nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu?

೫೦ varShagaLa hinde sarakAri navkari mADikonDidda nAnu adara jotege sAhityada gILannu haccisikonDu nannadE ondu prakASana samstheya mUlaka halavAru mavlyAdhArita kxtigaLannu prakaTisi nADina mUle mUlegU talupisalu prayatnisuttiddEne. kaLeda ondu varShadinda hELikoLLuvantaha yAvudE prakaTaNege nAnu kay hAkiralilla. kela dinagaLa hinde nAnu nanna magaLa manege tIrtha haLLige hOgiddAga puTTa SAlA bAlAkiyobbaLu ondu haLeya calanacitragIte a A i I kannaDada akSharamAle emba hADannu tannaShTakkE tAnE gunugunisuttA dAriyalli hOguttiddaLu. eShTu sundaravAda arthagarbhita hADu. kannaDada akSharagaLige tammadE Ada vivaraNeyannu koDuva A hADu matte matte nanna manassinalli mUDi kannaDa bhASheya bagge mattaShTu hemmepaDuvante mADitu. IgAgalE kannaDada halavAru hiriya sAhitigaLa pustakagaLannu prakaTisida santOSha omme manassinalli mUDisitu. matte nannalli prakaTaNeya garigedarisitu.

hIge nannalli mUDida bhASheya abhimAna nannannu I kxtiya prakaTaNege kay hAkuvante mADitu. nADOja mattu pampa praSasti paDeda SrIyuta Di. en‌. Sankara bhaT‌ avaru IgAgalE sumAru ೨೦ mavlyayuta kxtigaLannu kannaDa sAhityalOkakke koTTiddAre. avellavU kannaDa bhASheya kuritAda kxtigaLE Agiruvudu hemmeya viShaya. aShTE allade aShTU kxtigaLannu avarE kaShTapaTTu prakaTapaDisiddAre kUDa. intaha vidvAmsara ondu kxtiyannu namma prakASanadinda prakaTapaDisabEkemba hambala nannadAgittu. I Asege avaru nIreredu I modalE ೨೦೦೫ralli prakaTavAgidda “nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu?” e೦ba kxtiyannu maru prakaTisalu hELi namage prOtsAhisiddAre. prakASana samstheya ೫೦nE varShada suvarNa sa೦bhramOtsavadalli I kxti prakaTavAguttiruvudu namage mattaShTu sa೦tasa ta೦dide. I niTTinalli sahakarisida SrImati mattu SrI Di. en‌. Sa೦kara bhaT‌ avarige prakASana samstheyinda tumbu hxdayada vandanegaLu.

endinante kxtiyannu andavAgi mudrisida lakShmI mudraNAlayadavarige, pustaka vinyAsa mADida Ar‌.es‌. SrIdhara avarige mattu namma kxtigaLannu konDu Odi bembalisuttiruva ella OdugarigU anantAnanta dhanyavAdagaLu.

vay. e. danti prakASanada paravAgi

adhyAya ೧ — pIThike

pIThike

೧.೧ vyAkaraNada uddESa

ondu bhASheyalli baLakeyalliruva pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyentahadu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudE vyAkaraNada mukhya udde ೇೀSa. I racane bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bEreyAgiruttade. ondu bhASheyannu cannAgi tiLididdarU innondu bhASheyalli baLasida vAkyagaLannu artha mADikoLLalu namage sAdhyavAgadiruvu dakke A eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuviruva intaha vyatyAsagaLE mukhya kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli bareda granthagaLannu sulabhavAgi Odi arthamADikoLLaballa obba vyakti haLegannaDadalli bareda granthagaLannu Odi artha mADikoLLabEkiddalli, A bhASheyannu pratyEkavAgi kalitukoLLuva avaSyakateyide. haLegannaDada pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLa racane samskxtada pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLa racaneginta tIra bhinnavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

ellA bhAShegaLallU svara mattu vyanjanagaLannu oTTu sErisi padagaLannu racisalAguttade. Adare, idakkAgi baLakeyAguva svara mattu vyanjanagaLu, mattu avugaLa sankhye bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bEreyAgiruttade. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada padagaLalli baLakeyAguva mahAprANAkSharagaLu, mattu khakAra, SakAra, ShakAra modalAdavugaLu haLegannaDada padagaLalli baLakeyAguvudilla. idE rItiyalli, haLegannaDa padagaLalli baLakeyAguva giDDa (prasta) ekAra-okAragaLu mattu akAra-TakAragaLu samskxtada padagaLalli baLakeyAguvudilla.

idallade, yAva svara mattu vyanjanagaLa sErikeyinda ondu pada mattu adara padarUpagaLu siddhavAguttave embudU bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bEreyAgiruttade. udAharaNegAgi “hattu’ emba artha koDuva pada haLegannaDadalli pattu embudAgi pakAra-akAra-takAra-ukAragaLa sErikeyinda tayArAgideyAdare, samskxtadalli daSa embudAgi dakAra-akAra-SakAra-akAragaLa sErikeyinda tayArAgide.

I rIti, eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve padagaLa racaneyalli yAva svara mattu vyanjanagaLu hEge baLakeyAguttave emba viShayadalli vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave mAtravalla, antaha padagaLa mUlaka hosa hosa padagaLannu hEge tayArisalAguttade emba viShayadallU vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave. idakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLu bEre bEreyAgiruttave mattu A pratyayagaLannu baLasi padagaLannu tayArisuva vidhAnagaLU

bEre bEreyAgiruttave. idallade, eraDu athavA heccu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi jODupada (samastapada)gaLannu tayArisuva vidhAnagaLU I bhAShegaLalli bEre bEreyAgiruttave.

udAharaNegAgi, kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli ke(ge), e, al‌ modalAda kelavu pratyayagaLannu baLesalAgutta de (agal‌-agalke, El‌‌-ETakke, uDu-uDe, bIT‌‌-bITal‌ ityAdi). Adare, samskxtadalli ivakkinta bhinnavAgiruva ana, man‌, tra, tx. ita ya, modalAda pratyayagaLannu baLasalAgutta de (vac‌-vacana, kx-karman‌, vas‌ -vastra , dA-dAtx, puShpa-puShTita, daridra-dAridra ta ityAdi).

idallade, haLegannaDadalli intaha pratyayagaLannu padagaLa koneyalli mAtra sErisalu sAdhya; Adare, samskxtadalli avannu padagaLa AdiyallU sErisalu sAdhyavide. samskxtada kxti-prakxti, bhAva-abhAva, nASa-vinASa, bhAva-prabhAva, rUpa-svarUpa embavugaLalli pra, a, vi mattu sva pratyayagaLu padagaLa Adiyalli sEriruvudannu kANabahudu.

eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu oTTu sErisi hosa padagaLannu tayArisuva vidhAnagaLU I eraDu bhAShegaLalli bEre bEreyAgive, mattu I rIti padagaLige pratyayagaLannu illavE bEre padagaLannu sErisi hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvAga avugaLalli naDeyuva sErikeya (sandhiya) badalAvaNegaLU I eraDu bhAShegaLalli bEre bEreyAgive.

udAharaNegAgi, ikAradalli konegoLLuva ondu padakke ikAradalli suruvAguva bErondu pada sEridAga, samskxtadalli averaDu svaragaLa badalu dIrthasvara (udda IkAra) baruttade (kaviindra-kavIndra, astiiha-astIha). Adare, haLegannaDadalli ondu ikAra biddu hOgi innondu hAgeyE uLiyuttade (illi -iral‌-illiral‌, Agi೬ire-TaAgire).

padagaLannu baLasi vAkyagaLannu tayArisuva bage hEge emba viShayadallU bhAShegaLa naDuve vyatyAsagaLu kANisuttave. haLegannaDada padagaLannu kelavu sandarbhagaLalli hAgeyE vAkyagaLalli baLasabahudu, mattu bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLalli avakke pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka “padarUpa’gaLannu tayArisi baLasabahudu. idallade, bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLalli eraDu athavA heccu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi “padakante’gaLannu illavE “kUDupada’gaLannu tayArisabahudu.

samskxtadalli avyayagaLannu biTTare uLida yAva pada(Sabda)vannU hAgeyE vAkyadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. avugaLondige kelavu viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLannu (“subanta’ illavE “tijanta’ pratyayagaLannu) sErisiyE avannu baLasabEkAguttade. Adare, haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu illavE kriyApadagaLannu yAva pratyayada sahAyavU illade vAkyagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide (೮.೨ nODi).

— g‌ i7La 1 ೨ e i‌ iga id‌ idallade, intaha pratyayagaLa sankhye mattu svarUpagaLU samskxta mattu

haLegannaDagaLalli bEre bEreyAgive. padakante mattu kUDu padagaLa tayArikeyallU I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu.

haLegannaDada granthagaLalli halavAru padagaLannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDedu baLasalAgiddu, idarindAgi I eraDu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva vAkyagaLa naDuve kelavu sAmyagaLannu kANabahudu.

Adare, I rIti haLegannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLigU haLegannaDadavE Ada pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka padarUpagaLannu sAdhisabEkAguttade, mattu I padarUpagaLannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadde € Ada vidhAnagaLannU baLasabEkAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva aSva kudure” padavannu haLegannaDa vAkyagaLalli baLasuvavaru adakke haLegannaDadavE Ada pratyayagaLannu sErisi aSvangaL‌, aSvangaLam, aSvakke modalAda padarUpagaLannu racisikoLLabEkalla de samskxtada aSvAH, aSvAn‌, aSvAya modalAda padarUpagaLannu hAgeyE baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.

hAgAgi, intaha eravalAgi banda samskxta padagaLa baLakeyallU haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli halavu vyatyAsagaLannu kANabahudu.

I ellA kAraNagaLindAgi, haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLa svarUpavannu varNisabEkAgiruva haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu samskxtada pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLa svarUpavannu varNisabEkAgiruva samskxta vyAkaraNagaLiginta tIrA bhinnavAgiruvudu atyavaSya. hAgAgi, samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidalli adu endigU samAdhAnakaravAda haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavAgalAradu.

೧.೨ eraDu rItiya vyAkaraNagaLu

“vyAkaraNa’ emba padavannu “arivige eTakada niyamAvaLi’ mattu “arivige eTakuva niyamAvaLi’ embudAgi eraDu arthagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli modalaneya arthaviruva “vyAkaraNa’vannu bhASheyannu baLasuvavarella rUtiLidiruttAre mattu intaha vyAkaraNagaLu ellA bhAShegaLigU iddE iruttave.

arivige eTakada niyamAvaLiyannu arivige eTakuvante mADuvudakkAgi vidvAmsaru vyAkaraNa granthagaLannu racisuttAre. I granthagaLalli ondu bhASheya pada, padarUpa, vAkya modalAdavugaLa tayArikeyalli entaha niyamagaLannella baLasabEkAguttade embudannu vivarisi hELalAguttade. ivu mEle sUcisiruva eraDaneya arthada vyAkaraNagaLu. intaha vyAkaraNa granthagaLannu sadyakke kelavE kelavu bhAShegaLige mAtra bareyalu sAdhyavAgide.

mEle sUcisida hAge, pratiyondu bhAShegU adannu baLasuva janara arivige eTakadantaha ondu “vyAkaraNa’ iddE iruttade embudannu keLagina viShayadinda

Uhisabahudu: ondu bhASheyannu baLasuvavarellarU adaralli vAkyagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi, mattu bEreyavaru racisida vAkyagaLannu arthamADikoLLuvudakkAgi kelavu niyamagaLannu tiLidukonDirabEkAguttade. bEre bEre rItiya padagaLige bEre bEre rItiya padarUpagaLiddu, ivannu tayArisuvudu hEge mattu vAkyagaLalli baLasuvudu hEge embudannU avarellarU sariyAgiyE tiLidukonDirabEkAguttade.

Adare, I tiLuvaLike avara miduLinalli arivige eTakada rUpadalliruttade, mattu adara baLakeyU arivige eTakada rUpadallE naDeyuttiruttade. tamma bhAShege sambandhisida I vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLannu avaru sandarbhakke takkante baLasikoLLaballarEnO nija; Adare, avugaLa nijavAda svarUpa, mattu avannu yAvAga elli mattu hEge baLasikoLLabEku emba sangati avara miduLinalli I rIti arivige eTakada rUpadalliruva kAraNa, adannu avaru innobbarige vivarisi hELalAraru.

udAharaNegAgi, hosagannaDadalli ibbaru vyakti illa vE vastugaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisalu a emba pratyayavannu baLasabEkAgutta de. aNNana maga, marada mEju, maguvina nagu, hUvina vAsane modalAda padakantegaLalli baruva eraDu padagaLalli modalaneyadara koneyalli I pratyayavannu kANabahudu. idannu sariyAgi baLasabEkiddalli halavAru niyamagaLannu pAlisabEkAguttade.

hosagannaDavannu baLasuvavarellarU a pratyayada baLakeya niyamagaLannella avaSyavAgiyU tiLidiruttA re. yAkendare, avaru vyakti illa vE vastugaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu tiLisabEkiddAgalella I pratyayavannu sariyAgiyE baLasaballaru, mattu yArAdarU adannu tappAgi baLasidalli allEnO tappAgide embudannU sUcisaballaru.

Adare, I niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu avaru vivarisi hELalAraru; EnO tappAgideyendu hELaballa ru, Adare adu entaha tappu embudannu vivarisalAraru. avara miduLinalli I niyamagaLu arivige eTakada rUpadalliruvudE idakke kAraNa.

sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayada baLakeyalli baruva niyamagaLalli mukhyavAda kelavannu keLage koDalAgide.

(೧) padagaLu ukAradalli konegoLLutti veyAdare, I pratyayadondige in‌ embudu sErikoLLuttade, mattu padagaLa koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade (kADu- kADina, haNNu-haNNina, tengu-tengina, kUdalu-kUdalina).

(೨) intaha ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLalli eraDu akbaragaLu mAtra iddu averaDU laghuvAgiddalli, padagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguvudilla; adakke badalu, in‌ embudara modalu vakAravondu sErikoLLuttade (magu-maguvina, hasu-hasuvina).

(೩) padagaLa koneya ukAra “manuShyEtara’ emba artha koDuva du pratyayada bhAgavAgideyAdalli, in‌ embudara badalu r‌ embudu baruttade (nammadu- nammadara, keTTadu-keTTadara, aShTu-aShTara, ondu-ondara).

(೪) hengasarannu sUcisuva Lu pratyayadalli illavE bahuvacanavannu sUcisuva ru illavE gaLu pratyayadalli konegoLLuva padagaLondige bandAga, A padagaLa koneyalliruva ukAra biddu hOguttade, Adare in‌ embudu sEruvudilla; a pratyayavE nEravAgi sEruttade (avaLu-avaLa, huDugaru-huDugara, janaru-janara, maragaLu-maragaLa).

(೫) padagaLu ikAra illavE ekAradalli konegoLLuttiveyAdare, a pratyayadondige yakAra sErikoLLuttade (guDi-guDiya, rOgi-rOgiya, mane- maneya, haTTi-haTTiya, kAge-kAgeya).

(೬) padagaLu akAradalli konegoLLutti ddu (ka) manuShyarannu sUcisuttiveyAdare nakAravU (aNNa -aNNa na, akka-akkana), mattu (kha) itara sandarbhagaLalli dakAravU (mara-marada, hagga-haggada) I pratyayadondige sErikoLLuttave. garuDa, kONa modalAda bEre kelavu akAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLu manuShyarannu sUcisadiddarU nakAradondige baruttiddu, I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgive.

kannaDa bhASheyannu baLasuvavarellarU mEle koTTiruva a pratyayada niyamagaLannu tiLidiralEbEku. yAkendare avarellarU I pratyayavannu sariyAgiyE baLasaballaru. eraDUvare mUru varShada cikka maguvU idannu sariyAgiyE baLasaballudu. I niyamagaLannu mattu avannu baLasuva kramavannu ivarellarU bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuva samayadallEnE paDediruttAre. Adare, ivu avara miduLinalli arivige eTakada rUpadalli mAtravE sangrahitavAgiruttave.

I niyamagaLannu arivige eTakuva rUpakke tarabEkidda lli, adakkAgi kannaDada vyAkaraNavannu bareyuvavaru kannaDigara mAtannu (illa vE barahavannu) pariSIlisabEku, mattu avara mAtinalli a pratyaya bEre bEre rItiya nAmapadagaLondige baruvAga avugaLalli yAva yAva rItiya badalAvaNegaLella naDeyuttave embudannu kanDuhiDidu, mEle sUcisida hAge paTTimADabEku.

intaha bhAShege sambandhisida niyamagaLannu mAtravalla de, namma dEhakke sambandhisida bEreyU halavu niyamagaLannu nAvu I rIti arivige eTakada rUpadalli paDediruttEve. udAharaNegAgi, nAvu namma kayyannu mEle illavE keLage, Ace illavE Ice bAgisi, bEre bEre rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesaballevu. idakkAgi nAvu namma miduLininda kaygaLalliruva snAyugaLige avu yAvAga mattu eShTu kuggabEku illavE higgabEku embudannu spaShTavAgi sUcisaballa sankEtagaLannu kaLuhisabEku.

endare, kayyannu bEre bEre rItiyalli bAgisabEkidda lli, adakke sambandhisida snAyugaLa higguvike mattu kugguvikege sambandhisidante halavAru “niyama’gaLannu nAvu tiLidirabEku, mattu avannu sariyAgi baLasabEku.

Adare I niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu nAvu vivarisi hELalArevu. antaha niyamagaLannu nAvu pAlisuttEve embudE namma gamanakke baruvudilla. avugaLa

tiLivu nammalli arivige eTakada rUpadalliruvudE idakke kAraNa. avugaLa baLakeyU nammalli arivige eTakada rUpadallE naDeyuttade.

kaygaLa calane naDeyabEkiddalli adakkAgi hEge bEre bEre snAyugaLu ogga bEku illavE kugga bEku, mattu idakkAgi hEge bEre bEre rItiya sankEtagaLu miduLininda naragaLa mUlaka A snAyugaLannu talapabEku embudannu samSOdhanegaLa mUlaka kanDuhiDidiruva vijYA; nigaLalli mattu avaru barediruva granthagaLannu Odi tiLidukonDiruva vidvAmsaralli mAtra I niyamagaLu arivige eTakuva rUpadalliruttave.

idE rItiyalli, mEle sUcisida hAge ellA bhAShegaLigU avannu baLasuva janaralli arivige eTakadantaha rUpadalliruva “vyAkaraNa’gaLu illavE niyamAvaLigaLu iddE tIrabEku. avu entahavu embudannu kanDuhiDidu, avannu arivige eTakuva rUpakke taruva kelasavannu mAtra bhAShegaLa mEle vyAkaraNagaLannu bareyuva vayyAkaraNigaLu naDesuttAre.

arivige eTakada vyAkaraNa tappAgiralu sAdhyavilla. yAkendare, ondu bhAShe entahadu embudu adannADuva janara miduLinalli entaha niyamAvaLi sidda vAgide embudannu avalambiside.

Adare, adannu arivige eTakuvante mADuva viddA rimsanobbana kelasa sariyAgiyU iraballudu, sariyAgilladeyU iraballudu. A bhASheyalli baruva pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLannu sariyAgi vivarisalu SaktavAgideyAdalli mAtra Ata siddhapaDisiruva arivige eTakuva niyamAvaLi (endare A bhASheya mEle Ata racisiruva “vyAkaraNa’) sariyAdudendu hELalu sAdhya.

೧.೩ haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa

haLegannaDadalli pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLannu racisabEkAdalli entaha niyamagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade embudannu haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa vivarisi hELabEku. Adare intaha niyamagaLannu yArU hosadAgi sxShTisabEkAgilla embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. haLegannaDavannu sariyAgi baLasaballavarellarU adakke bEkAguva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu arivige eTakada rUpadalli A bhASheyannu kalitukoLLuvAgalEnE paDediruttAre.

endare, haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLella A bhAShe baLakeyAguva sandarbhadallEnE baLakege bandiruttave. hAgAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu bareyuvavaru mADabEkAgiruva kelasavEnendare, arivige eTakada rUpadalliruva I vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu arivige eTakuva rUpakke tandukoDuvudu mAtra.

I vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu entahavu? ivannu kanDuhiDiyuvalli haLegannaDada vyAkaraNagaLu eShTara maTTige yaSasviyAgive embudannu pariSIlisuvudE I pustakada

mukhya uddESa. I viShayadalli haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu barediruvavarellarU ondu doDDa tappu mADiddA re.

nEravAgi haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu haLegannaDada barahagaLalli baruva pada, padarUpa, padakante mattu vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka kanDuhiDiyalu prayatnisuva badalu, ivarella AgalE siddhavAgiruva samskxtada (illavE prAkxtada) vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu haLegannaDakke aLavaDisuva prayatna mADiddAre, mattu idarindAgi, ivaru barediruva haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLella anavaSyakavAgi bahaLa toDaku toDakinadAgive, mattu halaveDegaLalli tappu tappAgive.

samskxtada vyAkaraNa samskxta bhASheya pada, padarUpa mattu vAkyagaLannu racisabEkidda lli entaha niyamagaLannu pAlisabEku embudannu sariyAgiyE vivarisuttirabahudu. Adare haLegannaDada pada, padarUpa mattu vAkyagaLu samskxtada pada, padarUpa mattu vAkyagaLiginta bahaLaShTu bhinnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, A niyamagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. I eraDu bhAShegaLu eraDu tIra bhinnavAda mUlagaLinda beLedu bandiddu, ivu baLasuva niyamAvaLigaLa naDuve halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLive.

prapancada bhAShegaLalli heccinavannU inDO-yurOpiyan‌, TibeTO- barman‌, AphrO-ESiyATik‌, AsTrik‌, inDO-pesiphik‌ modalAda hadinaydippattu bhAShAkuTumbagaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhya embudAgi bhAShAvijYAnigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨:೧೫೩ nODi). endare, prapancada bhAShegaLalli hecci navU I hadinaydippattu mUlagaLinda beLedu bandavugaLu, mattu hAge beLedu baruvAga kavalu kavalugaLAgi oDedu ivattina aydAru sAvira bhAShegaLAgi siddha vAdavugaLu embudu I vidvAmsara abhiprAyavAgide.

ondu bhASheyu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalli hecci navannU A bhAShe adu yAva bhAShAkuTumbakke sErideyO A kuTumbada mUlabhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDediruttade. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu bEre bEre bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sEriruva bhAShegaLu; samskxta bhAShe inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShAkuTumbakke sErideyAdare, kannaDa bhAShe drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sEride; iveraDu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiruva bhAShAkuTumbagaLu.

samskxta bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalli hecci navannU adu inDO-yurOpiyan‌ mUlabhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDedide mattu kannaDa bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNada mUlatattagaLalli heccinavannU adu drAviDa mUlabhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDedide. I eraDu mUlabhAShegaLu ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgidduvAda kAraNa, avugaLinda I bhAShegaLu paDediruva vyAkaraNada mUlatattagaLU ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgive.

pratiyondu bhASheyallU I mUlatattagaLa baLake sAvirAru varShagaLaShTu

dIrphavAda avadhiyalli naDediruttade, mattu I avadhiyalli A bhASheyannADuva janaru bEre bEre rItiya samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAgiddu, avannu pariharisuvudakkAgi tamma bhASheyalli halavAru rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLuttA irabEkAguttade.

intaha badalAvaNegaLalli kelavu A bhASheya mUlatatvagaLa mElU pariNAmavannu bIralu sAdhyavide. mUlabhASheyinda beLedu baruvantaha I sAvirAru varShagaLa avadhiyalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLE ondE kuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLige mUla kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxta bhAShegU lyATan‌, grIk‌, parSiyan‌, ingliSh‌ modalAda itara inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShegaLigU naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLige avu tamma mUlabhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDediruva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalli mattu itara vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli I rIti badalAvaNegaLannu mADikonDiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.

idE rItiyalli kannaDa bhAShegU tamiLu, malayALa, telugu, tuLu modalAda itara drAviDa bhAShegaLigU naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLige avu tamma mUla bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDeda vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalli mattu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLannu mADikonDiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.

ellA bhAShegaLU tamma samparkakke baruva itara bhAShegaLinda padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuttiruttave. hIge samparkakke baruva bhAShegaLu ondE bhAShAkuTumbakke sEridavugaLirabahudu, illavE bEre bEre bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sEridavugaLirabahudu. Adare, I rIti eravalAgi baruva padagaLella sAmAnyavAgi avannu paDediruva bhASheya vyAkaraNa niyamagaLiganusAravAgi badalAgadiruvudilla.

haLegannaDada kAladallEnE kannaDa bhAShe samskxtadinda sAkaShTu padagaLannu eravalAgi paDedukonDide. Adare I padagaLalli heccinavU kannaDa vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLige hondikeyAguvante badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgi “tadbhava’gaLenisive (SrI-siri, varSha- barisa, akbara-akkara, nitya-nicca ityAdi). idallade, hAge badalAgade uLidiruva samskxta padagaLU kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAgabEkiddalli kannaDadavE Ada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLige oLapaDabEkAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda kannaDakke kriyApadagaLu eravalAgi bandiveyAdare, avu tatsamagaLAgirali illavE tada vavagaLAgirali, avannu nEravAgi kannaDa vAkyagaLalli kriyApadagaLAgi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. avakke isu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avannu kannaDadavannAgi mADida mElEnE kannaDa vAkyagaLalli avannu kriyApadagaLAgi baLasalu sAdhya (naTisu-naTisuttAne, rakShisu-rakShisida, AlOcisu-AlOcisiddEne ityAdi).

samskxtada nAmapadagaLannu kannaDadalli hAgeyE baLasaballevEnO nija; Adare avakke kannaDadavE Ada vacana mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade

(samskxtiyannu, samskxtiyinda, samskxtige, kxtigaLu ityAdi). hIge, samskxtadinda banda I ellA eravalugaLa naDuveyU kannaDa bhAShe vyAkaraNada maTTige tanna svantikeyannu uLisikonDide.

hindina kAladalli prAkxta, pAli, apabhramSa modalAdavugaLa hAge kannaDavU samskxtada ondu “vikxta’ rUpavemba abhiprAya vidvAmsarallittu. Adare, I abhiprAya tappu, kannaDa samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa mUladinda beLedu bandiruva bhAShe embudannu hattombattanE SatamAnadalli kAlD‌vel‌ (kAlD‌vel‌ ೧೮೫೬) tOrisikoTTidda ru.

anantara naDeda bhAShAbhyAsagaLu, adarallU emenO mattu barO racisida drAviDa jYAtipadakOSa (emenO mattu barO ೧೯೬೧), mattu kxShNamUrti ittIcege prakaTisida drAviDa bhAShegaLa tavlanika adhyayana (kxShNamUrti ೨೦೦೩) I viShayavannu innaShTu spaShTavAgisive.

haLegannaDadalli granthagaLannu racisiruvavarella samskxtadinda dhArALavAgi padagaLannu eravalu paDedukonDiddA re. ivugaLalli kelavu samskxtadalliruvanteyE iveyAdare, innu kelavu halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kannaDatanavannu paDedive. kannaDa bhAShe samskxtada vikxta rUpavemba abhiprAya mUDibaralu haLegannaDa granthagaLalli intaha eravalAgi banda samskxta padagaLu jAstiyiruvudU ondu kAraNavirabahudu.

Adare, haLegannaDada I granthagaLalli kannaDadavE Ada (endare drAviDa mUladinda banda) padagaLU sAkaShTu kANisikoLLutta ve. idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baLasabEkiddA ga avakke kannaDadavE Ada padarUpagaLannu sAdhisikoDabEkAguttade. I padarUpagaLannu baLasi vAkyagaLannu tayArisabEkAdAgalU, adakkAgi kannaDada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLannu baLasabEkAguttadallade samskxtada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

I ellA kAraNagaLindAgi, haLegannaDada vyAkaraNavannu bareyuvavaru modalige kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa, padarUpagaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racaneyentahadu, mattu adakkAgi entaha niyamagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade embudannu vivarisuvudoLLeyadu. ivu ellA rItiya haLegannaDa barahagaLigU samAnavAgi anvayisuva niyamagaLAgiruttave.

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu I sannivESadalli hEge hondikoLLutta ve embudannu anantara vivarisi hELabahudu. intaha padagaLu kelavu barahagaLalli jAstiyirabahudu, mattu bEre kelavu barahagaLalli kaDimeyirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, AnDayyana barahagaLalli kannaDakke aLavaDisadiruva samskxta padagaLannu (endare tatsama padagaLannu) AdaShTu kaDime baLasalAgide. kannaDadavE Ada padagaLige anvayisuva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige hEge anvayisuttave embudannu pratyEkavAgi tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

೧.೪ siddhavAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLu

haLegannaDada mEle hindina kAladavaru racisida vyAkaraNagaLalli namage doretiruvavugaLu mukhyavAgi mUru. ೧೧nE SatamAnadalli samskxta bhASheyalli racitavAgiruva nAgavarmana karNATaka bhAShAbhUShaNa, ೧೩nE SatamAnadalli kannaDadallEnE racitavAgiruva kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNa, mattu ೧೭nE SatamAnada Adiyalli samskxtadalli racitavAgiruva bhaTTAkaLankana SabdAnuSAsana. nAgavarmanE barediruva kAvyAvalOkanavemba innondu granthadallU Sabdasmxti emba bhAgadalli haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu cuTukAgi vivarisalAgide (heccina vivaragaLige sItArAmayya ೧೯೭೯ nODi).

I mUru vyAkaraNagaLalli atyanta janapriyavAgiruva vyAkaraNavendare, haLegannaDadalli racitavAgiruva kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNa. idaralli vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu cuTukAgi kandapadyagaLa mUlakavU, mattu heccu spaShTavAgi I padyagaLa anantara vxttirUpadalli baruva gadyagaLa mUlakavU tiLisalAgide. avu tiLisuva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLige udAharaNegaLannu itara kavigaLa prayOgagaLannu ettihELuvudara mUlaka allallE koDalAgide.

prAcInavendu hELabahudAda I mUru vyAkaraNagaLallU samskxta vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgirisikonDu haLegannaDada vyAkaraNavannu vivarisi hELuva prayatna naDesalAgide. Adare, mEle vivarisida hAge, samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalle €nE halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiveyAda kAraNa, kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu tayArisuva kelasakke samskxta vyAkaraNa aShTondu uttamavAda mAdariyalla.

I mUru prAcIna vyAkaraNagaLa anantara, haLegannaDada mEle racitavAgiruva ondu oLLeya vyAkaraNavendare ippattaneya SatamAnada Adiyalli prakaTagonDiruva kiTTel‌ avara kannaDa vyAkaraNa (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩). idu ingliSh‌ bhASheyalliddu, haLegannaDada vyAkaraNaventahadu embudannu tiLisuvudu mAtravallade, adakkU mattu naDugannaDa-hosagannaDagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannU tiLisuttade.

Adare, idannu bareyuvalli kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNavannu AdhAra vAgirisikoLLalAgide. hAgAgi, A vyAkaraNada halavu korategaLu idarallU sErikonDive.

kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu yurOpina vyAkaraNagaLige hondisi hELuva prayatnavannU kiTTelaru I vyAkaraNadalli naDesiddA re. Adare, samskxta vyAkaraNada hAge yurOpina vyAkaraNagaLU grIk‌, lyATin‌ modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida bhAShegaLa niyamAvaLigaLannu varNisuttiveyAda kAraNa, mattu averaDaroLage mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLEnU illa; hAgAgi, haLegannaDada vyAkaraNa tattvagaLannu horageDahuvalli halaveDe I vyAkaraNavU sOtuhOgide.

ittIcege haLegannaDavannu Adhunika bhAShASAstrada dxShTikOnadinda pariSIlisuva kelavu prayatnagaLU naDedive. udAharaNegAgi, rAmacandra rAv‌ avara pampabhArata

vyAkaraNa (rAmacandra rAv‌ ೧೯೭೨) intaha ondu prayatna. Adare illU haLegannaDavannu adaradE Ada oLaracaneya dxShTikOnadinda pariSIlisuva prayatna naDedilla.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, Adhunika bhAShASAstravU ingliSh‌, phrenc‌, jarman‌, raShyan‌ modalAda inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShegaLa pariSIlaneya AdhArada mEle beLedubandide. adara mUlatatvagaLella heccu kaDime inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShegaLa mUlatatvagaLE. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruva bhAShegaLige avannu nEravAgi anvayisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShegaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruva bhAShegaLige vyAkaraNavannu sidda paDisalu prayatnisuvavarellarU I samasyeyannu edurisabEkAgide. avarige mAdariyAgi siguva vyAkaraNa inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva samskxta, lyATin‌, ingliSh‌ modalAdavugaLantaha yAvudAdarondu janapriya bhASheya vyAkaraNa; illa vE, antaha vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu hAgeyE baLasi tayArisida bErondu bhASheya vyAkaraNa. tAvu varNisuva bhAShe ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAda mUlatatvagaLannu baLasikoLLuttide embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudE ivarige ondu doDDa samasyeyAgiruttade.

heccinavarigU I samasyeyannu txptikaravAgi bageharisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. hAgAgi, heccinavarU tAvu varNisuttiruva bhAShege janapriya vyAkaraNavondara paDiyacca nnu mAtravE tayArisi koDalu SaktarAguttAre. kelavE kelavu vidvAmsaru mAtra, tAvu vivarisuva bhASheya vyAkaraNa mUlatatvagaLallEnE janapriya vyAkaraNagaLiginta bhinnavAgideyembudannu gamanisi, adannu bhinnavAgi vivarisi hELalu SaktarAgiruttAre.

haLegannaDada mEle siddha vAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLella I mElina kAraNakkAgi asamarpakavAgive. nAgavarma, kESirAja, bhaTTAkaLanka modalAda hindina kAlada vidvAmsaru bareda vyAkaraNagaLella A samayadalli janapriyavAgidda samskxta bhASheya vyAkaraNagaLa paDiyaccu gaLAgive.

ivugaLalli kESirAjana vyAkaraNa mAtra kelavu viShayagaLalli kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisiruvudu kanDubaruttade. Adare Atanu gamanisiruvudu mElininda mEle nODuvAga haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsagaLu mAtra. I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLallEnE halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, ivannu gamanisuvalli I vyAkaraNavU sOtuhOgide.

೧.೫ pustakada svarUpa

nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu, adu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatattvagaLu entahavu, iduvarege siddhavAgiruva, mattu Iga janapriyavAgiruva vyAkaraNa granthagaLu I mUlatatvagaLannu kanDuhiDiyuvalli hEge asamarthavAgive, mattu idarindAgi

avugaLalli baruva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu hEge haLegannaDada padaracane mattu vAkyaracanegaLannu vivarisuvalli sOtuhOgive embudannu tOrisikoDuvudE I pustakada mukhya uddESa.

haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLigella samskxta vyAkaraNavE mAdariyAgittu. samskxtakke pANini racisida atyuttama vyAkaraNaviddudu idakke ondu kAraNa; Agina kAladalli bhAratada ellA viddA rimsarigU samska ೨tavE SAstrA: bhyAsakke mAdhyamavAgiddu du innondu kAraNa; haLegannaDakke vyAkaraNavannu racisalu horaDuva modalu ivarellarU samskxta vyAkaraNadalli sampUrNavAda pariNatiyannu paDeyuvudu atyavaSyavAgittu embudu mattondu kAraNa. I ellA kAraNagaLindAgi, avaru racisida haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLella samskxta vyAkaraNada paDiyaccu gaLAgibiTTive.

samskxta vyAkaraNakke halavu SatamAnagaLaShTu dIrphavAda caritreyide. vEdagaLannu badalAgadante uLisuvudakkAgi avugaLalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa mattu padagaLa vyAsangadinda prArambhavAda I SAstra sampUrNavAgi samskxta bhASheya pariSIlaneya mEleyE beLedu bandide. hAgAgi, adara mUlatatvagaLu, pAribhAShika padagaLu, vyAkaraNa sampradAyagaLu, vyAkaraNAmSagaLannu prakaraNagaLAgi vibhajisi hELuva krama, ivellavU samskxta bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu vivarisi hELalu anukUlavAgive.

Adare, haLegannaDada vyAkaraNakke intaha dIrthavAda caritre illavE vikAsa iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. adu nEravAgi samskxta vyAkaraNavannu kannaDakke aLavaDisuvantaha kelavu prayatnagaLa phala mAtra. adara pAribhAShika padagaLella nUrakke nUrU samskxtadavE. avu haLegannaDadavE Ada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu vivarisi hELuvudakkAgi vikasitavAduvEnalla. I vyAkaraNagaLalli kanDubaruva vyAkaraNa sampradAyavU samskxta (illavE adarinda beLedu bandiruva prAkxta) vyAkaraNada sampradAyavE.

I vyAkaraNagaLu vyAkaraNAmSagaLannu bEre bEre paricchEdagaLalli vingaDisuvu darallU samskxta vyAkaraNagaLannE anusarisive. I paricchEdagaLalli yAva viShayagaLannu vivarisabEku, mattu hEge vivarisabEku embudakkU avakke samskxta (mattu prAkxta) vyAkaraNagaLE mAdariyAgive.

I rIti, samskxta mattu prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLannu mAdariyAgirisikonDu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu racisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLige A bhASheya nijavAda vyAkaraNaventahadu embudannu tiLisihELalu sAdhyavAgilla. adarallU samskxta vyAkaraNada sUtrarUpavannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva mattu samskxta bhASheyallEnE tamma vyAkaraNagaLannu racisiruva nAgavarma mattu bhaTTAkaLankara mEle samskxta vyAkaraNada prabhAva innaShTu gADhavAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu haLegannaDadallEnE bareyalu prayatnisida kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNa idakke svalpa maTTige apavAdavendu hELabahudu. mEle sUcisida

hAge, idaralli halavu haLegannaDadavE Ada viShayagaLannU prastApisalAgide. Adare, illU mElnOTakke kANuva vyatyAsagaLannu prastA pisalAgideyallade, avannu vivarisuvalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLallEnE iruvantaha vyatyAsagaLannu baLasikoLLalu sAdhyavAgilla.

I rIti, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu haLegannaDadavE Ada vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu gamanisuvalli, mattu avannu sariyAgi baLasikoLLuvalli sOtuhOgive embudannu tOrisikoDuvudE I pustakada mukhya uddESavAda kAraNa, idaralli modalige vyAkaraNada bEre bEre amSagaLalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu vivarisalAgide.

anantara, antaha pratiyondu vyAkaraNAmSada maTTigU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu hEge I vyatyAsagaLannu parigaNisuvalli sOtuhOgive, mattu idarindAgi hEge I vyAkaraNagaLu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu vivarisuvalli halavAru samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAgide embudannu tOrisikoDalAgide.

samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva intaha mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLalli kelavannu keLage koDalAgide.

(೧) vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu varNanegaLa mUlaka gurutisuvudakkAgi samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLu tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNa vidhAnagaLannu baLasikoLLuttave. samskxtadalli idakkAgi eraDu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLannu ondE vibhaktiyallirisi baLasalAguttade; Adare haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLondige guNapadagaLemba bEreyE ondu padavargakke sErida padagaLannu baLasalAguttade. I padagaLu nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAduvAda kAraNa, haLegannaDadalli avu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruvudilla (೪.೨ nODi).

(೨) vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu hesarisi gurutisuvudu mattu varNisi gurutisuvudu embudAgi eraDu rItiya gurutisuva vidhAnagaLu heccina bhAShegaLallU baLakeyallive. Adare samskxtadantaha mAtina baLake tappi hOgi bariya grAnthikagaLAgiruva kelavu bhAShegaLalli I vyatyAsa illa vAgide. samskxta vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgirisikonDa haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLige I vyatyAsavannu gamanisalu sAdhyavAgilla (೫.೨-೩ nODi).

(೩) eraDu padagaLannu oTTusErisi hosa padavondannu unTumADuva samAsa

la nAma guNapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba mUru bageya padagaLannU nAmapadagaLondige sErisi intaha padagaLannu unTumADalu baruttade; idakke badalu, samskxtada samAsadalli nAmapadagaLannu mAtravE bErondu nAmapadadondige sErisalu baruttade. hAgAgi, I eraDu bhAShegaLalli tIra bEre bErAgiruva samAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave.

(೪) haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLige guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva rUpa, mattu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva rUpa embudAgi eraDu bhinnavAda rUpagaLive. Adare samskxtada kriyApadagaLige nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva rUpagaLu mAtra ive. ivakkinta bhinnavAda guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva rUpagaLembudilla. samskxtadalli guNapadavemba viSiShTavAda padavargavilla diruvudE idakke kAraNa (೬.೧ nODi).

(೫) nAmapadagaLannu haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLeraDU pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsaka lingagaLemba mUru lingagaLalli vingaDisuttave; Adare, idakkAgi I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva AdhAra mAtra bEre bEre. haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa arthavE I vibhajanege AdhAra; Adare, samskxtadalli antaha niScitavAda AdhAravEnU illa. hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli nAmapadagaLa vibhajaneyannu vivarisuvudakkAgi bahaLa kliShTavAda vidhAnavondannu baLasabEkAgide. haLegannaDakke antaha vidhAna bEkAgilla (೭.೨).

(೬) nAmapadagaLige vacana mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva krama I eraDu bhAShegaLalli bhinnavAgide. haLegannaDadalli ivannu bEre bEre pratyayagaLu sUcisutta ve; Adare, samskxtadalli ondE pratyaya sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli EkavacanavannU pratyayavondara mUlaka sUcisabEkAguttade, mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuva avaSyavilla dallU vacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi avannu baLasabEkAguttade. haLegannaDadalli I samasyeyilla; hAgAgi adaralli vibhakti mattu vacana pratyayagaLannu avaSyaviruvalli mAtra baLasidare sAku (೭.೩).

(೭) vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka nAmapadakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu sUcisuva kramavU I eraDu bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgide. haLegannaDadalli I pratyayagaLigU avu sUcisuva sambandhagaLigU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyide, Adare samskxtadalli intaha nEravAda hondANikeyilla. I kAraNakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNadalli kArakagaLemba kalpita ghaTakagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide; Adare, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli antaha kalpita ghaTakagaLannu baLasabEkAgilla (೮.೬).

(೮) kriyArUpagaLalli samaya mattu ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva kramavU I eraDu bhAShegaLalli bhinnavAgide. haLegannaDadalli samaya sambandhakke heccina prASasta $vannu koDalAguttadeyAdare, samskxtadalli samaya vyavasthege heccina prASastyavannu koDalAguttade.

idallade, haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLondige samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi viSiShTavAda pra tyayagaLannu baLasalAgutta de; Adare, samskxtadalli idakkAgi dhAtugaLallEnE badalAvaNegaLannu mADalAguttade (೯.೨).

(೯) kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLU I eraDu bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgive. haLegannaDadalli ivu ghaTakagaLa puruSha, vacana

mattu lingagaLannu sUcisaballuvu; Adare, samskxtadalli puruSha mattu vacanagaLannu mAtra sUcisaballuvu.

idallade, samskxtadalli I pratyayagaLu bEreyU kelavu viShayagaLannu sUcisaballuvAgiddu, haLegannaDada pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgive (೯.೩).

(೧೦) eraDu athavA jAsti vAkyagaLannu jODisi hELuva kramadalli (೧೦.೧), mattu intaha bEreyU halavAru vyAkaraNAmSagaLalli samskxtakkU mattu haLegannaDakkU naDuve prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive.

ivellavU vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLallEnE kANisikoLLuvantaha vyatyAsagaLu; ivannu gamanadalli risikoLLade, samskxta vyAkaraNavannu mAdariyAgirisikonDu barediruva haLegannaDada prAcIna vyAkaraNagaLu hEge aDigaDigU samasyegaLannedurisabEkAgutta de embudannu I pustakadalli vivarisalAgide.

mEle vivarisidantaha halavu kAraNagaLindAgi, iduvarege haLegannaDada mEle sidda vAgiruva vyAkaraNagaLella vU sariyAda aDipAyavillada kaTTaDagaLantive. eShTE andavAgi kaTTirali, avugaLa aDipAya sariyillavAda kAraNa, vimarSege oLapaDisidoDaneyE avu bahaLa sulabhavAgi kusiduhOguttave.

adhyAya ೨ — pAribhAShika padagaLa baLake

pAribhAShika padagaLa baLake

೨.೧ pIThike

samskxta mattu haLegannaDagaLa naDuve avu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLalle €nE halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive embudannu nAvu mundina adhyAyagaLalli nODaliruvevu. vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyAguva pAribhAShika padagaLalli heccinavU intaha mUlatatvagaLa mEle avalambisiruttave. hAgAgi, ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAgiruva pAribhAShika padagaLalli ellavannU hAgeyE innondu bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla 4

Adare, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada pAribhAShika padagaLalli tamage bEkAduvannu mattu halaveDegaLalli bEDavAdavugaLannU tAvu barediruva haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli hesarisi vivarisiddA re. ivugaLalli kelavu nijakkU avaru racisiruva vyAkaraNagaLige avaSyavilla; hAgAgi, A vyAkaraNagaLu anavaSyakavAgi tumbAkShi ShTavAgive.

innu kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLige avugaLa I baLakeyalli samskxtadallillada arthagaLU bandiruva hAge kANisuttade. haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu samskxtadavakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa. idarindAgiyU I pAribhAShika padagaLa baLake haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli gondalakkeDemADide.

೨.೨ lOpa, Agama mattu AdESa

padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga, illavE eraDu padagaLannu oTTige sErisidAga, A pada illavE pratyayagaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannu avugaLalli naDeyuva “badalAvaNe’gaLembudAgi varNisi hELalu sAdhyavide. pada mattu pratyayagaLalli mukhyavAgi intaha mUru rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu kANalu sAdhyaviddu, ivannu lOpa, Agama mattu AdESagaLemba hesarininda gurutisalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, kADan‌ embudaralli kADu nAmapadakke an‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgiddu, adara koneya ukAra bidduhOgide; idu “lOpa’. tujuvan‌ embudarallU tuju nAmapadakke idE an‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgideyAdarU, adara koneya ukAra biddu hOguva badalu, adakkU pratyayakkU naDuve vakAravondu hosadAgi bandu sEride; idu “Agama’. mATAkki embudaralli mADu kriyA padakke

ke pratyayavannu sErisalAgiddu, A kriyApadada koneya ukAra lOpagonDideyallade adara hindina vyanjana D‌ iddudu l‌ endAgide; idu “AdESa’.

pada mattu pratyayagaLu oTTige sEruvAga avugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannu I rIti avugaLalli naDeyuva “badalAvaNe’gaLembudAgi vivarisuva badalu, bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli avakkiruva “rUpabhEda’gaLembudAgiyU vivarisalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, kaNNe, makkaLge, nannige modalAda padarUpagaLalli kANisuva ge pratyaya nelake, idarke modalAda kelavu padarUpagaLalli ke endAguttade (ge embudakke ke embudu AdESavAgi baruttade), mattu Olagakke, marakke modalAda bEre kelavu padarUpagaLalli kke endAguttade (ge embudakke kay AdESavAgi baruttade) endu hELuvudu “badalAvaNe’gaLa mUlaka avugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu vivarisuva vidhAna.

idakke badalu, A pratyayakke ge, ke mattu kke embudAgi mUru rUpagaLiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu kaN‌, makkaL‌, nanni, page modalAda padagaLa anantara baruttade, eraDaneyadu nela, idu (I padada idalu‌‌ emba rUpa), nela modalAda padagaLa anantara baruttade, mattu mUraneyadu mara, Olaga, gUnTa modalAda padagaLa anantara baruttadeyendU hELalu sAdhyavide. idu “rUpabhEda’gaLa mUlaka adE vyatyAsavannu vivarisuva vidhAna. I vidhAnavannu baLasidalli lOpa, Agama mattu AdESagaLemba pAribhAShika padagaLa avaSyakateyilla.

illi nAvu mukhyavAgi gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, pada illavE pratyayagaLalli kANisuva I badalAvaNe (illavE vyatyAsa)gaLigU mattu avugaLa arthakkU naDuve yAva sambandhavU illa. kADu embudara koneya akAra bidduhOdudarindAgi, illavE tuju nAmapadada anantara vakAravondu sErikonDudarindAgi adara arthadalli heccu kaDimeyAgilla; adara artha modalidda hAgeyE ide.

haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu lOpa, Agama mattu AdESagaLemba pAribhAShika padagaLannu I rIti pada mattu pratyayagaLu ondaroDanondu sEruvAga avugaLalli kANisikoLLuva vyatyAsagaLannu vivarisuvalli mAtravallade, bEreyU kelavu sandarbhagaLalli baLasiddAre. Adare, idarindAgi avara vyAkaraNagaLalli halavu hosa samasyegaLu taledOrive.

samskxta vyAkaraNada niyamagaLannu nEravAgi tamma haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli aLavaDisalu prayatnisiruvudE avaru I rIti mADabEkAgi bandiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa embudu keLagina pariSIlaneyinda spaShTavAguttade.

೨.೨.೧ bahuvacana pratyaya

nAmapadagaLondige bahuvacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva gaL‌ pratyayavannu (toDegaL‌, tOLgaL‌) kESirAjanu vibhakti pratyayagaLa modalu baruva “Agama’vendu

pa pT es li karediddAne (sU. ೧೦೫). Adare haLegannaDadalli ivu pratyayagaLallade AgamagaLalla.

yAkendare, toDegaL‌ embantaha padagaLalli gaL‌ embudu arthavillada sErikeyalla; adakke bahuvacanavannu sUcisuva arthavide. toDe rUpa ondu toDeyannu sUcisuttadeyAdare, toDegaL‌ rUpa ondakkinta heccu (eraDu) toDegaLannu sUcisuttade. tujuvin‌ embudaralli banda vakArada hAge, illavE maradoL‌ embudaralli banda dakArada hAge adu arthavillada sErikeyalla.

idakke badalu, samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLa anantara baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLE vacanavannU sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, strI nAmapadakke saptamI-dvivacanadalli striyOH emba rUpaviddu, idaralli OH pratyaya saptamI vibhaktiyannu mAtravallade dvivacanavannU sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, I rUpadalli baruva stiy‌ embudannu strI embudara rUpabhEdavendAgalI, illavE adara koneya IkArakke ay‌ embudu AdESavAgi bandudarindAgi siddavAda rUpavendAgalI hELuvudaralli avcityavide (heccina vivaragaLige ೭.೨ nODi).

vibhakti mattu vacanagaLa sUcaneyalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu I rIti eraDu tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNa vidhAnagaLannu baLasutta ve. haLegannaDadalli averaDannu eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisalAguttade; Adare, samskxtadalli eraDannU ondE pratyayada mUlaka sUcisalAguttade.

I mUlabhUta vyatyAsavannu kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisiralilla. hAgAgi, I sandarbhadalli samskxtada vyAkaraNa vidhAnavannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisuvudu sariyallavemba viShaya avara gamanakke baralilla, mattu idarindAgi pratyayavondannu Agamavendu kareyuva samasyege sikki bILabEkAyitu.

೨.೨.೨ Agamada mEle AdESa

I rIti pratyayagaLannu AgamagaLendu parigaNisidudarindAgi, kESirAjanu bEreyU kelavu samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAgide. udAharaNegAgi, sarvanAma mattu guNavacanagaLige bahuvacanadalli baruva I gaL‌ “Agama’kke avu embudu “AdESa’vAgi baruttade (sU.೧೦೫) emba innaShTu vicitravAda vyAkaraNa niyamavannu Atanu sxShTisabEkAgide.

gaL‌ mattu avu embavugaLa naDuve arthadalli aShTondu spaShTavAda vyatyAsavillavAda kAraNa, illi “AdESa’ emba padada baLake ucitavAgaballudAdarU, adu ondu Agamada mEle bandide embudu vicitra.

kESirAjana I baLakeyindAgi, avana vyAkaraNadalli Agama mattu pratyayagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavE illavAda hAgAgide. ondu arthavannu illavE vyAkaraNa kAryavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva ondu athavA jAsti varNagaLa anukramakke pratyayavendu hesaru. antahadAvudU illade, ondu padadondige innondu pada illavE pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa naDuve baruva ondu athavA jAsti varNagaLa anukramakke Agamavendu hesaru. |

pratyayagaLige tammadE Ada artha illavE vyAkaraNa kAryavideyAda kAraNa, avannu pratinidhIkarisuva varNagaLannu horatu paDisiyU avakke ondu astitvavide. hAgAgi, avakke bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bEre rUpagaLiveyendAgali, illavE kelavu sandarbhagaLalli avugaLa ondu rUpada badalu innondu rUpa AdESavAgi baruttadeyendAgali hELalu sAdhyavAguttade.

AgamagaLige I rIti tammavE Ada artha illavE vyAkaraNa kAryavillavAda kAraNa, avannu pratinidhIkarisuva varNagaLannu horatupaDisi bEre svatantravAda asti tva avakkilla. hAgAgi, avugaLige ondakkinta heccu rUpagaLiveyendAgali, illavE avugaLa ondu rUpada badalu AdESavAgi innondu rUpa baruttadeyendAgali hELuvudu sariyalla.

sUtra ೨೫೭ra vxttiyalli inegam, udum, annam, aloDam modalAda “SabdagaLu’ satisaptamiya ekArakke AdESavAgi baruttave endu kESirAjanu hELiruvudu innondu vicitravAda vyAkaraNa niyama. Agamada hAge AdESavU padagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva “arthahIna’vAda vyatyAsagaLannu illavE badalAvaNegaLannu sUcisabEkallade, I rIti ondu padadondige baruva innondu pada illavE, padarUpavannu sUcisabAradu.

೨.೨.೩ pratyaya mattu lOpa

dukArAntavAda guNavacanagaLige bahuvacanadalli avu embudu (gaL‌ “Agama’da mElina “AdESa’) sEridAga avugaLa koneya akbara (du embudu) lOpavAguttade (kariyadu-kariyavu, biLiyadu-biLiyavu) endu kESirAjanu hELiruvalliyU (sU.೧೦೬) arthavattAda vyatyAsavannu sandhiniyamada mUlaka vivarisuva prayatna naDedide. haLegannaDada guNavacanagaLalli baruva du (illavE adu) embudu napumsaka- Ekavacanavannu sUcisuva linga-vacana pratyaya; intahavE guNavacanagaLalli baruva vu (illavE avu) embudu napumsaka-bahuvacanavannu sUcisuva bErondu pratyaya. illi ondu pratyayada badalu innondu pratyaya bandideyallade sandhikAryavAda “lOpa’ naDedilla.

hIgiddarU illi lOpavAgideyendu kESirAja hELiruvudakke samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLallEnE vyatyAsaviruvudannu Ata gamanisadiruvudE kAraNa. mEle (೨.೨.೧)ralli vivarisida hAge, samskxtadalli vacana- vibhaktigaLeraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, A bhASheya vibhaktirUpagaLalli kANisuva intaha vyatyAsagaLannella sandhiniyamagaLa mUlakavE vivarisabEkAguta

po)

Adare haLegannaDadalli vacana pratyaya vibhakti pratyayakkinta bhinnavAgiruva kAraNa, antaha

vivaraNe haLegannaDada maTTige ucitavalla.

೨.೨.೪ pratyaya mattu Agama

kESirAjanu haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli baruva am‌, ar‌, ay‌, ir‌ modalAduvannu vibhakti(pratyaya)gaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೨೨೮). Adare kriyApadagaLigU I pratyayagaLigU naDuve baruva da, dapa mattu va embavugaLannu “Agama’gaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೨೩೨).

idallade, I AgamagaLu “pOda vartisuva barpa kAlangaLge sUcakangaL‌’ endU hELiddA ne! endare I AgamagaLige kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuva arthavideyendU hELida hAgAyitu. hAgidda re avannu pratyayagaLendu kareyade AgamagaLendu karediruvudu yAke?

idakke uttara samskxta vyAkaraNadallide: samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli kriyApadada (dhAtuvina) baLika puruSha-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyaya mAtra baruttade. kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi adaralli, haLegannaDada hAge, viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLa baLakeyilla. kriyApadadallEnE kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADuvudara mUlaka kAlabhEdavannu sUcisalAguttade (೯.೨ nODi).

hAgAgi, samskxtada kriykApadagaLige AkhyAta (tij‌‌) pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga avugaLalli kanDubaruva vyatyAsagaLannella sandhiya niyamagaLa mUlakavEnE vivarisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, rudh‌ “taDe’ kriyApadakke apUrNArthadalli prathamapuruSha-Ekavacanada tijat‌ pratyayavannu sErisidAga, A kriyApadadoLage NakAravondu sErikonDu ruNaddi emba rUpa siddhisuttade. I NakAravannu apUrNArthavannu sUcisuva pratyayavendu kareyuvudakkintalU Agamavendu kareyuvudE samskxtada maTTige sariyAda krama.

yAkendare, bEre kriyApadagaLannu baLasi apUrNArthada kriyArUpagaLannu tayArisuvalli I rIti kriyApadadoLage Na illavE bEre akSharagaLu sErikoLLuvudilla ka udAharaNegAgi, pac‌ “aDige mADu’ dhAtuvige apUrNArthadalli tij‌ pratyayavannu sErisidAga pacati rUpa siddhisuttade.

Adare, haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLa oLaracane idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. adara kriyApadagaLa baLika eraDu pratyayagaLu barutti ddu , avugaLalli ondu kAlabhEdavannu sUcisuttadeyAdare, innondu puruSha-vacana bhEdavannu sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi,

pETban‌ kriyArUpadalli pET‌ kriyApadada baLika hindina (bhUta)kAlavannu sUcisuva d‌ mattu prathama puruSha pullinga Ekavacanavannu sUcisuva an‌ embudAgi eraDu pratyayagaLu bandive. |

idu haLegannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuve vyAkaraNada mUla tatvadallEnE iruva vyatyAsa. eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve intaha mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLiralu sAdha, mattu

intaha vxttAsagaLanu avugaLa vAkaraNa niyamagaLu patibimbisuvudu avaSa. embudanu

grahisalu sAdhyavAgadudarindAgi, kESirAjanu mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDada kAlapratyayagaLannu “Agama’gaLendu kareyabEkAgide.

sU. ೪೫ralli kESirAjanu “pratyaya’ mattu “vibhakti’ iveraDU paryAya padagaLu emba abhiprAya baruva hAge barediruvudu innaShTu samasyegaLige kAraNavAgide (biLigiri ೧೯೬೯:೧೨೯ nODi). gaL‌ mattu da, dapa, vagaLannu pratyayagaLendu kareyadiralu idU ondu kAraNavirabahudu. Adare isu embudannu (sU. ೬೪), mattu taddhita prakaraNadalli baruva iga, vaLa modalAduvannu (sU. ೨೦೮-೯) pratyayagaLendu karediruvudu I abhiprAyakke viruddha vAgide.

samayavannu sUcisuva da, dapa, vagaLannu I rIti kESirAjanu pratyayagaLendu parigaNisade AgamagaLendu karedudarinda, innondu samasyeyannU edurisabEkAgide. ondu kriyArUpadalli baruva kriyApadada (kriyAdhAtuvina) svarUpa entahadu embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi Atanu mADidan‌, mADuvan‌ embantaha sAmAnya rUpagaLannu baLasuva badalu, mADan‌ embantaha allagaLeyuva rUpagaLannu baLasabEkAgide (sU. ೨೨೭)

yAkendare, mADidan‌ embudarinda AkhyAta pratyayavannu (an‌ embudannu) tegedAga, mADida embudu siguttadallade mADu siguvudilla.

