horaTiddEne?’ embudu avaru ettiruva innondu AkShEpa. Adare, nAnilli badalAyisahoraTiruvudu kannaDa bhASheyannalla, kannaDa barahavannu. bhAShegU barahakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu arthamADikoLLade avaru I AkShEpavannettiddAre.
bhAShe tAnAgiyE kAladinda kAlakke badalAguttA hOguttade, mattu A mUlaka adu tannannu saripaDisikoLLuttA iruttade. hAgAgi, adakke bhAShAvijYAniya neravu bEkAgilla. Ata tanna neravannu koDalu hOdarU adu adannu svIkarisuvudilla.
Adare, baraha A rItiyadalla. hosa hosa sandarbhagaLige hondi koLLuva hAge, adannu barahagArarE prayatnapaTTu badalAyisikoLLu tirabEkAguttade. bhASheya hAge tAnAgi badalAguva Sakti adakkilla. kelavomme barahada oLaguTTannariyadavaru intaha mArADugaLannu naDesalu horaDuttAre, mattu A mUlaka tamma nuDiya baraha innaShTu kliShTavAguva hAge mADuttAre.
udAharaNegAgi, ingliShnalli ivattu kANisuva heccina spelling samasyegaLigU sAmyuvel jAnsan emba padakOSakAra adara baraha dalli naDesidda halavu tappu mArADugaLE kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, padagaLa rUpa avugaLa caritreyannU sUcisabEku (know mattu no padagaLa uccAraNe ondE iddarU, avugaLa caritre bEre embudannu
rUpabhEda sUcisuva hAge) emba anavaSyakavAda horeyannu Ata ingliSh barahada mEle horisidda. bEre yArAdarU barahagAraru illavE vidvAmsaru munde bandu, Ata horisida intaha horegaLannu tegeduhAkuvalli varegU, ingliSh barahada I spelling samasyegaLu hAgeyE uLidiruttave mAtravalla, kAladinda kAlakke heccAguttA hOguttave. ivannu tAnAgi saripaDisikoLLuva Sakti barahakkilla.
tamma barahavannu tappu mADade saripaDisidavarU halavariddAre. udAharaNegAgi, koriyan barahadalli baLakeyAguttidda caynIs mUlada hAjA lipi tumbA toDaku toDakAgittu; adannu kaliyalu halavu varShagaLE bEkAguttidduvu; kalita mEle adannu baLasuvudU tumbA toDakina kelasavAgittu. ellA janarU barahavannu kaliyalu sulabhavAguvante, ೧೯೪೫ralli adakkinta tumbA cannAgiruva hangul emba ondu hosa lipiyondannu sxShTisi, koriyan bhAShege aLavaDisalAyitu.
I lipiyalli padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, ivattu adannu kaliyuva mattu baLasuva kelasa tumbA sulabhavAgide. I hosa lipiyannu baLasatoDagidudarindAgi, koriyAdalli Odu-baraha balla vara eNike tumbA heccAgideyendu hELalAguttade.
TarkiSh bhASheyallU intahadE ondu mArpADannu mADalAgittu; toDaku toDakAgidda adara arEbik mUlada lipiyannu biTTukoTTu rOman lipiyannu baLasatoDaguva mUlaka, adara barahadallidda halavu bageya horegaLannu tegeduhAkalAgittu, mattu idarindAgi ivattu TarkiyallU Odu-baraha kalitavara eNike tumbA heccAgide. I mArpADina svarUpavannu hindina lEkhanadalli (೩.೫) vivarisa lAgide.
I rIti haLE lipiyannu biTTukoTTu hosalipiyannu baLasalu horaDuva badalu, baLakeyalliruva lipiyannE saripaDisiruva udA haraNegaLU halavive: phinniSh bhASheyannu bareyuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgu tidda haLE lipiyalli halavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADi adannu saripaDisa lAgide. hindina lipiyalli padagaLa OdigU baravaNigegU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLu (spelling samasyegaLu) idduvu; avannella tegeduhAkuva mUlaka, phinniSh barahavannu saripaDisalAyitu. idarindAgi, ivattu iDI yurOpinallE kaliyalu mattu baLasalu atyanta sulabha vAgiruva baraha phinniSh barahavembudAgi hELalAguttade.
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
barahavannu kaliyabEkendiruvavaru caynIsnantaha tumbA kliShTa vAda barahavannU kalitAru embudAgi nAnu mEle baredidde. hAgendu, namma barahadalliruva anavaSyakavAda toDakugaLannu tegedu hAkabAradendEnU illavalla? nAlkaydu maylu dUra naDedu hOgiyU kuDiyuva nIrannu taruvavariddAre, nija; Adare, nIrina bAvi angaLada tudiyallE iddarU mEle TEnk kaTTisi, adaralli nIrannu pampininda tumbisi, maneya nalligaLalli baruva hAge mADu vavarU iddAralla? heccinavarU tamma kelasagaLu sulabhavAgi naDeya bEkendu prayatnisuttiruttAre. sOmArigaLu mAtra badalAvaNegaLannu virOdhisutta ninta nIrina hAge koLeyuttiruttAre.
heccina dhvanigaLannEke kalisabAradu?
mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, xkAra modalAda I heccina akSharagaLu heccina kannaDigara Odu illavE uccAraNeyallU illa; hAgAgi, Odu kaliyuvalli mattu baraha baLasuvalli tondare koDuva I akSharagaLannu tegeduhAkuvudE oLLeyadu embudAgi nAnu vAdisidde; hIge hELu vAga, nAnu kannaDa barahavannu saripaDisahoraTidde.
idannu virOdhisuvavarobbaru mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, xkAra modalAduvannu sariyAgi Oduvudu illavE uccarisuvudu kaShTada kelasavEnalla; makkaLige avannu sulabhavAgi kalisabahudu embudAgi vAdisiddAre. nijakkU idu mElina viShayakke nEravAgi sambandhisa dantaha innondu vAdavAgide. yAkendare, idu Odannu endare mAtannu saripaDisuva kelasa; barahavannu saripaDisuva kelasavE alla. avarE innondu kaDe hELida hAge, mAtannu illavE bhASheyannu saripaDisuvudu bhAShAvijYAniya kelasavalla; Ata hAgellAdarU adannu saripaDisahoraTarU bhAShe adannu oppikoLLade pakkakkesedubiDabahudu. yAkendare, yArigU bhASheya mEle hatOTiyannu sAdhisalu sAdhya vAgadu.
idallade, sAviragaTTale adhyApakarige mattu miliyagaTTale vidyArthi gaLige I heccina akSharagaLannu sariyAgi uccarisalu kalisuvudu avaru UhisidaShTu sulabhada kelasavEnalla; ondu cikka ippattaydu-mUvattu vayaskara taragatiyalli ellarigU I akSharagaLannu sariyAgi uccarisalu kalisahoraTavarige mAtravE I kelasa eShTu toDakinadu embudara arivAgaballudu. adu hEgE irali, A rIti heccina dhvanigaLannu
uccarisalu kalitu kannaDigarige AgabEkAddEnu? ivattina samAjadalli samskxtada I heccina akSharagaLannu kaliyuvudakkintalU ingliShna heccina akSharagaLannu kaliyuvudakkEne janaru Asakti tOrisabahudu.
kannaDa barahadalli I ೧೭ heccina akSharagaLiruvudu adara SrImantike embudAgi kelavaru bhAvisiddAre; hAgAgi, adannu tegeduhAkuvudendare baDavarannu mElettuva badalu SrImantarannu baDavara maTTakke iLisuva hAge embudAgi avaru vAdisuttAre. nijakkU Odinalli kANisadiruva akSharagaLu barahadalliruvudu SrImantikeyalla, yAva prayOjanakkU bArada ondu hore! haLegannaDadallidda a-agaLannu biTTukoTTuda rindAgi hosagannaDa baraha hEge baDavAgalillavO hAgeyE I ೧೭ akSharagaLannu biTTukoTTAgalU adu baDavAguvudilla, innondu hore yannu kaLacikoLLuttade, aShTe
‘hosa baraha’da prayOjanagaLu
illi namma mundiruva praSne nijakkU tumbA saraLavAdudu: samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu kannaDadalli bareyuvAga, avu samskxtadalli hEgiveyO hAgeyE bareyabEkO, illavE avannu heccina kannaDigarU kannaDadalli hEge OduttArO (uccarisu tArO) hAge bareyabEkO embudu.
avannu nAvu hEge OduttEvO hAge baredare sAku, samskxta dalliruva hAgeyE kannaDadallU bareyabEkAgilla embudu ‘hosa baraha’da niluvu; ivattu hIge mADuvudarinda nAvu halavu prayOjanagaLannu paDeyaballevu. ivugaLalli mukhyavAda kelavannu keLage paTTimADalAgide:
(೧) cikka makkaLige mattu baraha bArada doDDavarige kannaDa baraha vannu kalisuva kelasa sulabhavAguttade. yAkendare, avarige ೪೮ akSharagaLa badalu barE ೩೧ akSharagaLannu kalisidare sAku. ivannella Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, kaliyuvudU sulabha.
(೨) ellA padagaLannU Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, ivattu kannaDadalliruva spelling samasye pUrti illavAguttade.
(೩) ivattu kannaDada dinapatrikegaLalli mattu kate-kAdambarigaLalli tumbA heccu accina tappugaLu kANisuvudu mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, mattu xkAragaLa baLakeyalli. ivu sAmAnyavAgi ‘hosa baraha’dalli baruvudillavAda kAraNa, I tappugaLellavU illavAguttave. (halavu
kannaDakkondu ‘hosa baraha’
janarige hakArada (illavE SakArada) baLakeyU tondareyadAgi kANisuttade; Adare sadyakkantU A viShayadalli nAvEnU mADalArevu).
- (೪) barahagArarige elli yAva akSharagaLannu baLasabEku emba
- viShayadalli samSayavELuvudu, mattu AgAga padakOSagaLannu biDisi
- nODabEkAguvudu mElina akSharagaLa baLakeyalli mAtra. avannu
- Oduva hAge bareyadiruvudE idakke kAraNa. ‘hosa baraha’dalli I
- samSayagaLella illavAguttave.
- (೫) keLavarada makkaLige uccAraNeyallillada I heccina akSharagaLannu
- kaliyalu tumbA kaShTavendenisuva kAraNa, avaralli kILarimeyunTAgu
- ide; mattu, avaru tamma kalikeyannu naDuvinallE biTTubiDuttAre.
- ‘hosa baraha’da baLakeyAdalli I tondareyilla.
- (೬) ‘hosa baraha’dalli beraLaccu mADuvudu mattu kampyUTarinalli
- bareyuvudu sulabha; SiphT kIyannu tumbA kaDime bAri ottabEkAgu
- ide.
- (೭) padagaLannu Oduva hAgeyE bareyuva kAraNa, barahakkU ADu
- mAtigU naDuviruva antara kaDimeyAguttade.
- (೮) barahada kliShTate mattu kxtakategaLu kaDimeyAguttave, mattu
- idarindAgi baraha heccu jIvantavAgi kANisuttade.
- nanna ittIcegina kannaDa vyAkaraNa yAke bEku emba pustakadalli
- innondu mukhyavAda prayOjanavannU koTTiddEne:
- (೯) kannaDa barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLu adaralli akShara
- gaLannu jODisi (mara padavannu ma mattu ra emba akSharakantegaLannu
- jODisi, mattu ma emba akSharakanteyannu m mattu a emba akShara
- gaLannu jODisi) padagaLannu bareyalAguttade embudannu, mattu baraha
- dalli kANisuva akSharagaLigU bAyiyinda horaDisuva [m], [a],
- [r], [a] modalAda dhvanigaLigU naDuve sambandha ide embudannu
- kanDukonDalli mAtra, avarige adannu salIsAgi Odalu baruttade.
akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambandha ideyAdare, idannu kanDukoLLuvudu tumbA sulabha; barahadalliruva ‘sTelling’ samasyegaLu I sambandhavannu keDisuttave; hAgAgi, intaha samasyegaLu tumbA hecciruva ingliShnantaha barahagaLannu makkaLige sariyAda krama dalli Odalu kalisuvudu tumbA kaShTa. ivattu ingliSh barahavannu Odalu kaliyuva makkaLalli heccinavarigU sariyAda kramadalli Odu
vudu hEge embudu gottAguvudE illa embudAgi samSOdhanegaLu tOrisikoTTive.
kannaDa barahadallU, mahAprANAkShara, ShakAra, xkAra modalAda heccina akSharagaLu spelling samasyeyannu tandoDDuttave; yAkendare, avu akSharagaLigU dhvanigaLigU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavillada hAge mADuttave. hAgAgi, avannu barahadinda horagirisidalli makkaLu bahaLa bEgane sariyAda kramadalli Oduvudu hEge embudannu kaliyaballaru.
haLE barahavannu uLisikoLLuvudarinda prayOjanavideyE?
samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLannu samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyabEkemba niyamavannu Igiruva hAgeyE uLisikonDalli kannaDigarige prayOjanagaLEnAdarU sigaballuvE embudannU pariSIlisa bahudu.
nanage anisuvudEnendare, I padagaLannu badalAyisahOgade, samskxtadalliruva hAgeyE bareyuttiruvudarinda sigaballa prayOjana gaLella tAtkAlikavAdavugaLu. udAharaNegAgi, avannu haLE rUpadalli nODi baLakeyAgiruvavarige hosa rUpavannu kanDAga adu tappendu anisuttade; intaha anisike unTAgadante, ivarigAgi I badalAvaNe yannu mADadirabEku. Adare, hosa rUpavannu kanDu baLakeyAdavarige adu tappendu anisuvudE illavalla
hosa barahavannu kalitavarige haLE barahadalliruva pustakagaLannu Odalu tusu tondareyAgabahudu; idU kUDa tAtkAlikavAda tondare. samaya kaLedante intaha sandarbhagaLu kaDimeyAguttA hOguttave.
barahadalli entaha badalAvaNeyannu mADuvudiddarU intaha tAtkAlikavAda tondaregaLu bandE baruttave; avakke hedari badalAvaNe yannu mADikoLLadiddare, spelling samasyeyannu yAvAgalU anubhavi suttalE irabEkAguttade. yAkendare, kannaDa barahavannu mEle sUcisida hAge badalAyisuvudarinda namage dorakuva prayOjana gaLalli pratiyondU namage yAvAgalU dorakuvantahavu.
ingliShna spelling samasyeyU intahadE. adannu saripaDisa hOdare halavAru tAtkAlika tondaregaLannu edurisabEkAguttade. Adare, ingliShnalli intaha tAtkAlika tondaregaLu tumbA jAsti; hAgAgi, heccinavarigU adannu saripaDisabEkendu anisuvudilla.
kannaDadalli tondaregaLu heccillavAda kAraNa (kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa maTTige EnU illa), adannu sulabhavAgi saripaDisabahudu. idannu nAnu nanna ittIcegina pustakagaLalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.
೩. bhAShe mattu baraha
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive; I vyatyAsagaLu mAtigillada halavu anukUlategaLannu barahakke tandukoTTive; Adare, ivE vyatyAsagaLu kelavu sandarbhagaLalli barahakke hAnikArakagaLAgiyU pariNamisive.
I vyatyAsagaLindAgi, kelavu barahagaLige bhASheya kaTTannu muridu horabaralu, mattu tammadE Ada svatantra astitvavannu sAdhisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgide. Adare, hAge svatantravAgi nintiruva barahagaLannu ‘bhAShe’gaLendu kareyuvudu mAtra sariyallavendu nanage tOruttade. yAkendare, bhAShegaLalliruva jIvantike I barahagaLalli uLidiruvudilla. mAtannanusarisi badalAguttA hOguva barahagaLu mAtra tamma jIvantikeyannu uLisikoLLaballuvu.
I viShayavannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLalu modalige mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLentahavu, mattu I vyatyAsagaLu mAtu mattu barahagaLa mEle entaha pariNAmavannu bIraballuvu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
mAtu kShaNika, baraha SASvata
mAtina mAdhyama dhvaniyAda kAraNa, ADuttidda hAgeyE adu aLiduhOguttA iruttade. Adare, kAgadada mEle mUDisuva baraha heccu SASvatavAdudu. mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa dindAgi, avugaLa naDuve halavu tumbA mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLu mUDibandive.
omme nuDida mAtannu nAvu hindakke paDeyalArevu; hAgAgi, adaralli badalAvaNegaLannU mADalArevu; adu tappAgiddare, adannu saripaDisuva bErondu mAtannu hELaballevallade, adannE hindakke paDedu saripaDisuva hAgilla. Adare, baredudannu Odi nODi, adaralli
tappugaLiddare avannu tiddi saripaDisi, bEkiddare adannE innomme baredu, AmEle adannu Odugareduru irisaballevu.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa avugaLa naDuve innU halavAru vyatyAsagaLannu tandu hAkide. mAtinalli baruva vAkyagaLu sAmAnyavAgi tunDu tunDAgiruttave; avugaLalli halavu tappAgiyU iraballuvu. idallade, mAtinalli halavu bAri hELiddannE hELuttiruttEve; ondu viShayada naDuve innondu viShaya talehAku tiruttade; obbanu mAtanADuttiruvAga naDuve innobbana mAtU bandiruttade.
Adare, barahadalli vAkyagaLu iDiyiDiyAgiruttave, mattu avu sari yAgiruvanteyU nODikoLLalAguttade. tiLisabEkendiruva viShaya gaLannu ondu kramadalli jODisalAguttade, mattu avugaLalli punarukti dOSha illadante nODikoLLalAguttade.
mAtinalli baLakeyAguva vAkyagaLu cikka cikkavu; uddudda vAkya gaLiddarU avannu cikka cikka vAkyagaLa jODaNeyinda unTumADalAgu ttade. Adare, barahadalli heccAgi uddudda vAkyagaLE baLakeyAguttiru ttave. idallade, ondu vAkyadoLage innondu vAkyavannu irisiru vantaha sikkalu vAkyagaLu barahadalli kANisikoLLuva hAge mAtinalli kANisikoLLuvudilla.
mAtigU barahakkU naDuve intaha halavu vyatyAsagaLiruvuda rindAgi, baraha mAtiginta SrEShTha emba anisike nammalli beLedubandide. Adare, nijakkU miliyagaTTale varShagaLinda bhASheya mAdhyamavAgi baLakeyAguttiruvudu mAtallade barahavalla. mAtige svalpamaTTigina SASvatateyannu tandukoDuvudakkAgi kelavE kelavu bhAShegaLalli mAtra baraha baLakege bandide. ivattigU barahavannu baLasuva bhAShegaLigintalU baLasada bhAShegaLE heccive.
barahavannu makkaLu huTTinindalE paDeyuvudilla
mAtigU barahakkU naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavendare, mAtannu makkaLu huTTinindalE paDeyuttAre; adannu avarige yArU kalisikoDabEkAgilla; maneyalli doDDavaru mAtanADuvudannu kELi, avaru tAvAgiyE adannu kalitukoLLuttAre; ArOgyadalliruva yAva maguvU tanna tAynuDiyannu kalitukoLLadiruvudilla. idallade, ellA makkaLU tamma tAynuDiyalli ondE bageya pariNatiyannu paDeyu
ttAre: idannu paDeyalu kelavarige tusu heccu samaya tagalaballudu, mattu kelavarige tusu kaDime samaya tagalaballudu; Adare, yAva maguvU tanna tAynuDiyalli sampUrNavAda pariNatiyannu paDeya diruvudilla.
Adare, barahavannu makkaLu huTTinindalE paDeyuvudilla. adannu avarige maneyallAgali, SAleyallAgali yArAdarU kalisabEkAguttade. hAge kalisadiddare, avaru adannu kaliyuvudE illa. idallade, ellA makkaLU barahadalli ondE bageya pariNatiyannu paDeyuvudilla; kelavarige adannu tumbA cannAgi baLasalu baruttade, mattu bEre kelavarige adannu eShTu kalitarU sariyAgi baLasalu baruvudilla. I ellA viShayagaLallU, Ijuvudu, saykal tuLiyuvudu, vAhanagaLannu ODisuvudu modalAdavugaLa hAge, barahavembudu namma maTTige huTTinindalE paDeyada, mattu kalitu paDeyabEkAgiruva kavSalyavAgide.
mAtu mattu barahagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa avugaLa naDuve bErondu tumbA mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu tandiriside: hEge bareya bEku, mattu Enu bareyabEku embudannu makkaLige kalisikoDabahudu; doDDavaru hEge kalisikoDuttArO, hAgeyE makkaLU bareyalu kaliyuttAre.
Adare, hEge mAtanADabEku, mattu Enu mAtADabEku embu dannu makkaLige kalisikoDalu baruvudilla; avaru tamma tAynuDiyalli mAtanADalu kaliyuttiruvAga avarannu tandetAyiyaru tiddalu hOdarU, adu avara mAtina mEle yAva pariNAmavannU bIruvu dilla. idallade, tAynuDiyannu kaliyuvalli kelavu niScitavAda hanta gaLiddu, ivugaLalli ondondannU niScitavAda kramadalli makkaLellarU dATuttiruttAre. I viShayadallU avara mEle doDDavara kalisuvike yAva pariNAmavannU bIruvudilla.
makkaLu mAtu mattu barahagaLannu kaliyuva kramadalliruva I vyatyAsadindAgi, avugaLa naDuve innondu mukyavAda vyatyAsa mUDi bandide. mAtu kAladinda kAlakke, mattu talemArininda talemArige badalAguttA hOguttade, mattu sahajavAgi naDeyuva I badalA vaNeya mUlaka, mAtu yAvAgalU tanna hosatanavannu uLisi konDiruttade. I badalAvaNe mukhyavAgi makkaLu tamma tAynuDiyannu kalitukoLLuva samayadalli naDeyuttade. doDDavara mAtinalli kxtakate gaLEnAdarU sErikonDiveyAdare, avellavU intaha badalAvaNegaLa
mUlaka makkaLa mAtinalli pUrti illavAguttave. mAtinalli naDeyuva I badalAvaNeya mEle yAra hatOTiyU iruvudilla.
Adare, barahadalli intaha yAva badalAvaNeyU naDeyuvudilla. adannu makkaLige kalisikoDabEkAguttadeyAda kAraNa, hAge kalisikoDu vAga adannu makkaLu ‘sariyAgi’ kaliyuvante mADalu sAdhyavAguttade. hAgAgi, samaya kaLedantella barahadalli kxtakate tumbikoLLuttade, mattu adu mAtininda dUravAguttA hOguttade. I kxtakateyannu hOgalADisabEkAdalli, mattu mAtigU barahakkU naDuve beLedu baruva antaravannu kaDime mADabEkAdalli, yArAdarU barahagAraru tamma barahagaLalli adakke bEkAda badalAvaNegaLannu mUDisalu prayatna paDabEkAguttade.
yAvudu bhAShe?
mAtigU barahakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisidAga, innondu mukhyavAda viShaya namma gamanakke baruttade: nAvu ‘bhAShe’ emba padada mUlaka janara mAtannu hesarisabEkallade avara baraha vannalla. miliyagaTTale varShagaLinda bhASheya mAdhyamavAgiddudu mAtallade barahavalla. mAtinalli hELida sangati tusu SASvatavAgi uLiyuvante mADalu barahavannu baLasalAguttade, aShTe. bhASheyinda mAtu, mattu mAtininda baraha embudAgi barahakkU bhAShegU naDuve mAtu ondu konDiyAgi nintiruttade. idallade, monne monneya varegU barahavannu samAjada kelavE kelavu mandi mAtra baLasu ttiddaru.
Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, mAtigU barahakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, I vyatyAsagaLindAgi barahakke mAtininda bErAgiruva tannadE Ada astitvavondannu kaTTikoLLalu sAdhyavAgide, mattu idarindAgi, janara manassinalli ivattu mAtigintalU barahakke heccina mahatva bandide. idallade, barahavillada mAtu bhASheyE alla emba anisike ivattu halavarallide. Adare idu nAyi tanna bAlavannu bIsuva badalu, bAlavE nAyiyannu bIsuva hAge
kAladinda kAlakke badalAguttA hOguva mAtannanusarisi baraha badalAgadiddare EnAguttade? idakke samskxta baraha ondu oLLeya udAharaNe. halavAru oLLeya barahagAraru samskxtadalli barahagaLannu baredaru; ivannAdharisi, pANiniyantaha vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtakke
ondu kaTTuniTTAda vyAkaraNavannU baredukoTTaru. ivugaLindAgi, samskxta baraha mAtannanusarisi badalAgalu hOgade niScalavAgi uLiyuvantAyitu. kaLeda eraDu sAvira varShagaLalli I rIti samskxta baraha mAtannanusarisi badalAgade uLidide.
nijakkU ivattu samskxtavannu ondu bhASheyendu kareyuvudu sariyalla. yAkendare, eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde mAtininda bErpaTTAgalE adu ‘bhAShe’ emba hesarannU kaLedukonDittu. ivattu kelavaru tAvu samskxtavannu ADuttiddEvendu hELabahudu; Adare, kAladinda kAlakke mattu talemArininda talemArige badalAguvantaha, mattu A mUlaka tanna hosatanavannu uLisikoLLuvantaha bhASheya mukhya svabhAva adakkilla. yAkendare, A rIti badalAdare adu samskxta vAgi uLiyade bErondu bhASheyAgibiDuttade
hAgAgi, samskxtavannu mAtinalli baLasuvavarellarU ivattu pANiniya vyAkaraNakke mattu mahAkavigaLa baLakege hondikoLLuvante tamma mAtannu saridUgisikoLLuttalE irabEkAguttade. adaralli badalA vaNegaLEnAdarU naDedarU avu svAbhAvikavAgi naDeyuva badalu, barahagAraru (kavigaLu) vayyaktikavAgi naDesidudarindAgi unTAguttave. I rIti mAtina AdhAravannu biTTukoTTudarindAgi samskxta barahagaLu kxtakavAguttA hOguttive.
idannu tiLiyalu, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva samastapadagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu: sAmAnyavAgi, bhAShegaLalli samastapadagaLigU pada kantegaLigU naDuve vyatyAsaviruttade; udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli karihalage embudu ondu samastapada, biLihalage embudu ondu padakante.
intaha padakanteyannu ondu viSiShTavAda arthadalli tayArisi baLasidAga, mattu A arthadalli adu mAtinalli baLakege bandAga mAtra samastapadavendennisuttade. beNkallu, huTTuhabba, hurigaDale modalA davugaLu I rIti viSiShTavAda arthadalli baLakege bandu kannaDadalli samastapadagaLenisive.
samastapada mattu padakantegaLa naDuve bhAShegaLalli kANisikoLLuva I vyatyAsa samskxta barahadalli illavAgide. adaralli kelavu samasta padagaLige viSiShTavAda arthavideyAdarU, avannu antaha arthadalli mAtravallade bariya padakanteya arthadallU kavigaLu baLasaballaru. hAgAgi, ‘samAsa’vemba vyAkaraNa vidhAna samskxtadalli eraDu illavE
heccu nAmapadagaLannu oTTusErisi sankShipta rUpadalli baLasuva ondu sAdhana mAtravAgi uLidukonDide.
samskxtada padakantegaLalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige baLasa bEkAdalli, averaDakkU linga, vacana, mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. kxShNam sarpa೦, kxShNana sarpENa embantaha padakantegaLannu idakke udAharaNeyAgi koDabahudu. samastapadagaLalli I pratyaya koneya padadalli mAtra iruttade embu dannu kxShNasarpa೦, kxShNasarpENa embantaha padarUpagaLalli kANa bahudu.
mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada kavigaLa kayyalli I vidhAna pada gaLannu vAkyagaLalli sankShiptavAgi baLasuva ondu vidhAnavAgi badalAgide. yAva eraDu (illavE heccu) nAmapadagaLannu bEkiddarU oTTu sErisi mattu sankShiptagoLisi, adannu avaru tamma kAvyagaLalli baLasaballaru.
udAharaNegAgi, bANabhaTTana kAdambariyalli ippattu-mUvattu nAmapadagaLannu oTTusErisi tayArisiruva udduddavAda samastapada gaLannU kANabahudu. intaha samastapadagaLige tayArike emba ondE ondu hantaviraballudallade, adakkinta bhinnavAda baLake emba innondu hantaviralAradu. yAkendare, antaha udduddavAda padagaLannu tiru tirugi baLasuva mUlaka avu ondu bhASheyalli rUDhige baralu sAdhyavE illa
kavigaLu vayyaktikavAgi naDesiruva intaha halavu mArpADu gaLindAgi, samskxta barahadalli kxtakegaLu tumbikonDive. kAladinda kAlakke sahajavAgi munduvariyuva bhAShegaLalli intaha kxtakegaLu tAvAgiyE bidduhOguttave; Adare, samskxta barahakke eraDu sAvira varShagaLindalU mAtina AdhAra tappihOgideyAda kAraNa, adaralli sErikonDiruva kxtakegaLu hAgeyE uLidive. ninta nIrina hAge adu jaDavAgide, mattu tanna jIvantikeyannu kaLedukonDide.
