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Title: ಕನ್ನಡ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ (Kannada Vakyagala Olarachane / Internal Structure of Kannada Sentences) Author: ಡಿ. ಎನ್. ಶಂಕರ ಭಟ್ (D.N. Shankara Bhat) Year: 2004 (1st edition), 2006 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition — OCR source) Publisher: Bhasha Prakashan, Araga, Tirthahalli Pages: ~277 Language: Standard Kannada orthography (NOT hosa baraha / Bhat’s reformed spelling) Topic: Syntax — internal structure of Kannada sentences

BOOK OVERVIEW

This book is a systematic descriptive study of the internal structure (ಒಳರಚನೆ, oLaracane) of Kannada sentences — the sub-field of linguistics called syntax. It is the direct companion volume to the author’s book on word structure (ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ, Book 03 in this series): where that book examines morphology (how words are built), this one examines syntax (how sentences are built from words and phrases). The preface notes that this book is a thoroughly revised and expanded successor to an earlier work published twenty-six years prior, ಕನ್ನಡ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು: ಆಂತರಿಕ ರಚನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅರ್ಥವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ, and incorporates twenty-five years of subsequent research, including significant revisions to positions taken in the earlier work. As in all his books, Bhat uses native Kannada technical vocabulary (rather than Sanskrit-derived grammar terms) throughout, so that the subject matter is accessible to general Kannada readers who are not specialists in Sanskrit grammar.

The organising framework of the entire book is a fundamental two-way distinction among declarative sentences: ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯ (kriyAvAkya, “action sentences”), which report events using a contentful verb, and ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ (viSayavAkya, “stative/topic sentences”), which describe states or properties using the existential verb ಇರು (iru, “to be/exist”). This distinction shapes the entire analysis: verb morphology, sentence constituents, embedded clauses, negation, and question formation all behave differently depending on which of the two sentence types is involved. The book demonstrates systematically that treating Kannada sentences through Sanskrit grammatical categories misrepresents the language, and offers Dravidian-native analytical vocabulary in its place.

The book covers ten substantive chapters (Chapters 2–10) plus an introductory chapter (Chapter 1) and a concluding typological chapter (Chapter 11). The treatment progresses from basic sentence types through noun phrases, verb inflection, qualifiers and adverbs, embedded clauses, sentence coordination, focus and negation, speech acts (questions, commands, exclamatives), and concludes with a cross-linguistic typological survey situating Kannada among the world’s languages. This book thus serves simultaneously as a detailed descriptive grammar of Kannada syntax and as a contribution to Dravidian typology.

CORE ARGUMENT (CENTRAL THESIS)

  1. Fundamental distinction: action sentences vs. stative sentences. The most basic division in Kannada sentences is between ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯ (action sentences, built around a contentful verb reporting an event) and ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ (stative sentences, built around the existential verb ಇರು reporting a state). Action verbs have only a two-way tense distinction (past/non-past); ಇರು has a three-way distinction (ಇತ್ತು/ಇದೆ/ಇರುತ್ತದೆ). This structural difference cascades through the entire grammar — negation, question formation, constituent marking, and clause embedding all differ between the two types.

  2. Three word classes — Kannada-native, not Sanskrit-derived. Like Book 03 (Kannada Padagala Olarachane), this book operates on the foundation that Kannada has three independently motivated word classes: nouns (ನಾಮಪದ), verbs (ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ), and qualifiers (ಗುಣಪದ). Crucially, Kannada qualifiers do not inflect for gender, number, or case — unlike Sanskrit adjectives, which agree with their head noun. This non-inflecting nature of Kannada qualifiers has direct consequences for how noun phrases and embedded clauses are structured.

  3. Case suffixes derive from Dravidian semantics, not the Sanskrit kāraka system. The suffixes marking noun-phrase constituents in Kannada sentences (-ಅನ್ನು, -ಇಗೆ, -ಅಲ್ಲಿ, -ಇಂದ, -ಅ, etc.) are not to be described through the Sanskrit kāraka framework. Their distribution is governed by the semantic roles assigned by the verb’s event structure — agent/actor (ಮಾಡುಗ), undergoer/patient (ಆಗುಗ), location, goal, source — and this is a Dravidian-native system that predates and differs from Sanskrit case grammar.