Adare, I rIti allagaLeyuva kriyArUpadinda dhAtuvina svarUpavannu nirdharisahoraTalli bEre halavu samasyegaLu kANisikoLLuttave; Adare, I viShayavannu kESirAjanu gamanisiruva hAge tOruvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, dhAtuprakaraNadalli tar‌ mattu bar‌ embudAgi eraDu dhAtugaLannu hesarisalAgide; Adare, ivannu tAran‌ mattu bAran‌ emba allagaLeyuva rUpagaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. tAran‌ rUpadinda an‌ pratyayavannu kaLedare uLiyuvudu tAr‌ allade tar‌ alla.

idallade, sU. ೨೪೯ralli I eraDu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLannu sAdhisabEkAdAga, tar‌ mattu bar‌ kriyApadagaLa modala akAra dIrthavAguttadeyendu hELiruvudannu nODidare, nijakkU alla gaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLinda AkhyAta pratyayavannu tegedu uLiyuva amSa dhAtu endudu ೨೨೭nE sUtrakke mAtra sImitavAgiruva abhiprAyavembudu spaShTavAguttade.

kESirAjana I vidhAnavannu baLasidAga unTAguva bEre kelavu samasyegaLannu sItArAmayya (೧೯೭೯:೨೦೩) vivarisiddA re.

೨.೨.೫ AkhyAta pratyayagaLalli lingabhEda

haLegannaDa kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu puruSha

mattu vacana bhEdagaLannu mAtravallade, prathamapuruShadalli linga bhEdavannU sUcisuttave.

Ekavacanadalli I lingabhEda pullinga, strIlinga, mattu napumsaka linga

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embudAgiddu, idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi am‌, aL‌, mattu udu emba mUru

pratyayagaLu baLakeyAguttave; bahuvacanadalli I lingabhEda manuShya-manuShyEtara embudAgiddu, idannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi ar‌ mattu uvu emba eraDu pratyayagaLu baLakeyAguttave (೯.೩ nODi).

Adare, kESirAjanu ivugaLalli Ekavacanada am‌ mattu bahu vacanada ar‌ embavugaLannu mAtra prathama puruShada AkhyAta pratyayagaLendu karedu (sU. ೨೨೮), uLida pratyayagaLannu avugaLa mEle baruva “AdESa’gaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೨೩೬- ೭). illU pratyaya mattu AdESagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavE illadantAgide.

Ata hIge mADiruvudakkU samskxta vyAkaraNada mUlatatvavannu haLegannaDada mEle horisiruvudE kAraNa. samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli baruva tij‌ pratyayagaLu lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, prathama puruSha Ekavacanada ti pratyaya (gacchati, bhavati) lingabhEdavannu sUcisalAradu. adu ellA lingagaLallU badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttade (“hOguttAne’, “hOguttALe’ mattu “hOguttade’ emba mUru arthagaLallU samskxtadalli gacchati embudannE baLasabEkAguttade).

kESirAjanu samskxtada I niyamavannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddAne; samskxtadalliruva hAge, puruSha mattu vacana bhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu mAtra AkhyAta pratyayagaLendu karedu, prathama puruShadalli linga bhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu AdESagaLendu karediddAne; endare, samskxtada niyamakke hondikeyAgada haLegannaDada vaySiShTa $vannu pratyayagaLa mUlaka varNisuva badalu, AdESagaLa mUlaka varNisalu prayatnisiddAne. idarindAgi “AdESa’vembudakke vicitravAda artha bandide mAtravalla, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavU anavaSyakavAgi heccu kliShTavAgide.

೨.೨.೬ guNapadagaLalli lingabhEda

haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu bEreyE padavargadalli baruttiddu, avugaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi avakke an‌, aL‌, ar‌, udu mattu uvu emba linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade (೫.೨.೧ nODi).

Adare, samskxtadalli guNapadakkU nAmapadakkU naDuve vyatyAsavilla; avugaLondige linga-vacana vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi pratyayagaLU baruvudilla; vibhakti pratyayagaLa rUpabhEdagaLa mUlakavEnE intaha vyatyAsagaLannu sUcisabEkAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, kxShNa “kappu’ pada samskxtadalli mUru lingagaLallU baraballa nAmapadavAgiddu, viSiShTavAda ondu baLakeyalli adu yAva lingadallide embudannu adarondige baruva vibhaktipratyayagaLa svarUpadalli mAtravE kANalu sAdhya. udAharaNegAgi, adara dvitIyA vibhakti rUpa kxShNam endiddare adu pullingadallideyendU, kxShNAm endiddare svIlingadallideyendU tiLidukoLLabahudu.

kESirAjanu haLegannaDada guNapadagaLannu samskxtada guNapadagaLa hAge varNisalu

yatnisiddAne, mattu I kAraNakkAgi avugaLondige baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu tyayagaLendu parigaNisade AdESagaLendu parigaNisiddAne.

idallade, intaha “guNavacana’gaLalli napumsaka-Ekavacanada rUpagaLannu mUlarUpagaLembudAgi kalpisikonDu, avugaLinda uLida rUpagaLannu paDeyuva prayatnavannu avanu naDesiddAne. udAharaNegAgi, kijudu embudara koneya duvige akAravannu AdESavAgi mADuva mUlaka, Atanu ki೫yam embudannu sAdhisalu prayatnisiddAne (sU. ೧೬೩).

idE rItiyalli, avan‌, Atan‌, avar‌ modalAdavugaLannu adu embudarindalU, Avan‌, AvaL‌, Ar‌ modalAduvannu Avudu embudarindalU, bEre bEre rItiya AdESagaLa mUlaka paDediddAne (sU. ೧೬೧-೨). illU AdESa mattu pratyayagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavE illavAda hAgAgide.

samskxtadalli haLegannaDada hAge vibhakti pratyayagaLiginta bhinnavAda linga-vacana pratyayagaLu intaha padagaLondige baruvudillavAda kAraNa, avugaLa vibhaktirUpagaLalli tOribaruva vyatyAsagaLannu A bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli Agama mattu AdESagaLemba sandhiniyamagaLa mUlaka vivarisalAguttade. Adare haLegannaDadalli viSiShTavAda linga- vacana pratyayagaLiddu, avu vibhakti pratyayagaLiginta bhinnavAgive. hAgAgi, guNavacana, sarvanAma, sankhye modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu Agama illavE AdESagaLendu parigaNisuvudu haLegannaDada maTTige ucitavalla.

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೨.೩ vyAkaraNa sanjYegaLu

vyAkaraNagaLalli halavu rItiya sanjYe; gaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyiddu, avugaLalli kelavu ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNakkaShTE sImitavAgiruttave; avu A bhASheya pada illavE pratyayagaLa svarUpavannavalambisirabahudu, illa vE A bhASheya sandhiniyamagaLa svarUpavannavalambisirabahudu.

intaha sanjYe gaLannu hAgeyE innondu bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu intaha halavu sanjYegaLannu avu tamma vyAkaraNakke avaSyavO alla vO, tamma vyAkaraNakke hondikoLLuttaveyO illavO embudannu pariSIlisalu hOgade hAgeyE baLasikonDiddAre.

೨.೩.೧ sankShipta rUpagaLu

samskxta vyAkaraNadalli baruva halavu sanjYegaLu pratyayagaLa illavE padagaLa paTTiyannu sanklipravAgi sUcisuvudakkAgi tayArisiruva sankEtagaLu. antaha pratyaya llavE padagaLannu baLesadiruva bErondu bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli avakke yAva

sthAnavU illa. Adare, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu intaha sanjYegaLannU tamma vyAkaraNagaLalli baLasikonDiddAre.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada nAmapadagaLa anantara su, av, jas‌, am, avT‌, Sas‌ modalAda oTTu ೨೧ vibhakti pratyayagaLu baralu sAdhyaviddu (೮.೩ nODi), ivannella cuTukAgi sUcisalu sup‌ sanjYeyannu baLasalAgide. idu I pratyayagaLa paTTiyalli modalaneyadAgiruva su pratyayadondige adE paTTiya koneya pratyayavAda sup‌ embudara koneya akSharavannu sErisi tayArisida sanjYe

idE rItiyalli, kriyApadagaLa anantara tip‌, tas‌ modalAda pratyayagaLu baralu sAdhyaviddu, ivannella cuTukAgi sUcisalu tiju‌ sanjYEH yannu baLasalAgide. idu I pratyayagaLa paTTiyalli modalaneyadAgiruva tip‌ pratyayada modalaneya akSharadondige koneyadAgiruva mahij‌‌ pratyayada koneya akSharavannu sErisi tayArisida sanjYe

haLegannaDada nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa anantara ivakkinta tIra bErAgiruva pratyayagaLu baLakeyAguttave: nAmapadagaLa anantara m‌, am‌, im‌ modalAda pratyayagaLU, kriyApadagaLa anantara am‌, ar‌, ay‌, ir‌ modalAda pratyayagaLU baruvuvendu kESirAjanu (sU. ೧೦೩, ೨೨೮) hELiruvudannu illi gamanisabahudu. hAgAgi, mEle koTTiruva samskxta vyAkaraNada sup‌ mattu tij‌‌ sanjYegaLannAgali, illavE avannu baLasi racisida subanta mattu tijanta padagaLannAgali hAgeyE haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli baLasuvudu ucitavAgalAradu.

Adare, bhaTTAkaLankanu tanna vyAkaraNa(SabdAnuSAsana)dalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sUcisalu sup‌ sanjYeyannU (sU. ೨೦೨), AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sUcisalu tij‌‌ sanjYeyannU (sU. ೪೪೬) hAgeyE baLasiddAne. haLegannaDadalli intaha sanjYegaLannu baLasabEkiddarU avannu haLegannaDada pratyayagaLinda (avugaLa modala mattu koneya akSharagaLannu oTTusErisi) tayArisiddare oLLeyadittu.

haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa mEle samskxta vyAkaraNa entaha prabhAvavannu bIrittu embudannu I viShaya spaShTapaDisuttade.

೨.೩.೨ kArakagaLu

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLigU vibhakti pratyayagaLigU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyillavAda kAraNa, antaha sambandhagaLannu sUcisalu “kAraka’gaLemba kelavu vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLannu kalpisikoLLabEkAgide (೮.೬ nODi).

Adare haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina sambandhakkU vibhakti pratyayagaLigU naDuve heccu kaDime nEravAda hondANikeyide; hAgAgi, intaha kalpita sambandhagaLa avaSyakate haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakkilla. hIgiddarU, samskxtadalli

kArakagaLa baLakeyAgiruvudannu gamanisi, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu avannu tamma vyAkaraNagaLallU baLasiddA re.

idallade, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu haLegannaDa samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAda rItiyalli vibhajisuttade; hAgAgi, kArakagaLemba vyAkaraNa sambandhagaLannu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli baLasuvudiddarU avu samskxtada kArakagaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruva avaSyakateyide. haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu idannu gamanisade samskxtada kArakagaLellavU haLegannaDadallU irabEkendu tIrmAnisi, avannu sUcisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu huDukalu horaTiddAre.

udAharaNegAgi, attaNim emba vAkyAmSavannu ivaru ondu vibhakti pratyayavendu karediruvudu (bhaTTAkaLanka, sU. ೨೨೦ nODi) haLegannaDadalli “apAdAna’ kArakavannu sUcisalu “karaNa’vannu sUcisuva im pratyayakkinta bhinnavAda pratyayavilladiruvudE kAraNa. Adare, nijakkU attaNim embudu ondu pratyayavE alla; adu attaNa emba sarvanAma rUpakke im emba vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisi racisiruva padarUpa.

kESirAjanu bahuSaH I samasyeyannu gamanisi, I pratyayavannu at‌ embudAgi nirUpisiddAne (sU. ೧೦೩). Adare munde sU. ೧೨೬ralli I pratyayakke atta Nimemba “”nijarUpa’videyendu mattu idarondige txtIyeya im, indam mattu inde embavu baruvuvendu Ata hELabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, samasye bageharidilla. pancamI vibhakti pratyayadalli txtIyA vibhakti pratyayakke Enu kelasa?

೨.೩.೩ upayOgisada sanjYegaLu

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu bEre kelavu sanjYe; gaLannu tamma vyAkaraNadalli baLasuva sandarbhavilladiddarU avu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAgive emba ondu kAraNakkAgi mAtra avannu tamma vyAkaraNagaLallU udda risi vivarisalu prayatnisiddA re.

udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjanu uddharisi vivarisiruva samAna, savarNa (anulOma-vilOma), nAmi modalAda halavu sanjYegaLige avana haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli yAva kelasavU illa (biLigiri ೧೯೬೯:೩೭ nODi).

samskxta vyAkaraNadalli a-A, i-I, u-U, ya-khayU emba nAlku svaragaLa jODigaLannu savarNagaLendu kareyalAgide; I sanjYe: yinda A vyAkaraNakkiruva prayOjanavEnendare, adara mUlaka samskxtakke bEkAguva halavu sandhi niyamagaLannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavAguttade, mattu antaha niyamagaLannella oTTige “savarNa dIrtha’vemba hesarininda kareyalu sAdhyavAguttade.

savarNa jODigaLalliruva svaragaLalli yAvudAdarU ondara anantara adE svara illa vE jODiya innondu svara bandideyAdare, averaDara badalu udda (dIrtha) svara barutta deyembudE I niyamada sAra. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sErikegaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧ka) atraasti atrAsti atra AsIt‌ atrAsIt‌ yadA- asti yadAsti

(೧kha) astiiha astIha nadIiha nadIha

(೧ga) guruupadESa gurUpadESa sAdhu-UcuH sAdhUcuH

(೧ka)dalli koTTiruva sErikegaLalli a-A jODiya svaragaLeraDu oTTu sEri uddasvara (A embudu) sidda vAgide; idakke badalu, (೧kha)dalli koTTiruva sErikegaLalli i-I jODiyU, (೧ga)dalli koTTiruva sErikegaLalli u-U jODiyU I rIti sandhiyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu..

kESirAjanu I jODigaLondige haLegannaDadalli kANisuva (mattu samskxtadalli kANisada) e-E mattu o-O jODigaLigU savarNa sanjYe barutta deyendu tiLisiddAne (sU. ೧೮). Adare kannaDada sandhi niyamagaLu samskxtada sandhi niyamagaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, avannu vivarisuvalli I sanjYe: yinda yAva prayOjanavU illa.

nijakkU haLegannaDada sandhiniyamagaLalli giDDa (hrasva) mattu udda (dIra4) svaragaLeraDU ondE rItiyalli badalAguvudilla. giDDa svaragaLu lOpagoLLuttave; Adare, udda svaragaLu lOpagoLLuvudilla. kESirAjanE hELiruva hAge (sU. ೬೫) I “idu embudu Ividu endAguttadallade Idu endAguvudilla. hAgAgi, “savarNa’ emba I pAribhAShika pada haLegannaDada vyAkaraNakke anavaSyaka mAtravalla, pratikUlavAgide.

“nAmi’ emba innondu pAribhAShika padada avaSyakateyU haLegannaDakkilla. samskxtadalli akAra mattu AkAragaLannu biTTu itara svaragaLannu nAmigaLendu kareyalAgide; I eraDu svaragaLannu biTTu itara svaragaLa sAhacaryadalliruva sakAra samskxtadalli ShakAravAguttade (hariShu, guruShu, kataNxShu, navShu) emba niyamavE I padada baLakege AdhAra. Adare haLegannaDada sandhikAryagaLalli I padada baLakege yAva AdhAravU illa (venkaTAcala SAstrI ೧೯೯೪:೯-೧೦ nODi).

೨.೪ pratyaya mattu padarUpa

padagaLannu mattu padarUpagaLannu vivarisuvAga AdaShTu maTTige avugaLa oLaracaneyEnu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudu vyAkaraNada uddESa. haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu “pratyaya’gaLendu karediruva kelavu vAkyAmSagaLalli ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLu, sEriruvudannu mattu innu kelavu vAkyAmSagaLalli pratyayagaLondige iDI padarUpagaLE sErikonDiruvudannU kANabahudu. nijakkU ivu pratyayagaLalla.

pAribhAShika padagaLa baLake

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ivugaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embudannu vyAkaraNagaLu spaShTavAgi “vivarisuva avaSyakateyide.

udAharaNegAgi, vartamAna kAlavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva dapa embudu ondu pratyayavalla. hIgiddarU bhaTTAkaLankanu idannu pratyayavendu karediddAne (sU. ೪೪೬), mattu kESirAjanu (sU. ೨೩೨) Agamavendu karediddA ne. nijakkU idaralli bhUta mattu bhaviShyat‌gaLemba eraDu pratyayagaLa sErikeyide. idallade, I eraDaneya bhaviShyat‌ pratyayadalli Agu emba kriyApadada padarUpavU aDagikonDide (vivaragaLige ೯.೨.೧ nODi).

mEle (೨.೩.೨)ralli sUcisida hAge attaNim embudannu (maradattaNim, keN‌yattaNim) ondu vibhakti pratyayavendu parigaNisiruvudu mEle vivarisida paristhitige innondu udAharaNe. nijakkU idu atta sarvanAmada sambandhisuva rUpakke (attaNa embudakke) im pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida padarUpa. idannu nAmapadada sambandhisuva rUpadondige baLasalAguttade (maradattaNim embudaralli attaNim padavannu marada embudakke sErisalAgide).

kESirAjanu Sabda maNidarpaNada ೧೬೨nE sUtradalli Avudu emba iDI padakkEnE pullinga Ekavacanadalli Avan‌ embudu, mattu pullinga bahuvacanadalli Ar‌ embudu “AdESa’vAgi baruttade endu hELiddAne. Atanu I rIti hELuvAga, I mUru rUpagaLallU A embudu badalAgade uLidide embudannu gamanisida hAgilla.

nijakkU illi A embudu aniScitateyannu sUcisuva sarvanAmada (sarvapadada) ondu anga. adarondige an‌, ar‌, udu modalAda linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLallondannu baLasuva mUlaka A sarvanAmada vyAptiyannu sUcisalAguttade. ivu bEre bEre pratyayagaLallade, ondE pratyayada rUpabhEdagaLalla. hAgAgi, AdESa padada baLakeyU illi ucitavalla (೪.೫ nODi).

prAcIna haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli Agama, AdESa, pratyaya modalAda pAribhAShika padagaLannu I rIti tappAgi baLasiruvudakke bEreyU halavu udAharaNegaLannu kANabahudu. bhaTTAkaLankana sU. ೫೮೮ralli pADuvannam, pADuvudum, pADuvinegam embavugaLalli vannam, vudum, vannegam, vinegam emba pratyayagaLu bandiveyendu hELalAgide; Adare, nijakkU I padarUpagaLalli kriyApadagaLa baLika bhaviShyadarthada v‌ pratyayavU, sarvapadagaLa annegam, annam, udum modalAda rUpagaLU bandive.

೨.೫ haLegannaDada vyApti

kESirAjanu vyAkaraNavannu racisida kAladalli, grantharacaneyalli baLakeyAgutti dda haLegannaDa bhAShAprabhEda mAtinalli baLakeyallidda prabhEdakkinta bhinnavAgiddirabEku. I kAraNakkAgi, Atanu tanna vyAkaraNa niyamagaLige mAtinalli baLakeyAguva vAkyagaLannu

AdhAravAgi koDuva badalu, granthagaLalli kanDubaruva prayOgagaLannu AdhAravAgi koDuva avaSyakateyunTAgittu.

biLigiri (೧೯೬೪:೧೨) sUcisida hAge, sumAru ೩೫೦ varShagaLaShTu dIrphavAda avadhiyalli racitavAda haLegannaDa granthagaLannu Atanu tanna vyAkaraNakke AkaragaLannAgi baLasiddAne. I dIrphavAda avadhiyalli haLegannaDa halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLannu kanDiddu, avugaLalli kelavu I granthagaLannU bAdhisive. Adare, kESirAjanige ivannu “bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNe’gaLembudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhyavAgiralilla.

antaha aytihAsika dxShTiyilladiddudu Atana vyAkaraNakke halavu rItiya samasyegaLannu tandoDDi de. Atanu tanna vyAkaraNakke AdhAravAgi baLasidantaha granthagaLalli kANisuva “badalAvaNe’gaLalli kelavannu vikalpagaLendu parigaNisiruvanAdare innu kelavannu tappu endu sAriddAne; vikalpagaLendu parigaNisiruvallella anavaSyakavAgi vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu kalpisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, adarindAgi Atana vyAkaraNa kli ShTavAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe kelavu haLegannaDa granthagaLannu bAdhiside; Adare, bEre kelavu granthagaLannu bAdhisilla. pampabhAratada kannaDa padagaLalli I badalAvaNe kANisuvudilla; Adare, anantarada granthagaLalli kANisikoLLutta de. kESirAjanu I rIti pakArakke badalAgi hakAra baLakeyAguvudannu vikalpavendu parigaNisiddAne, mattu dESiyalli adu celvu endU hELiddAne (sU. ೧೭೦).

Adare beral‌, koral‌, saral‌, oral‌ modalAda padagaLalli rakArada anantara baruva lakAravannu LakAravAgi (beraL‌, koraL‌, saraL‌, oraL‌ ityAdiyAgi) uccarisuvudannu Atanu niShEdhisiddA ne (sU. ೩೮). nijakkU idu pakAra hakAravAgiruva hAge kannaDada itihAsadalli naDediruva innondu badalAvaNe.

marangaL‌, polangaL‌, kelangaL‌, payangaL‌ modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva bindu lOpagoLLuvudU (maragaL‌, polagaL‌, kelagaL‌, payagaL‌ endAguvudU) kannaDada itihAsadalli kANisuva ondu badalAvaNe. Adare, kESirAjanu idannu vikalpavendu parigaNisi, adakkAgi vyAkaraNa niyamavondannu kalpi sikonDiddAne (sU. ೧೧೩). intaha bEreyU halavu “vyAkaraNa niyama’gaLannu Atana vyAkaraNadalli kANabahudu.

೨.೬ pAribhAShika padagaLalli kannaDatana

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa mEle samskxta vyAkaraNakke entaha hiDitavittu embudannu, mEle (೨.೧)ralli sUcisida hAge, I vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyAguva pAribhAShika padagaLE sAri hELuttave; ivu nUrakke nUrU samskxta vyAkaraNadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLu.

vyAkaraNavondannu samskxtadalli baredideyAdare, adaralli I rIti samskxtadavE

Si Ada pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasuvudaralli avcityavide. Adare, kannaDadalli vyAkaraNavannu

bareyuvavaru avaSyaviruva pAribhAShika padagaLannella AdaShTu maTTige kannaDadallEnE tayArisikoLLuva avaSyakateyideyallavE? hAge tayArisalu sAdhyavilladalli mAtra, avannu samskxtadinda illavE bErondu bhASheyinda eravalAgi paDedukoLLabEku.

kannaDadalli haLegannaDakke illavE hosagannaDakke vyAkaraNavannu bareyalu prayatnisuvavarellarU I viShayavannu gamanadallirisuvudu avaSya endu nana tOruttade. hIge mADuvudarinda halavu rItiya prayOjanagaLannu paDeyalu sAdhyavide.

(೧) I rIti sAdhyaviruvallella kannaDadavE Ada pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasuvudarinda samskxta gottilladavarige kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu artha mADikoLLalu sulabhavAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, hrasva mattu dIrphtha svaragaLannu udda mattu giDDa svaragaLendu karedalli ivugaLa artha samskxta gottilladavarigU sulabhavAgi tiLiyuttade. samastapadagaLannu jODupadagaLendu karedarU intahadE prayOjanavide.

(೨) kelavu pAribhAShika padagaLu samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLa mEle avalambitavAgiddu, kannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAduvalla. avannu baLasuvudarinda samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve I mUlatatvagaLa maTTige vyatyAsavideyemba viShaya spaShTavAguvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, tatpuruSha, bahuvrIhi, avyayIbhAva, dvandva modalAda samskxta samAsagaLa hesarugaLu A bhAShe samastapadagaLannu racisuvalli baLasuva mUlatatvavannavalambisive. angavAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAvudu pradhAna embudara mEle I pAribhAShika padagaLannu tayArisalAgide. Adare kannaDa samastapadagaLa racaneyalli idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda mUlatatva baLakeyAguvudAda kAraNa (೫.೩.೨ nODi), adara samAsagaLannu hesarisuvalli bEreyE pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasuvudu oLLeyadu.

idE rItiyalli, samskxta vibhaktigaLa hesarugaLu (prathamA, dvitIyA ityAdi), kArakagaLa hesarugaLu (katanx, karma, karaNa ityAdi), nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLa hesarugaLu (kxt‌ mattu taddhi ta) modalAda pAribhAShika padagaLu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli baLakeyAguva mUlatatvagaLa mEle avalambisive. kannaDa ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAda mUlatatvagaLannu baLasuttideyAda kAraNa, avu kannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAda pAribhAShika padagaLalla.

(೩) pada mattu Sabda emberaDu pAribhAShika padagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa innondu rItiyadu. samskxta vyAkaraNadalli sup‌ mattu tij‌ emba eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLondige baruvavugaLannu mAtra padagaLendu kareyabEku emba niyamavannu mADalAgide. I pratyayagaLu sErilla vAdare, adannu Sabda endu kareyabahudu. Adare, samskxtadallEnE I niyamavannu aShTondu kaTTuniTTAgi anusarisilla. kelaveDegaLalli Sabda embarthadallU pada embudannu baLasalAguttade.

kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige pada emba ondu pAribhAShika pada mAtra sAku.

adakkinta bhinnavAda Sabda padada avaSyakate adakkilla (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨:೧೯ nODi). padadondige “padarUpa pratyaya’ bandideyAdare avannu padarUpagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyavide, mattu hAge kareyuvudu kannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige heccu anukUlavAdudu.

(೪) kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLalli yAvudu tappu mattu yAvudu sari emba viShayadallU kannaDaddE Ada niyamagaLive. ivu samskxtada niyamagaLinda bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, kannaDa barahagaLa mEle samskxtada niyamagaLannu hEruvudu sariyalla. halavaru samskxta vidvAmsaru I viShayavannu gamanisuvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli vayyAkaraNa mattu ve TayAkaraNi emba padagaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsavide. vayyAkaraNa embudu pullinga rUpavAgiddu, obba ganDasannu sUcisuttade, mattu vayyAkaraNi embudu adara stra linga rUpavAgiddu obba hengasannu sUcisuttade.

Adare, kannaDadalli I vyatyAsavilla; adaralli I eraDu padagaLannU ondE arthadalli baLasalAguttade (kiTTel‌ avara kannaDa-ingliSh‌ DikT‌nari nODi). idannu gamanisada vidvAmsaru vayyAkaraNi emba padavannu vayyAkaraNa embarthadalli (kannaDadalli) baLasuvavaru ajYAnigaLu embudAgi appa Ne koDisuttAre (ranganAtha SarmA ೨೦೦೨:೨ nODi).

kannaDa bhAShege eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige I rIti kannaDadde € Ada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu anvayisuttaveyalla de avannu eravalu koTTiruva samskxta, ingliSh‌ modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa niyamagaLu anvayisuvudilla. intaha padagaLige bEre bEre rUpagaLu baLakeyalliralu sAdhyaviddu, avugaLalli yAvudu sari mattu yAvudu tappu embudannu kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamavannu (illavE SiShTa sampradAyavannu) anusarisi nirdharisabEkallade, eravalu koTTiruva bhAShegaLa niyamagaLannu kannaDada mEle hEruvudu sariyalla.

೨.೭ sArAmSa

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyAgiruva pAribhAShika padagaLellavU samskxta vyAkaraNadinda paDedavugaLu. ivu samskxta vyAkaraNavannu vivarisi hELuvudakke anukUlavAdantaha kalpanegaLannu pratibimbisuttave. haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu vivarisi hELuvudakkU ivu anukUlavAgirabEkendEnU illa.

intaha pAribhAShika padagaLalli halavu samskxtadalli mAtravE kANisuvantaha vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu varNisuvudakkAgi siddha vAgive. avu nijakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke avaSyavilladavugaLu.

innu kelavannu baLasuva avaSyakate haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakkiddarU avugaLa vyAptiyalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLuva avaSyakateyide. avannu hAgeyE baLasidevAdare,

halavAru samasyegaLu huTTikoLLuttave. haLegannaDa samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu baLasuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

intaha badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLade samska late vyAkaraNada pAribhAShika padagaLannu nEravAgi haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu vivarisuvalli baLasiruva kAraNa, haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu hEge tondaregIDAgiddAre embudannu I adhyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

adhyAya ೩ — varNagaLa baLake

varNagaLa baLake

೩.೧ pIThike

ellA bhAShegaLU varNagaLannu jODisi padagaLannu racisutta veyAdarU, idakkAgi yAva varNagaLannella baLasalAguttade, mattu avannu yAva anukramadallella jODisalAguttade emba viShayadalli bhAShegaLoLage sAkaShTu vyatyAsagaLu kanDubarutta ve. mEle pIThikeyalli sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve padaracanegAgi avu baLasuva varNagaLa sankhye, avugaLa svarUpa, mattu padagaLalli avugaLigiruva anukrama - I mUru viShayagaLallU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive.

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baruva varNagaLa paTTi, avugaLa vibhajane, mattu adarinda siddhavAguva pAribhAShika padagaLu ivannella hAgeyE tamma haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU baLasida prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu anavaSyakavAgi haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa bahaLa kliShTavAguvante mADiddA re. I ellA viShayagaLallU haLegannaDa tannadE Ada vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLannu baLasikoLLuvudAda kAraNa, haLegannaDakke adaradE Ada varNagaLa paTTi, vibhajane, mattu pAribhAShika padagaLa avaSyakateyide.

೩.೨ varNagaLa paTTi

samskxtakkU haLegannaDakkU naDuve avu baLasuva varNagaLa maTTige halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, ivugaLalli kelavannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisiddAre; bEre kelavannu Adhunika vidvAmsaru (biLigiri ೧೯೬೯, sItArAmayya ೧೯೭೯ nODi) vivarisiddAre. hAgAgi, I viShayadalli illi jAsti bareyabEkAgilla.

samskxta padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva mahAprANAkSharagaLu (kha, cha, Tha, tha, phagha mattu gha, ru, Dha, dha, bha), kha, Sa, Sha, ha modalAda halavu varNagaLu haLegannaDa padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguvudilla. idakke badalu, haLegannaDa padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva giDDa (prasta) ekAra-okAragaLu mattu a, Ta, La varNagaLu samskxta padagaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguvudilla.

ay mattu avgaLige kannaDa barahadalli viSiShTavAda svarasanjYegaLu iveyAdarU avu haLegannaDa bhASheyalli viSiShTavAda svaragaLEnalla. uccAraNeyalli avu ay‌ mattu av‌ emba svara-vyanjana jODigaLiginta bhinnavalla. haLegannaDadalli I eraDu svara-vyanjana jODigaLu mAtravallade, geyge, poysu, muyvu, pOytu, kAydu

modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva hAge ey‌, oy‌, uy‌, Oy‌, Ay‌ modalAda antahavE bEreyU halavu jODigaLive.

hAgAgi, modalina eraDu svara-vyanjana jODigaLannu (ay‌ mattu av‌ embavugaLannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtra viSiShTavAda svara sanjYe( (ay, av)gaLannu baLasuvudu haLegannaDada maTTigantU anavaSyaka.

samskxtadalli ay‌ mattu av‌ emba eraDu jODigaLu mAtra baLakeyallive; haLegannaDada hAge ey‌, oy‌, uy‌, Oy‌, Ay‌ modalAda intaha itara jODigaLu baLakeyallilla; idallade, sErikeya niyamagaLalli ay‌ mattu av‌ emba I eraDu jODigaLu samskxtadalli itara svaragaLa hAge kANisikoLLutta vallade svara- vyanjana jODigaLa hAge kANisuvudilla.

I kAraNagaLigAgi, samskxtada barahadalli ay‌ mattu av‌ embavugaLige viSiShTavAda sanjYe] gaLannu kalpisikoLLuvudu mattu adara akbaramAleyalli avannu svaragaLondige sErisi hELuvudu samarthanIyavAgide.

nAvu baLasuva kannaDa lipi brAhmI lipiyinda beLedu bandide. I lipiyannu mukhyavAgi samskxta, mattu pAli, prAkxta modalAda samskxtadantahavE Ada itara inDO-Aryan‌ bhAShegaLannu barahakke iLisuvudakkAgi tayArisalAgide. hAgAgi, I bhAShegaLa maTTige samarthanIyavAdarU kannaDada maTTige samarthanIyavalladiruva, mElina eraDu sanjYe gaLu namma lipiyalli sErikonDive.

ivallade, mEle sUcisida hAge ya, Sha, mahAprANAkSharagaLu modalAda bEre kelavu sanjYe; gaLU idE rItiyalli anavaSyakavAgi namma lipiyalli sErikonDive.

avaSyavilladiddarU I hecci na sanjYe gaLannu baLasi abhyAsavAgiruva ivattina vidvAmsarige avannu tegeduhAkidalli adEnO AbhAsavAguva hAge anisuttade. hAgAgi, avannu biTTubiDONa emba uttamavAda salaheyannu avaru “samskxtiya nASa’ emba doDDa hesaru koTTu taLLihAkuttiddAre.

uccA. raNeyinda biddu hOgiruva haLegannaDada a mattu gaLannu hosagannaDada barahadindalU tegeduhAkalAgide; I badalAvaNeyinda sambhavisada samskxti nASa, uccAraNeyallilladiruva mElina sanjYegaLannu tegeduhAkuvudarinda hEge sambhavisuttade embudu nanagantU arthavAguvudilla.

೩.೩ varNagaLa anukrama

varNagaLu padagaLalli yAva anukramadallella baraballuvu emba viShayadallU samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada kannaDa vyAkaraNavannu ALavAgi samSOdhisida rAmacandra rAyaru (೧೯೭೨:೯-೨೦) koTTiruva haLegannaDada kelavu niyamagaLannu samskxta niyamagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

pampabhAratada haLegannaDa (dESi) padagaLalli samAnavallada eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTige baruvudiddalli, avugaLalli modalaneyadu anunAsika illavE yaraalaLeTigaLalli ondAgirabEkemba niyamavide. udAharaNegAgi, kaNgaL‌, nOntu, pOytu, kircu, poTTu modalAda padagaLalli samAnavallada eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTige bandiddu avugaLalli modalaneya vyanjanavAgi anunAsika (N‌, n‌) illavE y‌, r‌, A‌gaLallondu bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. haLegannaDadalli eraDu sparSagaLu oTTige baruvudiddare, averaDU ondE sparSavAgiruvudu avaSya (tappu gaTTisi, kabbam, okkal‌ ityAdi).

Adare, samskxta padagaLalli samAnavallada eraDu vyanjanagaLa sErikeyalli modalaneya vyanjanavAgi sparSagaLU baraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, bhakti, sapta, rAkShasa, vatsa embantaha padagaLalli kt‌, pt‌, ks‌ mattu ts‌ emba samAnavallada vyanjanakantegaLu bandiddu, ivugaLalli modalaneya vyanjanavAgi ondu sTa rSa (k‌, p‌ illavE t‌) bandide.

samskxta padagaLa AdiyallU eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTAgi baraballuvu; udAharaNegAgi, krAnti, kShame, jYAna, jyOti, dvESha, mle ccha modalAda padagaLa Adiyalli eraDeraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTAgi bandive. Adare, haLegannaDa padagaLa Adiyalli I rIti eraDu vyanjanagaLu oTTAgi baralAravu.

haLegannaDa padagaLa koneyalli k‌, g‌, c‌, j‌ modalAda sparSagaLAgali, illavE sakAravAgali baralAravu. Adare samskxtadalli kaTatapagaLU padagaLa koneyalli baraballuvu (viSvajit‌, sarvaSak‌, viT‌).

೩.೪ tadbhavagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu

haLegannaDakke samskxtadinda nUrAru padagaLu eravalAgi bandive. ivugaLalli halavu badalAgade hAgeyE kANisikoLLuvuvAdare, bEre halavu badalAvaNegoLa- gAguvudara mUlaka kannaDadavAgi mArpaTTive. samskxtadinda nEravAgi baruva badalu, pAli, prAkxta modalAduvugaLa mUlaka bandudarindalU intaha padagaLalli kelavu samskxta padagaLiginta bhinnavAgive.

samskxtadinda bandiruva I padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLalli heccinavakkU A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa sankhye, svarUpa, mattu anukramagaLu haLegannaDadalliruvudakkinta bhinnavAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli mahAprANAkTaragaLive; Adare, haLegannaDadallilla. hAgAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva halavu padagaLalli mahAprANAkSharagaLu alpaprANAkTaragaLAgive (mukha- muka, ghanTe-ganTe, kathe-kate, icche-icce, dhUpa-dUpa).

haLegannaDadalli sa-Sa-ShagaLa badalu sa embudondE idditAda kAraNa, taddha say vagaLalli Sha-SagaLu sa Aguttave (Sanke-sanke, Suci-suci, bhAShe-bAse, viShaya-visaya).

mEle vivarisida hAge, haLegannaDa padagaLa Adiyalli ondakkinta jAsti vyanjanagaLu baralAravu. hAgAgi, modalige eraDu vyanjanagaLu baruva samskxta padagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDedu, avugaLalli ondu vyanjana mAtra uLiyuva hAgAgide (klAra-kAra, smaSAna-masaNa, prAya-haraya, dhxShTa-diTTa, dhvani-dani, tyAgi-cAgi, kShaNa-caNa, SrI-siri, sthAna-tANa).

೩.೫ padagaLa uccAraNe

haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve padagaLa uccAraNeyallU ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. samskxtada hecci na padagaLallU yAvudAdarU ondu svaravannu itara svaragaLinda svalpa ettarada dhvaniyalli (endare “udAtta’ svaravAgi) uccarisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, vacas‌ “mAtu’ padadalli modalaneya svara udAttavAgideyAdare, guru “bhAra’ padadalli eraDaneya svara udAttavAgide. yAva svara IrIti udAttavAgide (ettarada dhvaniyalli uccAravAguttade) embudara mEle samskxta padagaLalli artha vyatyAsa kANisikoLLutta de.

udAharaNegAgi, rAjaputra padadalli koneya svara udAttavAgideyAdare “rAjana maga’ emba artha baruttade, mattu modalaneya svara udAttavAgideyAdare “rAjanu maganAgiruvavanu’ (endare “rAjana tande’) emba artha baruttade.

svaragaLa uccAraNeyalli kANisuva I uccAraNeya vyatyAsa vEda kAlada samskxtadalli spaShTavAgittu. anantara idu pANini, patanjali modalAdavara kAladavaregU uLidukonDittu. Adare, ELu-enTanE SatamAnada hottige idara baLake mAtininda biddu hOgalu Arambhisi, anantarada samskxtadalli pUrti illavAgide. Iginavaru vEdamantragaLa uccAraNeyalli mAtra I vyatyAsavannu kANisuttAre.

samskxta padagaLalli kANisuva halavu badalAvaNegaLige, mattu vikalpo। chA raNegaLige avugaLalliruva svaragaLa I uccA raNAbhEdavU kAraNavAgittu. intaha uccA raNAbhEda haLegannaDada padagaLallilla.

vEdakAladalli ddu anantara illavAgiruva I uccA raNAbhEdavannu vEdagaLa barahadalli mAtra sUcisuttEvallade samskxta kAvyagaLa barahadalli sUcisuvudilla. (Adare I rIti uccAraNeyallillada vyatyAsavannu barahadalli kANisadiruvudarindAgi “samskati nASa’vAgideyendu, mattu kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxta padagaLallU I vyatyAsavannu sUcisabEkendu yArU hELuva hAge kANisuvudilla).

೩.೬ varNagaLa gumpugaLu

ondu bhASheyalli baruva varNagaLannu yAva rItiya gumpugaLalli vingaDisi hELabEku embudu avugaLa utpAdane, baLake mattu caritreyalli kANisu guNadharmagaLannavalambiside. ivu ondu bhASheyinda innondu bhAShege bEre

bEreyAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, varNagaLannu yAva rItiya gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabEku embudU bhASheyinda bhAShege bEre bEreyAgiralu sAdhyavide.

೩.೬.೧ samskxtada svaragaLu

inDO-yurOpiyan‌ bhAShAkuTumbada mUlabhASheyallidda svaragaLalli a, i mattu u emba mUru svaragaLu mAtra samskxtadalli badalAgade uLidive; ivu giDDa (prasta) svaragaLirabahudu, illavE udda (dIrpha) svaragaLirabahudu. mUla bhASheya ekAra-EkAra mattu okAra-OkAragaLu samskxtadalli akAra-AkAragaLAgi badalAgive.

I ellA svaragaLannU hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva lyATin‌ bhASheya padagaLondige samskxta padagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I viShaya spaShTavAguttade:

samskxta lyATin‌

(೧ka) ayas‌ aes‌ “lOha’ apa ab‌ “Ace’ hamsa anser‌ “hamsa’ mAtar‌ mAter‌ “tAyi svAdu suAvis‌ “sihi’

(೧kha) asti es‌ “ide’ madhya medius‌ “naDuve’ ca ke “matu rAjan‌ rEks‌ “arasu’ sAmi sEmi “are’

(೧ga) avi ovis‌ “kuri’ asthi os‌ “elubu’ jA potis‌ “ganDa, samartha’ kas‌ kod‌ “yAru’ As‌ Os‌ “bAyi’ pA pOtus‌ “kuDi’

mEle (೧ka)dalli samskxtada akAra mattu AkAragaLu lyATin‌nalli hAgeyE kANisikoLLuttave; Adare, (೧kha)dalli avu ekAra-EkAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave, mattu (೧ga)dalli okAra-OkAragaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave.

mUla inDO-yurOpiyan‌nalli (೧ka)dalli kANisiruvantaha padagaLalli akAra mattu AkAragaLidduvendU, (೧kha)dalli kANisiruvantaha padagaLalli ekAra mattu EkAragaLidduvendU, mattu (೧ga)dalli kANisiruvantaha padagaLalli okAra mattu OkAragaLiddu vendU vidA ಿmsaru abhiprAyapaTTiddA re (barO ೧೯೫೫ nODi). ivellavU samskxtadalli akAra mattu AkAragaLAgi badalAgive.

samskxtadalli giDDa ekAra mattu okAragaLilladiruvudakke mUla bhASheya ekAra- okAragaLu akAravAgiruva mElina badalAvaNeyE kAraNa. udda EkAra mattu okAragaLu samskxta padagaLalli kANisuvuvAdarU avu mUla padagaLalli dda EkAra- OkAragaLalla; avugaLalli kelavu mUla bhASheya ai, ei mattu oi emba svarajODigaLu E endAdudarindAgi, mattu au, eu, ou embavugaLu O AdudarindAgi kANisikoLLuvavugaLu.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada vEda padakke sariyAgi grIk‌ bhASheyalli oida endide, mattu tE embudakke sariyAgi toi endide; samskxtada Ojas‌ padakke sariyAgi lyATin‌nalli augustus‌ endide, mattu SOSha- embudakke sariyAgi lithuvEniyan‌ bhASheyalli sausas‌ endide.

idallade, sErikeya niyamagaLa mUlakavU I eraDu svaragaLu samskxtadalli siddhavAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, rAjEndra padadalli kANisuva EkAra rAja padada koneya akAradondige indra padada Adiyalliruva ikAra sEridudarindAgi siddha vAgide, mattu sUryOdaya padadalli kANisuva OkAra sUrya padada koneyalli baruva akAradondige udaya padada Adiyalliruva ukAra sEridudarindAgi siddha vAgide.

I kAraNakkAgi, E mattu OgaLannu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu a, A, i, I, u mattu UgaLinda bhinnavAgiruva “guNAkShara’gaLemba pratyEkavAdondu gumpinalli irisuttAre.

idE rItiyalli samskxtada ay mattu avgaLemba bEre eraDu svaragaLU mUla padagaLalli kANisuvavugaLalla. ivU kUDa sErikeya niyamagaLa mUlaka siddhavAguvavugaLAgiddu, “vxddha ‘kara’gaLemba bEre ondu gumpinalli sEruttave; udAharaNegAgi, vidyAEva embudu vidyayva endAguttade, mattu albaOjas‌ embudu alravjas‌ endAguttade.

Ei, Oi, Eu, Ou modalAda svarajODigaLindalU ay mattu avgaLu bandiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, tasmay embudaralliruva aykAra Oi svarajODiyindalU, navH embudaralliruva avkAra Au svarajODiyindalU, dyavH embudaralliruva avkAra Eu svara jODiyindalU, mattu dEvyayH embudaralliruva aykAra Ai svara jODiyindalU bandide.

೩.೬.೨ haLegannaDada svaragaLu

svaragaLannu bEre bEre gumpugaLalli sErisuva mElina samskxtada niyamagaLiginta kannaDada niyamagaLu tIrA bhinnavAgive. haLegannaDadalli a, i, u, e mattu o emba aydu svaragaLU mUla padagaLallEnE kANisikoLLuttave. ivellavU udda mattu giDDa embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLalli baruttave. ivellavannU kannaDa bhAShe tanna mUlabhASheyindalEnE nEravAgi paDedukonDide.

mUladrAviDada I svaragaLalli ikAra-ukAragaLu mAtra kelavu sandarbhagaLalli (avugaLa anantara akAra bandAga) ekAra-okAragaLAgi kannaDadalli badalAgive. nillu- nele, ir‌-eraDu, suDu-soDaru, kundu-korate modalAda kelavu padayugmagaLalli I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu kANabahudu.

bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLalli (ikAra-ukAragaLu anantara bandAga) ekAra- okAragaLu ikAra-ukAragaLAgive. biLi-beLLage, kisu-kempu, tuTul‌-toltu, usiru- osage modalAda padayugmagaLannu I badalAvaNege udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೭ nODi). Adare, I eraDu rItiya badalAvaNegaLU mEle vivarisidantaha samskxtada badalAvaNegaLiginta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu.

ikAra-ekAragaLu nAligeya mumbhAgadalli huTTuvavugaLAgiddu ondu gumpinallU, ukAra-okAragaLu nAligeya himbhAgadalli huTTuvavugaLAgiddu innondu gumpinallU sEruttave. nAligeya naDu bhAgadalli huTTuva akAra kelavu viShayagaLalli ikAra-ekAragaLa hAge mattu bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli ukAra-okAragaLa hAge kANisikoLLutta de.

idallade, bAyiyannu svalpavE teredu uccarisuva ikAra-ukAragaLu ondu gumpinallU bAyiyannu idakkinta svalpa jAsti teredu uccarisuva ekAra-okAra- akAragaLu innondu gumpinallU sEruttave.

I rIti, svaragaLa huTTannAdharisi racisida vargIkaraNavE kannaDada maTTige heccu upayuktavAdudu. idu mEle vivarisida samskxta svaragaLa samAnasvara-guNasvara- vxddhi svara vargIkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudembudannu gamanisabahudu.

haLegannaDada sErikeya niyamagaLannu bareyuvalli, mElina kannaDaddE Ada vargIkaraNa sahAyakavAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, ikAra mattu ekAragaLa anantara bEre svara bandAga haLegannaDadalli averaDara naDuve kelavu sandarbhagaLalli yakAravondu AgamavAgi bandu sEruttade (bUdiyAdudu, IyoDal‌, kOgileyAgi); idakke badalu, ukAra mattu okAragaLa anantara bEre svara bandideyAdalli, avugaLa naDuve yakArada badalu vakAra baruttade (kayduvellam, pUvina).

೩.೬.೩ vyanjanAkSharagaLu

samskxtada vyanjanAkTaragaLannu vargIyagaLu (illavE sparSagaLu) mattu avargIyagaLu embudAgi eraDu ುkhakhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAgide. ivugaLalli

vargIyagaLannu avugaLa sthA navannAdharisi aydu vargagaLalli vingaDisalAgiddu ; pratiyondu vargadallU aghOSha-allaprANa (kacaTatapa), aghOSha-mahAprANa (khacaThathapha), ghOSha-alpaprANa (gajaDadaba), ghOSha-mahAprANa (gharuDhadhabha), mattu anunAsika (jaiNanama) embudAgi aydu rItiya vyanjanagaLu kANisikoLLutta ve. avargIyagaLannu antastha (yaralava) mattu UShma (saSaShaha) embudAgi vingaDisalAgide.

haLegannaDada vyanjanagaLannu I rIti vingaDisuva badalu, bEre rItiyalli vingaDisuvudarinda adara sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisuva kelasa sulabhavAguttade. idallade, samskxtada vargIyagaLalli kANisuva accukaTTu haLegannaDada vargIyagaLalli kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli mahAprANAkSharagaLu illavAda kAraNa, vargIyagaLalli mUru gumpugaLu mAtra uLiyuttave. illU, mUraneya gumpinalli samskxtada hAge aydu anunAsikagaLiruva badalu, mUru anunAsikagaLu (manaNa) mAtra ive (rAmacandrarAv‌ ೧೯೭೨ nODi).

idallade, haLegannaDada yaralavasa mattu LaTajagaLannu mElina aydu vargagaLallEnE sErisi hELuvudarinda, sErikeya niyamagaLannu vivarisuvalli heccina prayOjanavAgaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada pabamagaLigU vakkU naDuve hattirada sambandhavide, mattu Da hAgU LaTagaLa naDuveyU hattirada sambandhavide. ivannu vivarisalu haLegannaDakke samskxtadinda bhinnavAda vingaDaNeyannu tayArisuva avaSyakateyide.

೩.೬.೪ mAhESvara sUtragaLu

illi gamanisabEkAgiruva mukhyavAda viShayavEnendare, pANiniya “mAhESvara sUtra’gaLannu, mattu avu sAdhyavAgisuva varNagaLa gumpugaLannu (aN‌, ak‌, ac‌ modalAduvannu) samskxta bhASheyalli varNagaLa baLake entahadu, mattu sErikeya (sandhiya) niyamagaLu entahavu embudannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu anukUlavAguvante racisalAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, aiuN‌, khayal‌’k‌ emba eraDu mAhESvara sUtragaLu sUcisuva ellA svaragaLannU (a, i, u, kha mattu l‌’ embavugaLannu) I sUtragaLa modalaneya mattu koneya akSharagaLannu oTTige baLasi racisida “ak‌’ sanjYeya mUlaka sankShiptavAgi sUcisalAguttade. idakke badalu, eraDaneya aksTaradondige koneya akSharavannu sErisi racisida “ik‌’ sanjYeyannu baLasidalli, adu akAravannuLidu itara svaragaLannu sUcisuttade.

haLegannaDadalli kanDubaruva varNagaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruvudAda kAraNa, I sUtragaLAgalI, illave avu sUcisuva varNa vingaDaNegaLAgalI haLegannaDa maTTige anukUlavAdavugaLalla. hAgAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke bEkAguva sanjYegaLannu I sUtragaLa sahAyadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೩.೭ sErikeya niyamagaLu

eraDu athavA jAsti pada illavE padarUpagaLannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuvAga, sAmAnyavAgi avu ondaroDanondu sErikoLLuttave, mattu hAge sErikoLLuvAga avugaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave. udAharaNegAgi, bEDa gaDA ninagAtanoL‌ calam emba vAkyadalli ninage mattu AtanoL‌ emberaDu padagaLu oTTusErive, mattu hIge oTTusEruvAga, ninage padada koneya ekAra biddu hOgide.

eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvAgalU A padagaLalli baruva varNagaLalli halavu rItiya badalAvaNegaLAgaballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada kaN‌ padakke nIr‌ padavannu sErisi kaNNIr‌ emba jODupadavannu tayArisuvAga, eraDaneya padada modalaneya varNa n‌ endiddudu N‌ endAgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.

idallade, padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisidAgalU padagaLalli illa vE pratyayagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu kANisikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, nagu kriyApadakke hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d‌ pratyayavannu mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyayavannu sErisidAga nakkan‌ emba rUpa siddha vAguttade; illi nagu embudu nak‌ endAgide, mattu d‌ embudu k‌ endAgide.

vAkyagaLalli pada mattu pratyayagaLannu baLasuvalli naDeyuva intaha badalAvaNegaLannu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “sandhi niyama’gaLendu kareyalAgide. kannaDadalli ivannE “sErikeya niyama’gaLendu kareyabahudu. intaha niyamagaLu bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli bEre bErAgiruttave. samskxta mattu haLegannaDagaLa naDuve I viShayadalli halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsagaLigella I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu bEre bErAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.

೩.೭.೧ padamadhya sandhi mattu padAntya sandhi

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “padamadhya sandhi’ mattu “padAntya sandhi’ embudAgi sandhi niyamagaLannu eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAgide. eraDu pada illavE padarUpagaLu vAkyadalli ondara anantara ondarante bandAga avugaLalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu padAntya sandhigaLu. nijakkU ivu padAntyadalli mAtravallade padAdiyalliyU naDeyaballuvu.

padakke padavannu sErisi bErondu padavannu tayArisuvalli, illavE padakke pratyayavannu sErisi padarUpavannu illavE bErondu padavannu tayArisuvalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu padamadhya sandhigaLu.

samskxtada padamadhya sandhiniyamagaLalli heccinavU padAntya sandhi niyamagaLa hAgeyE ive. Adare, kelavu niyamagaLu iveraDaralli bEre bErAgive. udAharaNegAgi, rakAra illavE vakAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu dhAtugaLige vyanjanadalli suruvAguva pratyayavondu sEridAga, A dhAtugaLa koneya vyanjanada hindiruva ikAra mattu

ukAragaLu dIrphastaragaLAguttave (div‌-yAmi - dIvyAmi, gir‌bhiH - gIrbhiH, pur‌bhiH - pUrbhiH). idu samskxtada padamadhya sandhi niyama. padAntya sandhiyalli intaha niyamavilla.

padAntya sandhiyalli padagaLa koneya kaTatapagaLu avugaLa anantara svara bandAga gaDadabagaLAguttave (samyak‌–uktam - samyaguktam, tat‌-arhati - tadarhati); Adare, padamadhya sandhiyalli ivu sAmAnyavAgi hAgeyE uLiyuttave (sarvaSak‌am- sarvaSakam, marut‌-A - marutA).

haLegannaDadallU intaha padamadhya mattu padAntya sandhiniyamagaLemba eraDu bageya niyamagaLiddu, avu kelavu viShayagaLalli ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgive. idallade I eraDu bageya niyamagaLU halavu viShayagaLalli samskxtada padamadhya mattu padAntya sandhiniyamagaLinda bhinnavAgive.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada kelavu dhAtugaLige vyanjanadalli suruvAguva pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga, avugaLa uddasvara giDDavAguttade (kAN‌-d‌an‌ - kanDan‌, bIl‌ +d‌ 4+aL‌ - biTTaL‌, ET‌‌4d‌a - ebbi). kAriruL‌-karbasu, pErAne-perdere, mArvala-majuvakka modalAdavugaLalliruva guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli, mattu OraDi-orvesar‌, IroDal‌-irvala modalAdavugaLalliruva eNikeya padagaLa baLakeyalli intaha badalAvaNeyannu kANabahudu.

Adare, mEle koTTiruva giDDasvara uddavAguva samskxtada padamadhya sandhiniyamakkinta haLegannaDada I badalAvaNe tIra bhinnavAgide. vyanjana paravAdAga, samskxtadalli giDDasvara uddavAguttade; Adare, haLegannaDadalli uddasvara giDDavAguttade.

idallade, haLegannaDadalli I uddasvara giDDasvaravAguva niyama padamadhya sandhiyalli kANisuttideyallade padAntya sandhiyalli kANisuvudilla. intahavE bEreyU kelavu niyamagaLannu haLegannaDada padamadhya sandhiyalli mAtravE kANalu sAdhyavide.

kESirAjanu (sU. ೬೦)ralli padamadhyam mattu padadantyam embudAgi eraDu bageya sandhigaLiveyendu hELiddA ne; Adare, anantara ellU I vibhajaneyannu baLasikonDiruva hAge kANisuvudilla. sandhiniyamagaLige udAharaNegaLannu koDuvAga kelavu kaDegaLalli padamadhya sandhiyAgiruvavugaLannu (tOyalum, nOyisidam) koTTare, innu kelavu kaDegaLalli padAntya sandhiyAgiruvavugaLannu (jOyendu, strIyemba) koTTiddAne.

೩.೮ sArAmSa

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve varNagaLa sankhyeyalli mAtravalla, avugaLa baLakeyallU vyatyAsavide. hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyAguva varNagaLa pAThakramavannu hAgeyE haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli baLasuvudu hitakaravalla. I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva sErikeya niyamagaLallU halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli ivannu sariyAgi nirUpisuva avaSyakateyide.

adhyAya ೪ — padavargagaLu

padavargagaLu

೪.೧ padagaLalli vayvidhya

ondu bhASheyalli entaha padagaLella baLakeyAguttave embudu padakantegaLannu mattu vAkyagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi A bhASheyalli entaha vidhAnagaLannu baLasalAgutta de embudannavalambiside. I vidhAnagaLu bEre bEre bhAShAkuTumbagaLalli bEre bEreyAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, eraDu bhAShAkuTumbagaLige sErida bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu ondE teranAgirabEkAgilla.

kriyApada mattu nAmapada embudAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu heccina bhAShegaLallU baLakeyAguttave (munDAriyantaha kelavu bhAShegaLu idakkU apavAdagaLAgiddu, avugaLalli ondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive). sAmAnyavAgi, vAkyavondaralli baruva kriyApadagaLu ondu ghaTaneyannU nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannU sUcisuttaveyendu

bri?

hELabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva haLegannaDa vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu. (೧ka) arasam pArvange gOvam koTTam

(೧ka) vAkyadalli arasam, pArvam mattu gOvu emba mUru nAmapadagaLu mattu kuDu (koT‌) emba ondu kriyApada bandive. ivugaLalli kriyApadavu ondu ghaTaneyannU nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva ibbaru vyaktigaLu mattu ondu prANiyannU sUcisuttave.

haLegannaDada hAge, samskxtadallU nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu rItiya padagaLu baLakeyAguvudannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, rAmaH gxhE rOditi “rAmanu maneyalli aLuttiddAne’ emba vAkyadalli rAma mattu gxha emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu mattu rud‌ emba ondu kriyApada baLakeyAgive.

haLegannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtravallade, “guNapada’vemba averaDakkinta bhinnavAda padavargakke sEruva padagaLU baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada posa, beL‌, teL‌, ki೫ modalAda padagaLu halavu viShayagaLalli kriyApada mattu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, avannu I eraDu vargagaLinda bhinnavAda guNapadavemba mUraneya padavargadalli sErisi hELabEkAguttade.

Adare, intaha mUraneyadondu padavargakke sEraballa padagaLu samskxtadalli lla.

haLegannaDada guNapadagaLige samAnavAda kxSa, pxthu, mxdu, Sukla, guru modalAda padagaLu samskxtadalli nAmapadavarga dallEnE baruttave. idu haLegannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsa. I eraDu bhAShegaLu nAmapadakantegaLannu tayArisikoLLuva krama hEge embudannu pariSIlisidAga, ivugaLa naDuve I vyatyAsa yAke mUDibandide embudu spaShTavAguttade (೪.೨ nODi).

೪.೨ nAmapadakantegaLa racane

vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, hecci: na bhAShegaLallU hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu embudAgi eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLake yAguttave (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨:೮೦ nODi). sAmAnyavAgi, hesarisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLu (rUDhanAmagaLu illavE ankitanAmagaLu) baLakeyAguttave, mattu varNisuvudakkAgi nAmapadakantegaLu baLakeyAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva (೧ka) vAkyadalli arasam, pArvam mattu gOvu emba mUru nAmapadagaLannu baLasalAgiddu, avu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka ibbaru vyaktigaLannu mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttave.

keLage koTTiruva (೧kha) vAkyadalli pArvam nAmapadada badalu baDa pArvam emba nAmapadakanteyannu baLasalAgiddu, idu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade.