‘klAsikal’ bhASheyO, barahavO?
samskxta, lyATin modalAda kelavu barahagaLannu klAsikal bhAShe gaLendu kareyalAguttade; nUrAru varShagaLinda badalAgade uLidiru vudu, mattu halavu bageya uttamavAda granthagaLannu avugaLalli barediruvudu avakke I ‘klAsikal’ emba hesaru baralu mukhya kAraNa. Adare, mEle sUcisida hAge, nUrAru varSha badalAgade uLidira
bEkAdare, avu mAtina AdhAra tappihOgiruva barahagaLAgirabEkallade bhAShegaLAgiralu sAdhyavilla.
ivattu kannaDakkU bhArata sarakAra ‘klAsikal’ padaviyannu koTTide. Adare, kannaDa baraha samskxta mattu lyATin barahagaLa hAge badalAgade uLidilla; adu modalige haLegannaDaviddudu AmEle naDu gannaDavAgi, ivattu hosagannaDavAgide. kannaDa bhAShe mAtinalli badalAguttiruvante, adannanusarisi kannaDa barahavU badalAguttA hOgide. hAgAgi, ivattigU kannaDa baraha jIvantavAgide.
hAgAdare, kannaDadalli yAvudannu ‘klAsikal’ embudAgi kareya bahudu? nanage anisuvudEnendare, haLegannaDa barahakke bEkiddare I padaviyannu koDabahudu. yAkendare, vaDDArAdhaneyinda toDagi muddaNNanavaregU nUrAru varShagaLa baLake adakkideyendu hELa bahudu.
bhASheya bagege nIvEnu balliri?
bhAga nAlku kannaDa bhASheya svarUpa
kannaDa bhAShe ondu Urinalli iruva hAge innondu Urinalli iruvu dilla; ondu samAja illavE jAtiyalli iruva hAge innondu samAja illavE jAtiyalli iruvudilla; ondu kAladalli iruva hAge innondu kAladalli iruvudilla. bEre bEre Uru, samAja mattu kAlagaLalli adu I rIti bhinna bhinnavAgi kANisalu mukhyavAgi kAla dinda kAlakke adaralli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLE kAraNavendu hELa bahudu.
I badalAvaNegaLu bEre bEre UrugaLalli bEre bEreyAgi naDeyalu A UrugaLalli vAsisuva janara naDuve samparka kaDime yAgiruvudE kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLiya UrugaLigU karNATakada itara UrugaLigU naDuve paScima ghaTTagaLindAgi hindina kAladalli paraspara samparka bahaLa kaDimeyiddirabEku. idarindAgi, karAvaLiya kannaDadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu itara pradESagaLalli baLake yalliruva kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLiginta bhinnavAda dAriyannu hiDidirabEku, mattu idarindAgi ivattu karAvaLiyalli baLakeyalliruva kannaDa itara pradESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva kannaDakkinta bhinnavAgi kANisuttide.
bEre bEre samAja illavE jAtigaLallU idE rItiyalli paraspara samparka kaDimeyAdaShTU A samAja illavE jAtigaLige sErida janara mAtugaLalli badalAvaNegaLu bEre bEre dikkinalli naDeyuttave, mattu idarindAgi avu kramENa ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgatoDaguttave. hIge, kAla, Uru mattu samAjagaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLigella bhAShe kAladinda kAlakke badalAguttiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.
kannaDadalli I rIti kAla, dESa, mattu samAjagaLige sambandhisi dante entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive emba viShayadalli innU bahaLaShTu samSOdhanegaLu naDeyuva avaSyakateyide. I samSOdhanegaLu hEge munduvariyabEku embudannu I vibhAgada modala eraDu lEkhana gaLu sUcisuttave.
kannaDada mUru mukhagaLu
kannaDa vyAkaraNada viShayadallU nAvu kaliyabEkAgiruva viShaya gaLu halavive. kannaDada heccina vayyAkaraNigaLU samskxta illavE ingliSh bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgirisikonDu kannaDakke vyAkaraNavannu racisiruvante kANisuttade.
kannaDa bhAShe I eraDu bhAShegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva kAraNa, intaha vyAkaraNagaLu adara padagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racanegaLannu sariyAgi pratibimbisalAravu. kannaDa vyAkaraNakke adaradE Ada ondu vyAkaraNa parampareyannu siddhapaDisuvudu yAke avaSya embudannu I vibhAgada mundina eraDu lEkhanagaLu sUcisuttave.
kannaDa padagaLa Antarika racane mattu caritreyantahadu embudannu nirdharisuvalli samSOdhanegU kavitvakkU naDuve gharShaNegaLunTAgalu sAdhyavide. kelavu sandarbhagaLalli kavitva elle mIruttideyendu samSOdhane tiLisabahudEnO embudannu aydaneya lEkhana sUcisu ttade.
kannaDadalli hosa hosa vicAragaLannu pratipAdisalu mattu itara bhAShegaLinda antaha vicAragaLannu Amadu mADikoLLalu adara pada rASiyannu vxddhisuva avaSyakate kanDubaruttade. idannu hEge naDesa bEku? hEge naDesidalli I padavxddhi kannaDada sAhajikateyannu keDisa diddItu emba viShayavannu Araneya lEkhana parIkShisuttade.
೪.೧ kannaDada mUru mukhagaLu
karNATakadalli heccina janarU kannaDavannADuttAremba viShaya namagella gottide. I ADugannaDa haLLiyinda haLLige, jilleyinda jillege, mattu jAtiyinda jAtige badalAguttA naDeyuvudembudU namage gottide.
maysUrina mandi ondu tarada kannaDavannADuttArAdare, mangaLUri navaru innondu tara, dhAravADadavaru mattondu tara, mattu bIdar navaru magadondu tara. iShTE alla, maysUru jilleyallEnE koLLe gAlada kannaDa, nanjanagUDina kannaDa, mattu heggaDadEvana kOTeya kannaDagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide.
I rIti Urininda Urige vyatyAsavide mAtravalla, ondE haLLi yalli vAsisuva janarallU brAhmaNara mAtu, okkaligara mAtu, Adi karNATakara mAtu embuvella bEre bErAgive.
vyatyAsagaLa niyamabaddhate
kannaDadalli iShTella vyatyAsagaLiveyembudannu nAvella tiLidiruvevAdarU I vyatyAsagaLu entahavu, ivugaLa vyAptiyEnu embudannu iduvarege spaShTavAgi yArU vivarisilla. SAstrIyavAda abhyAsa naDesidalli, I vyatyAsagaLa hinde niScitavAdondu niyamavide embudara arivAga bahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, maysUrinavaru mane ennuttArAdare, dhAravADa davaru mani ennuttAre. maysUrina haNe dhAravADadalli haNiyAgu ide, kere keriyAguttade, gere geriyAguttade. maysUru kannaDada nAmapadagaLa koneyalli baruva ekAragaLella dhAravADa kannaDadalli ikAravAguttadeyembudE I vyatyAsada hindiruva niyama.
maysUru jilleyoLagEnE huNasUrinalli hakki endu hELuvudakke nanjanagUDinalli akki ennuttAre; huNasUrina hAlu nanjanagUDinalli Alu endAguttade; hambu ambu endAguttade, hAvu avu endAguttade. padagaLa Adiyalli baruva hakAragaLella nanjanagUDina kannaDadalli lOpagonDive embudE I vyatyAsada hindiruva niyama.
koLLEgAladalli ekArAntavAgiruva kriyApadagaLella nanjanagUDi nalli ikArAntavAguttaveyembudu intahadE innondu niyama. koLLEgAladalli bare endiruvudu nanjanagUDinalli bari endAguttade; age agiyAguttade, kare kariyAguttade, oDe oDiyAguttade. Adare I niyama kriyApadagaLige mAtra anvayisuttade, nAmapadagaLige anvayisuvudilla embudannu gamanisabEku.
vyatyAsagaLa vyApti
ondu Urininda innondu Urige ADugannaDadalli tOribaruva vyatyAsagaLu hIge niyamabaddhavAgive mAtravalla, avugaLigondu niScita vAda vyAptiyU ide. udAharaNegAgi, padada Adiyalliruva hakAravu biddu hOguvudemba niyamavannu gamanisabahudu.
maysUru jilleya huNasUru, ke.Ar.nagara, mattu piriyA paTTaNagaLalli padagaLa Adiyalli baruva hakAravannu janaru spaShTavAgiyE uccarisuttAre. huNasUru biTTu heggaDadEvana kOTege hOdevAdare alli padagaLa Adiyalli baruva hakAragaLella lOpagonDiruvudannu
kannaDada mUru mukhagaLu
kANabahudu. munde gunDlupETe, cAmarAja nagara, ti.narasIpura, nanjanagUDu, koLLEgAla modalAda kaDegaLallU hakAravu hIge lOpagonDiruvudannu kANabahudu.
I rIti hakAra lOpa ellelli naDedide mattu ellelli naDedilla embudannu haLLiyinda haLLige suttADi kUlankaSavAgi abhyAsa mADide vAdare, maysUrina nakSheyalli ondu spaShTavAda ‘hakArada gere’ yanneLeyalu sAdhyavAdItu. I gere nanjanagUDu-huNasUrugaLa naDuve, heggaDadEvana kOTeya paScimakkAgi hAyditu.
I gere maysUru jilleyannu mAtravalla, iDI karNATakavannE eraDu bhAgagaLAgi vingaDisuttideyendu tOruttade. idara ondu tudi maysUru jilleyallideyAdare, innondu tudi gulbarga mattu SAbAdgaLa naDuve hAdu Andhrada gaDiyannu muTTuva hAge kANisuttade. I eraDu tudigaLa naDuve I gere yAva yAva jille gaLannella kattarisuttade, idara nijavAda svarUpavEnu embudannu tiLiyalu manDya, hAsana, cikkamagaLUru modalAda jillegaLalli sancarisi allina janara mAtannu gamanisabEku.
age-Agi gere
kannaDadalli (guddaliyinda) age, mattu (bAyiyalli) agi embudAgi eraDu kriyApadagaLiveyaShTe. maysUru jilleya bEre bEre tAlUku gaLalli ivakke eraDu rUpagaLive:
(೧) koLLEgAla mattu ti.narasIpuragaLalli iveraDU Agi emba ondE rUpavannu tALuttave.
(೨) huNasUru mattu ke.Ar.nagara tAlUkugaLalli iveraDU ikAradalli konegoLLuttave; Adare, I padagaLalli modalige baruva akAradalli vyatyAsa taledOride: guddaliyinda agi, bAyiyalli a’gi. illi ekArAntavAda kriyApadagaLella ikArAntavAgive; Adare, hinde ikArAntavAgidda kriyApadagaLalli modalige baruva akAragaLella a’kAragaLAgiveyemba niyama kanDubaruttide.
kanda-kanDa gere
maysUru kannaDada innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, kannaDada mADi konDa, tindukonDa embantaha padagaLallAguva parivartane:
(೧) nanjanagUDu, cAmarAjanagara, ti.narasIpura mattu koLLE gAlagaLalli ivu mADkanda, tinDkanda endAguttave;
(೨) uLideDegaLalli mADkanDa, tinDkanDa endAguttave.
I ‘kanda-kanDa’ gere cAmarAjanagara mattu nanjanagUDugaLa paScimakkAgi hAyuttade. I gereya innondu kone elli embudannu tiLiyalu manDya mattu bengaLUru jillegaLalli vAsisuva janara mAtannu pariSIlisabEku.
sAmAjika parimiti
iShTara varege kannaDadalli Urininda Urige kanDubaruva vyatyAsagaLa bhavgOLika parimiti illavE vyApti entahadembudannu pariSIlisidevu. ondE haLLiyalliyU kannaDavu jAtiyinda jAtige vyatyAsa hondu ttideyAda kAraNa, mElina niyamagaLigella ‘sAmAjika parimiti’yannU nirdharisuvudu avaSya.
udAharaNegAgi, padada Adiyalliruva hakAra bidduhOguttade yemba niyamavannu gamanisabahudu:
(೧) nanjanagUDina okkaligara illavE AdikarNATakara mAtinalli padAdiya hakAra heccu kaDime sampUrNavAgi bidduhOgide;
(೨) Adare, idE Urina brAhmaNara kannaDadalli I hakAra hAgeyE uLidukonDide.
jAtiyinda jAtige tOribaruva sAmAjika vyatyAsagaLU bhavgOLika vyatyAsagaLaShTE niyamabaddhavAgiruttave. udAharaNegAgi, nanjanagUDina okkaligara mattu AdikarNATakara mAtugaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu:
okkaligaru mane ennuvudakke AdikarNATakaru mana ennuttAre, aNe (haNe)ge aNa ennuttAre, talege tali ennuttAre, attege atta ennuttAre. nAmapadagaLa koneyalliruva ekAragaLella AdikarNATakara mAtinalli akAragaLAgiveyembudE I vyatyAsada hindiruva niyama.
cAritrika parimiti
kannaDa bhASheyalli tOruva vyatyAsagaLige I rIti bhavgOLika mattu sAmAjika parimitigaLu mAtravallade, mUraneyadAda cAritrika parimitiyU ideyembudannu gamanisabEku: haLegannaDadalli bareda
pampana bhAShegU, naDugannaDadalli bareda basavaNNana vacanagaLa bhAShegU naDuve bahaLaShTu vyatyAsagaLive. mElina vyatyAsagaLa hAgeyE I vyatyAsagaLU niyamabaddhavAgive.
pampana kannaDadalli padagaLa Adiyalli baruttidda pakAragaLella naDu gannaDadalli mattu indina kannaDadalli hakAragaLAgiveyembudu intaha niyamabaddhavAda cAritrika vyatyAsagaLalli ondu.
bhavgOLika, sAmAjika mattu cAritrikagaLemba I mUru mukhya badalAvaNegaLindAgi kannaDadalli bEre bEre prabhEdagaLErpaTTive. ivannu kUlankaSavAgi abhyAsa mADade, namma kannaDada jYAna pUrNavAgadu.
ondondu kAladalli ondondu prabhEda lEkhanayOgyavendu parigaNitavAguttiruvudu kanDubaruttide. hIge parigaNitavAgadE iruva prabhEdagaLu tappu illavE grAmya endu tegaLuvudu sariyalla. kannaDada mUru mukhagaLantiruva I mUru vidhavAda bhAShAprabhEdagaLu sari samanAda gavravakke arhavAdavugaLu. avugaLoLage kILu mElilla.
೪.೨ kannaDada upabhAShegaLu
kannaDa bhAShe kAladinda kAlakke, Urininda Urige, mattu samAjadinda samAjakke bhinnavAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade. hanneraDanE SatamAnadallidda pampana kAlada kannaDa, hadinaydanE SatamAnadallidda basavaNNana kAlada kannaDa, mattu ippattanE SatamAnada ivattina kannaDagaLa naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisuttiddu, ivella mukhyavAgi kAladinda kAlakke kannaDa bhAShe badalAguttA hOdudara pariNAmavendu hELabahudu.
idE rItiyalli, karAvaLiya kannaDa. maysUrina kannaDa, mattu dhAravADada kannaDagaLa naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisuttiddu, ivella bEre bEre pradESagaLalli kannaDa bhAShe bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAvaNegonDudara pariNAmavendu hELabahudu.
ondE Urinalli vAsisuva bEre bEre samAja(jAti)gaLa naDuveyU kannaDa bhASheyalli halavu bageya vyatyAsagaLu kANisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLi karnATakada suLyadalli havyakaru baLasuva kannaDakkU gavDaru baLasuva kannaDakkU naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivu bEre bEre samAjagaLalli kannaDa bhAShe bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAvaNegonDudara pariNAmavendu hELabahudu.
ondu bhAShege entaha upabhAShegaLella ive emba praSnege uttara hELalu A bhAShe bEre bEre kAlagaLalli, bEre bEre UrugaLalli, mattu bEre bEre samAjagaLalli yAva rItiyallella baLakeyallittu mattu baLakeyallide, A baLakegaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive emba viShayavannu kUlankaSavAgi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDada maTTige I viShayadalli sAkaShTu samSOdhanegaLu naDedillavAda kAraNa, I praSnege spaShTavAda uttaravannu koDuvudu sadyakkantU kaShTasAdhya.
namage tiLidiruva maTTige, kelavu mukhyavAda amSagaLannu mAtravE illi sUcisalu sAdhya. Adare hIge mADuvudarinda, innu munde kannaDadalli entaha samSOdhanegaLella naDeyabEku embudannu Uhisi koLLalu sAdhyavide.
kannaDada vibhajane
cAritrika vayvidhyateyannAdharisi kannaDavannu pUrayda haLegannaDa, haLegannaDa, naDugannaDa, mattu hosagannaDa embudAgi nAlku mukhya upabhAShe gaLAgi vibhajisalAgide. I vibhajaneyannu chEdisuvante, prAdESika vayvidhyateyannAdharisi kannaDavannu karAvaLiya paScima kannaDa mattu oLanADina pUrva kannaDa embudAgiyU, ivugaLalli pUrva kannaDa vannu dakShiNa (maysUru) kannaDa mattu uttara (dhAravADa) kannaDa embudAgiyU vingaDisabahudu.
sAmAjika vayvidhyateyannAdharisi kannaDavannu soliga, baDaga, mattu itara embudAgiyU, mattu itara embudannu bEre bEre samAja illavE jAtigaLannAdharisi bEre bEre upabhAShegaLannAgiyU vingaDisa bahudu. Adare mEle sUcisidante, I mUru vibhajanegaLU onda nnondu chEdisuvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLalli ondannu innondarinda pratyEkisi hELuvudu kaShTa.
udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLi (paScima) mattu oLanADu (pUrva) emba prAdESika vibhajane pUrvada haLegannaDakkintalU haLeyadAgide; hAgAgi, pUrvada haLegannaDa, haLegannaDa, naDugannaDa mattu hosagannaDa emba I nAlku upabhAShegaLa kAladallU pUrva-paScimavemba prAdESika vibhajaneyiddirabEkendu hELabahudu.
karAvaLiyalli baLakeyalliruva havyaka emba prabhEdadalli karAvaLi yallEnE dakShiNa mattu uttara pradESagaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLive; hAgAgi, alliyU sAmAjika prabhEdavannu prAdESika prabhEda chEdisu
tideyendu hELabahudu. idallade, soliga mattu baDaga embavuga LeraDu kelavu viSiShTavAda pradESagaLalli mAtra baLakeyallive; hAgAgi, avugaLa maTTige sAmAjika mattu prAdESika amSagaLeraDu oTTu sErive yendu hELabahudu.
idallade, mEle hELiruva pUrvada haLegannaDa, haLegannaDa, naDu gannaDa, mattu hosagannaDa emba vibhajane bariya cAritrika vibhajane yalla. yAkendare, bEre bEre kAlagaLalli bEre bEre sAmAjika mattu prAdESika prabhEdagaLu SAsanagaLalli mattu kAvyagaLalli baLakeyAgalu sAdhyaviddu, ivu bEre bEre sAmAjika mattu prAdESika prabhEdagaLannU pratinidhIkarisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDavembudu mukhyavAgi jayna lEkhakarinda racitavAgiruva kAvyagaLalli kANisuva prabhEdavAdare, naDugannaDavembudu mukhyavAgi lingAyatara kxtigaLalli kANisuva prabhEda. hAgAgi, ivu cAritrika amSagaLalli mAtravallade, sAmAjika amSadallU ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgiveyendu hELabEkAguttade. idE rItiyalli, hosa gannaDa halavu viShayagaLalli maysUrina kannaDavannu hOluttade; hAgAgi, adannU Adhunika kannaDavendu parigaNisuvudu mAtravallade, dakShiNada ondu prAdESika prabhEdavendU parigaNisabEkAguttade.
kannaDa bhAShege entaha upabhAShegaLella ive emba praSnege uttara hELalu I rIti kAla, pradESa, mattu samAjagaLemba I mUru pramANagaLannU oTTAgi gamanadallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. kAladinda kAlakke kannaDa bhAShe yAva rItiyallella badalAguttA bandide embu dannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka, adu kaLeda ondUvare sAvira varShagaLalli hEge bEre bEre kavalugaLAgi oDedide embudannu nirdharisabahudu. idakkAgi I ondUvare sAvira varShagaLalli racitavAgiruva kannaDada SAsanagaLannu mattu itara granthagaLannu, avugaLannu racisida samayava nnAdharisi, pariSIlisuvudu avaSya.
idallade, kannaDada Adhunika prabhEdagaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsa gaLannu sangrahisi, avakke kAraNagaLAgiruva badalAvaNegaLu entahavu, mattu avugaLalli yAvuvu modalu mattu yAvuvu anantara naDedira bahudu, endare avugaLa kAlavyavasthe entahadu embudannu tiLiyuvu dara mUlakavU kannaDa bhASheya caritreyannu, mattu adara sAmAjika hAgU prAdESika prabhEdagaLa caritreyannu kalpisikoLLalu baruttade.
karAvaLi mattu oLanADina kannaDa
kannaDada upabhAShegaLannu mukhyavAgi karAvaLiya kannaDa mattu oLa nADina kannaDa embudAgi vingaDisuva avaSyakateyide. sAmAnyavAgi, kannaDa bhASheya caritreyannu bareyuvavaru adu modalige uttara mArga mattu dakShiNa mArga emba eraDu kavalugaLAgi oDedideyendu hELuvudE rUDhi. nxpatungana kavirAjamArgadalli, eraDanE nAga varmana kAvyAvalOkanadalli, mattu bhaTTAkaLankana SabdAnuSAsanadalli I rIti kannaDadalli uttara mattu dakShiNa mArgagaLiveyendu hELiru vudu idakke mukhya AdhAravirabEku.
Adare, kannaDa kavigaLa mattu vayyAkaraNigaLa I hELike kannaDada prabhEdagaLannu ALavAgi abhyAsa mADi siddhapaDisida hELikeya hAge kANisuvudilla. samskxtadalli uttaramArga mattu dakShiNamArgagaLemba eraDu prabhEdagaLiveyembudAgi kAvyAdarSadalli danDi hELiruva mAtannu hAgeyE kannaDakkU aLavaDisuvudara mUlaka, I vibhajane yannu siddapaDisiruva hAge kANisuttade. danDiya I mAtige samskxta dalli gavDi mattu vaydarbhigaLemba eraDu SayligaLiddudE kAraNa. kannaDadallU uttara-dakShiNa bhEdaviruvudu nijavAdarU, adu karAvaLi-oLanADu (illavE paScima-pUrva) emba bhEdadaShTu mukhya vAdudalla.
Adhunika vidvAmsarU I mElina hELikeyannu heccina parAmarSege guripaDisida hAge kANuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, SrIkanThayya mattu venkaNNayya avara prakAra “dhArvADa(uttara karNATaka)da kannaDakkU maysUru kannaDakkU iruvaShTu bhEdavu mangaLUru kannaDakkU maysUru kannaDakkU iruvudilla”. mElininda mEle nODidAga I mAtu sariyendu tOruttade; Adare, illi maysUru mattu dhAravADa kannaDagaLondige hOlisiruvudu mangaLUrina barahada kannaDavannallade, allina kannaDigara mAtinalli baLakeyalliruva havyaka, kOTa, gavDa, hAlakki modalAda prabhEdagaLannalla.
barahada kannaDa karnATakadalli elleDeyallU heccu kaDime ondE taravAgide. kelavu viSiShTavAda barahagaLalli mAtra mAtina kannaDa baLake yAguttiddu, sAhitigaLu adannu baLasi prAdESika mattu sAmAjika vayvidhyateyannu tOrisikoDalu prayatnisuttAre. mangaLUrina (sAhiti gaLa) barahagaLallU I rIti kelavu prAdESika amSagaLannu kANalu sAdhya. Adare, ivu dhAravADa illavE maysUrina barahagaLalli kANisuva hAge, allinavara mAtannu pUrtiyAgi tOrisikoDalu yatni
suvudilla. hAge mADidalli A barahagaLu itara kannaDigarige svalpavU arthavAgadembudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.
kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLu
karAvaLiya kannaDigara ADumAtannu oLanADina kannaDigara ADumAti nondige hOlisi nODidevAdare, avugaLa naDuve halavAru mukhya vAda vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. maysUru kannaDa mattu dhAravADa kannaDagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLiginta ivu oTTu sankhyeyalli mAtravallade, kAlada maTTigU heccu prAcInavAdavugaLAgive. ivu gaLalli kelavu pUrvada haLegannaDakkintalU hindina kAladalli, endare sumAru eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde naDeda badalAvaNegaLinda siddavAdavugaLirabEku.
udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli madhyamapuruSha samAviShTa mattu asamAviShTa embudAgi uttamapuruShadalli eraDu rUpagaLive: havyakadalli nAvu embudakke ‘nIvU kUDa’ emba samAviShTa arthavideyAdare, engo embudakke ‘nimmannu biTTu nAvu mAtra’ emba asamAviShTa arthavide. kriyApadagaLa padarUpa gaLallU havyakadalli I vyatyAsa kANisuttade.
madhyamapuruSha samAviShTa mattu asamAviShTa emba I vyatyAsa haLegannaDadalli (udA: pampana kAvyagaLalli) nAm mattu Am emba sarvanAmagaLalli kANisuttade; Adare, naDugannaDa mattu hosagannaDa gaLalli kANisuvudilla. haLegannaDadallU I vyatyAsa kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLalli kANisuvudilla.
vyAkaraNada maTTige karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLigU oLanADina prabhEdagaLigU naDuve innU halavAru vyatyAsagaLiddu, avugaLalli kelavannu pariSIlisidAga, karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLu haLegannaDa kkintalU hindina kAladallEnE oLanADina prabhEdagaLinda bhinnavAgiddira bEkembudannu sUcisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDadalli kriyApadagaLige t pratyaya vannu sErisi Aguvikeyannu mADuvikeyannAgi mArpaDisalAguttittu; I pratyaya kannaDa mattu tuLu bhAShegaLannu horatupaDisi, ellA drAviDa bhAShegaLallU uLidukonDide. kannaDadalli idu barE paLeyuLikeyAgi aDagu ‘mareyAgu’: aDaku ‘maremADu’, amugu ‘ottihOgu’:
amuku ‘ottu’, turugu ‘otti tumbiru’ : turuku ‘otti tumbisu’ embantaha kelavE kelavu kriyApadajODigaLalli mAtra kANisuttade.
Adare baDaga kannaDadalli mattu havyaka kannaDadalli ivattigU I pratyayada baLake uLidukonDide. havyakada muruttu ‘muriyitu’ : murudattu ‘murida’, oDattu ‘oDeyitu’ : oDadattu ‘oDeda’, marattu ‘maretuhOyitu’: maredattu ‘mareta’ embantaha rUpa jODigaLalli I pratyayada baLakeyannu kANabahudu.
dhvani parivartanegaLu
karAvaLiya I kannaDa prabhEdagaLu haLegannaDakkinta hindinavembudannu avugaLalli kANisuva bEre kelavu dhvani parivartanegaLa AdhArada mElU sAdhisaballevu. udAharaNegAgi, enTu-ombattanE SatamAnadalli naDeda (೧) ekAra ikAravAguva, mattu (೨) okAra ukAravAguva badalA vaNe karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli naDedilla, Adare haLegannaDa-naDu gannaDagaLalli mattu oLanADina ivattina prabhEdagaLalli naDedive.
padagaLa modalanE akSharadalli ekAra illavE okAra bandiddu, adara anantara yAvudAdarondu otte vyanjana, mattu A vyanjanada baLika ukAra illavE ikAra bandideyAdare, modalanE akSharada ekAra ikAravAguttade, mattu okAra ukAravAguttade embudE I mArpADina svarUpa.
enTu-ombattanE SatamAnada SAsanagaLalli kANisuva edir, keDisu, kesu ‘kempu’, periya ‘doDDa’ modalAda padagaLu AmElina SAsanagaLalli anukramavAgi idiru, kiDisu, kisu, piriya embu dAgiyU, tolu ‘dana’, pogu ‘pravESisu’ modalAda padagaLu tulu, pugu embudAgiyU badalAgiruvudu idakke udAharaNe.
mEle sUcisida hAge, karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli I badalA vaNe naDedilla. udAharaNegAgi, havyakada eduru, keDu, heriyOru ‘doDDavaru’, hogu modalAda padagaLalli ekAra, mattu kemi ‘kivi’, beLi ‘biLi’, eragu ‘iruve’, soli ‘suli’, torusu ‘turisu’, toLi ‘tuLi’ modalAda padagaLalli ikAra badalAgade uLidiruvudannu kANa bahudu.
idallade, karAvaLiya itara kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU I badalAvaNe naDedillavembudakke hAlakki okkaligara kannaDadalli kANisuva eduru, kevi ‘kivi’, beLi ‘biLi’, heri, tori ‘turisu’ modalAda padagaLannu, mattu
suLyada gavDara kannaDadalli kANisuva kebi ‘kivi’, bedar ‘bidiru’, kodi ‘kudi’ toLi ‘tuLi’ modalAda padagaLannu udAharisabahudu.
enTu-ombattanE SatamAnadalli naDedidda I badalAvaNe I rIti karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli naDediralillavAda kAraNa, kannaDadalli karAvaLi-oLanADu (illavE paScima-pUrva) emba prAdESika prabhEda haLegannaDada kAlakkintalU hindeyE siddhavAgittu endu hELalu baru ttade.