  4. Kannada is head-final (SOV), unlike Sanskrit; qualifiers precede and do not inflect. Kannada syntax is consistently head-final: qualifiers precede the nouns they modify (ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪುಸ್ತಕ — big book), verbs come at the end of the sentence, and postpositions are used rather than prepositions. This contrasts with Sanskrit, which is more flexible in word order. The non-inflecting qualifier is a signature of head-final Dravidian languages; traditional Kannada grammarians have misrepresented this by importing Sanskrit agreement rules.

  5. Embedded clauses use verbal participials (-ಉವ/-ಅ/-ಅದ), not complementisers. Kannada does not use separate complementiser words (like English “that” or “which”) to embed clauses. Instead, embedded clauses are formed by adding participial suffixes directly to the verb of the embedded clause: -ಅ (adjectival/relative participial), -ಓ (interrogative relative), or by the quotative particle ಅಂತೆ/ಎಂಬ for reported speech. These participial embedded clauses function as modifiers within noun phrases or as arguments of matrix verbs, and their structure is entirely distinct from Sanskrit relative-clause or complement-clause formation.

  6. Coordination via converb forms (connective verb forms) with co-referentiality constraints. When Kannada sentences are joined, the non-final verb appears in the “connective form” (ಜೋಡಿಸುವ ರೂಪ, -ಇ suffix). This connective form is subject to an important grammatical constraint: when both events are volitional/controlled actions (ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ), the connective form requires co-referentiality of the agent — the two events must be performed by the same person. When events are uncontrolled occurrences (ಆಗುವಿಕೆ), this constraint relaxes. This co-referentiality constraint is a core Dravidian syntactic property not captured in Sanskrit-based descriptions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 — ಪೀಠಿಕೆ (Introduction)

  • 1.1: Speech acts (ಮಾತಿನ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು) — the range of things sentences do
  • 1.2: Action sentences (ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯ) vs. stative sentences (ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ using ಇರು)
  • 1.3–1.7: Overview of sentence constituents, qualifiers, embedded clauses, coordination, typological features

Chapter 2 — ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ (Internal Structure of Action Sentences)

  • 2.1: Verb structure — tense suffix + person/gender/number suffix
  • 2.2: Variety of constituents — intransitive, transitive, ditransitive verbs
  • 2.3–2.6: Controlled actions (ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ) vs. uncontrolled occurrences (ಆಗುವಿಕೆ); agent, undergoer, location, start-point, end-point constituents; topic, focus, background

Chapter 3 — ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ (Internal Structure of Stative Sentences)

  • 3.2: Existential sentences (ಇರುವಿಕೆಯ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು) using ಇರು
  • 3.3: Property sentences (ಗುಣವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು) — native -ಅಗೆ qualifiers, ಆಗಿ ಇರು construction
  • 3.4: Relational sentences (ಸಂಬಂಧ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು) — relating a constituent to an event

Chapter 4 — ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಕಂತೆಗಳು (Noun Phrases)

  • 4.1–4.2: Identifying vs. describing functions; new vs. old information
  • 4.3: Numeral words (ಎಣಿಕೆಯ ಪದಗಳು) and measure words (ಅಳತೆಯ ಪದಗಳು); embedded clauses in noun phrases
  • 4.4: Summary

Chapter 5 — ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳ ಪದರೂಪಗಳು (Verb Forms)

  • 5.1–5.2: Tense suffixes (-ಉತ್ತ- future/non-past, -ಇದ್- past) and person/gender/number suffixes
  • 5.3: Case suffixes on noun phrases (constituent-marking suffixes)
  • 5.4: Causative suffix -ಇಸು and causer (ಪ್ರೇರಕ) constituent
  • 5.5–5.6: Connective verb forms (ಜೋಡಿಸುವ ರೂಪ); serial verb constructions (ಕೂಡುಪದಗಳು) with ಇರು / ಕೊಳ್ಳು

Chapter 6 — ಗುಣಪದಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ (Use of Qualifiers)

  • 6.1–6.2: Shared properties of all qualifiers — degree, comparison, exclamation
  • 6.3–6.6: Sub-classes of qualifiers; stable vs. transient properties; location qualifiers; time qualifiers

Chapter 7 — ಒಳವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು (Embedded Clauses)