(೧kha) arasam baDa pArvange gOvam koTTam

baDa pArvam emba I nAmapadakanteyallU pArvam emba A vyaktiya “hesaru’ (rUDhanAma) bandideyEnO nija; Adare, adu A vyaktiyannu nEravAgi gurutisuva badalu, hAge gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgiruva ondu varNaneya angavAgi bandide.

vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu I rIti varNaneya mUlakagurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva padakantegaLannu bEre bEre bhAShegaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli tayArisuttave. I viShayadalli samskxta mattu kannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. I vyatyAsakke intaha padakantegaLa racanegAgi iveraDu bhAShegaLu eraDu tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu baLasuvudE kAraNa.

haLegannaDada padakantegaLallella sAmAnyavAgi ondu pradhAnapada mattu ondu athavA jAsti A padakke sahAyakavAgiruva padagaLu iruttave. ivugaLalli pradhAnapada obba vyakti illavE vastuvannu hesarisuttade, mattu sahAyaka pada A vyakti illavE

vastuvina guNadharmavondannu sUcisuva mUlaka adannu gurutisuva kelasa sulabhavAguvante mADuttade. udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva baDa pArvam padakanteya

lla e7 p‌ vA ka tA mu s‌‌saNa sAta Ni. i%S‌ೆ embudu pradhAna padavAgiddu, adu obba vyaktiyannu hasarisuttada, ma

embudu sahAyaka padavAgiddu, A vyaktiya guNadharmavondannu (“A vyakti baDava’ embudannu) sUcisuva mUlaka, Atanannu gurutisuva kelasa sulabhavAguvante mADutta de.

I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDakke vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva “nAmapada’gaLu mAtravallade, avugaLa guNadharmagaLannaShTE sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva “guNapada’gaLU bEkAguttave. hAgAgi, haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDu vargagaLige sEruva padagaLu kANisikoLLuttave.

samskxtadalli nAmapadakantegaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda vidhAnavondu baLakeyallide. I vidhAnada baLakeyalli A bhAShege “nAmapada’vemba ondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLu mAtra bEkAgutta ve; “guNapada’vemba innondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLa avaSyakate unTAguvudilla. hAgAgi, antaha padagaLu A bhASheyalli kANisuvudU illa.

samskxtada nAmapadakantegaLalli baruva padagaLalli heccinavU pradhAna padagaLE Agiddu, A padagaLalli pratiyondU svatantravAgi mattu bEre bErAgi vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave; Adare, ondu padakanteya angagaLAgi baruvAga I padagaLellavU ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLalliruttave; hAgAgi, A padakanteyalli avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavu bEre bEralla, ondE vyakti illavE vastu emba artha dorakuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu:

(೨ka) hari: Ekam kxShNam sarpam apaSyat‌ “hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida’

I (೨5) vAkyadalli Ekam kxShNam sarpam emba padakante bandide. I padakanteyalli Ekam, kxShNam mattu sarpam emba mUru padagaLive. I mUru padagaLU svatantravAgi mUru bEre bEre vyakti, prANi illavE vastuvannu gurutisaballuvu. Adare, mElina vAkyadalli avellavU ondE linga-vacana-vibhaktiyalli bandiveyAda kAraNa, avellavU oTTAgi ondE prA Niyannu bEre bEre rItiyalli (endare, adu ondAgiruva prANiyendu, kappAgiruva prANiyendu, mattu hAvAgiruva prANiyendu) gurutisuttave.

samskxtadalli Ekam, kxShNam mattu sarpam emba I mUru padagaLu svatantravAgi mUru bEre bEre vyakti, prANi illavE vastu vannu gurutisaballuvu embudannu keLagina vAkyagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

(೨kha) hari: Ekam apaSyat‌

“hari ondannu (athavA obbanannu) nODida’

(೨ga) hari: kxShNam apaSyat‌

“hari kappinadannu (athavA kappinavanannu) nODida’

(೨ghu hari: sarpam apaSyat‌ “hari hAvannu nODida’ (೨kha-gha) vAkyagaLalli Ekam, kxShNam mattu sarpam emba mUru padagaLu

svatantravAgi mUru bEre bEre vyakti, vastu illavE prANigaLannu gurutisalu SaktavAgive.

(೨ka) vAkyadalli bandiruva padakanteyalli I mUru padagaLU ondE linga- vacana-vibhaktiyalli (endare pullinga-Ekavacana-dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli) bandiveyAda kAraNa, avugaLa mUlaka ondE prANiyannu (“ondu kappu hAva’nnu) gurutisalu sAdhyavAgide.

haLegannaDada padakantegaLalli baruva padagaLalli pradhAna padavondannu biTTu uLida padagaLige I rIti svatantravAgi vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva Saktiyilla. avu guNadharmavondannu mAtravE sUcisalu SaktavAgiddu, vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisaballa pradhAna padavondarondige sahAyaka padagaLAgi mAtra baLakeyAgaballuvu.

udAharaNegAgi, baDa pArvam padakanteyalli bandiruva baDa emba pada svatantravAgi vyaktiyobbanannu gurutisalAradu. vyaktiya guNadharmavondannu sUcisuva kelasavannu mAtravE adu mADaballudAgiddu, pArvam padada hAgiruva ondu pradhAna pada(nAmapada)dondige mAtra adu vAkyadalli baLakeyAgaballudu. svatantravAgi vyakti yobbanannu gurutisabEkidda lli, adannu baDavan‌ embantaha nAmapadavAgi badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade.

guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padagaLalli heccinavugaLigU haLegannaDadalli pradhAna (nAmarUpa) mattu apradhAna (guNarUpa) embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLiruttave.

guNarUpa nAmarUpa (೩ka) posa posatu keaು kijudu kar‌ karidu per‌ piridu (೩kha) baDa baDavan‌ cenna cennigan‌ eLe eLeyan‌ nal‌ nallan‌

vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva tu (du), an‌, aL‌,

ar‌, avu pratyayagaLannu guNapadagaLige sErisuva mUlaka I nAmarUpagaLannu

tayArisalAgutta de.

Adare, samskxtadalli intaha padagaLigella nAmarUpa mAtra irutta de (endare avellavU nAmapadagaLE). samastapadagaLalli intaha nAmapadagaLige sankShipta rUpagaLiruvudu nijavAdarU, avannu kannaDadalli ruva hAge, guNarUpagaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, samskxtadalli antaha sankTipta rUpagaLu itara nAmapadagaLigU ive.

padakante samastapada (೪ka) kxShNa : sarpa: kxShNa sarpa: kxShNA mAlA kxShNamAlA kxShNa ೦ madhu kxShNa madhu (೪kha) mxttika: ghaTa: mxttikaghaTa: mxttikA strI mxtti kastri/

haLegannaDada guNapadagaLondige baruva du, an‌, aL‌ modalAda linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu samskxtada padakantegaLalli intahavE padagaLondige baruva linga- vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLondige hOlisuvudu sariyalla. yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli I pratyayagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLu padakantegaLalli ondu pradhAna padavAgi mAtra baraballuvu.

udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva baDavan‌ emba rUpa padakanteyondaralli pradhAnapadavAgi mAtra baraballudallade, bErondu nAmapadadondige baralAradu. baDavan‌ pArvan‌ athavA pArvan‌ baDavan‌ endu hELidalli adu padakanteyAgi uLiyade, ondu vAkyavAgibiDuttade.

೪.೨.೧ haLegannaDada vistxta baLakegaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLige avugaLadE ada (endare “sahaja’vAda) baLakegaLiddu, A baLakegaLalli avakke yAva pratyayada sahAyavU bEkAguvudilla. nEravAgi avugaLa kAryakke sambandhisida pratyayagaLannu avugaLondige baLasabahudu. Adare, avannu bEre jAgagaLalli baLasabEkiddalli, adakkAgi avakke kelavu viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade.

(ka) guNapadagaLa jAga: nAmapadagaLannu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare nAmapada kanteyondara apradhAna padavAgi) baLasalu sAdhyavide; Adare, hIge mADabEkiddalli, avannu nAmapadagaLondige sambandhisuvantaha a pratyayavannu avakke sErisabEkAguttade.

koLan‌ koLana taDi bil‌ billa gole kOnTe kOnTeya celpu

tumbi tumbiya bamballaL‌

mEle koLa, bil‌, kOnTe, mattu tumbi nAmapadagaLannu taDi, gole, celvu mattu bamballaL‌ nAmapadagaLondige baLasuvudakkAgi, avakke a pratyayavannu sErisabEkAgide.

idE rItiyalli, kriyApadagaLannU guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide, mattu idakkAgiyU avakke sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade. Adare, I pratyayavannu sErisuva modalu, kriyApadagaLige ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuva d‌ illavE v‌ (p‌) pratyayavannu, illavE ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyuva ad‌ pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade.

eagu eagida tarugaL‌ molaTAೆ mol‌ va tumbigaL‌ nODu nOTpa nOTa alA ajuyada mAtu

Adare, guNapadagaLannu I rIti nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisuva avaSyakateyilla. yAkendare, padakantegaLalli nAmapadagaLondige baruvudu avugaLa sahajavAda kelasavAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva baDa pArvan‌ nAmapadakanteyalli baDa guNapada yAva pratyayada sahAyavU illade nEravAgi pArvan‌ nAmapadadondige baLakeyAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. paTa navir‌, kiju vEnTe, aLi ganDar‌ modalAda nAmapadakantegaLalliyU idE rItiyalli guNapadagaLu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige baLakeyAgive.

(kha) nAmapadagaLa jAga: ghaTaneyondaralli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuvantaha jAga nAmapadagaLige “sahaja’vAgiruva jAgavAda kAraNa, avannu I jAgadalli baLasalu pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla la ghaTaneyalli avugaLa kAryaventahadu embudannu sUcisuva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avakke nEravAgi sErisabahudu. usir‌-an‌, kAD‌-an‌, maraNakke, tange-ge, basiA‌- in‌, iruL‌-oL‌ modalAda vibhaktirUpagaLalli intaha baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

Adare, guNapadagaLannu I rIti ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasabEkiddare, avannu modalige “nAmarUpa’kke badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi avakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisikoLLabEkAguttade.

(೫ka) baDavan‌ pasidu vEDidan‌ (೫kha) kiNayaran‌ kondu (೫ga) iniyaLge aripidoDe (೫gha) posatam mADidudu (೫ja) asiyavam nODidam

(೫ka-ga)gaLalli baDa, kiju, ini, posa, mattu asi guNapadagaLu ghaTakavondannu sUcisuva nAmapadada jAgadalli baruvudakkAgi an‌, ar‌, aL‌, tu mattu avu emba linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige barabEkAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. avakke an‌, ge modalAda vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva modalu, I linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.

kriyApadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa I jAgadalli baLasabEkiddarU avannu hAgeyE baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. modalige avannu mEle vivarisiruva guNarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEku, mattu anantara avakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an‌, aL‌, ar‌, udu, illavE uvu pratyayagaLalli ondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEku.

(೬ka) ADuvanan‌ inisu pOltu anugeydam (೬kha) endalle karNanintendam (೬ga) kUradan‌ pagege santasamAgire idanoDDidam

(೬ka)dalli ADu kriyApadada mundina (illavE Igina) samayada ADuva guNarUpakke pullinga-Ekavacanada an‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgide, mattu anantara an‌ vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide; (೬kha)dalli en‌ kriyApadada hindina samayada guNarUpakke modalige strIlinga-Ekavacanada aL‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgide, mattu anantara ge vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

idE rItiyalli, (೬ga)dalli kUr‌ kriyApadada allagaLeyuva guNarUpavannu nAmapadada jAgadalli baLasuvudakkAgi, adakke pullinga-Ekavacanada an‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

haLegannaDadalli I rIti kriyApadagaLa guNarUpadinda nAmarUpagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyalla de, nEravAgi kriyApadagaLindalEnE nAmarUpagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyaviruva hAge kANisuvudilla. Adare, hosagannaDadalli ike pratyayavannu baLasi nEravAgi nAmarUpagaLannu (hogaLuvike, hiDiyuvike, hAsuvike ityAdi) tayArisalu sAdhyavide.

hosagannaDadalli intaha nAmarUpagaLu kriyApadagaLige ike-ige pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLinda (hogaLike, hiDike, hAsige modalAdavugaLinda) bhinnavAgive (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨:೯೬ nODi). Adare, haLegannaDadalli I rIti ellA kriyApadagaLindalU nEravAgi sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvantaha nAmarUpagaLilla vendu tOruttade.

(ga) kriyApadagaLa jAga: ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva jAgavE kriyApadagaLa sahajavAda jAgavendu hELabahudu. avannu I jAgadalli baLasabEkidda. re, avakke bEre pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla. samaya mattu ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu,

illavE bEre kelavu ghaTanege sambandhisida pratyayagaLannu avakke nEravAgi sErisalu sAdhyavide (bandan‌, pOgan‌, kuDidudu).

nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLu ghaTaneyannu sUcisalAravAda kAraNa, avannu kriyApadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla; idallade, avakke viSiShTavAda kriyArUpagaLU illa. Adare, ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva badalu viShayagaLannu sUcisuva “viShaya’ vAkyagaLalli nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sthA nadalli (illavE ir‌ kriyApadada kriyArUpagaLondige) baLasalu sAdhyavide (೧೧.೩ nODi).

(೭ka) rAjange irvar‌ penDatiyar‌ (೭kha) adu emma puram (೭ga) Itam guNArNavam

intaha vAkyagaLalli ADuga illavE kELuganannu viShayavAgi baLasalAgideyAdare, avannu sUcisuva ghaTaka (AkhyAta) pratyayavannU I padagaLondige baLasabEkemba niyama haLegannaDadallide. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(laka) nIm Adityanan‌ iLipa tEjarir‌ (೨.೬೪)

“nIvu Adityanannu tiraskarisuva tEjassuLLavarAgiddIri’ (೮kha) nimmaya dharmada makkaLevu (೧೧.೧೨೮)

(nAvu) nimma dharmada makkaLu’ (೮ga) Anum penDatiyen‌ Aden‌ (೧.೭೬)

“nAnU hengasAgiddEne’

I jAgadalli guNapadagaLannu baLasabEkidda lli, avugaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisabEkAguttade:

(೯ka) sahadEvam kiayam “sahadEvanu cikkavanu’

(೯kha) mogam piridAge “mukha doDDadAdAga’

idallade, I jAgadalli baruva guNapadagaLu vAkyada ADuga illa vE kELugarannu sUcisuvudiddalli, avugaLige nAmarUpavannu koDuva I linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu mAtravallade, ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva puruSha pratyayagaLannU sErisabEkAguttade: (೧೦ka) nIm piriyarir‌ “nIvu hiriyaru’

(೧೦kha) An‌ kiTuyaLen‌ “nAnu kiriyavaLu’

(೧೦ka)dalli piri guNapadada anantara linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar‌ pratyaya mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva (bahuvacanada) ir‌ pratyayagaLu bandive; (೧೦kha)dalli kiA guNapadada anantara linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva AL‌ pratyaya mattu ADuganannu sUcisuva Ekavacanada en‌ pratyayagaLu bandive.

illi linga-vacana pratyayagaLu guNapadagaLannu avugaLa nAmarUpakke badalAyisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgive, mattu puruSha pratyayagaLu ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu (jAsti vivaragaLige ೧೧nE adhyAya nODi).

೪.೨.೨ samskxtada vistxta baLakegaLu

haLegannaDadalli kANisuva nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa vistxta baLakegaLannu samskxtada baLakegaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, padavargagaLa maTTige I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa innaShTu spaShTavAguttade.

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra iveyAda kAraNa, mEle sUcisidantaha mUru rItiya vistxta baLakegaLa badalu, adaralli eraDu rItiya vistxta baLakegaLu mAtra kANisuttave:

(ka) nAmapadada jAga: samskxtadalli ondu nAmapadadondige innondu nAmapadavannu hAgeyE, adaralli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade, baLasabahudu. Adare, I rIti baLakeyAguva pratiyondu nAmapadadondigU vibhakti pratyayavondannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. ondE nAmapadakanteyalli baruva nAmapadagaLellavU ondE vibhaktiyalliruvudu avaSya:

(೧೧ka) tatra EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH a Na “alli ondu kappu hAvu ide’ (೧೧kha) hariH Ekam kxShNam sarpam apaSyat‌ “hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida’ (೧೧ga) hariH EkEna kxShNe €na sarpENa daShTa: “hariyannu ondu kappu hAvu kacci tu’

si em ta

“ondu kappu hAvu’ emba padakanteyannu samskxtadalli baLasabEkiddare, adaralli baruva mUru nAmapadagaLigU vibhakti-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisabEku, mattu I pratyayagaLu mUrarallU ondE AgirabEku embudannu A padakantege (೧೧ka- ga)gaLalli kANisuva bEre bEre rUpagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

kriyApadavondannu nAmapadada jAgadalli (endare vibhakti pratyayagaLondige) baLasabEkiddalli, adakke kxt‌ pratyayagaLallondannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. I pratyayavannu sErisida mEle, adakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisabahudu. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli I rIti ondu kriyApadakke kxt‌ pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida kriyArUpavannu A kriyApadada nAmarUpavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.

(೧೨ka) aham bhagnam apaSyam “nAnu oDedudannu nODide’ (೧೨kha) aham ghaTam kurvANam apaSyam “nAnu koDa mADuvavanannu nODide’

(೧೨ka)dalli bhagna “oDeda’ kxdantakke dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayavannu nEravAgi sErisalAgide; Adare I vAkyada anuvAdadalli kANisida hAge, kannaDadalli oDeda kxdantakke annu pratyayavannu sErisabEkiddalli adakke modalu linga-vacanavannu sUcisuva udu pratyayavannu sErisa bEkAgide. idE rItiyalli (೧೨kha) vAkyadalli samskxtada kurvANa “mADuva’ kxdantakke dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu nEravAgi sErisalAgide; Adare, adara anuvAdadalli kANisida hAge, kannaDada mADuva emba kxdantakke modalige linga-vacanavannu sUcisuva avanu embudannu sErisi, anantara annu pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

I viShayadalli haLegannaDa hosagannaDada hAgeyE ide embudannu mEleyE (೪.೨.೧ralli) nODiruvevu.

haLegannaDada kxdantakkU samskxtada kxdantakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsa idarinda spaShTavAguttade: haLegannaDada kxdantagaLu guNapadada jAgadalli baruva kAraNa, avu yApadagaLa guNarUpagaLu; nAmapadada jAgadalli barabEkiddare, avakke linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, avannu nAmarUpagaLannAgi badalAyisuva avaSyakateyide.

Adare, samskxtadalli kxdantagaLu nEravAgi nAmapadada jAgadalli baruttave; avu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLallade guNarUpagaLalla. (samskxtadalli guNapadavemba mUraneya padavarga illadiruvudE I rIti adara kriyApadagaLige guNarUpagaLilladiruvudakke kAraNa).

(kha) kriyApadada jAga: samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi kriyApadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. idakkAgi avugaLige tijA‌ pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisalAguttade (pitx-pitarati, mAlA-mAlAti, kavi-kavayati).

idallade, nAmapadagaLige ya pratyayavannu sErisiyU avannu kriyArUpakke badalAyisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. I pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa koneya svara mattu vyanjanagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu tOribaruttave (putra-putrIyati, kavi-kavIyati, gO-gavyati).

(qe

೪.೨.೩ haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa samasyegaLu

guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I atyanta mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu gamanisada kAraNa, heccina haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU halavu rItiya samasyegaLu taledOrive.

(ka) samskxtada hAge haLegannaDadallU guNapada (guNavAcaka)gaLu nAmapada vargadallEnE baruvavugaLendu bhAvisiruva kAraNa, oLLitu, karidu, iniyadu modalAda guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannE avugaLa sahajarUpagaLendu parigaNisabEkAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೮೭, bhaTTAkaLanka, sU. ೧೬೬ nODi). yAkendare, vibhakti pratyayagaLu intaha nAmarUpagaLondige mAtra baraballuvallade, nEravAgi oL‌, kari, ini modalAda guNapadagaLondige baralAravu.

Adare, nijakkU oLLitu, karidu, iniyadu modalAdavugaLannu oLLidan‌, oLLidaL‌, oLLidar‌, oLLiduvu modalAdavugaLa hAge, guNapadagaLige linga-vacana (napumsaka- Ekavacana) pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide. avu guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLallade sahaja rUpagaLalla.

(kha) guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu baLasi racisiruva nAmapada kantegaLannu samAsa(“karmadhAraya’)vendu kareyabEkAgide. Adare, nijakkU nallambu, kUrambu, beLmugil‌, niDudOL‌, perdoDe, eLavul‌ modalAdavugaLalli nal‌, kUr‌, beL‌, niDu, per‌, eLa guNapadagaLu tamma sahajarUpadalli (endare yAva pratyayavannU sErisikoLLade) nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige bandive; avu padakantegaLallade samAsagaLalla.

(ga) haLegannaDadalli kxllingagaLu kxdantagaLiginta bhinnavAdavugaLu; kxdantagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga mAtra kxllingagaLu siddavAguttave (irda- irdan‌, irdar‌, irdudu, paDeva-paDevan‌, paDevaL‌, Iyada- Iyadan‌, Iyadar‌ ityAdi). hAgAgi, kxdantagaLannu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLendu mattu kxllingagaLannu avugaLinda siddha vAda nAmarUpagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide.

Adare, samskxtadalli kxdantagaLE kxllingagaLu. haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisadudarindAgi, kxdanta mattu kxllingagaLa kuritu prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva niyamagaLella sikkusikkAgive.

(gha) haLegannaDadalli koLana, marada, arasina, kOnTeya modalAda rUpagaLu koLa, mara, arasu, kOnTe modalAda nAmapadagaLa guNarUpagaLallade vibhaktirUpa gaLalla. guNapadagaLa hAge, mattu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLa hAge, ivu nAmapada gaLondige padakantegaLalli baraballuvallade, nEravAgi ondu vAkyada angavAgi baralAravu. Adare, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ivannu vibhakti rUpagaLendu parigaNisalAgide.

haLegannaDada I rUpagaLannu vibhakti rUpagaLendu parigaNisidalli, avu guNapadagaLa hAge linga-vacana pratyayagaLondige baruvudannu, mattu ivugaLa anantara bEre

vibhakti pratyayagaLu baruvudannu vivarisuvudu ondu samasyeyAgutta de (೮.೭.೫ nODi).

(ja) guNapada (guNavacana), sarvanAma, guNOktiyAgi banda nAmapada, modalAdavugaLondige ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu baruttaveyendu haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttAre (kESirAja, sU. ೨೩೦ nODi). Adare, nijakkU oLLidanay‌, oLLidarir‌, peanay‌ modalAdavugaLalli, mEle ೪.೧.೨ralli vivarisida hAge, eraDeraDu pratyayagaLu bandive.

modalige guNapadagaLannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisuvudakkAgi avakke linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu sErisalAgide, mattu anantara avannu viShaya vAkyagaLa kriyApadada jAgadalli irisidAga, ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisabEkAgiruvalli puruSha pratyayagaLannu sErisalAgide.

೪.೩ sarvanAmagaLu

hecci na bhAShegaLallU “puruShapada’ mattu “sarvapada’ embudAgi eraDu padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLiruttave. ivugaLalli puruShapadagaLu ondu vAkyavannu baLasuva vyaktigaLannu (vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itara vyaktigaLannu) A vAkyadallEnE sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. bEre padagaLu A vyaktigaLannu gurutisaballuvAdarU, antaha vyaktigaLu A vAkyavannu baLasuttiruvavaru embudannu sUcisalAravu.

udAharaNegAgi, ondu vAkyada ADuga pAtravannu A vAkyadallEnE sUcisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli An‌ (Am) puruShapadavannU, kELuga pAtravannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nIn‌ (nIm) puruShapadavannU, mattu ivaribbariginta bhinnavAda vyaktiyobbanannu sUcisuvudakkAgi tAn‌ (tAm) puruShapadavannU baLasalAgutta ha ivugaLa baLakeyannu pampa bhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೩ka) Am intidane bEDiden‌ (೨.೬೧) “idannE nAnu bEDiddEne’

(೧೩kha) nIm sAmAnyeyalle (೮.೫೫va) “nInu sAmAnyaLalla’

(೧೩ga) gAndhAri nUrvarmakkaLam paDevantu parASara munIdranoL‌ barambaDedaLembudam kunti kELdu tAnum putrArthiniyAgal‌ bagedu

(೧.೧೧೬va)

“gAndhAri nUru makkaLannu paDeyuvante vyAsamaharShigaLinda varavannu paDedaLembudannu kunti kELi tAnU makkaLannu bayasuvavaLAgi…’

(೧೩ka) vAkyavannu drONAcAryanu ADiddu, AtanannE adaralli bandiruva Am pada sUcisuttade. idakke badalu, (೧೩kha) vAkyavannu virATana mahArANiyAda

sudEShe ADidu, adanu Ake snerandhi vEShadalliruva davpadiyanudESisi hELidALe. Na e 4 li (pa. dA A i Odi e

hAgAgi, adara kELugaLu dravpadiyAgiddu, Akeyannu adaralli bandiruva nIm pada sUcisuttade.

(೧೩ga) vAkyadalli kaviyE A vAkyada ADuga, mattu avana kAvyavannu OduvavarE A vAkyada “kELugaru’; ivaribbariginta bhinnavAgiruva kuntiyannu tAn‌ emba mUraneya puruShapada sUcisuttade.

sarvapadagaLige I puruShapadagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAda kelasavide. avugaLa racaneyU puruShapadagaLa racaneginta bhinnavAgide. sarvapadagaLallella sAmAnyavAgi eraDeraDu angagaLu baruttiddu, avugaLalli modalaneya anga A sarvapadada kelasavEnembudannu mattu eraDaneya anga adara vyAptiyEnembudannu tiLisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, enitu sarvapadadalli modalaneya angavAda e embudu A sarvapadakke aniSci tateyannu sUcisuva kelasavideyendu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneya angavAda nitu embudu A sarvapada sUcisuva aniSci tate vastuvondara parimANakke sImitavAgide embudAgi adara vyAptiyannu tiLisuttade (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೩, ೨೦೦೪ nODi).

heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU I eraDu rItiya padagaLannu oTTAgi “sarvanAma’ emba ondu padavargadalli sErisi hELuvudu rUDhi. Adare, nijakkU I eraDu rItiya padagaLa naDuve yAva sAdxSyavU illa. hAgAgi, avannu bEre bEre padavargagaLallirisi hELuvudE oLLeyadu.

I eraDu padavargagaLa maTTige haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli puruShapadagaLannu keLage (೪.೪)nE vibhAgadallU sarvapadagaLannu munde (೪.೫)nE vibhAgadallU pariSIlisalAguvudu.

೪.೪ praruShapadagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli An‌, nIn‌ mattu tAn‌ embudAgi mUru puruShapadagaLu baLakeyalliddu, ivu vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itara embudAgi vAkyavannu unTumADuva mattu baLasuva kelasakke sambandisida vyaktigaLannu sUcisuttave.

Adare, samskxtadalli aham mattu tvam embudAgi eraDu puruShapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive. ADuga mattu kELugariginta bhinnavAgiruva vyaktiyannu sUcisuvantaha viSiShTavAda puruShapada samskxtadallilla (೪.೪.೨ nODi).

೪.೪.೧ kELugana sErike

puruShapadagaLa bahuvacana rUpagaLalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. haLegannaDadalli ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva An‌ mattu nIn‌ emba eraDu puruSha padagaLige bahuvacanadalli mUru rUpagaLive:

modalaneyadAgi, An‌ embudara koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisi tayArisida Am‌ emba bahuvacana rUpada mUlaka haLegannaDadalli “ADuga mattu bErobba vyakti’ emba arthavannu sUcisalAguttade.

eraDaneyadAgi, nIn‌ embudara koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisi tayArisida nIm‌ emba bahuvacana rUpada mUlaka “kELuga mattu bErobba vyakti se emba arthavannu, illavE “obbaniginta jAsti kELugaru’ emba arthavannu sUcisalAguttade.

mUraneyadAgi, An‌ embudara koneya nakAravannu makAravAgi badalAyisuvudarondige adara suruvinalli ondu nakAravannU sErisi tayArisida nAm‌ emba bahuvacana rUpada mUlaka “ADuga mattu kELuga’ emba arthavannu sUcisalAguttade.

I rIti, haLegannaDada An‌ mattu nAn‌ emba puruShapadagaLige mUru bahuvacana rUpagaLiveyAda kAraNa, Am‌ embudakke ADuga mattu kELugara sErikeyannu sUcisuva arthavilla.

udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೪ka) Am‌ allige pOpevu (೪.೪೮) “nAvu (cakravAkapakShigaLu) allige hOguttEve’ (೧೪kha) bEDuvoDe nIvemmayyanam bEDirE (೧.೭೦) “nIvu (nannannu) bEDuvudAdare namma tandeyannu prArthisi’

(೧೫ka) nAm‌ ADuvame banni (೬.೭೦) “nAvu ADONavE? banni’

(೧೫kha) toDardar‌ nammaya bhakSha! doL‌ (೩.೧೨) “namma AhAradalli sikkibidda ru’

mEle (೧೪ka)dalli bandiruva Am‌ padakke ADuga (cakravAka pakShi) mattu itararu (bEre cakravAkapakShigaLu) emba arthavideyallade, A vAkyada kELugarAgiruva itara pakShigaLannu ADuganondige sErisi hELuva arthavilla. idE rItiyalli, (೧೪kha)dalli bandiruva emma embudakkU ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisi hELuva arthavilla.

idakke badalu, (೧೫ka)dalli bandiruva nAm‌ padakke ADuganAgiruva duryOdhananondige A vAkyada kELuganAgiruva dharmarAyanannU sErisi hELuva arthavide. idE rItiyalli, (೧೫kha)dalli bandiruva nammaya puruShapadakke ADuganAda hiDimbanondige kELugaLAgiruva hiDimbeyannU sErisi hELuva arthavide.

keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLalli I mUru rItiya bahuvacana rUpagaLU oTTige bandiddu, avugaLa naDuviruva artha vyatyAsa innaShTu spaShTavAgide.

(೧೫ga) nAmellam onde garuDiyoL‌ Odida mAnasarevu; emmam nimmaDi kemmane baTalisavEDa (೯.೪೮va) “nAvella ondE garaDiyalli kalita manuShyarAgiddEve; nIvu nammannu vxthA AyAsapaDisabEDi’

haLegannaDada puruShapadagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsa samskxtadallilla. A bhASheyalli aham mattu tvam emba eraDu puruShapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyalliddu, ivugaLa dvivacana illavE bahuvacana rUpagaLige, haLegannaDadalliruva hAge, ADuga mattu kELugara sErikeyannu itara sErikegaLinda bErpaDisi hELuva Saktiyilla.

udAharaNegAgi, aham padada dvivacana rUpavAgiruva AvAm embudara baLakeyAgiruva keLagina vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೬ka) AvAm nagaram gacchAmaH (೧) “nAvu pETege hOgONa” (೨) “nAvu pETege hOguttEve’

(೧೬ka) vAkya eraDu arthagaLalli baralu sAdhyaviddu, adaralli ruva AvAm padakke modalaneya arthadalli baLakeyAdAga “nAnu mattu nInu’ embudAgi ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisi hELuva arthavU, eraDaneya arthadalli baLakeyAdAga “nAnu mattu avanu’ embudAgi kELuganannu sErisade bErobbanannu sErisi hELuva arthavU baruttade. Adare, haLegannaDada hAge illi eraDu bEre bEre puruSha padarUpagaLu baLakeyAguvudilla.

haLegannaDada I vyatyAsa hosagannaDadallU illa embudu (೧೬ka) samskxta vAkyakke koTTiruva hosagannaDada (೧-೨) anuvAda vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu. ADuganondige kELuganannu sErisadiruva (೧)nE anuvAda vAkyadalli, mattu kELuganannu sErisiruva (೨)nE anuvAda vAkyadalli - I eraDu sandarbhagaLallU hosagannaDadalli nAvu emba puruShapadavE baLakeyAgide. (೧೫ka-ga) vAkyagaLa hosagannaDa anuvAdagaLallU I viShaya sUcitavAgide.

haLegannaDada puruShapadagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsa karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli ivattigU uLidukonDide. udAharaNegAgi, karAvaLiya havyaka kannaDa prabhEdadalli haLegannaDada Am‌ embudakke engo emba rUpavU mattu nAm‌ embudakke nAvu emba rUpavU baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೬kha) nAvu pETege hOpo’ “nAvu pETege hOgONa’

(೧೬ga) engo pETege hOvutteyo’ “nAvu pETege hOguttEve’

(೧೬kha)dalli bandiruva nAvu embudu ADuganondige kELuganannU sErisi sUcisuttade, Adare (೧೬ga)dalli bandiruva engo embudu ADuganondige kELuganannu horatupaDisi, bEre yAvudO vyaktiyannu (athavA vyaktigaLannu) sErisi sUcisuttade. I eraDu sandarbhagaLallU barahada kannaDadalli nAvu embudE baLakeyAguttade.

puruShapadagaLa baLakeyalli haLegannaDadalli mAtra kANisuva, mattu samskxtadallillada I vaySiShTyavannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisida hAge kANisuvudilla. kiTTel‌ (೧೯೦೩:೭೮) kUDa I padagaLa Adiyalli baruva nakArakke viSiShTavAda arthavannu koDuva Saktiyideyembudannu gamanisilla.

kannaDa kaypiDiyallU (೧೯೨೭:೩೬೭) Am‌ mattu nAm‌ embavugaLu prathama puruShada eraDu rUpagaLendiShTE hELalAgide. kAlD‌vel‌ (೧೯೧೩) kUDa, kannaDada puruSha padagaLalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisiralilla.

Adare, idu tappu, haLegannaDadallU I arthabhEda sUcitavAguttittu embudannu Ar‌. narasimhAcAr‌ (೧೯೨೪:೮೪) tOrisikoTTiddAre. hattanE SatamAnada vaDDArAdhaneyallU Am‌, emage mattu nAm‌, namage embavugaLa naDuve I arthavyatyAsavittembudannu gAy‌ (೧೯೫೫) tOrisikoTTiddAre.

bahuSaH haLegannaDadallEnE bEre kelavu kAvyagaLalli I vyatyAsa uLidilladiralu sAdhyavide. “prAcIna prayOgagaLannu gamanisidare ivu panrkAyavAgi baLakeyAgiveyallade padagaLa arthadalli alla’ embudAgi venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೬೮) hELiruvudu antaha kAvyagaLalli kANisuva prayOgagaLa AdhArada mElirabahudu.

೪.೪.೨ mUraneya vyakti

puruShapadagaLa maTTige haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, haLegannaDadalli An‌, nIn‌ mattu tAn‌ embudAgi mUru puruShapadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivu mEle sUcisida hAge, vAkyada ADuga, kELuga mattu itara embudAgi ondu vAkyada baLakege sambandhisidante mUru rItiya pAtragaLannu sUcisaballuvu.

mUraneya vyaktiyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi tAn‌ mattu tAm‌ embavugaLa baLakeyAguvudannu pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೭ka) tAnArandamalla, avam ninnane pOlvam (೮.೧೧)

avanu (bEre) yAra hAgU alla, avanu ninnannE hOluttAne’

(೧೭kha) nImum tAmum ondeDeyoLire kisurum kalahamum endum kundadu (೪.೮va) | “nIvU avarU ondE kaDe iddare asUyeyU kalahavU endU tappuvudilla’

avan‌, avar‌ modalAda sarvapadagaLigU mattu tAn‌, tAm‌ emba puruShapadagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, tAn‌, tAm‌ embavugaLa baLake avannu baLasiruva vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarige sambandhiside. avaribbarigintalU bhinnavAda vyaktigaLu) embartha avakkide. avan‌, avar‌ modalAdavugaLige I rIti vAkyada ADuga mattu kELugarige sambandhisiruvantaha arthavilla.

tAn‌ embudara bahuvacana rUpa, uLideraDu puruShapadagaLa bahuvacana rUpagaLa hAge, nakArada badalu makAravannu baLasuvudara mUlaka siddhi suttade, mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige bandAga, adara uddasvara, uLideraDu puruSha padagaLa uddasvarada hAge, giDDa svaravAgi badalAguttade (An‌-enage, nIn‌-ninage, tAn‌- tanage, ityAdi).

idallade, avan‌, avar‌ modalAdavugaLigiruvantaha oLaracane tAn‌ embudakkilla (೪.೫ nODi).

samskxtadalli aham mattu tvam embudAgi eraDu puruShapadagaLu mAtra ive. haLegannaDada tAn‌ embudakke pratiyAgi kelavu sandarbhagaLalli samskxtada Atman‌ illavE sva padavannu baLasalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, avu tAn‌ embudara hAge puruShapadagaLalla. sva emba pada samskxtada sarvanAmavemba padavargadalli sEruvudEnO nija, Adare I padavU samskxtada puruShapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgide.

೪.೫ sarvapadagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, sarvapadagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDu angagaLiddu, avugaLalli ondu A padada kelasavEnembudannU innondu adara vyAptiyEnembudannU tiLisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, ivan‌ emba sarvapadadalli modalaneya angavAda i embudu A padakke “sUcisuttiruva vyakti ADugana hattira iruvavanu’ embudAgi A vyaktiya jAgavannu nirdESisuvantaha kelasavideyendu tiLisuttade, mattu eraDaneya angavAda an‌ embudu A padakke ganDasarannu sUcisuvaShTakkE sImitavAgiruvantaha vyAptiyideyendu tiLisuttade.

I kAraNakkAgi, ondu bhASheyalli baLakeyAguva sarvapadagaLannella ondu kOShTakadalli irisi hELalu sAdhyavAguttade. I kOShTakada kAlangaLu A padagaLa mattu sAlugaLu avugaLa vyAptiyannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada sarvapadagaLannu keLage koTTiruva kOShTakadallirisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

nirdESaka padagaLu aniScita padagaLu dUradavu hattiradavu naDuvinavu nAmapadagaLu avan‌ ivan‌ uvan‌ Avan‌ avaL‌ ivaL‌ uvaL‌ AvaL‌ avar‌ ivar‌ uvar‌ Avar‌ adu idu udu Avudu avu ivu uvu Avuvu Atan‌ Itan‌ Utan‌ ——— Ake Ike Uke dArara guNapadagaLu A I U Ava, E anitu initu unitu enitu kriyAguNapadagaLu alli illi ulli elli andu indu undu endu antu intu untu entu anne inne unne enne ata ita uta eta

haLegannaDada En‌ mattu Eke embavugaLU I paTTige sErabEkAgiddarU, avugaLige samanAgiruva nirdESakapadagaLilla. idE rItiyalli haLegannaDada Evan‌, EvaL‌, Evar‌, Evudu mattu Evuvu emba padarUpagaLalli kriyApadavargakke sEraballa aniScita sarvapadavondara baLakeyiruva hAge kANisuttade. Adare, idakke samanAda nirdESaka padagaLU haLegannaDadallilla.

Avan‌, AvaL‌, Avudu, elli, entu modalAduvannu sAmAnyavAgi “praSnArthaka’ padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. Adare, avannilli aniScita padagaLendu kareyalAgide. idakke kAraNavEnembudannu, mattu praSneyannu sUcisuvudakkintalU aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudE I padagaLa nijavAda kelasa embudannu (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೩, ೨೦೦೪)ralli nAnu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoTTidde ne.

೪.೫.೧ sarvanAmagaLa paTTi

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “sarvAdi’ emba paTTiyalli sarva, viSva, Eka, tad‌, Etad‌, idam, kim, anya, itara, katara, yatara, ubhaya, alpa modalAda mUvattaydu padagaLannu oTTige sErisi hELalAgiddu, avannu sarvanAmagaLendu kareyalAgide.

Adare idaralli baruva padagaLalli heccinavU, mEle kOShTakadalli koTTiruva padagaLa hAge, ondu niScitavAda oLaracaneyiruvavugaLalla. avugaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu bEre nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyembudE I paTTige AdhAra.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli sarva “ella’ sarvanAma mAtravallade adE rUpada sarva “Siva’ nAmapadavU ide. I eraDu padagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLa rUpadalli vyatyAsagaLive.

ella Siva prathamA-bahuvacana sarvE sarvAH caturthI-Ekavacana sarvasme la sarvAya pancamI-Ekavacana sarvasmAt‌ sarvAt‌ saptamI-Ekavacana sarvasmin‌ sarvE ShaShThI-bahuvacana sarvEShAm sarvANAm

sarva paTTiyalli bandiruva itara padagaLigU mEle koTTiruva sarva “ella ‘ padada hAgeyE iruvantaha vibhakti rUpagaLive.

kESirAjanu haLegannaDada adu, idu, udu, Avudu, elladu, peatu, peadu, En‌ modalAdavugaLannu sarvanAmagaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೮೮). ivugaLige samAnavAda padagaLu samskxtada sarvAdi paTTiyallive embudannu biTTare, haLegannaDada I paTTige Enu AdhAra embudu spaShTavAguvudilla.

samskxtada sarvAdi paTTiyalli puruShavAcaka (yuShmad‌, asmad‌), sankhyAvAcaka (ubhaya, Eka, dvi) mattu digvAcaka (pUrva, avara, uttara, dakShiNa) padagaLU sErive. ivellavU, mEle sUcisida hAge, vibhakti rUpadalli itara nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyembudE avannella sarvAdi emba paTTiyallirisi hELalu AdhAra.

adare, haLegannaDadalli mEle koTTa kESirAjana paTTige antaha AdhAravEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. avugaLalli heccinavannU mEle (೪.೫)ralli koTTiruva sarvapadagaLa kOShTakadalli irisalu sAdhyavide, Adare elladu, peatu mattu peadu embavugaLu adaralli sEralAravu.

೪.೫.೨ sarvanAmagaLu mattu AkhyAta pratyayagaLu

(೪.೫)ra kOShTakadalli bandiruva avan‌, avaL‌, Avan‌, AvaL‌ modalAduvannu kESirAjanu adu mattu Avudu embavugaLinda sAdhisiruvudu (sU. ೧೬೧-೨, ೧೬೫) samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamavannu haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu naDesiruva innondu prayatnada phala. Adare idu haLegannaDakke ucitavalla.

yAkendare, samskxtadalli intaha padagaLa naDuviruva lingabhEda vibhakti pratyayagaLa svarUpadalli kANisikoLLutta de; Adare, haLegannaDadalli adu I sarvanAmagaLa eraDaneya angadallEnE kANisikoLLutta de. hAgAgi, mEle kOShTakadalli sUcisida hAge, avan‌, avaL‌, ivan‌, ivaL‌ modalAduvannu adu, idu modalAdavugaLiginta bhinnavAda sarvanAma (sarvapada)gaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide.

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I sarvanAmagaLannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi baLasida vidhAnakkU, kriyArUpagaLa koneyalli ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva am‌, aL‌, udu modalAda AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi baLasida vidhAnakkU naDuve ondu vicitravAda vyatyAsavide. |

mEle sUcisida hAge, sarvanAmagaLalli napumsaka lingada adu embudannu mUlavAgiTTukonDu, adarinda avan‌, avaL‌, Ata, Ake modalAduvannu sAdhisalAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೧೬೫); Adare, ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLalli pullingada am‌ embudannu mUlavAgiTTukonDu, adarinda aL‌, udu (adu) modalAduvannu sAdhisalAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೨೨೮, ೨೩೬-೭, mattu idE pustakada ೯.೩ nODi).

eraDu kaDeyallU ondE lingada (pullingada illavE napumsaka lingada) rUpavannE mUlavAgi irisikoLLabahudAgittallavE endu yArAdarU kELuvudiddalli, adakke uttara samskxta vyAkaraNadallide! samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEda sUcitavAguvudilla. “hOguttAne’, “hOguttALe’, mattu “hOguttade’ emba mUru arthagaLallU gacchati emba ondE kriyArUpa A bhASheyalli baLakeyAguttade.

Adare, sAmAnyavAgi samskxtada prathamapuruSha Ekavacanada kriyArUpagaLannu kannaDadalli prathamapuruSha pullinga Ekavacanada kriyArUpagaLa mUlakavE anuvAdisuvudu rUDi (gacchati “hOguttAne’). avannu viSiShTavAda strIlinga illavE napumsaka lingada artha koDuva nAmapadagaLondige baLasiruvalli mAtra (sItA gacchati “sIte hOguttALe’, simhaH gacchati “simha hOguttade”) strIlinga Ekavacana illavE napumsaka linga Ekavacana rUpagaLa mUlaka anuvAdisalAguttade.

kESirAjanu “AkhyAta vibhakti’ pratyayagaLannu hesarisuvAga pullingada am‌ pratyayavannu mUlavAgi iTTukoLLalu idE kAraNavirabEku.

innu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli “avanu’, “avaLu’ mattu “adu’ emba I mUru arthagaLannu koDuva sarvanAmagaLige tat‌ emba ondE pada mUlavAgide; pullingadalli idu saH endAguttade, mattu stri “lingadalli sA endAguttade. Adare idu prathamA vibhaktiyalli mAtra kANisuva vyatyAsa. itara vibhaktigaLalli pullinga sarvanAmakke tam‌, tEna, tasmay modalAda rUpagaLU, strIlinga sarvanAmakke tAm‌, tayA, tasyay modalAda rUpagaLU ive. hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNadalli ivakkella tat‌ embudannE mUlavAgi irisikoLLalAgide.

I tat‌ embudu samskxtadalli napumsaka Ekavacanada sarvanAmavU AgideyAda

kAraNa, haLegannaDadalli adakke samanAgiruva adu embudannu namma vayyAkaraNigaLu haLegannaDada prathamapuruSha sarvanAmagaLigU mUla padavAgi mADikonDiddAre. Adare, haLegannaDadalli avan‌ mattu avaL‌ embavu ellA vibhaktigaLallU badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttave, samskxtada saH mattu sA embavugaLa hAge badalAguvudilla.

I vidhAnavannE munduvarisi, kESirAjanu eLeyam, eLeyar‌, eLeyaL‌ modalAda pullinga mattu stra “lingagaLalli baruva guNapadagaLa rUpavannu eLadu embantaha napumsaka lingadalli baruva guNapadagaLa rUpadinda sAdhisuttAne (sU. ೧೬೪).

haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa mEle samskxta vyAkaraNakke entaha hiDitavittu embudannu avara I vicitravAda rUpasAdhane bahaLa spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade.

೪.೫.೩ kelasadalli vyatyAsa

mEle kOShTakadalli kANisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli nirdESisuvudu mattu aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi eraDu kelasagaLannu mADaballa sarvapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive; Adare samskxtadalli nirdESisuvudu, aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudu mattu sambandhisuvudu embudAgi mUru kelasagaLannu mADaballa sarvapadagaLu baLakeyallive. haLegannaDadalli aniScitateyannu sUcisuva sarvapadagaLannE sambandhisuva kelasadallU baLasalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage (೧೭ka-kha)gaLalli koTTiruva vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೭ka) yatra tvam avasaH sa dESO ramaNIyaH

“nInu yAva dESadalli dleyO A dESa ramaNEyavAdudu’ (೧೭kha) tvam kutra gacchasi?

“nInu ellige (yAva jAgakke) hOguttI?

(೧೭ka)dalli “nInu idda’ dESakkU mattu “ramaNIyavAda dESa’kkU naDuve sambandhavide embudannu (averaDU ondE embudannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli yatra padada baLakeyAgide; mattu (೧೭kha)dalli kELuganu hOguva jAgada kuritu ADuganigiruva aniScitateyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kutra padada baLakeyAgide.

Adare, I vAkyagaLa keLage koTTiruva avugaLa hosagannaDa anuvAdagaLalli I eraDu sandarbhagaLallU aniScita sarvapadavE adara eraDu rUpagaLalli (yAva mattu elli embudAgi) baLakeyAgide.

haLegannaDadallU sambandha mattu aniSci tategaLemba eraDu arthagaLannu sUcisuvuda kkAgi ondE sarvapadada baLakeyAguttade embudannu keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೮ka) I dharaNiyam rasAtaladindettidanAvan‌ Atane dalam takkam “I bhUmiyannu yAvanu pAtALadinda ettiddAnO avanE nijakkU (agrapUjege) arhanu’

(೧೮kha) ennanAvan‌ eccam pETum “nanage yAvanu hoDedanu, hELi’

(೧೯ka) adentu hari naranam gelipam ante nImum gella ngoLLim (೧೨.೯೧) “kxShNanu arjunanannu hEge gelisuttAnO hAgeyE nIvU geddukoLLiri’ (೧೯kha) ninna bisuTentirpem (೨.೨೫) “ninna biTTu hEgirali?

avas‌ embudannu (೧೮ka)dalli sambandhisuva arthadalli mattu (೧೮kha)dalli aniScitArthadalli baLasalAgide, mattu idE rItiyalli entu embudannu (೧೯ka) mattu (೧೯kha)gaLalli sambandhArtha mattu aniScitArthagaLalli baLasalAgide.

೪.೫.೪ nirdESakagaLalli vyatyAsa

mEle sarvapadagaLa kOShTakadalli kANisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli (ka) ADugana hattira (I, ivan‌, Ike, illi, indu, ityAdi), (kha) ADuganinda dUra (A, avan‌, Ake, alli, andu ityAdi), mattu (ga) I eraDu jAgagaLa naDuve (U, uvan‌, Uke, undu, ityAdi) embudAgi nirdESaka padagaLalli mUru jAgagaLannu sUcisuva vyavasthe yide. (೨೦ka) kulamanintu pikkadirim “(karNana) kulavannu hIge biDisi nODabEDi’ (೨೦kha) antu piridOlagangoTTirpannegam “hAge doDDa Olagavannu koTTiddA ga’ (೨೦ga) allade untu taleyurcugumE raNaranga bhUmiyoL‌ “alla(diddare) hAge/hIge raNarangadalli taletappisikoLLutti nE’

೪.೧೦

ivugaLalli modalina eraDu rItiyavu mAtra hosagannaDadalli uLidukonDive. hAgAgi, ukAradalli suruvAguva mUranE rItiya sarvapadagaLannu hosagannaDadalli anuvAdisuvudu kaShTa (೨೦ga nODi).

samskxtadalli nirdESaka padagaLu sUcisuva vyatyAsa idakkinta bhinnavAgide. avu modalige (ka) ADugana hattira (EShaH “ivanu’, EShA “ivaLu’, Etat‌ “idu’ ityAdi), mattu (kha) ADuganinda dUra (asav “avanu, avaLu’, adaH “adu’ ityAdi) emba vyatyAsadondige (ka) edurige iruvavaru (ayam “ivanu’, iyam “ivaLu’, idam “idu’ ityAdi), mattu (kha) edurige illadavaru (saH “avanu’, sA “avaLu’, tat‌

“adu’, ityAdi) emba innondu vyatyAsavannu sErisi sUcisaballuvAgidduvu. Adare, anantarada samskxtadalli eraDaneya (ka-kha) vyatyAsa illa vAgide.

೪.೫.೫ sarvapadagaLalli padavargagaLu

samskxtada sarvapadagaLannella ondE padavargadalli (nAmapadavargadalli) sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide; Adare, haLegannaDada sarvapadagaLannu I rIti ondE padavargadalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. avugaLalli avan‌, idu, ivaL‌, modalAdavu nAmapadavargakke sEruttaveyAdare, Ava, I, itta, elli modalAdavu guNapadavargakke sEruttave.

guNapadavargadallU nAmapadadondige baruvavu mattu kriyApadadondige baruvavu embudAgi eraDu upavargagaLannu mADalu sAdhyaviddu, averaDakkU sEraballa sarvapadagaLu haLegannaDadallive embudannu mEle (೪.೫)ralli koTTiruva kOShTakadalli nODabahudu.

idallade, kriyApadavargakke sErabahudAda Evan‌, Evar‌, Evudu embantaha sarvapadagaLU haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೨೧ka) oDeyaradEvar‌ (೪.೬)

“oDeyarAda (pAnDavaru) Enu mADaballaru?’ (೨೧kha) I toDavu Evudo (೩.೪೬)

“I AbharaNa Enu mADaballudO’

(೨೧ka)dalli Evar‌ embudu, mattu (೨೧kha)dalli Evudu embudu kriyApadada jAgadalli bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

೪.೬ eravalAgi banda padagaLu

kESirAjana vyAkaraNadalli haLegannaDada padagaLannu “dESya’ (athavA “dESIya’), “samasamskxta’, “tada ೈva’ mattu “tatsama’ embudAgi nAlku gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAgide. samskxtadalli hEgideyO hAgeyE haLegannaDadallU iruva padagaLannu “samasamskxta’ padagaLendu, mattu samskxtadalliruva padagaLinda svarUpadalli bhinnavAgiveyAdarU A padagaLindalEnE bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvantaha padagaLannu “tadbhava’ (illavE “apabhramSa’) padagaLendu kareyalAgide.

I eraDu rItiya (samasamskxta mattu tadbhava illavE apabhramSa padagaLu) haLegannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva pracanDa, viSha, sampUrNa,

manOratha, utpanna, indraprastha modalAda padagaLu samskxtadalli hEgiveyO hAgeyE haLegannaDadallU iveyAda kAraNa, samasamskxta padagaLu; dIvam (<dIpa), saggam (Asvarga), accari (AAScarya), uggaDam (utkaTa) modalAdavugaLu kamsadalli koTTiruva samskxta padagaLiginta bhinnavAgiveyAdarU, A padagaLinda avannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, tada Dava (illavE apabhramSa) padagaLu.

bErellA viShayagaLallU samskxta padagaLa hAgeyE iddu, koneya bhAgadalli mAtra alpasvalpa vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisuva padagaLannu tadka ೈvagaLendu kareyade samasamskxta padagaLendE kareyalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, sIte (AsItA), SAle (<SAlA), janani (<jananI) modalAdavugaLu kamsadoLage koTTiruva samskxta padagaLinda svalpa maTTige mAtra bhinnavAgive; hAgAgi, avannu samasamskxta padagaLendE parigaNisalAgide.

“tatsama’ emba padavannu kESirAjanu ondu viSiShTavAda arthadalli baLasiddAne. samskxtadavU mattu kannaDadavU Agiruva maNi, mancam, paTTam, tOraNam modalAda ೨೧ padagaLannu Atanu I gumpinalli irisiddAne (sU. ೩೧೨-೩). ivu samskxta padagaLondige mAtravallade dESya padagaLondigU samAsagaLalli baraballuvu (Adare samasamskxta (mattu tada Dava) padagaLu A rIti dESya padagaLondige samAsadalli baralAravu) embudE avannu tatsamagaLemba bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisi hELalu kAraNa.

venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೧೩೮) sUcisiruva hAge, I tatsama padagaLalli kelavAdarU drAviDa bhAShegaLinda samskxtakke eravalAgi hOgiruva “dESya padagaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjana ೨೧ tatsama padagaLa paTTiyalli bandiruva ankam, aTTam, kOnTe, ganDam, gONi, mallam modalAda kelavu padagaLige drAviDa mUlavannu sAdhisalAgide (anukramavAgi emenO mattu barO avara drAviDa jYAti padakOSada (emenO mattu barO ೧೯೬೧) ೨೯, ೯೩, ೨೨೦೭, ೧೧೭೩, anubandha ೩೩ mattu ೪೭೩೦nE sankhyeya padagaLannu gamanisabahudu).

I padagaLige inDO-Aryan‌ illavE inDO-yurOpiyan‌ mUlavannu kanDuhiDiyalu sAdhyavAgillavAda kAraNa, avu samska ntekke drAviDa bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi hOgiruva padagaLendu parigaNisabahudu.

mEle vivarisida mUru gumpugaLallU sEradiruva padagaLannu dESya padagaLendu parigaNisalAgide. ivu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLu.

bhaTTAkaLankanE modalAda itara vayyAkaraNigaLu kESirAjanu sUcisiruva tatsama-tadbhava vyatyAsavannu parigaNisilla. idallade, tatsama padavannu ivaru “samasamskxta’ emba padada arthadallE baLasiddAre. (idannu anusarisi, I pustakada mundina vibhAgagaLalli tatsama padavannu I arthadallE (endare kESirAjana samasamskxta padada arthadallE) baLasalAguttade).

hAru ,ುೈta 855. i i7೧

೪.೬.೧ vingaDaNeya svarUpa

haLegannaDa vyA karaNagaLalli tatsama (samasamskxta) padagaLu mattu tadbhava (apabhramSa) padagaLu embudAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu vingaDisiruvudu prAkxta, pAli modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLalli mADiruva antahadE hesarina padagaLa vibhajaneyannu haLegannaDa vyA karaNakke aLavaDisikoLLalu mADiruva prayatnavallade bErEnalla.

pAli, prAkxta, ardhamAgadhi modalAda bhAShegaLu samskxtada hAge inDO- Aryan‌ yaka sErida bhAShegaLu. vEdagaLa kAladalli mAtina baLakeyallidda bhASheyondarinda I bhAShegaLu beLedu bandive. A kAlada bhASheyannu ma barahakke mattu sAhitya racanege aLavaDisidAga, samskxtavemba “pariShkxta’ pra prabhEda siddhavAyitu. hADina baLakeyallidda bhAShe kAla kaLedante badalAguttA hOyitAdarU, ShaH barahada bhAShe jAsti badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyitu.

anantarada kAladalli, buddha: na anuyAyigaLu mattu mahAvIrana anuyAyigaLu (jaynaru) avara upadESagaLannu baredirisuvudakkAgi sAmAnya janarige arthavAgada samskxtavemba sAhityika bhASheyannu baLasuva badalu, avara kAladalli sAmAnya janara mAtinalli baLakeyallidda pAli mattu prAkxtagaLemba bEre prabhEdagaLannu baLasalu prArambhisidaru.

vEdakAladinda buddha mattu mahAvIrara kAlada varege, mAtina baLakeyallidda I bhASheyalli naDeda (mattu samskxtadalli naDeyadidda) halavAru badalAvaNegaLa pariNAmavannu I prabhEdagaLa padagaLalli kANabahudu. I badalAvaNegaLindAgi, avugaLa padagaLu samskxtada padagaLiginta bhinnavAgive. samskxta bhAShe barahada bhASheyAgi mAtra uLididdudE I rIti A kAlada mAtina prabhEdadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu samskxtada padagaLannu bAdhisadiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.

prAkxtavannu barahada bhASheyAgi baLasatoDagidAga, adara barahagAraru halaveDegaLalli “pAribhAShika’ padagaLa korateyannu anubhavisirabEku mattu antaha sandarbhagaLallella nEravAgi samskxtadinda avaSyaviruva padagaLannu eravalAgi pes idarindAgi, prAkx tadalli eraDu rItiya padagaLu

vEdakAladinda buddha -jaynara kAlada varegina samayadalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLinda bAdhitavAgiruva prAkxtaddE Ada padagaLu ondu rItiyavu (tadbhavagaLu), mattu samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDediruva, mattu antaha badalAvaNegaLinda bAdhitavAgadiruva padagaLu innondu rItiyavu (tatsamagaLu).

idalla de badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka sa samskxta padagaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadantaha bEreyU kelavu padagaLu prAkxtadallive. ivu ha… granthagaLalli kANisadiddarU inDO-Aryan‌ mUla bhASheyindalEnE bandiruva padagaLirabahudu, illavE

padavargagaLu -3 A

bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLirabahudu. ivannu prAkxta vayyAkaraNi gaLu “dESi’ illavE “dESaja’ padagaLendu karediddA re.