Adare, kannaDadalli I badalAvaNeya anantara bEreyU halavu badalAvaNegaLu naDediddu, avugaLalli kelavu karAvaLi mattu oLanADina prabhEdagaLeraDarallU kANisuttave; Adare, innu kelavu badalAvaNegaLu oLanADina prabhEdagaLalli mAtra kANisuttave, mattu bEre kelavu karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLalli mAtra kANisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, sumAru ombattanE SatamAnadalli naDeyalu suruvAgidda pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe kannaDada ellA prabhEda gaLallU kANisuttade. I badalAvaNege karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLu apavAdagaLalla. pAl>hAlu, puli>huli, pO>hOgu, pogal>hogaLu modalAda padagaLalli I badalAvaNe naDediruvu dannu kANabahudu. idE rItiyalli, hattu-hannondanE SatamAnadalli naDeda LikAra LakAravAguva badalAvaNeyU kannaDada ellA prabhEda gaLallU kANisuttade. ali ‘nASavAgu’>aLi, pulu>huLa, pogal> hogaLu, ele ‘eLedADu’ > eLe, balisu ‘upayOgisu’ > baLasu modalAda padagaLalli I badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu.
Adare, dIrgha svarada anantara, illavE mUrakSharada padagaLalli eraDanE svarada anantara baruva anunAsikavu adara anantara ondu sparSavyanjana bandAga lOpagoLLuva badalAvaNe haLegannaDada kAla kkinta anantara naDeda badalAvaNe. idu oLanADina kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli naDedideyAdarU, karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLalli naDedilla. havyakada dAnTu ‘dATu’, nUnku ‘nUku’, sAnku ‘sAku’, kalinku ‘kalaku’, kADinge ‘kADige’, marango ‘maragaLu’ modalAda padagaLannu mattu padarUpa gaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLAgi koDabahudu.
AdicakAra, jakAra mattu gakAragaLa anantara baruva akAra ekAra vAguva badalAvaNe karAvaLiyalli mAtra naDedide; Adare, oLanADinalli naDedilla. havyakada jegili ‘jagali’, ceppara ‘cappara’, ganDu ‘ganDu’,
geDDe ‘gaDDe’, geDDe ‘gaDDa’ modalAda padagaLannu idakke udAharaNe gaLAgi koDabahudu.
ondu bhAShe halakelavu upabhAShegaLAgi oDeda mElU adaralli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu adara ellA upabhAShegaLannU bAdhisalu sAdhyavide. pakAra hakAravAgiruva, mattu vakAra bakAravAgiruva badalAvaNegaLu kannaDadalli intahavendu hELabahudu.
kelavu badalAvaNegaLu ondu pradESadalli baLakeyalliruva ellA bhAShegaLannU oTTAgi bAdhisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, uttarada kannaDa prabhEdavannu bAdhisida cakAra ts mattu c embudAgi oDedu koLLuva badalAvaNe kannaDavannu mAtravallade telugu mattu marAThi bhAShegaLannu bAdhiside; Adare, kannaDadalli idu uttarada upabhAShe gaLannu mAtra bAdhiside, dakShiNadavannu bAdhisilla.
idakke badalAgi, kelavu badalAvaNegaLu ondu bhASheya kelavu upabhAShegaLannu mAtra bAdhisi, uLiduvannu sparSisadiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, mUrakSharada padagaLalli baruva eraDanE svara kelavu viSiShTavAda sandarbhagaLalli lOpagonDiruvudannu nAvu oLanADina kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli mAtra kANuttEve: kudure>Sudre, sAsive> sAsve, bAgilu>bAglu, angaDi>angli modalAda maysUru kannaDadalli naDediruva I badalAvaNe karAvaLiya kannaDadalli naDedilla.
karAvaLiya kannaDa haLegannaDavE?
karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLAgiruva havyaka, hAlakki, gavDa modalAdavu gaLannu kELidAga kelavarige haLegannaDavannu kELida hAge anisuttade. itara kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli naDediruva kelavu badalAvaNegaLu I prabhEdadalli naDeyadiddudE avarige hIge anisalu mukhya kAraNa.
udAharaNegAgi mEleye sUcisidante, itara prabhEdagaLalli naDedidda anunAsika lOpa havyakadalli naDedilla. I kAraNakkAgi, havyakada bahuvacana rUpagaLannu (marango, mangango ityAdi) kELidAga, mattu anunAsikavAgiruva bEre kelavu padagaLannu (dAnTu, nUnku, avunku modalAdavugaLannu) kELidAga haLegannaDa vannu kELidante anisuttade.
idE rItiyalli, haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLigidda bhaviShyadrUpagaLu mattu niShEdharUpagaLu havyakadalli mattu itara karAvaLiya prabhEda gaLalli naShTavAgade uLidive: bappe ‘bandEnu’, hOp ‘hOdEnu’,
timbe ‘tindEnu’, hOga ‘hOgalikkilla’, hADa ‘hADalikkilla’ modalAda havyakada padarUpagaLannu kELidAgalU avakke samanAgiruva haLegannaDa padarUpagaLannu kELida hAge anisuttade.
Adare I kAraNakkAgi karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLannu ‘haLegannaDa’vendu hELuvudu sariyalla. itara kannaDa prabhEdagaLa hAge avu hosagannaDada prabhEdagaLE. oLanADina prabhEdagaLalli naDeda kelavu badalAvaNegaLu karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLalli hEge naDedillavO, hAgeyE karAvaLiya prabhEdagaLalli naDeda kelavu badalAvaNegaLu oLanADina prabhEdagaLalli naDedilla. idarindAgi, ivu ondarindondu bhinnavAgiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavideyallade, ivugaLalli kelavannu hosagannaDavendU innu kelavannu haLegannaDavendU hELalu baruvudilla.
Adare, kannaDadalli halavu mandi barahagAraru I tappannu mADu vudu kANisuttade. haLatu-hosatu embudu ondu prabhEda yAva kAladalli baLakeyallide embudannu avalambisideyallade adara vyAkaraNa entahadu embudara mEle, illavE adara padagaLa racaneyalli entaha dhvanigaLella baLakeyAguttive embudara mEle avalambisilla.
baDaga mattu soliga
haLegannaDa kAlada anantara, Adare hadinaydanE SatamAnakkinta modalu, baDaga mattu soliga emba I eraDu kannaDa prabhEdagaLu kannaDada itara oLanADina prabhEdagaLinda bErpaTTiruva hAge kANisuttade. haLegannaDa kAlada anantara, endare hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnadalli naDeda akAra rakAravAguva badalAvaNe I eraDu kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU naDe dilla. Adare, adakkinta modalu naDedidda badalAvaNegaLella ivugaLallU naDediruva hAge kANisuvudE hIge hELalu AdhAra.
udAharaNegAgi, soligara kannaDadalli aT ‘banDe’ : are ‘ardha’, iTu ‘iruve’ : iru ‘iru’, kaT ‘barahELu’ : kare ‘baTTeya kale’, UTu ‘kAlUru’ : Uru ‘haLLi’ modalAda padajODigaLalli akAra mattu rakAragaLu bhinnavAgi uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.
idE rItiyalli, baDaga kannaDada maTu ‘karu’ : nari ‘nari’, mUru ‘mUru’ : mAru ‘ede’, bETu ‘kesaru’ : bEru ‘bEru’, mUru ‘muri’ : puri ‘huriyakki’ modalAda padajODigaLalli I vyatyAsa aLiyade uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.
I badalAvaNeginta modalE naDedidda LakAra LakAravAguva badalAvaNe, pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe modalAdavugaLella I eraDu prabhEdagaLallU naDediruva hAge kANisuvudAda kAraNa, ivu haLegannaDa kAlada baLika kavaloDedu bErAgirabEkendu sadyakke Uhisi koLLabahudu.
oLanADina prabhEdagaLu
oLanADina kannaDadalli entaha prabhEdagaLella ive, adannu yAva rIti yallella vingaDisabahudu embudannu iduvarege yArU sariyAgi tiLidukoLLalu prayatnisilla. uttara mattu dakShiNa embudAgi eraDu mukhyavAda prabhEdagaLannu vidvAmsaru gamanisiruvarAdarU, nijakkU I eraDu oLanADina prabhEdagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive, avugaLa vyApti entahadu, mattu I vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle oLanADina prabhEdagaLannu yAva rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhya emba viShayadalli paripUrNavAda mattu vyApakavAda samSOdhane innU naDedilla. kannaDa viSvavidyAlayavAgalI illavE karnATakada itara viSvavidyAlayagaLAgalI intaha samSOdhaneyannu kaygettikoLLuvudu avaSya.
udAharaNegAgi, hakAra lOpagoLLuva badalAvaNeyannu nAvu maysUru jilleyallU kANuttEve, baLLAri jilleyallU kANuttEve, mattu gulbarga jilleyallU kANuttEve. Adare, maysUru jille yallEnE ke.Ar.nagara, piriyApaTTaNa, mattu huNasUrina ondu bhAgadalli I badalAvaNe kANisuvudilla. uLida bhAgagaLalli mAtra kANisuttade.
illU kUDa, mElvargadavara kannaDadalli kANisuvudilla, madhyama mattu keLavargadavara kannaDadalli mAtra kANisuttade. gulbarga jilleyallU I badalAvaNe kelavu prabhEdagaLalli kANisuttade, Adare bEre kelavu prabhEdagaLalli kANisuvudilla.
nijakkU I badalAvaNeya vyAptiyEnu? bEre bEre pradESagaLalli kANisikoLLuva I hakAralOpa ondE badalAvaNeyE, illavE svatantravAgi naDeda bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLE? ondE badalAvaNe yAdare, idu kannaDavannu yAva rItiyalli vibhajisuttade? gulbargakkU maysUrigU naDuve I hakAralOpada gere hEge hariyuttade?
oLanADina upabhAShegaLa vibhajaneyalli adara sthAnavEnu? intaha halavAru praSnegaLige nammalli uttaravilla.
oLanADina kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli naDediruva ellA badalAvaNegaLa viShayadallU intahavE praSnegaLige uttaravannu kanDuhiDiyabEkAgide. idakkAgi karnATakada bEre bEre jillegaLannu ondondAgi ArisikonDu, avugaLalli entaha kannaDa prabhEdagaLella ive, mattu I prabhEdagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudAgi pariSIlaneyondannu naDesabEkAgide.
maysUru kannaDada prabhEdagaLu
udAharaNegAgi, maysUru jilleya kannaDa prabhEdagaLannu gamanisa bahudu. sumAru mUvattu varShagaLa hinde nAnu ondu tingaLu I jilleyalli suttADi, bEre bEre UrugaLalli baLakeyalliruva kannaDa prabhEdagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu sangrahisidde. idu I jilleya samagra pariSIlaneyEnU alla; AdarU, kannaDa prabhEdagaLa kuritu entaha viShayagaLannu sangrahisalu sAdhya embudannu idu tOrisikoDa balludu.
samAjaSAstrajYa em.en.SrInivAs avaru hELuvante, maysUrina haLLigaLalli vAsisuva janarannu samAjada sampUrNa sadasyarAgiruvavaru, ardha sadasyarAgiruvavaru, mattu samAjadinda horagiruvavaru embudAgi mUru vargagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. muslimaru ivaralli koneya vargakke sEruttAre; Adare, avaru maneyalli urdu mAta nADuva kAraNa, kannaDa prabhEdagaLa I pariSIlaneyalli avara mAtannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyilla.
samAjada ardha sadasyarAgiruva eraDanE vargadavarannu mElvarga davaru mattu keLavargadavaru embudAgi eraDu prabhEdagaLalli vingaDisa bahudu, mattu samAjada sampUrNa sadasyarAgiruva modalaneya vargadavarannu madhya vargadavarendu parigaNisabahudu. kannaDada prabhEda gaLa maTTige hELuvudAdare, maysUrina haLLigaLalli mElina mUru vargagaLiganusarisi mUru sAmAjika prabhEdagaLannu kANabahudu.
prAdESikavAgi, maysUru jilleyannu paScima, pUrva, mattu madhya embudAgi mUru vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. Ti.narasIpura, koLLE gAla, yaLandUru, cAmarAjanagara, mattu gunDlupETe tAlUkina svalpa bhAga - iviShTu pUrva vibhAgakkU, piriyApaTTaNa, ke.Ar.nagara,
mattu huNasUru tAlUkina svalpa bhAga - iviShTu paScima bhAgakkU, mattu jilleya uLida bhAgagaLu madhya vibhAgakkU sEruttave.
idu I pradESadalli baLakeyalliruva kannaDa prabhEdagaLannu avalambisi racisiruva prAdESika vibhajane. mEle vivarisida mUru sAmAjika prabhEdagaLu I mUru prAdESika prabhEdagaLannu chEdisuttave yAda kAraNa, maysUru jilleya kannaDa prabhEdagaLa varNaneyannu koDuvAga sAmAjika mattu prAdESikagaLemba I eraDu amSagaLannU gamanadallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya.
maysUru jilleya ellA kannaDa prabhEdagaLallU kANisuva, mattu baraha kannaDadalli kANisadiruva vaySiShTyagaLu kelavive. udAharaNegAgi, mUru laghu akSharagaLiruva padagaLalli, mattu mUru akSharagaLalli modalaneyadu mAtra guruvAgiruva padagaLalli eraDaneya svara lOpagoLLuttade (Agasa>Agna, kUdalu> kUddu); intaha padagaLalli mUru akSharagaLa badalu nAlku akSharagaLiveyAdare, eraDaneya svarada badalu mUraneya svara lOpagoLLuttade (kannaDaka>kannaDa). I badalAvaNe maysUrina ellA prabhEdagaLallU kANisuttade.
akAra mattu ekAragaLu paravAdAga, o mattu O svaragaLu anukramavAgi va mattu vA endAguvudu (oge>vage, gODe> gvADe), makArada anantara a mattu A endAguvudu (mosaru> masaru), mattu e-E svaragaLu ya-yA endAguvudu (emme> yamme, hETe>hyATe) maysUru jilleyalli elleDeyallU kANisuva innondu badalAvaNe.
Adare, kelavara mAtinalli mAtra I badalAvaNe kANisikoLLuttade, bEre kelavara mAtinalli kANisikoLLuvudilla. hAgAgi, I badalA vaNeya nijavAda vyApti entahadu embudinnU spaShTavAgilla. idakke sAmAjika illavE prAdESika mitigaLEnAdarU iveyE embudannu tiLiyalu heccina pariSIlane avaSya.
mElvargadavara prabhEdadalli kANisadiruva, mattu uLida ellA prabhEdagaLallU kANisuva vaySiShTyagaLU kelavive. udAharaNegAgi, rt, rD, mattu rT emba vyanjanakantegaLu L, N, mattu NN embudAgi badalAyisiruvudannu (hurti>huLLi ‘huruLi’, kaLurti> kaLLu ‘karuLu’, kurDa>kuNNa ‘kuruDa’, hOrTa>hoNNa ‘horaTa’)
madhya mattu keLavargada prabhEdagaLalli jilleya ellA pradESagaLallU kANabahudu.
madhyavargada prabhEdagaLu
madhyavargada sAmAjika prabhEdavannu maysUru kannaDada mukhya sAmAjika prabhEdavendu parigaNisabahudu. mEle vivarisidante, maysUrina haLLigaLalli idu samAjada sampUrNa sadasyarAgiruva janara prabhEda. I prabhEdavannu pUrva, paScima, mattu madhya emba mUru prAdESika prabhEdagaLAgi vingaDisabahudu.
I vibhajanege AdhAravAgaballa badalAvaNegaLannu oTTAgi pariSIlisi dAga, paScimada prabhEda uLida eraDu prabhEdagaLiginta halavu viShaya gaLalli bhinnavAgiruvudu kANisuttade. Adare, pUrva mattu madhya prabhEdagaLa naDuve heccu vyatyAsagaLu kANisuvudilla.
udAharaNegAgi mEleyE sUcisiruvante, AdihakAra lOpa goLLuva badalAvaNe (hAlu>Alu, hakki>akki, hELu>ELu, huLi> uLi) pUrva mattu madhya prabhEdagaLalli naDedide; Adare, paScima prabhEdadalli naDedilla. idE rItiyalli, D endu emba vyanjanakante pUrva mattu madhya prabhEdagaLalli L endAgide (koDDi>koLLi ‘koDali’, kaDDe>kaLLe ‘kaDale’, saDDu>saLLu ‘saDilu’, guDDu>guLLu ‘guDisalu’); Adare, paScima prabhEdadalli badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide.
paScima mattu madhya prabhEdagaLannu pUrva prabhEdadinda bErpaDisuva badalAvaNeyendare, ekAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLu ikAradalli konegoLLuvantAguvudu (bare>bari, naDe>naDi, kara>kari ‘barahELu’, age>agi ‘guddaliyinda Agi’). I badalAvaNe paScima mattu madhya prabhEdagaLalli naDedide; Adare, pUrva prabhEdadalli naDedilla.
illU paScimada prabhEda madhya prabhEdakkinta bErAgide: koneya ekAra ikAravAgiruva kriyApadagaLu modalinindalU koneyalli ikAravidda (agi ‘jagi’, kari ‘eNNeyalli kari’ modalAda) kriyApada gaLiginta madhya prabhEdadalli bErAgilla; Adare, paScimada prabhEdadalli averaDu modalaneya svaradalli bErAgive.
idallade, pUrva mattu paScima prabhEdagaLa naDuve avu baLasuva padagaLallU kelavu vyatyAsagaLive; illU kUDa, madhya prabhEda pUrva
| ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದ ಪ್ರಭೇದ | ಪೂರ್ವದ ಪ್ರಭೇದ |
|---|---|
| ಬೆಂಕಿ | ಬಿಂಕಿ |
| ಇಲಿ | ಎಲಿ |
| ಮಗ | ಮಣ |
| ಮಗ್ಗು | ಮಗ |
| ಚೇಣು | ಚೇಳು |
| ಏಳು | ಯೋಳು |
| ಬೆಳ್ಳು | ಬೆಟ್ಟು |
| ಗೊರ್ಲು | ಕೊಬ್ಬು |
| ತಿಂದೊ ‘ತಿಂದೆವು’ | ತಿಂದು |
| ತಿಂದಿವ್ನಿ | ತಿಂದಿನಿ |
pUrvada prabhEdavannu dakShiNa pUrva mattu uttara pUrva embu dAgi vingaDisabahudu. padagaLa koneyalli baruva ekAra dakShiNadalli ay illavE a endAgiruvudu (bare>bara, baray, mane>mana, manay, age>aga, agay) I vibhajanege ondu AdhAra. prathama puruSha Ekavacanadalli kriyApadagaLa pullinga mattu strIlinga rUpagaLu dakShiNadalli bhinnavAgive, uttaradalli bhinnavAgilla embudu innondu AdhAra.
dakShiNadalli pullinga rUpagaLa koneyalli baruva akAra anunAsika svaravAgide. uttama puruSha EkavacanadallU kriyApadada bhUtarUpa gaLu dakShiNadalli ekAradalli konegoLLuvuvAdare, uttaradalli ikAra dalli konegoLLuttave (bande>bandi, tinde>tindi, nODDe>nODDi).
itara prabhEdagaLu
itara eraDu sAmAjika prabhEdagaLU idE rItiyalli prAdESika vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, mElvargada prabhEda paScima mattu madhya pradESagaLalli ekAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLu ikAradalli konegoLLuvante mADuttave, Adare pUrva pradESa dalli mADuvudilla. paScima pradESadalli modalindalEnE ikAradalli konegoLLuttidda kriyApadagaLu ekAra ikAravAdudarinda siddhavAda
kriyApadagaLinda avugaLa modalanE svaradalli bhinnavAgive, Adare, madhya pradESadalli intaha vyatyAsavilla.
keLavargadavaralli baLakeyalliruva kannaDada prabhEda madhya vargadavara prabhEdadalli kANisuva vaySiShTyagaLellavannU paDediruttade. idallade, adaralli adaravE Ada bEre kelavu vaySiShTyagaLU sErikonDive. Adare, I vaySiShTyagaLu kelavu pradESagaLalli mAtra kANisuttiddu, avugaLa nijavAda vyAptiyantahadu embudannu tiLiyalu idakkintalU heccu vistAravAda pariSIlaneyannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.
udAharaNegAgi, ke.Ar.nagara tAlUkina keLavargadavara mAtinalli kakAra mattu gakAragaLu, i, I, e mattu E svaragaLu baLika bandAga, anukramavAgi cakAra mattu jakAragaLAgi mArpaTTive (kivi>civi, kIlu>cIlu, kelasa>celsa, kELu>bELu; giDa>jiDa, gIru>jIru, gellu>jellu, gENu>jENu). I badalAvaNeya vyApti paScima pradESadalli hEgide embudinnU spaShTavAgilla.
keLavargadavara mAtinallEnE, cAmarAjanagara tAlUkina dakShiNa pradESadalli nakAra NakAravAgiruvudu kanDubaruttade (anna>aNNa, ninne>niNNe, banni>baNNi, Ane>ANe). I badalAvaNeyadU vyApti mattu svarUpagaLu entahavu embudu spaShTavAgilla.
kADukurubara kannaDa
maysUrina paScima pradESadalli mEle vivarisida samAjagaLiginta bhinna vAgiruva kADukuruba emba pangaDavU, pUrva pradESadalli soliga emba pangaDavU ide embudannu illi gamanisabahudu. ivugaLalli soliga emba pangaDa haLegannaDada kAladallEnE kavaloDeda pangaDa virabEkembudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. kADukuruba pangaDada kannaDavU itara kannaDa prabhEdagaLiginta halavu viShayagaLalli bErAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, I prabhEdadalli e mattu E svaragaLu anukrama vAgi a mattu A svaragaLAguttave; Adare, I badalAvaNe avugaLa baLika T, D, N mattu L vyanjanagaLu bandiruvalli naDeyuvudE jAsti (eNNe>aNNe, heNNu>aNNu, hELu>ALu, bEDa>bADa).
makArada anantara o mattu O svaragaLu anukramavAgi a mattu A svaragaLAgi badalAguvudu I prabhEdada innondu vaySiShTya (moTTe>maTTe, moLe>maLe, mODa>mADa).
karnATakada itara jillegaLallU intahavE illavE idakkintalU ALavAda mattu vistAravAda pariSIlaneyannu naDesi, alli baLake yalliruva kannaDadalli entaha vaySiShTyagaLella kANisuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide. I rIti karnATakada ellA jillegaLallU pariSIlane naDesida baLika, adarinda siddhavAguva prabhEdagaLannella oTTu sErisi, kannaDakke entaha prabhEda illavE upabhAShegaLella ive embu dannu, mattu I prabhEdagaLa vyAptiyEnu, avugaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive, avu cAritrikavAgi eShTu varShagaLaShTu hinde kavaloDedirabahudu embudannu nirdharisabahudu.
pariSIlaneya avaSyakate
sAmAnyavAgi, mAtinalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva prabhEdagaLannella ‘aSuddha’ rUpagaLendU, barahadalli kANisuva rUpavannu ‘Suddha’ rUpa vendU hELuvudu rUDhi. barahadalli entaha prabhEdavannu baLasabEku embudannu vidyArthigaLige tiLisuvudakkAgi I rIti Suddha mattu aSuddha embudAgi (illavE bEre yAvudAdarU padada baLakeya mUlaka) kannaDa prabhEdagaLannu pratyEkisuvudu avaSyavAdarU, SuddhASuddhavemba padagaLa hindiruva artha ivugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke anvayisuvu dillavembudannu gamanisuvudu (mattu vidyArthigaLige tiLihELuvudu) avaSya.
mEleyE sUcisidante, ondu nuDiya prAdESika illavE sAmAjika prabhEdagaLalli yAvudu bEkiddarU, barahadalli baLake yAguva mUlaka, barahada prabhEdavAgaballudu. idallade, bEre bEre kAlagaLalli bEre bEre prabhEdagaLu barahada prabhEdavAgi baLakege bara balluvu. endare, ondu kAladalli ‘aSuddha’vendenisidda prabhEda innondu kAla dalli ‘Suddha’vendenisaballudu.
I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada prabhEdagaLa naDuve kANisuva I vayvidhyate kannaDada bhAShAsampattu embudAgi nAvu tiLidukoLLabEkAgide. I vayvidhyateyannu pariSIlisuvudendare, nijakkU kannaDada bhAShAsampattannu pariSIlisida hAge. haLegannaDa-naDugannaDagaLigU hosagannaDakkU naDu viruva vyatyAsavannu tiLidukoLLuvudu hEge avaSyavO, hAgeyE kannaDada bEre bEre sAmAjika mattu prAdESika prabhEdagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu tiLidukoLLuvudU avaSyavE.
kannaDada vyAkaraNa parampare
I prabhEdagaLa naDuve avu baLasuva padagaLalliyU halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. kelavu prabhEdagaLalli mAtravE kANisuvantaha padagaLU halavive. ivannella oTTu sErisi, kannaDada upabhAShAkOSavondannu tayArisidevAdare, padagaLa maTTige nijakkU kannaDada bhAShAsampattu entahadu emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.
idE rItiyalli, I prabhEdagaLa naDuve avu baLasuva vyAkaraNada maTTigU halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivannU oTTu sErisi, padagaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu racisuvalli I prabhEdagaLu hEge bEre bEre tantragaLannu baLasuttive embudannu tiLiyabahudu. kannaDa bhASheya svarUpaventahadu emba viShaya intaha kannaDa prabhEdagaLa pariSIlaneyinda mAtravE spaShTavAgaballudu.