  • 7.2–7.3: Quotative embedding (ಎತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳುವುದು) with ಅಂತೆ; descriptive embedding with -ಓ, -ಅ, -ಅದ, ಎಂಬ/ಎನ್ನುವ
  • 7.4: Embedded clauses as modifiers within noun phrases

Chapter 8 — ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಜೋಡಣೆ (Sentence Coordination)

  • 8.1–8.2: Coordination vs. subordination/embedding; ಮತ್ತು, -ಊ, connective verb form
  • 8.3–8.4: Additive, sequential, and contrastive coordination

Chapter 9 — ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಅಲ್ಲಗಳೆಯುವುದು (Focusing and Negation)

  • 9.2: Focus sentences (ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸುವ ವಾಕ್ಯ) — -ಉದು nominalization + focal predicate
  • 9.3: Negation with ಇಲ್ಲ — past (-ಅಲಿಲ್ಲ), future (-ಉವುದಿಲ್ಲ), stative; scalar and double negation

Chapter 10 — ಮಾತಿನ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು (Speech Acts)

  • 10.2–10.3: Yes/no questions (ವಾಕ್ಯಕೇಳ್ವಿ) and constituent questions (ವಾಕ್ಯಾಂಗ ಕೇಳ್ವಿ)
  • 10.5–10.6: Imperatives and hortatives; exclamatives with ಎಷ್ಟು

Chapter 11 — ಕನ್ನಡದ ಕೆಲವು ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು (Some Typological Features of Kannada)

  • 11.1–11.4: Kannada as head-final (SOV) language; three word classes; Dravidian vs. Indo-European contrasts
  • 11.5–11.9: Tense system, negation, questions in typological perspective; conclusion
  • Glossary (ಕೆಲವು ಪಾರಿಭಾಷಿಕ ಪದಗಳು), Bibliography (ಆಕರಸೂಚಿ), Subject Index (ವಿಷಯಸೂಚಿ)

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY

Kannada Term Bhat’s Usage English
ವಾಕ್ಯ (vAkya) Sentence (the basic unit of syntax) Sentence
ಒಳರಚನೆ (oLaracane) Internal structure (syntactic composition) Internal structure / syntax
ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯ (kriyAvAkya) Action sentence — uses a contentful verb to report an event Action sentence / event sentence
ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ (viSayavAkya) Stative sentence — uses ಇರು to report a state Stative sentence / topic sentence
ಘಟಕ (gaTaka) Constituent — noun phrase filling a role in the sentence Constituent
ಮುಖ್ಯ ಘಟಕ (muKya gaTaka) Core constituent — required or licensed by the verb’s event structure Core constituent
ಮಾಡುಗ (mADuga) Agent / actor — the one who controls and performs the event Agent / actor
ಆಗುಗ (Aguga) Undergoer / patient — the one to whom the event happens Undergoer / patient
ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ (mADuvike) Controlled action — event under the volitional control of an agent Action (controlled event)
ಆಗುವಿಕೆ (Aguvike) Uncontrolled occurrence — event not under agent control Occurrence (uncontrolled event)
ನಾಮಪದ ಕಂತೆ (nAmapada kante) Noun phrase — a syntactic group identifying a participant Noun phrase
ಗುಣಪದ (guNapada) Qualifier / adverb — a non-inflecting word describing properties or manner Qualifier / adjective / adverb
ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ (kriyApada) Verb — the head of the sentence carrying tense and agreement suffixes Verb
ಜೋಡಿಸುವ ರೂಪ (jODisuva rUpa) Connective verb form — non-final verb form (-ಇ suffix) used in coordination Connective form / converb
ಒಳವಾಕ್ಯ (oLavAkya) Embedded clause — a clause inserted as part of a larger sentence Embedded clause / subordinate clause
ಅಲ್ಲಗಳೆಯುವುದು (allagaLeyuvudu) Negation — denial of a sentence’s truth using ಇಲ್ಲ Negation
ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸುವ ವಾಕ್ಯ (sambandisuvana vAkya) Focus sentence — sentence focussing on one constituent via -ಉದು nominalization Focus sentence / cleft sentence
ವಾಕ್ಯಕೇಳ್ವಿ (vAkyakeLvi) Yes/no question — asks whether the entire sentence is true Yes/no question / polar question
ವಾಕ್ಯಾಂಗ ಕೇಳ್ವಿ (vAkyAMga keLvi) Constituent question — asks about one specific constituent using ಯಾರು/ಏನು/ಎಲ್ಲಿ etc. Wh-question / constituent question
ಮಾತಿನ ಕೆಲಸ (mAtina kasaga) Speech act — the social function performed by uttering a sentence Speech act
ಕೂಡುಪದ (kUDupada) Serial verb construction — connective form + auxiliary (ಇರು or ಕೊಳ್ಳು) Serial verb / compound verb
ಇರು (iru) The existential verb “to be/exist” — head of all stative sentences To be / to exist
ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ (vibakti prattaya) Case suffix — suffix marking the semantic role of a noun phrase constituent Case suffix
ಸಮಯ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ (samaya prattaya) Tense suffix — verb suffix marking past (-ಇದ್-) or non-past (-ಉತ್ತ-) Tense suffix
ಇಸು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ (isu prattaya) Causative suffix — derives causative verbs adding a causer participant Causative suffix
ಪ್ರೇರಕ (prEraka) Causer — the agent who causes another to do an action (in causative sentences) Causer
ಮಾತಿನ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು (mAtina kasagagaLu) Speech acts (plural) — the various social functions of sentences Speech acts
ಎಣಿಕೆಯ ಪದ (eMNikeya pada) Numeral word — a number word modifying a noun in a noun phrase Numeral word
ಅಳತೆಯ ಪದ (aLateya pada) Measure word — a word expressing quantity or extent in a noun phrase Measure word / quantifier