೪.೬.೨ vingaDaNeya avcitya

prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLalli A bhASheya padagaLannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva tatsama padagaLu mattu prAkxtaddE Ada tadbhava illavE apabhramSa padagaLu embudAgi vingaDisuvudaralli avcityavide. Adare samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva mUladrAviDa bhASheyondarinda beLedu bandiruva haLegannaDa bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli antahadE vingaDaNeyannu baLasuvudaralli yAva avcityavU illa.

prAkxta bhASheyalli mukhyavAgi tatsama mattu tada va padagaLu embudAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra kANisikoLLuttave (dESi padagaLu prAkxta vyAkaraNada maTTige tada ೈvagaLa hAgeyE baLakeyAguttave). ivugaLalli tada va padagaLu, mEle sUcisida hAge, mUla bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi beLedu banda padagaLu; ivu kAladinda kAlakke A bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLindAgi ivattina rUpavannu paDedive.

haLegannaDadallU intaha padagaLiddu, avannu dESya padagaLendu kareyalAgide. ivannu haLegannaDa bhAShe tanna mUla (drAviDa) bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi paDedide. kAladinda kAlakke I bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa phalavAgi I padagaLu haLegannaDadalli kANisuva rUpavannu paDedive (vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೭ nODi).

prAkxta bhASheyalli kANisuva tatsama (illavE samasamskxta) padagaLu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu. A bhASheyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLa avadhi mugida mEle ivannu eravalAgi paDedu koLLalAgideyAda kAraNa, avu A bhASheya “tada ೫ padagaLinda bhinnavAgive.

haLegannaDadallU I rIti hindina prabhEdadinda eravalAgi paDeda (dESya) padagaLive. udAharaNegAgi mUladrAviDada AdicakAra haLegannaDadalli sakAravAgi badalAgide. sAy‌, sAl‌, siDil‌, suDu, sea‌ modalAda dESya padagaLalli I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu kANabahudu. Adare, AdicakAravannu uLisikonDiruva bEre kelavu padagaLU haLegannaDadalliddu (cikka, cinna, cenna, celvu ityAdi) mElina badalAvaNeya avadhi mugida mEle ondina prabhEdadinda (illavE I badalAvaNeyAgadiruva bErondu drAviDa bhAShAprabhEdadinda) avu eravalAgi bandirabEku.

I vyatyAsavannu hosagannaDa padagaLalli innaShTu spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. kannaDada caritreyalli pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnada hottige sampUrNagonDirabEku (narasimhayya ೧೯೪೧ nODi). hosagannaDada hAlu (pAl‌), haNNu (paN‌), huli (<puli), hOgu (<pO) modalAda padagaLalli I badalAvaNeya pariNAmavannu kANabahudu.

I samayada anantara, kannaDa bhAShe Adi pakAraviruva halavAru padagaLannu haLegannaDadinda eravalAgi paDediddu, antaha padagaLalli Adi pakAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide. hosagannaDada pacce, paDu (kaShTapaDu), pADu, puNugu, peTTu modalAda padagaLalli I rIti pakAra hakAravAgade uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.

nijakkU haLegannaDada (illavE hosagannaDada) dESya padagaLalli kANisuva I mElina vibhajaneyE prAkxtada tatsama-tadbhava vibhajanege samanAdudu. yAkendare, prAkxtadalli baLakeyalliruva tadka Dava padagaLu haLegannaDada dESya padagaLa hAge mUla bhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi beLedu bandavugaLu, mattu tatsama padagaLu adE mUla bhASheyinda (endare adara sAhityika rUpadinda) eravalAgi paDeda padagaLu.

೪.೬.೩ samskxtada eravalugaLu

prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuvantaha tatsama mattu tada lava vibhajanegU mattu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli kANisuvantaha adE hesarina vibhajanegU naDuve mEle vivarisida hAge ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide.

prAkxtadalli tada Sava illavE apabhramSa emba gumpige sEruva padagaLella nijakkU A bhASheya dESya padagaLallade eravalAgi banda padagaLalla. avannu “dESIya’ padagaLinda bhinnavAduvendu parigaNisalu avakke samskxta mUlavideyembudu mAtravE kAraNa. samskxta mattu prAkxtagaLeraDU inDO-Aryan‌ bhAShegaLAgiruvudarinda, I rIti avannu ondu bEreyE gumpinalli irisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide.

prAkxtada tatsama padagaLU inDO-Aryan‌ padagaLE; avannu adE bhASheya hindina kAlada prabhEdadinda (endare samskxtadinda) eravalAgi paDeyalAgide.

Adare haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu gurutisuva tatsama (samasamskxta) mattu tadka lava padagaLeraDU eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLE. mEle sUcisida hAge, ivu jAsti badalAgade eravalu koTTiruva samskxta bhASheya padagaLa hAgeyE iveyAdare avannu tatsama padagaLendu mattu avugaLalli heccina badalAvaNegaLAgiveyAdare avannu tadka va padagaLendu kareyalAguttade. haLegannaDada dESya padagaLu iveraDakkintalU tIra bhinnavAgiruva haLegannaDadavE Ada padagaLu.

prAkxtada tada Dava padagaLellavU ondE rItiyAgi A bhASheya caritreyalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgive. hAgAgi avannella ondu gumpinallirisi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva tatsama padagaLinda bhinnavAduvendu parigaNisuvudu sulabha.

Adare haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva samskxtada eravalu padagaLu hAge ondE rItiyAgi badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgilla. avu bEre bEre pramANagaLalli badalAgiddu, badalAvaNegaLa bEre bEre hantagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. nijakkU padagaLa koneya svaravannu badalAyisuvudu (SAlA>SAle, jananI>janani ityAdi) intaha hantagaLalli ondendu hELabahudu.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, prAkxtada tadbhava padagaLalli naDeda badalAvaNegaLu padagaLa badalAvaNegaLalla, A bhASheya caritreyalli naDeda varNagaLa badalAvaNegaLu. varNagaLu I rIti badalAdAga A kAladalli bhASheyallidda padagaLellavU ondE bArige badalAguttave. hAgAgi, prAkxtada tada Dava padagaLannu intaha badalAvaNegaLella niyamitavAgi bAdhisiruvudannu kANabahudu.

Adare, haLegannaDada tadbhava padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu varNagaLa badalAvaNegaLalla, padagaLa badalAvaNegaLu. ondu bhAShe innondu bhASheyinda padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuvAga, avugaLa svarUpa A bhASheyalliruva padagaLa svarUpakke hondikoLLuvante bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAvaNegaLigoLagAguttade. I badalAvaNegaLannu padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuva vyaktigaLu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli naDesiruttAre.

intaha badalAvaNegaLu ommeyE naDeyuva badalu, hanta hantavAgi naDeyuttave. idallade, I badalAvaNegaLu eravalAgi banda padagaLannu pratyEka pratyEkavAgi bAdhisuvuvAda kAraNa, badalAvaNeya ellA hantagaLannU eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide, mattu bEre bEre padagaLalli bEre bEre hantagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide.

I kAraNakkAgi, eravalu padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu sAmAnyavAgi aniyamitavAgiruttave. I padagaLannu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bEre kavigaLu mattu vidvAmsaru eravalAgi paDedukonDiruvarAda kAraNa, avugaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLalli halavu rItiya vikalpagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide.

ivannella pariSIlisidAga, nijakkU intaha eravalu padagaLannu tatsama mattu tada lava emba eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudakkintalU keLage vivarisida hAge halavu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudE oLLeyadendu anisadiradu.

(೧) haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva tada Dava padagaLalli dADe, bejja, baTTa, kamba modalAda halavu padagaLannu nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeyuva badalu, prAkxtadinda eravalAgi paDediruva hAge kANisuttade. ivannu nEravAgi samskxtada damShTrA, vaydya, vxtta, stambha modalAda padagaLinda sAdhisuvudakkintalU, prAkxtada dADhA, vEjYa, vaTTa, khambha modalAda padagaLinda sAdhisuvudu sulabha (Ar‌. narasimhAcAr‌ ೧೯೬೯:೧೬೫ nODi). hAgAgi, ivannu “prAkxta-tadya ೈva’vemba bEreyE ondu gumpinalli irisuva avaSyakateyide.

(೨) I rIti prAkxtada mUlaka haLegannaDakke baruva badalu, bEre bhAShegaLa mUlaka (pAli, tamiLu ityAdi) haLegannaDakke bandiruva samskxta padagaLU kelavive. ivannU nEravAgi samskxta padagaLinda sAdhisalu prayatnisidalli, ivugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannu vivarisuva kelasa bahaLa kliShTavAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, Ar‌. narasimhAcAr‌ avaru (೧೯೬೯:೧೬೮) sUcisiruvante,

haLegannaDada arasa, arasi, noga, binnapa, kelasa modalAda kelavu padagaLannu nEravAgi rAja, rAjYI, yuga, vijYApya, kriyA modalAda samskxta padagaLinda sAdhisuva badalu, tamiLina araSan‌, araSi, nugam, viNNappam, kiriSay modalAda tada Dava padagaLinda sAdhisuvudu sulabha. I samskxta padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu tamiLu padagaLa svarUpakke hondikoLLuvante naDediveyallade, haLegannaDa padagaLa svarUpakke hondikoLLuvante naDedilla.

(೩) idallade, haLegannaDada nepa, nEha, vakTANa, kajja modalAda padagaLu samskxtada nibha, snEha, vyAkhyAna, kArya modalAda padagaLinda bhinnavAgiveyAdarU, prAkxtada nepa, nEha, vakbANa, kajja modalAda padagaLige samAnavAgiveyAda kAraNa, ivannu tadbhavagaLendu kareyuva badalu “samaprAkxta’ illavE ““prAkxta-tatsama’ padagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyavide (Ar‌. narasimhAcAr‌ ೧೯೬೯:೧೬೬ nODi).

(೪) mEle vivarisiruva hAge, haLegannaDada “tada ೈva’ padagaLu prAkxtadalliruva tada va padagaLa hAge ondE rItiyavalla. avu badalAvaNeya halavu hantagaLannu tOrisuttave. hAgAgi, avannella ondE gumpinallirisuvudu sariyalla. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva tada Dava padagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

samskxta tadbhava padagaLu tapasvi tapasi, tavasi dyUta jUdu, jUju amAvAskA amAse, avase AShADha AsaDi, asaDi aSOka aSOke, asuge AkAra Agara, Ara kumAra kuvara, kOra unmatta ummatta, ummata

mEle koTTiruva tada va padagaLalli modalaneyadu badalAvaNeya ondu hantadallU , mattu eraDaneyadu adara anantarada bErondu hantadallU sidda vAgiruva hAge kANisuttave. hAgAgi, avannu bEre bEre gumpugaLallirisuva avaSyakateyide. (೫) koneya svaradalli mAtra badalANeyannu tOrisuva SAle (<SAlA), bhAShe

(bhAShA), yOgini (<yOginI), vadhu (<vadhU) modalAda padagaLannu tadbhavagaLendu kareyade tatsamagaLendu karediruvudara avcityavEnembudu spaShTavAgilla. (bahuSaH prAkxta vyAkaraNadalli I baLakeya mUlavirabahudu). Adare, haLegannaDadalli itara tadbhavagaLendenisuva padagaLalli naDediruva badalAvaNegaLa hAge, I padagaLalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLannU eravalAgi banda samskxtada padagaLannu haLegannaDa padagaLa svarUpakke

hondisikoLLuvudakkAgi naDesalAgideyAda kAraNa, avannu tada OvagaLinda bhinnavAda padagaLendu parigaNisalu yAva AdhAravU illa.

udAharaNegAgi, kumba (A<kumbha), gADa (<gADha), cinna (Achinna), jagana (<jaghana), dUpa (<€dhUpa), bOga (<bhOga), Aramba (AArambha) modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva hAge mahAprANAkSharagaLu allaprANAkSharagaLAgiruvudu, ankusa (AankuSa), sankara (<Sankara), pasu (<paSu), nimisa (nimiSha), vEsa (AvESha) modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge SakAra illavE ShakAragaLu sakAra gaLAgiruvudu, mattu jantra (<yantra), javanike (<yavanike), jati (yati), jAtre (yAtre) modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge Adi yakAra jakAravAgiruvudu heccu kaDime mElina padagaLa koneya sa saradalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLa hAgeyE ide. illU padagaLa itara amSagaLella svalpavU badalAgade hAgeyE uLidiruvudannu kANabahudu.

೪.೬.೪ vibhajaneya mahatva

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada maTTige dESya padagaLigU tatsama hAgU tada lava padagaLigU naDuviruva vibhajaneyE atyanta mahatvada vibhajane. tatsama mattu tada va padagaLa naDuviruva vibhajanege haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli antaha mahatvavilla . averaDU “eravalu padagaLu’ emba ondE gumpinalli baruttave.

idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge I eravalu padagaLannu tatsama mattu tadbhava emba eraDu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudakkintalU halavu gumpugaLalli vingaDisuvudE haLegannaDada maTTige sariyAda mArga.

haLegannaDadalli dESya padagaLannu eravalu (tatsama mattu tadbhava) padagaLinda pratyEkisuvantaha halavu vyAkaraNa niyamagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, eravalu padagaLannu, avu tatsamagaLirali, tadbhavagaLirali, kriyApadagaLa jAgadalli baLasabEkiddalli avakke isu pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade (arcisu, ninnisu, pUjisu, bhAvisu, bancisu, baNNi su, sayrisu, pajjaLisu, ityAdi).

Adare, prAkxtada vyAkaraNakke tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLa naDuvina vibhajaneyE atyanta mahatvada vibhajane. tadbhava mattu dESi padagaLa naDuvina vibhajanege A bhASheya vyAkaraNadalli heccina mahatvavilla. mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxta padagaLondige sambandhavannu tOrisalu sAdhyavAgadiruvantaha prAkxta padagaLannu dESi padagaLendu parigaNisalAgide; prAkxta vyAkaraNada maTTige ivu yAva viShayadallU tada Dava padagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla.

haLegannaDa mattu prAkxta bhAShegaLa naDuve I rIti tatsama-tadbhava bhEdavannu baLasuvalli mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLive. ivannu gamanisade, haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu prAkxta padagaLa vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi, A bhASheya nijavAda svarUpavannu vivarisuvalli avaru sOtiddAre.

೪.೭ sArAmSa

haLegannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada, mattu guNapadagaLembudAgi mUru mukhya padavargagaLalli baraballa padagaLive. Adare, samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya padavargagaLalli baraballa padagaLu mAtra ive. haLegannaDada guNapadagaLige samAnavAgiruva padagaLu samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla.

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I ati mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu tiLidiralillavAda kAraNa, avaru racisida vyAkaraNagaLalli halavAru rItiya samasyegaLu mattu gondalagaLu mUDibandive.

sarvanAmagaLa svarUpa mattu baLakegaLallU I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, ivannU I vayyAkaraNigaLu vivarisilla.

samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLannu tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLembudAgi vibhajisuvallU ivaru prAkxta vyAkaraNagaLannu anusari sidudarindAgi, haLegannaDada nijavAda svarUpavannu vivarisalu SaktarAgilla.

adhyAya ೫ — padagaLa oLaracane

padagaLa oLaracane

೫.೧ pIThike

haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embudannu tiLiyalu prayatnisuva modalu, pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide. padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva pratyayagaLella avugaLa tayArikege sambandhisidavugaLu mattu padarUpagaLalli baruva pratyayagaLella avugaLa baLakege sambandhisidavugaLu.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli key‌ emba padakke keygaL‌, keyyan‌, keyyin‌, keyye, keyyoL‌ modalAda padarUpagaLive. ivella key‌ emba ondE padada padarUpagaLu. ivugaLalli baruva gaL‌, an‌, in‌, ge, oL‌ modalAda pratyayagaLu A padavannu vAkyada bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli baLasabEkAdAga, adakke bEre bEre rUpagaLannu koDabEkAgideyAda kAraNa baLakeyAguttave.

keyta “kelasa’, keydu “Ayudha’, keyke “mOsa’, modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLallU key‌ embudu kANisuttade; Adare, ivu key‌ padada padarUpagaLalla; A padakke ta, du, ke modalAda pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva, adakkinta bhinnavAda, padagaLu. hAgAgi, I padagaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLannu avugaLa oLaracanege sambandhisida pratyayagaLendu parigaNisabEkAguttade.

idE rItiyalli, pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannU illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. padagaLa oLaracaneyalli ondakkinta heccu padagaLu sErikonDiralu sAdhyavide, mattu padakantegaLa racaneyallU ondakkinta heccu padagaLa baLakeyAgiruttade; Adare, ondu padada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva padagaLu A padada tayArikege sambandhisidavu, mattu ondu padakanteyalli kANisuva padagaLu A padagaLa baLakege sambandhisidavu.

udAharaNegAgi, eLanIr‌ “sIyALa’ padadalli eLa mattu nIr‌ emba eraDu padagaLu sErive. adare eLanIr‌ embudu eLa mattu nIr‌ emba eraDu padagaLinda tIra bhinnavAgiruva bErondu pada. hAgAgi, illi kANisuva padagaLa sErike eLanIr‌ padada oLaracanege sambandhisidudu. idE rItiyalli beLcingaL‌, karbon‌, Alikal‌ modalAdavugaLallU eraDeraDu padagaLu sEriddu, I sEruvikeya mUlaka averaDakkintalU bhinnavAda bEreyE padagaLa sxShTiyAgide.

Adare, eLavALe “eLE bALegiDa’ embudaralli eLa mattu bALe(T‌) emba eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda ondu padakante racita vAgideyallade, hosadondu pada racitavAgilla. posavU “hosa hUvu’, pErAne “doDDa Ane’, pervEnTe “doDDa bETe’ modalAdavugaLallU, idE rItiyalli, eraDeraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda padakantegaLannu racisalAgideyallade, hosa padagaLa sxShTiyAgilla. illi kANisuva padagaLa sErike padagaLa baLakege sambandhisidudallade hosa padagaLa tayArikege illavE sxShTige sambandhisidudalla (hecci. na vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨ nODi).

pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa, hAgU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa - iveraDU mAtina baLakeyalli uLidiruvantaha bhAShAprabhEdagaLalli mAtra bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANisuttave. mAtina baLake tappihOgi bariya grAnthika baLakeyalli mAtravE uLidiruvantaha bhAShAprabhEdagaLalli I eraDu rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANuvudu svalpa kaShTa.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, mAtina baLakeyalli uLidiruva bhASheya vyAkaraNa janara mAtina mEle avalambisiruttade. doDDavaru baLasuva mAtannu kELuttA kELuttA cikkavaru mAtu kaliyuttAre. hIge kaliyuvAga, A bhASheya vyAkaraNa avara arivilladanteyE avara miduLinalli nelegoLLuttade. bhASheya ati sUkShmavAda vyAkaraNa niyamagaLU I rIti arivige bArada rUpadalli avara svAdhInavAguttave.

mAtina baLake tappihOgi, barE grAnthikavAgiruva bhASheyannu sAmAnyavAgi janaru tamma “eraDaneya’ bhASheyAgi vidyAbhyAsada samayadalli kaliyuttAre, mattu intaha kaliyuvikeyalli A bhASheya mEle vidvAmsaru racisiruva vyAkaraNada pustakagaLu mahatvada pAtravannu vahisabEkAguttade. vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalliruva niyamagaLannu avaru modalige arivige eTakuva rUpadalli kalitu, anantara avannu arivige eTakada rUpakke parivartisikoLLabEkAguttade.

intaha arivige eTakuva vyAkaraNagaLalli (vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli) mEle vivarisidantaha bhASheya sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLannu niyamagaLa mUlaka varNisalu sAdhyavAgiruvudilla. hAgAgi, vidyArthigaLige avannu kaliyalU sAdhyavAguvudilla. idarindAgi, mAtina baLake tappihOgiruva bhAShegaLalli intaha sUkShmavAda vyatyAsagaLu kramENa illavAguttave.

pANiniya kAlada anantara samskxta bhAShe viddA _೦sara baLakeyalli mAtra uLidu, sAmAnya janara mAtina baLakeyinda dUravAgiruva hAge kANisuttade. aSOkanE modalAdavaru sAmAnya janarigAgi racisida tamma SAsanagaLalli samskxtada badalu pAli, prAkxta modalAduvannu baLasalu idE kAraNavirabEku.

I rIti mAtina baLake tappiruva kAraNa, samskxta padagaLa oLaracaneyalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa, hAgU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa iveraDU kramENa mAyavAguttA bandive. pANiniginta hindina vEdakAlada samskxtadalli I vyatyAsagaLeraDU spaShTavAgi kANisuttave.

haLegannaDadallU pampanE modalAda prAcIna kavigaLa kAladalli mAtina baLake tappihOgiralilla. Adare, hanneraDu-hadimUranE SatamAnagaLa anantarada kAladalli haLegannaDa naDugannaDavAgi badalAgittu. hAgAgi, idakke munde haLegannaDavannu baLasidavarella adannu bariya grAnthika bhASheyAgiyE kalitu baLasuttiddirabEku.

hAgAgi, haLegannaDadallU pampana kAladalli racitavAda granthagaLalli mElina vyatyAsagaLu spaShTavAgi kANisuttave, Adare avana anantara racitavAda granthagaLalli ivu aspaShTavAguttA hOguttave.

padagaLa oLaracaneyannu pariSIlisuva I adhyAyadalli pada mattu pratyayagaLannu baLasi hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi bhASheyondaralli entaha vidhAnagaLella baLakeyallive (illavE baLakeyalli dduvu) embudannu pariSIlisabEkAgide, mattu idakkAgi, mEle sUcisida hAge, padagaLa oLaracaneyannu padarUpagaLa racaneyinda, mattu padakantegaLa racaneyinda pratyEkisikoLLuvudu atyavaSya.

I eraDu viShayagaLallU haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDada vayyyAkaraNigaLu samskxta vyAkaraNavannE mAdariyAgi irisikonDudarindAgi, I vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisalu avarige sAdhyavAgalilla. idarindAgi, avara vyAkaraNagaLalli halavu rItiya gondalagaLu kANisikonDive embudannu keLagina pariSIlane spaShTapaDisuttade.

೫.೨ pratyayagaLa baLake

hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi I eraDu bhAShegaLallU mukhyavAgi (೧) padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudu, mattu (೨) eraDu (athavA heccu) padagaLannu oTTu sErisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLannu baLasalAguttade. ivugaLalli modalaneya vidhAnavannu I (೫.೨)nE vibhAgadalli, mattu eraDaneya vidhAnavannu mundina (೫.೩)nE vibhAgadalli pariSIlisalAguttade.

pratyayagaLannu baLasuvudara mUlaka hosa padagaLannu tayArisuvalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive.

(೧) pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida samskxta padagaLalli heccinavakkU mUladalli kriyAdhAtugaLive. kelavu vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAyadante, samskxtada ellA padagaLallU I rIti mUladalli kriyAdhAtugaLiveyendu sAdhisi tOrisalu sAdhyavide. I kAraNakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNadalli dhAtu padavannu “kriyAdhAtu’ emba arthadalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgide.

haLegannaDadallU halavu nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLinda sAdhisalAgideyEnO nija. Adare, A rIti sAdhisiradantaha sAkaShTu nAmapada mattu

guNapadagaLu haLegannaDadallive. hAgAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli dhAtu padavannu

nAmadhAtu, kriyAdhAtu, mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru sandarbhagaLalli baLasuva

avaSyakateyide. samskxtada hAge, kriyAdhAtu emba ondE arthadalli A padavannu baLasalu sAdhyavilla 2

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada pon‌, kUsu, uppu, tale, pal‌, pul‌, pAl‌, modalAda halavAru nAmapadagaLa mUladalli ““nAmadhAtu’gaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade, mattu posa, paTa, kem‌, mel‌, eLa modalAda halavAru guNapadagaLa mUladalli guNadhAtugaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade. I eraDu rItiya padagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

(೨) samskxtadalli ellA nAmapadagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLinda racisalAgideyAda kAraNa, adaralli pratyayagaLa baLakeyinda tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige ondu pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida “kxdanta’gaLendu, mattu antaha kxdantagaLige ondu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida “tadditAnta’gaLendu vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kriyApadagaLa kxdanta mattu tadditAnta rUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

dhAtu kxdanta taddhi tAnta kx karta kataNxtva man‌ mati matimat‌ ji jaya jayya Suc‌ Suci Savca pxth‌ pxthu pArthiva div‌ dEva dayva budh‌ buddhi buddhi mat‌ jYA jYAna jYAnin‌ vac‌ vAc‌ vAgmin‌

Adare, haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu kriyAdhAtugaLinda (mADu-mAlmakke, ol‌-olavu, ADu-ATa) mAtravallade, nAmadhAtugaLinda (mAtu-mAtALi, paDe- paDevaLa, kUsu-kUsutana), mattu guNadhAtugaLindalU (nal‌-nalme, biLi-biLika, taN‌-taNNu) tayArisiralu sAdhyavide.

idallade, Antarika racaneyiruva haLegannaDada padagaLalli ondakkinta heccu pratyayagaLu bandiruvudu bahaLa aparUpa. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada padaracaneyannu varNisuvalli samskxtada kxdanta-tadditAnta vibhajane anukUlavalla (೬.೧.೨ nODi).

(೩) samskxtadalli padagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLannu padagaLa modalU sErisabahudu (a-nyAya, nir‌-daye, vi-jYAna), anantaravU

sErisabahudu (kAv‌-ya, cOr‌-a, bAla-ki); Adare, haLegannaDadalli intaha pratyayagaLannu padagaLa anantara mAtra sErisalu sAdhya.

೫.೨.೧ padagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu

mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli pratyayagaLa mUlaka racitavAgiruva nAmapadagaLannu kxdanta mattu taddi tAntagaLemba eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisalAgide. kriyAdhAtugaLige ondu pratyayavannu sErisi racisida padagaLu kxdantagaLu, mattu ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida padagaLu taddhitAntagaLu embudE I vibhajaneya hinde aDagiruvamUla tatva. (pUrvapratyayagaLa baLakeyannu I vibhajaneyalli kaDegaNisalAgide).

haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada I vibhajaneyannu haLegannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddAre; Adare, haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLalli ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLiruvudu aparUpavAda kAraNa, I vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE baLasuvudu asAdhya.

kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNadalli kriyApadagaLige da mattu pa (va) pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida nalida, koTTa, bEDuva, mAlba modalAda padagaLannu kxt‌(linga)gaLendu (sU. ೮೩), mattu ge, ke, me, pi modalAduvannu sErisi racisida uDuge, teraLke, olme, nOmpi, unnatike modalAda padagaLannu taddhi ta(linga)gaLendu (sU. ೨೨೨) varNisalAgide.

idallade, ika, ica, ka, ga, iti modalAda bEre halavu pratyayagaLannu nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadagaLige sErisi racisida tOnTiga, alarica, oNaka, kannaDigiti, maave, pogaTakke modalAda padagaLannU taddhi ta(linga)gaLemba I eraDaneya vargadalli (sU. ೨೦೮-೨೬) sErisi hELalAgide.

illi ondu viShayavannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. haLegannaDada ellA kriyApadagaLindalU mADida, mADuva (mAbalpa) mattu mADada embantaha rUpagaLannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavide, mattu I rIti sAdhisida kriyArUpagaLa arthavannU nEravAgi A kriyApadagaLa arthadindalEnE paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, ivu kriyApadagaLa “padarUpa’gaLallade avakkinta bhinnavAda “pada’gaLalla.

ke, pi, me modalAda taddhita pratyayagaLannu kriyApadagaLige sErisi teraLLe, nOmpi modalAdavugaLa hAgiruva kelavE kelavu nAmapadagaLannu mAtra sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. ivu bhASheyalli rUDhige bandiruva padagaLu. bEre kriyApadagaLige I pra tyayagaLannu sErisi hosa padagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, avu bhASheyalli rUDhige banda mElEnE A bhASheya padagaLAgaballuvu. mADida, mADuva, koTTa modalAdavugaLa hAgiruva padarUpagaLannu sAdhisuvalli kANisuva svAtrantrya teraLLe, nOmpi modalAdavugaLa hAgiruva padagaLannu sAdhisuvalli kANisuvudilla.

idallade, ke, pi, me modalAda taddita pratyayagaLinda siddavAda padagaLa

arthadallU sAkaShTu vayvidhyaviddu, adannu nEravAgi mUla padada arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, aNu, ir‌, kAN‌, pUN‌, bEy‌ modalAda kriyApadagaLige ke pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida ajuke “prasiddi’, irke “mane’, kANke “uDugare’, pUNye “vAgdAna’ benke “benki’ modalAda padagaLalli A kriyApadagaLiginta bEre bEre rItiyalli bhinnavAgiruva arthagaLu vyakta vAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.

I kAraNakkAgi, intaha padagaLannu mattu avugaLa arthavannu arthakOSagaLalli sUcisuva avaSyakateyide; Adare, mADida, mADuva modalAda padarUpagaLannAgali, illavE avugaLa arthavannAgali arthakOSagaLalli sUcisuva avaSyakateyilla ta

mEle sUcisida hAge, kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa bahaLa maTTige illavAgide. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli kxta, stuta, yAta, tudamAna modalAdavugaLigU kxtya, karaNa, kxti, karman‌, kAraka modalAda bEre halavAru rItiya padagaLigU naDuve haLegannaDadalli kANisuvantaha vyatyAsavilla. I eraDu rItiyavannU ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLindalU racisalu sAdhyavide.

kESirAjanu mADiruva kxlli ೦ga-taddi talinga vibhajanege haLegannaDadallidda padarUpa mattu padagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa mUlavAgiralu sAdhyavide. teraLke, nOpi modalAda bhAvanAmagaLannu Atanu taddi ta prakaraNadalli sErisi hELalu avu padarUpagaLalladiruvudE kAraNavirabahudu. avana kAladalli haLegannaDa illavE adannE bahaLa maTTige hOluva kannaDada prabhEdavondu mAtina baLakeyalliddirabahudAgiddu, adaralli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa spaShTavAgiyE uLididdu, adu Atanannu I rIti vibhajisalu prErEpisirabahudu.

Adare, anantarada vayyAkaraNigaLu idannu gamanisida hAgilla. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa kaypiDiyalli (೧೯೭೧:೧೬-೧೯) kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida olavu, kANke, uDuge, negaLle modalAduvannu (mattu nuDida, nuDiva modalAdavugaLannu) kxdantagaLendu, mattu nAmapadagaLige (mattu guNapadagaLige) pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida pUvaDiga, biLika, mAtuga, paDevaLa, maDivaLa modalAdavugaLannu taddi tAntagaLendu parigaNisalAgide.

kESirAjanu uDukam, maDike, ATam, olme modalAda bhAvanAmagaLannu taddi ta prakaraNadalli prastApisuva badalu AkhyAta prakaraNadalli prastApisiddare heccu txptikaravenisutti dditu embudAgi venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu hELiruvudu (೧೯೯೪:೧೦೩) bahuSaH kxdanta padakke koTTidda I eraDaneya arthada prabhAvadindirabahudu.

samskxtadalli heccu kaDime ellA nAmapadagaLigU mUladalli kriyApadavondideyAda kAraNa, ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida taddi ta padagaLannella nAmapadakke pratyaya sErisi tayArisidavugaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, mEle vivarisida kannaDa kaypiDiya vibhajane samskxta vyAkaraNavannu sariyAgi anusarisideyendu hELabahudu.

Adare, haLegannaDakke avaSyavAgiruva pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu I vibhajane kaDegaNisuttade. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada maTTige idu txptikaravAda vibhajaneyalla.

೫.೨.೨ padavargagaLalli vayvidhya

pratyayagaLannu baLasi racisida samskxtada nAmapadagaLalli heccu kaDime ellavannU kriyAdhAtugaLindalEnE sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, mEle sUcisidantaha kxdanta- taddi tAnta vibhajane samskxta bhAShege ucitavAgide. kriyAdhAtuvige ondu pratyayavannu sErisi racisida padagaLellavU nAmapadagaLu (kxdantagaLu), mattu ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi racisida padagaLellavU antaha nAmapadagaLinda racitavAdavugaLu (taddi tAntagaLu) embudAgi adara padagaLannu vibhajisalu sAdhyavide.

Adare, haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLannu I rIti kriyAdhAtugaLinda mAtravallade, nAmadhAtu mattu guNadhAtugaLindalU sAdhisalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, avugaLa oLaracaneyannu varNisuvalli mElina kxdanta-taddi tAnta vibhajane prayOjanakke baruvudilla. adakkintalU I padagaLalli baLakeyAgiruva dhAtugaLa (illavE padagaLa) vargavannu AdhAravAgirisikonDalli haLegannaDakkondu uttamavAda padagaLa vibhajane siddavAguttade.

(೧) kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu: haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu sidda paDisalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, aTakke, uNe, pogaTakke pOlke modalAda nAmapadagaLannu aT‌ “aLu’, uN‌, pogaL‌, pOl‌ modalAda kriyApadagaLige ke pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide, mattu kUrpu, kApu, mEpu, paDepu modalAda nAmapadagaLannu kUr‌, kA (kAy‌), mE (mEy‌), paDe modalAda kriyApadagaLige pu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide.

idallade, Odu, taDe, sorku modalAda bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAva pratyayavannU sErisade hAgeyE haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAgaballuvu.

(೨) nAmapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu: nAmapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU avakkinta bhinnavAda halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu siddha paDisalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, tOnTiga, okkaliga, cippiga, gANiga modalAda nAmapadagaLannu tOnTa, okkal‌, cippi, gANa modalAda nAmapadagaLige iga pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide, mattu intaha sAdhita nAmapadagaLigEnE iti pratyayavannu sErisi tOnTigiti, okkaligiti, cippigiti, gANigiti modalAda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgide.

(೩) guNapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu: guNapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU haLegannaDadalli halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu sidda paDisalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, impu, karpu, kempu, teLbu modalAda nAmapadagaLannu in‌, kar‌,

kem, teL‌ guNapadagaLige pu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide, mattu nalme, polla me balme modalAda nAmapadagaLannu nal‌, polla , bal‌ guNapadagaLige me pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide.

೫.೨.೩ nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmarUpagaLu

I rIti nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi avakkinta tIra bhinnavAda (nAma)padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkU, nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadagaLannu bEre bEre sannivESagaLalli baLasuvudakkAgi pratyayagaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu tayArisuvudakkU naDuve vyatyAsavide.

udAharaNegAgi, nal‌, asi, ini, piri modalAda guNapadagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide mattu ivannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide.

piriyan‌ piriyar‌ piriyaL‌ piridu piriyavu

idE rItiyalli, kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLigU linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi, avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide.

kanDan‌ kanDar‌ kanDaL‌ kanDudu kanDuvu

ivU kUDa kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLallade, avugaLinda tayArAgiruva nAmapadagaLalla. yAkendare, ellA rItiya sambandhisuva rUpagaLigU I rIti linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavide, mattu avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi I racaneya adhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavide.

nAmapadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLigU idE rItiyalli linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli (endare vibhaktipratyayagaLondige) baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧ka) Itam birdinan‌ (೪.೪೪) “ivanu atithi (Atithyadavanu)’

(೧kha) mijuguva cembonna rathadan‌ aSvatthAmam (೧೦.೫೭) “hoLeyuva cinnada rathadavanu aSvatthA ma’

padagaLa oLaracane ge

(೧ka)dalli birdu “atithi’ nAmapadada birdina emba sambandhisuva rUpakke an‌ pratyayavannu sErisi birdinan‌ nAmarUpavannu tayArisalAgide, mattu (೧kha)dalli rathada emba innondu nAmapadada sambandhisuva rUpakke an‌ pratyayavannu sErisi rathadan‌ nAmarUpavannu tayArisalAgide.

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu intaha padarUpagaLannu mUla padagaLondige sambandhisuvalli bhASheya vaySiShTyavannu gamanisalu SaktarAgilla. udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjanu karidu, biLidu, paTadu, bisidu modalAdavugaLannu guNavacanagaLendu karediddAne (sU. ೮೭), mattu ivugaLa koneya duvige pullingadalli akAravU (sU. ೧೬೩), stra “lingadalli aL‌ embudU (sU. ೧೬೪) AdESavAgi baruvudendu hELiddA ne.

Adare nijakkU illi kari, biLi, paTa, bisi modalAdavu guNavacanagaLu (guNapadagaLu), mattu karidu, kariyan‌, kariyaL‌ modalAdavu kari padakke linga- vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nAmarUpagaLu. ivu kari padada padarUpagaLallade adakkinta bhinnavAda bEre padagaLalla.

avaru I rIti karidu, biLidu modalAduvannu guNavacanagaLendu parigaNisalu samskxta vyAkaraNadalli hAge mADiruvudE kAraNa. Adare, samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu (guNavacanagaLu) haLegannaDada hAge nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla (೪.೨ nODi). hecci. na guNapadagaLU mUru lingagaLalli baraballuvu embudondE ivugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva vaySiShTya. Adare, guNavacanagaLallada halavu nAmapadagaLU I rIti mUru lingagaLalli baraballuvAda kAraNa, I viShayavannAdharisi samskxtada guNavacanagaLannu bEreyE ondu padavargadalli irisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla (೭.೨.೩ nODi).

೫.೩ samAsagaLu

eraDu (athavA heccu) padagaLannu oTTu sErisi hosa padavondannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva vidhAnagaLannu samAsagaLendu kareyalAguttade. idallade, intaha vidhAnagaLannu baLasi tayArisida padagaLannU samAsagaLendE kareyalAguttade.

I rIti samAsa embudannu eraDu arthagaLalli baLasuvudarinda svalpa maTTige gondalavunTAgalu sAdhyavide. adannu nivArisuvudakkAgi, illi baLakeyAguva vidhAnagaLannu mAtra “samAsa’vemba hesarininda karedu, avugaLa mUlaka sAdhitavAguva padagaLannu “samastapada’ illavE “jODupada’ emba bEreyE hesarininda kareyuvudu oLLeyadu.

samastapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnagaLu samskxtadalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgive. hAgAgi, samskxtada samastapadagaLannu vibhajisuvudakkAgi adara vayyAkaraNigaLu baLasiruvantaha mUlatatvavannu hAgeyE haLegannaDada samastapadagaLannu vibhajisuvudakkAgi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೫.೩.೧ samskxtada samAsagaLu

samskxtada samastapadagaLannu avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLalli yAvudu “pradhAnavAdudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle vibhajisalAguttade. eraDu angagaLiruva samastapadagaLalli (೧) eraDaneyadu pradhAnavAdare tatpuruSha, (೨) modalaneyadu pradhAnavAdare avyayIbhAva, (೩) eraDU pradhAnavAdare dvandva mattu (೪) eraDU pradhAnavAgillade, horagina padavondu pradhAnavAdare bahuvrIhi embudAgi samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I samastapadagaLannu nAlku mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisiddA re.

(೧) tatpuruSha: rAjapuruSha emba padadalli rAja mattu puruSha emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTu sErive. ivugaLalli puruSha embudE pradhAnavAdudu. yAkendare, I pada ondu rItiya puruShanannu (rAjanige sambandhisidavanannu) sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, rAjapuruSha embudu tatpuruSha samAsakke udAharaNeyAguttade.

tatpuruSha samAsadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu ondE vibhakti pratkayada mUlaka sambandhisikonDiveyAdare, adannu “karmadhAraya’vemba bEre ondu hesarininda kareyalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, nIlOtsala embudaralli nIla mattu utpala “kamala’ emba eraDu padagaLU prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhitavAgiveyAda kAraNa, adu karmadhArayakke udAharaNe. (rAjapuruSha embudaralli rAja pada ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlaka puruSha padadondige sambandhitavAgide.)

idallade, tatpuruShada angagaLalli modalaneyadu eNikeya padavAdare adakke “dvigu’ emba hesaride. tribhuvana embudu idakke udAharaNe. idaralli tri “mUru’ embudu eNikeya pada.

(೨) avyayIbhAva: yathASakti embudaralli yathA mattu Sakti emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sErive. idakke Saktim anatikramya “Saktiyannu atikramisade’ emba vigrahavAkyavannu koDalAguttade. I samasta padadalli pradhAna padavAda yathA embudu modalu bandide. idallade, I samAsadinda siddha vAguva pada ondu avyayavAgide. I kAraNagaLigAgi illi baLakeyAgiruva samAsavannu avyayIbhAva endu kareyalAguttade.

(೩) dvandva: sukhaduHkha embudaralli sukha mattu duHkha emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTu sErive. ivugaLalli eraDU pradhAnavE Agiruva kAraNa, illi baLakeyAgiruva samAsavannu dvandva endu kareyalAguttade.

(೪) bahuvrIhi: pItAmbara embudaralli pIta “haLadi’ mattu ambara “baTTe’ emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sErive. Adare, I pada ondu rItiya (haLadi) baNNavannAgali illavE ondu rItiya baTTeyannAgali sUcisuva badalu, antaha baTTeyannuTTiruva obba vyaktiyannu sUcisutta de; endare, idaralli bandiruva padagaLalli eraDU pradhAnavalla; avakkinta bhinnavAgiruva (endare A samastapadada horagiruva)

“vyakti’ emba arthavannu sUcisuva pada pradhAnavAdudu. hAgAgi, illi baLakeyAgiruva samAsavannu bahuvrIhi embudAgi kareyalAguttade.

೫.೩.೨ haLegannaDada samAsagaLu

haLegannaDada samastapadagaLannu vibhajisalu samskxtadalli baLasidudakkinta tIra bhinnavAda mUlatatvavannu anusarisabEkAguttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, haLegannaDadalli samskxtada hAge ondE ondu padavargakke sErida padagaLannu mAtra (endare nAmapadagaLannu mAtra) intaha samastapadagaLa racaneyalli baLasuva badalu, mUru padavargagaLige sErida padagaLannu baLasalAguttade.

I samastapadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi ondu nAmapada barabahudu, guNapada barabahudu illavE kriyApada barabahudu; Adare, eraDaneya angavAgi ondu nAmapada mAtra baraballudu. I viShayada AdhArada mEle haLegannaDada samastapadagaLannu “nAmasamAsa’, “guNasamAsa’ mattu “kriyAsamAsa’ embudAgi mUru mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, kaNNIr‌ embudaralli kaN‌ mattu nIr‌ emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu oTTu sErive. I pada kaNNininda hora sUsuva ondu viSiShTavAda dravavannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, adu hesarallade varNaneyalla. hAgAgi, idannu samastapadavendu parigaNisabahudu. idE rItiyalli keydiDi “kannaDi’, kATkarcu, nANNuDi, bisilludure modalAda samastapadagaLannU eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisi tayArisalAgide.

beLLuLLi embudaralli beL‌ guNapadadondige uLLi nAmapada sEri ondu viSiShTavAda gaDDeyannu sUcisuva samastapada siddha vAgide. idE rItiyalli, karbon‌ “kabbiNa’, eLanIr‌, kirukuNike “kiruberaLu’ modalAda samastapadagaLU guNapadakke nAmapadavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgive.

suDugADu embudaralli suDu kriyApadadondige kADu nAmapada sEri heNagaLannu suDuva ondu viSiShTavAda jAgavannu hesarisuva nAmapada siddha vAgide. idE rItiyalli, biDuveN‌, aDugabbu “kaTTige’, iDuvale modalAda samastapadagaLU kriyApadagaLige nAmapadagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgive.

೫.೩.೩ samastapadagaLu mattu padakantegaLu

haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva samAsagaLu samskxtada samAsagaLinda bEreyU kelavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive. samskxtada ondu vaySiShTa $vEnendare, adaralli pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa bahaLa maTTige naShTavAgiddu, samAsa embudakke eraDu (athavA heccu) padagaLu aDakavAgi sErikonDiruvudu endiShTE arthaviruva

hAge kANisuttade. eraDu padagaLu sEri hosadondu padavAgiruvudu emba arthadalli adara baLakeyiruva hAge kANisuvudilla.

hIgAgiruvudakke samskxta bhAShege mAtina baLake tappi hOgiruvudE kAraNavendu hELabahudu. sAmAnyavAgi mAtina baLakeyalliruva bhASheyalli eraDu padagaLannu sErisi hosa padavondannu racisidoDaneyE adu A bhASheya padavenisuvudilla. ondu viSiShTavAda arthadalli rUDhige banda nantaravaShTE adu A bhASheya padavenisaballudu.

Adare, samskxtadalli paraspara hondikoLLuva arthaviruva yAva eraDu padagaLannu bEkiddarU samAsavemba vidhAnada mUlaka sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. samskxtada kavigaLu mattu vidvAmsaru I svAtantryavannu elleDegaLalliyU baLasikonDiruvarAda kAraNa, A bhASheyalli pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa aLiduhOgide.

pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina I vyatyAsa entahadu embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli, modalige I vyatyAsa bhAShegaLige yAke bEku embudannu pariSIlisabEkAguttade.

ondu ghaTane illavE sangatiyannu tiLisabEkidda lli, modalige A ghaTane illavE sangatiyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi, bidda illavE bittu endiShTE hELidare, sAmAnyavAgi nAvu tiLisabEkendiruva viShaya spaShTavAguvudilla, biddavaru yAru (rAju bidda) illavE biddudu Enu (haNNu bittu) embudannU tiLisabEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi bidda vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisabEkAguttade.

I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi heccina bhAShegaLallU eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyalliruttave. A vyakti illavE vastugaLigiruva hesarannu baLasi gurutisuvudu (hesarisuvudu) ondu vidhAna, mattu avugaLa varNaneyondannu koDuvudu (varNisuvudu) innondu vidhAna. udAharaNegAgi, rAju embudu obba vyaktiyannu hesarisi gurutisuttade, mattu cikka huDuga embudu obba vyaktiyannu varNisi gurutisuttade.

hesarisuvudarallU eraDu vidhAnagaLive: obba vyaktiyannu AtanadE Ada hesarininda (ankitanAmadinda) gurutisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu antaha halavu vyaktigaLige samAnavAgiruva hesarininda (rUDhanAmadinda) gurutisuvudu innondu vidhAna. udAharaNegAgi, rAju emba padavannu baLasuvalli modalaneya vidhAna baLakeyAguttade, mattu haNNu emba padavannu baLasuvalli eraDaneya vidhAna baLakeyAguttade (heccina vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨:೮೦ nODi).

mAtina mUlaka gurutisabEkAgi baruva vyakti illavE vastugaLa sankhye anantavAgiddu, avugaLalli kelavE kelavannu mAtra nAvu hesarugaLa mUlaka gurutisaballevu. udAharaNegAgi, namma suttamutta miliyagaTTale krimikITagaLiddu avugaLalli kelavakke mAtra namma bhASheyalli hesaru (rUDhanAma)gaLive. hesarillada

krimiyondannu gurutisabEkAdAga, adakkondu hesarannu koDuvudu ondu dAri, mattu adannu varNisi hELuvudu innondu dAri.

sAmAnyavAgi, ondu vastu illavE prANiyannu AgAgagurutisabEkAguvudiddalli, adakkondu hesaru koDuttEve; idakke badalu, avannu kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli mAtra gurutisabEkAguvudAdalli, adakkAgi hesarondannu sxShTisuva tondarege hOguva badalu, varNisi gurutisuttEve. intaha varNaneyE kAlakramENa A vastu illavE prANiya hesarAgalU sAdhyavide. Adare, iveraDara naDuve vyatyAsavide.

udAharaNegAgi, karihalage embudannu modalige ondu varNaneyAgi baLasiralu sAdhyavide. Adare, sadyakke adu ondu hesaru(rUDhanAma)vAgiyE baLakeyallide. I vyatyAsakke AdhAravEnendare, adu ondu varNaneyAgiddalli, kappu baNNada ellA halagegaLannU gurutisabEku, mattu bEre baNNada halagegaLannAgali, illavE halageyalla davugaLannAgali gurutisadirabEku.

Adare, hosagannaDadalli karihalage emba pada gurutisuvantahadu kappAgiyU irabEkAgilla (adu nIli illavE hasiru baNNaddirabahudu), mattu halageyAgiyU irabEkAgilla (gODeya ondu bhAgavAgirabahudu). idallade, ellA rItiya kappu baNNada halagegaLannU karihalageyendu kareyalu sAdhyavAgadu. ondu viSiShTavAda kelasadalli baLakeyAguva vastuvannu mAtra A hesarininda gurutisalu sAdhya. hAgAgi, adu hosagannaDadalli hesarallade varNaneyalla.

mEle vivarisida hAge, vyakti illavE vastugaLige hesarannu koDuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyallive. nAmapada, guNapada, illa vEkriyApadakke (೧) ondu pratyayavannu sErisi hosa padavannu sxShTisuvudu (೫.೨.೧ nODi), mattu (೨) bErondu nAmapadavannu sErisi hosa padavannu sxShTisuvudu (karihalage). I eraDaneya vidhAnakke samAsavendu hesaru.

samastapada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa I vivaraNeyinda spaShTavAgirabahudu. eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu hesarannu teyArisalAgideyAdare adu samastapada, mattu ondu varNaneyannu tayArisalAgideyAdare adu padakante. samastapadada tayArikeyalli samAsavemba vidhAnada baLakeyAgide, mattu padakanteya tayArikeyalli adakkinta bhinnavAda bEreyE ondu vidhAnada baLakeyAgide. samastapadagaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguva samAsa embudu padaracaneya vidhAna, mattu padakanteya tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguvudu vAkyaracaneya vidhAna.

udAharaNegAgi, beLLingaL‌ embudu candrana beLakannu hesarisuva padavAda kAraNa, haLegannaDadalli samAsakke udAharaNeyAgaballudu. Adare, beLmugil‌ embudu mugilu entahadu (adu biLi baNNaddu) embudAgi varNaneyondannu koDuttideyAda kAraNa, padakantege udAharaNeyAgaballudallade samAsakke udAharaNeyAgalAradu.

hesaru mattu varNanegaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsa mAtina baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLallella spaShTavAgi mUDiruttade. Adare, mAtina baLake tappihOgiruva bhAShegaLu kelavE kelavu panDitara mattu kavigaLa hiDitadalli uLiyuvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLalli I vyatyAsa bahaLa bEga aLiduhOguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli nIlOtsala emba padakke ondu jAtiya kamalavannu sUcisuva arthavide. hAgAgi, adannondu hesarendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. Adare, samskxtada kavigaLu I padavannu A jAtige sEradiruvantaha kamalagaLannu (avakke nIli baNNaviddalli) gurutisuvudakkAgiyU baLasaballaru. intaha baLakegaLannu virOdhisuva mattu niyantrisuva samAjada kaTTu samskxtakkiralillavAda kAraNa, intaha baLakegaLu jAstiyAguttA hOgi, kAvyagaLa kAladalli samAsavembudu adara mUlArthavannu kaLedukonDide.

vEdakAlada samskxtakke mAtina baLake AdhAravAgittu. hAgAgi, adaralli hesaru mattu varNanegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa uLidukonDittu. idallade, adaralli baLakeyAguttidda samastapadagaLalli eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLu angagaLAgiruvudu bahaLa aparUpa. Adare kAvyagaLa kAlada samskxtadalli udduddavAda samastapadagaLa baLakeyannu kANabahudu. mAtina baLake tappidudarindAgi pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsa aLiduhOgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

೫.೪ haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli samAsa

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli siddha vAgiruva samastapadagaLa vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddA re; hIge mADidudarindAgi, avarige I padagaLa racaneyalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve iruva halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisalu sAdhyavAgalilla

udAharaNegAgi, samAsa mattu padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu ivaru parigaNisalilla. Adare, idu haLegannaDakke avaSya endu nanna bhAvane. nAmapadagaLondige guNapadagaLannu baLasi tayArisida racanegaLalli I vyatyAsa bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANisuttade.

samskxtadavE Ada samAsada niyamagaLannu baLasidarU (endare samastapada- padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisidarU) haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu varNisuva samAsagaLu nijakkU A bhASheyalli samAsagaLalla embudu keLagina pariSIlaneyinda

೫.೪.೧ guNapadagaLa baLake

haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLinda bhinnavAgiddu, avannu nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisabEkAguvudilla. Adare, samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLE Agiddu, avannu bEre nAmapadagaLondige

les‌ ೨೧೦ bAvi ile i nagale vEgi hA i baLasabEkiddalli avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.

idu haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva ondu mukhya vyatyAsa. samskxtadalli guNapadagaLannu vibhakti pratyaya sErisade nEravAgi nAmapadadondige baLasidalli adu samastapadavAgi biDuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva eraDu

vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೨ka) kxShNam sarpam apaSyat‌ “kappu hAvannu nODida’

(೨kha) kxShNa sarpam apaSyat‌ “kappuhAvannu nODida’

(೨ka)dalli kxShNa mattu sarpa emba eraDu padagaLU dvitIyA-Ekavacanadalli bandive; Adare, (೨kha)dalli sarpa embudu mAtra dvitIyA-Ekavacanadalli bandiddu, kxShNa embudu yAva vibhakti pratyayavU illade bandide. I vyatyAsavannu vivarisuvudakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli (೨kha) vAkyadalli kANisuva kxShNasarpa embudarantaha baLakegaLalli karmadhArayavemba samAsavAgideyendu hELalAguttade.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu sahajavAgiyE, yAva vibhakti pratyayada sahAyavU illade, nAmapadagaLondige baruttave. avannu samskxtada hAge, vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, avugaLa sahaja baLakegaLAgiruva eLagombu, pErAne, perdere, niDugaN‌, paTanavir‌, posanettar‌ modalAdavugaLalli karmadhAraya samAsavAgideyendu hELuvudakke haLegannaDadalli yAva AdhAravU illa.

pampabhAratadalli intaha padagaLa baLake hEgideyembudannu pariSIlisidalli I viShaya spaShTavAguttade. posa-posatu, kiLu-kiaುdu (kiluyar‌), cenna-cennar‌, teL‌-teLLiduvu modalAda padayugmagaLalli modalaneyadu nAmapadagaLondige baruttade, mattu eraDaneyadu nAmapadada jAgadalli baruttade:

(೧) nAmapadagaLondige baLake: (೩ka) pUvina posa goncalim maranidEnesedirduvo (೧.೧೧೬) “hUvina hosa goncalininda maragaLu eShTu sogasAgive! (೩kha) kiunage nakku (೯.೨೮va) “husinage nakku’ (೩ga) cenna pUgaLan‌ oyyane Osarisutum (೨.೧೭) “sogasAda hUvugaLannu nidhAnavAgi pakkakke sarisutta

(೨) nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLake: (೪ka) posatam paladumanaludu (೫.೪೬va) “hosatannU haLeyadannU tiLidu’

(೪kha) Atanim kiuyaram pannorvaram kondu (೧೧.೫೯) “Ataninda kiriyarAda hannondu janarannU kondu’ (೪ga) cennaran‌ aDigotti(೨.೭೭) “parAkramigaLannu kAlina keLakke adumi’

posa, kiA, cenna modalAda guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi baLasabEkendiddalli avakke yAva pratyayavannU sErisuva avaSyakateyilla . Adare, avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli, endare vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisi baLasabEkendidda lli, avakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide emba vAkyaracaneya niyama haLegannaDadallide.

hAgAgi, nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva posatu, kiaುyar‌, cennar‌ modalAdavugaLannu haLegannaDadalli posa, kiaು, cenna modalAda guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLendu kareyuva avaSyakateyide.

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva hAge, illi posatu, kiAdu modalAdavugaLu mUlarUpagaLalla; posa, kiju modalAdavugaLE mUlarUpagaLu. posatu, kiridu modalAdavugaLu bEre padavargakke sErida padagaLa jAgadalli (nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli) baLasuvudakkAgi avakke linga-vacana pratyayavannu sErisi racisida rUpagaLu.

೫.೪.೨ kxdantagaLa baLake

idE rItiyalli haLegannaDada kxdantagaLU samskxtada kxdantagaLinda bhinnavAgive. samskxtadalli avannu nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade; Adare, haLegannaDada kxdantagaLige I rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. nAmapadagaLondige avannu hAgeyE baLasabEkembudE haLegannaDada niyama.

(೫5) mxtam sarpam apaSyat‌ “satta hAvannu nODida’

(೫kha) banda baTTeyine bijayangeyyim “banda dAriyallE hOgi’

(೫ka) samskxta vAkyadalli mxta “satta’ kxdantavannu dvitIyA vibhakti pratyayadondige baLasalAgide, Adare (೫kha) haLegannaDa vAkyadalli banda kxdantavannu hAgeyE yAva pratyayavannU sErisade baLasalAgide. haLegannaDada I banda kxdantakke samskxtada hAge dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

haLegannaDadalli kxdantavondakke vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisabEkidda lli, adakke linga-vacana pratyayavannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare, hIge sErisida padarUpa

padagaLa oLaracane te

nAmapadada jAgadalli baraballudallade, bErondu nAmapadadondige adara viSEShaNavAgi baralAradu.

(೫ga) irdaram nel‌ye mOhisi “(sabheyalli) iddavarannu pUrNavAgi mUrchegoLisi’ (೫gha) uTududam mANisal‌ nAne sAlven‌ “uLidudannu nillisalu nAnu sAku’ (೫ga)dalli irda kxdantakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar‌ pratyayavannu sErisi, anantara am vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide. Adare, I padavannu illi svatantravAda nAmapadada jAgadalli baLasalAgideyallade, bErondu padada viSEShaNavAgi baLasilla. (೫gha)dallU hIgeyE. hAgAgi, banda baTTe, toLapa dADe, illada nalme embantaha baLakegaLalli kxdantagaLige sahajavAgiruvantaha baLakeyE kANisuttideyallade samAsavAgilla. idakke badalu, samskxtada mxtasarpa “satta hAvu’, hataSatru “konda Satru’ modalAdavugaLalli mxta, hata modalAda kxdantagaLige “asahaja’vAda baLakeyideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, samskxtada kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLAgiddu, bEre nAmapadagaLondige sahajarUpadalli baruvAgalella avu vibhakti pratyayadondige baruttave; mxtasarpa, hataSatru modalAda baLakegaLalli I vibhakti pratyaya bidduhOgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, illi samAsavAgideyendU hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare, haLegannaDada banda baTTe, toLapa dADe modalAdavugaLalli I rIti vibhakti pratyaya biddu hOgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa, ivugaLalli samAsavAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೫.೪.೩ bEre padagaLa baLake

samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige eNikeya padagaLannAgali, illa vE nirdESaka padagaLannAgali baLasuvudiddarU, A nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLannu

antaha eNikeya pada illa vE nirdESaka padagaLigU sErisabEkemba niyamavide.

(೬ka) aham Ekam ghaTam dxShTavAn‌

“nAnu ondu koDavannu nODide’ (೬kha) tEna sUtEna aSvAH yOjitAH

“A sUtanu kuduregaLannu rathakke kaTTida’

(೬ka)dalli Eka “ondu’ emba eNikeya pada dvitIyA vibhaktiyalli bandide, mattu (೬kha)dalli sa “A’ emba nirdESaka pada tEna emba txtIyArUpadalli bandide. avugaLondige bandiruva nAmapadagaLu ivE vibhaktigaLalli (ghaTa embudu dvitIyeyalli mattu sUta embudu txtIyeyalli) bandive embudannu gamanisabahudu.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli eNikeya padagaLannAgali, illavE nirdESaka padagaLannAgali nAmapadagaLondige baLasabEkiddalli, avakke I rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla, mattu hAge sErisalu sAdhyavU illa.

(೭ka) OraDiyanaNam naDeyalum Ade “ondu hejjeyannU iDalu sAdhyavAgade’ (೭kha) tEjOguNam A kcatriyaroL‌ nelasi nindudu “tEjOguNa A kcatriyaralli sthiravAgi ninditu’

(೭ka)dalli Or‌ eNikeya pada, mattu (೭kha)dalli A emba nirdESaka pada iveraDU vibhakti pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade nAmapadagaLondige bandive. haLegannaDadalli ivu

vibhakti pratyayagaLondige barabEkiddalli, viSEShaNagaLAgi baruva badalu, keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLalli kANisida hAge, nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli barabEku.