೪.೩ kannaDada vyAkaraNa parampare
kannaDada vyAkaraNada adhyayanakke ondu sAvira varShagaLigintalU heccu dIrghavAda caritreyide. I avadhiyalli kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle bEre bEre rItiya mattu bEre bEre gAtrada nUrakkU mikki granthagaLu mattu lEkhanagaLu racitavAgive. ivu kannaDadalli mAtravallade, ingliSh, samskxta, raSyan modalAda bEre kelavu bhAShegaLallU racitavAgive. I vyAkaraNagaLu sUtrarUpadalli, sUtrada vyAkhyAna rUpadalli, praSne- uttara rUpadalli, prabandha rUpadalli - hIge bEre bEre rUpa gaLallU racitavAgive.
kannaDavannu kaliyabayasuvavarige, kannaDada oLaguTTannu tiLiya bayasuvavarige, kannaDavannu itara drAviDa illavE bEre bhAShegaLondige hOlisabayasuvavarige, kannaDada caritreyannu ariyabEkendiruvavarige
- hIge bEre bEre uddESagaLannu mundiTTukonDu barediruva vyAkaraNagaLU ivugaLallive.
mUru mukhya paramparegaLu
kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle iShTellA granthagaLu mattu lEkhanagaLu hora bandiveyembudu namage santOShavannu mattu hemmeyannu taruvantaha sangatiyembudEnO nija. Adare, nijakkU I granthagaLu mattu lEkhana gaLu kannaDa vyAkaraNada oLaguTTannu tiLisikoDuvalli eShTara maTTige
samarthavAgive embudannu pariSIlisuvudu avaSya. idakkAgi I grantha gaLannu mattu lEkhanagaLannu mUru mukhya paramparegaLalli racitavAdavu gaLendu vingaDisikoLLabahudu.
pANiniya samskxta vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racitavAda kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNa, bhaTTAkaLankana SabdAnuSAsana mattu innitara halavAru haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu, mattu avugaLa mEle bareda vyAkhyAnagaLu ondu vibhAgakke sEruttave. Adhunika kannaDada mElU I parampareyalli bareda vyAkaraNagaLu halavive.
hattombattanE SatamAnadinda Icege, mukhyavAgi kriSciyan miSanarigaLu ingliShnalli barediruva kelavu hosagannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu yurOpina vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racitavAgiddu eraDaneya vibhAgakke sEruttave.
adarindIcege, Adhunika bhAShAvijYAnigaLu racisiruva vyAkaraNa granthagaLu mattu lEkhanagaLu mukhyavAgi amerikada ingliSh vyAkaraNa parampareyalli siddhavAgiddu, mUraneya vibhAgakke sEruttave.
kannaDada I mUru rItiya vyAkaraNagaLallU namage kanDubaruva ondu mukhyavAda sangatiyEnendare, ivu bEre yAvudO ondu bhASheya (endare samskxta, lyATin illavE ingliSh bhASheya) vyAkaraNa parampareyannu anusarisalu prayatnisiveyallade, kannaDakke adaraddE Ada ondu vyAkaraNa parampareyannu sAdhisikoDalu prayatni silla. I ellA vyAkaraNagaLallU idondu eddu kANuva korate.
samskxta, lyATin mattu ingliSh - ivu mUrU inDO yurOpiyan emba ondE bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu. ivu svatantra bhAShegaLAgiddu ondarindondu sAkaShTu bhinnavAgiveyAdarU, ivugaLa vyAkaraNada mUla sUtragaLu heccu kaDime ondE Agive; hAgAgi, I mUru vyAkaraNa paramparegaLu heccu kaDime ondE vyAkaraNa parampareya mUru prabhEdagaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide.
kannaDa bhAShe idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva bhAShe. idara vyAkaraNada mUla sUtragaLu samskxta, lyATin, ingliSh modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLalli kANisuva vyAkaraNada mUla sUtragaLiginta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu. hAgAgi, kannaDa vyAkaraNada mUlasUtragaLannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLabEkAdare, kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu siddhapaDisikoLLuvudu avaSya. samskxta illavE ingliSh vyAkaraNa parampareyalli bareda granthagaLu
kannaDada vyAkaraNa parampare
mattu lEkhanagaLu intaha kannaDadavE Ada vaySiShTyagaLige heccina gamana koDalAravu.
vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLu
udAharaNegAgi, pANiniya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racitavAgiruva granthagaLalli kartx, karma, karaNa modalAda ‘kAraka’gaLige mahatvada sthAnavide. intaha kArakagaLu samskxtada vAkyaracaneyannu sariyAgi varNisi hELalu avaSyavAda kAraNa, avakke A bhASheya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli pradhAnavAda sthAnavannu koDuvudu ucitavendE hELabahudu.
lyATin mattu ingliSh bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa parampareyalli siddha vAgiruva granthagaLalli intahavE Ada sabjekT, DayrekT AbjekT, embantaha ‘vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLu’ mahatvada sthAna paDedive. I bhAShegaLalli baruva vibhakti pratyaya illavE upasargagaLige nEravAgi artha hELalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa, vAkyagaLalli avu entaha kArya gaLannu naDesuttave embudannu tiLisalu intaha vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLa avaSyakateyide.
Adare, kannaDada vAkyaracaneyalli I samasyeyilla. adara vibhakti pratyayagaLige nEravAgi arthadoDane sambandhavannu kalpisikoDalu sAdhya vide. vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa kAryavEnu embudannu I vibhakti pratyayagaLu nEra vAgi sUcisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa. hAgAgi, kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLisalu kArakagaLannAgali illavE itara vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLannAgali baLasuva avaSyakateyilla.
samskxta, ingliSh modalAda itara bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa parampare yalli bareda kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu intaha anavaSyavAda kArakagaLannu illavE vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLannu kannaDada mEle hEri, adara vyAkaraNa tumbA kliShTavAguvante mADive.
udAharaNegAgi, yurOpiyan bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLalli baLake yAguva ‘sabjekT’ emba vyAkaraNa sambandhavannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadallU aLavaDisahoraTa bhAShAvijYAnigaLu kannaDada nanage mUru kate gottide embantaha vAkyagaLalli yAvudannu (nanage embudannO, kate embudannO) sabjekT embudAgi parigaNisabEku emba viShayadalli
halavu samasyegaLannedurisabEkAgide. kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyondannu sAdhisikoTTalli intaha toDakugaLu ELuvudilla.
guNapadagaLu
kannaDada vAkyaracaneyalli udda, agala, doDDa modalAda guNapada gaLige ondu viSiShTavAda sthAnavide; avu nAmapada mattu kriyApada gaLiginta bhinnavAda bEreyE ondu padavargakke sEruttave. kannaDa bhASheya mEle racitavAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDada I vaySiShTyavannu spaShTavAgi vivarisi hELuvudu avaSya.
samskxtada vAkyaracane I viShayadalli kannaDakkinta tIra bhinna vAdudu. samskxtadalli intaha guNavAcaka padagaLige nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAda sthAnavilla. avu nAmapadagaLa hAgeyE linga, vacana mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruttiddu, vAkyadalli svatantravAgi nilla balluvu. kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kANisuva hAge, avu nAmapadagaLannu avalambisikonDiruvudilla. samskxta bhASheya I vaySiShTyavannu pANiniya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racisiruva granthagaLu sariyAgi prati bimbisuttave.
Adare, pANiniya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racitavAda kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDaddE Ada vaySiShTyavannu varNisuva badalu, adara vAkyaracane samskxtada vAkyaracaneya hAgeyE ideyemba tappu kalpane baruvante mADuttave. samskxtada guNadharmavannu kannaDada mEle hErahOgi, kannaDa vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi heccu kliShTavAguvante mADuttave.
kannaDa bhAShe intaha halavAru viShayagaLalli samskxta mattu ingliSh bhAShegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgide; hAgAgi, adara vyAkaraNavannu samskxta illavE ingliSh bhASheya vyAkaraNa parampareyalli bareya hOdAga, A vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi heccu kliShTavAguttade.
kannaDakke adaraddE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu siddhapaDisuvudu yAke avaSya emba viShaya idarinda spaShTavAguttade. intaha tannadE vyAkaraNa parampareyalli racitavAda granthagaLu kannaDada vAkyaracaneyannu saraLavAgi mattu heccu spaShTavAgi vivarisi hELaballuvu. kannaDa vyAkaraNa vannu varNisahoraDuvavarella I dikkinalli samSOdhane naDesuvudu avaSya.
೪.೪ SatamAnada kannaDa vyAkaraNa samSOdhane
kaLeda ippattanE SatamAnadalli kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle entaha samSOdhanegaLella naDedidduvu embudannu tiLiyuva prayatnavannu I lEkhanadalli mADalAgide. Adare, I pariSIlaneyannu naDesuva modalu samSOdhaneyendarEnu embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakate yide.
namma viSvavidyAlayagaLalli samSOdhakaru bahaLa mandi iruva rAdarU jAgatika maTTada samSOdhanegaLu nammalli heccEnU naDeyu ttilla emba dUru kELibaruttide. idakke namma viSvavidyAlayagaLalli samSOdhanege mArgadarSana mADuvavaralli heccinavarU samSOdhane endarEnu, samSOdhane mattu kaliyuvikegaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsa vide embudannu sariyAgi tiLiyadiruvudE mukhya kAraNavendu nanage anisuttade.
I vyatyAsavannu modalige svalpa vivarisi, AmEle kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle kaLeda SatamAnadalli naDeda samSOdhanegaLu hEge dAri tappive embudannu tOrisabayasuttEne.
kaliyuvike mattu samSOdhane
yAvudAdarU ondu viShayavannu kaliyuvudakkU, adara mEle samSOdhane mADuvudakkU naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive: nAvu ettikonDa viShayada mEle bEre bEre pustakagaLalli, patrikegaLalli, mattu avannu Odi tiLidukonDiruva vidvAmsaralli sAkaShTu mAhitigaLu sangrahavAgiruttave. antaha pustaka mattu patrikegaLannu Odi, vidvAmsaru hELuvudannu kELi, A viShayada kuritu mAhitiyannu sangrahisuvudakke kaliyuvudu endu hesaru.
samSOdhane embudu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu: ondu viShayada kuritu samAjadalli sangrahavAgiruva mAhitiyalli tappugaLu illavE asAngatyagaLu EnAdarU iveyE, mattu yArigU tiLiyadiruvantaha hosa sangatigaLEnAdarU iveyE embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudE samSOdhane.
I vyatyAsada prakAra, ondu viShayavannu namage kaliyabEkendiddalli namage adhyApakara sahAya bEku; Adare, ondu viShayada kuritu
samSOdhane naDesabEkendiddalli, adakke namage ‘mArgadarSakara’ sahAya bEkallade adhyApakara sahAya bEkAgilla. kaliyuvavara maTTige adhyApakarendare ellavannU tiLidavaru; kaliyuvavaralli ELuva samSaya gaLannella nivArisuva Sakti avarigide; hAgAgi, avaru Enu hELuttiddAre embudannu kivigoTTu kELi, adannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLuvudE kaliyuvavaru mADabEkAgiruva mukhya kelasa.
Adare, samSOdhakara maTTige ellavannU tiLidavaru yArU illa; mArgadarSakaru avarige yAva rItiyalli samSOdhane mADabEku embudannu tiLisaballarallade, samSOdhaneya phalitAmSa Enirabahudu, illavE EnirabEku embudannu tiLisalAraru. adannu tamma samSOdhane gaLa mUlaka hosadAgi kanDuhiDiyuvudE samSOdhakara mukhya kelasa.
I rIti, yArigU gottilladiruva sangatigaLannu kanDuhiDiyuva mUlaka, mattu tappAgi tiLidukonDiruva sangatigaLannu saripaDisuva mUlaka samAjada jYAnarASiyannu heccisuvudE samSOdhakara kelasa.
kaliyuvikegU samSOdhanegU naDuve vyatyAsaviruva hAge, kalisuva adhyApakarigU samSOdhanege dAri tOrisuva mArgadarSakarigU naDuve vyatyAsaviruvudu avaSya. adhyApakanobba tAnu kalisuva viShaya vannu sariyAgi tiLidirabEku mAtravalla, tAnu tiLidiruvudellavU sari emba AtmaviSvAsavU AtanallirabEku. I viShayadalli svalpavAdarU samSayavideyAdare, Ata dhayryadinda vidyArthigaLige kalisalAra.
Adare, samSOdhane mADuvavaru, mattu samSOdhanege mArga darSana mADuvavaru yAva hELikeyannU sampUrNavAgi sariyendu tiLidukoLLabAradu. ellavannU samSayada dxShTiyinda nODidAga mAtra, avara samSOdhane munde hOgaballudu. entaha doDDa vidvAmsaru hELiddannU hAgeyE oppikoLLade vicAraNege oLapaDisalu avaru siddharirabEku.
I kAraNakkAgi, parIkShegaLalli rEnk gaLisuva vidyArthi uttama samSOdhakanAgabEkendEnilla. hAge AguvudU kaShTasAdhya. idE rIti yalli, vidyArthigaLa accumeccina adhyApaka uttama mArgadarSaka nAguvudU kaShTasAdhya. kaliyuvudakke mattu kalisuvudakke bEkAguva manObhAva samSOdhanege mattu mArgadarSanakke bEkAguva manO bhAvakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.
namma viSvavidyAlayagaLalli I eraDu kelasagaLannU obbarE mADa bEkAguvudarinda, samSOdhaneyemba hesarinalli kaliyuvike mAtra
naDeyuvudu kANisuttade. heccinavarigU I eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda kelasagaLannu oTTAgi naDesikonDu hOgalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudE idakke kAraNa.
omme nanna mitrarobbaru DAkTarET padavigAgi tAvu bareda prabandhavannu nanage tOrisidaru. adannu OdidAga nanage AScarya vAyitu: mUvattu varShagaLaShTu haLeya siddhAntagaLannu baLasi avaru A prabandhavannu barediddaru. A siddhAntagaLalli heccinavU sariyalla endu avarige spaShTavAgi tiLididdarU avaru hIge mADiddaru.
idu yAke hIge endu nAnu kELidAga avaru hELidaru, “nanna mArgadarSigaLu tamma DAkTarET prabandhadalli I siddAntagaLannu baLasiddAre; Iga nAnu hosa siddAntagaLannu baLasidalli, avaru hinde baredidda prabandha sariyalla embudAgi nAnu hELida hAgAdItu. hAge mADidalli, nanna prabandhakke avara oppige siguvudu asambhava”.
namma viSvavidyAlayagaLalli jAgatika maTTada samSOdhanegaLu naDeya diruvudakke ondu mukhyavAda kAraNavannu I mElina ghaTane bahaLa spaShTavAgi sUcisuttade. tamma mArgadarSanadalli prabandhagaLannu bareyu tiruva samSOdhakaru tAvu barediruva prabandhakkinta ondu hejje munde hOdarU bEsarapaTTukoLLuva adhyApakariruvaShTu divasa namma viSvavidyAlayagaLalli samSOdhane naDesuvudu asAdhyavendE hELa bahudu. tanna SiShyaninda parAbhavavannu bayasuva adhyApakaru mAtra nijakkU samSOdhanege mArgadarSakarAgaballaru. antaha adhyApakaru nammalli beraLeNikeyaShTu illa embudu bEsarada sangati.
kannaDa vyAkaraNada viShayadalli I mAtu akSharaSaH satya. kESirAjanE modalAda kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu Enu hELiddAre embudannu carcisuvudu vyAkaraNada kaliyuvikeyallade samSOdhaneyalla. avaru barediruva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli tappu illavE asAngatyagaLEnAdarU iveyE? iddare avannu nivArisuvudu hEge? avaru hELadE iruvantaha hosa vyAkaraNAmSagaLEnAdarU iveyE? avaru bare diruva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hosagannaDakke hondisikoLLalu avu gaLalli entaha badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEku? intaha viShayagaLa kuritu carce naDedalli mAtra I vyAkaraNagaLa mEle samSOdhane naDedideyendu hELabahudu.
Adare, kannaDa vyAkaraNada kuritAgi antaha carce namma viSva vidyAlayagaLalli naDedilla mattu naDeyuttillavendE hELabahudu.
kESirAjana niyamagaLalli tappideyendu hELuvudE mahApApa endu bhAvisuvavarige nijakkU samSOdhane mADuva adhikAravE illa.
SatamAnada vyAkaraNagaLu
kaLeda SatamAnadalli kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle halavAru pustakagaLu mattu lEkhanagaLu prakaTavAgive. Adare, ivugaLalli samSOdhaneya mUlaka kannaDa vyAkaraNada kuritu namma jYAna heccAguvante mADuva pustakagaLu mattu lEkhanagaLu bahaLa kaDime. heccinavU kESirAjanE modalAda hindina vayyAkaraNigaLu hELida viShayavannE bEre bEre rItiyalli vivarisi hELalu naDesida prayatnagaLu.
samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu baLasuva badalu yurOpina lyATin, grIk modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa parampareyannAgali, illavE inglenD mattu amerikada ingliSh vyAkaraNa parampare yannAgali baLasi racisida vyAkaraNa granthagaLu mattu lEkhanagaLu halavu I SatamAnadalli siddhavAgive. Adare, I prayatnagaLallella kannaDaddE Ada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kanDuhiDiyuva samSOdhaka pravxtti kANisu vudu bahaLa aparUpavendE hELabahudu.
pravDhaSAlegaLalli vyAkaraNavannu bOdhisuvudakkAgi halavAru mandi adhyApakaru mattu itara lEkhakaru cikka cikka vyAkaraNa pustakagaLannu baredu prakaTisiddAre. ivellavU kESirAjanE modalAda hindina kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu tOrisida dAriyallE naDediveyAda kAraNa, ivugaLa racaneya hinde samSOdhaneyEnU illa. intaha pustakagaLu paThyapustaka samitiyu eLediruva gereyoLagEnE uLiyuva avaSyakateyideyAda kAraNa, ivugaLa tayArikeyalli samSOdhaneyannu kANalu sAdhyavU illa.
idallade, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLannu arthamADikoLLuvalli edu rAguva samasyegaLannu pariharisalu yatnisuva lEkhana mattu granthagaLU kelavu prakaTavAgive. ivu vyAkhyAnakArana dxShTikOnavannu avalambisu ttaveyallade, obba samSOdhakana dxShTikOnavannu avalambisuvudilla. hAgAgi, ivugaLallU kannaDa vyAkaraNada kuritAgi hosa viShayagaLa prastApavannu kANuvudu kaShTasAdhya.
viSvavidyAlayagaLalli samSOdhanA padavi (pi.hec.Di)gAgi siddha vAgiruva prabandhagaLu, mukhyavAgi ingliSh bhASheyalli baredavugaLu, halavive. ivugaLalli haLegannaDa (samskxta) vyAkaraNa parampareyannu
biTTukoTTu, yurOpina illavE amerikada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu baLasiruvudu kanDubaruttade. Adare, I vyAkaraNa paramparegU lyATin, grIk, ingliSh modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShe gaLE AdhAravAgiruva kAraNa, kannaDada maTTige idu samskxta vyAkaraNa parampareyaShTE asamarpakavendu hELabahudu.
kannaDa bhAShe I inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShAkuTumbakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva bhAShe. adara vyAkaraNa inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle racitavAgiruva I prabandhagaLu A vyAkaraNa ondu hosa dAriyalli naDeyuvante mADiruvuvEnO nija. Adare, I hosa dAriyU, haLE dAriya hAge, kannaDada maTTige ondu tappu dAriyallade bErenalla.
kESirAjana vyAkaraNa
kESirAjana kAladalli kannaDavannu bahuSaH prAkxta, pAli, apabhramSa modalAdavugaLa hAge samskxtada ondu vikxta rUpavendu parigaNisu tiddirabEku. ivattigU intaha abhiprAyavannu hondiruva mandi nammalli kelavariddAre.
Adare, hattombattanE SatamAnada koneyallEnE I abhiprAya tappu emba viShaya siddhavAgittu. samskxta inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShAkuTumbakke sEruvudendU, kannaDa adakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sEruvudendU A samayadalli vidvAmsaru tOrisikoTTiddaru. I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDa vyAkaraNa samskxtavE modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNakkinta bhinna vAgiruvudu anivArya. Adare, yAva rItiyallella adu bhinnavAgide embudannu kanDuhiDiyuva prayatna kannaDada maTTige innU sariyAgi naDedilla.
kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNa embudu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyama gaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu naDesiruva prayatna mAtra. hAge aLavaDisalu eShTu mAtrakkU sAdhyavillavendu tOridAga mAtra, kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu tayArisikoDuva prayatnavannu I vyAkaraNadalli mADalAgide.
Adare hIge mADidudarindAgi, A vyAkaraNa kannaDada maTTige ondu ganTu ganTAgiruva, mattu anavaSyakavAgi tumbA kliShTavAgiruva
vyAkaraNavAgide. halaveDegaLalli adu samskxta vyAkaraNada niyamagaLa mEle kannaDa niyamagaLa tEpe hAkiruva hAgide.
hosagannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, I vyAkaraNavannu sampUrNa vAgi biTTukoTTu, kannaDaddE Ada hosadondu vyAkaraNavannu siddhapaDisuvudE namage uLidiruva dAri.
haLegannaDada I vyAkaraNavannu samSOdhakana dxShTiyinda parIkShiside vAdare, adaralli ardhakkintalU heccina bhAgadalli kannaDakke avaSyavallada samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu bahaLa kaShTadinda kannaDa udAharaNe gaLannu koTTu vivarisalu prayatnisiruvudannu kANabahudu. uLida ardhada svalpa bhAgadalli samskxtadalli illada, mattu kannaDadalli ive yendu bhramisiruva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kANabahudu. innu svalpa bhAgadalli haLegannaDakke anvayisuva, mattu hosagannaDakke anvayisa diruva niyamagaLive. hAgAgi, I vyAkaraNadalli nijakkU hosagannaDakke anvayisuva niyamagaLiruva bhAga bahaLa cikkadu.
udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada samAsagaLannu I vyAkaraNa nEravAgi varNisalu prayatnisuvudilla. idakke badalu, samskxtada Aru samAsa gaLannu (tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, avyayIbhAva, dvandva, mattu bahuvrIhi embavugaLannu) hAgeyE uLisikonDu, anantara I Aru samAsagaLalli sEradiruva samastapadagaLigAgi mAtra, inneraDu samAsa gaLannu (gamaka mattu kriyAsamAsa embavugaLannu) hosadAgi sErisi koLLuttade. nijakkU kannaDada samastapadagaLannu varNisalu I tEpe kelasa avaSyavilla. nEravAgi kannaDa samAsagaLu entahavu embudAgi varNane yondannu koTTiddare sAkAguttittu.
samskxtada samastapadagaLannu avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva pada gaLalli pradhAnapada yAvudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle vingaDisa bEkAguttade. Adare, kannaDada heccina samastapadagaLallU eraDaneya angavE pradhAnapadavAgideyAda kAraNa, avannu I viShayada AdhArada mEle vingaDisidalli adu samarpakavAda vibhajaneyAgalAradu.
idallade, samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLannu mAtra samastapadagaLalli baLasalu sAdhya. avyayagaLU avugaLalli baraballuvAdarU, avannu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli nAmapadagaLendE parigaNisalAguttade. idakke badalu, kannaDadalli samastapadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru bageya padagaLu baraballuvu. hAgAgi, kannaDada samastapadagaLa vibhajanege (mattu bEre drAviDa
nuDigaLa samastapadagaLa vibhajanege) avugaLa modala padavAgi entaha pada bandide embudE sariyAda AdhAravAgaballudu.
kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLu mattu guNapadagaLu emba eraDu pada vargagaLige sEruva padagaLive; Adare, samskxtadalli I eraDu bageya padagaLU nAmapadavemba ondE padavargadalli baruttave. kannaDadalli guNapadagaLannu, kxdantagaLannu, mattu sankhyAvAcaka padagaLannu nEra vAgi avugaLalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nAmapadadondige baLasaballevu. Adare, samskxtadalli ivakke samanAda padagaLannu nAma padagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, A padagaLondige baruva vibhakti-vacana pratyayagaLannu avakkU sErisabEkAguttade.
udAharaNegAgi, kxShNana sarpaNa ‘kappu hAvininda’ embudaralli txtIyA-Ekavacanada vibhakti pratyaya sarpa emba nAmapadadondige mAtravallade kxShNa padadondigU bandide. Adare, kannaDadalli I rIti *kappininda hAvininda endu hELalu baruvudilla.
samskxtadalli kxShNa emba padavannu vibhakti pratyayavillade kxShNa sarpaNa embudaralliruva hAge baLasidAga, alli vibhaktilOpavAgi samAsavAgideyendu hELalu baruttade; Adare, kannaDada kappuhAvu embudaralli I rIti vibhakti lOpa AgillavAda kAraNa (alli modaligEnE vibhakti pratyayaviralillavAda kAraNa) samAsavAgideyendu hELalu yAva AdhAravU illa. Adare, intaha kaDegaLalli samAsa vAgideyendu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu bhramisiddAre.
kxdanta, sarvanAma mattu sankhyAvAcakagaLa baLakeyU idE rIti yadu. samskxtadalli mxtEna sarpaNa emballi, illavE tasmAt ghaTAt emballi vibhakti pratyaya eraDu padagaLallU bandiddu, mxta sarpaNa mattu tadvaTAt emballi modalaneya padada vibhakti lOpa vAgideyendu hELaballevu.
Adare, kannaDadalli satta hAvininda mattu A koDadinda emba baLakegaLiveyallade, *sattadinda hAvininda mattu *adarinda koDa dinda embantaha modalaneya padakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisiruva baLakegaLilla. hAgAgi, kannaDada satta hAvu, A koDa embantaha baLake gaLalli vibhakti lOpavU illa. ivugaLalli gamaka samAsavemba kannaDaddE Ada samAsavideyendu namma vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudu avara bhrame mAtra.
samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avugaLa arthadondige nEravAgi sambandhisuvudu tumbA kaShTa. halaveDegaLalli kANisuva vibhakti pallaTakke samskxtadalli arthavE illa. I kAraNakkAgi, mattu samskxtada kelavu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavAguvante adara vayyAkaraNigaLu kAraka emba vyAkaraNa tatvavondannu kalpisikonDi ddAre. ingliSh, phrenc modalAda kelavu pAScAtya bhAShegaLallU intahadE samasyeyiddu, adakkAgi sabjekT, AbjekT modalAda kelavu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu kalpisikoLLabEkAgide.
samskxtadalli I rIti kAraka embudannu yAke kalpisikonDiddAre, mattu kannaDakke idara avaSyakateyideyE embudannu parAmarSisalu hOgade, kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu adannu hAgeyE tamma vyAkaraNa gaLallU aLavaDisikonDiddAre.
Adare, kannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLige avugaLa ellA baLakegaLallU nEravAgi arthadondige sambandhavannu sAdhisabahudu. avugaLa baLake yalli samskxta vibhaktigaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha samasyeyilla. hAgAgi, avannu arthadondige sambandhisuvudakkAgi kArakavemba vyAkaraNa tatvavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyilla.
kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu vivarisuvallU I kArakagaLa avaSyakate kanDubaruvudilla. idannu kanDukoLLalu sAdhyavAgada kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I kArakavemba kalpita tatvavannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadoLakke tandu hAki, A vyAkaraNa anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAguvante mADiddAre.
haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli, mattu avugaLa AdhArada mEle racita vAgiruva hosagannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli intaha kannaDakke avaSyavilladiruva innU halavAru vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu mattu kalpanegaLannu kANa bahudu. kaliyuvavana vxttiyannu biTTukoTTu, samSOdhakana dxShTi yinda pariSIlisidAga mAtra, kannaDa vyAkaraNakke ivu yAke avaSyavilla embudu spaShTavAdItu.
namma vayyAkaraNigaLalli aparUpakke kelavaru intaha samSOdhaka dxShTiyinda haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLannu, mattu adE parampareyalli siddhavAda hosagannaDa vyAkaraNagaLannu pariSIlisiddAre. udAharaNegAgi, pancamI vibhakti mattu gamaka samAsagaLa kuritu sEDiyApu kxShNabhaTTaru barediruva lEkhanagaLannu gamanisabahudu.
vyAkaraNavondaralli baLakeyAguva pAribhAShika padagaLu adara hindiruva vyAkaraNa parampareyalli beLedubandiruttave. avugaLa avaSyakate, avugaLigiruva artha modalAduvella A vyAkaraNa parampare yannu, mattu A bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu avalambisiruttave. avannu bErondu bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu bareyuvalli baLasabEkAdAga, intaha vyAkaraNAmSagaLu anavaSyakavAgi A bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu kliShTavAgi mADadante eccara vahisuva avaSyakateyide.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli ELu vibhaktigaLive; samskxtada vayyA karaNigaLu ivannu prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA ityAdiyAgi hesarisiddAre. I pAribhAShika pada(hesaru)gaLannu kannaDada vayyAkaraNi gaLu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNadallU aLavaDisikonDiddAre.
illi ELu vibhaktigaLiveyembudu, avannu ondanE vibhakti, eraDanE vibhakti, mUranE vibhakti modalAdavugaLAgi ondu kramadalli paTTi mADabEkembudu, mattu I paTTiyalli baruva yAvudE ondu vibhaktige intahadE artha illavE baLake irabEkembudu samskxta vyAkaraNakke sambandhisida amSa. kannaDa vyAkaraNa I ellA viShayagaLallU samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgiraballudu, mattu nijakkU adu A rIti bhinnavAgide.
kannaDadalli oTTu nAlku vibhaktigaLu mAtra ive: annu, inda, ge, mattu lli embavu I nAlku vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu. kannaDada maTTige inda mattu ge embavugaLeraDu mukhyavAgi calanege sambandhisida Akaravannu, endare calane ellinda suruvAgide mattu ellige sAgide embudannu, sUcisuttave. calanege sambandhisadE iruva Akaravannu lli emba pratyaya sUcisuttade. hIge I mUru pratyaya gaLadu ondu gumpAdare, annu emba pratyaya ivakkinta tIra bhinna vAgiddu, ondu ghaTane yAvudara mEle pariNAma bIride embudannu sUcisuttade.
sankhyegaLa mUlaka I pratyayagaLannu hesarisuvudAdare, annu embudannu modalaneya vibhaktiyendU, inda mattu ge embavugaLannu eraDanE mattu mUranE vibhaktigaLendU, lli embudannu nAlkanE vibhaktiyendU hesarisuvudE kannaDada maTTige sari.
samskxta vyAkaraNadalli vibhaktigaLige prathamA, dvitiyA, txtIya ityAdiyAgi sankhyegaLannu baLasi hesarugaLannu koTTiruvudakke kAraNa
bEreyE ide: avannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu ellella ondE rUpa dalli baruttave embudannu sUcisalu sulabhavAguvante I paTTiyannu mADalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, agni emba padakke dvivacanada txtIyA, caturthI mattu pancami vibhaktigaLalli agnibhyAm emba ondE rUpa ide. Adare, bahuvacanada caturthI mattu pancamigaLalli mAtra agnibhyaH emba ondE rUpa ide. Ekavacanada pancamI mattu ShaShThigaLalli agnEH emba ondE rUpa ide.