AUTHOR’S KEY SUPPORTING POINTS

  1. The kriyAvAkya / viSayavAkya distinction is structural, not just semantic (Chapters 2–3): Bhat demonstrates that action sentences and stative sentences differ not merely in meaning but in their tense possibilities (two-way vs. three-way), their negation forms (-ಅಲಿಲ್ಲ vs. ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ), their ability to omit the verb when time is contextually clear, and their behaviour in focus constructions. These are genuine grammatical contrasts, not merely stylistic choices.

  2. Kannada verb morphology is actor-agreement, not subject-agreement (Chapter 5): The person/gender/number suffixes on the Kannada verb track the actor (ಮಾಡುಗ) in action sentences — that is, the volitional controller of the event — not simply the grammatical subject. In sentences with uncontrolled events (ಆಗುವಿಕೆ), the verb suffix tracks the undergoer (ಆಗುಗ). This distinction is erased in Sanskrit-derived subject/object terminology.

  3. The connective form co-referentiality constraint is a core syntactic rule (Chapter 8): When two volitional action sentences are joined by the connective verb form (-ಇ), the implicit agent of both must be the same person. Violation of this constraint is ungrammatical in standard Kannada. This constraint does not apply to uncontrolled event sentences (ಆಗುವಿಕೆ), which can be freely coordinated with connective forms regardless of agent identity. This is typologically characteristic of Dravidian languages.

  4. ಕೊಳ್ಳು in serial verb constructions marks reflexive/spontaneous events (Chapter 5.6): The auxiliary ಕೊಳ್ಳು (historically “to take/receive”) in serial verb constructions (ಕೂಡುಪದ) marks that the event was self-directed or occurred spontaneously: ರಾಜು ಬರೆದ (Raju wrote, for anyone) vs. ರಾಜು ಬರೆದುಕೊಂಡ (Raju wrote for himself); ಬಾಗಿಲು ತೆರೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ (the door opened of its own accord). This grammaticalised reflexive/middle marker is a Dravidian feature with no direct Sanskrit counterpart.

  5. Embedded clauses use participials, not complementisers (Chapter 7): Kannada embeds clauses by adding participial suffixes to the embedded verb (-ಅ, -ಓ, -ಅದ) rather than by using a separate complementiser word. The -ಅ suffix (adjectival participial) and -ಓ suffix (interrogative relative) have systematically different syntactic distributions documented in this chapter. This participial embedding strategy is shared across Dravidian languages and is typologically very different from Indo-European relative-clause formation.

  6. Kannada negation is morphologically complex but syntactically principled (Chapter 9): Past-tense negation uses the connective form + ಇಲ್ಲ; non-past negation uses the nominalised verb (-ಉವುದು) + ಇಲ್ಲ; stative negation modifies the ಇರು forms directly. These patterns follow from the grammar’s general principles rather than being arbitrary suppletive forms, and they interact systematically with focus constructions and scalar negation.