(೮ka) narEndram tanage ondam tandan‌ “rAjanu tanage ondannu tandanu’

(೮kha) tEjOguNam avaroL‌ nelasi nindudu “tEjOguNa avaralli sthiravAgi ninditu’

samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve intaha vyatyAsavideyAda kAraNa, samskxtada EkaghaTa mattu tatsUta embavugaLa hAge haLegannaDada OraDi mattu A kShatriya embavugaLannu samastapadagaLendu parigaNisalu AdhAravilla.

haLegannaDadalli kelavu eNikeya padagaLa mattu guNapadagaLa nAmarUpagaLu mAtra nAmapadagaLondigU (padakantegaLalli) baraballuvu. Adare I rUpagaLU vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(ka) narEndram tanage ondu mAriyam tandan‌ “rAjanu tanage ondu mAriyannu tandukonDanu’ (೯kha) Ananakke piridum dInatvamam mADidanAvan‌ “mukhakke viSEShavAda bADuvikeyannu unTu mADidavanu yAru’

(೯ka)dalli ondu embudu (eNikeya padada nAmarUpa) mAri emba nAmapadadondige bandide; Adare, adarondige am pratyaya bandilla. idE rItiyalli, (೯kha)dalli piridu embudu (guNapadada nAmarUpa) dInatva emba nAmapadadondige bandide; Adare, adarondige am vibhakti pratyaya bandilla.

mEle vivarisida hAge, samskxtada samastapadagaLa racaneyalli nAmapadagaLu mAtra baLakeyAguttave; avyayagaLa baLakeyU iruvudu nijavAdarU, samskxtada

vayyAkaraNigaLu avannu nAmapadagaLa vargadallE sErisiruvarAda kAraNa, samskxtada samastapadagaLannu varNisuvAga nAmapadagaLannu mAtra gaNanege tegedukonDare sAku.

haLegannaDada samasta padagaLannu varNisuvAgalU samskxtada I niyamavannE anusarisi, nAmapadagaLu oTTusEri samAsavAguvudendu prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiddA re. (kESirAja, sU. ೧೭೩ nODi). Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDa samastapadagaLalli eraDaneya pada mAtra nAmapadavAgiruva avaSyakateyide. modalaneyadu nAmapadavirabahudu, kriyApadavirabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu. adu ondu avyayavAgiralU sAdhyavide.

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva I mukhyavAda mattu vyAkaraNada mUlatatvadallEnE kANisuvantaha vyatyAsavannu haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu sariyAgi gamanisilla.

೫.೪.೪ haLegannaDada bahuvrIhi

eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi hosadondu padavannu racisidAga, A eraDu padagaLalli ondU adara pradhAna padavAgirade, horaginadondu pada pradhAna padavAgideyAdare, adakke bahuvrIhi endu hesaru (೫.೩.೧ nODi). bahuvrIhi emba hesarE samskxtadalli I samAsakke ondu udAharaNe:

bahu “heccu’ mattu vrIhi “batta’ emba eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi racisida I pada heccu battavannu sangrahisiTTiruva obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, illi I padada angagaLAgiruva bahu mattu vrIhi emba eraDu padagaLa badalu, “vyakti’ emba bEreyE ondu pada pradhAna padavAgide.

bahuvrIhi samAsakke haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva udAharaNegaLu karbuvillam, kaDucAgi, calavAdi, niDugaNNam modalAdavugaLu. nijakkU illi bahuvrIhi samAsavideyendu hELuvudu bahaLa kaShTa. udAharaNegAgi, karbuvillam embudu “kabbannu billAgi paDedavanu’ emba arthavannu koDuttiddu, adu obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade; hAgAgi karbu mattu billu emberaDu padagaLU illi pradhAna padagaLalla embudAgi vivaraNeyannEnO koDabahudu.

Adare, karbuvillam padadalli karbu mattu vil‌ emberaDu padagaLu mAtravallade, am emba pratyayavU bandide. samastapadada angavAgiruva I pratyayavE “vyakti’ emba arthavannu koDuvudAda kAraNa, illi pradhAna pada horaginadu endu vAdisuvudakke AdhAravilla.

intaha padagaLa racaneyalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavE I rIti haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva samastapadagaLannu bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLannAgi mADalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa. samskxtada pItAmbara, dIrphabAhu, prAptOdaka modalAda bahuvrIhi padagaLige vibhakti pratyayagaLinda

bhinnavAda linga-vacana pratyayagaLa sErikeyAguvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa angagaLAgi eraDu padagaLu mAtra baruttave.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli intaha padagaLa koneyalli linga-vacana pratyayagaLannU sErisabEkAgiddu, ivu vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgive. allade, I pratyayagaLannu padada ondu angavendE parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide; yAkendare, mElinavugaLa arthavannu intaha linga-vacana pratyayavannu paDeyadiruva karbuvil‌, kaDucAga, calavAda, niDugaN‌ modalAda padagaLu koDalAravu. hAgAgi, mEle koTTiruva haLegannaDa padagaLu bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLAgalAravu (೫.೪.೪ nODi).

venkaTAcala SAstrI (೧೯೯೪:೮೮) sUcisida hAge, karmadhArayadantaha samAsadinda siddha vAda padakke pratyayavondannu sErisi racisida padagaLannE heccAgi I vayyAkaraNigaLu bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTiddAre. ivugaLalli karmadhArayakkinta bhinnavAgiruva bErondu samAsa ide ennuvudakkintalU karmadhArayadinda siddha vAda nAmapadakke taddi ta pratyayavondu sEride (kaDuvil‌- kaDuvillam, alargaN‌-alargaNNa ch‌ alargaNNa r‌, niDumUgu-niDumUgi) endu hELuvudE uttama.

kallerde, kaDugallerde, dhayryAmburASi, kittaDi embantaha padagaLalli mAtra I rIti pratyaya sEradiddarU anyapadada artha pradhAnavAgideyAda kAraNa, antaha padagaLannu mAtra nyAyavAgi bahuvrIhige udAharaNegaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide (venkaTAcala SAstri € ೧೯೯೪:೮೮ nODi).

೫.೪.೫ avyayIbhAva

haLegannaDada kiLLoDe, kiTakkeAke, mungay, angay, bembisil‌, angAl‌ modalAduvannu avyayIbhAva samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide. ivu haLegannaDadalli “avyaya’gaLalla vAda kAraNa, avyayIbhAva emba hesaru ivakke takkudalla. idannu gamanisida bhaTTAkaLankanu I samAsakke “amSi’ emba bErondu hesarannu baLasiddAne (sU. ೩೦೬). ivugaLalli baLakeyAgiruva eraDu padagaLa naDuve amSAmSi sambandhavide; I padagaLalli modalaneyadu ondu amSavannU eraDaneyadu A amSavannu paDediruva ondu amSiyannU sUcisuttave embudE idakke AdhAra.

I samAsakke vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva udAharaNegaLalli ellavU I rIti amSAmSi sambandhavannu tOrisuva hAge kANisuvudilla, mattu ellavugaLallU pradhAnapada modalaneya angavAgiruva hAgeyU kANisuvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, kiToDe embudu hoTTeya keLabhAgavannu sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, adaralli bandiruva padagaLalli kiT‌ “keLage’ embudAgalI, illavE poDe “hoTTe’ embudAgalI adara pradhAna padavAgalAradu. idakke badalu, bhAga emba I samastapadada horagiruva padavE adara pradhAna padavendu hELabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, idu avyayIbhAvakkintalU bahuvrIhige uttama udAharaNeyAgaballudu.

angay, angAl‌, mungay modalAdavugaLU intahavE endu tOruttade. kibatyeAೆ embudakke kiTTel‌ Dikb‌nariyalli “keLagina kere’ emba artha koDalAgide. I arthadalli adu karmadhArayavAga balludallade avyayIbhAvavAgalAradu. “kereya keLabhAga’ emba arthavU idakkide; Adare I arthadalli adu bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgaballudallade avyayIbhAvakke udAharaNeyAgalAradu.

nAgavarmanu (sU. ೧೨೯)ralli I padavannu avyayIbhAvakke udAharaNeyAgi koTTiddA ne; Adare, yAva arthadalli idu avyayIbhAvavAgaballudu embudu

ida spaShTavAgilla.

೫.೪.೬ kriyAsamAsa

samastapadagaLalli modalaneya anga kriyApadavAgiddare (suDugADu, biDuveN‌, aDugabbu), adannu “kriyAsamAsa’vendu kareyalu sAdhya embudAgi mEle ೫.೩.೨ralli sUcisidde. Adare haLegannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli kriyAsamAsavemba padavannu bEreyE ondu arthadalli baLasalAgide.

modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiddu, eraDaneyadu kriyApadavAgiruva seaಾyirdam, guNangonDam, baLedoTTam, pAlkuDidem modalAdavugaLalli kriyAsamAsavideyendu I vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttAre. kESirAjana prakAra, idannu mattu gamaka samAsavannu (೫.೪.೬ nODi) kannaDada viSESha lakShaNagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide.

Adare, nijakkU I padagaLalli eraDu padagaLu sEri hosadondu pada sxShTiyAgilla. hAgAgi, ivannu samAsavemba “padaracane’ya vidhAnada mUlaka varNisuva badalu, adakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva “vAkyaracane’ya vidhAnada mUlaka varNisuvudE oLLeyadu.

I prayOgagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadada dvitIyA vibhakti lOpagonDiruvudannu (pAlam kuDidem>pAlkuDidem) kANuttEve. munde ೮.೨ralli sUcisiruva hAge, haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avaSyavilladalli baLasadiralU sAdhya emba niyamavE intaha prayOgagaLige AdhAra. hAgAgi, I prayOgagaLalli kANisuvudu vAkyaracaneya niyamavallade padaracaneya niyamavalla. intaha kelavu baLakegaLalli dvitIyA vibhakti sankShiptagonDu bindu rUpadalli uLiyuvudU ide (padangonDam, mogannODidam).

೫.೪.೭ gamaka samAsa

I samAsakke haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu koTTiruva udAharaNegaLannu pariSIlisidAga, ondu viShaya spaShTavAguttade: haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu avaru parigaNisadiruvudE ivannu gamaka samAsavemba ondu hosa rItiya samAsavembudAgi, mattu kannaDada viSESha

lakShaNagaLalli ondembudAgi, tiLiyalu kAraNa.

samska tadalli guNapada, nirdESaka pada, kxdanta modalAdavugaLu nAmapadagaLE. hAgAgi, avannu innondu nAmapadadondige (avugaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi mADi) baLasabEkiddalli, avugaLondige vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide (೫.೪.೧- ೩ nODi).

Adare, haLegannaDadalli ivu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva padavargagaLalli baruttiddu, avannu hAgeyE nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLannAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide. avakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkiddalli, modalige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi, avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEkAgutta de. idallade, sAmAnyavAgi intaha guNapada, nirdESaka pada, kxdanta modalAdavugaLa nAmarUpagaLu bErondu nAmapadada viSEShaNagaLAgi baralAravu.

samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLondige I padagaLannu vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisadeyU baLasalu sAdhyavide, mattu intaha sandarbhagaLalli avu nAmapadadondige sEri samastapadagaLAgiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavide (೫.೪.೧-೩ nODi). yAkendare, intaha prayOgagaLalli I padagaLa vibhakti pratyaya lOpagonDideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayavillade baruvudE ivugaLa sahaja prayOga. hAgAgi, ivugaLa baLakeyalli vibhakti pratyaya lOpagonDideyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, ivugaLa baLakeyalli samAsavemba prakriye naDedideyendu hELalU kUDa sAdhyavAgadu.

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuvantaha kriyAsamAsa mattu gamaka samAsagaLu nijakkU samAsagaLalla, vAkkAngagaLu mAtra endu vAdisuvudakke avugaLigU itara samAsagaLigU naDuviruva kelavu vyatyAsagaLannU AdhAravAgi koDabahudu (venkaTAcala SAstri € ೧೯೯೪:೮೨-೩ nODi):

(೧) samAsadalli eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAguttade emba niyamavide. I niyamakke gamaka samAsa apavAda. eraDu padagaLu illi biDi biDiyAgi baruttave (biLiya koDe, ADuva polam).

(೨) gamaka samAsada eraDu padagaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu irisidarU A “samastapada’da arthadalli vyatyAsavAguvudilla.

(೩) karmadhArayavE modalAda samastapadagaLige gamaka samAsadalliruva samastapadavondannu “vigrahavAkya’vAgi koDalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, beLgoDe embudu karmadhAraya samAsadalliruva samastapada; idakke vigrahavAkyavAgi koDuva biLiya koDe embudu gamaka samAsadalliruva samastapada.

(೪) gamaka samAsadalli oTTige sErikoLLuva eraDu padagaLU tamma arthavannu badalAyisade hAgeyE uLisikoLLuttave. idu samAsada ondu mukhya guNadharmakke viruddha vAgide.

(೫) haLegannaDada samAsagaLallella eraDaneya pada nAmapada emba niyamakke (೫.೩.೨ nODi) gamaka samAsa mattu kriyAsamAsagaLu mAtra apavAdagaLAguttave.

(೬) haLegannaDa samastapadagaLalli kannaDa padagaLondige samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu sEruvudilla emba niyamakke gamaka mattu kriyAsamAsagaLu apavAdagaLAguttave (pUsida bhasmaparAgam, priyannuDidam).

(೭) kESirAjanu modalige (sU. ೧೭೨ralli) koTTiruva samAsada varNanege (nAmapadangaL‌ arthadoL‌ anugatangaLAge samAsam ghaTisugum embudakke) gamaka mattu kriyA samAsagaLu apavAdagaLAguttave. yAkendare, avugaLalli nAmapadavalladavU baruttave.

I vyatyAsagaLalli heccinavU pada mattu padakantegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLE embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

೫.೫ sArAmSa

padagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu halavu tappugaLannu mADiddA. re. ivugaLalli hecci navU samskxtada padaracaneya niyamagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi mUDibandive.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada samastapadagaLalli modalaneya pada yAva padavargakke sEruttade embudE Adara samAsagaLannu vibhajisalu uttama AdhAra. Adare, samskxtadalli pradhAna pada yAvudu emba viShayavannu intaha vibhajanege AdhAravAgi mADalAgide. haLegannaDada samastapadagaLige samskxtada I vibhajane yOgyavAdudalla.

I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLalle €nE kANisuvantaha vyatyAsagaLannu gamanadallirisikonDu, haLegannaDada padaracaneya niyamagaLannu kanDuhiDiyalu prayatnisidalli mAtra, avugaLa hindiruva niyamagaLu entahavemba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

adhyAya ೬ — nAmapadagaLa svarUpa

nAmapadagaLa svarUpa

೬.೧ nAmapadagaLa vibhajane

haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva nAmapadagaLa vibhajanege eraDu viShayagaLu AdhAravAgaballuvu: avugaLige entaha oLaracaneyide embudu ondu, mattu vAkyadalli baLakeyAguvAga avu entaha guNadharmagaLannella tOrisuttave embudu innondu. ivugaLalli modalaneya viShayavannAdharisi haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLannu hEge vingaDisabahudu embudannu I adhyAyadallU, eraDaneya viShayavannAdharisi hEge vingaDisabahudu embudannu mundina (ELanE) adhyAyadallU pariSIlisalAguvudu.

೬.೧.೧ “linga” padada avaSyakate

samskxtadalli vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu ondE pratyaya sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLannu mAtravallade Ekavacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU A bhASheyalli pratyayada baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, vibhakti-vacana pratyayavannu sErisade yAva nAmapadavannU samskxtada vAkyagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada kAntEna padadalliruva Ena emba txtIyA- Ekavacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva kAnt‌ (illavE kAnta) rUpakke vyAkaraNadalli mAtra sthA navideyallade nijakkU vAkyadalli sthAnavilla. adu vayyAkaraNigaLu kalpisikonDiruva padarUpa mAtra.

I kAraNakkAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli nAmapadadinda vibhakti-vacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva amSakke bEreyE ondu hesarannu koDuva avaSyakateyide. idannu kelavaru (pANiniyE modalAdavaru) “prAtipadika’ endu karediddAre, mattu bEre kelavaru (jayna vayyAkaraNigaLu) “linga’ endu karediddAre.

haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLalli vacanavannu sUcisuva pratyaya vibhakti yannu sUcisuva pratyayadinda bhinnavAgide; hAgAgi, bahuvacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtra haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLige, vacana pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade. nAmapadadondige yAva pratyayavannU baLasadiddAga adakke Ekavacanada artha baruttade.

kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli nAmapadada padarUpavondarinda vibhakti illavE

I vacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva amSa nAmapadavE Agiruttade. hAgAgi,

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli “nAmapada’ embudakkinta bhinnavAgiruva “prAtipadika’ illavE “”linga’ emba padavannu baLasuva avaSyakateyE illa.

udAharaNegAgi, oDalam embudarinda am vibhakti pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva oDal‌ embudu, illavE kanasugaL‌ embudarinda gaL‌ bahuvacana pratyayavannu tegedAga uLiyuva kanasu embudu, iveraDU vAkyagaLalli baraballa nAmapada rUpagaLallade kalpita rUpagaLalla.

hIgiddarU, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli “linga’ emba pAribhAShika padada baLakeyAgideyemba kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu adannu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLallU baLasiddAre.

೬.೧.೨ kxdanta mattu tadditAnta

samskxtadalli kxdanta, tadditAnta mattu samAsa embudAgi mUru vidhada prAtipadikagaLu (lingagaLu) mAtra ive endu hELalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva heccukaDime ellA nAmapadagaLigU mUladalli (kriyA)dhAtuvondannu kANalu sAdhyavide. intaha dhAtuvige ondu illavE heccu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, illavE eraDu athavA heccu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisuvudara mUlaka adara nAmapadagaLannu sAdhisalAguttade.

hAgAgi, samskxtada nAmapadagaLannu (೧) (kriyA)dhAtugaLige ondu pratyayavannu sErisiruva kxdanta, (೨) ondakkinta heccu pratyayagaLannu sErisiruva tadditAnta, mattu (೩) eraDu athavA heccu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisiruva samAsa embudAgi vibhajisalu sAdhyavAgutta je;

haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu idE vibhajaneyannu haLegannaDakkU aLavaDisalu prayatnisiddAre. Adare, haLegannaDa nAmapadagaLa oLaracane samskxtada nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneginta tIra bhinnavAgideyAda kAraNa, tondareyAgide.

(೧) haLegannaDadalli kriyAdhAtugaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadantaha nAmapadagaLu bEkAdaShTive. hAgAgi kxdanta, tadditAnta mattu samAsa emba mUru padavargagaLu mAtravallade, “nAma’ emba nAlkaneya padavargavannU nAmapadagaLa vibhajaneyalli baLasabEkAgide (kESirAjana sU. ೮೨ nODi).

(೨) haLegannaDadalli kriyApadagaLige ondakkinta heccu pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLu bahaLa kaDime. heccina nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyallU ondu padapratyaya mAtra kANisikoLLuttade. Adare, samskxtadalli eraDu athavA heccu padapratyayagaLannu baLasi racisiruva nAmapadagaLu bEkAdaShTive.

I kAraNakkAgi, kxdanta mattu tadditAnta emba samskxtada pAribhAShika padagaLannu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli baLasalAgideyAdarU, avakke bEreyE arthavannu koDabEkAgide. illi ondu mukhyavAda viShayavannu gamanisuvudu avaSya:

sAmAnyavAgi, bhAShegaLalli pada mattu padarUpa embavugaLoLage vyatyAsaviruttade. pratyayagaLa mUlaka ondu padavargakke sErida padagaLinda bErondu padavargakke sEraballa “pada’gaLannAgali, illavE bErondu padavargada kelasadalli baLakeyAguvudidda. rU adE pada vargadalli uLiyuva “padarUpa’gaLannAgali tayArisalu sAdhyavide (೫. ೨.೧ nODi).

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kelasavannu kriyApadagaLu mADuttave, mattu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu nAmapadagaLu mADuttave. kAntakam kArAgxhakke pOdam emba vAkyadalli ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kelasavannu pOgu kriyApada mADuttade, mattu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti mattu vastugaLannu gurutisuva kelasavannu kAntakam mattu kArAgxham nAmapadagaLu naDesuttave.

Adare, kelavu viSiShTavAda sandarbhagaLalli vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu kriyApadagaLa mUlakavU naDesalu sAdhyavide. haLegannaDadalli idakke eraDu vidhAnagaLu baLakeyAguttave: kriyApadagaLannu avugaLa “nAmarUpa’kke badalAyisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu avannE bErondu “nAmapada’vAgi badalAyisuvudu innondu vidhAna.

udAharaNegAgi, kUradan‌ idan‌ oDDidan‌ “prItisadavanu idannu oDDiddAne’ emba vAkyadalli kUr‌ kriyApadada kUradan‌ nAmarUpada mUlaka obba vyaktiyannu gurutisalAgide, mattu uDeyanuTTu bandam “baTTeyannu dharisi banda’ emba vAkyadalli uDu kriyApadadinda uDe nAmapadavannu tayArisi, adara mUlaka ondu vastu(baTTe)vannu gurutisalAgide.

samskxtada vyAkaraNagaLalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu sAmAnyavAgi kaDegaNisalAgide. hIge mADalu samskxtadalli I vyatyAsa heccina maTTige aLiduhOgiruvudE kAraNavirabEku (೫.೨.೧ nODi). vEdakAlada samskxtadalli I vyatyAsa spaShTavAgi kANisuttittu; Adare, kramENa kAvyagaLa kAlakke baruttiddante, adu aLidu hOguttA bandide.

samskxta bhAShe mAtina baLakeyinda bErpaTTu bariya barahada baLakeyalli mAtra uLidiruvudE intaha bhASheya sahajatege sambandhisida halavu sUkShma vyatyAsagaLu adarinda kANeyAgiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.

mEle sUcisida hAge, samskxtada vyAkaraNagaLalli kxdanta mattu taddhi tAntagaLembudAgi kriyAdhAtugaLinda sidda vAguva nAmapadagaLannu vibhajisiruvalli pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisalAgide. siddavAgiruva nAmapadagaLalli pratyayagaLeShTive emba ondu amSakke mAtravE prAdhAnyateyannu koDalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, kriyAdhAtuvige ondE pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisiruva halavu rItiya nAmapadagaLannu kxdanta emba hesarininda kareyalAgide.

bhU “Agu’ dhAtuvininda tayArAda bhavat‌, bhaviShyat‌, bhUta, bhavitavya, bhAva, bhAvin‌, bhavana modalAdavugaLu, bhI dhAtuvininda tayArAda bhaya, vad‌ dhAtuvininda banda vadana “mukha, viS‌ dhAtuvininda tayArAda vESman‌ “mane’, budh‌ dhAtuvininda tayArAda buddhi, grah‌ dhAtuvininda tayArAda grAhaka, intahavellavU samskxtadalli kxdantagaLendenisuttave.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli kxdanta mattu tadditAnta padagaLannu I arthadalli baLasuvudu aShTondu txptikaravAgalAradu. yAkendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli ondakkinta jAsti pra tyayagaLiruva sAdhita nAmapadagaLu bahaLa kaDime. bahuSaH I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannu (kUradan‌ embantahavannu) kxllingagaLendU, kriyApadagaLinda (illavE nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLinda) sidda vAda nAmapadagaLannu taddi ta lingagaLendU karedirabEku.

Adare, kannaDa kaypiDiyalli (pu. ೧೫) kriyAdhAtugaLige sEruva pratyayagaLannu kxt‌ pratyayagaLendU itara (nAma illavE guNa) dhAtugaLige illavE kxdantagaLige sEruva pratyayagaLannu taddhi ta pratyayagaLendU vibhajisalAgide. I vibhajaneyalli mEle sUcisida pada mattu padarUpagaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu kaDegaNisalAgide (೬.೧.೩ nODi).

೬.೧.೩ kxllingagaLu

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kriyApadagaLa bhUta mattu bhaviShyatkAlada nAmarUpagaLannu (nalidam, bEDuvam) mAtra kxlli ೦gagaLendu karediruva hAge kANisuttade (kESirAjana sU. ೮೩ nODi). (bhaTTAkaLankanu dapa pratyayadinda tayArAda rUpavannU ivakke sErisiddAne). mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli ivu spaShTavAgi nAmapadagaLa kelasadalli baLasuvudakkAgi tayArAda kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLallade avugaLinda siddhavAda nAmapadagaLalla. |

idakke badalu, naDuka (kESirAjana sU. ೨೨೪), kEDu (kiDu), IDu (iDu), ATa (ADu) (sU. ೨೨೪) modalAdavugaLalli kriyAdhAtugaLige ondE pratyaya sErideyAdarU, avannu taddhita lingagaLendu kareyalAgide. ivu kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLalla de, avugaLa padarUpagaLalla vembudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.

nAmapadagaLa vibhajanegAgi samskxta vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE aLavaDisuva prayatna naDesidudarindAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli innondu tappu sambhaviside: haLegannaDada mADida, pEldi, pOda modalAda kxdantagaLu samskxtada kxta, ukta, gata modalAda kxdantagaLinda eraDu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive.

modalaneyadAgi, samskxtadalli ivannu kriyApadakke ta emba ondu pratyayavannu mAtravE sErisi tayArisalAgide; Adare haLegannaDadalli ivannu kriyApadakke hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d‌ pratyayavannu mattu sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu

sErisi tayArisalAgide. kESirAjanu hELida hAge (sU. ೮೨), bhUta kAlada kriyArUpagaLinda AgamavannuLisikonDu AkhyAta pratyayavannu tegedAga I rUpagaLu labhisuvudilla.

eraDaneyadAgi, samskxtadalli kxdantagaLu nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyaballuvu; hAgAgi, avannu lingagaLendAgali, illa vE prAtipadikagaLendAgali kareyuvudaralli tondareyilla. Adare, haLegannaDadalli ivu nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyalAravu. yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli ivu kriyApadavannu nAmapadadondige sambandhisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva padarUpagaLu (endare, kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLu). ivakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkiddalli, modalige linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an‌, aL‌, ar‌, udu, uvu emba pratyayagaLallo ೦dannu sErisi avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade (೪.೨.೧ nODi).

೬.೧.೪ guNapadagaLu

samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu (guNavAcakagaLu) nEravAgi vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyaballuvu (೪.೨.೨ nODi). hAgAgi, avannu “linga’gaLendu kareyuvudaralli tondareyilla. Adare, haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLondige barabEkiddalli, avakke modalige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyide.

sarvanAma mattu sankhyAvAcakagaLa baLakeyallU intahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuttade: samskxtadalli ivellavannU nAmapadavemba ondE vargadalli sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide; Adare, haLegannaDadalli ivakke nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDu vargagaLige sEraballa rUpagaLive. itara guNapadagaLa hAge, ivugaLallU guNarUpagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmarUpagaLannu paDeyabEkAguttade (೬.೨ nODi).

I ellA sandarbhagaLallU samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu nEravAgi kannaDakke aLavaDisuva prayatnavannu naDesiruvudarindAgi haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu eDaviddAre embudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

೬.೨ kxllingagaLa svarUpa

mEle (೬.೧.೩)ralli sUcisida hAge, kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLannu endare vAkyagaLalli nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballa kriyApadagaLa padarUpagaLannu, “kxllinga’gaLendu kareyalAgide. haLegannaDadalli ivu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpagaLAgiddu, ivakkUkriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLigU naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide embudannu nAvu (೬.೧.೩)ralli nODiruvevu.

kriyApadagaLa guNarUpavannu sAdhisalu avugaLondige sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyayavannu baLasabEkAguttade. idallade, I kriyArUpagaLalli hindina illavE mundina samayavannu sUcisuva pratyaya, athavA allagaLeyuva pratyaya barabEkAguttade.

kaTTida kaTTugaL‌ kaTTuva kaTTugaL‌ kaTTada kaTTugaL‌

kaTTu kriyApadada guNarUpavannu tayArisuvudakkAgi illi adakke d‌, v‌ illavE ad‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgide, mattu adara baLika a pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

intaha kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLige linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga avugaLa nAmarUpa siddhi suttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧ka) pOdaran‌ oDagonDu baral‌ pOdar‌…. (೮.೪೫) “hOdavarannu karedukonDu baralu hOdavaru…’

(೧kha) pea pinguvanam muridaDasi piDidu (೧೩.೩೦) “hindakke hOguvavanannu hindirugi hiDidu’

(೧ga) kUradan‌ idan‌ oDDidan‌ (೩.೪) “idannu prItisadavanu oDDiddAne’

(೧ka)dalli pOgu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavAda pOda embudakke linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar‌ pratyayavannu sErisida mElEnE vibhakti pratyayavannu (an‌ embudannu) sErisalAgide. idE rItiyalli, (೧kha)dalli pingu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavAda pinguva embudakke linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyayavannu sErisida mElEnE an‌ pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

intaha prayOgagaLalli kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpa(guNarUpa)kke linga- vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisalAguttadallade, nEravAgi kriyApadagaLige samaya pratyaya illavE allagaLeyuva pratyayavannu sErisi, adakke I pratyayagaLannu sErisalAguvudilla embudannu (೧ga)dalli kANisuva baLake spaShTapaDisuttade. illi kUr‌ kriyApadakke allagaLeyuva pratyaya mattu sambandhisuva pratyayagaLeraDannU sErisiruva kUrada emba rUpakke linga-vacana pratyayavannu (an‌ embudannu) sErisalAgide.

idu nEravAgi kriyApadakke allagaLeyuva pratyayavannu, mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyayavannu sErisiruva kriyArUpakkinta bhinnavAgide embudannu (೧gha)dalli kANabahudu.

(೧gha) A ghaTasambhavam enage kUrpudan‌ ninage kUran‌ (೧೨.೩೬) “A drONAcAryanu nannannu prItisuvaShTu ninnannu prItisalilla

(೧gha)dalli bandiruva kUran‌ embudu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpa. idaralli kUr‌ kriyApadakke allagaLeyuva a pratyayavannu mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyayavannu

(೧ga)dalli bandiruva kUradan‌ embudu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva kxllinga (nAmarUpa). adaralli kUr‌ kriyApadadondige alla gaLeyuva ad‌ pratyaya bandiddu, adarondige sambandhisuva a pratyayavU bandide, mattu adara anantara linga-vacana pratyaya an‌ bandide.

I allagaLeyuva ad‌ pratyaya sambandhisuva a pratyayadondige mAtra baruttade embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.

haLegannaDada oL‌ (uL‌) kriyApadada kriyArUpagaLannu mattu kxllinga rUpagaLannu sAdhisuvallU I vyatyAsavannu spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. I kriyApadakke, oLan‌, oLar‌, oLen‌, oLay‌ modalAda kriyArUpagaLiddu, ivannu oL‌ kriyApadakke nEravAgi AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide. I kriyApadadondige samaya pratyaya baruvudilla (೧೧.೫ nODi).

I kriyApadada kxllinga rUpagaLu (uLLan‌, uLLar‌, uLLaL‌ modalAdavu) mEle koTTiruva kriyArUpagaLinda bhinnavAgive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೨5) makkaLenagayvar‌ oLar‌ (೩.೨೬) “nanage ayvaru makkaLiddA re”

(೨kha) raNarangadoL‌ uLLarella rum maDidoDam (೧೩.೮೩) “(uLidu) iruvavarellarU raNarangadalli satta rU’

(೨ka)dalli oL‌ (uL‌) kriyApadada kriyArUpa (oLar‌) bandide, mattu (೨kha)dalli adE kriyApadada kxllinga rUpa (uLLar‌) bandide.

I vyatyAsavannu vivarisuvudakkAgi oLan‌, oLar‌ modalAda kriyArUpagaLannu nEravAgi kriyApadakke AkhyAta pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka sAdhisabEkAguttade, mattu uLLan‌, uLLar‌ modalAda kxlliga rUpagaLannu I kriyApadada uLLa “iruva’ sambandhisuva rUpakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuva mUlaka tayArisabEkAguttade.

೬.೨.೧ linga-vacana pratyaya

kxllingagaLalli kANisuva linga-vacana pratyayakkU, kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva ghaTakavannu sUcisuva “AkhyAta’ pratyayakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu ivannu sariyAgi gamanisiruva hAge kANisuvudilla.

(೧) mEle sUcisida hAge, linga-vacana pratyaya kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpada anantara baruttade; Adare, ghaTakavannu sUcisuva pratyaya nEravAgi hindina mattu mundina samayada pratyayagaLa anantara, illavE allagaLeyuva pratyayada anantara baruttade. mADuvan‌ “mADuvavanu’ nAmarUpa (kxllinga) mattu mADuvan‌ “mADuttAne’ kriyArUpa iveraDU ondE rIti iveyAdarU, eraDaneyadarallilla

dantaha sambandhisuva a pratyayavondu modalaneyadarallide endu hELuva avaSyakateyide.

I vyatyAsa allagaLeyuva kxllingarUpadalli bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANisuttade embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. mADu kriyApadada allagaLeyuva rUpagaLallU I vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu. mADadan‌ “mADadavanu’ emba allagaLeyuva nAmarUpa mADan‌ “mADalikkilla ‘emba allagaLeyuva kriyArUpakkinta tIra bhinnavAgide.

(೨) linga-vacana pratyayagaLu puruShabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla; Adare, ghaTakavannu sUcisuva “AkhyAta’ pratyayagaLu puruShabhEdavannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu:

(೩) indu modalAgire penDirembaroL‌ kUDuvan‌ allen‌ (೧.೭೩) “(nAnu) I dina modalAgi hengasu ennuvavaralli kUDuvavanu alla’

(೩)nE vAkyadalli kUDuvan‌ kxllingarUpa uttamapuruSha vyaktiyannu (endare A vAkyada ADuganannu) sUcisuttideyAdarU, adaralli pullinga Ekavacanada an‌ pratyaya bandide. I vyakti hengasAdare intaha kxllingadalli aL‌ pratyayavU (An‌ kUDuvaL‌ allen‌), mattu ADuganondige bErondu vyakti sErideyAdare (bahuvacanavAdare) ar‌ pratyayavU (Am‌ kUDuvar‌ allem‌) baLakeyAgabEkAguttade.

madhyamapuruSha vyaktiyannu (kELuganannu) sUcisuva sandarbhadallU idE rItiyalli kxllingadondige baruva linga-vacana pratyaya puruSha bhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla; adu linga-vacana bhEdavannu mAtra sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, nIn‌ kUDuvan‌ allay‌ embudannu antaha vyakti ganDusAgiruvAga baLasalAguttade, mattu nIn‌ kUDuvaL‌ allay‌ embudannu hengusAgiruvAga baLasalAguttade. I rUpagaLu mEle koTTiruva uttama puruSha padadondige baruva rUpagaLiginta bhinnavAgilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.

Adare, kriyArUpagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu uttama puruSha illa vE madhyama puruShagaLalli lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla; avu puruSha mattu vacanabhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttave. uttama puruShada vyakti hengasAdarU sariyE, ganDasAdarU sariyE, An‌ kUDuven‌ embudE baLakeyAguttade; adu bahuvacanadallideyAdare mAtra Am‌ kUDuvem‌ embudu baLakeyAguttade. madhyama puruShada nIn‌ kUDuvay‌ mattu nIm‌ kUDuvir‌ embavugaLu ivakkinta bhinnavAgive.

(೩) ghaTakavannu sUcisuva prathamapuruSha-napumsakalinga-Ekavacana pratyayakke hindina samayada (bhUtakAlada) kriyArUpagaLalli udu mattu tu emba eraDu rUpagaLive (ikkidudu, ikkitu; Adudu, Aytu; mUDidudu, mUDitu; sandudu; pOytu; Adare, kxllingagaLalli linga-vacana bhEdavannu sUcisuva napumsaka-Ekavacana

pratyayakke kiyApadagaLa ellA rItiya nAmarUpagaLallU udu rUpa mAtra ideyalla de he A [ee

tu rUpa iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. idannu keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada (೪ka- ga) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu:

(೪ka) SiSuge pesaranvartham Aytu (೧.೧೨೮) “SiSuvige (bhImanemba) hesaru anvarthavAyitu’

(೪kha) kunti mAdrigaLoL‌ pAnDurAjanA vivAha mangaLamadu acca riyAdudu (೧.೧೦೭) “pAnDurAja mattu kuntimAdriyara vivAha mangaLa kArya ASca ryakaravAyitu’

(೪ga) paralOka prAptanAdudanajutu (೨.೧೯va) “paralOka prAptanAdudannu tiLidu’

Agu kriyApadakke Aytu kriyArUpaviruvudannu (೪ka) vAkyadallU, Adudu kriyArUpaviruvudannu (೪kha) vAkyadallU kANabahudu. Adare, idakke (೪ga) vAkyadalli kANisida hAge, Adudu nAmarUpa (kxllinga) mAtra iruva hAge kANuttade.

I vyatyAsakkU mEle sUcisida vyatyAsavE kAraNavirabEku. heccina kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLU ondE rIti da embudaralli konegoLLuvuvAda kAraNa (ikkida, Ada, mUDida, sanda, pOda) avugaLa anantara napumsaka Ekavacanadalli udu pratyaya mAtra baruttade.

(೪) kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyaya vAkyada ondu viSiShTavAda ghaTakavannu mAtra sUcisaballudu. vAkyadalli Aguga mAtra ideyAdare adu Agugavannu sUcisutta de, Aguga mattu mADugagaLeraDU iveyAdare mADugavannu sUcisuttade, mattu prEraka ideyAdare prErakavannu sUcisuttade.

udAharaNegAgi, aTAdan‌ “satta’ embudaralliruva an‌ pratyaya satta vyakti(Aguga)vannu sUcisuvudAdare, kondan‌ embudaralliruva an‌ pratyaya sAyisida vyakti (mADuga)nannu sUcisutta de, mattu kolisidan‌ kriyArUpadalliruva an‌ pratyaya sAyisuvante prErEpisida vyakti(prEraka)nannu sUcisuttade (೯.೩ nODi).

Adare, kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxllinga)gaLalli baruva linga-vacana pratyaya vAkyada itara ghaTakagaLannU sUcisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, mADidudu embudaralli bandiruva udu linga-vacana pratyaya mADida vyakti, mADida vastu illavE mADida kelasa ivugaLalli yAvudannu bEkidda rU sUcisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೫ka) aTTudam bhujabaladim ettidante (೯.೧೫) “muLugida (bhUmiyannu) bhujabaladinda ettida hAge’ (೫kha) ajYAtavAsa mADidudumam nenedu (೧೨.೧೭va) “ajYAtavAsa mADidudannU nenedu’

(೫ka)dalli bandiruva udu pratyaya aT‌ kriyApada tiLisuva ghaTaneya Agugavannu (bhUmiyannu) sUcisuttade, Adare (೫kha)dalli bandiruva adE pratyaya mADu kriyApada tiLisuva ghaTaneyannE sUcisuttade. I vyatyAsa kriyApadagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLa baLakeyallilla.

kxllingagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda paDeyuva mUlaka, avakkU kriyArUpagaLigU naDuviruva I arthavyatyAsavannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavide: kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLu vAkyada bEre bEre ghaTakagaLondige illavE ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva nAmapadadondige baraballuvAgiddu, kxllingada koneyalli baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLu I nAmapadagaLige badalAgi bandiveyendu hELuvudara mUlaka I vyatyAsavannu vivarisabahudu.

(೬ka) Atan‌ kanDa pU Atan‌ kanDudu (೬kha) Atanan‌ kanDa puli Atanan‌ kanDudu (೬ga) Atanan‌ kanDa kANke Atan‌ kanDudu (೬gha) Atanan‌ kanDa peN‌ Atanan‌ kanDaL‌

(೬ka)dalli kanDa emba sambandhisuva rUpadalliruva a pratyaya adannu pU embudarondige (A kriyeya Agugadondige) sambandhisuttade, mattu kanDudu embudaralliruva udu pratyayavU hUvannu (endare Agugavannu) sUcisuttade.

idakke badalu, (೬kha)dalli idE kanDa embudaralli bandiruva a pratyaya adannu puli embudarondige (A kriyeya mADugadondige) sambandhisuttade, mattu kanDudu embudaralliruva udu pratyayavU adE mADugavannu (endare huliyannu) sUcisuttade.

೬.೨.೨ hindina vyAkaraNagaLa samasyegaLu

kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva pratyaya, mattu kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxllinga)gaLalli linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuvu dakkAgi baruva pratyaya - iveraDara naDuve mEle (೬.೨.೧)ralli sUcisiruvantaha mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu gamanisadudarindAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNavannu vivarisuva vidvAmsara prayatnagaLalli halavu dOShagaLannu kANabahudu.

(೧) venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೩೫) sUcisidante, kESirAjanu kxllingagaLigAgi koTTiruva halavu prayOgagaLalli kxllingagaLE illa (೮೨-೧, ೨, ೮೩-೧, ೨, ೪, ೫). I pramyOgagaLallella kriyasArUpagaLu bandivemyallade kriyApadagaLa kxllinga(nAmarUpa)gaLu bandilla.

udAharaNegAgi, sUtra ೮೨ralli bhUtavatige (hindina samayakke) koTTiruva bAksinendu madanam nalidam naDe nODi cUtamam emba prayOgadalli nalidam

“kuNidanu’ embudu hindina kAlada ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuva kriyArUpavallade, A ghaTaneyannu naDesida vyakti yannu varNisuva nalidam “kuNidavanu’ emba nAmarUpavalla. (೨) allagaLeyuva kxllingagaLa baLakeyannu kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu gamanisidantilla. hAge gamanisiddare, avakkU, allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa avara gamanakke baruttittu.

(೩) kESirAjanE modalAdavaru kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLannE kxllingagaLendu parigaNisiddAre (SabdamaNidarpaNa, sU. ೮೩ nODi). idu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamavannu hAgeyE kannaDakke hacci dudara phala. mEle ೬.೧.೩ralli vivarisida hAge, I viShayadalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide:

samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpakke sErisalu sAdhyavide. guNapada mattu nAmapadagaLa naDuve samskxtadalli yAva vyatyAsavU illadiruvudE idakke kAraNa. nijakkU samskxtadalli “sambandhisuva rUpa’ embudE illa; adaralli kxdantagaLE nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyAguttave.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli kxdantagaLu guNapadagaLu; avakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga mAtra, avu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLakeyAgaballuvu, mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu paDeyaballuvu.

illi innondu viShayavannU gamanisuva avaSyakateyide: samskxtadalli kxllingadondige baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLiginta bhinnavAduvalla; Adare, haLegannaDadalli iveraDu pratyayagaLU bEre bErAgive. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa kxllingagaLigiruva vibhaktirUpagaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu:

samskxta haLegannaDa gatEbhyaH pOdarge gatEna pOdanin‌ gatAyay pOdaLge

gatayA pOdaLin‌

mEle koTTiruva haLegannaDada kxllinga rUpagaLalli Ar‌, an‌ mattu aL‌ emba linga-vacana pratyayagaLu avugaLa anantara baruva ge mattu in‌ emba vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bErAgi uLidive; Adare samskxtada kxllinga (kxdanta) rUpagaLalli I rIti linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bErpaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, gatEbhyaH emba rUpadalli caturthi vibhakti yannu mAtravallade pullinga-bahuvacanavannu sUcisuva kelasavannU bhyaH pratyayavE mADabEkAgide.

nAmapadagaLa snarUpa h‌

(೪) madhyamapuruSha mattu uttamapuruShakriyegaLu kxllingagaLAgavu embudAgi kESirAjanE modalAdavaru (SabdamaNidarpaNa, sU. ೮೩) hELiruvudU sampUrNa sariyalla.

yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli uttamapuruSha mattu madhyamapuruSha vyaktigaLige sambandhisidanteyU kxllingagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide (idakke udAharaNegaLannu mEle ೬.೧.೩ralli koDalAgide). Adare, hIge baLasuvAga, avu linga-vacana bhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttaveyallade puruShabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla embudE haLegannaDadalliruva nirbandha.

(೫) kxllingagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda sAdhisuva avaSyakateyannu kiTTel‌ (೧೯೦೩:೨೧೮) kanDukonDiddAre; Adare, sAmAnya kriyArUpagaLannU avaru intaha sambandhisuva rUpagaLindalE sAdhisuva kAraNa (೧೯೦೩:೧೩೭, ೧೪೨), avakkU kxllingagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu vivarisalu avarigU tondareyAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, napumsaka Ekavacanada itu, ittu pratyayavannu baLasi tayArisida mADitu, tIDittu embantaha hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu itara kriyArUpagaLa hAge mADida, tIDida modalAda sambandisuva kriyArUpagaLinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla . hAgAgi, intaha kriyArUpagaLalli itu, ittu pratyayavannu sambandhisuva kriyArUpagaLige sErisuva badalu mADi, tIDi modalAda jODisuva kriyArUpagaLige sErisalAguttadeyendu ivaru hELabEkAgide (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೧೩೭ nODi). |

idE rItiyalli, allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLigU allagaLeyuva kxllingagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu vivarisuvudakkAgi, avaru allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLannu itara kriyArUpagaLa hAge kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda sAdhisuva badalu, ira, kELa, mADa embantaha “kriyArtha’ rUpadinda sAdhisabEkAgide (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೧೫೭ nODi).

kriyArUpagaLalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu vAkyada ondu ghaTakavannu mAtra sUcisaballuvu; Adare, kxllingagaLalli baruva linga-vacana pratyayagaLu itara ghaTakagaLannU sUcisaballuvu emba mEle (೬.೨.೧(೪)ralli) sUcisida vyatyAsavannu kriyArUpa mattu kxllingagaLeraDannU kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpadinda sAdhisa horaTiruva kiTTel‌ avarige vivarisalu sAdhyavAgalikkilla.

(೬) Ekavacanada nAmapadagaLannu mAtravallade, bahuvacanada nAmapadagaLannU lingagaLendu kareyabahudittallavE? (yAkendare Ekavacanada nAmapadagaLa hAge bahuvacanada nAmapadagaLU vibhakti pratyayagaLannu svIkarisalu samarthavAgiveyalla) embudAgi venkaTAcala SAstrigaLu (೧೯೯೪:೩೫) praSnisiddAre.

kESirAjanu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu anusarisi, bahuvacana pratyayavannu

vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruva “Agama’gaLendu parigaNisiruvudE (sU. ೧೦೫) I rIti bahuvacanada nAmapadagaLannu lingagaLendu parigaNisadiralu kAraNa. avana maTTige samskxtadalliruva hAge, haLegannaDadallU vibhakti pratyayakkinta bhinnavAda vacana pratyayavilla. Adare, hIge mADiruvalli haLegannaDada vaySiShTa vondannu Ata kaDegaNisiddAne.

munde ೭.೩.೨ralli sUcisida hAge, kiTTel‌ avarU haLegannaDada I vaySiShTyavannu kanDukoLLuvalli eDaviddA re. grIk‌, lyATin‌ modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNavannanusarisa hOgi, avaru bahuvacana pratyayavannu prathamA vibhakti pratyayavendu karediddAre; Adare, I pratyaya itara vibhakti rUpagaLallU yAke baruttade embudannu vivarisida hAgilla.

೬.೩ sArAmSa

haLegannaDadalli entaha padagaLannella nAmapadagaLendu kareyabahudu embudannu vivarisi hELuvalli haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu halavu rItiya gondalagaLannu sxShTisikonDiddAre. ivugaLalli heccinavU samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLallEnE kANisuvantaha vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisadudara phala embudannu I adhyAyadalli tOrisikoDalAgide.

adhyAya ೭ — linga mattu vacanagaLu

linga mattu vacanagaLu

೭.೧ pIThike

nAmapadagaLannu vAkyagaLalli baLasuva vidhAnadalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsagaLigU I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu bEre bEreyAgiruvudE kAraNa embudannu keLagina samIkSheyinda tiLiyabahudu.

nAmapadagaLa baLakege sambandhisidante linga, vacana mattu vibhakti embudAgi mUru vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu tiLidukoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

(೧) linga embudu nAmapadagaLannu hEge avugaLa baLakege sambandhisidante kelavu mukhya gumpugaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhya embudannu tiLisuttade;

(೨) vacana embudu nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyeShTu embudannu tiLisuttade; mattu

(೩) vibhakti embudu vAkya sUcisuva ghaTane illavE sangatiyalli nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa kAryaventahadu embudannu tiLisuttade.

I mUru viShayagaLallU haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli linga mattu vacanagaLa baLakeyannu I adhyAyadallU, vibhaktiya baLakeyannu mundina (enTanE) adhyAyadallU vivarisalAgide.

೭.೨ vibhajaneyalli vyatyAsa

nAmapadagaLannu eraDu athavA heccu “linga’gaLalli vingaDisi hELuva krama halavu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyallide. avugaLa artha, avugaLondige baraballa itara padagaLa svarUpa, kriyApadadalli kANisuva rUpavyatyAsagaLu, mattu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baruva sarvanAmagaLa svarUpa modalAdavu intaha vibhajanege AdhAravAguttave.

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve nAmapadagaLa vibhajaneyalli halavu mukhya vyatyAsagaLive. haLegannaDa nAmapadagaLa linga vibhajanege avugaLa arthavE AdhAra; Adare, samskxta nAmapadagaLa lingavibhajanege avugaLondige baraballa itara nAmapadagaLa svarUpa adhAravallade artha AdhAravalla.

೭.೨.೧ haLegannaDada lingavibhajane

haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu pulli ೦ga, stra “linga mattu napumsakalinga embudAgi mUru lingagaLalli vibhajisalAgide. I vibhajanege nAmapadagaLa arthavE mukhya AdhAra. manuShyarannu sUcisuva padagaLalli ganDasarannu sUcisuva padagaLu pulli ೦gadallU ka hengasarannu sUcisuva padagaLu strIlingadallU hancikeyAguttave. uLida (manuShyarannu sUcisada) padagaLella napumsakalingadalli uLiyutta ve.

udAharaNegAgi, ganDasarannu sUcisuva aNNan‌, arasan‌, AL‌, magan‌, modalAdavu pullingadallive, hengasarannu sUcisuva akkan‌, tange, arasi modalAdavu stra lingadallive, mattu manuShyarallada prANi, vastu, sangati modalAduvannu sUcisuva eTTu, maran‌, tOL‌ modalAdavu napumsakalingadallive. I nAmapadagaLondige baruva kriyApadagaLa svarUpa mattu avugaLa badalige baruva sarvanAmagaLa svarUpa I vibhajaneya mEle avalambisiruttade.

aNNa n‌ bandan‌ avan‌… akkan‌ bandaL‌ avaL‌… eTTu bandudu adu…

aNNan‌ pada obba ganDasannu sUcisuva kAraNa pullinga, mattu I kAraNakkAgi, adarondige baruva kriyApada an‌ pratyayadalli konegoLLutta de. akkan‌ pada obba hengasannu sUcisuva kAraNa sri linga, mattu I kAraNakkAgi, adarondige baruva kriyApada aL‌ pratyayadalli konegoLLuttade. eTTu embudu ondu prANiyannu (ettannu endare manuShyEtaravannu) sUcisuva kAraNa napumsaka linga, mattu I kAraNakkAgi, adarondige baruva kriyApada udu pratyayadalli konegoLLuttade.

idE rItiyalli, mEle aNNan‌ padada badalige avan‌ sarvanAmavU, akkan‌ padada badalige avaL‌ sarvanAmavU, mattu ellu padada badalige adu sarvanAmavU baLakeyAguvudakke avugaLa naDuve arthadalli kANisuva vyatyAsavE mUla kAraNa.

I rIti, haLegannaDadalli pullinga mattu stra lingagaLa naDuviruva lingabhEda manuShyarannu sUcisuva padagaLalli mAtra kANisuttadeyallade itara padagaLalli kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, eTTu “ettu’ pada ganDu prANiyannu sUcisuvudAdarU pullingadalliruva badalu napumsakalingadallide (eTTu bandudu); peNNudure pada heNNu prANiyannu sUcisuvudAdarU strIlingadallilla, napumsakalingadallE. ide (peNNudure bandudu).

I mElina niyamagaLige haLegannaDada barahagaLalli kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLu mAtra kANisikoLLuttave. intaha apavAdagaLige kelavu padagaLa baLakeyalli avu sUcisuva prANi illavE vastugaLige manuShyatvada ArOpa illavE manuShyarige prANitvada ArOpavAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, ravi mUDidam emba baLakeyalli ravi ondu vastu vannu sUcisuvudAdarU, adakke manuShyatvada ArOpavAgiruvudarinda pullinga; toLtu bandudu emba baLakeyalli toLtu obba hengusannu (illavE ganDusannu) sUcisuvudAdarU, tiraskArada arthadalli prANitvada ArOpavAgideyAda kAraNa, napumsaka linga.

೭.೨.೨ samskxtada lingavibhajane

haLegannaDada hAge, samskxtadallU nAmapadagaLannu pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsakalinga embudAgi mUru lingagaLalli vibhajisalAgide. Adare, samskxtada I vibhajane haLegannaDada vibhajaneginta tIra bhinnavAdudu. yAkendare, adakke haLegannaDada vibhajaneya hAge, nAmapadagaLa arthavannu AdhAravAgi koDalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. nAmapadagaLondige baraballa bEre nAmapadagaLa svarUpadindalEnE avugaLa lingavannu nirdharisabEkAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, varNa “baNNa ‘ pada samskxtadalli pullingadallide, nav “dONi’ pada stra ೇlingadallide mattu vAsa “baTTe’ pada napumsaka lingadallide. samskxta I padagaLa naDuve I rIti lingabhEdavideyendu hELalu mUru lingagaLallU baraballa Sukla “biLi’, guru “bhAra’ modalAda bEre kelavu nAmapadagaLu ivugaLondige yAva rUpadalli baruttave embudu AdhAravallade I padagaLa artha illavE svarUpa adhAravalla.

(೧ka) SukShaH varNaH “biLi baNNa’ (೧kha) SuklA navH “biLi dONi’ (೧ga) Suklam vAsaH “biLi baTTe’

mEle Sukla pada Sukla; SuklA, mattu Suklam emba mUru lingarUpagaLalli bandiddu, I kAraNakkAgi adarondige bandiruva varNa, nav mattu vAsa nAmapadagaLu mUru “linga’gaLalli (anukramavAgi pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsaka lingagaLalli) iveyendu hELabEkAgide.

idallade, nAmapadagaLa lingavannanusarisi avakke bEre bEre rItiya vibhakti- vacanarUpagaLu kANisikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, txtIyA Ekavacanadalli pullingada agni padakke agninA rUpavideyAdare, strI lingada mati padakke matyA rUpavide; saptami-Ekavacanadalli pullingada agni padakke agnav rUpavideyAdare, napumsaka lingada vAri padakke vAriNi rUpavide.

samskxtadalli haLegannaDada hAge nAmapadagaLa lingabhEdavannu kriyArUpagaLalli sUcisuva krama illa. nAmapadagaLu bEre bEre lingagaLalli bandarU kriyApada

ondE rUpadalliruttade.

samskxta haLegannaDa

tatra rAmaH asti alli rAman‌ irpan‌ tatra sItA asti alli sIte irpaL‌ tatra gxham asti alli mane irpudu

mEle koTTiruva udAharaNeyalli haLegannaDada iru kriyApada nAmapadada lingabhEdavannanusarisi, irpan‌, irpaL‌ mattu irpudu emba mUru rUpagaLalli bandide; Adare, samskxtada as‌ kriyApada I mUru sandarbhagaLallU asti emba ondE rUpadalli bandide.

sarvanAmagaLu mAtra samskxtadallU lingabhEdavannu sUcisuttave (keLage koTTiruva (೨ka) nODi). haLegannaDada sarvanAmagaLalli pum-strI lingabhEda bahuvacanadalli illavAguttade; Adare, samskxtadalli dvivacana-bahuvacanagaLallU mUru vidhada lingabhEda (kelavu apavAdagaLannu biTTare) uLidiruttade.

(೨ka) samskxta:

Ekavacana dvivacana bahuvacana “avanu’ saH tav tE “avaLu’ sA tE tAH “adu’ tat‌ tE tAni (೨kha) haLegannaDa: Ekavacana bahuvacana “avanu’ avan‌ avar‌ “avaLu’ avaL‌ avar‌ “adu’ adu avu

hecci na sandarbhagaLallU, samskxtadalli nAmapadavondara linga yAvudembudannu adara arthada adhArada mEle gurutisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, ondE arthaviruva padagaLu bEre bEre lingagaLalli baraballuvu. udAharaNegAgi, “henDati’ emba arthaviruva padagaLalli dAra pada pullingadallide (I pada yAvAgalU bahuvacana rUpadalli (dArAH embudAgi) baruttade), patnI pada stra lingadallide, mattu kalatra pada napumsakalingadallide.

padagaLa koneya varNa yAvudembudarindalU avugaLa linga yAvudembudannu nirdharisalu heccineDegaLallU sAdhyavAgadu. I, U mattu AgaLalli konegoLLuva padagaLalli heccinavU sra ೇlingadalliruttave, mattu akAradalli konegoLLuva pada “lingavAgalAradu embantaha kelavE kelavu niyamagaLu mAtra idakke

(೬

apavAdagaLAgaballuvu (Adare, intaha niyamagaLigU apavAdagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, sEnAnI pada IkAradalli konegoLLuvudAdarU pullingadallide).

intaha niyamagaLalli kelavakke samskxtada padaracaneyalli vivaraNeyannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada halavu nAmapadagaLige I illavE A pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avugaLa strIlinga rUpavannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavide (bAla-bAlA, Siva-SivA, dEva-dEvI, ityAdi).

nirjIvigaLAda vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu sUcisuva padagaLallU samskxtadalli lingabhEda kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, pavana, pAda, vAyu modalAda padagaLu pullingadallive, nav, nadI, vibhakti, mati, modalAda padagaLu stra ೇlingadallive, mattu hxdaya, madhu, jagat‌ modalAda padagaLu napumsakalingadallive.

I rIti, heccina sandarbhagaLallU samskxta padagaLa linga yAvudembudannu avugaLa arthadinda illavE svarUpadinda nirdharisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. hAgAgi, A bhASheya arthakOSagaLalli pratiyondu nAmapadada mundeyU adara linga yAvudembudannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyide.

idallade, samskxtada nAmapadagaLannu (ka) yAvAgalU ondE lingadalli baraballa nAmapadagaLu mattu (kha) sandarbhakkanusAravAgi eraDu illavE mUru lingagaLallondannu ArisikoLLaballa nAmapadagaLu embudAgiyU vingaDisuva avaSyakateyide. illU padagaLa arthakkintalU, avugaLondige baruva itara padagaLa lingavE AdhAravAgiruttade.

hAgAgi, samskxtada arthakOSagaLalli nAmapadavondu ondE lingadalli baruvantahadO, illavE eraDu athavA mUru lingagaLalli baruvantahadO embudannU spaShTavAgi sUcisuva avaSyakateyide, mattu arthakOSagaLalli hAge sUcisalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva nAmapadagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(ka) yAvAgalU ondE lingadalli baruva padagaLu

(೩ka) pullinga: pitx, tilaka, dhI, taDi “ETu’, cOla “ravike’, tarka, timingila, tiraskAra, Atman‌, nidhi, ityAdi.

(೩kha) strIlinga: mAtx, nadI, nav, SrI, lipi, nidrA, mahAnavamI, carcA, a kAdambarI, ityAdi.

(೩ga) napumsakalinga: hxdaya, citra, tAmbUla, madhu, asmi, yakxt‌, brahman‌, ityAdi.

(kha) eraDu athavA mUru lingagaLalli baraballa padagaLu

(೪ka) pum-strI: tithi, vajra, kIla “kIlu’, kuTa “mane’, ityAdi.

(೪kha) pum-napumsaka: kartx, tanDula, mOdaka, mUla, kaShAya, kirITa, kuTumba, abhraka, ityAdi.