I rIti bEre bEre nAmapadagaLige ondE rUpa kANisuva vibhaktigaLella oTToTTAgi baruvante samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I vibhaktigaLa paTTiyannu mADiddAre. idannu kannaDadallU hAgeyE baLasuvudarinda kannaDada vyAkaraNada maTTige yAva prayOjanavU siguvudilla. nijakkU kannaDada yAva eraDu vibhaktigaLU ondE rUpa dalli baruvudilla.
samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu baLasuva svaragaLa paTTiyU hIgeyE. samskxtada sandhiniyamagaLannu sulabhavAgi mattu aDakavAgi hELalu sAdhyavAguvante I paTTiyannu racisalAgide. kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I paTTiyalli alpasvalpa vyatyAsavannu mADi, hAgeyE adannu kannaDakke aLavaDisikonDiddAre. Adare I paTTi kannaDa vyAkaraNakke svalpavU anukUlavAgilla.
a, i mattu u (hrasva mattu dIrgha) embavugaLannu oTTige hELi, anantara x mattu ೈ (hrasva mattu dIrgha) embavugaLannu, mattu anantara E, O mattu ay, av embavugaLannu hELuvudu samskxtada krama. aiuN, xlkak, EOc, ayOc emba mAhESvara sUtra gaLalli I paTTi baruttade.
samskxtadalli akAra, ikAra mattu ukAragaLu mUlasvaragaLu; inDO-yurOpiyan mUlabhASheya ekAra mattu okAragaLu samskxtadalli akAravAgi badalAgiveyAda kAraNa, samskxtadalli kANisuva ekAra mattu okAragaLu mUlasvaragaLalla. avu sandhiya mUlaka siddhavAguva ‘guNAkSharagaLu’ mAtra. avannu akAra, ikAra mattu ukAragaLinda bEre irisalu idu ondu kAraNa; avu dIrgha rUpadalli mAtra baruttave, hrasva rUpadalli baruvudilla embudu innondu kAraNa. ay mattu avgaLU samskxtada sandhikAryagaLalli viSiShTavAda sthAnavannu paDediruva ‘vxddhi’ emba hesarina svaragaLu. I rIti, mElina svaragaLa paTTi samskxta vyAkaraNada maTTige atyanta upayuktavAda paTTi.
Adare, kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige I paTTi tIrA anupayukta vAdudu. yAkendare, kannaDadalli ekAra mattu okAragaLeraDU mUla svaragaLAgiddu, hrasva mattu dIrghagaLemba eraDu rUpagaLallU baru ttave; avannu a, i mattu u svaragaLinda pratyEkisuvudakke kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli yAva AdhAravU illa.
idallade, kannaDada sandhikAryagaLalli ikAra mattu ekAragaLu ondu rItiyalli vartisuvuvAdare (avugaLeduru yakAra AgamavAgi baruttade), ukAra, okAra mattu akAragaLu innondu rItiyalli vartisuttave (avugaLeduru vakAra AgamavAgi baruttade). hAgAgi, kannaDada maTTige svaragaLa paTTiyannu i, e; u, o, a (hrasva mattu dIrgha) embudAgi koDuvudE uttama.
idallade, ay mattu avgaLige kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli samskxtada hAge viSiShTavAda sthAnavilla. nijakkU avu akArakkinta bhinnavAda svaragaLE alla; akArakke yakAra mattu vakAragaLannu sErisiruva sErikegaLu mAtra. brAhmI lipiyannu kannaDakke aLavaDisikonDAga anavaSyakavAgi bandu sErikonDa akSharagaLivu. kannaDadalli iveraDu mAtravallade, ey, oy, Ay modalAda bEreyU halavu sErikegaLiveyAda kAraNa, I eraDu sErikegaLige mAtra viSiShTavAda sthAnavannu koTTiru vudarindAgi kannaDa baraha anavaSyakavAgi kliShTavAgide. idallade, adu samSOdhakaralli gondalavannU unTumADuttade.
Adhunika vyAkaraNagaLu
samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareyannu biTTukoTTu, yurOpina illavE amerikAda vyAkaraNa parampareyannu anusarisi bareda halavu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu kaLeda SatamAnadalli siddhavAgive. kelavu viShayagaLalli ivu samskxta vyAkaraNada horeyannu kannaDa vyAkaraNadinda tegeduhAkuva mUlaka kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu saraLagoLisive. Adare, innu kelavu viShayagaLalli ingliSh illavE itara pAScAtya bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNada horeyannu kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle hEruva mUlaka adannu kliShTa goLisive.
amerikAda ingliSh vyAkaraNa parampareyalli mukhyavAgi eraDu rItiya dxShTikOnagaLannu kANabahudu: bEre bEre bhAShegaLige bEre bEre rItiya vyAkaraNagaLiralu sAdhya, mattu I kAraNakkAgi avugaLa vyAkaraNagaLannu avugaLadE Ada racanAvaySiShTyagaLannu kanDuhiDiyuva
mUlaka varNisabEku ennuva blUmphIlD modalAdavara varNa nAtmaka vyAkaraNagaLa dxShTikOna ivugaLallondu; ellA bhAShegaLigU samAnavAgiruva vyAkaraNavondide, adannu modalige varNisi, anantara avugaLa naDuve mElininda mEle kANisuva vyatyAsagaLAvuvu embudannu varNisabEku emba comski modalAdavara dxShTikOna innondu.
Adhunika kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli heccinavU ivugaLalli modalaneya dAda varNanAtmaka dxShTikOnavannavalambisive. Adare, adara mUla tatvagaLannu baLasikoLLuvalli avu yaSasviyAgiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. halavAru viShayagaLalli avu ingliSh bhAShege avaSyaviruva, Adare kannaDa bhAShege avaSyavilladiruva vyAkaraNAmSagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDa vyAkaraNadallU aLavaDisalu yatnisiruvudannu kANabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada hAge ingliShnallU samastapadagaLa vibhajaneyannu avugaLa angagaLalli pradhAna pada yAvudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. idannE I vyAkaraNagaLu kannaDakkU anvayisiruvudannu kANabahudu. idallade, ingliShna sabjekT, AbjekT modalAduvannU ivu kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli anavaSyakavAgi aLavaDisikonDive.
Adare, bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli ivu kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu hosa rItiyalli varNisalu yatnisive. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada svaragaLannu pUrva mattu paSca embudAgi vingaDisuva mUlaka, kannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAguvantaha svaragaLa paTTiyannu koDalu ivu SaktavAgive. kannaDada sandhikAryagaLannU ivu svatantra rItiyalli varNisiruvudannu kANabahudu. vibhaktigaLa varNane, kriyArUpagaLa varNane modalAda bEre kelavu kaDegaLallU ivu kannaDada svarUpavannu heccu saraLavAgi vivarisalu SaktavAgive.
comskiya ‘janareTiv’ dxShTikOnadinda siddhavAda vyAkaraNagaLalli mAtra, kannaDa vyAkaraNa ingliSh vyAkaraNada tadpratiyAgide. e.ke. rAmAnujan avara kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli idannu spaShTavAgi kANa bahudu. udAharaNegAgi, ingliShnalli vAkyaracanege padagaLa (illavE padagucchagaLa) sApEkSha sthAna bahaLa mukhyavAdudu. vAkyadalli ondu nAmapada kriyApadada modalu bandare adu sabjekTannU, anantara bandare AbjekTannU sUcisuttadeyemba niyama adarallide.
idallade, ingliSh vAkyadalli AbjekT illada vAkya iraballudu, Adare sabjekT illada vAkya iralAradu.
intaha halavu niyamagaLa AdhArada mEle, ingliSh vAkyagaLannu nAmapadaguccha (sabjekT) mattu kriyApadaguccha embudAgi modalige vingaDisi, AmEle kriyApadagucchavannu tirugi kriyApadaguccha mattu nAmapadaguccha (AbjekT) embudAgi vingaDisalAguttade.
Adare, I ellA viShayagaLallU kannaDa bhAShe ingliShninda bhinnavAgide; hAgAgi, mElina niyamagaLannu kannaDada vAkyagaLige anvayisalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgiddarU, rAmAnujan avara kannaDa vyAkaraNa intahadE vAkyaracaneyannu kannaDadallU kANalu prayatnisu ttade.
munde embattanE daSakadalli bhAShegaLu I viShayadalli bhinna vAgiralu sAdhya embudannu managanDa comski modalAdavaru tamma dxShTikOnavannu badalAyisikonDiddAre; idallade, ittIcege avara siddhAnta idE dikkinalli innaShTu badalAvaNegaLannu kanDide: bEre bEre bhAShegaLa naDuve samAnavAgiruva vyAkaraNAmSa atyalpa endu vAdisuva comskiyavara ‘minimalisT siddhAnta’ I viShayadalli heccu kaDime blUmphIlD avara haLE siddAntavannE hOluttide. kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige I siddAntavannu kAryarUpakke taruva kelasa I SatamAnadalli innU naDeyabEkAgide.
vyAkaraNada avaSyakate
nijakkU I rIti kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu samSOdhisuvudarinda prayOjana vEnAdarU ideyE endu yArAdarU kELabahudu. vyAkaraNabaddha vAgi mAtanADalu nAvu cikkandinallE kalitiruvevAda kAraNa, adakke vyAkaraNavannu kaliyuva avaSyakateyilla. Adare, arivige eTakuvantaha vyAkaraNa jYAnadinda bEre halavu rItiya prayOjanagaLannu nAvu paDeyaballevu.
kampyUTargaLu ivattu namma jIvanadalli bahaLa mukhyavAda sthAna vannu AkramisikoLLuttive. kannaDa bhASheyannu kampyUTargaLige aLavaDisi koLLabEkiddalli, adakke kannaDa padaracane mattu vAkyaracanegaLannu tiLisikoDuva tantrASavannu tayArisikoDuvudu avaSya. idakke samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu illavE ingliSh vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDadavendu bhramisuva kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLinda EnU prayOjana
vAgalAradu. kannaDakke adaradE Ada vyAkaraNavondannu siddhapaDisidalli mAtra, antaha vyAkaraNavannu baLasi kampyUTargaLige uttamavAda kannaDa tantrAmSavannu tayArisikoDalu sAdhya.
intaha kannaDaddE Ada tantrAmSada mUlaka, nAvu barediruva kannaDa padagaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu kampyUTar mUlaka tiddalu sAdhyavAga bahudu, mattu ingliSh, hindi modalAda bhAShegaLalli bareda barahagaLannu kannaDakke anuvAdisuva kelasavannU kampyUTar mUlaka mADisalu sAdhyavAgabahudu. hAgAgi, I kampyUTargaLa hosa yugadalli kannaDa vyAkaraNakke ellillada prAmukhyate baruvudaralli samSayavilla.
೪.೫ Sabdabrahmaru eDavidAga
Sabdakke artha hELuvudU ondu kaleyE embudannu oppabEku. yAkendare, I kAryadalli vidvAmsarigintalU kavigaLigE agrasthAna. kelaveDegaLalli ondu Sabda mattu adara artha ivugaLoLage yAva rItiya cAritrika sambandhavilladiddarU kavigaLu A artha koTTuda rindAgi adakke mAnyate baruttade. hAgendu vidvAmsaru tamma SAstrIya kxtigaLallU kavitvakke illavE kalpanAvilAsakke mAruhOdarAdare, antaha vidvAmsaru eDaviddArendE hELabEkAguttade.
kempagiruvudu kenne (ArOgyavantara kenne kempAgiruvudarinda) endAgali, parane paridu hOguva svabhAvavuLLudE pardu > haddu endAgali, mEyuvudaralli hiridenisiddannu kanDuhiDidudE mEke endAgali Sam.bhA.jOSiyavaru vAdisidare, adannu tappendu SAstrIyavAgi vAdisalu sAdhyavAgadirabahudu. kuDu-kuDane naDuguvu dakke haccuva caLiyannu kODu endU, A caLiyinnU jAstiyAgi kuLLirabEkAda paristhiti bandare adakke kuLir emba hesarendU avaru sAridarU avara I kavitvakke kelavaru taledUgabahudu (Sam.bhA. jOSiyavara kannuDiya huTTu emba pustakavannu nODi).
Adare, beral emba Sabdadinda beranTu embudu siddavAgide yendAgali, kUL (anna)vannu tindu tiruguvudarindAgi kULi > gULi emba pada siddhavAgideyendAgali, suddigaLannu bEreyavarigariya dante hIrikonDu baruvavanE hEra illavE hErige endAgali vAdisahoraTare adakke SAstrada mannaNe dorakalAradu. SabdagaLalli
Sabda brahmaru eDavidAga
baruva pratiyondu vyanjanakke illavE svarakke adaradE Ada caritre yiddu, bariya sArUpyada AdhArada mEle SabdagaLoLage sambandhavannu kalpisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
svara mattu vyanjanagaLa caritre
kannaDa SabdagaLalli baruva svara mattu vyanjanagaLa caritreyannu barI kannaDa SabdagaLannu mAtravE pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka tiLiyalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakkAgi kelavomme tamiLu, telugu, tuLu, gOnDi, kuDukh modalAda itara drAviDa bhAShegaLalli baruva SabdagaLannU abhyAsa mADuva avaSyakate kanDubaruttade.
udAharaNegAgi, beranTu emba Sabdadalli baruva eraDaneya vyanjanavu akAravAgiddu, kannaDadalli adu rakAravAgideyendu, mattu beral embudaralli I vyanjanakke rakAravE mUlavAgittendu intaha abhyAsadinda siddhisuttade. avugaLoLage arthadalli sambandha tOrabahu dAdarU SabdagaLa maTTige sambandhavilla.
kUL-gUL embavugaLallU hIgeyE. avugaLoLage artha sAmya kANisuttade, Adare Sabda sambandhavilla. kUL embudu haLegannaDa dallEnE kUL endide. Adare, gUL embudaralliruva LakAra I rIti aykAradinda bandideyendu vAdisalu yAva AdhAravU illa. adu mUladallU LakAravAgiyE iddirabEku. hIru emba padadinda hEra illavE hEriga emba padavannu SAstrIyavAgi sAdhisalu sAdhyavillavEkendare, kannaDada caritreyalli I emba svara E emba svaravAgideyendu hELalu yAva AdhAravU illa.
namma nuDi
mAsti venkaTESa ayyangAryaru bareda namma nuDi emba pustaka dallU intahavE halavu kalpanegaLannu kANuttEve. andavAda kay angay, angayyalli iruvudu ankeyalliruttade, hAgAgi ankayyE anantara anke endAgirabEku embudu intaha kalpanegaLallondu. bAyalli nIrUruvante mADuva padArtha Urpu > uppu embu dinnondu. iru emba dhAtuvininda Ete, aydAne emba rUpaga LAdante, kayya beraLugaLa hAge ottAgiru emba arthadalli aydu emba pada bandu adE aydu emba sankhyAvAciyAda padavAgiralU sAku embudu mattondu.
mElininda mEle nODuvavarige ivellavU yuktiyuktavAda vAda gaLAgiyE tOrabahudAdarU ondu mukhya cAritrika kAraNakkAgi ivu mUrannU tappu kalpanegaLendu tyajisabEkAguttade. kannaDadavE Ada canda, cannAgi modalAda padagaLinda mattu itara drAviDa bhAShegaLalli kANisuva padagaLinda, kannaDada anda emba padada mUlavU canda endE iddirabEkendu nirdharisabEkAguttade.
Adi cakAra vikalpavAgi lOpagonDiruvudE I rIti kannaDadalli canda-anda embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLu kANisalu kAraNa. angay mattu anke emba padagaLa mUlarUpakke intaha AdicakAravannu kalpisikoLLalu yAva AdhAravU illavAdudarinda, avakkU anda emba padakkU naDuve yAva sambandhavU siddisadu.
uppu emba padada mUlavU cuppu endiddirabEkendu kuyi, gOnDi, pArji modalAda madhyadrAviDa bhAShegaLa AdhArada mEle hELabahudu. aydu emba padadallU intaha AdicakAravittu. udA haraNegAgi, pArjiyalli I pada cEdu endU, kuyiyalli singi endU baruttade. Uru (mUla Uru) emba padakkAgali, iru emba padakkAgali intaha AdicakAravannu kalpisikoLLalu AdhAravillavAda kAraNa, mEle hELida mAstiyavara kalpaneyannu sariyendu samarthisi koLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. illa emba padakkU cil emba rUpavidditAda kAraNa, adannU ir emba dhAtuvininda sAdhisuvudu kaShTasAdhya.
bEre kelavu kalpanegaLu
mAstiyavara pustakadalli idE rItiya innU halavAru kalpanegaLannu kANabahudu. ivugaLalli kelavannu mElina kalpanegaLa hAge tappendu nirdhAravAgi hELabahudAdare, bEre kelavannu sariyendu illavE tappendu vAdisalu yAva AdhAravU illavAddarinda sadyakkantU hAgeyE biDabEkAguttade.
bAgi bAgi mADuva kelasavAddarinda kuNi embudakkU kUnu embudakkU sambandha kalpisiddAre, Adare kUnu embudara nakAra kuNi embudaralli NakAravAdudu hEge embudannu mAtra hELilla. kaL ‘maresu’ embudarinda kaLatale > kattale emba pada bandideyendi ddAre, Adare I eraDaneya pada (kaLatale embudu) kari embudarinda siddhisideyendu hELalu cAritrika AdhAravide. pit (hinde) emba padada
pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTi
uccAraNe hindumundAgi tippe endAgideyendu avaru hELiruvu dantU tIra vicitra.
bennu emba padavannu mAstiyavaru pin emba padadinda sAdhisu ttAre. Adare kannaDada ikAra ekAravAdudu akAra illavE ekAra paradalli bandAga mAtra (udA: ir > eraDu, nillu > nele). bennu emba padada mUla ‘verin’ endEnO irabEku (tuLuvina beri, tamiLina verin ityAdi padagaLannu idakke AdhAravAgi koDabahudu).
ogedu oNagisida baTTeyannu maDisuttEve, Addarinda maDisida baTTe maylige allada baTTe maDi Ayitu, idannu mADuvavanE maDi vaLa emba mAstiyavara vAdavannu sadyakkantU tappendu sAdhisalu sAdhyavillavAdarU adu mElinavugaLa hAgeyE ide.
rUDhimUlavAda sambandha
bhASheyalli baruva heccina padagaLigU avu sUcisuva vastuvinoDane illavE viShayadoDane nEravAda sambandhavilla. sAvirAru varShagaLinda beLedu bandiruva rUDhimUlavAda sambandha mAtravE ivugaLoLage iruvantahadu embudannu mareyabAradu. padakkU adu sUcisuva vastuvigU nEravAda sambandha ideyAdare, kannaDada marakke samskxta dalli vxkSha, hindiyalli pED, marAThiyalli jhAD, ingliShnalli TrI endella bEre hesarugaLiralu sAdhyavAguttiralilla.
padagaLigU, vastu illavE viShayagaLigU naDuviruva I sambandha vannu, mattu adara caritreyannu tiLiyuvalli tarkakke yAva sthAnavU illa. bhASheya svarUpavannu tarkada mUlaka viSlEShisa horaTavaralli obbarU iduvarege jayaSIlarAgilla embudu illi gamanisabEkAda sangatiyAgide.
೪. pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTi
yAvudAdarondu SAstradalli hosa viShayagaLannu kanDuhiDida mEle, adannu varadimADabEkAgi bandAga, halavu bAri hosa padagaLannU sxShTisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDubaruttade. bhASheyalliruva padagaLu I hosa viShayagaLannu spaShTavAgi mattu aDakavAgi varNisalu SaktavAga diruvudE idakke kAraNa. I samasye heccAgi SAstrIya barahagaLalli
kANisikoLLuttade. hAgAgi, I rIti hosadAgi sxShTiyAguva padagaLu SAstrIya barahagaLalli jAsti kANisikoLLuttave, mattu avugaLalli heccinavU antaha barahagaLigaShTE sImitavAgiruttave.
intaha padagaLannu nAvu pAribhAShika padagaLendu kareyuttEve. ivugaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu, avakke sambandhisida SAstragaLannu tiLidukonDiruvudu atyavaSya. udAharaNegAgi, samAsa embudu vyAkaraNa SAstrakke sambandhisiruva ondu pAribhAShika pada. idara artha vEnembudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLabEkAgiddalli, modalige adakke sambandhisida vyAkaraNa tatvagaLu entahavu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.
ittIcege naDeyuttiruva hosa hosa samSOdhanegaLalli heccinavU ingliSh bhASheyallE varadiyAguttive. hAgAgi, avakke sambandhisidante hosa hosa pAribhAShika padagaLU A bhASheyallE heccu heccu sxShTi yAguttive. Adare, kannaDadantaha itara bhAShegaLalli I hosa viShaya gaLannu vivarisabEkAdAgalella, avugaLallU takkudAda pAribhAShika padagaLannu sxShTisikoLLuva avaSyakate kanDubaruttade. I pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTiyannu yAva rItiyalli naDesabahudu embudannu pariSIlisuvudE I lEkhanada guri.
eraDu rItiya vyAkaraNa jYAnagaLu
ondu bhASheyannu baLasuttiruvAga, nAvu eraDu rItiya vyAkaraNa jYAnagaLannu upayOgisuttiruttEve. namma arivige eTakadantaha vyAkaraNa jYAnavondu; idannu nAvu namma arivilladanteyE baLasu tiruttEve; idaralli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLU namage gottAgadante naDeyuttiruttave. sAmAnyavAgi namma bhASheya bagegiruva I vyAkaraNa jYAnavannu nAvu cikkandinalli bhASheyannu paDeyuvAga namagarivilla danteyE paDediruttEve.
intaha arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa jYAna mAtravallade, namma bhASheya kuritAgi arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnavU nammallide. svalpa maTTige nAvidannu kannaDada klAsinalli kalitiruttEve. anantaravU bhASheya kuritAgi namagiruva kutUhalavannu taNisuvudakkAgi lEkhanagaLa nnOdiyO athavA namma mAtannE gamanisiyO A mAtina Antarika racaneyantahadu embudannu svalpamaTTige aritiruttEve. pAribhAShika
pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTi,
padagaLa sxShTi prAmukhyavAgi I eraDanE rItiya vyAkaraNa jYAnada AdhArada mEle naDeyabEkAgide.
hAgAgi, intaha padagaLannu sxShTisuvavarige sAkaShTu arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnavilladiddalli avaru sxShTisuva padagaLu bhAShege sariyAgi hondikoLLalAravu. idallade, intaha padagaLa mUlaka SAstrakke sambandhisida viShayagaLannu arthamADikoLLalu vidyArthigaLige kaShTavAgabahudu. avannu bhAShe (endare bhASheyannu baLasuva samAja) svIkarisadiralU sAdhyavide. endare, hIge sxShTiyAda padagaLu pAribhAShika padakOSagaLallaShTE uLiyalU sAdhyavide.
illi nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, pAribhAShika pada gaLannu ondu bhASheya vidvAmsaru tamma arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNa jYAnada AdhArada mEle racisi barahagaLalli baLasuttArAdarU, anantara bhASheyalli naDeyuva adara baLake arivige eTakada vyAkaraNajYAnada angavAgiyE naDeyabEkAguttade. I eraDaneya kriye samarpakavAgi naDeyabEkiddalli antaha padagaLu bhASheya racanege honduvantiru vudu avaSya.
vidvAmsaru sxShTisuva hosa hosa pAribhAShika padagaLu bhAShe yalli sariyAgi hondikonDu, avannu kaliyuva vidyArthigaLige mattu baLasuva itara vidvAmsarige tondareyAgadirabEkAdalli, antaha pada gaLannu sxShTisuvavarella atyavaSyavAgiyU tiLidukoLLabEkAgiruva viShayagaLu kelavive.
padagaLa mUla
hosatAgi padagaLannu sxShTi mADuvAga adakke bEkAguva padAmSa gaLannu endare dhAtugaLannu mattu pratyayagaLannu ellinda paDeyabEku embudu ondu praSne. kannaDadalli pAribhAShika padagaLannu sxShTi mADu vavarella ivannu samskxtadinda ettikoLLuvudu rUDhi. AdaShTu maTTige ivaru ingliShnalliruva padagaLannu hAgeyE uLisikoLLalu prayatnisuttAre; avu kannaDa bhAShege svalpavU hondikoLLuvudilla endu anisidalli mAtra, ivaru hosa padagaLannu sxShTisalu hOguttAre.
kannaDaddE Ada dhAtu mattu pratyayagaLannu intaha pAribhAShika pada gaLannu sxShTisuvalli baLasadiralu ivaru koDuva mukhya kAraNa vEnendare, kannaDadalli I dhAtugaLige dinabaLakeya arthaviddu, niShkxShTa
vAda artha baruvante avannu SAstrIya barahagaLallU baLasidevAdare gondalavunTAgalu sAdhyavide embudu.
ingliSh, phrenc modalAda bhAShegaLalli I samasyeyannu bagehari suvudakkAgi grIk illavE lyATin bhAShegaLinda dhAtugaLannu mattu pratyayagaLannu Amadu mADikoLLuva krama rUDhige bandittu. kannaDada maTTige idE rItiyalli samskxtadinda dhAtugaLannu mattu pratyaya gaLannu Amadu mADikoLLuvudu aShTE anukUla embudu ivara vAda.
Adare, dinabaLakeya arthaviruva padagaLannu pAribhAShika padagaLAgi baLasidalli gondalavunTAgaballudu emba vAda nijakkU sAdhAravE embudannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. ingliShna ittIcegina pravxtti yannu gamanisidevAdare, dinabaLakeya padagaLE heccu heccAgi pAribhAShika padagaLa sthAnadalli baLakege baruttiruvudu kanDubaruttide.
udAharaNegAgi, gaNakayantrakke (kampyUTar) sambandhisida pAri bhAShika padagaLalli heccinavU dinabaLakeya padagaLE (mouse, tools, paste, web, ityAdi). intaha padagaLannu aDakavAgi racisalu sAdhya vAgade, dIrghavAda padagucchagaLannu baLasabEkAgi bandAga, avugaLalli baruva padagaLa modalaneya akSharagaLannu mAtra baLasi aDakavAda padagaLannu racisuva kramavU (URL ‘Uniform Resource Locator’, FTP ‘File Transfer Protocol’, VBA ‘Visual Basic for Applications’ ityAdi) ingliShnalli beLedu bandide.
kannaDadallU idE vidhAnavannu yAke baLasabAradu? rAjakIya pakShagaLannu hesarisuvalli mattu vyaktigaLannu hesarisuvalli (kuvempu, tarAsu, anakx, ityAdi) intahadE vidhAna IgAgalE kannaDadalli baLakeyallide. adannE pAribhAShika padagaLannu unTumADuvallU baLasabahudu.
nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva innondu viShayavEnendare, samskxta dalli hosa pAribhAShika padagaLannu racisabEkAdAga, avaru bEre yAva bhAShegU marehokkiralilla; samskxtadavE Ada pada mattu pratyaya gaLannE baLasi tamage bEkAda hosa padagaLannu unTumADikonDiddaru. lyATinnalliyU hIgeyE. I bhAShegaLalli I rIti tammavE Ada pada mattu pratyayagaLannu baLasi pAribhAShika padagaLannu unTumADiruvudu gondalakke eDekoDalillavAdare, kannaDadalli yAke gondalakkeDe koDabEku?
pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTi,
eravalu mattu padasxShTi
ondu bhAShe eShTu sulabhavAgi bEre bhAShegaLinda padagaLannu eravalAgi paDedukoLLaballudu embudu bahuSaH adannu baLasuva iDI samAjada anisikeyannavalambiside. kannaDadalli intaha eravalu bahaLa sulabhavAgi naDeyuttade, Adare, idakke viruddhavAgi, baLasabEkAgiruva padagaLannella tamma bhAShege bhAShAntarisikoLLuva pravxtti tamiLinalli kANisuttade.