  7. Typologically, Kannada is consistently head-final (Chapter 11): Bhat shows that Kannada’s head-final property is not merely a feature of word order but a deep typological characteristic: qualifiers precede head nouns, postpositions follow their complements, verbs appear finally in their clause, and relative clauses precede the noun they modify. This consistent head-finality distinguishes Kannada syntactically from Sanskrit (which allows freer word order due to case marking) and aligns it with other Dravidian languages.

KEY OBJECTIONS THE BOOK ADDRESSES

  • “Kannada sentence analysis should use the Sanskrit kāraka system (ಕರ್ತೃ, ಕರ್ಮ, ಅಧಿಕರಣ, etc.)” → Bhat shows that the Sanskrit kāraka categories map imperfectly onto Kannada constituents. The distinction between ಮಾಡುಗ (agent/actor) and ಆಗುಗ (undergoer) cuts across kāraka categories in ways that the Sanskrit system cannot represent. The Dravidian-native terminology is more accurate.

  • “The connective verb form is just a participle, not a coordination device” → Bhat demonstrates that the connective form is a genuine coordination mechanism with grammatical constraints (co-referentiality of agents in controlled events) that distinguish it from mere participial modification. It is not a subordination device.

  • “ಇರು is simply a copula, like Sanskrit अस् (as-)” → Bhat shows that ಇರು is the head of an entirely distinct sentence type (ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ) with its own three-way tense system, its own negation forms, and its own constituent structure. It is not simply a copula filling in for a missing predicate; it is a structurally primary element of a distinct sentence type.

  • “Kannada adjectives agree with their head nouns in some dialects” → Bhat acknowledges dialect variation but holds that in standard literary Kannada, qualifiers (ಗುಣಪದ) do not inflect for gender, number, or case. Apparent cases of agreement are either Sanskrit loanwords (which carry Sanskrit morphology) or misanalysed forms.

  • “The distinction between ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ and ಆಗುವಿಕೆ is too subtle for practical grammar” → Bhat shows that this distinction has direct grammatical consequences (case suffix selection, connective-form co-referentiality, serial verb formation) that make it empirically necessary, not merely theoretically convenient.

WHAT THE BOOK IS NOT ABOUT

  • This book does NOT cover Kannada morphology (word structure) — that is Book 03 (Kannada Padagala Olarachane), the companion volume.
  • It does NOT cover Kannada phonology (sound system) — that is the Sollarime series (Book 07).
  • It does NOT argue for script reform — that is Book 08 (Kannadakke Mahaprana Yake Beda).
  • It does NOT analyse Old Kannada (haLe gaRNaDa) syntax historically — the focus is on modern standard Kannada (synchronic description). For historical questions, see Book 14 (Nijakku Halegannada Vyakarana Entahadu).
  • It does NOT provide a pedagogical grammar for learners — it is a descriptive linguistic analysis addressed to readers interested in the structure of the language.
  • It does NOT trace the historical development of Kannada syntax — it is primarily synchronic, describing modern Kannada as it is used.
  • It does NOT use hosa baraha (DNS Bhat’s reformed orthography) — unlike most of Bhat’s other books in this series, this book is written in standard Kannada orthography.
  • It is NOT a comprehensive reference grammar — it selects and analyses those syntactic phenomena that bear most directly on the book’s central action/stative distinction.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ANSWERING QUESTIONS

  1. The central organising distinction of the entire book is ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯ (action sentence) vs. ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ (stative sentence using ಇರು). When answering questions about any syntactic phenomenon (negation, questions, tense, coordination), always relate the answer back to which sentence type is involved.

  2. For questions about specific syntactic topics, refer to the relevant chapter: Chapter 2 (action sentence structure), Chapter 3 (stative/iru sentences), Chapter 4 (noun phrases), Chapter 5 (verb forms, case suffixes, causative, serial verbs), Chapter 6 (qualifiers), Chapter 7 (embedded clauses), Chapter 8 (coordination), Chapter 9 (focus and negation), Chapter 10 (questions, imperatives, exclamatives), Chapter 11 (typology).