(೪ga) smI-napumsaka: avci pa SAla(lA), nxsEna(nA), ityAdi. (೪gha) pum-strI-napumsaka: Suci, guru, nitya, nidrita, prakASaka, pa iP: ya,

haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa lingabhEda hecci neDegaLallU avugaLa arthada mEle avalambisideyAda kAraNa, A bhASheya arthakOSagaLalli nAmapadagaLa lingavannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyilla. samskxtadinda eravalAgi paDeda padagaLU I niyamakke oLapaDuva Ke avugaLa lingavannU haLegannaDada arthakOSagaLalli tiLisabEkAgilla. haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLalli baLakeyAguva lingabhEdagaLu I rIti eraDu tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu avalambisive. lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvalli haLegannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu keLage ೭.೩.೧ralli vivarisalAgide: samskxtadalli pum-strI- napumsaka lingabhEda ellA vacanagaLallU kANisikoLLutta de; Adare, haLeganna Dadalli idu Ekavacanadalli mAtra kANisikoLLutte ca bahuvacanadalli pa pum-stri Te aLidu hOgi, manuShya-manuShyEtara bhEda mAtra uLidukoLLutta de.

pa೫ ೩ haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa samasyegaLu

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu I rIti lingabhEdavannu tOrisuvalli tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu baLasiruva kAraNa, samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu A bhASheya linga vyavasthe yakuritu hELiruvudannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakkU aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu hIge mADalu hOgi, anavaSyakavAgi haLegannaDada lingabhEda bahaLa kliShTavAdudendu anisuva hAge mADiddA re.

udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjanu haLegannaDadalli ombattu rItiya lingagaLiveyendu hELuttAne (sU. ೯೮). nijakkU mUriruvudu ombattu hEgAguttade? idakkAgi Ata haLegannaDa padagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva halavu guNadharmagaLannu oTTu sErisalu prayatnisi doDDadondu kalasumElOgaravannE mADihAkiddAne.

(೧) kelavu manuShyEtara padagaLige manuShyatvavannu ArOpisalu sAdhyaviddu, avu napumsaka lingadalli baLakeyAguva badalu pullingadalli baLakeyAgaballuvu (ravi mUDidam, ravi mUDidudu; kAmaneccam, kAmam percidudu). ivannu “punnapumsaka’gaLendu kareyalAgide. idE rItiyalli, siri pada strIlinga mattu napumsakalingagaLeraDarallU baLakeyAgalu sAdhyaviddu (siriyolvaLe, siriyondAgadoDam) “strI napumsaka’kke udAharaNeyAgaballudu.

(೨) kelavu hengasarannu sUcisuva padagaLige vastutva illavE prANitvavannu ArOpisalu sAdhyaviddu, avu napumsaka lingadalli baLakeyAgaballuvAgiddu,

pumsakalingakke udAharaNegaLAguttave (A peN‌ jANe, A peN‌ bandudu).

intaha padagaLu ganDasannAgali illavE hengasannAgali sUcisuvantahavAdare, trilingakke udAharaNegaLAgaballuvu (SiSu, kUsu, page). punnapumsakakkU intaha udAharaNegaLiralu sAdhyavide.

(೩) kelavu padagaLu sandarbhakkanusAravAgi (yAva pratyayavannU sErisade), ganDasannAgali illavE hengasannAgali sUcisaballuvu (ivam dEvara toTTu, idu dEvara tollu). ivu pumsti lingakke udAharaNegaLAguttave.

(೪) ivar‌, avar‌ mattu uvar‌ sarvanAmagaLu bahuvacanadalliddu pum- strI lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla. I kAraNakkAgi, ivannu pumsTrIlingakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

(೫) lingabhEdavannE tOrisadiruva An‌, nIn‌ mattu tAn‌ sarvanAmagaLannu trilingakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

(೬) vAcyalinga illavE viSEShyAdhInalingakke koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli eraDu rItiya padagaLannu, keLage vivarisida hAge, oTTige sErisi hELalAgide:

(ka) nEridan‌, nEridaL‌, nEritu, avan‌, avaL‌, iniyam, iniyaL‌ modalAdavugaLu avugaLalli baruva lingasUcaka pratyayagaLa mUlaka spaShTavAgi avugaLa lingavEnembudannu sUcisuttave.

(kha) An‌, nIn‌ modalAda sarvanAmagaLu, kelavu bahuvrIhi padagaLu (vimalamati), kelavu taddita padagaLu (OdALi) mattu sankhyegaLu (sAsira) I rIti pratyayagaLa mUlaka lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla. (I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLannU viSEShyAdhIna lingakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.)

(೭) bhOkane, ceccaram, mige, matte modalAduvannu avyaya lingakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

kESirAjanu illi halavu tappugaLannu mADiddAne. avugaLalli mukhyavAda kelavannu keLage sUcisalAgide.

(೧) pullingada kAmam pada napumsakalingada kAmam padada hAgeyE kANisuvudarinda, kAmam padavannu punnapumsaka padavendu karediddAne; Adare, nijakkU avugaLalli modalaneyadu nakAradalli konegoLLutta de, mattu eraDaneyadu makAradalli konegoLLuttave; kESirAjanE koTTiruva ivugaLa caturthI rUpagaLu (kAmange, kAmakke) idannu spaShTapaDisuttave.

(೨) avar‌, ivar‌, uvar‌ emba sarvanAmagaLa bahuvacana rUpagaLannu pumsTrIlingakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide. hAgiddare, bahuvacana rUpagaLu Ekavacana rUpakkinta bhinnavAda linga (nAmaprakxti)gaLE? I sarvanAmagaLu mAtravallade,

guNavacana (iniyar‌), bahuvrIhi (kusikoralar‌), kxdanta (pADidar‌) modalAdavugaLU I rIti bahuvacanadalli pumsci € bhEdavannu kaLedukoLLuvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa bahuvacana rUpagaLU Ekavacana rUpakkinta bhinnavAda linga (nAmaprakxti)gaLendu hELabEkE? (೬.೨.೨.(೬) nODi).

Adare, pumsTrI lingabhEdavannu uLisikoLLuva puruShar‌, strIyar‌, penDir‌ modalAduvannu I rIti EkavacanarUpakkinta bhinnavAda lingagaLendu parigaNisida hAgilla. dEvate pada stra € lingadalli baraballudembudannu sUcisalu dEvateyar‌ emba bahuvacana rUpavannU, napumsaka lingadalli baraballudembudannu sUcisalu dEvategaL‌ emba bahuvacana rUpavannU udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

(೩) sarvanAmagaLAda An‌, nIn‌, tAn‌ embavannu trilingakkU udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide, mattu vAcya (viSEShyAdhIna)lingakkU udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide. illi vAcyalingakkU trilingakkU Enu vyatyAsa embudu spaShTavAgilla.

(೪) haLegannaDada maTTige vAcyalinga mattu viSEShyAdhInalinga embavugaLu bEre bEre endu hELi mEle (೬ka-kha)gaLa naDuve kANisuva vyatyAsavannu I vyatyAsavendu parigaNisabahudAgittu. Adare, samskxtadalli intaha vyatyAsavilla embudE hIge mADadiralu kAraNavirabEku.

(೫) mEle (೭.೨.೨)ralli vivarisida hAge, samskxtadalli nAmapadagaLa lingavEnembudu hecci neDegaLallU avugaLa arthada mEle avalambisillavAda kAraNa, avannu mUrakkinta jAsti lingagaLalli vibhajisuva avaSyakateyide. pumsti ೇ, punnapumsaka, stra napumsaka, trilinga modalAda kalpanegaLu samskxta padagaLa lingavannu vivarisuvalli sahAyakavAgaballuvu. Adare, kannaDadalli lingabhEda padagaLa arthavannavalambisideyAda kAraNa, intaha kalpanegaLa avaSyakate kannaDakkilla.

bahuSaH idannu gamanisiyE kESirAjanu tanna dIrphavAda lingavivakSheya koneyalli (sU. ೧೦೧) pullinga, stra “linga mattu napumsaka lingagaLemba mUrannu biTTu uLida Aru lingagaLu kannaDadalliddarU “parivartisuvudilla’ endu hELiddAne!

೭.೩ vacanada sUcane

nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi avugaLondige “vacana’pratyayavannu sErisalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, pulle pada ondu prANi(jinke)yannu sUcisuttade, mattu A padakke gaL‌ vacana pratyayavannu sErisi racisiruva pullegaL‌ padarUpa ondakkinta jAsti prANi(jinke)gaLannu sUcisuttade.

vacana pratyaya I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyannu bahaLa cuTukAgi sUcisuttade; adannE heccu vivaravAgi tiLisabEkiddalli, nAmapadagaLondige

eNikeya padagaLannu baLasabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada pullegaL‌ padarUpadalli bandiruva gaL‌ pratyaya “ondakkinta jAsti (jinkegaLu) endiShTE sUcisuttade. idakkinta heccina vivara bEkiddalli, eraDu pullegaL‌, aydu pullegaL‌ embantaha padakantegaLannu baLasabEkAguttade.

೭.೩.೧ vyatyAsagaLu

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vacana pratyayagaLa mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyannu sUcisuvalli kANisuva mukhyavAda kelavu vyatyAsagaLannu keLage koDalAgide. (೧) haLegannaDadalli ondu mattu ondakkinta heccu embudAgi Ekavacana- bahuvacana bhEda mAtra kANisuttadeyAdare, samskxtadalli ondu, eraDu mattu eraDakkinta heccu embudAgi Ekavacana-dvivacana-bahuvacana bhEda kANisuttade.

haLegannaDada vacana rUpagaLu (೫5) ondu pulle “ondu jinke’ (೫kha) eraDu pullegaL‌ eraDu jinkegaLu’ (೫ga) mUju pullegaL‌ “mUru jinkegaLu’

samskxtada vacana rUpagaLu

(೬ka) EkaH pustakaH “ondu pustaka’ (೬kha) dvav pustakav “eraDu pustakagaLu’ (೬ga) trayaH pustakAH “mUru pustakagaLu’

haLegannaDada (೫ga)dalli mAtravallade (೫kha)dallU pullegaL‌ emba bahuvacana rUpavE bandide; Adare, samskxtada (೬kha)dalli dvivacanada pustakav rUpavU, (೬ga)dalli bahuvacanada pustakAH rUpavU bandive. haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLige, samskxtada nAmapadagaLa hAge, bahuvacanakkinta bhinnavAda dvivacanavemba rUpavilla.

(೨) samskxtadalli vacana mattu vibhakti iveraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuttade; Adare, haLegannaDadalli iveraDannu sUcisalu bEre bEre pratyayagaLive.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli nadIbhiH “nadigaLinda’ padarUpadalli bandiruva bhiH pratyaya bahuvacana mattu txtIyA vibhakti iveraDannU sUcisuttade, mattu nadIShu “nadigaLalli’ padarUpadalli bandiruva Shu pratyaya bahuvacana mattu saptamI vibhakti iveraDannU sUcisuttade. kannaDada nadigaLinda mattu nadigaLalli emba nAmapadarUpagaLalli kANisuva

ge] inda mattu alli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu gaLu vacana pratyayadinda pratyEkisalu sAdhyaviruva

dam ₹ೌ

hAge, samskxtada nadIbhiH mattu nadIShu nAmapadarUpagaLalli kANisuva bhiH mattu Shu pratyayagaLalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu vacana pratyayadinda pratyEkisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

hosagannaDada hAge, haLegannaDadallU vacana mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLu bEre bErAgive. udAharaNegAgi, arasarim padarUpadalli ar‌ pratyaya bahuvacanavannu sUcisuttade, mattu adakkinta bhinnavAgiruva im pratyaya txtIyA vibhaktiyannu sUcisuttade. idE rItiyalli, arasarge padarUpadalli adE ar‌ pratyaya bahuvacanavannu sUcisuttade, mattu adakkinta bhinnavAgiruva ge pratyaya caturthi vibhaktiyannu sUcisutta de.

(೩) samskxtadalli dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLannu mAtravalla de, Ekavacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU nAmapadagaLondige pratyayagaLannu baLasalAgutta de. A bhASheyalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLeraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, girA “mAtininda’ emba nAmapadarUpadalli gir‌ nAmapadakke Ekavacana mattu txtIyA vibhaktigaLeraDannU sUcisuva A pratyayavannu sErisalAgide. I pratyayakkU, gIrbhiH “mAtugaLinda’ emba rUpadalli bahuvacana mattu txtIyA vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva bhiH (bhis‌) pratyayakkU naDuve rUpadalli yAva sAmyavU illa. hAgAgi, ivugaLalli vacana pratyayavannu vibhakti pratyayagaLinda bErpaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

haLegannaDadalli bahuvacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ondu viSiShTavAda pratyayavide; Adare, Ekavacanavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi pratyayavilla. nAmapadavannu hAgeyE baLasidAgalella Ekavacanada artha baruttade. haLegannaDadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu bEre bEre pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisuttiruvudE I rIti eraDu vacanagaLalli ondannu pratyayada sahAyavilladeyE sUcisalu sAdhyavAguttiruvudakke kAraNa.

navilin‌ mattu navillaLin‌ emba txtIyA vibhakti rUpagaLannu mEle koTTiruva samskxta padagaLa rUpagaLondige hOlisi nODidAga I viShaya spaShTavAguttade. navilin‌ embudaralli in‌ vibhakti pratyayavide, Adare vacana pratyayavilla. navillaLin‌ embudaralli in‌ vibhakti pratyaya mAtravallade gaL‌ vacana pratyayavU ide.

(೪) haLegannaDadalli kelavu nAmapadagaLondige linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi pratyayavondannu sErisalAguttade; magan‌, aNNan‌, orvan‌ modalAda intaha padarUpagaLu mAtra mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgiruttave. yAkendare, I padarUpagaLalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLu vacana mattu lingagaLeraDannU sUcisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, baDavan‌ mattu baDavaL‌ padagaLalli bandiruva an‌ mattu AL‌ pra tyayagaLu pum-stra bhEdavannu mAtravalla jya EkavacanavannU sUcisuttaveyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare, intaha sandarbhagaLallU vacana pratyaya vibhakti pratyayakkinta bhinnavAgiruttade. adu lingadondige sEruttade; Adare, vibhaktiginta bhinnavAgi uLiyuttade. udAharaNegAgi, baDavanne embudaralli an‌ pratyaya pullinga mattu EkavacanagaLannu

sUcisuttade, mattu ge pratyaya vibhaktiyannu sUcisuttade; idE rItiyalli, baDavaLge embudaralli aL‌ pratyaya stra linga mattu EkavacanagaLannu sUcisuttade, mattu ge pratyaya vibhaktiyannu sUcisuttade.

(೫) haLegannaDadalli lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLiruva padagaLu bahuvacanadalli pum-stri € bhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla. baDavan‌ mattu baDavaL‌ embaveraDakkU bahuvacanadalli baDavar‌ emba ondE rUpavide. ivu bahuvacanadalli manuShya-manuShyEtara bhEdavannaShTE sUcisaballuvu.

itara nAmapadagaLa baLakeyallU bahuvacanadalli pum-sTrI bhEda sUcitavAguvudillavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, avugaLondige baruva kriyArUpagaLallAgali, illavE avugaLa badalige baruva sarvanAmagaLallAgali pum- strI bhEda kANisuvudilla.

(೭ka) muni bandan‌ munigaL‌ bandar‌ (೭kha) tAy‌ bandaL‌ tAyga L‌ bandar‌

Adare, samskxtada lingabhEda I rIti nAmapadada vacanabhEdada mEle avalambitavAgiruvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, kAnta pada pullinga-Ekavacanadalli kAntaH emba rUpadallU, strI €linga-Ekavacanadalli kAntA emba rUpadallU baruttiddu, dvivacanadalli kAntav (pullinga) mattu kAntE (stri linga) embudAgi rUpabhEdavannu tOrisuttade.

(೬) Adare, keLage ೮.೩ralli vivarisiruva hAge, samskxtada nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva vibhakti-vacanarUpagaLu halaveDegaLalli vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisadiruttave. udAharaNegAgi, pati padakke txtIyA-caturthi-pancamigaLalli patibhyAm emba ondE dvivacanada rUpavide. intaha rUpasAmya vibhaktigaLa naDuve mAtravalla de linga mattu vacanagaLa naDuveyU kANisikoLLutta de.

udAharaNegAgi, pullingada agni mattu stra “lingada mati padagaLige txtIyA- Ekavacanadalli agninA mattu matyA emba rUpagaLiddu, avugaLalli kANisuva vibhakti- vacana pratyayagaLu nA mattu yA emba bEre bEre rUpagaLallive; Adare, txtIyA- dvivacanadalli ivakke agnibhyAm mattu matibhyAm emba rUpagaLiddu, avugaLa anantara baruva vibhakti-vacana pratyaya bhyAm emba ondE rUpadallide.

samskxtadalli intaha rUpasAmyagaLannu mEle koTTiruva sAmAnya niyamakke apavAdagaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide; Adare, haLegannaDadalli pum-sTrI lingabhEda bahuvacanadallilladiruvudu adara vyAkaraNa niyamadallEnE kANisuva ondu vaySiShTyavallade apavAdavalla.

(೭) vacanavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta

bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, napumsakalingadalliruva ondu nAmapada sUcisuva vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLa sankhyeyannu adarondige bandiruva eNikeya pada sUcisuttideyAdare, A nAmapadadondige haLegannaDadalli vacana pratyayavannu baLasadiralU sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೮ka) eraDu agamam iLipantAdudu “eraDu beTTagaLannu iLisidantAyitu’

(೮kha) padinenTu dharmaSAstrangaLoLam nAlku vEdadoLam AangadoLam aydu teada mantrangaLoLam Ajum darSanadoLam…. “hadinenTu dharmaSAstra gaLalliyU, nAlku vEdagaLalliyU, Aru angagaLallimSU, aydu rItimya mantragaLallimyU, Aru darSanagaLalliyU…

(೮ka)dalli beTTada sankhyeyannu eraDu emba eNikeya pada sUcisuva kAraNa, aga “beTTa’ padadondige bahuvacana pratyaya baLakeyAgilla.

I rIti, napumsaka lingadalli vacana pratyayavannu baLasadeyU irabahudu, illavE bEkiddalli baLasalU sAdhya emba viShaya mEle (೮kha)dalli innaShTu spa ShTavAgide. alli koTTiruva aydu nAmapadagaLondigU eNikeya padagaLannu baLasalAgide, mattu I kAraNakkAgi, vEda, anga mattu darSana padagaLondige bahuvacana pratyayavannu baLasilla; Adare dharmaSAstra mattu mantra padagaLondige eNikeya pada mAtravallade vacana pratyayavU bandide.

samskxtadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLeraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuvudAda kAraNa (೭.೩.೧ (೨) nODi), A bhASheyalli I rIti nAmapadagaLondige vacana pratyayavannu baLasadiralu sAdhyavAgadu. avugaLondige eNikeya padagaLu bandiddarU baradiddarU avugaLa koneyalli baruva vibhakti pratyaya sariyAda vacanadallE irabEku. idallade, samskxtadalli eNikeya padagaLU nAmapadagaLAgiddu, avu sUcisuva vacanavannu A padagaLa koneyalli baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlakavU sUcisabEkAguttade.

(೯ka) EkaH vxkcaH apatat‌ “ondu mara bittu’

(೯kha) dvav vxkShe apatatAm “eraDu maragaLu bidduvu’

(೯ga) trINi vxkShAni apatan‌ “mUru maragaLu bidduvu’

(೯ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli vxkSha pada mAtravallade, adarondige bandiruva eNikeya padagaLU A padada vacanavannu sUcisuttive.

೭.೩.೨ haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa samasyegaLu

kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vidvAmsaru samskxtada hAge haLegannaDadallU mUru vacanagaLiveyendu hELiruvudu samskxtada vyAkaraNa niyamavannu kannaDakke hAgeyE anvayisuva prayatnavallade bErEnalla. nijakkU dvivacanavannu sUcisalu haLegannaDadalli bahuvacanada pratyayakkinta bhinnavAda bEre pratyayavilla. idannu gamanisiyU (kESirAja sU. ೧೦೫ nODi) I vidvAmsaru haLegannaDada mEle dvivacanavannu hEralu prayatnisiddAre. dvivacanakke udAharaNegaLAgi kESirAjanu koDuva bhImArjunar‌, rAmalakShmaNar‌ modalAda baLakegaLallU bahuvacanada ar‌ pratyayavE kANisuttade.

samskxtadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLeraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, adakke kriyApada mattu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu sUcisadiruvantaha “prathamA’ vibhakti pratyayada avaSyakateyide (೮.೨ nODi). Adare, haLegannaDadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu bEre bEre pratyayagaLu sUcisuttiveyAda kAraNa, adakke I avaSyakateyilla. hIgiddarU, haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu prathameyannu sxShTisi adakkondu pratyayavannu odagisikoDuva prayatna naDesiddAre.

udAharaNegAgi, kESirAjana matadante, am embudaralli konegoLLuva padagaLannella akAradalli konegoLLuva prakxti(linga)gaLendu parigaNisabEku, mattu avugaLa koneyalli baruva sonneyannu prathamA vibhakti pratyayavendu parigaNisabEku (sU. ೧೦೩).

samskxtadalli akAradalli konegoLLuva kAnta, Siva, dEva, aSva modalAda nAmapadagaLige Ekavacanadalli kANisuva visargavannu prathamA vibhakti yendu kareyalAgide. idannE anusarisi, kESirAjanE modalAdavaru haLegannaDadallU akArAnta padagaLige prathamA vibhakti pratyayavAgi sonne sEruttadeyendu hELirabEku.

Adare, illi tondareyEnendare, samskxtada visarga akArAnta padagaLa prathamA vibhaktirUpadalli mAtra kANisikoLLuttade; itara vibhakti rUpagaLalli adu kANisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, kAnta padakke prathamA vibhaktiyalli kAntaH emba rUpaviddu idaralli visarga bandide; Adare, kAntam, kAntEna, kAntAya, kAntasya modalAda itara vibhakti rUpagaLalli I visarga kANisuvudilla.

haLegannaDada sonne prathamA vibhaktiyalli mAtravallade vyanjanadalli suruvAguva ge vibhakti pratyayadondigU (pullinga mattu strIlingada padagaLalli) kANisikoLLuttade (arasam-arasange, akkam-akkange). itara svaradalli suruvAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLondigU idu nakAra illavE makArada rUpadalli kANisikoLLuttade (arasam-arasanan‌, akkam-

akkanan‌, maram-maranan‌, paLLam-paLLamam).

“prathamA vibhaktiyallU I padagaLa anantara “mattu’ embarthavannu koDuva (mattu svaradalli suruvAguva) um pratyaya sEridAga, sonneya badalu nakAra illavE makAra kANisikoLLuttade (arasam-arasanum, akkam-akkanum, paLLam-paLLamum) embudarinda I nakAra mattu makAragaLu sonnege sambandhisiduvemba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

kiTTel‌ (೧೯೦೩:೪೧) avara abhiprAyadante maram, aNNam modalAdavugaLa koneyalli baruva sonne (illavE n‌ athavA m‌) embudannu mAtravallade, eTTu, kUsu modalAdavugaLa koneyalli baruva ukAra (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೫೮), puli, karaDi modalAdavugaLa koneyalli baruva ikAra (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೬೭) ityAdigaLannU prathamA vibhakti pratyayavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli, I nAmapadagaLa bahuvacana rUpadalli avugaLa jAgadalli (athavA avugaLa anantara) baruva gaL‌, ೦gaL‌, ar‌ modalAduvannU prathamA vibhakti pratyayavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೫೧).

kiTTelara I abhiprAyakke bahuSaH samskxtada sambandhigaLAda lyATin‌, grIk‌ modalAda bhAShegaLalli baLakeyalliruva vyAkaraNa tatva kAraNavirabahudu. I bhAShegaLallU samskxtada hAge vibhakti mattu vacanagaLeraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva lyATin‌ bhASheya vir‌ “manuShya’ mattu dOnum‌ “dAna, koDuge’ padagaLige dvitIyA mattu caturthI vibhaktigaLalliruva padarUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

Ekavacana bahuvacana virum‌ “manuShyanannu’ virOs‌ manuShyarannu’ virO “manuShyanige’ virIs‌ “manuShyarige’

dOnum‌ “dAnavannu’ dOna “dAnagaLannu’ dOnO “dAnakke’ dOnIs‌ “dAnagaLige’

vir‌ “manuShya’ padada anantara Ekavacanadalli baruva dvitIyA vibhaktiya um‌ pratyayakkU, bahuvacanadalli baruva adE vibhaktiya Os‌ pratyayakkU naDuve yAva sAmyavU illa. hAgAgi, I padarUpagaLalli vibhakti pratyayavannu vacana pratyayadinda pratyEkisalu sAdhyavAgadu. mEle koTTiruva itara padarUpagaLallU hIgeyE.

lyATin‌ mattu samskxtagaLeraDakkU inDO-yurOpiyan‌ emba ondE mUlaviruvudE I rIti averaDU vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu ondE rItiyalli (ondE pratyayada mUlaka) sUcisuttiralu kAraNa. haLegannaDakke inDO-

yurOpiyan‌ginta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa mUlavideyAda kAraNa, adaralli vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu sUcisalu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda, eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu baLasuva vidhAna baLakeyallide.

೭.೪ sArAmSa

haLegannaDa nAmapadagaLa lingabhEda nEravAgi avugaLa arthada mEle avalambiside. Adare, samskxta nAmapadagaLa lingabhEda arthakkintalU rUDhiyalli I nAmapadagaLige entaha baLakeyide embudannavalambiside. intaha baLakegaLige nAmapadagaLa caritreyalli mUlavannu huDukalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, samskxtada vyAkaraNadalli avannu vivarisuvantaha niyamagaLannu arthada AdhArada mEle tayArisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

haLegannaDadalli vacanabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyaya vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayakkinta bhinnavAdudu. Adare, samskxtadalli iveraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisutta de. I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli vacana mattu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu avaSyaviruvalli mAtra baLasidare sAku. Adare, samskxtadalli vibhakti-vacana pratyayagaLannu ellA sandarbhagaLallU (avaSyaviruvallU mattu illadallU) nAmapadagaLannu baLasuvAgalella baLasabEkAguttade.

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve linga mattu vacanagaLannu sUcisuvalli kanDubaruva I mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisadudarindAgi, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu anavaSyakavAgi halavAru gondalagaLigeDeyAgiddAre.

adhyAya ೮ — vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu

vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu

೮.೧ pIThike

ondu vAkyavu tiLisuva ghaTane illavE sangatiyalli nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu yAva rItiyalli toDagikonDive embudannu A

nAmapadagaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva haLegannaDa vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu:

(೧ka) arasan‌ pArvange turugaLan‌ koTTan‌ “rAja brAhmaNanige danagaLannu koTTa’ (೧kha) aragina maneyoL‌ pAnDavar‌ aLgidar‌ “pAnDavaru aragina maneyalli nASavAdaru’ (೧ka) vAkyadalli pArvam padada anantara bandiruva ge vibhakti pratyaya A vAkyavu tiLisuva koDuvike emba ghaTaneyalli brAhmaNanu (pArvam) arasanu koTTudannu paDeyuvavanembudannU, turugaL‌ padada anantara bandiruva an‌ vibhakti pratyaya A ghaTaneyalli danagaLu (turugaL‌) arasanu koTTa vastugaLendU tiLisuttave. idE rItiyalli, (೧kha) vAkyada aragina mane padakanteya koneyalli bandiruva oL‌ pratyaya pAnDavaru nASavAgiruvarennalAda ghaTaneya jAga aragina mane embudannu sUcisuttade. intaha vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli, haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. ivugaLalli kelavannu keLage koDalAgide:

೮.೨ vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasadiruvudu

mEle (೭.೩.೧)ralli sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLu vibhaktibhEdavannu mAtravallade vacanabhEdavannU sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada gOShu “danagaLalli’ padarUpadalliruva Shu pratyaya saptamI vibhaktiyannu mAtravallade bahuvacanavannU sUcisuttade.

hAgAgi, vibhaktiyannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyilladantaha sandarbhagaLallU

samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasabEkAguttade. idakke kAraNavEnendare, intaha

sandarbhagaLallU vacanavannu sUcisabEkAguttade, mattu idakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuvudallade bEre dAriyilla (keLage koTTiruva (೩ka-kha) vAkyagaLannu nODi).

idarindAgi, vAkyadalli yAva nAmapadavannu baLasuvudiddarU adakke yAvudAdarU ondu vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisiyE baLasabEkemba niyamavannu A bhASheya (samskxtada) vyAkaraNadalli racisabEkAgide.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLu vacana pratyayakkinta bhinnavAgiddu vibhakti bhEdavannu mAtra sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada mugilla Lin‌ padarUpadalli vacanavannu gaL‌ pratyaya sUcisuttadeyAdare, vibhaktiyannu adara anantara baruva in‌ pratyaya sUcisuttade. samskxtada hAge iveraDannU ondE pratyaya sUcisuva badalu, bEre bEre pratyayagaLu sUcisuttave.

I rIti, haLegannaDadalli vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi bEre bEre pratyayagaLiruva kAraNa, vacana pratyayada hAge (೭.೩.೧ nODi) vibhakti pratyayavannU avaSyaviddalli mAtra baLasuva sAdhyate haLegannaDadalli de. nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandha entahadu emba viShaya spaShTavAgiruva sandarbhagaLalli vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasadeyE iralU haLegannaDadalli sAdhya; Adare, samskxtadalli idu asAdhya.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada vAkyavondaralli kriyApadadondige ondu nAmapada mAtra bandideyAdare, adakkU kriyApadakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavideyembudu A kriyApadada svarUpadindalE spaShTavAgaballudu, mattu intaha sandarbhagaLalli A nAmapadadondige vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasadiralu sAdhyavide.

(೨ka) nallaL‌ nasunakkaL‌ (೨kha) makkaL‌ pADidar‌ (೨ga) arasan‌ bandan‌

(೨ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli ondondE nAmapada bandiddu, avakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandhavEnembudannu tiLiyuvalli yAva samasyeyU illa. (೨ka)dalli nakkavaLu nallaLu, (೨kha)dalli hADidavaru makkaLu, mattu (೨ga)dalli bandavanu arasanu embudAgi I sambandhavannu yAva pratyayada sahAyavU illa de tiLidukoLLalu baruttade. hAgAgi, I nAmapadagaLondige yAva vibhakti pratyayavannU baLasadiralu haLegannaDadalli sAdhyavAgide.

Adare, samskxta vAkyagaLalli I rIti vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisade nAmapadagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyillada sandarbhagaLallU vacanabhEdavannu sUcisabEkAguvudAda kAraNa, antaha sandarbhagaLalli samskxtada nAmapadagaLondige “prathamA vibhakti’ pratyayavannu baLasabEkAguttade. I pratyayakke nAmapadagaLa vacanavannu tiLisuva kelasa mAtra ide.

(೩ka) nadyaH sravanti “nadigaLu hariyuttave’

(೩kha) mANavakaH gacchati “huDuga hOguttAne”

(೩ka)dalli nadigU hariyuvikegU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu tiLisuva avaSyakateyilla; hariyuva kriyeyannu nadi naDesuttade embudu illi spaShTavAgide. (samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAyadante I viShayavannu kriyApadada koneyalli baruva tij‌ pratyayavE tiLisuttade).

hIgiddarU, illi halavu nadigaLu I kriyeyannu naDesuttave embudAgi bahuvacanavannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyideyAda kAraNa, mattu samskxtadalli vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu ondE pratyaya sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, nadI padada anantara aH (as‌) prathamA bahuvacana pratyayavannu baLasabEkAgide.

idE rItiyalli, (೩kha)dalli hOguvavanu huDuga emba viShaya spaShTavAgideyAdarU, Ata obbanE embudannu sUcisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, mANavaka padada anantara : (s‌) prathamA Ekavacana pratyayavannu baLasabEkAgide.

kriyApadadondige eraDu nAmapadagaLu bandiruvAgalU A nAmapadagaLalli ondu vyakti illavE prANiyannu sUcisuttiddu, innondu vastu illavE viShayavannu sUcisuttideyAdare, antaha sandarbhadallU haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavEnu embudannu vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka tiLisuva avaSyakate illa. yAkendare, antaha sandarbhagaLalli kriyApadavu sUcisuvantaha ghaTaneyannu naDesuva kelasavannu vyakti illavE prANi mAtra mADalu sAdhyavallade vastu illavE viShaya mADalu sAdhyavilla i

hAgAgi, antaha sandarbhagaLalli ghaTaneyinda bAdhitavAguva vyakti illa vE vastuvannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyayavannu baLasadiralu baruttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೪ka) Atana baravinge baddhavaNam bAjipante (೨.೧೨va) “Atana baruvikege mangaLa vAdyavannu bArisuva hAge’

(೪kha) manamikkiyum erdeyikkiyum‌ kiDuvar‌ (೨.೨೮va) “utsAhaSUnyarAgiyU adhayryarAgiyU keTTuhOguttAre’

(೪ka)dalli baddhavaNa padadondige adakkU kriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi barabEkAgidda an‌ pratyayada baLakeyAgilla. idE rItiyalli, (೪kha)dalli manam mattu erde padagaLondigU an‌ pratyaya bandilla.

Adare, samskxtadalli I rIti nAmapadadondige dvitIyA vibhaktiyannu baLasadiralu sAdhyavAgadu. adu vibhaktiyondige vacanavannU sUcisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

೮.೩ vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhye

haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLondige baLasalu oTTu nAlku vibhakti pratyayagaLu mAtra baLakeyallive.

(೧) ghaTaneyondarinda bAdhitavAguva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva an‌ (am) pratyaya ivugaLalli modalaneyadu.

(೫ka) A tapOvxddhar‌ kAnteyan‌ santaysidar‌ “A tapOvxddharu kAnteyannu santaysidaru’

(೫kha) mum poDevem kULam baTuyam poDevem rakkasanan‌ “modalu annavannu hoDeyuttEne (tinnuttEne), anantara rAkTasana hoDeyuttEne’

(೫ka)dalli santaysuva ghaTaneyinda bAdhitavAguva kAnteyannu mattu (೫kha)dalli hoDeyuva (tinnuva) ghaTaneyinda bAdhitavAguva annavannu (mattu rAkShasanannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi an‌ pratyayada baLakeyAgide.

(೨) ghaTaneya jAgavannu sUcisuva oL‌ pratyaya eraDaneyadu. idara baLakeyannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೬ka) aragina maneyoL‌ pAnDavar‌ uridu alludar‌ “aragina maneyalli pAnDavaru uridu nASavAdaru’

(೬kha) `aDaviyoL‌ ennuman‌ enna SiSugaLuman‌ irisi… “kADinalli nannannU nanna SiSugaLannU irisi’

(೬ka)dalli pAnDavaru uridu nASavAgiruva jAgavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mane padadondige oL‌ pratyaya bandide; mattu (೬kha)dalli kunti tannannU tanna makkaLannU irisiruva jAgavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi aDavi padadondige oL‌ pratyaya bandide.

(೩) ondu kriyApada tiLisuva ghaTane yAvudAdarU ondu rItiya calaneyannu oLagonDideyAdare, antaha kriyApadadondige A calaneya suru mattu konegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi in‌ mattu ge emba innU eraDu pratyayagaLu baraballuvu; ivu calanege sambandhisidantaha eraDu rItiya viSiShTavAda jAgagaLannu sUcisuttave. ivu haLegannaDada mUru mattu nAlkaneya vibhakti pratyayagaLu.

(೭ka) tApasASramadim poramaTTu “tApasASramadinda horaTu’

(೭kha) dhxtarAShTra karNa Sakuni prabhxtigaL‌ nija nivAsangaLge pOdar‌ “dhxtarAShTra, karNa, Sakuni modalAdavaru tamma manegaLige hOdaru’ J)

(೭ka)dalli horaDuva ghaTane ellinda suruvAgideyembudannu sUcisalu tApasASrama padadondige im pratyaya bandide, mattu (೭kha)dalli hOguva ghaTane elli konegoLLutta de embudannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nivAsangaL‌ embudarondige ge pratyaya bandide.

samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhye idakkinta jAsti. mEle (೮.೨)ralli sUcisiruva prathamA vibhakti mAtravalla de, nAmapadagaLigU kriyApadagaLigU naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu sUcisaballa dvitIyA, txtIyA, caturthI, pancamI, ShaShThI mattu saptamI embudAgi hesarisalAgiruva innU Aru vibhaktigaLu samskxtadallive.

(೮ka) danDapAlaH cOram karShati “kAvalugAranu kaLLanannu eLeyuttA ne’ (೮kha) vxtram indrO vajrENa ahan‌ “indranu vxtranannu vajrAyudhadinda konda’ (೮ga) brAhmaNEbhyO niShkAn‌ dadav “brAhmaNarige cinnada nANyagaLannu koTTa’ (೮gha) dhAvatO aSvAt‌ patati “ODuttiruva kudureyinda bILuttAne’ (೮ja) mAtuH smarati “tAyannu neneyuttAne’ (೮ca) kasmimScid‌ vanE bhAsurakO nAma simhaH prativasati sma “yAvudO ondu kADinalli bhAsurakanemba simha vAsisuttittu’ (೮ka)dalli eLeyuva kriyeyinda bAdhitanAgiruva vyaktiyannu dvitIyA vibhaktiya mUlakavU, (೮kha)dalli kolluva ghaTaneyalli baLasida Ayudhavannu txtIyA vibhaktiya mUlakavU, (Agudalli koTTa vastuvannu paDeda vyaktiyannu caturthI vibhaktiya mUlakavU, (೮gha) dalli biddudellinda embudannu pancamI vibhaktiya mUlakavU, (೮ja) dalli nenedudu yArannu embudannu ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlakavU, mattu (A೮ca)dalli vAsisiruva jAgavannu saptamI vibhaktiya mUlakavU sUcisalAgide. samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLu I rIti nAmapadakkUkriyApadakkU naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu mAtravallade, vacanabhEdavannU sUcisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, mEle sUcisida pratiyondu vibhaktiyallU Ekavacana, dvivacana mattu bahuvacanagaLannu sUcisaballa mUru mUru pratyayagaLive.

(೯ka) kaTam karOti

“cApeyannu mADuttAne’ (೯kha) kaTav karOti

“(eraDu) cApegaLannu mADuttAne’ (೯ga) kaTAn‌ karOti

“(halavu) cApegaLannu mADuttAne’

(೧ka)dalli kaTa “cApe’ padadondige dvitIyA vibhakti mattu Ekavacana iveraDannU oTTAgi sUcisalu ೦ pratyaya bandide. (೧kha)dalli dvitIyA vibhakti mattu dvivacanagaLannu sUcisalu av pratyaya bandide mattu (೧ga)dalli adE dvitIyA vibhakti mattu bahuvacanagaLannu sUcisalu an‌ pratyaya bandide.

Adare, heccina nAmapadagaLallU I ippattondu vibhakti mattu vacanagaLa jODigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLalli ellavU ondakkinta ondu bhinnavAgiruvudilla. avugaLalli kelavu ondE rUpadalliralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, Asya “bAyi’ padakke caturthi-bahuvacana mattu pancami-bahuvacana emba eraDu vibhakti-vacana jODigaLallU AskEbhyaH emba ondE rUpavide; nadI padakke txtIyA-dvivacana, caturthI-dvivacana mattu pancamI-dvivacanagaLemba mUru vibhakti-vacana jODigaLallU nadIbhyAm emba ondE rUpavide.

samskxtada vibhaktigaLannu prathamA, dvitIyA, txtIyA ityAdiyAgi hesarisalu mukhya kAraNavEnendare, hIge hesarisuva mUlaka avugaLalli yAva vibhakti-vacana pratyayagaLige ondalla ondu nAmapadadondige bandAga samAna rUpagaLu kANisikoLLutta ve embudannu tiLisuva kelasa sulabhavAgutta de. bEre yAva anukramadalli avannu hesarisidarU I kelasa aShTu sulabhavAgadu (viTni ೧೮೮೮:೮೯ nODi).

೮.೪ vibhakti pratyayagaLa artha

nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisiruvudE avugaLalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLa sankhyeyalli, mEle sUcisida hAge, vyatyAsa kANisalu mukhya kAraNa. (samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka vacanavannU sUcisuttiruvudu (೮.೩ nODi) innondu kAraNa).

೮.೪.೧ haLegannaDada vibhaktigaLu

haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu mADuga, Aguga mattu jAga embudAgi mUru mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisalAguttadeyendu hELabahudu. ondu ghaTaneyannu naDesuva vyakti illavE prANi mADuga, adarinda

bAdhitavAguva vyakti, prANi illavE vastu Aguga mattu ghaTane naDeyuvudu elli embudannu sUcisuvudu jAga (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೪:೩೫ nODi).

mEle (೮.೨)ralli vivarisida hAge, I mUru rItiya sambandhagaLalli eraDannu mAtra sUcisi, mUraneyadannu sUcisade biDalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, Agugavannu sUcisuva an‌ mattu jAgavannu sUcisuva oL‌ embudAgi haLegannaDakke eraDu vibhakti pratyayagaLa avaSyakate mAtra ide.

idallade, ghaTanemyu yAvudAdarondu rItintu “calane’yannu oLagonDideyAdare, antaha calaneya suru mattu konegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi in‌ mattu ge emba bEre eraDu vibhakti pratyayagaLa avaSyakateyU haLegannaDakkide.

I nAlku pratyayagaLalli oL‌, in‌, mattu ge emba mUru pratyayagaLu ghaTaneya jAgakke sambandhisiddu (calaneya arthavidda re in‌ athavA ge mattu illadidda re oL‌), avu mUru ondu gumpinallU, an‌ embudu innondu gumpinallU baruttave. haLegannaDa vibhakti pratyayagaLa I vibhajanege cAritrika AdhAravU ide.

udAharaNegAgi, oL‌, in‌, mattu ge emba mUru pratyayagaLu nAmapadagaLinda sAdhitavAgiddu, an‌ pratyayada hAge nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi sEruva badalu nAmapadakke a pratyayavannu sErisi racisida sambandhisuva rUpakke sEruttaveyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. idu antaha ondu cAritrika AdhAra.

a ‘ oL‌ in‌ ge an‌ magana maganoL‌ maganin‌ magange maganan‌ kicina kici noL‌ kici nin‌ kicinge kican‌

ja ja ja VE; oja ATada ATadoL‌ ATadin‌ ATakke ATaman‌ adalu adaatoL‌ adajAn‌ adarke adan‌ ettaNa daDa ettaNin‌ jA dada

mElina kOShTakadalli kANisida hAge, oL‌, in‌, mattu ge pratyayagaLu sEridAga kelavu nAmapadagaLa munde in‌, d‌, aj‌, mattu aN‌ emba AgamagaLu baruttave, mattu sambandhisuva a pratyaya sEridAgalU ivE AgamagaLu baruttave. Adare, an‌ pratyaya sEridAga I AgamagaLu baruvudilla. I AgamagaLu cAritrikavAgi sambandhisuva rUpada amSagaLendu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyaviddu, antaha sambandhisuva rUpakkEnE oL‌, in‌, mattu ge pratyayagaLu sEruttaveyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

mEle sUcisiruva Aguga, jAga, suru, mattu kone emba sambandhagaLu I vibhakti pratyayagaLa mukhya arthagaLu. I arthagaLalli mAtravallade halavu vistxta arthagaLallU avannu baLasalu sAdhyaviddu (೮.೫ nODi), idarindAgi I nAlku vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve kANisuva ellA bageya sambandhagaLannU sUcisalu sAdhyavAguttade.

೮.೪.೨ samskxtada vibhaktigaLu

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu haLegannaDakkinta tIra bhinnavAda rItiyalli vingaDisalAgiddu, avannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ELu vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyAguttade. Adare, haLegannaDada hAge I ELu vibhaktigaLu nEravAgi ELu rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvudilla.

samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva karta, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna, mattu adhikaraNa emba Aru “kAraka’gaLu samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina sambandhagaLannu Aru mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisuttave. ivugaLallondannu (kartavannu) kriyApadavE sUcisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, adannu sUcisalu bEre vibhakti pratyayada avaSyakateyilla.

hIgiddarU, mEle (೮.೨)ralli vivarisida hAge, samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayavu vacanavannU sUcisabEkAguvudAda kAraNa, intaha sandarbhagaLalli baLasalu A bhAShege ‘prathamA’ emba ondu vibhakti pratyayada avaSyakateyide.

samskxtada ShaShThI vibhakti eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu (paSOH pAdaH “prANiya kAlu’) sUcisuvudallade, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannU sUcisaballudu (೮.೭.೪ nODi). hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli ShaShThI pratyayavannU ondu vibhakti pratyayavembudAgi parigaNisalAgide.

haLegannaDada a pratyaya (madanana pUgaNe) idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiddu, adu eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu mAtra sUcisaballudu; samskxtada hAge nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu adu sUcisalAradu. hAgAgi, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli adannu vibhakti pratyayavendu kareyalu yAva AdhAravU illa.

idallade, haLegannaDada nAmapadagaLigiruva I a pratyaya sErida rUpagaLu guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baraballuvAda kAraNa, halavu viShayagaLalli avu vibhakti rUpagaLiginta bhinnavAgive (೮.೭.೪ nODi).

samskxtada dvitIyA vibhakti pratyaya ghaTaneyinda bhAdhitavAdudannu (karmavannu) mAtravallade calaneya koneyannU sUcisaballudu. caturthI vibhaktiyannU I arthadalli baLasalu sAdhyaviddarU, avugaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide:

(೧೦ka) grAmAya gacchati “manege hOguttAne’

(೧೦kha) grAmam gacchati “manege hOguttAne’

mElina eraDu vAkyagaLigU “manege hOguttAne’ emba ondE arthavide; Adare, (೧೦ka)dalli caturthI vibhaktiya baLakeyAgiddu, adu hOguvikeya uddESavannu

mAtra sUcisuttade; mattu (೧೦kha)dalli dvitIyeya baLakeyAgiddu, adu A uddESa siddhisideyembudannU sUcisuttade.

I rIti, calaneya mUlaka ondu jAgavannu talapalAgide embarthaviruvalli (uddESada siddhi yAgiruvalli) dvitIyeyannu baLasalu sAdhyavideyalla de caturthiyannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu (tArAporevAlA ೧೯೬೭:೪೦ nODi).

caturthige idakkintalU, ondu ghaTaneyannu yArigAgi naDesalAgide embudannu sUcisuva arthavE heccu mukhyavAdudu. hAgAgi, adu sAmAnyavAgi sampradAna kArakavannu sUcisuttade. keLage koTTiruva (೧೧)nE vAkyadalli danavannu paDeyuva vyaktiyannu sUcisuva upAdhyAya pada caturthiyalli bandide.

(೧೧) SiShyaH upAdhyAyAya gAm dadAti “SiShyanu upAdhyAyanige danavannu koDuttA ne

sahayOgArthavE txtIyA vibhaktiya mukhya artha (tArAporevAlA ೧೯೬೭). keLage koTTiruva (೧೨ka) vAkyadalli I baLakeyannu kANabahudu. ghaTaneyondannu naDesuvalli sAdhanavAgi baLakeyAguva karaNavU I rIti mADugana sahayOgiyAgiruva kAraNa, adannU txtIyA vibhakti sUcisaballudu embudannu (೧೨kha)dalli kANisalAgide.

(೧೨5) dEvO dEvEbhirAgamat‌ “dEvanu dEvategaLondige banda’ (೧೨kha) rAmaH kAShThayH Odanam pacati “rAmanu kaTTigeyannu baLasi annavannu bEyisuttA ne’

idakke viruddhavAda viyOgArtha pancamI vibhaktigide. keLage koTTiruva (೧೩ka- kha) vAkyagaLalli ondu jAgavannu biTTu hOguva I arthadindalE calaneya suru emba arthavU I pratyayakke baruttade.

(೧೩ka) vihagaH AkASAt‌ apatat‌ “hakki AkASadinda (keLage) bittu’ (೧೩kha) muniH parvatAdavarOhati “muniyu pavartadinda iLiyuttAne’

samskxtada saptamI vibhakti ondu ghaTaneya jAgavannu mAtravallade, calaneya koneyannU sUcisaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage (೧೪ka)dalli bEyuva ghaTaneya jAgavAgiruva sthAlI “pAtre’ embudannu saptamiyallirisalAgide, mattu (೧೪kha)dalli bILuva ghaTaneya koneyAgiruva caraNa “kAlu’ padavannU saptamiyallirisalAgide.

(೧೪ka) Odanam sthAlyAm pacati “anna pAtreyalli bEyuttade’ (೧೪kha) caraNayOH nipEtatuH “(avaribbaru Atana) kAlugaLige biddaru’

೮.೫ vistxta baLakegaLu

haLegannaDa vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakegU samskxta vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakegU naDuviruva ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, mEle sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDada vibhakti pratyayagaLige spaShTavAda arthagaLannu koDalu sAdhyavide; avakke kelavu vistxta baLakegaLiruvudu nijavAdarU intaha baLakegaLalli kANisuva arthagaLalli heccinavannU avugaLa mUla arthadindalEnE sAdhisalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada ge pratyayakke calaneya koneyannu sUcisuva mUlArtha (೭kha nODi) mAtravallade, bEre halavu vistxta baLakegaLU ive. Adare, I ellA vistxta baLakegaLannU A mUlArthadindalEnE sAdhisalu sAdhyavide.

(೧೫ka) avarge nakula sahadEvarendu pesaraniTTu “avarige nakula sahadEvarendu hesaranniTTu’ (೧೫kha) drONam gaDamiShuvidyege jANam gaDa “drONanallave! bANavidyeyalli jANanallave!’ (೧೫ga) ennarasange ennadaTuman‌ tOkhuvem “nanna parAkramavannu nanna svAmige tOrisuttEne’ (೧೫gha) noLavinge kuppe varam “noNakke kasavE SrEShThavAdudu’

(೧೫ka)dalli yArige hesarannirisalAgideyO A vyaktigaLannu sUcisuva avar‌ padadondige ge pratyaya bandide. illi hesarina “calane’ yAgilla diddarU, koDuvikeya arthavideyAda kAraNa, idannu calaneya koneyemba arthakke sambandhisidudendu hELalu sAdhyavide. (೧೫kha)dalli jANanAgiruva guNadharmakkiruva vyAptiyannu iShuvidye tiLisuvudAda kAraNa, adu calaneya koneyemba arthakke sambandhisidudendu hELabahudu. ge pratyayakkiruva itara baLakegaLannU, idE rItiyalli, calaneya kone emba mUlArthada bEre bEre vistxta baLakegaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.

Adare, samskxtada vibhakti pratyayagaLige I rIti avugaLa ellA baLakegaLigU sarihonduvante arthavannu hELuvudu bahaLa kaShTa. idakke mukhya kAraNavEnendare, samskxtada kriyApadagaLondige halavu upasargagaLu baralu sAdhyaviddu, ivannanusarisi, nAmapadagaLondige bEre bEre vibhakti prattayagaLu barabEkAguttade. intaha baLakegaLige

idi pu) khi

upasargagaLa arthavE modalige AdhAravAgiddiralu sAdhyavide. Adare, kAvyagaLa

kAlada samskxtadalli I upasargagaLu tamma modalina arthagaLannu bahaLa maTTige kaLedukonDiveyAda kAraNa, I AdhAra illavAgide. udAharaNegAgi keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೬ka) parvatE AstE “guDDadalli kuLitiddAne”

(೧೬kha) parvatam adhyAstE “guDDadalli kuLitiddAne”

kuLitukonDiruva jAgavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi (೧೬ka)dalli saptamiyannu baLasalAgide, mattu (೧೬kha)dalli dvitIyeyannu baLasalAgide; (೧೬kha)dalli kriyApadadondige adhi upa sa. baLuku. I rIti saptamiya badalu dvitIyeyannu baLasalu kAraNa. de I badalAvaNege arthada AdhAravilla.

idallade, samskxtadalli Aru kArakagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ELu vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyAguttadeyembudU vibhakti pratyaya mattu nAma-kriyA sambandha iveraDara naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyilla embudannu spaShTapaDisuttade. nijakkU Aru kArakagaLige aydu vibhakti pratyayagaLiddare sAku. kannaDadalli aydu sambandhagaLannu nAlku vibhakti pratyayagaLu sUcisuttave tAnE.

೮.೬ vibhakti pratyayagaLu mattu kArakagaLu

vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva ryA: sUcisuvalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve entaha

savide embudannu nAvu mElina eraDu vibhAgagaLalli (೮.೪-೫ralli) nODiruvevu. sarjA I sambandhagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka nEravAgi sUcitavAguttave; Adare, samskxtadalli I rIti nEravAgi sUcitavAguvudilla.

samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLige intaha sambandhagaLannu sUcisuva kelasa mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu kelasagaLiruvudE idakke mukhya kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, I pratyayagaLu intaha sambandhagaLannu mAtravallade nAmapadagaLa vacanavannU sUcisabEkAguttade; ivugaLa baLake kriyApadadondige baruva upasargagaLa mElU avalambisirabEkAguttade; mattu itara vibhakti pratyayagaLu naDesuva kelasavannE halavu sandarbhagaLalli ShaShThI vibhakti pratyaya naDesaballudu.

va kAraNakkAgi, samskxtada vay yAkaraNigaLu “kAraka’ paTa bEreyE ondu vyAkaraNa tatvavannu kalpisikonDu, adara mUlaka nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu A bhASheyalli hEge vingaDisalAguttade embudannu vivarisabEkAgide. karka, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna mattu adhikaraNagaLemba intaha Aru kArakagaLalli I sambandhagaLu vingaDaNeyAguttaveyendu avaru pratipAdisiddAre.

vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu “4

mEle sUcisida hAge, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina sambandhagaLannu haLegannaDadalli vingaDisiruva rIti idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. samskxtada katx kArakadalli oTTu sEruva sambandhagaLalli kelavu haLegannaDada Aguga gumpinallU, innu kelavu mADuga gumpinallU hancihOguttave. idallade, bEre kelavu kone gumpina lsa sEruttave. sampradAna kArakadalli baruva sambandhagaLu, mattu karma kArakadalli baruva kelavu sambandhagaLU idE kone gumpinalli baruttave. idallade, karaNa kArakadalli baruva sambandhagaLalli hecci navU jAga gumpinalli baruttave.

nijakkU nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhagaLannu haLegannaDadalli hEge sUcisalAguttade embudannu vivarisalu kArakagaLemba vyAkaraNa tatvada avaSyakateyE illa (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೧೯೯೧ nODi). haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLige koDabahudAda arthagaLE I viShayavannu nEravAgi tiLisuttave. idakke apavAdagaLAgi baruva baLakegaLella spaShTavAgi I pratyayagaLa vistxta baLakegaLAgive.

nAmapadagaLa lingavannu nirdharisuvalli samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruvantaha vyatyAsavE vibhaktigaLa arthavannu nirdharisuvallU I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve kANisuttadeyendu hELabahudu. haLegannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa lingavannu nEravAgi avugaLa arthada AdhArada mEle nirdharisalu sAdhyavide. idakke kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLu mAtra ive.

Adare, samskxtadalli pratiyondu nAmapadada lingavannUvAkyagaLalli A nAmapadada baLakeyentahadu embudannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka nirdharisabEkAgutta de (idakke apavAdavAgi, arthavE adhAravAgabahudAdantaha sandarbhagaLu samskxtadalli bahaLa kaDime). hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNadalli lingavibhajaneyembudu ondu bahaLa kliShTavAda viShayavAgide (೭.೨.೨ nODi).

idE rItiyalli, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina sambandhagaLa vibhajaneyU samskxta vyAkaraNadalli ondu bahaLa kli ShTavAda viShayavAgide. vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakege arthavyatyAsa nEravAda AdhAravAgilladiruvudE idakke mukhya kAraNa.

haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi avugaLa arthadondige sambandhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, adara vibhakti pratyayagaLannu samskxtada hAge prathamA (modalaneyadu), dvitIyA (eraDaneyadu), txtIyA (mUraneyadu) ityAdiyAgi hesarisuva badalu, A pratyayagaLa arthavannu spaShTapaDisuva hAge bAdhita (an‌), suru (in‌), kone (ge) mattu jAga (oL‌) embudAgi hesarisuvudE oLLeyadu.

೮.೭ haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa samasyegaLu

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyalli, mEle sUcisida hAge, halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLive. hAgAgi, samskxta vibhakShigaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke

aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. hIge mADalu prayatnisidudarindAgi, haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu halavu rItiya samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAgide, mattu avaru racisida vyAkaraNagaLu anavaSyakavAgi bahaLa kliShTavAgive.

samskxtada hAge haLegannaDadallU ELu vibhaktigaLannu kANalu ivaru naDesida prayatna hEge asaphalavAgideyembudannu IgAgalE halavaru vidvAmsaru vivarisiddA re (kannaDa kaypiDi ೧೯೭೧:೩೮, kxShNabhaTTa ೧೯೯೨: ೧೬೪, sItArAmayya ೧೯೭೯:೧೪೭). illU vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLa maTTige haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisadiruvudE I samasyegaLige mukhya kAraNa embudannu keLagina pariSIlane spaShTapaDisuttade.

೮.೭.೧ prathamA vibhakti

samskxtada hAge haLegannaDakke prathamA vibhaktiya avaSyakate yAke illa embudannu mEle (೮.೨)ralli vivarisalAgide. haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada hAge haLegannaDakkU prathamA vibhakti bEkAgabahudu endu bhAvisi, adakkAgi m‌ emba pratyayavondannu kalpisikonDiddAre.

Adare, I kalpaneyannu uLisikoLLuva prayatnadalli avaru halavu samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAgide. akArAntavallada pul‌, baLLi, erale modalAda nAmapadagaLondige makAra bAradiruvudu ondu samasyeyAdare, akArAnta padagaLa makAra dvitIyA vibhaktiyallU uLidukoLLuvudu (beTTamam, ATamam) innondu samasye.

akArAnta pullinga padagaLige (mattu mara, akka, pola, nela modalAda bEre kelavu akArAnta padagaLige) svara paravAdAga I makAra nakAravAguvudu (rAmanum, akkanum, nelanum), mattu I nakAra itara svaradalli suruvAguva vibhakti pratyayagaLu sEridAgalU hAgeyE uLiyuvudu (maranam, rAmanim, rAmanoL‌) mattondu samasye. intaha halavu samasyegaLu anavaSyakavAda I kalpaneyindAgi avara vyAkaraNagaLalli uda ೈvisive (೭.೩.೨ nODi).

೮.೭.೨ txtIye mattu caturthi

txtIyeyE modalAda samskxtada itara vibhaktigaLige samanAda vibhaktigaLannu haLegannaDadalli kANalu ivaru naDesida prayatnagaLU intahavE samasyegaLige kAraNagaLAgive.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada im pratyaya samskxtada txtIyege samanAdudendu I vayyAkaraNigaLu bhAvisiddAre. Adare, nijakkU I pratyaya samskxtada txtIyegintalU pancamige hattiravAgide (kxShNabhaTTa ೧೯೯೨:೧೬೪ nODi).

samskxtada txtIyA vibhaktige sahayOgavE prAmukhyavAda artha. idakke viruddhavAda viyOgArthavannu pancamI vibhakti sUcisuttade. I vyatyAsavannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೭ka) rAmO dEvEbhirAgamat‌ “rAmanu dEvategaLondige banda’ (೧೭kha) grAmAdAgaccheti “grAmadinda baruttAne’

(೧೭ka)dalli rAmanondige dEvategaLa sahayOgavideyAda kAraNa (ellarU oTTige bandiruvarAda kAraNa), dEvEbhiH embudAgi txtIyA vibhaktirUpada baLakeyAgide; Adare, (೧೭kha)dalli baruva vyaktigU mattu grAmakkU naDuve viyOgavAgideyAda kAraNa, grAmAt‌ embudAgi pancamI vibhakti rUpada baLakeyAgide.

haLegannaDada im pratyaya mukhyavAgi viyOgavannu sUcisuttadeyallade sahayOgavannalla. adu ondu calaneya suruvannu sUcisuva kAraNa, viyOgavE adara prAmukhyavAda artha. idakke virudda vAda sahayOgArthavannu haLegannaDadalli ge pratyaya (illavE jAgavannu sUcisuva oL‌ pratyaya) sUcisuttade. I pratyayagaLa vistxta baLakegaLallU I vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli im pratyaya ondu ghaTanege kAraNavannu sUcisuvudAdare, ge pratyaya uddESavannu sUcisuttade. kAraNadinda ghaTane suruvAguttade, mattu anantara uddESavannu talaputtade embudAgi illi calaneya eraDu amSagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide.