I eraDu vidhAnagaLalli yAvudu sari, yAvudu tappu emba praSnege uttara koDuvudu kaShTa. ingliSh mattu jarman bhAShegaLa naDuveyU intahadE vyatyAsaviruvudannu kANabahudu. ingliShnalli eravalu bahaLa sulabhavAgi naDeyaballudu, Adare jarmannalli bhAShAntara vidhAnavannu baLasuvudE jAsti.
kannaDa bhASheyannu baLasuva samAja eravalannu bahaLa sulabhavAgi angIkarisaballudAda kAraNa, pAribhAShika padagaLa sxShTiyalli samskxta dhAtu mattu pratyayagaLa baLakege I samAjadalli heccina virOdha vEnU tOribaruvudilla. A rIti racitavAda pAribhAShika padagaLannu aragisikoLLuvudu mAtra vidyArthigaLige mattu itara Odugarige tumbA kaShTavAguttide.
idallade, samskxtada badalu kannaDadavE Ada pada mattu pratyaya gaLannu baLasi hosa padagaLannu unTumADidalli, antaha padagaLu kannaDada jAyamAnakke heccu hondikeyAgaballuvu emba viShayadalli samSayavilla. hosagannaDada padagaLu idakke anukUlavAgillavAdalli haLegannaDada illavE kannaDadavE Ada upabhAShegaLa padagaLannu mattu pratyayagaLannu idakkAgi ArisikoLLabahudallavE?
bhAShAntara mattu arthAntara
ingliShnalliruva pAribhAShika padavondakke badalAgi kannaDadalli ondu hosadAda pAribhAShika padavannu sxShTisuvAga, adu ingliShnallidda padada oLaracane mattu adara artha ivannu pratibimbisabEkE athavA A padakke SAstradalli yAva arthavideyO adannu pratibimbisabEkE emba viShayadalli vidvAmsaroLage bhinnAbhiprAyavide.
udAharaNegAgi black box emba padakke badalAgi kannaDadallondu pAribhAShika padavannu sxShTisabEkAdAga, A padada oLaracaneyannu mattu adara arthavannu sUcisuvante kappu peTTige emba padavannu baLasa bEkE, illavE A pada gurutisuva vastuvannu (cockpit recorder)
varNisuvante bErondu padavannu illavE padagucchavannu baLasabEkE embudAgi sandEhavunTAgalu sAdhyavide.
vijYAna padakOSavannu kannaDadalli tayArisuvavaru modalaneya vidhAnavannu anusarisiruvarAdare, adannE marAThiyalli tayArisuvavaru eraDaneya vidhAnavannu anusariddAre. Adare, ivugaLalli yAvudannU sampUrNa sariyendu hELalu baruvudilla. ondu padavannu baLasa toDaguvAga, sAmAnyavAgi adu gurutisuva vastuvina guNadharma gaLalli kaNNige hoDedu kANisuvantahadannu A pada varNisuvantira bEkendu nAvu prayatnisuttEve. Adare, baLake munduvaridante A vastuvina guNadharmagaLalli badalAvaNegaLunTAgalu sAdhyavide, mattu A vastuvina kuritAgi namagiruva jYAnadallU badalAvaNegaLunTAgalu sAdhyavide.
hAgAgi, baLasalu prArambhisida samayadalli ondu pAribhAShika padada oLaracane mattu artha adu gurutisuva vastuvige anvayisu vanteyE idditAdarU, anantarada kAladalli adu A rIti anvayisa dante Agalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada ugibanDi pada idakke ondu uttama udAharaNe. Igina kAladalli I pada gurutisuva sAdhana DIsel illavE vidyucchaktiyinda calisuvudE jAsti.
idallade, bhAShegaLalli baruva padagaLa oLaracane mattu artha ivakkU avu gurutisuva vastuvina guNadharmakkU naDuve asAngatya viruvudE jAsti. kxShNa emba hesarina vyakti beLLagAgiruvudu, illavE sundari emba hesarina huDugi kurUpiyAgiruvudu aShTondu aparUpavEnalla. I hesarugaLannu baLasuvavarU avu vyaktigaLa illavE vastugaLa guNadharmavannu sariyAgi tiLisuttirabahudendu nirIkShisu vudU illa. padagaLu bhASheyalli bariya sankEtagaLAgi baLakeyAguvu vallade, avu gurutisuva vastugaLa illavE viShayagaLa varNanegaLAgi baLakeyAguvudu bahaLa kaDime. pAribhAShika padagaLU I rIti sankEta gaLAgiddare sAku, varNanegaLAgirabEkendEnU illa.
bhAga aydu
jagattina bhAShegaLu
prapancadalli oTTu eShTu bhAShegaLive emba praSnege txptikaravAda uttara koDuvudu svalpa kaShTa. idakke halavu kAraNagaLive. samSOdhakara gamanakke bAradiruva bhAShegaLu halaviveyembudu ondu mukhyavAda kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, dakShiNa amerikAda abhEdyavAda kADugaLalli vAsisuva halavu janAngagaLannu mattu avarADuva bhAShegaLannu samSOdhakarinnU sariyAgi abhyAsa mADilla. namma dESadallU guDDa kADugaLalli vAsisuva halakelavu janAngagaLa bhAShegaLentahavembudannu nAvinnU sariyAgi tiLidilla.
eraDaneyadAgi, eraDu samAjagaLalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShA prabhEdagaLannu eraDu bhAShegaLendu parigaNisabEkE, illavE ondE bhASheya eraDu prabhEdagaLendu parigaNisabEkE emba viShayadalli abhiprAyabhEdagaLiralu sAdhya. I kAraNakkAgiyU bEre bEre vidvAmsaru koDuva bhAShegaLa paTTi bEre bErAgalu sAdhyavide.
kelavu vidvAmsara matadante, prapancadalli oTTu sumAru aydu sAvira bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive. I sankhye idakke eraDaraShTu, endare sumAru hattu sAviradaShTendu hELuvavarU kelavariddAre, mattu idannu mUru sAvirakke iLisuvavarU kelavariddAre. I bhAShegaLalli heccinavannU inDO-yurOpiyan, TibeTO-barman, Aphri- ESiyATik, AsTrik, inDO-pesiphik modalAda kelavu bhAShA kuTumbagaLalli sErisi hELuva prayatnavU naDedide. mukhyavAgi intaha hadinaydippattu bhAShAkuTumbagaLannu idakkAgi kalpisikoLLalAgide.
prapancadalli kANisuva I bhAShAvayvidhya ondu rItiyalli mAnava samskxtiya vayvidhyavannu pratibimbisuttadeyendU hELabahudu. pratiyondu samAjada bhASheyU A samAjadalliruva janara dinanityada jIvanakke hondikoLLuvante sAvirAru varShagaLinda badalAguttA bandide. Adare, I badalAvaNe bEre bEre samAjagaLalli bEre bEre
dikkinalli sAguvudE prapancadalli ivattu kANisuva bhAShA vayvidhyakke mUla kAraNa.
manassinallEnideyembudannu itararige tiLisalu, mattu itarara manassinallEnideyembudannu tiLiyalu nammalliruva atyanta mukhyavAda sAdhanavendare I bhASheyE. ibbaru vyaktigaLADuva bhAShegaLa naDuve eShTu vyatyAsaviruttadeyO, avarige obbarannobbaru artha mADi koLLalu aShTE kaShTavU Aguttade. hAgAgi, bhASheyembudu manassugaLa naDuvina konDiyU havdu, gODeyU havdu. I kAraNakkAgi, bhAShe yondara svabhAvavEnembudannu tiLiyuvaShTE bhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa gaLentahavembudannu tiLiyuvudU atyavaSya.
೫.೧ bhAratada bhAShegaLu
bhAratadalli mukhyavAgi inDO-Aryan, draviDiyan (drAviDa), TibeTO-barman mattu AsTrO-ESiyATik embudAgi nAlku bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive:
- (೧) hindi, bangAli, marAThi, gujarAti modalAdavugaLu
- inDO-Aryan bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu;
- (೨) kannaDa, tamiLu, telugu, malayALa, tuLu modalAdavugaLu
- drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu;
- (೩) maNipuri (maytay), bODo, angAmi, Avo, luSAyi,
- modalAdavugaLu TibeTO-barman bhAShA kuTumbakke sEridavugaLu;
- mattu
- (೪) santAli, munDAri, khaDiyA, sOrA modalAdavugaLu
- AsTrO-ESiyATik bhAShA kuTumbakke sEridavugaLu.
ivallade, anDamAn mattu nikobAr dvIpagaLalli baLake yalliruva bEre kelavu bhAShegaLu inDO-pesiphik emba bErondu bhAShAkuTumbakke sEruttaveyendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. madhya pradESada nimAr jilleyalli baLakeyalliruva nahAli emba innondu bhAShe I kuTumbagaLalli yAvudakkU sErade EkAkiyAgiruvudendu kelavara abhiprAya.
bhAratadalli oTTu eShTu bhAShegaLiveyemba praSnege uttara hELuvu dendare, prapancadalli oTTu eShTu bhAShegaLiveyemba praSnege uttara
hELuvaShTE kaShTa. heccu kaDime innUru bhAShegaLu bhAratadalliveyendu hELabahudAdarU, I sankhye kADuguDDagaLalli vAsisuva janara bhAShe gaLannu heccu heccu abhyAsa mADidantella heccAgalu (illavE kaDimeyAgalu) sAdhyavide. idallade, bhAShe mattu upabhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavEnembudannu nirdharisuvalli namma niluvEnu embu dara mElU nAvu koDuva bhAShegaLa sankhye heccukaDimeyAgaballudu.
bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva I innUru bhAShegaLalli ardhakkintalU heccu bhAShegaLu himAlayada parvataSrENiyalli baLakeyalliruva TibeTO-barman bhAShAkuTumbakke sErive. Adare, bhAratada janasankhye yalli I bhAShegaLannADuvavaradu SEkaDA ondakkintalU kaDime! himAlayada guDDakADugaLalli pratiyondu haLLigU ondondu viSiShTa vAda bhASheyiruvudannu kANabahudu. I haLLigaLa naDuve anAdikAla dindalU paraspara samparka bahaLa kaDimeyAgiddudE idakke kAraNa.
inDO-Aryan kuTumbakke sErida sumAru ೫೦ bhAShegaLu, drAviDa kuTumbakke sErida ೨೬ bhAShegaLu, mattu AsTO-ESiyATik kuTumbakke sErida ೨೦ bhAShegaLu bhAratadalli baLakeyallive. ivallade, yAva kuTumbakkU sErada nahAliyantaha kelavu bhAShegaLU, inDO -pesiphik kuTumbakke sEraballa anDamanIs mattu nikobarIs dvIpa gaLa kelavu bhAShegaLU bhAratadallive.
inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLu
ivugaLalli inDO-Aryan (Arya) kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu yurOpina mukhya bhAShegaLAda ingliSh, phrenc, jarman modalAda bhAShegaLige sambandhisiddu, A kuTumba inDO-yurO piyan emba doDDadondu bhAShAkuTumbada SAkheyAgide. bhArata dalli I kuTumbakke sErida nepAli, assAmIs, bangAli, oDiyA, marAThi, gujarAti, panjAbi, kASmIri modalAda halavu bhAShegaLu vxttAkAravAgi haraDiddu, avugaLa naDuve hindi mattu adara upabhAShegaLAgiruva bAngru, braj, bundEli, avadhi, bhOjpuri, modalAdavugaLu nelesive.
nijakkU inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLu baLakeyalliruva I pradESa bhASheya maTTige ondu avicchinna pradESavAgide. I pradESadalli uttara dinda dakShiNakke illavE pUrvadinda paScimakke prayANa mADidalli, haLLiyinda haLLige mAtina bhAShe svalpa svalpavE badalAguttA baruvudu
kanDubaruttade. Adare elli ondu bhAShe mugidu innondu bhAShe prArambhisuttade embudannu janara mAtinalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle tIrmAnisalu sAdhyavAgadu.
udAharaNegAgi, marAThi mattu gujarAti bhAShegaLannADuva pradESa gaLa naDuve rAjakIyavAda gaDiyiruvudu nijavAdarU, A gaDipradESa gaLalli janaru ADuva mAtina AdhArada mEle bhASheya gaDi elli hAduhOguvudembudannu nirdharisalu sAdhyavAgadu. I kAraNakkAgi, intaha gaDipradESadalliruva khAndESiyannu marAThiya upabhAShe yendu hELabEkE, illavE gujarAtiya upabhASheyendu hELabEkE embudaralli matabhEdavide. idE rItiyalli, marAThi mattu oDiyA bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva halbi emba upabhAShe averaDaralli yAvudakke sErabEku emba viShayadalli matabhEdavide.
drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva gaDi pradESa idakkinta tIra bhinna vAdudu. kannaDa mattu telugu bhAShegaLa naDuve, illavE kannaDa mattu tamiLu bhAShegaLa naDuve spaShTavAda gaDiyiddu illi vAsisuva janaralli, avarADuva mAtannAdharisi, yAru kannaDigaru, yAru telugaru, mattu yAru tamiLaru embudannu nirdharisuvalli yAva tondareyU illa. ivugaLalli ondu bhASheyannADuvavaru innondu bhASheyannU aritirabahudu, Adare avaralli yAra mAtxbhAShe yAvudu emba viShaya spaShTavAgiyE iruttade.
inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLu parSiyan, balUci, paSo modalAda irAniyan bhAShegaLondige hattirada sambandhavannu paDe diddu, avannella oTTige inDO-irAniyan emba SAkheyalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. ivugaLalli inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLigella samskxta bhASheyE mUlavendu kelavara abhiprAya.
innu kelavara matadante, I bhAShegaLigella mUlavAgidda bhAShe bErondittu; baravaNigeya baLakegAgi, A mUlabhASheya AdhArada mEle, samskxtavemba viSiShTavAda bhASheyondannu vidvAmsaru beLesira bEku. inDO-Aryan mUlabhASheyannu baLasuttidda bEre bEre samAjagaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa phalavAgi, A mUlabhAShe pAli, prAkxta, apabhramSa modalAda rUpagaLannu paDeyitu. anantara naDeda badalAvaNegaLa phalavAgi, avE bhAShegaLu hindi, marAThi, gujarAti modalAda indina bEre bEre inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLAgi kANisikoLLuttive.
drAviDa bhAShegaLu
kannaDa, tamiLu, telugu modalAda mukhyavAgi bhAratada dakShiNa vibhAga dalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLige I inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAda mUlavide. hAgAgi, ivannu drAviDa emba bEreyE ondu kuTumbadalli sErisuva avaSyakateyide. inDO-Aryan bhAShegaLannADuva janaru bhAratakke valasegArarAgi baruva modalE I drAviDa bhAShegaLannADuva janaru bhAratadalli nelesiddarendu vidvAmsara Uhe.
bhAratada horagiruva bEre kelavu bhAShAkuTumbagaLondige drAviDa bhAShegaLannu sambandhisuva prayatnagaLalli ondU iduvarege saphala vAgilla. yurOpina yurAlik kuTumbada upakuTumbavAda phinnO -ugriknondige ivannu sambandhisabahudendu kelavara abhiprAya vAdare, uttara AphrikAda kelavu bhAShegaLondige ivannu sambandhisa bahudendu bEre kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. mohenjadArOdalli sikkida barahagaLa hindiruva bhAShe ondu drAviDa bhASheyAgira bahudendu sAdhisalu bEre kelavaru prayatnisiddAre. Adare I ellA prayatnagaLU UhApOhada sthitiyallE uLidive.
drAviDa bhAShegaLannu mukhyavAgi nAlku SAkhegaLalli vingaDisabahu dendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre:
- (೧) kannaDa, tuLu, tamiLu, malayALa, koDagu, toda modalAda
- bhAShegaLu dakShiNa drAviDa vibhAgadallU,
- (೨) telugu, gOnDi, konDa, kUyi, mAnDa, pengo modalAda
- bhAShegaLu dakShiNa-madhya vibhAgadallU,
- (೩) kOlAmi, pArji, gadaba modalAdavugaLu madhya vibhAga
- dallU, mattu
- (೪) kuDukh, mAltO mattu brAhuyI bhAShegaLu uttara
- vibhAgadallU sEruttave.
drAviDa bhAShegaLa I vibhajane avu mUlabhASheyinda yAva rIti yalli kavaloDedirabEku embudannu avalambisideyAdarU, ivattu avannADuva janaru nelesiruva pradESavannU I vibhajane pratibimbisu ttade. dakShiNa drAviDa bhAShegaLannADuva janaru mukhyavAgi bhAratada dakShiNa bhAgadalli (tamiLunADu, kEraLa, mattu karNATakagaLalli) nelesi ddAre.
idE rItiyalli, uttara vibhAgada kuDukh bhASheyannADuva janaru orissA, bihAr mattu madhyapradESada uttara bhAgagaLallU, mAltO bhASheyannADuvavaru bihArada rAjamahAl parvata SrENiyallU nelesiddAre. nEpALadalli nelisiruva dhanagar janAngadavarU kuDukh bhASheyannADuttAre. uttara vibhAgada mUranE bhASheyAda brAhuyi yannADuvavaru pAkistAnada uttara vibhAgadalli kveTTAdinda lasbelA davarege kvAlAt, haripur mattu haydarAbAd jillegaLalli nelesi ddAre.
dakShiNa-madhya drAviDa bhAShegaLAda telugu bhASheyannADuvavaru Andhra pradESadalli, gOnDi bhASheyannADuvavaru madhyapradESadalli, mattu konDa, kUyi mattu kUvi bhAShegaLannADuvavaru orissAdalli nelesiddAre. idakke badalu, madhya drAviDa bhAShegaLAda kOlAmi mattu nAyki bhAShegaLannADuvavaru Andhra pradESada uttara bhAgadalli, pArji bhASheyannADuvavaru madhya pradESada bastAr jilleyalli, mattu gadaba bhASheyannADuvavaru orissAdalli nelesiddAre.
I rIti, dakShiNa, dakShiNa-madhya, madhya, mattu uttara drAviDa bhAShegaLu ondara uttarakke innondarante bhavgOLika haravannu tOrisuttiveyAdarU, I bhAShegaLalli kelavu bEre pradESadalliruva drAviDa bhAShegaLa vaySiShTyagaLannU tOrisuttiruvudu I vibhajaneya ondu samasyeyAgide.
udAharaNegAgi, dakShiNadalli baLakeyalliruva tuLu bhAShe halavu viShayagaLalli dakShiNada itara bhAShegaLi೦da bhinnavAgiddu, madhyadrAviDa bhAShegaLannu hOluttade. dakShiNadallE iruva koraga emba innondu bhAShe kelavu viShayagaLalli uttarada kuDukh mattu mAltO bhAShegaLannu hOluttade. dakShiNa-madhya drAviDa bhASheyenisida telugu halavu viShayagaLalli dakShiNa drAviDa bhAShegaLannu hOluttade, ityAdi.
drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuvina kelavu vyatyAsagaLu
I nAlku vibhAgagaLige sErida drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu. ivattina drAviDa bhAShegaLu mUla drAviDa bhASheyinda kavaloDedu bEre bEre bAShegaLAguttiruvante, avugaLalli intaha vyatyAsagaLu mUDibandive.
mUla drAviDada vaySiShTyagaLalli kelavannu kelavu bhAShegaLu uLisi konDive, mattu kelavu bhAShegaLu uLisikonDilla embudarinda I
vyatyAsagaLalli kelavu huTTikonDive, mattu innu kelavu vyatyAsagaLu mUla drAviDadalli illadidda vaySiShTyagaLannu Adhunika bhAShegaLu beLesikonDu bandiruvudarindAgi taledOrive.
udAharaNegAgi, mUladrAviDada sarvanAmagaLalli kELuganannu sErisi hELuvavugaLu, mattu kELuganannu biTTu hELuvavugaLu embu dAgi eraDu rItiya bahuvacana rUpagaLidduvu. tamiLu, malayALa, tuLu modalAda bhAShegaLalli I vaySiShTya uLidide, Adare kannaDadalli uLidilla. malayALadalliruva iccaL ‘nAvu mAtra’ mattu iಾm ‘nAvu mattu nIvu’ emba eraDu sarvanAmagaLige badalAgi kannaDadalli nAvu emba ondE ondu sarvanAmavide embudannu illi gamanisa bahudu. karAvaLiya kelavu kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli mAtra I vaySiShTya ivattigU uLidukonDide (udA: havyakada engo mattu nAvu). haLegannaDadallU I vyatyAsavittu.
dakShiNa-madhya drAviDa bhAShegaLallella naDeda ondu badalAvaNe yendare, padada eraDanE akSharadallidda rakAra, DakAra, LakAra, mattu lakAragaLu kelavu viSiShTavAda sannivESagaLalli modalaneya akSharakke sthaLAntarisive. I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavAgi kannaDada eLeyavanu emba pada kUvi bhASheyalli lAvenju endAguttade, mattu gOnDi bhASheyalli leyyO endAguttade. idE rItiyalli kannaDada bareyu embudu teluginalli rAyu endAguttade, aDagu embudu DAgu endAguttade, uddu (urdu) embudu ruddu endAguttade, illa embudu lEdu endAguttade, ityAdi.
drAviDa mattu Arya bhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu
drAviDa mattu Arya (inDO-Aryan) bhAShegaLa naDuveyU vyAkaraNada maTTige halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLu kanDubaruttive. ivu gaLalli heccinavakkU I bhAShegaLige mUlavAgidda mUladrAviDa mattu mUla inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLu vAkyaracanegAgi bEre bEre vyAkaraNa tantragaLannu baLasikonDiddudE kAraNavendu hELabahudu.
Arya bhAShegaLannADuva janaru bhAratakke valase banda mEle avara bhAShegaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. ivugaLalli heccinavU A kAladalli bhAratadalli baLakeyallidda drAviDa (mattu itara) bhAShegaLa samparkadindAgi avannu heccu heccu hOluvante mADuva badalAvaNe gaLE Agive. hIgiddarU I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLa
naDuve ivattigU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLu uLidiruvudannu kANa bahudu.
Arya bhAShegaLalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada emba eraDu mukhyavAda padavargagaLu mAtra ive; Adare, drAviDa bhAShegaLalli I eraDu padavargagaLu mAtravallade, guNapada emba mUraneyadondu padavargavU ide embudu intaha vyatyAsagaLalli mukhyavAdudu. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavAgi, vAkyaracaneya mattu padaracaneya halavu niyamagaLu I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLalli bhinna bhinna vAgive.
eraDaneyadAgi, nAmapadagaLannu bEre bEre lingagaLalli vingaDisu vudakkAgi Arya bhAShegaLu baLasuva vidhAna drAviDa bhAShegaLu baLasuva vidhAnakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. nAmapadagaLannu mukhyavAgi avugaLa antyAkSharagaLa AdhArada mEle vibhajisuva krama Arya bhAShegaLadAdare, arthada AdhArada mEle vibhajisuvudu drAviDa bhAShegaLu baLasuva vidhAna. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli ‘henDati’ emba ondE artha viruva padagaLalli dArA: embudu pullinga, patni embudu strIlinga, mattu kalitram embudu napumsakalinga. drAviDa bhAShegaLalli baLasuvu diddare, I mUrU strIlinga padagaLE Agiruttave.
vibhaktigaLa baLakeyallU I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. drAviDa bhAShegaLalli vibhakti pratyaya gaLige arthadoDane nEravAda sambandhavide. Adare Arya bhAShegaLalli intaha nEravAda sambandhavilla. I kAraNakkAgi, vibhaktigaLa baLakeyannu varNisalu Arya bhAShegaLalli kArakagaLemba vyAkaraNa tatvavannu baLasa bEkAguttade. avugaLa vAkyaracaneyalli kANisuva kartari-karmaNi prayOgagaLa baLakeyU idE kAraNakkAgi udbhaviside. Adare, I viShayadalli ivattina Arya bhAShegaLu svalpa badalAgive.
padaracaneya vidhAnavU I eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShe gaLalli bEre bErAgide. Arya bhAShegaLalli dhArALavAgi kANisuva pUrva pratyayagaLa baLake drAviDa bhAShegaLallilla. heccina padagaLigU kriyAdhAtugaLE mUla emba niyama Arya bhAShegaLallide, Adare drAviDa bhAShegaLallilla.
samastapadagaLa vibhajaneyallU Arya mattu drAviDa bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. Arya bhAShegaLalli I vibhajaneyannu samastapadada angagaLAgi banda padagaLalli pradhAna pada yAvudu emba
viShayada AdhArada mEle naDesabahudAdare, drAviDa bhAShegaLalli, samastapadada modalaneya pada yAva vargakke sEruttade emba viShayada AdhArada mEle naDesabEkAguttade.
drAviDa bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLu ‘kAlabhEda’vannu sUcisuvu vAdare, Arya bhAShegaLalli ‘kAlavyavasthe’ya bhEdavannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada hoDeyuttAne emba kriyArUpa mAta nADuva samayakkinta anantara naDeyuva illavE mAtanADuva samaya dallEnE naDeyuttiruva ghaTaneyannU, hoDeda emba kriyArUpa mAtanADuva samayakkinta modalu naDeda ghaTaneyannU sUcisuttave.
idakke badalAgi, hindI bhASheyalli baruva AtA ‘baruttAne’ emba kriyArUpa ondu apUrNa kriyeyannU, AyA ‘banda’ emba kriyA rUpa ondu pUrNa kriyeyannU sUcisuttave. illi kAlabhEda mukhya valla. I eraDu kriyArUpagaLannU vartamAnArtha koDuva hay emba upakriyApadadondige (AtA hay, AyA hay), illavE bhUtArtha vannu koDuva thA emba upakriyApadadondige (AtA thA, AyA thA) baLasalu sAdhyavide. samskxtadallU I pUrNa mattu apUrNa emba kAlavyavastheya bhEda bhUta mattu abhUta emba kAlabhEdakkinta heccu mukhyavAdudu.
TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLu
bhAratadalli kASmIradinda hiDidu tripurAdavaregU haraDiruva himA layada parvataSrENiyalli TibeTO-barman emba bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida laDAkhi, nevAri, leppA, bODO, gArO, AvO nAga, maNi puri, luSAyi, tripuri, modalAda nUrakkU heccu bhAShegaLannADuva janaru vAsisuttAre.
TibeTan mattu barmIs bhAShegaLondige mAtravalla, caynIs bhASheyondigU I bhAShegaLige hattirada sambandhaviddu, ivella ondE mUlabhASheyalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLAdudarindAgi bhinna bhinna bhAShegaLAdavugaLendu vidvAmsaru kanDuhiDididdAre. TibeTO- barman bhAShegaLigU, caynIs bhAShegU naDuve sambandhavideyembu dannu sUcisuvudakkAgi adannu sinO-TibeTan emba innaShTu vistAra vAda bhAShA kuTumbada upakuTumbavendu hindinavaru parigaNisiddaru.
Adare, ittIcege naDeda kelavu samSOdhanegaLu caynIs bhAShe TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli kelavakke (endare bODo, gArO,
kirAntI, modalAduvakke) uLiduvakkinta heccu hattiravembudannu tOrisikoTTive; mattu I samSOdhanegaLa AdhArada mEle, caynIs mattu adakke sambandhisida bEre kelavu bhAShegaLannu oTTAgi TibeTO- barman emba bhAShA kuTumbada ondu upakuTumbavembudAgi parigaNisuva avaSyakateyunTAgide.
jagattina bhAShegaLallella inDO-yurOpiyan kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLannu biTTare I TibeTO-barman emba bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLE atI heccu janara manemAtAgive. Adare, I bhAShA kuTumbakkiruva janasankhyeya bala mukhyavAgi caynIs bhASheya jana sankhyAbalada mEle avalambiside. sumAru nUru miliya janara mAtAgiruva A bhASheyannu biTTare, uLida bhAShegaLalli ೨೨ miliya janara mAtAgiruva barmIs mattu nAlku miliya janara mAtA giruva TibeTan mukhyavAdavugaLu.
bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli ondu miliyakkinta jAsti janara mAtAgiruva bhAShegaLu maNipuri mattu bODO mAtra. ivallade, ೧೭೨ sAvira janara mane mAtAgiruva AvO, mattu ೯೭ sAvira janara mane mAtAgiruva angAmi nAgA bhAShegaLU I kuTumbakke sEruttave. ivakkinta kaDime janaru mAta nADuva I kuTumbada bhAShegaLu bhAratadalli oTTu nUrakkintalU jAsti ive.
I bhAShegaLannella paScima mattu pUrva bhAShegaLendu eraDu mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. ivugaLalli pUrva vibhAgavannu uttara mattu dakShiNa vibhAgagaLendu vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, caynIs, bODO modalAdavugaLu uttara vibhAgadallU, barmIs, lOlO, maNipuri modalAdavugaLu dakShiNa vibhAgadallU sEruttave.
maNipuri bhASheyalli hadinaydanE SatamAnadindalU sAhitya racane naDeyuttide. modalige I sAhitya granthagaLannu avaradE Ada maNipuri lipiyalli bareyalAguttittu. Adare anantara, maNipuri janara mEle vayShNava prabhAva beLedubanda samayadalli, I lipiyannu biTTukoTTu, adara badalige bengAli lipiyannu baLasuva krama rUDhige bantu.