  3. This book is written in standard Kannada orthography, NOT in Bhat’s hosa baraha. When quoting from the book, use standard orthography (ಭ, ಧ, ಷ etc. are written as in standard Kannada, not reformed). This is different from Book 03 (Kannada Padagala Olarachane), which does use hosa baraha.

  4. Always use Bhat’s native Kannada terminology: ಮಾಡುಗ (not ಕರ್ತೃ), ಆಗುಗ (not ಕರ್ಮ), ಘಟಕ (not ಕಾರಕ), ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯ / ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯ (not ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷ ವಾಕ್ಯ), ಜೋಡಿಸುವ ರೂಪ (not ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ವಿಶೇಷಣ), etc. Avoid Sanskrit grammar terminology (kāraka, samāsa, etc.) unless explaining what Bhat is arguing against.

  5. Attribute all claims clearly to D.N. Shankara Bhat. The analyses in this book represent his theoretical position, and there are alternative syntactic analyses of Kannada by other linguists (e.g. Steever, Sridhar) that may differ.

  6. Note that this book is part of a series: for morphology (word structure) questions, refer to Book 03; for an introductory overview of Kannada grammar, refer to Book 01 (Idu Kannadade Vyakarana); for historical/Old Kannada questions, refer to Book 14.

  7. The book’s examples are in modern standard written Kannada. When producing Eke romanisation of example sentences or terms, follow the Eke rules: aspirates preserved with h (ಭ→bh, ಧ→dh, ಖ→kh, ಥ→th, ಠ→Th etc.), retroflexes UPPERCASE (ಟ→T, ಡ→D, ಣ→N, ಳ→L), long vowels UPPERCASE (A, I, U, E, O). The Eke romanisation summary file is at 25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane-kn-eke.md.

  8. When a question is about Kannada syntax more broadly and not specifically about claims made in this book, make clear when you are drawing on Bhat’s framework versus general Dravidian/Kannada linguistics. The book is analytically rich but focused: it does not cover all aspects of Kannada syntax equally.

  9. Repository source (Phase 17): A clean structured Kannada source file 25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane-kn.md is available, generated from the Sarvam Vision OCR + WX-decode pipeline with Nudi encoding artefacts resolved. It has a ಪರಿವಿಡಿ TOC and <a id="adhyAya-N"> chapter anchors. The Eke romanisation file 25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane-kn-eke.md mirrors the same structure. DNS Bhat’s typographic citation marks have been standardised to curly single quotes 'word' (U+2018/U+2019) in both kn.md and kn-eke.md. Note: unlike Books 03 and 07, this book (25) is written in standard Kannada orthography, not hosa baraha — aspirated letters (ಭ, ಧ, ಷ etc.) appear as-is in the source text.

  10. Repository source (Phase 18/19): The kn.md now has a 3-level deep TOC with <a id="sec-N-M"> and <a id="sub-N-M-K"> anchors. Cross-links [Eke →] appear after each sec/sub anchor in kn.md; kn-eke.md has [ಕನ್ನಡ →] links. Header has [← ಸೂಚಿ](./README) index back-link. This book uses standard Kannada orthography (not hosa baraha).

  11. Chapter pages (Phase 33): The Kannada source is split into individual chapter pages on GitHub Pages. Fetch specific chapters rather than loading the full book — chapters are lightweight and avoid token exhaustion when answering focused questions:

    • Chapter index (ch0): https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch0
    • Ch 1 — ಪೀಠಿಕೆ: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch1
    • Ch 2 — ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch2
    • Ch 3 — ವಿಷಯವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch3
    • Ch 4 — ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಕಂತೆಗಳು: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch4
    • Ch 5 — ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳ ಪದರೂಪಗಳು: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch5
    • Ch 6 — ಗುಣಪದಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch6
    • Ch 7 — ಒಳವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch7
    • Ch 8 — ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಜೋಡಣೆ: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch8
    • Ch 9 — ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಅಲ್ಲಗಳೆಯುವುದು: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch9
    • Ch 10 — ಮಾತಿನ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch10
    • Ch 11 — ಕನ್ನಡದ ಕೆಲವು ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು: https://vwulf.github.io/ettuge/kannaDa/dnsbhat/25-kannaDa-vAkyagaLa-oLaracane/book/kn/ch11

When a question targets a specific chapter, fetch only that URL. Use ch0 to browse the full chapter list first.