(೧೮ka) putrasnEhadinde ati praLApam geyva ambAle

“magana mElina prItiyinda bahaLa gOLADuttidda ambAle’ (೧೮kha) madIya pitan‌ tapakke pOdan‌

“nanna tande tapassige hOda’

(೧೮ka)dalli gOLADuvudakke putrasnEha kAraNavAda kAraNa, A nAmapadadondige inde pratyaya bandide, mattu (೧೮kha)dalli hOguva kelasakke tapassu uddESavAda kAraNa, A nAmapadadondige ge (kay) pratyaya bandide.

samskxtadalli karaNavannu sahayOgArthada vistxta arthavembudAgi parigaNisalAgiddu, adakkAgi txtIyA vibhaktiyannu baLasalAgutta de. udAharaNegAgi, keLage (೧೯)nE vAkyadalli jinkeyannu hoDeyuva rAjanu adakkAgi bANavannu baLasiruvanAda kAraNa, alli Atanondige bANada sahayOgavide.

(೧೯) narESvaraH SarENa mxgam avidhyat‌ “rAjanu bANadinda jinkeyannu hoDedanu’

haLegannaDadalli karaNavannu sUcisalu im pratyaya baLakeyAguvudEnO nija; Adare illi karaNavannu viyOgada vistxta arthavembudAgi parigaNisiruva hAge

kANisuttade. kaDiyuva ghaTane koDaliyinda suruvAguttade emba viShaya I vistxta baLakege AdhAravirabEku.

haLegannaDadalli im pratyayavannu mAtravallade oL‌ pratyayavannU karaNavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade. illi karaNavannu ghaTane suruvAguva jAga (viyOga sambandha) embudakkintalU barI jAga (adhikaraNa sambandha) embudAgi parigaNisiruva hAge kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೨೦ka) aralambugaLinde maruLvi (೨.೪೦) “puShpabANagaLinda mOhagoLisi’

(೨೦kha) piDida neydiloL‌ tumbiyan‌ oyyane sOvutum (೨.೧೭) “(kayyalli) hiDida neydile hUvininda tumbiyannu mellage ODisutta’

(೨೦ka)dalli mOhagoLisuva kelasakkAgi baLasida karaNavannu (aralambugaL‌ embudannu) im(de) pratyayada mUlaka sUcisalAgide, mattu (೨೦kha)dalli ODisuva kelasakkAgi baLasida karaNavannu (neydila embudannu) oL‌ pratyayada mUlaka sUcisalAgide.

೮.೭.೩ pancamI vibhakti

haLegannaDada im pratyayavannu txtIyA endu parigaNisida kAraNa, pancamI vibhakti illavAgide. I jAgavannu tumbisalu kESirAjanu at‌ embudannu kalpisikonDiddAne (sU. ೧೦೩). Adare, venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೫೫) vivarisida hAge, I pratyayavannu baLasabEkiddalli, adarondige dikkannu sUcisuva aN‌ embudannu mattu txtIyA vibhaktiya im pratyayavannU baLasabEkAguttade. idallade, I attaNim baruvallella barE im embudannU baLasalu sAdhyavide.

haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada mAdariyannu uLisikoLLuvudakkAgi haLegannaDakke kalpisikonDiruva I pancamI vibhakti pratyaya entaha samasyegaLigella kAraNavAgide embudannu IgAgalE halavaru viddA rimsaru vivarisiddAre (kannaDa kaypiDi ೧೯೭೧:೩೯, kxShNa bhaTTa ೧೯೯೨:೧೬೪, ityAdi).

haLegannaDada im pratyaya nijakkU ondE rUpada txtIyA mattu pancamigaLemba eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLu embudAgi ittIcege ranganAtha Sarmaru (೨೦೦೨:೧೧೩) vAdisiddAre. idakke AdhAravAgi avaru keLage koTTiruva kavirAjamArgada vAkyavannu udAharisiddAre:

(೨೧) tannarEndranim dharaNi sanAthe

I vAkya karmaNi prayOgadallideyendu, mattu AdaL‌ kriyApadavannu I

Si mEle, avaru I vAkyadalli narEndra pada karta embudAgiyU, mattu adu im

pratyayadondige bandideyAda kAraNa, im embudu kataNxvannu sUcisuva txtIyA vibhakti pratyaya embudAgiyU vAdisiddAre.

Adare, (೨೧)ralli karmaNiya alpaDu bandilla. AdaL‌ kriyApadakke adara aL‌ pratyaya sUcisuva dharaNi pada kartavAgaba sadallade, narEndra pada kartavAguvudu kaShTa. adannu kartavAgi mADabEkAdalli, bEre yAvudAdarU kriyApadavannu UhisikoLLabEkAguttade. Adare I rIti sAdhisida “vibhakti pratyaya’ haLegannaDada vAkyaracaneya mEle avalambisiruva vibhakti pratyayavAgalAradu.

೮.೭.೪ ShaShThI vibhakti

samskxtada mAdariyannanusarisi, haLegannaDadallU ShaShThI vibhakti yide embudAgi haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiddAre (kESirAja sU. ೧೦೩). Adare kESirAjanu I pratyayakke koTTiruva adu marada paN‌ emba udAharaNe, mattu ೧೪೩nE sUtrada keLage koTTiruva bEre halavu udAharaNegaLu eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu mAtravE sUcisuttaveyallade, kriyApada mattu nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvudilla. hAgAgi, idannu vibhakti pratyayavendu kareyuvudu sariyalla.

samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva as‌, Os‌, mattu Am‌ emba (mUru vacanagaLalli baruva) pratyayagaLannu vibhakti pratyayagaLa jAgadallU (mukhyavAgi caturthi vibhakti pratyayada jAgadalli) baLasalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli ivannu vibhakti pratyayagaLendu karediruvudaralli avcityavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೨೨ka) mAtuH smarati

“(Ata) tAyannu neneyuttAne’ (೨೨kha) bhImaska anukariShyAmi

“(nAnu) bhImanannu anukarisuttEne’ (೨೨ga) mama prItiH sanjAtaH

“nanage (avaLalli) prItiyunTAyitu’ (೨೨gha) kimasya bhikTOH kriyatAm

“I bikShukanige Enu mADONa?

(೨೨ka)dalli yAva vyaktiyannu neneyalAguttideyO A vyaktiyannu, mattu (೨೨kha)dalli yAva vyaktiyannu anukarisalAguttideyO A vyaktiyannu, ShaShThI vibhaktiya mUlaka sUcisalAgide; (೨೨ga)dalli ADuganige yAralli prItiyunTAgideyO A vyaktiyannU ShaShThiyindalE sUcisalAgide.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli an‌ mattu ge pratyayagaLE intaha sandarbhagaLalli baLakeyAguttaveyallade ShaShThI vibhakti pratyaya baLakeyAguvudilla.

idallade, haLegannaDadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu sUcisuva a pratyaya samskxtada as‌, Os‌, mattu Am‌ emba ShaShThI vibhakti pratyayagaLinda, keLage sUcisida hAge, bEre kelavu viShayagaLallU bhinnavAgide.

(೧) haLegannaDadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLembudAgi eraDu tIra bhinnavAda padavargagaLive embudannu nAvu (೪.೨)ralli nODiruvevu. I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli ondu nAmapadavannu illavE kriyApadavannu innondu nAmapadadondige sambandhisabEkiddalli (guNapadada jAgadalli baLasabEkiddalli), avannu guNarUpakke badalAyisikoLLabEkAguttade.

haLegannaDadalli makkaLa, arasana, maneya, marada, modalAdavugaLu intaha nAmapadagaLa guNarUpagaLallade vibhaktirUpagaLalla. avannu guNapadagaLa hAge nAmapadagaLondige nAmapadakantegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavideyalla de, nEravAgi kriyApadagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. I viShayadalli avu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLannu (kxdantagaLannu) hOluttave.

kxdantarUpagaLu sambandhisuva rUpagaLu kukilva kOgile tuppada kampu

nimirda kuruLga l‌ makkaLa mey‌ kempEaುda kaNgaL‌ arasana amTe

paLancida baNNangaL‌ kOnTeya celvu

Adare samskxtadalli guNapadagaLu mattu nAmapadagaLu ondE padavargadalli baruttave. hAgAgi, adara nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLige haLegannaDadalliruva hAge viSiShTavAda guNarUpagaLilla. samskxtada kxdantagaLu nAmapadagaLE; idallade, adara nAmapadagaLa sambandhisuva (ShaShThI vibhaktiya) rUpagaLannu bEre nAmapadagaLondige mAtravallade, nEravAgi kriyApadagaLondigU sambandhisalu sAdhyavide (೮.೭.೪ nODi).

(೨) haLegannaDadalli guNapadagaLa hAge, mattu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLa hAge, nAmapadagaLa guNarUpagaLannU vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavide; Adare, idakkAgi guNapadagaLa hAge, mattu kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLa hAge, nAmapadagaLa guNarUpagaLigU linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi avannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

kriyApada nAmapada naguvaran‌ aaುdaL‌ birdinange seapu geydar‌ endaLge karNanintendam rathadan‌ aSvatthAman‌

kUradar‌ pOdar‌ maneyan‌ bandan‌

modalaneya kAlannalli kriyApadagaLa guNarUpagaLannu mattu eraDaneya kAlannalli nAmapadagaLa guNarUpa(ShaShThIrUpa)gaLannu nAmarUpakke badalAyisi, anantara avannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasalAgide. udAharaNegAgi, endalle embudaralli en‌ kriyApadada guNarUpavAda enda embudakke aL‌ linga-vacana pratyayavannu sErisi nAmarUpakke badalAyisalAgide (endaL‌ “hELidavaLu’), mattu anantara adakke ge vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

idE rItiyalli birdinange embudaralli birdu “Atithya’ nAmapadada guNarUpavAda birdina embudakke an‌ linga-vacana pratyayavannu sErisi nAmarUpakke badalAyisalAgide (birdinan‌ “Atithyadavanu, atithi’) mattu anantara adakkege vibhakti pratyayavannu sErisalAgide.

samskxtada ShaShThI vibhakti pratyayakkU, haLegannaDada a pratyayakkU naDuve intaha mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLiveyAda kAraNa, samskxtada ShaShThI vibhakti pratyayada hAge haLegannaDada a pratyayavannu vibhakti pratyayavendu kareyuvudu sariyalla.

idallade, haLegannaDadallEnE nAmapadavannu kriyApadadondige sambandhisuva an‌, in‌, ge, mattu oL‌ emba vibhakti pratyayagaLigU, nAmapadavannu innondu nAmapadadondige sambandhisuva a pratyayakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive.

udAharaNegAgi, vibhakti patnayagaLondige baruva nAmapadagaLige um (am)

idi vra

“mattu’ pratyayavannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

(೨೨ka) meykoLuDida ambugaLumam “SarIradoLage muridu hOgidda bANagaLannU’ (೨೨kha) kAlindeyum kayyindeyum ghaTTisidam “kAlinindalU kayyindalU hoDedanu’ (೨೨ga) arasangam arasigam puTTidanE “arasanigU arasigU huTTidanE? (೨೨gha) nIroLam kiccinoLam poraLLu “nIrinallU benkiyallU horaLi’

Adare sambandhisuva a pratyayadondige baruva nAmapadagaLige I rIti um (am) pratyayavannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu (kESirAja sU. ೧೩೩ nODi). I viShayadalli sambandhisuva a pratyaya kxdantagaLalli baruva a pratyayada hAge vartisuttadeyallade, vibhakti pratyayagaLa hAge vartisuvudilla. gelba, pADuva, aaAುyada modalAda kxdanta . (guNarUpa)gaLondigU um pratyaya baralAradu.

iveraDakkU linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisi, avannu badalAyisidalli mAtra, avugaLondige um pratyayavannu baLasalu sAdhyavide embudannu

mEle nODiruvevu.

illi nAvu gamanisabEkAgiruva mukhyavAda viShayavEnendare, haLegannaDadalli kriyApadagaLa kxdantarUpagaLu mattu nAmapadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLu padakantegaLa angagaLAgi baraballuvallade, nEravAgi vAkyagaLa angagaLAgi baralAravu. avu nAmapadagaLiginta mattu avugaLa vibhakti rUpagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAda staradalli baLakeyAguttave. avannu baLasiruva padakantegaLannu mAtra vAkyagaLa angagaLAgi baLasalu sAdhyavide.

(೨೩ka) banda kumbhasambhavam (೨೩kha) banda kumbhasambhavanam kanDam

(೨೪ka) ninna yaSam (೨೪kha) ninna yaSamam karidu mADidem

(೨೩ka)dalli bar‌ kriyApadada kxdantarUpavannu (banda embudannu) ondu padakanteya angavannAgi mADalAgide, mattu (೨೩kha)dalli A padakanteyannu ondu vAkyada angavannAgi mADalAgide. idE rItiyalli, (೨೪ka)dalli nIn‌ embudara sambandhisuva rUpavannu ondu padakanteya angavannAgi mADalAgide, mattu (೨೪kha)dalli A padakanteyannu ondu vAkyada angavannAgi mADalAgide.

padakanteyannu keLagina staravendu, mattu vAkyavannu adakkinta mElina staravendu parigaNisalu sAdhyaviddu , guNapadagaLu, kxdantagaLu, mattu nAmapadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLu keLagina staradalli mAtra baraballuvu.

೮.೭.೫ vibhakti pallaTa

samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU, avu sUcisabEkAgiruva sambandha(nAma- kriyAsambandha)gaLigU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyilla. hAgAgi, ondE sambandhavannu eraDu athavA jAsti vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli kAraNavannu sUcisalu txtIyeyannU baLasabahudu, pancamiyannU baLasabahudu (kAraNEna, kAraNAt‌), yArondige mAtanADiddu embudannu sUcisalu caturthiyannU baLasabahudu, dvitIyeyannU baLasabahudu; yArige koTTaddu embudannu sUcisalu caturthiyannU baLasabahudu, ShaShThi illavE saptamiyannU baLasabahudu; ityAdi (spIjar‌ ೧೮೮೬ nODi).

idallade, mEle sUcisida hAge, kriyApadadondige baruva upasargagaLannanusarisi bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLannu (arthadalli vyatyAsavilladiddarU) samskxtadalli baLasabEkAguttade, mattu kriyApadavu kartari rUpadallideyE athavA karmaNi rUpadallideyE embudannAdharisiyU adarondige baruva nAmapadagaLa vibhaktiyalli

badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade. ivellavU samskxtadalli sAkaShTu “vibhaktipallaTa’gaLu kANisikoLLalu kAraNagaLAgive.

haLegannaDadalli kANisuva “vibhaktipallaTa’vU intahadE AgirabEkendu adara vayyAkaraNigaLu nirdharisiruva hAge kANisuttade; kESirAjana abhiprAyadante, haLegannaDada vibhakti pratyayagaLannu hEgU baLasabahudu (“intI pElpi vibhaktigaLentum pallaTisugum yathEShTam’ (sU. ೧೪೫). Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDadalli samskxtadalli kANisuvantaha vibhakti pallaTavilla.

vayyAkaraNigaLu haLegannaDadalli baLakeyalliveyendu hELuva vibhakti pallaTagaLannu keLage sUcisida hAge vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, avu kANisikoLLalu bEre bEre kAraNagaLive:

(೧) halavu sandarbhagaLalli I rIti eraDu vibhakti pratyayagaLa baLakeyAgiruvallella arthavyatyAsavU kANisikoLLutta de, mattu I arthavyatyAsavannu vibhakti pratyayagaLa mUlArthadinda sAdhisalU sAdhyavAgutta j‌

udAharaNegAgi, tAvareyoL‌ puTTidam mattu tAvarege puTTidam embavugaLa naDuve oL‌ mattu ge pratyayagaLa naDuviruvantahadE arthavyatyAsaviruva hAge kANisuttade. oL‌ embudu illi huTTida jAgavannu sUcisuvudAdare, ge embudu sambandhavannu sUcisuttade.

pUvanarcisidam mattu pUvindarcisidam emba eraDu baLakegaLa naDuveyU arthavyatyAsavide. modalaneya baLakeyalli arcaneyinda bAdhitavAgiruva vastu hUvu embudannu sUcisalu an‌ pratyayavannu baLasalAgideyAdare, eraDaneyadaralli arcanege baLasida vastu hUvu embudannu sUcisalu inda pratyayavannu baLasalAgide.

ondu dinadoL‌ bandam embudu avadhiyannu sUcisuvudAdare, ondu dinam bandam embudu samayavannaShTE sUcisuttade; baralu eShTu samaya hiDiyitu embudannu I eraDaneya baLake sUcisuvudilla.

(೨) bEre kelavu udAharaNegaLalli tIra bhinnavAda racanegaLu kANisuttiddu, nijakkU avu vibhakti pallaTakke udAharaNegaLalla. rasikara cakravarti embudondu padakante, rasikaroL‌ cakravarti embudu ondu vAkya; idE rItiyalli koDeyoDeyam embudu padakante, koDegoDeyam embudu vAkya.

(೩) innu dvitIyArthadalli ShaShThi baruttade endu hELiruvalli dvitIyegiruva eraDu rUpagaLalli ondannu ShaShThiyendu bhramisiruva hAge kANisuttade. nijakkU haLegannaDadalli dvitIyege an‌ mattu a embudAgi eraDu rUpagaLiveyendu hELuva avaSyakateyide (tenkanADam maakayalke, tenkanADa maakeyalay).

haLegannaDada halavu vaySiShTyagaLannu uLisikonDiruva karAvaLiya Adhunika kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli dvitIyeya annu embudara badalu a pratyayavE baLakeyallide. udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli marava kaDudavu “maravannu kaDidaru’, avana biTTavu “avanannu biTTaru’ embantaha baLakegaLiddu, ivugaLalli dvitIyA vibhaktige a rUpavide.

venkaTAcala SAstrigaLu (೧೯೯೪:೬೦) haLegannaDada I a pratyayada baLakeyalli an‌ embudara atana “savedu’hOgirabahudendu sUcisiddAre. havyakadalli I dvitIyeya anantara otti hELuva ude pratyayavannu baLasidAga nakAra kANisikoLLuvudAda kAraNa (maravannude kaDudavu “maravannU kaDidaru’), I sUcane sariyirabahudEnO endenisuttade.

Adare, I a pratyayavannu baLasidAga in‌ mattu ar‌ (al‌) AgamagaLu baruttave, mattu an‌ pratyayavannu baLasidAga I AgamagaLu baruvudilla embudannu gamanisidAga, illi bErEnO naDediruva hAge anisuttade. havyakada kADina “kADannu’, kaNNina “kaNNa nnu’ adara “adannu’, eraDara “eraDannu’ embantaha dvitIyArUpagaLalli I AgamagaLu bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

idallade, dakShiNa kannaDa jilleya gavDa kannaDadallU dvitIyA vibhakti pratyaya vyanjanagaLa anantara a rUpadalli barutta de (marangaLa “maragaLannu’, adara “adannu’, hArara “brAhmaNarannu’), mattu svaragaLa anantara na rUpadalli (attena “atteyannu’, marana “maravannu’) baruttade (kuSAlappa gavDa ೧೯೭೦:೪೪).

haLegannaDadallU adaja taDevudadharmam emballi I pratyayadondige aಾgama bandide. inAgamavU baruttadeyO embudannu pariSIlisabEku.

Adare, ShaShThiyalli kANisuva adAgama I pratyayada baLakeyallilla. havyakada marada kAlu mattu marava kaDudavu emberaDu baLakegaLalli I vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu. gavDa kannaDadallU marana “maravannu’ mattu marada “marada’ embudAgi I eraDu vibhakti rUpagaLoLage vyatyAsavide (kuSAlappa gavDa ೧೯೭೦: ೪೭)

haLegannaDada granthagaLu mukhyavAgi jayna lEkhakarinda sxShTiyAgiddu, ivara kEndra sthAna karAvaLiyalliddudE haLegannaDadalli I rIti karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdada halavu vaySiShTyagaLu kANisikoLLalu kAraNavirabahudu.

(೪) avaSyavilladalli vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasadeyU iralu sAdhya embudu haLegannaDa vibhakti prayOgada ondu vaySiShTa 8 (೮.೨ nODi). dvitIyeya badalu prathame kANisuvantaha sandarbhagaLella I vaySiShTa da dyOtakagaLAgiveyalla de vibhakti pallaTakke (illavE samAsakke) udAharaNegaLalla.

vibhakti pallaTakke vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva udAharaNegaLannu hAgeyE pariSIlisidalli avugaLa uddESavEnembudu spaShTavAguvudilla. avu kANisikoLLuva kavigaLa prayOgagaLannu pariSIlisidAga mAtra nijakkU avu ondE arthadalli bandiveyE, athavA bEre bEre arthagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi bandiveyE emba viShaya spa ShTavAgaballudu.

೮.೭.೬ kArakagaLu

mEle (೮.೬)ralli sUcisida hAge, samskxtadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU avu

sUcisuva nAma-kriyA sambandhagaLigU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyilla. hAgAgi, A bhASheyalli nAma-kriyA sambandhagaLannu hEge vingaDisalAguttade embudannu vivarisuvudakkAgi samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu “kAraka’gaLemba sambandhagaLannu kalpisikoLLabEkAgide.

haLegannaDada vibhakti pratyayagaLu nAma-kriyA sambandhagaLannu heccu kaDime nEravAgiyE sUcisuttiveyAda kAraNa, kArakagaLemba kalpita sambandhagaLa avaSyakate haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakkilla. hAgEnAdarU kalpi sikoLLuvudidda rU, avu samskxtada kArakagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiruvudu avaSya. yAkendare, haLegannaDadalli I sambandhagaLannu samskxtakkinta tIra bhinnavAda rItiyalli vingaDisalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, ondu ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyaktigaLannu samskxtadalli karta mattu karma embudAgi vibhajisalAguttade, Adare haLegannaDada maTTige antaha vibhajanegintalU Aguga mattu mADuga emba vibhajaneyE heccu ucitavAdudu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, I eraDu bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLannu vibhajisuva krama tIra bhinnavAdudu.

samskxtadalli kriyApadagaLannu mukhyavAgi akarmaka mattu sakarmaka embudAgi vibhajisalAguttade; kriyApadagaLu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli obba vyakti toDagiruvanAdare adu akarmaka, mattu ibbaru vyaktigaLu toDagiruvarAdare sakarmaka. akarmaka ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva vyakti karta kAraka mattu sakarmaka ghaTaneyalli toDagiruva ibbaru vyaktigaLalli obba karta kAraka mattu innobba karma kAraka.

samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu I akarmaka-sakarmaka bhEdavannu svalpa bhinnavAgi (vyApAra mattu phalagaLeraDU ondE ghaTakadalliddare akarmaka, mattu bEre bEre ghaTakagaLalli dda re sakarmaka embudAgi) varNisuvarAdarU mUlArtha ondE.

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke intaha akarmaka-sakarmaka vibhajaneya avaSyakateyilla adakke badalu, obba vyakti ondu ghaTaneyalli svEccheyinda toDagiruvanAdare mADuga, illavAdare Aguga embudE haLegannaDa kriyApadagaLa vibhajanege mUlavAgiruttade. hAgAgi, samskxtada karta mattu karmakArakagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla Si

haLegannaDada vAkyaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga, halavu sandarbhagaLalli I rIti Aguga mattu mADugagaLemba kalpanegaLannu baLasuvudarinda vivaraNeya kelasa sulabhavAguttade; adakke badalu, karka mattu karma emba kalpanegaLannu baLasidalli vivaraNe tappAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisi hELuvalli baLakeyAguva kuDidu, mindu modalAdavugaLannu baLasabEkiddalli, A eraDu vAkyagaLU ““EkakataNxka’- gaLAgirabEkendu bhaTTAkaLankanu ondu niyamavannu mADiddAne (sU. ೫೮೦). Adare idakke apavAdavAgi peNanam kanDu duHkhamAdudu, priyaLam kanDu sukhamAdudu

embantaha vAkyagaLiruvudu samasyeyAgide. peNanam kanDu sukha mAdudu emba vAkyadalli eraDu vAkyagaLannu (Atan‌ peNanam kanDan‌ mattu Atange duHkhamAdudu embavugaLannu) kanDu kriyArUpada mUlaka jODisalAgiddu, avugaLa kartxgaLu ondE alla.

idakke kunDalagiyAcAryaru (೧೯೪೧:೬೫೪) koDuva samAdhAnavEnendare, duHkhamAdudu embudakke duHkhatanAdanu emba arthavanniTTukonDalli eraDu vAkyadallU ondE kataNxviruva hAge Aguttade embudu. Adare idu arthavannavalambisida samAdhAnavAgiddu, vAkkaracaneya samasyeyannu nivArisuvudilla.

idallade, haLegannaDadalli mElina niyamakke apavAdagaLAgi kANisuva bEreyU halavu vAkyagaLannu racisalu sAdhyaviddu , avakkella intaha samAdhAnavannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu.

idakke badalu, mEle sUcisida hAge, ondu ghaTaneyalli svEccheyinda niratanAguva vyakti (mADuga) mattu itara (Aguga) embudAgi kArakagaLannu vibhajisidalli, mElina haLegannaDa vAkyagaLige sulabhavAgi niyamavannu racisabahudu. jODisiruva eraDu vAkyagaLallU mADuga kArakavannu baLasalAgideyAdare, adu obbanE vyaktiyannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyide embudE illi bEkAgiruva niyama (hosagannaDadallU I niyama hEge baLakeyallide embudannu bhaT‌ (೨೦೦೪:೧೯೬)ralli vivarisalAgide). mEle koTTiruva apavAda vAkyagaLalli mADuga ghaTaka modalaneya angavAkyadalli mAtra bandide embudannu gamanisabahudu (೧೦.೨.೨ nODi).

೮.೭.೭ nAma-kriyA sambandha

samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuva Aru kArakagaLu “sakala bhAShegaLalliyU nihitavAgiruva gUDhatatva’vannu sUcisuttaveyembudAgi ittIcege ranganAtha Sarmaru (೨೦೦೨:೨) barediddA re. avara abhiprAyadante, “Sabda gaLige kriyeyoDane sambandhaviSEShavu Aru vidhadalli mAtra sAdhya. adakkinta heccu vidhadalli I sambandhavannu yAva SabdavU tiLisalAradu. Addarinda yAva bhASheyallAgali Aru kArakagaLiruttave. adhikavU illa kaDimeyU illa.

jagattinalli oTTu aydu sAvirakkintalU jAsti bhAShegaLiddu (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೨ nODi), ondu siddhA ೦ta ivellavakkU anvayisuttade endu vAdisabEkAdalli, avugaLannu pratinidhIkarisuva nUrinnUru bhAShegaLannAdarU pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. ranganAtha Sarmaru intaha pariSIlaneyannu naDesida hAge kANisuvudilla. idallade, hIge pariSIlisiruvevAdarU, namma siddA ntakke apavAdavAgi ondE ondu bhAShe kANasikkidarU oDaneyE A siddhA nta biddu hOguttade.

nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu ellA bhAShegaLigU anvayisuva hAge krODIkarisalu halavaru vidvAmsaru IgAgalE prayatnisi sOtiddA re.

vibhaktigaLu mattu kArakagaLu ae

udAharaNegAgi, philli mOr‌ emba amerikada vidvAmsaru modalige (phillimOr‌ ೧೯೬೮) intaha Aru sambandhagaLa avaSyakateyideyendu vAdisiddu, anantara (phillimOr‌ ೧೯೭೧) avugaLannu enTakke ErisiddAre. mADuga, anubhOgi, karaNa, karma, mUla, guri, Akara mattu samayagaLE avaru sUcisuva enTu sambandhagaLu.

phillimOr‌ avara anantara I viShayadalli halavAru vidvAmsaru carce naDesiddu, avaralli kelavaru I sambandhagaLa paTTiyannu nAlkakke iLisiddAre, mattu bEre kelavaru hattu-hannondara varege ErisiddAre. Adare I viShayadalli ellarU oppuvantaha ondu nirdhArakke baralu I vidvAmsarige innU sAdhyavAgilla, mattu sAdhyavAguva hAge kANisuvudU illa (blEk‌ ೨೦೦೧:೭೦ nODi).

intaha sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kelavu bhAShegaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuttaveyAdare, bEre kelavu adakkinta bhinnavAgiruva padagaLa anukramadantaha bEre vidhAnagaLannu baLasuttave. vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasuva bhAShegaLallU kelavu onderaDu pratyayagaLannu mAtra baLasuttaveyAdare, bEre kelavu naluvattu-ayvattu pratyayagaLannu baLasuttave. I ellA vayvidhyategaLannU gamanadallirisikonDu, avannella vivarisuvudakkAgi eShTu sambandhagaLa avaSyakateyideyembudAgi ondu nirdhArakke barabEkAgide, mattu adannu Adharisi sambandhagaLa paTTiyannu tayArisabEkAgide.

illi ondu mukhya viShayavannu gamanisuva avaSyakateyide. artha embudu padavannu biTTu pUra svatantravAgi nillalAradu. hAgAgi, nAvu kalpisikoLLuva arthada svarUpavannu nAvu baLasuva bhASheyU niyantrisutta 9೫ ellA bhAShegaLigU anvayavAguva hAge ondu niScitavAda svarUpada mattu sankhyeya nAma-kriyA sambandhagaLannu kalpi sikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke arthada mEliruva I nirbandhavE mukhya kAraNa.

illi innondu viShayavannU gamanisuva avaSyakateyide. samskxtada karta, karma, karaNa modalAda kArakagaLu mElininda mEle nODuvAga arthada mEle avalambisiveyendu kANisuttade; Adare, nijakkU avu halavu samskxtadavE Ada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLa mElU avalambisiddu, nEravAgi bEre bhAShegaLige anvayisalu sAdhyavAguvantaha kalpa negaLE alla.

udAharaNegAgi, mEle ೮.೭.೬ralli sUcisida hAge, samskxtada karta) mattu karma kArakagaLa mUlaka haLegannaDada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLannu vivarisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. avakkinta tIra bhinnavAda mADuga mattu AgugagaLemba ghaTakagaLa avaSyakate haLegannaDakkide. Adare, samskxtada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLannu varNisalu karta mattu karma kArakagaLE yOgyavAdavugaLu.

೮.೮ sArAmSa

haLegannaDadalli vibhakti mattu vacanagaLannu ba bErebe bEre pratyayagaLu sUcisuvuvAda

kAraNa, avaSyavilladalli avannu baLasadiralu sA dhyavide. A Adare, samskxtadalli ave veraDannU avaSa i avna px ondE pratyaya sUci? suvudAda kAraNa, avaSyavilladallU adannu baLasa? sabEkAguttade.

೧೫೮ jakkU haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa entahadu)

haLegannaDadalli vibhakti pratyayagaLigU, avu sUcisuva nAmapada-kriyApada sambandhagaLigU naDuve nEravAda hondANikeyide; Adare, samskxtadalli intaha hondANikeyilla. I kAraNakkAgi, vibhaktigaLa baLakeyannu vivarisalu samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu kArakagaLemba ghaTakagaLannu kalpisikoLLabEkAgide. haLegannaDakke ivugaLa avaSyakateyilla na

nAmapada-kriyApada sambandhavannu vibhajisuvallU, samskxta mattu haLegannaDagaLa naDuve mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. hAgAgi, kArakagaLemba kalpita ghaTakagaLannu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli baLasuvudiddarU avu samskxtadavakkinta bhinnavAgirabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, karta-karma embavugaLa badalu mADuga-Aguga embavugaLannu baLasuva avaSyakate haLegannaDakkide.

idallade, nAmakriyA sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDa nAlku pratyayagaLannu mAtra baLasuttade; Adare, samskxta ELu pratyayagaLannu baLasuttade.

samskxta mattu haLegannaDa bhAShegaLa naDuviruva intaha halavu mUlabhUta vyatyAsagaLannu gamanisadudarindAgi, haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu halavu samasyegaLannedurisabEkAgide.

adhyAya ೯ — kriyArUpagaLu

kri yArUpagaLu

೯.೧ kriyArUpagaLa oLaracane

vAkyada pradhAna angavAgi baruva kriyArUpagaLa oLaracaneyalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. I eraDu bhAShegaLu baLasuva vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLu bEre bEreyAgiruvudE I vyatyAsagaLigU mUla kAraNa embudannu I adhyAyadalli nODaliruvevu.

(೧) samskxtadalli kriyArUpagaLannu racisuvudakkAgi kriyAdhAtuvige ghaTakavannu sUcisuva “tij‌‌’ pratyayagaLallondannu mAtra sErisuva avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada yAti “hOguttA ne kriyArUpadalli yA “hOgu’ dhAtuvina anantara adara ghaTakavondannu sUcisuva ti pratyaya mAtra bandide. samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi adakkinta bhinnavAda bEre pratyaya baLakeyAgilla.

Adare, haLegannaDadalli kriyApadadondige ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayavannu mAtravallade, samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayavannU sErisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDada pOpan‌ kriyArUpadalli pO dhAtuvina anantara mundina samayavannu sUcisuva pa pratyaya mattu ghaTakavannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyaya - hIge eraDu pratyayagaLu bandive.

(೨) haLegannaDadalli samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu ADugana samayakkU ghaTaneya samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, pOdan‌ kriyArUpadalli samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi d‌ pratyaya bandide, mattu pOpan‌ kriyArUpadalli p‌ pratyaya bandide. A kriyArUpavannu vAkyavondaralli baLasiruva samayakkinta modalE hOguva ghaTane naDedideyembudannu d‌ pratyayavU, anantara naDeyalideyembudannu p‌ pratyayavU sUcisuttave.

Adare, samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli I rIti ADugana samayakkU ghaTaneya samayakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkintalU ghaTaneya Antarika samaya vyavastheyannu sUcisuvudakkEnE heccina prAdhAnyateyannu koDalAgide, mattu idakkAgi, mEle sUcisida hAge, pratyEkavAda pratyayavannu baLasuva badalu, kriyAdhAtuvinalli mattu adara anantara ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva pratyayadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADalAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, tud‌ “hoDe’ dhAtuvige mukhyavAgi tud‌ mattu tutOd‌ emba eraDu rUpagaLiddu, ivu apUrNa mattu pUrNa emba eraDu samaya vyavasthe gaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgutta ve. avugaLalli modalaneyadannu tudati “hoDeyuttAne” kriyArUpadallU, eraDaneyadannu tutOda “hoDeda’ kriyArUpadallU kANabahudu.

ghaTakavannu sUcisuva pratyayakke modalaneyadaralli ti emba rUpavideyAdare eraDaneyadaralli a emba rUpavide.

(೩) ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLallU haLegannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLive:

(ka) haLegannaDadalli I pratyayagaLu puruSha-vacana bhEdagaLannu mAtravallade prathama puruShadalli lingabhEdavannU sUcisuttave (bandan‌, bandaL‌, bandudu). Adare, samskxtadalli I pratyayagaLu puruSha mattu vacana bhEdavannu mAtra sUcisuttavallade, lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada tudati kriyArUpavannu “hoDeyuttAne’, “hoDeyuttALe’, mattu “hoDeyuttade’ embudAgi mUru arthagaLallU baLasalu sAdhyavide.

(kha) haLegannaDadalli Ekavacana-bahuvacana bhEda mAtra ide; Adare, samskxtadalli Ekavacana-dvivacana-bahuvacana bhEdavide. haLegannaDada mAlbar‌ “mADuttAre’ kriyArUpakke badalAgi samskxtadalli kurutaH “(ibbaru) mADuttAre’ mattu kurvanti “(ibbariginta jAsti mandi) mADuttAre” embudAgi eraDu kriyArUpagaLive.

(ga) haLegannaDadalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu ellA rUpagaLallU badalAgade ondE rUpadalliruttave. udAharaNegAgi, pOpan‌, pOdan‌ mattu pOgan‌ emba I mUru rUpagaLallU ghaTakavannu sUcisuva pra tyaya an‌ emba ondE rUpadallide. (napumsaka Ekavacanada udu pratyayakke bhUtakAladalli vikalpavAgi tu illavE ttu rUpagaLiveyembudu mAtra (mADidudu, mADitu, oDedattu) idakke apavAdavAgide).

Adare, samskxtadalli I pratyayagaLu halavu rItiya rUpabhEdagaLannu tOrisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, prathamapuruSha Ekavacana pratyayakke apUrNa kAladalli ti rUpavideyAdare (karOti “mADuttAne’), bhUta pratyaya sEriruvalli t‌ rUpavide (akarOt‌ “mADida’). AtmanEpadadalli iveraDakkinta bhinnavAda tE mattu ta rUpagaLive (kurutE mattu akuruta). idE rItiyalli, I pratyayakke pUrNakAladallU bEre bEre rUpagaLive (cakAra, akArShit‌ mattu cakrE, akxta).

(೪) samskxtada kriyApadagaLige parasmaypada mattu AtmanEpada embudAgi eraDeraDu rUpagaLive. kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu obba vyakti bErobbana lAbhakkAgi naDesuttiruvanAdare parasmaypada rUpa vannU, tanna lAbhakkAgi naDesuttiruvanAdare AtmanEpada rUpavannU baLasabEkembudu I vyatyAsada mUla

udESavAgitu. e pf)

kriyArUpagaLu k‌

I vyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtada kriyApadagaLondige eraDu rItiya AkhyAta pratyayagaLu baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNegAgi, yaj‌ “yAga mADu’ dhAtuvinondige apUrNa kAlada prathama puruSha-Ekavacanavannu sUcisalu parasmaypadadalli ti pratyaya baruvudAdare, AtmanEpadadalli tE pratyaya baruttade (yajati, yajatE).

Adare, I mUla uddESa samskxtada kelavu kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli mAtra kANisuttade. bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLu yAvAgalU AtmanEpadadalli athavA parasmaypadadalli baruttiddu, avugaLa baLakeyalli I arthavyatyAsa uLidilla. innu kelavu kriyApadagaLu kelavu samaya rUpagaLalli mAtra I vyatyAsavannu uLisikonDive.

hosagannaDadalli I arthavyatyAsavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadada modalina samayada rUpakke koLLu embudannu sErisi baLasalAguttade (mADu-mADikoLLu, koDisu-koDisikoLLu). haLegannaDadallU koL‌ kriyApadakke intahadE baLakeyittAdarU (tiLi-tiLidukoL‌), adu hosagannaDadalli kANisuvaShTu niyamitavAgi A arthavannu sUcisuva hAge kANisuvudilla.

(೫) kartari-karmaNi bhEda: samska tadalli ondu ghaTaneyannu varadi mADuvAga adara kartxvina badalu karmakke prAdhAnyateyannu koDabEkidda lli bEreyE ondu kriyArUpavannu baLasabEkAguttade. kartavige prAdhAnyateyannu koDuva mEle vivarisida kriyArUpagaLannu “kartari’ rUpagaLendu kareyalAguttade, mattu karmakke prAdhAnyateyannu koDuva ivakkinta bhinnavAda kriyArUpagaLannu “karmaNi’ rUpagaLendu kareyalAguttade.

karmaNi rUpagaLannu racisalu kriyApadakke ya pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade, mattu adarondige AkhyAta pratyayada AtmanEpada rUpavannu baLasabEkAguttade. idallade, kriyApadadallU kelavu badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, kx “mADu’ dhAtuvige kartariyalli karOti “mADuttAne” rUpavideyAdare, karmaNiyalli kriyatE rUpavide.

haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLige intaha viSiShTavAda karmaNi rUpagaLilla. avu koDuva arthavannu sUcisabEkiddalli, kriyApadagaLa samyuktarUpagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade (avanim mADe paTTudu, padakam akkasAleyim mADal‌ paTTudu, tAn‌ iral‌ paTTam, ityAdi). (jAsti vivaragaLige kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೩೨೩-೩೦ nODi).

೯.೧.೧ haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa samasyegaLu

haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu A bhASheya kriyArUpagaLannu modalige samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva vidhAnagaLa mUlakavE varNisi, anantara avugaLa hindiruva niyamagaLige oLagAgada rUpagaLannu bEre niyamagaLa mUlaka varNisalu prayatnisiddAre. intaha tEpekelasadindAgi ivaru racisida vyAkaraNa niyamagaLella anavaSyakavAgi

kESirAjanu (sU. ೨೩೨) haLegannaDa kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLannu mAtra pra tyaya’gaLendu (AkhyAta (vibhakti) pratyayagaLendu) karediddAne. samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLannu pratyayagaLendu kareyade, AkhyAta pratyayagaLa modalu baruvavugaLendiShTE hELiddAne. idu mEle sUcisidantaha tEpekelasakke ondu udAharaNe.

samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli AkhyAta pratyaya, samskxtadalliruva hAge, nEravAgi kriyApadada anantara baruvudillavAda kAraNa, nAgavarmanu AkhyAta pratyayagaLa baLakege udAharaNegaLannu koDuvAga samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLa badalu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLannu koTTiddAne (doDDasvAmi ೧೯೮೦:೩೯೬ nODi).

samskxtadalli ghaTakavannu sUcisuva tij‌‌ pratyayagaLu ghaTakagaLa puruSha mattu vacanabhEdagaLannu mAtra sUcisuttave; Adare, haLegannaDada ghaTaka pratyayagaLu puruSha mattu vacanagaLannu mAtravallade prathama puruShadalli lingabhEdavannU sUcisuttave (೯.೩ nODi).

kESirAjanE modalAdavaru haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli puruSha mattu vacanagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva am‌, ar‌, ay‌, ir‌, en‌, evu pratyayagaLannu mAtravE akhyAta pratyayagaLendu karediddAre. samskxtada kriyArUpagaLalli intaha AkhyAta pratyayagaLa mUlaka puruSha mattu vacanagaLannu mAtravE sUcisalAguttadeyembudE idakke kAraNa.

haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli lingabhEdavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi prathamapuruShadalli baruva stra €linga-Ekavacanada aL‌, napumsakalinga Ekavacanada udu mattu napumsakalinga- bahuvacanada uvu ivannella AkhyAta pratyayagaLendu kareyade prathamapuruSha (pullinga) Ekavacana mattu bahuvacana pratyayagaLa mEle bandiruva “AdESa’gaLendu kareyalAgide (kESirAja, sU. ೨೩೬-೭ nODi). idu mEle sUcisidantaha tEpekelasakke innondu udAharaNe.

೯.೨ samayavannu sUcisuva vidhAnagaLu

ondu ghaTane illavE sangatiya samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi bhAShegaLalli mukhyavAgi mUru rItiya vidhAnagaLu baLakeyallive: (ka) ghaTane illavE sangatiya samayavannu A ghaTaneyannu varadimADuva samayakke sambandhisidante sUcisuvudu ivugaLalli ondu vidhAna; (kha) ghaTane mugidudE athavA mugiyadudE, kShaNikavE athavA jAsti hottu naDeyuvantahadE, omme naDedudE athavA halavu bAri naDedudE modalAdantaha ghaTaneya Antarika samaya vyavastheyannu sUcisuvudu eraDaneya vidhAna; mattu (ga) ghaTane nijavAdudE athavA nijavalladudE, adu naDediruva illavE

kriyArUpagaLu iShu

naDeyaliruva viShayadalli ADugana tiLuvaLikeyentahadu (Ata svata: nODiruvudE, athavA innobbarinda kELi tiLidiruvantahadE) modalAdantaha ghaTaneya viShayadalli ADugana manObhAvaventahadu embudannu sUcisuvudu mUraneya vidhAna. ghaTaneya samaya sambandhavannu sUcisuvudu, samayada vyavastheyannu sUcisuvudu, mattu ghaTaneya samayada kuritu ADugana manObhAvavannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi I mUru vidhAnagaLannu sankShiptavAgi varNisalu sAdhyaviddu, ivannu “samaya sambandha’, “samaya vyavasthe ‘ mattu “manObhAva’ embudAgi hesarisabahudu. bhAShegaLa naDuve samaya sUcaneyalli kANisuva ondu mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, avu I mUru vidhAnagaLalli ondakke hecci na mahatvavannu koDuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli (mattu itara drAviDa bhAShegaLalli) ghaTaneya samaya mattu mAtina samayagaLa naDuviruva sambandhakke heccina mahatvavannu koDalAgiddu, modalaneya vidhAna pradhAnavAdudu. Adare, samskxtadalli I eraDu samayagaLa naDuviruva sambandhakkintalU ghaTaneya Antarika samaya vyavasthe ge (idarallU mukhyavAgi pUrNa mattu apUrNa emba vibhajanege) heccina mahatvavannu koDalAgiddu, eraDaneya vidhAna pradhAnavAdudu. TibeTO-barman‌ kuTumbakke sErida barmiೀs‌ bhASheyalli ADugana manObhAvakke heccina mahatvavannu koDalAgiddu, samaya sUcaneyalli modalina eraDu vidhAnagaLigintalU mUraneya vidhAna pradhAnavAdudu (jAsti vivaragaLige bhaT‌ ೧೯೯೯ nODi). haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve ghaTanegaLa’ samaya sUcaneyalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu avugaLalli baLakeyAguva kriyArUpagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLigella mukhyavAgi eraDeraDu samayarUpagaLive. ivugaLalli ondu mAtina samayada anantara naDeyuva ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttade, mattu innondu adakkinta modalu naDeda ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttade. I eraDu rUpagaLannu “mundina’ samayada (bhaviShyat‌ kAlada) kriyArUpagaLu mattu “hindina’ samayada (bhUtakAlada) kriyArUpagaLu embudAgi hesarisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

mundina samaya hindina samaya naguvan‌ nakkan‌ barpan‌ bandan‌ vAti gu ajuven‌ aNuden‌

appudu Aytu Iven‌ itten‌ embar‌ endar‌

haLegannaDadalli baruva I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLalli hindina samayada kriyArUpagaLannu sAdhisuvudu svalpa kaShTa. yAkendare, I kriyArUpagaLalli baruva kriyApadadalli, sal‌>san‌, nil‌>nin‌, tar‌>tan‌ iDuiT‌, nagu>nak‌, kuDu>koT‌, kiDu*keT‌, modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva hAge, halavAru badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave, mattu adarondige baruva samaya pratyayadallU d‌ಾT‌ಾk‌ಾt‌ಾD‌ಾy‌ modalAda halakelavu badalAvaNegaLu kANisikoLLutta ve. ivannella sariyAgi varNisabEkiddalli kriyApadagaLannu kaDimeyendare enTu gumpugaLallAdarU vingaDisuva avaSyakateyide (rAmacandra rAv‌ ೧೯೭೨:೧೧೨-೧೮ nODi).

samskxtada kriyApadagaLige mukhyavAgi apUrNa mattu pUrNagaLemba eraDu rItiya samaya vyavasthegaLannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLive. ivannu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli laT‌ mattu liT‌ rUpagaLendu kareyalAgide. I rUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu:

laT‌ rUpa liT‌ rUpa

karOti “mADuttAne’ cakAra “mADida’ bhavati ““Aguttade’ babhUva “Ayitu’ bibharti “horuttAne’ babhAra “hotta’ ruNaddi “taDeyuttAne” rurOdha “taDeda’ carati “calisuttade’ cacAra “calisitu’

kupyati “kOpisutAne cukOpa “kOpisida’

I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLalli liT‌ rUpagaLannu sAdhisuvudu sulabha. idakkAgi kriyAdhAtuvina dvitva rUpavannu baLasabEku, mattu adara svara mattu vyanjanagaLalli kelavu jAsti kliShTavallada badalAvaNegaLannU mADikoLLabEku. udAharaNegAgi, bhU “Agu’ dhAtuvininda adara liT‌ rUpavAda babhUva embudannu sAdhisuvalli A dhAtuvannu eraDu bAri baLasalAgiddu, modalaneya baLakeyalli bhU embudannu ba embudAgi badalisalAgide.

Adare, kriyApadagaLa laT‌ rUpavannu sAdhisabEkiddalli, avugaLalli halavAru bahaLa kliShTavAda badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade. I badalAvaNegaLannella sariyAgi varNisalu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu dhAtugaLannu oTTu hattu gumpu(gaNa)gaLalli vingaDisabEkAgide. ivugaLalli kelavu dhAtugaLu dvitva rUpadalli baruttave (bhx “horu’ bibharti “horuttAne’), kelavu svaradalli badalAvaNeyannu

tOrisuttave (kx “mADu’ karOti “mADuttAne’), kelavakke yakAravannu sErisabEkAguttade (kup‌ “kOpisu’ kupyati “kOpisuttAne’), kelavakke dhAtuvinoLage anunAsikavondannu turukisabEkAguttade (muc‌ “biDu’ muncati “biDuttAne’), ityAdi.

sAmAnyavAgi samskxtada I kriyArUpagaLannu kannaDakke anuvAdisuvAga (mEle koTTiruva hAge) laT‌ rUpagaLannu mundina athavA Igina samayada (bhaviShyat‌ athavA vartamAna) ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvanteyU liT‌ rUpagaLannu hindina samayada (bhUta) ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvanteyU tOrisuvudu rUDhi. Adare, nijakkU iveraDu rUpagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa ghaTaneya “samaya sambandha’vannu sUcisuvantahadAgirade adara Antarika “samaya vyavasthe ‘yannu sUcisuvantahadAgide. liT‌ rUpa pUrNa ghaTaneyannU, laT‌ rUpa apUrNa ghaTaneyannU sUcisuttave.

samskxtadalli samaya sambandhavannu sUcisalu kriyArUpagaLige a emba pUrvapratyayavannu sErisalAguttade. idannu mEle vivarisida eraDu rItiya (apUrNa mattu pUrNa) rUpagaLigU sErisalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, karOti “mADuttAne’ emba laT‌ rUpada kriyApadakke I pratyayavannu sErisi akarOt‌ “mADida’ emba laj‌ rUpavannu sAdhisabahudu. idE rItiyalli liT‌ rUpakke a pratyayavannu sErisi racisida acacakbTam embantaha kriyArUpagaLu vEdakAlada samskxtadalli baLakeyallidduvu; Adare, anantarada samskxtadalli avu baLakeyinda biddu hOgive.

samayabhEdavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi samskxtadalli innU halavu kriyArUpagaLu baLakeyalliddu, ivugaLallella mEle sUcisida apUrNa mattu pUrNavemba samaya vyavastheya vyatyAsavE pradhAna vyatyAsavAgi kANisikoLLuttade (barO ೧೯೫೫:೨೯೪ nODi). vEda kAlada samskxtadalli idu spaShTavAgittu; Adare, anantarada samskxtadalli aspaShTavAgide.

vEdakAlada anantara kramENa samskxta bhAShege mAtina baLake tappihOgi, adu bariya grAnthika bhASheyAgi uLidukonDiruvudE I rIti halavu vyAkaraNada sUksma vyatyAsagaLu adara baLakeyinda biddu hOgalu kAraNavirabEku.

mAtina baLakeyallE uLidukonDiruva hindi, marAThi modalAda Adhunika inDO-Aryan‌ bhAShegaLalli ivattigU samaya sambandhakkinta samaya vyavasthege hecci na mahatvaviruvudannu spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, hindi bhASheyalli A “baru’ kriyApadakke AtA mattu AyA emba eraDu rUpagaLiddu ivu apUrNa mattu pUrNa ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave.

samaya sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi hindi bhASheyalli I eraDu kriyArUpagaLondige hay “Igina athavA mundina samaya’ mattu thA “hindina samaya’ embudAgi eraDu upakriyApadagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, mElina pUrNa-apUrNa rUpagaLannu antaha upakriyApadagaLa sahAyavilladeyU baLasalu sAdhyavide (೧ga-೨ga nODi).

(೧ka) may AtA hUm (Igina athavA mundina kAlada apUrNa ghaTane) (೧kha) may AtA thA (hindina kAlada apUrNa ghaTane) (೧ga) may AtA (apUrNa ghaTane)

(೨5) may AyA hUm (Igina athavA mundina kAlada pUrNa ghaTane) (೨kha) may AyA thA (hindina kAlada pUrNa ghaTane) (೨ga) may AyA (pUrNa ghaTane)

samaya vyavasthe yannu sUcisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli kelavu viSiShTavAda kriyApadagaLa baLakeyAguttadallade, samskxtada hAge pratyayagaLa baLakeyilla. udAharaNegAgi, aTaHdattu, uridattu embantaha prayOgagaLalli aTaH mattu uri kriyApadagaLondige avu sUcisuva ghaTane pUrNagonDideyemba arthavannu koDuvudakkAgi Agu kriyApadada “hindina’ samayada rUpa baLakeyAgide (rAmacandra rAv‌ ೧೯೭೨:೧೨೬ nODi).

Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpavannu ivE kriyApadagaLondige baLasi avu sUcisuva ghaTane pUrNagonDillavemba arthavannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide (aludapudu, uridapudu). intaha kriyArUpagaLalli dapa emba “vartamAna pratyaya’ bandideyendu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudu nijakkU sariyalla embudannu keLage (೯.೨.೧)ralli tOrisikoDalAgide.

೯.೨.೧ dapa mattu va pratyayagaLu

haLegannaDadalli da, dapa mattu va embudAgi mUru kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLive, mattu ivu anukramavAgi bhUta, vartamAna, mattu bhaviShyat‌ kAlagaLannu sUcisuttave embudAgi kESirAjanE modalAda haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLellarU hELiddA re. Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDada granthagaLalli I pratyayagaLa baLake hEgideyembudannu pariSIlisidevAdare, dapa mattu va pratyayagaLa viShayadalli I hELike sariyalla emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

pampabhAratadalli dapa pratyaya bhaviShyadarthadalli mAtravalla de vartamAnArthadallU baLakeyAguttade embudannu keLagina prayOgagaLalli kANabahudu.

(ka) bhaviShyadarthadalli dapa pratyayada baLake

(೩ka) kaDalam pokkoDe pIrdapem kaDalanA pAtALamam pokkanappoDe SEShAhiya pallaLam mujAdapem (೧೩.೭೬) ‘(daryOdhananu) kaDalannu hokkare kaDalannu hIruttEne, pAtALavannu hokkanAdare AdiSEShana hallugaLannu muriyuttEne’

(೩kha) seragam bagedoDe sAvAdapudu (೧೧.೨೧) “sahAyavannu apEkShisidare sAvAguttade’

(೩ga) moneyambugaLoLe pUNNapan‌ anibarumam kijudu bEgadim harigan‌ adarke enage eDemETkume embavol‌ anibarumam pUNNan‌ atanu naneyambugaLim (೩.೫೨)

“hariganu svalpa hottinalli aShTu janarannU monacAda bANagaLinda hULibiDuttAne, anantara nAnu bANabiDuvudakke sthaLa bEkallavE? ennuva hAge manmathanu aShTu janarannU puShpabANagaLinda hUtanu’

(kha) vartamAnArthadalli dapa pratyayada baLake

(೪ka) e geyyal‌ bagedape (೧೩.೬೪va) “Enu mADabEkendu AlOcisutti ddI?’

(೪kha) birayiya miTtuvem mididoDalladaNam muLisAjadendu palmoredapan‌ illi manmathan‌ (೩.೧೩) “nAnu virahigaLa SatruvAgiddEne; avarannu tuLidarallade nanna kOpavu svalpavU Aruvudilla endu illi manmathanu hallu maseyuttiddAne’

(೪ga) enna kaNNi ೦ kiDiyum kenDangaLum sUsidapuvu ahitaram nODi (೭.೧೩) “SatrugaLannu nODi nanna kaNNininda kiDiyU kenDagaLU celluttive’

mEle (೩ka)dalli pIrdapem mattu mujudapem emba eraDu kriyArUpagaLU Sharattannu sUcisuva pokkoDe mattu pokkanappoDe emba kriyArUpagaLa anantara bandiruva kAraNa, avu munde naDeyabahudAda (endare bhaviShyattina) ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuttaveyallade mAtanADuva samayadalli naDeyuttiruva (vartamAna) ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuvudilla. idE rItiyalli, (೩kha)dallU Adapudu emba kriyArUpa bagedoDe emba Sharattannu sUcisuva kriyArUpada anantara bandideyAda kAraNa, adakkU vartamAnArthavideyendu hELalu sAdhyavilla.

(೩ga)dalli pUNNapam emba kriyArUpa svalpa hottinalli (endare bhaviShyattinalli) EnAgabahudu embudannu sUcisuttadeyallade, Igina sthiti Enu athavA Enu naDeyuttA ide embudannu sUcisuvudilla. I ellA prayOgagaLallU dapa pratyaya bhaviShyadarthadalli baLakeyAgide.

idakke badalu, (೪ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli idE pratyaya vartamAnArthadalli baLakeyAgideyendu hELabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, (೪ka)dalli bagedape kriyArUpa mAtanADuttiruva samayadalli Atanalli entaha AlOcaneyide embudannu praSnisuttade; (೪kha)dalli bandiruva palmoredapan‌ embudu manmathanu Enu mADutti dbA ne embudannu sUcisuttade, mattu (೪ga)dalli sUsidapuvu embudu A samayadalli Atana kaNNugaLu hEgive embudannu varNisuttade.

dapa pratyayada hAgeyE va (pa) pratyayavU pampabhAratadalli bhaviShyat‌ mattu vartamAnArthagaLeraDarallU baLakeyAguttade embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu:

(ka) bhaviShyadarthadalli va pratyayada baLake

(೫ka) karNanan‌ IgaLe kulajanam mADi tOrpen‌ (೨.೮೩va) “karNanannu IgalE kulajanannAgi mADi tOrisuttEne’

(೫kha) Atange kaTTidir‌ nilvoDe nIne nilve (೧೩.೩೧) “Atanige sarisamanAgi nilluvudiddare nInE nilluttI (nInobbanE nillaballe)’

(೫ga) emma magaLge puTTidAtam rAjyakkoDeyanappoDe kuDuvem “namma magaLige huTTidavanu rAjyakkoDeyanAguvudAdare (magaLannu) koDuttEve’

(kha) vartamAnArthadalli va pratyayada baLake (೬ka) siriyum Akeya keladoL‌ nasu masuLLu tOrpaL‌ (೧.೪೦) “lakShmI dEviyU Akeya pakkadalli svalpa kAntihInaLAgi tOruttALe” (೬kha) uddata sidda khEcarare kAvar‌ (೫.೮೧) “(I khAnDava vanavannu) garviShTharAda siddha khEcararE kAyuttiddAre”

(೫ka)dalli tOrpen‌ kriyArUpa duryOdhananu munde naDesaliruva ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, adaralli bandiruva va (pa) pratyayakke bhaviShyadarthavide. idE rItiyalli, (೫kha) mattu (೫ga) vAkyagaLalli nilve mattu kuDuvem kriyArUpagaLu Sharattannu sUcisuva nilvoDe mattu appoDe kriyArUpagaLa anantara bandiruva kAraNa, avu A Sharattannu pUrNagoLisida mEle, endare bhaviShyatkAladalli naDeyabahudAda ghaTanegaLannu mAtravE sUcisaballuvu.

idakke badalu, (೬5) vAkka mAtanADuva samayadalli lakShmI dEvi hEge kANisuttiddALe embudannu varNisuttideyAda kAraNa, adaralli bandiruva tOrpaL‌ kriyArUpadalli va (pa) pratyaya vartamAnArthadalli bandideyendu hELabEkAguttade. (೬kha)dalli bandiruva kAvar‌ kriyArUpavU idE rItiyalli vartamAnArthadalli bandide.

mElina udAharaNegaLinda ondu viShayavantU spaShTavAguttade: dapa mattu va pratyayagaLa naDuve “samaya sambandha’da maTTige yAva vyatyAsavU illa. eraDannU vartamAnArthadallU baLasabahudu, bhaviShyadarthadallU baLasabahudu. hAgAdare avugaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsavEnAdarU ideyE? mattu ideyAdare adu

entahadu? idannu tiLiyalu I “pratyaya’gaLa caritreyentahadu embudannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide.

nijakkU pIrdapem, mukhudapem, bagedape, sUsidapuvu modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli kANisuva I dapa embudu da mattu va (pa) pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAgiruva mUraneyadondu pratyayavE alla; adu da mattu va (pa) pratyayagaLa sErike mAtra. hindina samaya mattu mundina samayagaLannu sUcisuva da mattu va (pa) pratyayagaLu IrIti oTTige baralu I kriyArUpagaLalli naDeda kelavu badalAvaNegaLE kAraNavirabEku.

haLegannaDadalli dapa pratyaya kelavu sandarbhagaLalli dappa rUpadallU kANisikoLLuttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu:

(೭) ivar‌ gajegonDenappoDe IgaDe paredappar‌ (೧೧.೧೪೨) “gadeyannu tegedukonDare ivaru IgalE cadarihOguttAre’

(೭)nE vAkyada paredappar‌ kriyArUpadalli dapa embudu dappa rUpadallide. I kriyArUpavannu pariSIlisidAga, adaralli pare kriyApadada sAmAnya rUpavondu bandiruva badalu adarondige bErondu kriyApadada kriyArUpa sEriruva hAge kANisuttade. pare kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpavAda pareda embudarondige Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpavAda appar‌ embudannu sErisi mElina paredappar‌ rUpavannu tayArisirabahudE?

kiTTel‌ (೧೯೦೩:೧೨೫) avaru intaha abhiprAyavannu namma mundirisiddA Be kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpa(bhUtavibhaktikxt‌)dondige Agu kriyApadada bhaviShyadrUpagaLannu sErisi I kriyArUpagaLannu tayArisalAgideyendu avaru abhiprAyapaTTiddA re.