Adare, I lipiyalli maNipuri bhAShege avaSyavilladiruva halavAru svara mattu vyanjana sanjYegaLiruva kAraNa, mattu A lipiyannu tamma bhAShege aLavaDisikoLLuva samayadalli maNipuri vidvAmsaru I
avaSyavillada sanjYegaLannella hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva kAraNa, avara bhASheya indina baraha tumbA toDaku toDakAgide.
vyAkaraNada kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu
vyAkaraNada maTTige bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLu halavAru vaySiShTyagaLannu tOrisuttave. I vyAkaraNa vaySiShTya gaLu vAkyaracanegAgi I bhAShegaLu siddhapaDisikonDiruva viSiShTavAda tantragaLAgiveyAda kAraNa, ivu I bhAShegaLannADuva janara samskxti yannU pratibimbisuttaveyendu hELabahudu. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLa nnADuva janarannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLabEkendiddare, avara bhAShe gaLalli kANisuva I vyAkaraNa vaySiShTyagaLannU sariyAgi tiLidukoLLu vudu avaSya.
Arya bhAShegaLa hAge, I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLallU nAma pada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu padavargagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. Adare, guNapadagaLannu Arya bhAShegaLu nAmapadagaLondige sErisu ttaveyAdare, I kuTumbada bhAShegaLu kriyApadagaLondige sErisu ttave. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli kxShNa: ‘kappu’ embudu ondu nAmapada, Adare, TibeTO-barman kuTumbakke sErida maNipuri bhASheyalli mU ‘kappu’ embudu ondu kriyApada. samskxtadalli kxShNa: emba padakke linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva hAge, maNipuriyalli mU emba padakke kAlapratyayagaLannu mattu akhyAta pratyayagaLannu sErisabahudu.
vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyallU TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli kelavu vaySiShTyagaLannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, maNipuri bhAShe yalli baruva da emba saptamI vibhakti pratyayavannu kannaDada inda, ge mattu alli emba mUru vibhaktigaLa arthadallU baLasalu baruttade. ivugaLoLage vyatyAsavannu tOrisabEkiddalli, I pratyayadondige bEre pratyaya illavE padagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.
kannaDada vibhakti pratyayagaLalli annu embudannu baLasuvalli namage svalpamaTTigina svAtantryavide endu hELabahudu. halavu sandarbhagaLalli adannu baLasadiralU sAdhyavide: mane mArida mattu maneyannu mArida embantaha vikalpavAda prayOgagaLannu kannaDadalli kANabahudu. Adare bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli intaha svAtantryavilla.
TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli intaha svAtantryavannu heccina vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyallU kANabahudu. idallade, vibhakti pratyaya vondara prayOgavAgideyE, athavA illavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle, bEre kelavu artha vyatyAsagaLannU I bhAShegaLalli sUcisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, maNipuriyalli kannaDada annu emba pratyayada arthaviruva bu emba pratyayavannu avaSyavilladalli baLasidAga ‘annu mAtra’ emba artha baruttade (kAru emba padadondige adannu baLasadiruvalli ‘kArannu’ emba artha baruvu dAdare, baLasiruvalli ‘kArannu mAtra’ emba artha baruttade.)
vibhaktigaLa baLakeyalli innU halavAru vaySiShTyagaLannu I bhAShe gaLalli kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, angAmI nAgA bhASheyalli ginu mattu nunu emba eraDu saptamI vibhakti pratyayagaLive. ivugaLalli modalaneyadannu bahaLa ettaradalliruva sthAnavannu sUcisuvalli baLasa bEku, mattu eraDaneyadannu bahaLa tagginalliruva sthAnavannu sUcisu valli baLasabEku. udAharaNegAgi, bassinalli kuLite endu hELa bEkAdAga, A bassu parvatada tudiyalli sAguttiddare angAmi bhAShe yalli ginu emba pratyayavannU, adu keLage kaNiveyalli sAguttiddare nunu emba pratyayavannU baLasabEkAguttade.
TibeTO-barman kuTumbakke sErida bODO emba innondu bhASheyalli kriyApadagaLu tiLisuva ghaTanegaLa sthAna vaySiShTyavannu sUci suvudakkAgi avugaLondige halavAru pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELa lAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, ddA ‘tinnu’ emba kriyApadadondige klAy emba pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘keLagininda mElakke tinnu’ emba arthavU, dda pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘nekki tinnu’ emba arthavU, pru pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘madhyadinda kacci tinnu’ emba arthavU, sler pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘badiyinda tinnu’ emba arthavU, ddob pratyayavannu sErisidalli ‘mElininda tinnu’ emba arthavU baruttade. I bhASheyalli intaha halavu bageya arthagaLannu koDaballa oTTu innUra ayvattakkintalU jAsti pratyayagaLu baLakeyallive.
kannaDadalli barabahudu embudakke ‘baruvudu sAdhya’ emba arthavU ide, ‘baruvudakke oppigeyide’ emba arthavU ide. idE rItiyalli, barabEku embudakke ‘baruvudu niScaya’ emba arthavU ide, ‘baruvudu avaSya’ emba arthavU ide. TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli I eraDu rItiya arthagaLannu sUcisalu bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu illavE padagaLannu prayOgisalAguttade. hAgAgi,
drAviDa mattu Arya bhAShegaLalli kANisuva I arthasandigdhate TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLalli kANisuvudilla.
namma dESada ISAnya gaDipradESadalli nAvu halavAru rItiya tondaregaLannu anubhavisuttiddEve. allina janaru ADuva bhAShegaLu dilliya rAjakAraNigaLa bhAShegaLiginta tIrA bhinnavAgiruvuvAda kAraNa, avara anisikegaLannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLuvalli dilliya rAja kAraNigaLu eDavuttiddAre. bahuSaH gaDipradESada tondaregaLige namma rAjakAraNigaLu anubhavisuttiruva I bhAShAviShayaka samasyeyU ondu kAraNavAgiraballudu. I viShayavannu svalpa ALavAgi pariSI lisuva avaSyakateyide.
AsTO-ESiyATik bhAShegaLu
bhAratadalli AsTO-ESiyATik emba hesarina I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu mukhyavAgi bihAr, orissA, mattu madhyapradESagaLa guDDa kADugaLalli nelesiruva janaralli baLakeyallive. drAviDa bhAShegaLannADuva janara hAge, I bhAShegaLannADuva janarU Aryaru bhAratakke valase baruva modalE illi nelesiddirabEku. I bhAShegaLalli ayvatteraDu lakSha janara manemAtAgiruva santAli, mattu enTUvare lakSha janara mane mAtAgiruva munDAri bhAShegaLu mukhyavAdavugaLu.
I bhAShegaLannu munDa mattu mOn-khmEr emba eraDu upa kuTumbagaLAgi vingaDisalAgide. ivugaLalli munDa vibhAgakke sErida munDAri, santAli, hO, khaDiyA, bhUmij, korku, sOrA modalAda oTTu sumAru hadinenTu bhAShegaLU, mOn-khmEr vibhAgakke sErida khAsi mattu nikobarIs emba eraDu bhAShegaLU bhAratadalli baLakeyallive.
bhAratada horage baLakeyalliruva viyaTnamIs, khmEr (kambO Diyan) modalAda bEre halavu bhAShegaLU I mOn-khmEr gumpige sEruttave. Adare, munDa vibhAgakke sErida bhAShegaLu bhArata dalli mAtra baLakeyallive. avannu mukhyavAgi dakShiNa munDa (sOra, gOrum), korAput munDa (guthOb, remO), madhya munDa (khaDiyA, juvAng), mattu uttara munDa (korku, santAli, munDAri, korva, hO, ityAdi) embudAgi vingaDisalAguttade.
AsTrO-ESiyATik bhAShAkuTumbavannu caynA, viyeTnAm moda lAda bhAratada horagiruva pradESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva miyan
mattu itara miyAv-yAv bhAShegaLondige, mattu thAylEnDina thAyi, lAvO, juvAng modalAda dAyik bhAShegaLondige sErisi, AsTrik emba doDDadondu bhAShAkuTumbavannu kalpisikoLLa bahudendu kelavaru vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.
vyAkaraNada kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu
I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu halavu viShayagaLalli bhAratada itara bhAShegaLinda bhinnavAgive. udAharaNegAgi, munDa vibhAgakke sErida munDAri bhASheyalli ellA padagaLU ondE padavargadalli baruttave. endare, avugaLalli yAvudannu bEkiddarU nAmapadavAgi, kriyApada vAgi illavE guNapadavAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, munDAri bhASheyalli ‘mattu’ emba arthavannu koDuva oDo emba padavannu A arthadalli mAtravallade, vibhakti pratyayagaLondige ‘hecci navaru’ emba arthadallU baLasabahudu, mattu AkhyAta pratyaya gaLondige ‘innomme mADu’ emba arthadallU baLasabahudu.
munDAri bhASheyalli baruva bEre kelavu padagaLa arthavannu pariSIlisidalli, adakkU itara bhAShegaLigU naDuve iruva I vyatyAsa spaShTavAdItu. adara heccina padagaLallU ‘vastu (illavE viShaya)’ mattu ‘adakke sambandhisida ghaTane’ emba I eraDu rItiya parikalpanegaLU hudugiruttave; idannu keLage koTTiruva munDAri padagaLalli kANabahudu.
| ಮುಂಡಾರಿ ಪದ | ವಸ್ತು | ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಘಟನೆ |
|---|---|---|
| ಬುರು | ‘ಪರ್ವತ’ | ‘ರಾಶಿ ಹಾಕು’ |
| ಗಪ | ‘ನಾಳೆ’ | ‘ಮುಂದೂಡು’ |
| ಕುಮ್ಮು | ‘ಕಳ್ಳ’ | ‘ಕದ್ದು ಕೋ’ |
| ಲುತುರ್ | ‘ಕಿವಿ’ | ‘ಕೇಳು’ |
munDAri bhASheya innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, idara kriyApada gaLu tiLisuva ghaTanegaLalli bEre bEre kAryagaLigAgi toDagikoLLuva vyaktigaLannu sUcisalu A kriyApadagaLallEnE AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu baLasuva vyavastheyide.
udAharaNegAgi, dal ‘hoDe’ emba kriyApadavannu baLasuvu diddalli, adarondige ‘hoDedaddu yAvAga’ embudannu mAtravallade,
viShyada bhAShegaLu
‘hoDedaddu yAru’, mattu ‘hoDedaddu yArige’ emba bEre eraDu viShayagaLannU sUcisalu AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu baLasabahudu. I bhAShAvaySiShTyavannu amerikAda sAliS bhAShegaLallU kANabahudu.
samskxta bhASheya hAge, munDAri bhASheyallU mUru vacana gaLive mAtravalla, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLeraDarallU kELuganannu biTTu illavE sErisi hELuvante eraDeraDu sarvanAma rUpagaLive. samskxtada kriyArUpagaLannu munDAri bhASheya kriyArUpagaLondige hOlisi nODidevAdare, samskxtakkinta eShTO pAlu jAsti kriyA rUpagaLu munDAriyalliruvudannu kANabahudu.
kannaDadalli alli mattu illi emba eraDu sthAnagaLannu nirdESisuva sarvanAmagaLiveyAdare, munDAri bhASheyalli oTTu ombattu sthAna gaLannu nirdESisuva sarvanAmagaLive. ‘mAtanADuvavana hattira’, ‘dUra’, mattu ‘ivugaLa naDuve’ emba mUru sthAnabhEdagaLannu mAtravallade, ivugaLalli pratiyondU ‘hattira’, ‘bahaLa hattira’, mattu ‘innaShTu hattira’ embudAgi mUru heccina rUpagaLannu tOrisuttave.
AsTrO-ESiyATik kuTumbadallEnE mOn-khmEr emba upa kuTumbakke sEruva, mattu mEghAlayadalli baLakeyalliruva, khAsi bhAShe munDa bhAShegaLinda halavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgide. udA haraNegAgi, khAsi bhASheyalli nAmapadagaLannu baLasuvAgalella u ‘pullinga’ illavE ka ‘strIlinga’ emba eraDu sarvanAmagaLalli yAvu dAdarU ondannu avugaLondige baLasalEbEkemba niyamavide.
bahuvacanadallAdare, iveraDakkU badalAgi ki emba sarvanAmavannu baLasabahudu. I sarvanAmagaLu lingabhEdavannu mAtravalla, aprANi vAcaka padagaLondige bandAga avugaLa AkAra illavE gAtravannU sUcisaballuvu (u sla ‘cikka ele’, ka sla ‘doDDa ele’)
೫.೨ EShyAda bhAShegaLu
bhAratadalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShAkuTumbagaLAda inDO-Aryan (inDO-yurOpiyan), draviDiyan, TibeTO-barman mattu AsTrO-ESiyATik embavugaLige sErida bhAShegaLu mAtravallade, urAlik mattu alTEyik emba bEre eraDu kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLU ESyAkhanDadalli baLakeyallive. ivallade, cukci-kAmcat
kAn, miyAv-yAv mattu dAyik emba innU mUru kuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLU I khanDadalli baLakeyallive.
inDO-yurOpiyan kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLalli irE niyan mattu ArmEniyan bhAShegaLu ESyAda nayxtya bhAgadalli baLakeyallive. drAviDa bhAShegaLu bhAratadalli mAtravallade, pAkistAna (brAhuyI), nEpAla (kuDukh), banglAdESa modalAda ESyAda bEre kelavu dESagaLallU baLakeyallive.
TibeTO-barman kuTumbakke sErida caynIs bhAShe (nijakkU idu mandArin, kenTonIs, vU, dakShiNa mattu uttara min, kEjA modalAda halavu bhAShegaLa ondu upakuTumba) ESyA khanDada ondu mukhyavAda bhAShe. idallade, I kuTumbakke sErida TibeTan mattu barmIs emba inneraDu mukhyavAda bhAShegaLU ESyAdalli baLake yallive.
AsTrO-ESiyATik kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLalli bhAratada horage ESyAdalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLella mOn-khmer emba upakuTumbakke sEruttave. viyaTnamIs mattu khmer (kambO Diyan) bhAShegaLu ivugaLalli mukhyavAdavugaLu. intaha nUrayvattu bhAShegaLu ESyAdalli baLakeyallive.
thAyi, lAvO modalAda oTTu aruvattu bhAShegaLannoLagonDa dAyik kuTumba, mattu caynA, viyeTnAm, thaylEnD modalAda dESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva miyAv-yAv kuTumba - iveraDannU AsTrO-ESiyATik emba kuTumbadondige sErisi, AsTrik emba doDDadondu bhAShAkuTumbavannu sAdhisabahudendu kelavaru abhi prAyapaTTiddAre.
mukhyavAgi yurOpnalli baLakeyalliruva yurAlik bhAShegaLalli samoyed emba upakuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu ESyAda yurAl parvataSrENiyalli baLakeyallive. alTayik kuTumbadalli Tarkik, mongOliyan, mancu-tungus mattu koriyan emba nAlku upakuTumbagaLu sEruttave. ayvattu miliya janara manemAtAda TarkiS bhAShe ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudu. kelavara abhiprAyadante, japAnIs mattu aynu bhAShegaLannU I alTayik kuTumbadalli sErisabahudu.
೫.೩ yurOpina bhAShegaLu
yurOp khanDadalli mukhyavAgi inDO-yurOpiyan, yurAlik mattu kavkESiyan emba mUru bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli inDO-yurOpiyan kuTumbakke sErida ingliSh, phrenc, jarman, spAniS, raSyan modalAda bhAShegaLannADuva janaru amerikA, AsTrEliyA, AphrikA modalAda bEre bhUkhanDagaLigU valase hOgi allU vistAravAgi haraDikonDiddAre. idarindAgi, ivattu jagattina oTTu janasankhyeya lekkavannu hiDidalli, inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLige modalaneya sthAna siguttade.
inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLu
I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLa sankhye nUrayvattakkinta jAstiyilla. I bhAShegaLannADuva janara mUla yurOp khanDavAgideyAdarU modalige hattirada ESyA khanDakke mattu ittIcege itara ellA khanDa gaLigU I janaru valase hOgi, ivattu iDI bhUmiyannE Akramisi konDiddAre. I kuTumbakke sErida ingliSh bhAShe ivattu jagattina bhASheyeniside.
sumAru mUru sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde ivattina Tarkiyalli baLakeyalliddu, anantara naSisihOgidda hiTTayT emba bhAShe inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLige sambandhisiddendU, mattu I bhASheyannu inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLondige sErisi oTTAgi inDO-hiTTayT emba innU doDDa bhAShAkuTumbavondannu sAdhisalu sAdhya vendU kelavaru vAdisiddAre.
inDO-yurOpiyan bhAShegaLannu Sa-ka bhEdada AdhArada mEle pUrva mattu paScima bhAShegaLendu vingaDisuva krama baLake yallittu. Adare kakAravannu SakAravAgi mADiruva bhAShegaLa naDuve kakAravannu uLisikonDiruva hiTTayT bhASheyideyembudannu kanDu hiDidAga, I vibhajanege beleyilladAyitu. sadyakke inDO- yurOpiyan bhAShegaLannu inDO-irEniyan, jarmEnik, slAvik, bAlTik, kelTik, iTAlik, modalAda oTTu hanneraDu upakuTumbagaLalli vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. I upakuTumbagaLalli grIk,
ArmEniyan mattu albEniyangaLalli ondondu bhAShe (mattu avugaLa upabhAShegaLu) mAtra ide.
itara bhAShegaLu
yurAlik kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLalli madhyayurOpinalli baLake yalliruva sumAru hadinaydu miliya janara manemAtAda hangEriyan mukhyavAdudu. idallade, phinlEnDinalli sumAru aydu miliya janara manemAtAgiruva phinniS bhASheyU I kuTumbakke sEruttade. esTOniyAda estOniyan, skEnDinEviyAda lAp, karEliyan, mOrDvin modalAda I kuTumbada itara mUvattu bhAShegaLannADuva janara oTTu sankhye aydu miliyakkinta jAsti illa. ESyAda uttara bhAgadallU I kuTumbakke sErida athavA sambandhisida yukAghir, mAnsi modalAda bhAShegaLive.
I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare ivugaLa padagaLallella svaragaLa sAmarasya kANisuttade. idakkAgi padagaLalli baruva svaragaLannu pUrva mattu paSca emba eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuva avaSyakate yide. ikAra mattu ekAragaLu pUrva svaragaLu, mattu ukAra, okAra mattu akAragaLu paSca svaragaLu. yAva padadallU pUrva mattu paSca svaragaLu oTTAgi baralAravu. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLalli baruva pratyaya gaLigella pUrvasvarayukta mattu paScasvarayuktagaLemba eraDeraDu rUpa gaLiruttave.
udAharaNegAgi, hangEriyan bhASheyalli ‘mEle’ emba arthada pratyayakke en mattu on emba eraDu rUpagaLive. ondu nAmapada pUrvasvarayuktavAgiddare adarondige I pratyayada en emba rUpa vannU (vidsen ‘nIrina mEle’), mattu paScasvarayuktavAgiddare on emba rUpavannU (lovon ‘kudureya mEle’) baLasabEkAguttade.
I bhAShegaLalli vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhye sAmAnyavAgi bahaLa doDDadu. udAharaNegAgi, permyAk emba bhASheyalli ೨೮ vibhakti pratyayagaLive. I pratyayagaLu mukhyavAgi halavu bageya sthAnagaLannu sUcisalu baLakeyAguttave. kannaDadalli inda mattu ge emba eraDu asthAyi sthAnagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLU, alli emba sthAyi sthAnavannu sUcisuva vibhaktiyU ideyAdare, I bhAShegaLalli halavu bageya sthAyi sthAnagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLive.
kavkESiyan vibhAgakke sErida bhAShegaLalli heccinavU hindina sOviyeT yUniyannallidda kavkasas pradESadalli baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli jArjiyan mukhyavAdudu. abkhAj, cecan, ghastAni, dargvA, lejgi modalAda oTTu sumAru ೩೭ bhAShegaLannu I vibhAgadalli sErisuvudu rUDhi. nijakkU I ellA bhAShegaLannU oTTAgi ondu bhAShAkuTumbavendu parigaNisuvudakke sAkaShTu AdhAravinnU doretilla. hAgAgi, kavkESiyan embudu ondu bhAShAkuTumba vennuvudakkintalU ondu prAdESika vibhajaneyendu hELuvudE lEsu.
I bhAShegaLannu uttara mattu dakShiNa (kartEliyan) emba eraDu gumpugaLAgi vingaDisabahudu. ivugaLalli uttarada bhAShegaLalli kANisi koLLuva varNagaLa sankhye sAmAnyavAgi bahaLa doDDadu. udAharaNe gAgi, yubikh bhASheyalli oTTu ೮೦ vyanjana varNagaLive. Adare I bhASheyalliruva svaragaLa sankhye mAtra barE eraDu (ivu eraDu bageya akAragaLu). I bhASheyalli u, o, i, e modalAda akArakkinta bhinnavAda svaragaLilla.
kartEliyan bhAShegaLalli vibhaktigaLa sankhye adhika. udAharaNegAgi, lAk bhASheyalli oTTu ೪೦ vibhaktigaLive. tabasAras emba innondu bhASheyalli ೪೬ vibhaktigaLive. idara kelavu upabhAShegaLalli innU jAsti vibhaktigaLive. ivugaLalli heccinavU bEre bEre sthAnagaLannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada saptamige badalAgi sthAnada svarUpavannAdharisi, endare ‘samataTTAda jAga’, ‘iLijArAda jAga’, ‘mElmay’, ‘keLamay’, ‘khAli jAga’, ‘tumbida jAga’, modalAda bhEdagaLannAdharisi, I bhAShegaLalli halavAru pratyayagaLannu baLasa lAguttade.
೫.AphrikAda bhAShegaLu
AphrikAdalli oTTu sumAru ondUvare sAviradinda hiDidu eraDu sAviradaShTu bhAShegaLu baLakeyalliyendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAya paTTiddAre. I bhAShegaLannella AphrO-ESiyATik, naylO-saharAn, nayjar-korDOphEniyan, mattu khoysAn emba nAlku mukhya kuTumbagaLalli vingaDisabahudendu ivaralli heccinavarU abhiprAya paDuttAre. AphrikAdalli I nAlku kuTumbagaLigU sErade pratyEkavAgi uLiyuva bhAShegaLU kelavive.
Aphri-ESiyATik bhAShegaLu
I vibhAgakke sEruva sumAru innUra naluvattu bhAShegaLu AphrikAda uttara bhAgadalli baLakeyallive. ivannu IjipTiyan, semiTik, berber, cAdik, mattu kuSiTik emba aydu upavibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu. ivugaLalli kelavu bhAShegaLannu omOTik emba innondu pratyEkavAda vibhAgadalli sErisabEkendu kelavaru abhiprAya paTTiddAre. I upavibhAgagaLalli IjipTiyan embudakke sErida bhAShe gaLella Iga aLidu hOgive. haLE IjipTiyan bhASheya barahagaLu aydu sAvira varShagaLaShTu haLeyavu. adara ittIcegina prabhEdavendare hadinAranE SatamAnada kOpTik bhAShe.
semiTik kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLu arab dESagaLAda savdI arEbiya, jOrDAn, irAk, isrEl, lebanAn, siriyAgaLallU, sOmAliyA mattu ithiyOpiyAda heccina bhAgagaLallU, mattu irAn hAgU Tarki dESagaLa kelavu bhAgagaLallU baLakeyallive. akkADiyan embudu I vibhAgakke sErida ondu haLE bhAShe.
nUru miliya janara manemAtAgiruva arEbik, enTu miliya janara mAtAgiruva amhArik, nAlku miliya janara mAtAgiruva tigrIniyA modalAdavugaLu I semiTik vibhAgakke sErida Adhunika bhAShegaLu. isrElina hIbrU bhASheyU idE vibhAgakke sEruttade. kraystana kAladalli heccu kaDime pUrti naShTavAgi hOgidda I bhAShe yannu punarujjIvanagoLisi Adhunika ADaLita bhASheyannAgi mADa lAgide. ivattu idannu baLasuttiruvavara sankhye sumAru mUru miliya.
semiTik vibhAgakke sErida I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLa padagaLalli heccinavugaLallU mUru vyanjanagaLa ondu dhAtu viruttade. I dhAtuvinondige kelavE kelavu svaragaLa vinyAsagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka, I bhAShegaLalli bEre bEre rItiya padagaLannu mattu padarUpagaLannu sAdhisabahudu.
udAharaNegAgi, arEbik bhASheyalli k-t-b embudu ‘bare’ embarthada ondu dhAtu. idannu bEre bEre svaravinyAsagaLondige baLasi, kitAb ‘pustaka’, kAtib ‘lEkhaka’, kutubi ‘pustaka vyApAri’, kataba ‘baravaNigeyavanu’, kitAb ‘baraha’, kuttAb ‘prAthamika SAle’ modalAda padagaLannu sAdhisabahudu. idallade, ivakke bEre kelavu vyanjanagaLannu sErisi, makkUb ‘patra’, miktAb ‘TayprayTar’,
makkab ‘kacEri’, makkaba ‘granthAlaya’, istriktAb ‘hELi bareyisu’, iktitAb ‘nOndAyisu’ modalAda bEre halavu padagaLannu racisabahudu.
I rIti, dhAtugaLa naDuvina arthavyatyAsavannu sUcisalu I bhAShe yalli svaragaLa avaSyakateyillavAda kAraNa, idara barahadalli sAmAnya vAgi vyanjanagaLannu mattu dIrghasvaragaLannu mAtra bareyuva krama baLakege bandide. hrasva svaragaLannu, padagaLa koneyalli baruva vyanjana gaLannu, mattu ottakSharagaLannu cikkamakkaLa paThyapustakagaLalli mattu kurAn nalli mAtra sUcisalAguttade.
AsTrO-ESiyATik kuTumbada kuSiTik emba innondu upa vibhAgakke sErida somAli, oromO, aphAr modalAda bhAShegaLu suDAn, ithiyOpiyA, somAliyA modalAda dESagaLalli baLake yallive. berber bhAShegaLu morokko mattu aljIriyAgaLalli baLakeyallive. cAdik bhAShegaLalli havsA atyanta mukhyavAdudu. I bhASheyannu manemAtAgi baLasuvavara sankhye sumAru hanneraDu miliya, mattu eraDanE bhASheyAgi baLasuvavara sankhye sumAru hadimUru miliya. I bhAShe mAtravallade, burA, mArba moda lAda bEre sumAru nUra ippattu bhAShegaLU I upavibhAgadallive. ithiyOpiyA mattu kenyAgaLalli baLakeyalliruva sumAru mUva ttaydu bhAShegaLu omOTik vibhAgakke sEruttave.
AphrO-ESiyATik bhAShegaLa innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivu gaLa vAkyagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi kriyApada modalige baruttade. (kannaDa dalli idu konege baruttade).
naylO-saharAn bhAShegaLu
nayjIriyAda kanuri, cAdna nayjer, kenyAda luvO modalAda sumAru tombattu bhAShegaLu I kuTumbakke sEruttave. I bhAShegaLu AphrikAdalli AphrO-ESiyATik mattu nayjar-kOngO bhAShegaLa naDuve vistarisive. suDAn mattu IjipTgaLalli baLakeyalliruva nubiyan bhAShegaLU I kuTumbakke sEriddu, ivugaLa barahagaLu enTanE SatamAnadindalU uLisikonDu baralAgide; idakkAgi ivu grIk lipiyannu baLasuttive.
I bhAShegaLannu songhAy, pUrva suDAnik, mattu madhya suDAnik embudAgi mUru gumpugaLalli vibhajisabahudu. I ellA
bhAShegaLU vEda kAlada samskxtada hAge udAtta, anudAtta moda lAda nAdavayvidhyagaLannu tOrisuttave. kelavu bhAShegaLalli I vayvidhya vannu vibhaktigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU baLasalAgu ide. pUrva mattu dakShiNa pradESada bhAShegaLalli kriyApadavu vAkyada modala padavAgi baruttiddu, avu adakkanuguNavAda bEreyU halavu vaySiShTyagaLannu tOrisuttave.
nayjar-koDOphEniyan bhAShegaLu
AphrikAkhanDadalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLalli heccinavU, endare sumAru eraDu sAvira bhAShegaLalli ondUvare sAvira bhAShegaLU nayjar-korDOphEniyan kuTumbakke sEruttave. I kuTumbavannu nayjar-kOngO mattu korDOphEniyan embudAgi eraDu mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisabahudu; idallade, nayjar-kOngO vannu paScima aTlAnTik, mAndE, gur, kvA, benu-kOngO, pUrva aDamAvA modalAda bEre bEre upavibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisa bahudu.
nayjIriyAda yorubA, suDAnina tegAli, senegalna phulakunda, pUrva AphrikAda halavu dESagaLalli baLakeyalliruva svahili, jimbAbveya SOnA, rvAnDA mattu yugAnDagaLalli baLakeyalliruva kinyArvAndA, dakShiNa AphrikAda julu ityAdi bhAShegaLu I vibhAgakke sEruttave.
AphrikA khanDada dakShiNa bhAgadalli haraDikonDiruva sumAru aynUru banTu bhAShegaLU I nayjar-kOngO upavibhAgakke sEru ttave. I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLalli baruva nAma padagaLallella eraDu angagaLiruttave; A padagaLa lingavannu sUcisuva anga modalinadu, mattu adara arthavannu sUcisuva anga eraDa neyadu. udAharaNegAgi, banTu emba I bhAShegaLa hesarinalli ba embudu ondu lingasUcaka pratyaya; adu manuShyarannu sUcisuttade.
I bhAShegaLalli intaha hattu-hadinaydu lingasUcaka pratyaya gaLiruttave. ivugaLalli kelavakke Ekavacana mattu bahuvacanagaLalli bEre bEre rUpagaLiruttave. ivu vyakti, mara-giDa, jODi vastugaLu (kaNNu, kivi, ityAdi), prANi, aprANi, cikka vastugaLu, ityAdi vargagaLalli nAmapadagaLannu hancuttave. nAmapadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva I
amerikAda bhAShegaLu
lingabhEdavannu vAkyadalli baruva bEre halavAru padagaLU sUcisu ttave.
boysAn bhAShegaLu
AphrikAda nayxtya bhAgada kalahAri marubhUmi pradESadalli baLake yalliruva khU, nAma hoTTenTOT, sandAvE, hatsa modalAda sumAru mUvattu bhAShegaLu I kuTumbakke sEruttave. ivugaLa nnADuva janaralli heccinavarU kuLLaru. hindina kAladalli ivaru AphrikAda dakShiNa bhAgadallella haraDiddarendu tOruttade. Adare uttara dinda banTu bhASheyannADuva janarU, dakShiNadinda Dac bhASheya nnADuva vasAhatudArarU oTTige sEri ivarannu marubhUmige taLLi ddAre.
OShTya, tAlavya, ghOSha, aghOSha modalAda halavu bageya ‘klik’varNagaLiruvudu I bhAShegaLa ondu prAmukhyavAda vaySiShTya.
೫.೫ amerikAda bhAShegaLu
amerikA khanDagaLannu yurOpina janaru kanDuhiDiyuvudakkinta modalu alli nUrAru bhAShegaLannADuva janaru vAsisuttiddaru. uttara mattu dakShiNa amerikAgaLalli oTTige intaha sumAru ondu sAvira bhAShegaLu baLakeyalli ddirabEku.
ivugaLalli halavu avugaLannADuva janAngagaLondige nASa gonDive. innu halavu nASada hAdiyallive. ivugaLalli kelavannu sadyakke baLasuttiruvavaru ibbarO mUvarO mudukaru mAtra. I rIti bahaLamaTTige aLidu hOgi, Iga uLidiruva, AdarU SIghravAgi aLiyuttiruva, sumAru ೬೫೦ bhAShegaLu I bEre bEre janAngagaLalli ivattu baLakeyallive.
amerikAda eraDu khanDagaLalli haraDiruva I bhAShegaLannella eskimO-aleyut, nA-Dene, mattu amerinD emba mUru mukhya kuTumbagaLalli sEruvante vibhajisabahudendu vidvAmsaru kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. I abhiprAyadante, eskimO-aleyutge sErida hattu bhAShegaLu, mattu nA-Denege sErida mUvattamUru bhAShegaLannu biTTare uLiduvellavU amerinD emba bhAShA kuTumbakke sEruttave.
eskimO bhAShegaLu
eskimO-aleyut bhAShegaLu alAskA, grInlEnD, saybIriyA modalAda uttaradhruvakke samIpada pradESagaLalli baLakeyallive. aleyut, yUpik, inuyit, alAskan modalAda bhAShegaLu I kuTumbakke sEruttave.
eskimO bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ondu doDDa vAkya dalli baraballa viShayagaLannella barE ondu padadalli aDakavAgi hELuva krama I bhAShegaLallide. Adare, idakkAgi A padadondige halavAru pratyayagaLannu sErisi hELabEkAguttade. ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva padadondige yAru, yArannu, yAvAga, yAke, elli, yArigAgi A ghaTaneyalli toDagisidaru embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi I rIti halavu bageya pratyayagaLannu kriyApadagaLige sErisabahudu. I kAraNakkAgi, bhAratada munDAri bhASheya hAge, mattu amerikAda sAliSAn bhAShe gaLa hAge, I bhAShegaLannU ‘pOlisintheTik’ bhAShegaLendu parigaNisa lAguttade.
nA-Dene bhAShegaLu
nA-Dene bhAShegaLendare mukhyavAgi athabAskan emba upakuTumbakke sErida navahO, apAcE, sArsI modalAda sumAru mUvattu bhAShegaLu, mattu ivakkinta bhinnavAda eyAk, haydA mattu tlingit emba bhAShegaLu. ivugaLalli eyAk bhASheyannADuvavaralli ivattu (೧೯೯೬ralli) obba vyakti mAtra jIvantavAgiddAne.
uttara amerikAdalli yuTO-ajTekan bhAShegaLannu biTTare, ati heccu bhAShegaLiruva mattu ati heccu janaru baLasuva bhAShA(upa) kuTumbavendare, I athabAskan embudAgide.
amerikan bhAShegaLu
amerinD embudu amerikan inDiyan embudara sankShipta rUpa. amerikA khanDagaLannu modala bArige talupida pAScAtyara tappu kalpaneyindAgi, inDiyan emba hesaru ivarige bandideyAdarU ivara bhAShegaLigU bhAratada bhAShegaLigU naDuve namage tiLidante yAva sambandhavU illa. kenaDAdinda hiDidu, dakShiNa amerikAda dakShiNada koneyavaregU I bhAShegaLu baLakeyallive.janasankhyeya
maTTige I bhAShegaLannADuvavaru dakShiNa amerikAdalli ivattigU prabalarAgiddAre. eppattu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva kvecuvA bhAShe kolambiyA, yukaDOr, peru mattu bolIviyAgaLallU, mUvattu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva guvArAnI bhAShe parAgvE, brEjil mattu arjenTInAgaLallU, hadinaydu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva ayyArA bhAShe peru mattu bolIviyAgaLallU, mattu hattu lakSha janara mAtAgiruva nahuvAts bhAShe dakShiNa meksikOdallU baLake yallive.
idakke viruddhavAgi, kenaDA mattu uttara amerikAgaLalli I bhAShe gaLannADuva janara sankhye heccendare kelavu sAviragaLaShTu mAtra kANisu ttade. dakShiNa amerikAdalli daTTavAda kADugaLidda kAraNa I bhAShegaLa nnADuvavaru pAScAtya vasAhatudArara gunDige sikkade tappisikonDu iddudu, mattu uttara amerikAdalli kADu pradESa kaDimeyidda kAraNa avaralli heccinavarU nASahondiddudE idakke mukhya kAraNa.
amerinD bhAShegaLannu uttara, madhya, chibchAn-pEjAn, AnDiyan, tukAnovan, mattu gE-pAnO-kArib emba Aru upakuTumbagaLalli vibhajisi hELalu sAdhyavideyendu kelavara abhiprAyavAdare, innu kelavara matadante, I bhAShegaLannoLagonDa bhAShAkuTumbagaLa sankhye nUrakkintalU jAsti.
ivugaLalli kelavu bhAShAkuTumbagaLannu heccinavarU oppikoLLu ttAre. algOnkiyan, sAliS, kaDOvan, siyovan, irOkvo yiyan, hOkan, penuTiyan, tanovan, yuTO-ajTekan modalAda kuTumbagaLu intahavu.
I bhAShegaLa mattu bhAShAkuTumbagaLa naDuviruva vayvidhyavannu sankShiptavAgi baNNisabEkiddarU adu ondu doDDa pustakavE AdItu. iDI vAkyada arthavannu ondu padadoLage tumbisaballa sAliSAn bhAShegaLinda hiDidu, caynIsna hAge padagaLalli svalpavU Antarika racaneyE illadiruvantaha bhAShegaLU I kuTumbadalli kANisuttave.
೫. AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLu
AsTrEliyAdalli ellarU ingliSh mAtanADuttArendu heccinavarU bhAvisuttirabahudu; Adare, nijakkU ingliSh mAtanADuva jana
AsTrEliyA khanDakke bandu nelesuva modalu, ingliShginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva innUru-munnUru bhAShegaLannADuva jana alli nele siddaru.
vasAhatugArarAgi banda ingliShara kAla tuLitakke sikki, I mUla nivAsigaLalli heccinavarU Iga aLiduhOgiddAre. avarondige avaru ADuttidda nUrAru bhAShegaLU heccina maTTige aLiduhOgive. Iga allondu illondu embudAgi, guDDagADugaLalli mattu marubhUmi gaLalli mAtra kelavu bhAShegaLu uLidukonDive. avugaLalli mundina talemArina varege uLiyaballavugaLu ippattakkintalU kaDime.
AsTrEliyA khanDakke ingliSharu valase bandAga, endare sumAru innUru varShagaLaShTu hinde, alli bahaLa kaDimeyendarU sumAru mUru lakSha mUla nivAsigaLiddirabEkendu UhisalAgide. nijakkU ivara sankhye idakkintalU hecciddiralu sAdhyavide.
avara daynandinada jIvana nisargadondige heNedukonDittu. tamma parisaravannu svalpavU keDisade, adara ondu angavAgi badukuva krama sAvirAru varShagaLindalU avaralli paramparAgatavAgi beLedubandittu. tamma dinanityada avaSyakategaLige bEkAdaShTE AhAra mattu itara vastu gaLannu avaru tamma parisaradinda AydukoLLuttiddaru. bEkAddakkinta heccu sottugaLannu kUDihAkuva gOjigE avaru hOguttiralilla. idarindAgi, avara parisara nASavAgade ellarigU txptiyanna koDu tittu.
inglenDninda mattu yurOpina itara dESagaLinda valase banda janaru I mUla nivAsigaLa hAge alpatxptarAgiralilla. tamage eShTu bhUmiyiddarU sAladu, eShTu sampattiddarU sAladu emba manO bhAva avaradAgittu. tamma kAlakke mAtravallade tamma makkaLa mattu avara makkaLa kAlakkU sAkAguvaShTu sampattannu kUDihAkidarU avarige samAdhAnavilla. avara I uddESakke aDDa banda mUla nivAsigaLannu ondO gunDininda suTTu hAkidaru, illavE phalavattAda bhUmiyannu biTTu maraLugADinoLakke ODihOguva hAge mADidaru.
tamma jIvanakke hondikonDidda bhUmiyinda bErAda I aLiduLida janAnga bahubEga naShTavAguttA hOyitu. ittIcegina ankesankhyegaLa prakAra, AsTrEliyAdalli mUla bhAShegaLannADuva janara sankhye kaLeda nUru-nUrayvattu varShagaLalli mUru lakShaviddudu mUvattu sAvirakkiLidide. avara heccina bhAShegaLU nASada hAdiyallive.
yolngu, vArlpiri, mattu paScima marubhUmiya kelavu bhAShegaLu mAtra ivattu SAlegaLalli ingliShnondige paThyagaLAgive. intaha bhAShegaLa sankhye hattakkintalU kaDime.
AsTrEliyAdalli baLakeyalliruva mUla bhAShegaLalli heccinavU ondE bhAShAkuTumbakke sEridavugaLirabEkendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAya paTTiddAre. idakke apavAdavendare, miriyam emba pApuvAn bhAShe, mattu tAsmEniyAdalli baLakeyallidda, mattu Iga aLidu hOgiruva bEre eraDu bhAShegaLu.
AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLannu oTTu ೨೬ upakuTumbagaLalli pratyEkisa bahudu. ivugaLalli mAmA-nyungAn emba ondE ondu upa kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLE AsTrEliyAda heccina bhAgagaLallU baLake yallive. uLida ೨೫ upakuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLella AsTrEliyA khanDada uttara tudiyalli sangrahitavAgive.
vyAkaraNada vaySiShTya
AsTrEliyAda I mUla bhAShegaLalli sAmAnyavAgi a, i mattu u emba mUru svaragaLu mAtra iruttave. ivakkinta bhinnavAda e mattu o svaragaLAgalI, dIrghasvaragaLAgalI ivugaLallilla. idallade, I bhAShegaLalli svaradinda suruvAguva padagaLu aparUpa.
vyanjanagaLalli ga, ja, Da, da mattu ba emba aydu sparSagaLu mAtra vallade, nAligeyannu hallugaLa naDuve irisi uccarisuva Araneya dondu sparSavU ivugaLalliruttade. idE rIti Aru anunAsikagaLU iruttave. Adare, ka, ca, Ta, ta, pa modalAda aghOSha sparSa gaLAgalI, kha, cha, Tha, tha, pha modalAda mahAprANAkSharagaLAgalI, illavE sa, Sa, ha modalAda UShma vyanjanagaLAgalI I bhAShegaLalli kANisuvudu aparUpa.
I bhAShegaLa sarvanAmagaLu Ekavacana, dvivacana, mattu bahuvacana embudAgi mUru vacanagaLannu sUcisaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, dvirbal emba bhASheyalli baygu endare ‘nAnu’, bili endare ‘nAvibbaru’, mattu jana endare ‘nAvu mUvaru’ illavE ‘jAsti jana’ emba artha baruttade.
idallade, uttama puruSha dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLalli madhyama puruShayukta mattu madhyamapuruSharahita emba vyatyAsavannU I bhASheya sarvanAmagaLu tOrisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, aylitya
endare ‘nInu mattu nAnu’ endU, jili endare ‘ninnannu biTTu nAvibbaru’ endU artha baruttade. hIgeyE, jantu endare ‘nInu mattu nAvu (mUru illavE heccu mandi)’ endU, jinnu endare ‘ninnannu biTTu nAvu (mUru illavE heccu mandi)’ endU artha baruttade.
hinde-munde, eDakke-balakke
sthAnasUcaka padagaLa baLakeyallU AsTrEliyAda bhAShegaLalli kelavu vaySiShTyagaLu kANisuttave. obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu ellide embudannu tiLisuvudakke nAvu hinde-munde, eDakke-balakke, mEle-keLage emba viSEShaNagaLannu baLasuttEve. Ata maneya munde nintiddAne, tengina mara maneya eDakke ide embantaha vAkyagaLalli ivugaLa prayOgavannu kANabahudu.
AsTrEliyAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu ellideyembudannu hIge innondu vastuvina illavE mAtanADuvavana dxShTikOnada mUlaka tiLisuva badalu, pUrva-dakShiNa-paScima- uttara emba dikkugaLa sahAyadindalEnE tiLisalAguttade.
gUgu-yimdhir emba bhAShe intahadu. mEle koTTiruva eraDu vAkyagaLu tiLisuva sangatiyannu I bhASheyalli dikkugaLa sahAyadinda mAtravE (maneya pUrvakke, maneya paScimakke, ityAdi) tiLisalAguttade.
citravondaralli kANisuva ibbaru vyaktigaLalli obbanu innobbana balabadige nintiddAne ennalU I bhASheyalli sAdhyavAgadu. allU nijavAda dikkannE tiLisabEku, mattu citravannu svalpa tirugisi hiDidare, dikku badalAgiruvudannU sariyAgi aritu hELabEku.
I rIti cikka cikka vastugaLa sthAnavannU dikkugaLa sahAyadinda tiLisuvudu namage tIra vicitra mattu bahaLa kaShTada kelasa endu anisa bahudu. Adare, AsTrEliyAda I mUlanivAsigaLu marubhUmiyalli sancarisuttirabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, avarige I rIti yAvAgalU dikkugaLa ariviruvudu tumbA upayuktavAguttade. marubhUmiyalli sthAna sUcakagaLAgi baLasalu mara, guDDa modalAda gurutugaLAvuvU iruvudilla; hAgAgi, dikkina jYAnavondarindalE avaru yAvAgalU tAvelli iruvevembudannu tiLidukonDirabEkAguttade.
attebhAShe
AsTrEliyAda kelavu bhAShegaLalli atte, mAva, attige, bhAva modalAda sambandhigaLondige mAtanADuvAga baLasuva bhAShe itara sandarbha gaLalli baLasuva bhASheginta tIrA bhinnavAgiruttade. eraDarallU vyAkaraNa ondE; Adare, padagaLu mAtra bEre bEre. itararondige mAtanADu vAga baLasuva padagaLalli ondannU I attebhASheyalli baLasalu sAdhya villa.
udAharaNegAgi, dyarbala emba bhASheyalli sAmAnyavAgi ‘horage bA’ ennalu mayin ennuttAre, Adare adara attebhASheyalli yil vun ennuttAre; ‘tinnu’ ennuvudakke sAmAnya bhASheyalli dyangiು ennuttAre, Adare attebhASheyalli yalmiiು ennuttAre.
I viSiShTavAda attebhASheyannu ganDasaru tamma atte (henDatiya tAyi), sose (magana henDati), attige (tAyiya sahOdarana illavE tandeya sahOdariya magaLu) - ivarondigU, hengasaru tamma mAva (ganDana tande), aLiya (magaLa ganDa), mattu bhAva (tAyiya sahOdarana illavE tandeya sahOdariya maga) - ivarondigU kaDDAyavAgi baLasabEkAguttade.
bEre kelavu sambandhigaLondigU (udA: ganDasara maTTige tAyiya sahOdarana maga, mattu hengasara maTTige tAyiya sahO darana magaLu) attebhASheyannu baLasabahudAdarU, idaralli kaDDAya villa. uLidavarondige mAtra, I attebhASheyannu baLasabAradu; sAmAnya bhASheyannE baLasabEku.
I attebhASheya ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, adaralli baLakeyAguva padagaLu bahaLa kaDime, endare sAmAnya bhASheyalli iruvudara kAlu bhAgadaShTu padagaLu mAtra idaralli baLakeyAguttave. hIgiddarU, hELa bEkendiruva sangatigaLannella adara mUlaka hELalu EnU tondare yAguvudilla. I rIti padagaLa sankhye attebhASheyalli kaDimeyiralu mukhya kAraNavEnendare, sAmAnya bhASheyalli baruva mUru-nAlku padagaLige badalAgi, attebhASheyalli ondE padaviruttade.
udAharaNegAgi, attebhASheyalli ‘nODu’ embarthada immal emba ondu padakke badalAgi, sAmAnya bhASheyalli vabal ‘mEle nODu’, biDidsay ‘eveyikkade nODu’, gindal ‘rAtri hottu dIpada beLakinalli nODu’, mamil ‘gottAgada hAge nODu’, buDal ‘obbana kaDege nODu’ modalAda padagaLive.
I eraDu rItiya bhAShegaLu dyarbalnalli haLabaralli mAtra uLi diveyallade, taruNa-taruNiyara mattu huDuga-huDugiyara mAtinalli uLidilla. I mUlanivAsigaLa itara sampradAyagaLa hAge, I bhAShA sampradAyavU naSisi hOguttide.
AsTrEliyAda mUlanivAsigaLa bhASheyalli kANisuva innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, avara samAjadalli yArAdarU sattare Atana hesarannu hOluva pada avara bhASheyalli yAvudiddarU adannu anantara uccarisuvantilla; hAge uccarisidalli Atana Atma avariru vallige bandItemba nambikeyE idakke kAraNa. I sampradAyadindAgi, avara bhASheya halavu padagaLu ondondAgi baLakeyinda hora bILuttiruttave, mattu avugaLa jAgavannu bEre padagaLu Akramisu tiruttave. Adare, ondu samAjadalli I rIti kANeyAda padagaLannu pakkada samAjadalli kANabahudu.
೫.೭ OSiyAnAda bhAShegaLu
pesiphik mattu hindU mahAsAgaragaLalli haraDiruva sAvirAru dvIpa gaLalli vAsisuva janaralli sAvirAru bhinna bhinnavAda bhAShegaLu baLake yallive. I dvIpagaLalli kANisuva bhAShegaLa sankhye jagattina oTTu bhAShegaLa SEkaDA naluvattaraShTAgabahudendu kelavaru lekka hAkiddAre. ivannu mukhyavAgi AsTOnESiyan mattu inDO-pesiphik emba eraDu bhAShAkuTumbagaLalli vingaDisabahudu.
ivugaLalli AsTrEnESiyan bhAShegaLu bahaLa vistAravAgi I eraDu mahAsAgaragaLalliruva ellA dvIpagaLallU endare, AphrikA khanDada hattiraviruva meDagAskar dvIpadinda hiDidu inDOnESiyA, philipayns dvIpagaLannu dATi, munde pesiphik mahAsAgaradalliruva havAyi dvIpagaLavaregU habbikonDiruvuvAdare, inDO-pesiphik bhAShegaLu nyUgini mattu adara suttumuttalina dvIpagaLalli mAtra baLakeyallive.
Adare, AsTrEnESiyan bhAShegaLella ondakkondu tIra hattirada sambandhavannu tOrisuttive, mattu idakke viruddhavAgi, inDO- pesiphik bhAShegaLu ondE kaDe sEriddarU halavAru rItiya vayvidhya gaLannu tOrisuttiddu, avannella ondE kuTumbadalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavE emba viShayadalli vidvAmsaroLage matabhEdavide.
AsTOnESiyan bhAShegaLu
maDagAskarna malagAsi, malayESiyAda malay, inDOnESiyAda bahasA inDOnESiyA, jAvanIs, sunDanIs, mAdurIs, bAli, philipaynsna pilipinO (tagalOg), pOlinESyAda samOvan, tahitiyan mattu havAyiyan modalAda oTTu ondu sAvira bhAShegaLu AsTOnESiyan kuTumbakke sEruttave. I bhAShegaLannu mukhyavAgi malayO-pOlinESiyan emba ondu doDDa upa kuTumbadallU, atAyalik, tsavyik mattu payvanik emba mUru cikka upakuTumbagaLallU sErisi hELabahudendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.
I kuTumbakke sErida sumAru innUrarinda munnUraraShTu bhAShe gaLu nyUginiyinda paScimakke baLakeyalliddu, ivannADuvavara sankhye ೨೦೦ miliyadaShTide. nyUginiyinda pUrvakke idakkintalU jAsti, endare sumAru munnUrarinda nAnnUrara varege bhAShegaLiveyAdarU, ivannADuvavara sankhye mAtra eraDu miliyadaShTu mAtra ide. ೬೫ miliya janara jAvanIs, ೨೦ miliya janara sunDanIs, mattu ೧೦ miliya janara tagalOg (philipaynsna bhAShe) embavu I bhAShegaLalli janasankhyeya maTTige mukhyavAdavugaLu.
sAmAnyavAgi I bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa sankhye bahaLa cikkadu. udAharaNegAgi, mavori bhASheyalli oTTu hattu vyanjanagaLu (k, t, p, ph, h, m, n, j, r, v) mAtra baLakeyallive. Adare, svaragaLu hattu (hrasva mattu dIrgha svaragaLu sEri) ive.
malayO-pOlinESiyan kuTumbada ondu vibhAgavAda OSiyAnik illavE melanESiyan bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTya vEnendare, ivugaLalli nirdESaka sarvanAmagaLu ‘mAtanADuvavana hattira’, ‘kELugana hattira’, mattu ‘ibbarindalU dUra’ embudAgi mUru viSiShTavAda sthAnagaLannu sUcisuttave. bhAratadalli baLake yalliruva kelavu TibeTO-barman bhAShegaLallU, yurOpina yurAlik bhAShegaLallU intaha mUru rItiya sthAnanirdESaka sarvanAmagaLannu kANabahudu.
bhAShegaLa bagge nIvEnu balliri?
inDO-pesiphik bhAShegaLu
I kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLa sankhye sAvirakke hattira ideyAdarU, ivannADuva janara sankhye oTTu ippattu lakShakkinta jAstiyilla. mukhya vAgi nyUgini emba ondE ondu dvIpadalli haraDiveyAdarU, I bhAShegaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiddu avannella ondE kuTumba dalli sErisi hELabahudemba vAdavannu ellarU oppuvudilla.
bhAratada anDamAn dvIpadalli baLakeyalliruva kelavu bhAShe gaLannU I kuTumbadalli sErisabahudendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTi ddAre. ivallade, Iga pUrti aLidu hOgiruva tasmIniyAda bhAShe gaLu, nyUginiya madhyabhAgadalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLu, paScimada pApuvAn bhAShegaLu, pUrvada bhAShegaLu, vAyavyada bhAShegaLu mattu pesiphik bhAShegaLu embudAgi I bhAShegaLannu ELu vibhAgagaLAgi hancalu sAdhyavideyendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.
nyUgini dvIpadalli baLakeyalliruva oTTu ondu sAvira bhAShegaLalli mukkAlu pAlaShTu, endare sumAru ೭೫೦ bhAShegaLu pApuvAn emba ondu vibhAgakke sEruttave. I bhAShegaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLalli svatantra mattu asvatantragaLemba eraDu rItiya kriyApada gaLiruttave. AkhyAta mattu kAla pratyayagaLalli heccinavU svatantra kriyApadagaLondige mAtra baruttave.
೫.೮ muktAya
jagattinalliruva janarella ondE bhASheyannADuva hAgiddare bahaLa oLLeyadu endu bhAvisuva mandi nammalli kelavariddAre. hIgAdalli, bEre bEre bhAShegaLannu kaliyuva kelasa tappabahudu mAtravalla, bhASheya hesarinalli ivattu naDeyuttiruva nUrAru hOrATagaLU illavAgabahudendu I janaru bhAvisuttAre.
Adare, nijakkU namage intaha EkarUpate bEkE embudannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. ellarU ondE rItiya baTTegaLannu uDuva hAgAdalli, ondE rItiya sAmAnugaLannu baLasuva hAgAdalli, mattu ondE rItiya giDagaLannu neDuva hAgAdalli halavu bageya samasyegaLannu mattu tondaregaLannu kaDime mADabahudEnO
nija; Adare, idarindAgi namma jIvanadalli Iga kANisuva vayvidhyateyE illavAgi, ellavU nIrasavAgaballudu.
idallade, kAla badalAdantella prapancadalli kANisuva jIvigaLalli kelavu hosa kAlakke hondikoLLalu asamarthavAgi nASagoLLuvudannu nAvu kANuttEve. yAva rItiya jIvi I rIti aLiduhOgaballudu, mattu yAvudu uLiyaballudu embudannu nAvu avugaLa ivattina naDateya illavE sAmarthyada AdhArada mEle nirdharisalArevu. hAgAgi, jIvigaLalli kANisuva vayvidhyateyannu aLisi hAkidalli, munde baraliruva ondu kAladalli uLiyabahudAda jIviyE illavendAgalu sAdhyavide.
bhASheyalli kANisuva vayvidhyateyU idE rItiyadu. namma jIvanadalli kANisuva itara vayvidhyategaLanteyE adU atyavaSya vAdudu. ivattina avaSyakategaLannu pUraysalu ingliSh illavE hindi bhAShe atyanta samarthavendu kelavaru bhAvisabahudu. Adare munde baruva ondu divasadalli avugaLa badalu Iga tIrA keLamaTTadalliruva guDDagADina janara ondu bhAShe heccu samarthavendu siddhavAgalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, bhASheya uLivE adaralli kANisuva vayvidhyateya mEle avalambisideyendu hELabahudu.
bhAShegaLalli kANisuva I vayvidhyateyannu aritaShTU bhASheya svarUpa namage heccu heccu spaShTavAguttA hOguttade. Adare, I viShayadalli nAvu tiLiyabEkAdaddu innU bahaLa jAsti ide. nUrAru varShagaLindalU sAvirAru mandi samSOdhakaru ingliSh bhASheya mEle samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuttA bandiddAre; hAgiddarU, A bhASheya kuritAgi ivattigU hosa hosa viShayagaLu horabaruttive. hIgiru vAga, obbarO ibbarO samSOdhane naDesuttiruva itara bhAShegaLa pADEnu?
idallade, samSOdhakaru sAmAnyavAgi jAsti samSOdhane mADida bhASheya svarUpavannE itara bhAShegaLallU kANuttAre. samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kannaDadalli kanDa kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa avasthe intahadu. tAvu abhyAsa mADuva bhASheya nijavAda svarUpavEnu embudannu tiLiyalu ivaru innaShTu ALavAda samSOdhanegaLannu mADa bEkAguttade. prapancadalliruva sAviragaTTale bhAShegaLalli eShTannu I rIti abhyAsa mADalu sAdhya?
bhAShegaLa kuritu namagiruva ajYAna entahadu embudannu idu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade. I ajYAnavannu nivArisalu nAvu prayatnisabEku mAtravalla, AdaShTu maTTige bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vayvidhyateyannu uLisikoLLuvudakkU nAvu prayatnisabEku. kannaDada upabhAShegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLu kannaDada SrImantikeyannu pratibimbisuttave. A upabhAShegaLalli ondu sari uLiduvella tappu emba bhAvaneyannu nAvu toDedu hAkabEku. nijakkU kannaDada uLivu I vayvidhyateyannavalambiside embudannu nAvu mareyabAradu.