Adare, hIge hELuvudaralli ondu mukhyavAda samasyeyide. haLegannaDadalli kxdantarUpa(kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpa)vannu nEravAgi bErondu kriyApadadondige baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. adannu nAmapadadondige mAtravE baLasalu sAdhya. kri yApadadondige baLasabEkidda lli, adakke linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka nAmarUpakke badalAyisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide (೬.೧.೩ nODi).

hAgAgi, modalige I kriyArUpagaLu nAmarUpadalliddu, anantara Igina rUpakke badalAyisive endu hELabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, paredappar‌ embudu modalige paredarappar‌ (paredar‌ appar‌) endiddu, anantara adarallidda modalaneya ar‌ pratyaya biddu hOgi, paredappar‌ embudAgi badalAyitendu hELuvudE sariyendu tOruttade. linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva (ar‌ embantaha) pratyaya eraDu bAri baruva avaSyakateyillavAda kAraNa, modalanE kriyArUpadinda adu

bidduhOgirabEku.

I rIti kriyApadada nAmarUpadondige Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpagaLannu (mattu bEre kelavu kriyArUpagaLannu) baLasi tayArisida racanegaLu hosagannaDadalli ivattigU baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi baruvavanAguttEne, baruvavanAgu embantaha baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu. Adare I baLakegaLalli modalaneya kriyA padadondige linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva sarvanAmada (sarvapadada) rUpagaLu hAgeyE uLidukonDive.

hAgAgi, mElnOTakke aridappam embantaha kriyArUpagaLalli kxdantadondige kriyArUpa bandideyendu kANisuvudAdarU, adakke mUladalli kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxllinga)vittendu hELuvudE sari endu tOruttade.

haLegannaDada dapa mattu va “pratyaya’gaLa naDuve arthadalli entaha vyatyAsavittu emba praSnege uttaravannU mElina cAritrika kalpaneyE koDaballudendu nanage tOruttade. hosagannaDadalli baruttEne mattu baruvavanAguttEne embavugaLa naDuve entaha arthavyatyAsavideyO antahadE vyatyAsa haLegannaDada barpen‌ mattu bandapen‌ embavugaLa naDuveyU iddirabEku. idu samaya sambandhakkintalU samaya vyavasthe ge sambandhisida vyatyAsavendu tOruttade (೯.೨ nODi).

haLegannaDadalli I eraDu rItiya kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu innaShTu sUkShmavAgi mattu vistAravAgi pariSIlisidalli avugaLa naDuve nijakkU entaha arthavyatyAsavide embudu heccu spaShTavAgaballudu.

೯.೨.೨ attu pratyayada baLake

haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguva aTudattu, uridattu, biTTittu, masuLLattu modalAda rUpagaLU, mElina kriyArUpagaLa hAge, eraDu kriyArUpagaLa sErikeyinda vAda rUpagaLirabEkendu rAmacandra rAv‌ (೧೯೭೨:೧೨೬) vAdisiddA re. ivugaLalli yApadada hindina samayada sambandhisuva rUpadondige Agu kriyApadada hindina mayada pUrNarUpagaLu bandiveyembudu avara abhiprAya. (intaha sErikeya rUpagaLu napumsaka Ekavacanadalli mAtra kANisuttave).

Adare, haLegannaDadalli kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpagaLu nEravAgi innondu kriyApadadondige baralAravAda kAraNa, illiyU mEle vivarisidantaha sambandhisuva padada nAmarUpavondannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide. kAlakramENa, idara linga- vacana pratyayagaLu bidduhOgirabahudu.

innondu samasyeyEnendare, Agu kriyApadada hindina samayada rUpa napumsaka Ekavacanadalli Aytu endide. idu attu embudAgi badalAdudu hEge embudannU vivarisuva avaSyakateyide.

kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNada prakAra (sUtra ೨೩೭ nODi), I kriyArUpagaLalli napumsaka Ekavacanada pratyaya udu rUpakke badalAgi attu rUpadalli bandide. Adare,

2 (de 2 (OlA ೨೮.

hIge hELuvudarinda, I kriyArUpagaLigU aTAdudu, uridudu, biTTu du, masuLLu du modalAduvakkU naDuve arthadalli EnU vyatyAsavilla endu hELida hAgAguttade. idu nijavE embudannu haLegannaDada granthagaLalli I eraDu rUpagaLa baLakeyentahadu embudannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka nirdharisabahudu.

pampabhAratadalli I eraDu kriyArUpagaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsaviruva hAge kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi attu kriyArUpa bandiruva halavu sandarbhagaLalli, keLage kANisida hAge, ante “hAge’ padada (upameya) prayOgavide.

(೮ka) vxShAnkanambu tanuvam paccante konDattu (೮.೧೬) “Sivana bANa SarIravannu bhAga mADida hAge oLanuggi tu’

(೮kha) urimuTTidaraLeyante ambaram uridattu (೧೦.೩೬) “benki tagalida hattiya hAge AkASa uriyitu’

(Agu dEvadundubhi jayaprArambhamam sAjuvante esedattu (೯.೯೬) “dEvadundubhiravavu jayOdyOgavannu sAruva hAge esedudu’

Adare, bEre kelavu baLakegaLalli attu mattu tu pratyayagaLa naDuve arthada maTTige yAva vyatyAsavU illada hAgeyU anisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina eraDu baLakegaLannu hOlisi nODabahudu.

(೯ka) nILa nIraruhamam pOlDattu kaTTunduvA (೪.೫೧) “A candrana kale kannaydileya hUvannu hOluttittu’

(೯kha) mUju lOkamane pOltudu svayanvaram (೩.೫೩) “svayanvaravu mUru lOkavannU hOluttittu 4

I viShayadalli heccina samSOdhane naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

೯.೨.೩ ghaTanegaLa naDuvina samaya sambandha

haLegannaDadalli ghaTaneya samayavannu mAtina samayakke sambandhisida hAge sUcisaballa kriyArUpagaLu mAtravalla de, bErondu ghaTaneya samayakke sambandhisida hAge sUcisaballa kriyArUpagaLU baLakeyallive. I kriyArUpagaLu mAtina samayakke sambandhisida hAge ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLiginta svalpa maTTige bhinnavAgiyU ive.

eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve samayada maTTige mUru rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyavide: (ka) avugaLalli ondu ghaTane innondu ghaTaneginta modalu naDedudirabahudu, (kha) anantara naDeyuvudirabahudu, illavE (ga) averaDU ondE samayadalli

naDeyuvantahavirabahudu. eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve kANisaballa I mUru samaya sambandhagaLannu “modalina samaya’, “anantarada samaya’ mattu “ondE samaya’ embudAgi hesarisabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೦ka) I puyyalan‌ Araydu barpen‌ (೩.೨೪va) “I pralApavannu vicArisi baruttEne’

(೧೦kha) sukhadim rAjyam geyyutta irim (೪.೮va) “sukhadinda rAjyavALutta iri’

(೧೦ka)dalli vicArisuva ghaTane baruva ghaTaneginta modalu naDeyuvantahadendu sUcisalAgide; Adare, (೧೦kha)dalli rAjyavALuva ghaTane mattu iruva ghaTane iveraDU ondE samayadalli naDeyuvantahavendu sUcisalAgide.

haLegannaDadalli I kriyArUpagaLu, kriyApadagaLa viSEShaNagaLa hAge, guNapadagaLa jAgadalli baLakeyAguttave. Adare, ivu nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baruva guNarUpagaLinda bhinnavAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, mADu kriyApadakke nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baLasalu mADida, mAlba (mADuva), mattu mADada emba guNarUpa(kxdantarUpa)gaLiveyAdare, kriyApadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baLasalu mADi, mADal‌, mADutte, mattu mADade emba guNarUpagaLive. I eraDanE rItiya guNarUpagaLannu illi kriyApadagaLa jODisuva rUpagaLendu kareyalAgide.

samskxtadalli mElina eraDu sandarbhagaLallU kriyApadagaLa nAmarUpa(kxdanta)gaLannE baLasalAguttade. gatvA, kxtvA embantaha rUpagaLu mAtra idakke apavAdagaLAgive (jAsti vivaragaLige (೧೦.೨-೩) nODi).

೯.೩ ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudu

ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva vAkyagaLalli kriyApadagaLu ghaTaneyannU nAmapadagaLu (illavE nAmapada kantegaLu) ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAda “ghaTaka’gaLannU sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLagina haLegannaDa vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೧) arasan‌ lalanege pUmAleyan‌ ittan‌ “arasanu lalanege hUmAleyannu koTTanu’

mElina vAkyadalli I “koDu’ kriyApadada ittan‌ rUpa A vAkka tiLisabEkAgiruva ghaTane yAvudu embudannu sUcisuttade, mattu adarondige bandiruva arasan‌,

lalane mattu pUmAle emba nAmapadagaLu A ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva ghaTakagaLu yAvuvu embudannu sUcisuttave.

vAkyadalli baruva nAmapadagaLu mAtravallade, kriyArUpada koneyalli baruva “AkhyAta’ pratyayavU ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruva ghaTakavondannu sUcisaballudu embudannu mEle koTTiruva (೧೧)nE vAkyadalli kANabahudu. ittan‌ kriyArUpada koneyalli bandiruva an‌ pratyaya I ghaTaneyannu naDesidavanu arasa embudannu bahaLa sUkShmavAgi (endare hAge naDesidavanu obba manuShya mattu ganDasu embudAgi) sUcisuttade.

I rIti kriyArUpadalli baruva AkhyAta pratyayada mUlaka ghaTakavondannu haLegannaDada hAge samskxtavU sUcisaballudAdarU, I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve I viShayadalli ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. haLegannaDadalli I pratyayada mUlaka ghaTakada puruSha, vacana, mattu lingagaLannu sUcisalu sAdhyavideyAdare, samskxtadalli puruSha mattu vacanagaLannu mAtra sUcisalu sAdhyavide. samskxtadalli I pratyaya linga bhEdavannu sUcisalAradu.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva haLegannaDa mattu samskxta vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೨5) dEvadattaH kaTam karOti “dEvadatta cApeyannu mADuttA ne’

(೧೨kha) dEvadattasya bhAryA kaTam karOti “dEvadattana henDati cApeyannu mADuttALe’

(೧೩ka) kIcakam tammakkanam kANal‌ pOdan‌ “kIcakanu tanna akkanannu kANalu hOdanu’ (೧೩kha) dravpadi takkudane nuDidaL‌ “dravpadi yOgyavAdudannE hELidaLu’

cApeyannu mADuva vyakti (೧೨ka)dalli obba ganDasu mattu (೧೨kha)dalli obba hengasu; Adare, I eraDu vAkyagaLallU samskxtadalli karOti emba ondE kriyArUpa baLakeyAgide.

(೧೩ka-kha) vAkyagaLallU idE rItiyalli obba ganDasu mattu obba hengasu naDesiruva kelasagaLannu sUcisalAgide; Adare, haLegannaDada I vAkyagaLalli obba ganDasu naDesida hOguva ghaTaneyannu (೧೩ka)dalla an‌ pratyayaviruva pOdan‌ kriyArUpavU, obba hengasu naDesida hELuva ghaTaneyannu (೧೩kha)dalli adakkinta bhinnavAda aL‌ pratyayaviruva nuDidaL‌ kriyArUpavU sUcisuttave.

haLegannaDadallU intaha pratyayagaLu ADuganannu illavE kELuganannu sUcisuttiveyAdare avugaLa mUlaka lingabhEda sUcitavAguvudilla. udAharaNegAgi pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೪ka) Anum tapOniyOgadoLirpem (೧೨.೧೩೦) “nAnU tapassina niyamadalli iruttEne’ (೧೪kha) ninna bisuTentirpem (೨.೨೫) “ninna biTTu (nAnu) hEgiraballe?’

(೧೪ka) vAkyavannu dharmarAya hELiddu , A ghaTakavannu (ADuga mattu ganDasu) sUcisalu iru kriyApadadondige em AkhyAta pratyaya bandide; (೧೪kha) vAkyavannu kunti hELiddu, A ghaTakavannu (ADuga mattu hengasu) sUcisuvudakkAgiyU em AkhyAta pratyayavE bandide.

idallade, ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu itararannu sUcisuvalliyU bahuvacanadalli manuShya-manuShyEtara lingabhEdavideyallade pum-stri lingabhEdavilla.

(೧೫ka) A tapOvxddha r‌ kAnteyan‌ santaysidar‌ (೨.೨೬va) “A tapOvanadallidda vxddha tApasaru kAnte(kunti)yannu santaysidaru’

(೧೫kha) antu divya samyOgadoLirvarum garbhamam tALjar‌ (೧.೮೫va) “hAge divyavAda yaShiSrEShThana samyOgadinda ibbarU garbhavannu dharisidaru’

(೧೫ga) bIsuva cAmarALi sundariyara kaygaLim barduki biTluvu “bIsuttidda cAmara samUhagaLu sundariyara kaygaLinda jAri bidduvu’

(೧೫ka)dalli ghaTaneyannu naDesidavaru tApasa(ganDasa)rAgiddu, A ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ar‌ AkhyAta pratyaya bandide (santaysidar‌); (೧೫kha)dalli ghaTaneyannu naDesidavaru ibbaru hengasaru (ambike mattu ambAlike); hIgiddarU, A ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ar‌ pratyayavE bandide (tALjar‌). (೧೫ga)dalli mAtra ghaTane naDedudu cAmara samUhagaLinda; ivu manuShyEtaragaLAda kAraNa, A ghaTakavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi ar‌ pratyayakkinta bhinnavAda uvu pratyaya bandide (biTTuvu).

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve ghaTakagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLa maTTige kANisuva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, samskxtadalli I pratyayagaLu bEreyU kelavu arthabhEdagaLannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxtada apUrNa mattu pUrNa kriyArUpagaLannu avakke samanAgiruva haLegannaDada abhUta mattu bhUta kriyArUpagaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu:

samskxta haLegannaDa apUrNa-pUrNa abhUta-bhUta karOmi-cakAra mADuven‌-mADiden‌ kurmaH-cakxma mADuvem‌-mADidem‌ karOShi-cakartha mADuvay‌-mADiday‌ kurutha-cakra mADuvir‌-mADidir‌ karOti-cakAra mADuvan‌-mADidan‌ kurvanti-cakruH mADuvar‌-mADidar‌

mEle samskxtada apUrNarUpagaLa koneyalli kANisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu (mi, maH, Shi, tha, ti mattu anti embavugaLu) pUrNa rUpagaLa koneyalli kANisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLiginta (a, ma, tha, a, a mattu uH embavugaLinda) tIra bhinnavAgive. Adare, haLegannaDadalli abhUta mattu bhUta rUpagaLeraDarallU ondE rItiya AkhyAta pratyayagaLu (en‌, em‌, ay‌, ir‌, an‌ mattu ar‌ embavu)

baLakeyAgive.

೯.೪ gum (kum) pratyayada baLake

haLegannaDadalli gum (kum) pratyaya nijakkU yAva arthadalli baLakeyAguttittu emba viShayadallU heccina samSOdhane naDesuva avaSyakateyideyendu nanage tOruttade. nAgamarmana bhAShAbhUShaNadalli I pratyaya bhaviShyatkAladalli baLakeyAguvudendu hELalAgide (sU. ೨೦೯), mattu kAvyAvalOkanadalli (sU. ೯೦) idu bhaviShyatkAladalli mAtravallade vartamAna kAladallU baLakeyAguvudendu hELalAgide.

Adare, kESirAjana SabdamaNidarpaNadalli (sU. ೨೩೮), mattu bhaTTAkaLankana SabdAnuSAsanadalli (sU. ೪೬೩) I pratyaya bhUtArthadallU baLakeyAguttadeyendu hELalAgide. anantarada vidA ಿmsaru I mUraneya abhiprAyavannE etti hiDididdA re (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೧೪೬, kannaDa kaypiDi ೧೯೩೬:೪೫).

bhaTTAkaLankanu koTTiruva prayOgagaLinda ivakkU sAmAnya kriyArUpagaLigU arthadalli vyatyAsavillavemba abhiprAya Atanigidda hAge kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, puTTugum embudakke puTTidam, puTTuvam mattu puTTidapam embavugaLa arthavE ideyendu Atana prayOgagaLu sUcisuttave. anantarada vidvAmsarU ivakkU mattu sAmAnya kriyArUpagaLigU naDuve arthada maTTige vyatyAsavEnAdarU ideyE emba viShayadalli EnU hELiruva hAge kANisuvudilla.

pampabhAratadalli I gum (kum) pratyayada mUlaka sAdhitavAgiruva kriyArUpagaLu heccineDegaLallU bhaviShyadarthadallE baLakeyAgive. idallade, I prayOgagaLalli gum (kum) pratyayakke bhaviShyadartha mAtravallade sambhAvyateya arthavU iruva hAge

kANisuttade. aparUpakke ivannu bhUtArthadallU baLasalAgideyAdarU, antaha sandarbhagaLalli avu rUDhiyalliruva ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuttiruva hAge kANisuttade.

I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli I kum (gum) pratyayada mUlaka sAdhitavAguva kriyArUpagaLu da mattu va (pa) pratyayagaLiruva kriyArUpagaLiginta arthadalli bhinnavAduvendu hELalu sAdhyaviruva hAge kANisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೬ka) bEDidoDe balada bariyuman‌ IDADugum (೧.೧೦೦ “yAcisidare (karNanu) balapArSvada pakkeyannu kattarisi esedAnu’ (೧೬kha)ennumanintu tuttugum (೩.೨೯ va) “nannannU I rIti nungibiDabahudu’ (೧೬ga) bagevAgaL‌ I kalahadoL‌ nimma kulavAkulavam nimagunTumADugum

(೧೦.೨೧) “vicAra mADuvudAdare, I yuddhadalli nimma kulavu nimage vyatheyannunTumADItu’

mElina vAkyagaLallella I kriyArUpagaLu mundina samayadalli naDeyabahudAda (endare sambhAvya) ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuttive.

bhUtakAlada baLakegaLallU idE rItiyalli bhUtakAlada sAmAnya kriyArUpagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva “rUDhi’yalli jaraguva ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuvantaha arthavannu I kriyArUpagaLu koDuttaveyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina kandapadyavannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೭) nuDiyisi kELgum harigana paDemAtane mAtu tappoDam mattamadam nuDiyisugum modalindA nuDi paNapaDe muLidu nODugum keLadiyaram (೪.೫೬)

illi subhadre virahatApadinda Enu mADutti ddaLu embudannu vivarisalAgide. I sandarbhadalli bhUtakAlada sAmAnya kriyA rUpagaLannu (kELlaL‌, nuDiyisidaL‌, nODidaL‌ emba rUpagaLannu) baLasidalli tiLisabEkAgiruva Enu mADuttA iddaLu emba “rUDhiya’ artha spaShTavAgi mUDalAradu.

I kandapadyada anuvAdadalli anantarangAcAr‌ avaru kELuttALe, nuDiyisuttALe mattu nODuttALe embudAgi vartamAnArthada kriyArUpagaLannu baLasiddAre; Adare, idakkintalU kELuttiddaLu, nuDiyisuttiddaLu, mattu nODuttiddaLu embantaha rUpagaLE heccu spaShTavAgi illi tiLisabEkAgiruva rUDhiya arthavannu tiLisaballavu endu tOruttade.

hosagannaDadalli kANisadiruva halavu haLegannaDada padarUpagaLannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli I gum (kum) pratyayavU gu (ku) emba rUpadalli uLidukonDiddu, avugaLalli adakke mundina samayadalli mEle sUcisidantaha sambhAvyateya arthavU, hindina samayadalli rUDhiya arthavU ive. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva havyaka kannaDa vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೮ka) avu nALange rajA bEga bakku “avaru nALe svalpa bEga bandAru’ (೧೮kha) heccu eLadare adu murigu “jAsti eLedare adu muridItu’ (೧೮ga) nAvu pUnallippaga dinAgaLude kApige hOTelinge hOku “nAvu puNeyalliddAga dinAlU kAphige hOTelige hOguttiddevu’

(೧೮ka-kha) vAkyagaLalli ku (gu) pratyaya mundina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi bandiddu, adakke sambhAvyateya arthavU ide, mattu (೧೮ga) vAkyadalli adu hindina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi bandiddu, adakke rUDhiyalli jaraguttidda ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuva arthavide.

೯.೫ allagaLeyuva vidhAnagaLu

haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve allagaLeyuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva vidhAnagaLa naDuve halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLive. avugaLalli mukhyavAda kelavannu keLage koDalAgide:

(೧) samskxtadalli vAkyagaLannu mAtravallade padagaLannU alla gaLeyalu sAdhyavide; idakkAgi, padagaLige a (svara paravAgiddare an‌) upasargavannu sErisalAguttade.

I rIti allagaLediruva halavu padagaLu samskxtadinda haLegannaDakkU eravalAgi bandiruva kAraNa, avugaLa baLakeyannu haLegannaDadallU kANabahudu. Adare kannaDadavE Ada padagaLige I rIti pratyayagaLannu sErisi avannu alla gaLeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.

Sra $ jAna ajAna hi i nyAya anyAya AcAra anAcAra Eka anEka

samskxtada padagaLalli I a pratyaya (upasarga) mAtravallade, ni (svara paravAgiddare nir‌) emba innondu pratyayavU alla gaLeyuva arthadalli baLakeyAguttade. daye-nirdaye, bhaya-nirbhaya, ASrita-nirASrita, aparAdhi-niraparAdhi modalAda padagaLalli I pratyayada baLakeyannu kANabahudu.

haLegannaDada nirneram, nibberagu, nipposatu modalAda kelavu padagaLalli aparUpavAgi kannaDa padagaLigU I pratyaya sEriruva hAge kANisuttade (Di. el‌. narasimhAcAr‌ (೧೯೭೧:೭೭೯-೮೦ nODi).

(೨) samskxtadalli vAkyavondannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli, adakke na emba allagaLeyuva padavannu sErisidare sAku. A vAkyadalli bErAva badalAvaNeyannU mADabEkAgilla.

(೧೯ka) tE pustakAni paThanti

“avaru pustakagaLannu OduttAre’ (೧೯kha) tE pustakAni na paThanti

“avaru pustakagaLannu Oduvudilla’

(೧೯ka) tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi (೧೯kha)dalli A vAkyakke na embudannaShTE sErisalAgide, A vAkyadalli bErAva badalAvaNeyU naDedilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.

haLegannaDadalli hindina samayada ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyuvalli mAtra intaha vidhAna baLakeyallide. idakkAgi vAkyada koneyalli illa padavannu baLasalAgutta de. vAkyadalli bErAva badalAvaNeyannU mADabEkAguvudilla:

(೨೦ka) I kanneyan‌ padmajan‌ paDedan‌ “I kanyeyannu brahmanu sxShTisidanu” (೨೦೫) I kanneyan‌ padmajan‌ paDedan‌ illa “I kanyeyannu brahmanu sxShTisalilla’

Adare, mundina samayada vAkyavondannu allagaLeyabEkiddalli, antaha vAkyadalli baruva kriyApadavannu allagaLeyuva rUpakke badalAyisabEkAguttade. kriyArUpagaLalli samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruva pratyayada jAgadalli a pratyayavannu baLasuvudara mUlaka, intaha allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLannu sAdhisabahudu:

(೨೧ka) avan‌ sangaradoL‌ cApamam piDivam “avanu yuddhadalli billannu hiDiyuttAne’

(೨೧kha) avan‌ sangaradoL‌ cApamam piDiyam “avanu yuddhadalli billannu hiDiyuvudilla’

(೨೧5) vAkya tiLisuva ghaTaneyannu allagaLeyuvudakkAgi (೨೧kha) vAkyadalli adara piDivam kriyArUpavannu piDiyam embudAgi badalAyisalAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu. illi piDi kriyApadada anantara bandiruva v‌ emba mundina samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayada badalu a emba allagaLeyuva pratyayavannu baLasalAgide. piDi kriyApada ikAradalli konegoLLuva kAraNa, adara anantara a pratyaya bandAga yakAravondu sErikoLLutta de.

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli I kriyArUpakke mUru kAlagaLannU sUcisuva arthavideyendu hELalAgide (kESirAja sU. ೨೩೩). anantarada vidvAmsarU idu sariyendu oppikonDiruva hAge kANisuttade (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩:೧೫೭).

Adare, I kriyArUpagaLa heccina baLakegaLallU adu hosagannaDada nODuvudilla, mADuvudilla embantaha rUpagaLa, illavE nODalikkilla, mADalikkilla embantaha rUpagaLa arthadallE (endare vartamAna illavE bhaviShyadarthadallE) kANisikoLLutta de.

nODalilla, mADalilla embantaha kriyArUpagaLa arthadalli (bhUtArthadalli), mEle (೨೦ka-kha)gaLalli udAharisida hAge, kriyApadada pUrNarUpadondige illa padavannu sErisiruva racaneyannE baLasalAguttade.

haLegannaDada halavu racanegaLannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruva karAvaLiya kannaDa prabhEdagaLalli I allagaLeyuva kriyArUpavU kANisuttiddu adakke mADalikkilla, hOgalikkilla embantaha kriyArUpagaLigiruva arthavide.

udAharaNegAgi, havyaka kannaDadalli Anu hOge “nAnu hOgalikkilla ’ Anu hOvuttille “nAnu hOguvudilla’ mattu Anu hOyidille “nAnu hOgalilla embudAgi mUru allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLiddu, ivugaLalli modalaneyadu haLegannaDada pOgem embudara Adhunika rUpavAgide.

uLideraDu allagaLeyuva kriyArUpagaLannu hOgu kriyApadada hOvutte “hOguttEne’ mattu hOyide “hOgiddEne’ emba pUrNa rUpagaLige ille “illa’ embudannu sErisi racisalAgide.

(೩) haLegannaDadalli ondu ghaTane illavE sangatigU, adara ondu ghaTakakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu allagaLeyuvudiddalli illa padada badalu alla emba bEreyE ondu padavannu baLasabEkAguttade. Adare, samskxtadalli idakkU na upasargavannE baLasalAguttade.

haLegannaDadalli sambandhavannu allagaLeyuva I alla padadondige ghaTakavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLU baraballuvu.

(೨೨ka) ennendudam mIjuvar‌ allar‌ “nAnu hELidudannu mIruvavaru alla ka (೨೨kha) nI auುyadeyum vicArisadeyum negaLtanneyalle “nInu tiLiyadeyU vicArisadeyU kAryamADuvanthavanalla’

(೪) kELuganu ondu kelasavannu mADada hAge taDeyuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli kriyApadadondige al‌ pratyayada baLakeyAguttade.

(೨೩ka) pO pOgal‌ endodajuttum paritandu tAgi taDardam gangAsutam bhImanam “hOgabEDa, hOgabEDa embudAgi kUgikoLLuttA ODi bandu bhIShmanu bhImanannu taDegaTTidanu’

(೨೩kha) kAgevol‌ intu bille karam anjuvir‌ anjalim “kAgeya hAge billige hedaruttIri; hedarabEDi’

I pratyayavU anantarada ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLasuva al‌ pratyayavU ondE emba artha baruva hAge SabdamaNidarpaNadalli (sU. ೨೪೫) ivannu paricayisalAgide. Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDadalli mUru bEre bEre al‌ emba ondE rUpada pratyayagaLive endu hELuva avaSyakateyide. mEle vivarisida pratiShEdhArthada al‌ pratyaya ivugaLallondu.

idallade, anantarada ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva al‌ mattu modalina ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva al‌ embudAgi bEre eraDu pratyayagaLiddu, iveraDU baLakeyalli ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgive (೧೦.೨.೨ nODi).

kelasa mADuvudannu taDeyuva pratiShEdhArthadalli baruva al‌ pratyaya alla embudara (kriyeya arthaviruva avyayada) mUla rUpavendu venkaTAcala SAstri] gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೧೧೮) abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. Adare, arthadalli iveraDara naDuve bahaLa vyatyAsavide. alla embudu ondu ghaTane illavE sangatigU, adara ondu ghaTakakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu allagaLeyuttade, Adare, al‌ pratyaya kELuganu ondu kelasavannu mADadante taDeyuttade. al‌ pratyayakke “alla’ padada arthakkintalU “”bEDa’ padada arthavE heccu sariyAdudu.

೯.೬ ghaTane mattu sangati

kriyApadagaLa racaneyalli samayada “sambandha’kke mahatvavannu koDuva bhAShegaLigU samayada “Antarika vyavasthe’ge mahatvavannu koDuva bhAShegaLigU naDuve ondu kutUhalakAriyAda vyatyAsavide:

kriyArUpagaLu si

samaya sambandhakke mahatva vannu koDuva bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mAtravE baLakeyAguttave. sangatiyannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadagaLilladiruva vAkyagaLannAgali, illavE sangatiya iruvikeyannu sUcisu ondO eraDO kriyApadagaLannAgalI baLasuva krama I bhAShegaLalliruttade.

idakke badalu, samayada Antarika vyavasthege mahatvavannu koDuva bhAShegaLalli halavu kriyApadagaLu ghaTanegaLannu sUcisalu baLakeyAguttave mattu bEre halavu kriyApadagaLu sangatigaLannu sUcisalu baLakeyAguttave. intaha bhAShegaLalli kriyApadagaLannu (೧) ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvavu, mattu (೨) sangatiyannu sUcisuvavu embudAgi eraDu mukhya gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu lng vide (jAsti viShakagaLige bhaT‌ ೧೯೯೯:೧೫೨ nODi).

kriyApadagaLalli samaya sambandhakke mahatvavannu koDuva haLegannaDa bhAShegU, samayada Antarika vyavasthe ge mahatvavannu koDuva samskxta bhAShegU naDuve intahadE vyatyAsaviruva hAge kANisuttade. haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLellavU ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyE baLakeyAguttave.

idakke apavAdagaLAgi oL‌ (uL‌), bal‌, al‌ embantaha kelavE kelavu kriyApadagaLu mAtra ghaTaneya badalu sangatiyannu (illavE sangatiya iruvikeyannu) sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. I kriyApadagaLu halavu viShayagaLalli ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva kriyApadagaLiginta bhinnavAgive.

udAharaNegAgi, ivu nEravAgi ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLondige baruttavallade, samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baruvudilla:

(೨೪ka) makkaLoLar‌ enagayvar‌ “nanage ayvaru makkaLiddA re” (೨೪kha) entappa duShTASvangaLuman‌ Ejaalum tirdalum ballen‌ “entaha keTTakuduregaLannAdarU hattalu mattu tiddalu balle’ (೨೪ga) ninna mAtinge meLLaDuvantappA keyallem “(nAnu) ninna mAtige mOsahOguvantahavaLalla 1

(೨೪ka)dalli bandiruva oLar‌ kriyArUpadallAgali, (೨೪kha)dalli bandiruva ballen‌ kriyArUpadallAgali samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLa baLakeyAgilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. sangatiyannu allagaLeyuva al‌ kriyApadada baLakeyU (೨೪ga) hIgeye

kESirAjanu uL‌ dhAtuvige “datvani ShEdha’vannu hELiddAne (sU. ೨೫೬); Adare, nijakkU illi samayavannu sUcisuva da prata tyayavondE alla, itara samayasUcaka

pratyayagaLU (dapa, vagaLU) baLakeyAguvudilla.

[ee]

samskxtadalli sangatigaLannu sUcisaballa kriyApadagaLU halaviddu, avakkU itara ghaTanegaLannu sUcisaballa kriyApadagaLa hAgeyE bEre bEre samaya vyavastheya bhEdagaLannu (mattu samaya sambandhada bhEdagaLannu) sUcisaballa kriyArUpagaLive.

udAharaNegAgi, Sak‌ kriyApadakke ellA rItiya samaya bhEdagaLannu sUcisaballa kriyArUpagaLU ive.

(೨೫ka) mayA kaTaH kartum SakyatE “nanage cApeyannu mADalu baruttade’

(೨೫kha) sA cEyam kathA kcatriyaskyAkarShaNAya aSakat‌ “A kathe kcatriyanannu AkarShisalu SaktavAyitu’

೯.೭ sArAmSa

kriyArUpagaLa racaneyalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLalle €nE halavAru vyatyAsagaLive.

(೧) haLegannaDada kriyArUpagaLalli samaya sambandhakke mahatvavide; Adare, samskxta kriyArUpagaLalli samayada Antarika vyavasthege mahatvavide.

(೨) haLegannaDadalli samayavannu sUcisalu viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLive; Adare, samskxtadalli idannu dhAtuvinalli naDesiruva badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka mAtravE sUcisalAguttade.

(೩) haLegannaDadalli AkhyAta pratyayagaLu prathamapuruShadalli linga bhEdavannU sUcisuttave; Adare, samskxtada AkhyAta pratyayagaLalli lingabhEda sUcitavAguvudilla.

intaha bEreyU halavu vyatyAsagaLu I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve iveyembudannu gamanisade, samskxtada rUparacanAniyamagaLannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi, adara vayyAkaraNigaLu halavAru samasyegaLannu edurisabEkAgide embudannu I adhyAyadalli tOrisikoDalAgide.

adhyAya ೧೦ — vAkyagaLa jODaNe

vAkyagaLa jODaNe

೧೦.೧ pIThike

arthadalli ondakkondu sambandhisiruva eraDu athavA jAsti vAkyagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondE vAkyavannAgi mADi hELalu bhAShegaLalli halavu rItiya vidhAnagaLu baLakeyalliruttave. I viShayadallU haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive.

vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi padagaLannu baLasabahudu, illavE pratyayagaLannu baLasabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, “athavA’ emba arthavannu koDalu haLegannaDadalli mEN‌ padavannu baLasalAguttade.

(೧ka) bALa dinESa bimbada nebal‌ jaladoL‌ nelesitto mEN‌ phaNIndrALayadindamurcida phaNAmaNi mangaLa raSmi yO (೧.೯೬) “bAlasUryamanDalada neLalu nIralli nelesideyO athavA nAgalOkadinda bhEdisikonDu banda heDevaNigaLa mangaLa kiraNagaLO’

Adare, “mattu’ embarthavannu koDalu um‌ (am‌) pratyayavannu baLasalAguttade.

a v‌

penDatiyappannaLorva magaLumam paDedilladiren‌ (೨.೪೬ va) “ninnannu kollu vantaha obba maganannU mattu vikramArjunanige henDatiyAguvantaha obba magaLannU paDeyadiruvudilla’

(೧kha) ninnam kollannanorva muganumum vikravArjunange eDi

haLegannaDadalli sAmAnyavAgi vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi padagaLigintalU pratyayagaLannu baLasuvudE jAsti. idallade, haLegannaDada kriyApadagaLige kelavu viSiShTavAda “jODisuva’ rUpagaLiddu, avannU I rIti vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade.

(೨5) divyarathamanesagal‌ dArukanemba sArathiyanIvudum (೫. ೨೦va) “divSa rathavannu naDesalu dArukanemba sArathiyannu koTTAga’ (೨kha) tAm munna tanda aragiNiyam koTTu kxtAntananta rdhAnakke sandam

bhya pe) kIphe ATo “tAnu tandida aragiNiyannu koTTu yamanu adxSyanAdanu e

(೨ga) OgaravUgaLa banDaneyde pIrutte majudumbigaL‌ oDavanduvu (೧೧.೮೧) “miSrahUgaLa makarandavannu pUrNavAgi hIruttA maridumbigaLu joteyallE banduvu’

divyarathamanesaguvam mattu dArukanemba sArathiyan‌ Ivan‌ emba eraDu vAkyagaLannu (೨ka)dalli jODisalAgide, mattu idakkAgi modalaneya vAkyadalli esagu kriyApadada jODisuva rUpavAda esagal‌ embudannu baLasalAgide.

idE rItiyalli (೨kha)dalli kuDu kriyApadada jODisuva rUpavAgiruva koTTu embudannU, (೨ga)dalli pIru kriyApadada jODisuva rUpavAgiruva pIrutte embudannU baLasalAgide.

intaha jODisuva krayArUpagaLa baLakeyalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve kelavu mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiddu, avannu I adhyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

೧೦.೨ haLegannaDada jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu

vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli halavu rItiya kriyArUpagaLu baLakeyAguttiddu, avu I vAkyagaLu tiLisuva ghaTanegaLa naDuve kANisuva bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuttave. intaha sambandhagaLu A ghaTanegaLa samayakke sambandhisirabahudu (೧೦.೨.೧), illavE avugaLalli ondu naDeyade innondu naDedide (keLage koTTiruva (೬ka-ga) vAkyagaLannu nODi), athavA ondu naDeyuvudu innondu naDeyuvudakke Sharattu (೧೦.೨.೩) embantaha bEre rItiyavU irabahudu.

೧೦.೨.೧ samayada sUcane

mEle (೨ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli esagal‌, koTTu, mattu pIrutte embudAgi mUru rItiya jODisuva rUpagaLu baLakeyAgive. ivu eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuve kANisaballa mUru rItiya samaya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuttave:

(ka) ondu ghaTane innondu ghaTaneya anantara naDeyuvantahadirabahudu. idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli mEle (೨ka)dalli kANisida hAge, kriyApadakke nEravAgi al‌ pra tyayavannu sErisalAguttade (mADal‌, uNal‌, baral‌, kolal‌, taral‌ modalAdavu intahavE bEre kriyArUpagaLu). ivugaLa baLakeyannu keLagina udAharaNegaLallU kANabahudu:

(೩ka) kIcakam tammakkanam kANal‌ pOdam “kIcakanu tanna akkanannu kANalu hOdanu’ (೩kha) bhImana moneyam Arayal‌ vanIpakaranaTTi “bhImana yuddharItiyannu kanDuhiDiyalu gUDhacArarannu kaLisi’

(೩ga) mantramanupadESam geyyal‌ bandevu “mantravannu upadESa mADalu bandiddEve’

(kha) ondu ghaTane innondu ghaTaneginta modalE naDeyuvantahadirabahudu. idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi mEle (೨kha)dalli kANisida hAge, kriyApadakke nEravAgi i pratyayavannu sErisalAguttade (alvi, ODi, nelasi, mecci modalAdavu intahavE bEre kriyArUpagaLu).

kelavu kriyApadagaLalli I pratyayadondige hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d‌ pratyayavU baruttade, mattu I rIti hindina samayavannu sUcisuva pratyaya : bandiruvalli jODisuva pratyayakke i embudara badalu u emba rUpavide (koydu, geydu, tindu, kondu).

I niyamakke apavAdavAgi, kelavu kriyApadagaLondige d‌ pratyaya bandideyAdarU adara anantara I pratyaya i rUpadallE baruttade (teraLi, nAndi).

(೪ka) A mAtinge mecci kumbhasambhavam gAngEyananintendam “A mAtige mecci drONanu bhIShmanige hIge hELidanu’ (೪kha) nIm enna kALegamam pejagirdu nODim “nIvu nanna yuddhavannu horage iddu nODi’ (೪ga) viduram rathArUDhanAgi pAncaLa rAjapurakke vandu pAnDuputraram kanDu… “viduranu rathavannEri, dxpadana paTTaNakke bandu, pAnDavarannu kanDu…’

(ga) ondu ghaTane innondu ghaTane naDeyuva samayadallEnE naDeyuvantahadirabahudu. idannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadakke nEravAgi utte pratyayavannu sErisalAguttade (mADutte, nODutte, kELutte, tegaLutte, enutte, isutte).

(೫ka) OgaravUgaLa banDaneyde pIrutte maNudumbigaL‌ oDavanduvu “miSrahUgaLa jEnannu cannAgi hIruttA maridumbigaLu joteyallE banduvu’

(೫kha) peage kxtaka kirAtam (varAhanam) aTTuttum bandam “hindininda kxtaka kirAtanu (handiyannu) aTTuttalU bandanu’

(೫ga) vaendorvarorvar‌ ondondane nuDiyuttum pOge “embudAgi obbobbaru ondondannU ADuttA hOguttiruvAga’

mEle vivarisidantaha mUru bageya jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu mAtravallade, ondu ghaTane naDeyade innondu ghaTane naDedide (illavE naDeyalide) embudannu

sUcisuvudakkAgi kriyApadakke ade pratyayavannu sErisi racisiruva innondu rItiya (allagaLeyuva) jODisuva kriyArUpavU haLegannaDadalli baLakeyallide (ajuyade, pOgade, nillade, uNNade, tuDade).

(೬ka) nimmoDane ALOcisade emage negaTal‌ Em neravunTE “ninnoDane AlOcisade mADalu namage sAdhyave?’ (೬kha) vaettalaNmade kAladeseyoL‌ usirade kuLLire “ebbisalu iShTapaDade kAlina hattira mAtanADade kuLitiralu’ (೬ga) eveyikkade nOTpba kaN‌ “reppe hoDeyade nODuva kaNNu’

೧೦.೨.೨ baLakege nirbandha

I jODisuva rUpagaLa ondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, ivugaLa mUlaka jODisiruva vAkyagaLeraDarallU svEccheyinda naDesuvantaha ghaTanegaLannu sUcisalAgideyAdare, A eraDu ghaTanegaLannU obbanE vyakti (mADuga ghaTaka) naDesuttirabEku emba nirbandhavide. eraDu vAkyagaLalli ondu illavE eraDu vAkyagaLU I rIti svEccheyinda naDesuva ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudillavAdare, avugaLa mEle I nirbandhavilla.

(೭) priyanam kanDu sukhamAdudu “priyanannu nODi (nanage) sukhavAyitu’

(೭)nE vAkyadalli modalaneya vAkyada karta nAnu (illavE sukha embudakkinta bhinnavAda bErondu pada) mattu eraDaneyadara karta sukha. hIgiddarU illi kanDu kriyArUpada baLakeyAgide. eraDaneya vAkyadalli sukha embudu svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDaguva mADuganalla embudE intaha baLake sAdhyavAgalu kAraNa.

hosagannaDadallU intahadE nirbandhavide embudannu bhaT‌ (೨೦೦೪:೧೯೬)ralli vivarisalAgide.

೧೦.೨.೩ e pratyayada baLake

bEre bEre vyaktigaLu svEccheyinda naDesuvantaha ghaTanegaLannu sUcisuva vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli bEreyE ondu kriyArUpa baLakeyallide. kriyApadakke e pratyayavannu sErisi I kriyArUpavannu tayArisalAguttade (suDe, ADe, Age, sOnke, piDiye).

I kriyArUpada mUlaka sUcitavAguva ghaTane adara anantara sUcitavAguva ghaTaneginta modalE naDedideyemba arthavU (endare i (u) pratyayada mUlaka racitavAgiruva kriyArUpada arthavU) I kriyArUpakkide.

(೮ka) pAnDyan‌ tOmaradinda iDe gurutanUjam eDeyoL‌ kaDidam “pAnDyanu tOmaradinda hoDedAga aSvatthAmanu (adannu) madhyamArgadallE kaDidanu’

(೮kha) pAncALarAjatanUjeverasu pAnDavar‌ poTalam poamaDe purajanangaLella tammoLintendar‌ “pAnDavaru dravpadiyoDane paTTaNavannu biTTu hOdAga paTTaNada janarella tammoLage hIge hELikonDaru’

(೮ka)dalli tOmaradinda hoDeyuva ghaTane, mattu adannu mArga madhyadallE kaDiyuva ghaTane - iveraDU svEccheyinda naDesuva ghaTanegaLu. ivannu bEre bEre vyaktigaLu (pAnDya mattu aSvatthAma) naDesuttiruva kAraNa, I vAkyagaLannu jODisalu (೮ka)dalli iDu kriyApadada iTTu rUpada badalu, iDe rUpavannu baLasalAgide. (೮kha)dallU hIgeyE.

Adare, e pratyayadinda racitavAgiruva I kriyArUpavannu obbanE vyakti mADuganAgi naDesuva eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisuvallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu:

(೯) arAtikALAnaLan‌ tAnum bhImasEnanum divyaSarAsanangaLam konDu pUNe puguva arAtibalamam vArkonDu tege neakidise taLardattarAtibalam “arjunanu tAnU bhImanU billugaLannu tegedukonDu, pratijYe mADi, pravESisuva Satrusaynyavannu pratibhaTisi, (billu gaLannu) dIrphthavAgi eLedu (bANagaLannu) prayOgisidAga Satrusaynya himmeTTitu’

(೯)nE vAkyadalli svEccheyinda naDesuva halavu ghaTanegaLannu oTTige sErisalAgiddu, avugaLalli koneyadannu (“Satrusaynya himmeTTitu’ embudannu) biTTu, uLida ellA ghaTanegaLannU arjuna mattu bhIma embavarE naDesiddA re. Adare, ivugaLalli baruva jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli eraDannu (konDu mattu mArkonDu) u pratyayada

mUlakavU bEre eraDannu (pUNe mattu tege) e pratyayada mUlakavU racisalAgide.

೧೦.೨.೪ al pratyayada baLake

kriyApadagaLige al‌ pratyayavannu sErisi racisida kriyArUpagaLannu mUru arthagaLalli (modalu naDeda ghaTane, anantara naDeda ghaTane, mattu ghaTaneyannu naDesuvudu bEDa embarthagaLalli) baLasalu sAdhyavide embudannu nAvu mEle (೯.೫.೧)ralli nODiruvevu. ivugaLalli modalaneya eraDu arthagaLalli baruva kriyArUpagaLannu vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade.

modalaneya arthadalli (endare modalu naDeda ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva arthadalli) I kriyArUpavannu baLasalAgideyAdare, antaha baLakeya mEle (೧೦.೨.೨)ralli sUcisida nirbandhavilla embudannu pampabhAratada keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu:

(೧೦ka) endu nuDidu kaTupal‌ A dravpadi santasambaTTu ante geyvenendu pOgi (೮.೭೨va) “(kIcakanu) hAge hELi kaLuhisidAga dravpadi santOShapaTTu hAgeyE mADuttEnendu (hELi) (hOdaLu); hOgi..’

(೧೦kha) rathamanEaloDam pAvakanalvu khAnDavamanunDapan‌ (೫.೭೭va-೭೮) “(arjunanu) rathavannEridoDaneyE agniyu khAnDavavannu suTTu uNNuttAne’

(೧೦ka)dalli kaLisuvudu mattu hOguvudu emba eraDu svEccheyinda naDesuva ghaTanegaLannu al‌ pratyayada mUlaka jODisalAgide. Adare, I eraDu ghaTanegaLannu naDesuvavaru bEre bEre vyaktigaLu embudannU, mattu illi al‌ pratyayakke modalina ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva arthavideyallade anantarada ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva arthavilla embudannU gamanisabahudu.

Adare, eraDaneya arthadalli (endare anantara naDeyuva ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva arthadalli) I pratyayavannu baLasalAgideyAdare, mEle (೧೦.೨.೨)ralli koTTiruva nirbandha antaha baLakeya mEle anvayisuttade.

೧೦.೨.೫ Sharattannu sUcisuvudu

Sharattannu sUcisuva ondu vAkyadondige A Sharattina mEle avalambisiruva innondu vAkyavannu jODisi hELuvudakkAgiyU haLegannaDadalli jODisuva kriyArUpada baLakeyAguttade. intaha kriyArUpavannu tayArisabEkiddalli, kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpakke oDe pratyayavannu sErisabEkAguttade.

kriyApadagaLige mundina samayada rUpa, hindina samayada rUpa, mattu allagaLeyuva rUpa embudAgi mUru rItiya sambandhisuva rUpagaLiddu, I mUrarondigU oDe pratyayavannu baLasi Sharattannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, pampabhAratada keLagina baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೧ka) emma magaLge puTTidAtam rAjyakkoDeyan‌ appoDe kuDuvem (೧.೭೦ va) “namma magaLige huTTuvavanu rAjyakke oDeyanAguvudAdare (magaLannu) koDuvevu’

(೧೧kha) ennaya dUsauುm pati sattoDe satta pApamennan‌ narakangaLoL‌ allu gum (೧.೭೩) “nannindAgi pati sattare satta pApavu nannannu narakadalli muLugisItu’ (೧೧ga) pETadoDe pOgadir‌ (೧೩.೫೫) “hELadiddare hOgabEDa’

(೧೧ka)dalli Sharattannu sUcisuva appoDe kriyArUpavannu mundina samayavannu sUcisuva appa kriyArUpakke oDe pratyayavannu sErisi racisalAgide; Adare, (೧೧kha)dalli idE pratyayavannu hindina samayavannu sUcisuva satta kriyArUpakkU (sattoDe), (೧೧ga)dalli allagaLeyuva pOgada kriyArUpakkU (pOgadoDe) sErisi racisalAgide.

intaha Sharattina kriyArUpagaLalli baruva da mattu va (pa) pratyayagaLige bEre kriyArUpagaLalli baruva pratyayagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgiruvantaha samayavannu sUcisuva arthavideyembudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya. sAmAnyavAgi, intaha Sharattannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLalli I eraDu pratyayagaLU mAtina samayada anantara naDeyuva (endare mundina samayadalli athavA bhaviShyat‌ kAladalli naDeyuva) ghaTaneyannE sUcisuttave.

itara baLakegaLalli kANisuva hAge, da pratyayakke mAtina samayakkinta modalu (endare hindina samayadalli athavA bhUtakAladalli) naDeyuva ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva artha I Sharattannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLallilla. udAharaNegAgi, (೧೧kha)dalli sattoDe kriyArUpa hindina samayada ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudilla. A vAkyavannADiruva samayada anantara naDeyabahudAda ghaTaneyondannu mAtravE adu (SharattAgi) sUcisuttade.

intaha Sharattina rUpagaLalli da mattu va (pa) pratyayagaLa naDuve bEreyE ondu arthavyatyAsa kANisuttade: da pratyaya bandideyAdare, adakke A Sharattu sUcisuva ghaTane adannu avalambisiruva ghaTaneginta modalE naDedirabEkemba artha baruttade, mattu va (pa) pratyaya bandideyAdare, adakke A ghaTane adara mEle avalambisiruva ghaTaneginta anantara naDeyabEkAgideyemba artha, illavE avareDU ondE samayadalli naDeyuvantahavemba artha baruttade.

udAharaNegAgi, mEle (೧೧ka) vAkyada Sharattina kriyArUpadalli pa pratyaya bandide (appoDe), mattu rAjanAguva Sharattina ghaTane adannu avalambisiruva koDuva ghaTaneya anantara naDeyuvantahademba artha baruttade; Adare, (೧೧kha)dalli da (ta) pratyaya bandide (sattoDe), mattu sAyuva ghaTane (Sharattu) adannu avalambisiruva narakakke hOguva ghaTaneginta modalE naDeyuvantahademba artha baruttade (೧೦.೪.(೧))

nODi).

೧೦.೩ samskxtadalli jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu

samskxtadalliyU vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi kriyArUpagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. idakkAgi baLakeyAguva kriyArUpagaLu nAmapadagaLirabahudu, nAmapadagaLa vibhakti rUpagaLirabahudu, illavE I kelasakkAgiyE siddhavAgiruva viSiShTa kriyArUpagaLirabahudu. Adare, haLegannaDadalli kANisuvantaha accukaTTu samskxtada I padarUpagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla.

idakke kAraNavEnendare, vAkyagaLa jODaNegAgi I rIti kriyApadagaLa jODisuva rUpavannu baLasuva vidhAna samskxtakke drAviDa bhAShegaLa prabhAvadindAgi bandirabEku. adu inDO-yurOpiyan‌ mUlabhASheyinda AnuvamSikavAgi A bhAShe paDediruva vidhAnavalla.

೧೦.೩.೧ kxdantagaLa baLake

samskxtadalli jODisuva kelasavannu kriyApadagaLinda racitavAda kxdantagaLE naDesaballuvu; padakantegaLa tayArikeyallU ivannE baLasalAguttadeyAda kAraNa, I viShayadalli samskxta haLegannaDakkinta tIra bhinnavAgide.

(೧೨ka) aham dakShiNAraNyE caran‌ mxgamEkam apaSyam

“nAnu dakShiNAraNyadalli naDeyuttA ondu mxgavannu nODide’ (೧೨kha) udyAnE krIDantIm bAlAm vIraH apaSyat‌

“udyAnadalli ADuva huDugiyannu vIranu nODidanu’

(೧೨ka)dalli caran‌ “naDeyuttA ‘emba kxdantavannu eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisuva kelasadalli baLasalAgide; Adare, (೧೨kha)dalli antahadE krIDan‌ “ADuttA’ emba innondu kxdantavannu (adara dvitIyA-Ekavacana (strIlinga) rUpadalli) bAlAm nAmapadadondige sErisi padakanteyondannu tayArisuvalli baLasalAgide.

haLegannaDadalli intaha jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu (naDeyutte, ADutte embantahavugaLu) padakanteya angavAgi baraballa kriyArUpagaLiginta (naDeva, ADuva embantahavugaLiginta) tIra bhinnavAgiveyembudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

೧೦.೩.೨ tvA pratyayada baLake

samskxtadalli vAkyagaLannu jODisuva kelasakkAgi mAtra baLakeyAgaballa kriyArUpavondide. idannu kriyApadakke tvA pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAguttade (gatvA “hOgi’ kxtvA “mADi’, SxtvA “kELi’, pItvA “kuDidu’). I kriyArUpakke adu sUcisuva ghaTane adara anantarada vAkya sUcisuva ghaTaneginta modalE naDedide emba arthavide.

(೧೩ka) chAgam tyaktvA svagxham yayav

“ADannu tyajisi (avanu) tanna manege hOda’ (೧೩kha) bhOjanam kxtvA grAmaH gantavyaH

“UTa mADi Urige hOgabEku’

kriyApadadalli upasargavondu sErideyAdalli I pratyayakke ya emba rUpavide.

(೧೪ka) narAH SAstram adhItya panDitAH bhavanti “mAnavaru SAstragaLannu Odi panDitarAguttAre’ (೧೪kha) SatrUn‌ nigxhya aham AgamiShyAmi

“nAnu SatrugaLannu nigrahisi baruttEne’

Adare, I kriyArUpa samskxtakke adara mUlabhASheyAda inDO- yurOpiyan‌dinda bandudalla. kAvyagaLa kAladalli jAsti baLakege bandiruva I kriyArUpa drAviDa bhAShegaLa samsargadindAgi siddhavAdudirabEkendu vidvAmsaru abhiprAyapaDuttAre (barO ೧೯೫೫ nODi).

samskxtadalli I kriyArUpavannu baLasabEkiddare, adara mUlaka jODisalAgiruva eraDu vAkyagaLallU katx ondE Agiruva avaSyakateyide. I rIti karka ondE AgillavAdalli, I kriyArUpavannu baLasuva badalu “sati saptami’ emba bErondu racaneyannu baLasabEkAguttade (೧೦.೩.೪ nODi).

೧೦.೩.೩ tum pratyayada baLake

vAkyagaLannu jODisuva kelasadalli mAtra baLakeyAguva innondu kriyArUpavU samskxtadallide. kriyApadakke tum pratyayavannu sErisu vudara mUlaka I kriyArUpavannu tayArisalAguttade (gantum “hOgalu’, kartum “mADalu’, adhyEtum “kaliyalu’).

cAritrikavAgi I kriyArUpa vibhakti pratyayaviruva ondu nAmapadavAgittu; idaralli baruva tum pratyaya dvitIyA pratyayada paLeyaLikeyirabEkendu vidvAmsara Uhe. vEda kAlada samskxtadalli bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLU I kriyArUpadondige baraballuvAgidduvu (hantavE “kollalu (caturthI)’, avapadaH (pancamI), ityAdi.

೧೦.೩.೪ satisaptami

jODisabEkAgiruva eraDu vAkyagaLalli ondara kartapada innondara kataNxpadakkinta bhinnavAgiddalli, mEle vivarisida kriyArUpagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, antaha sandarbhagaLalli “satisaptami’ emba hesarina bEreyE ondu racaneyannu

baLasabEkAguttade. nijakkU illi saptamI vibhakti mAtravallade ShaShThI vibhaktiyannU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu: (೧೫ka) tasmin‌ rAjYi sati kaH bhUmim jayEt‌ “avanu rAjanAgiruvAga bhUmanDalavannu yAru geddA ru?’ (೧೫kha) tasya kIrtimatO rAjYO dharmam vidadhAnasyApi sarvAH prajAH duHkhinya EvAbhavan‌ “kIrtivantanAda A rAjanu dharmavannu sthA pisiruvAgalU ellA prajegaLU duHkhigaLAgiyE iddaru’

(೧೫ka)dalli modalaneya vAkyada pada (illavE padakante)gaLannella saptamI vibhaktiyallirisalAgide, mattu (೧೫kha)dalli ShaShThI vibhaktiyalli risalAgide. sAmAnyavAgi tiraskAravannu sUcisabEkAgiruvalli ShaShThI vibhaktiyannu baLasalAgutta de.

I racanegaLu mEle vivarisida racanegaLiginta halavu viShayagaLalli bhinnavAgive embudannu gamanisabahudu. illi baruva eraDu vAkyagaLa karta)gaLu bhinnavAgirabEku mAtravalla, avugaLalli modalaneya vAkyavannu ondu padakanteyannAgiyU badalAyisabEkAguttade. adara angagaLAgi baruva pada illavE padakantegaLella ondE vibhaktiyallirabEkemba niyamakke idE kAraNa.

೧೦.೩.೫ Sharattannu sUcisuvudu

samska tadalli Sharatta nnu sUcisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli ruvudakkinta tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNatatvavannu anusarisalAguttade, mattu idarindAgi, haLegannaDadalli kANisuva sAdhyategaLiginta samskxtadalli kANisuva sAdhyategaLu tIra bhinnavAgive. samskxtadalli mukhyavAgi eraDu vidhAnagaLa mUlaka Sharattannu sUcisalu sAdhyavide:

vAkyavannu adara sambandhisuva rUpakke badalAyisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu A vAkyadalli cEt‌ padavannu, illavE yadi sarvanAmavannu baLasuvudu innondu vidhAna.

(೧೬ka) yadi aham taskarOsmi, baddIta mAm “nAnu kaLLanAdare, nannannu bandhisi’

(೧೬kha) vEtti cEt‌ bhavAn‌ vaktu “(nimage) gottideyAdare hELi’

(೧೬ga) yadi sa mayA dxShTO abhaviShyat‌ tatO abhOksyata “nAnu avanannu kanDiddare nungibiDuttidde’

Adare, haLegannaDada hAge (೧೦.೨.೩ nODi) illi viSiShTavAda kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.

೧೦.೪ haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa samasyegaLu

jODisuva kriyArUpagaLannu vivarisuvalli haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLige avugaLa hindiruva vyavastheyannu mattu vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu sariyAgi grahisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgiralilla. mEle (೧೦.೩(೧-೫))ralli vivarisida hAge, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa hinde haLegannaDadalliruvantaha vyavasthe illavE accukaTTu illadiruvudE idakke kAraNavirabahudu.

(೧) necci ka mecca , nenedu modalAda kriyArUpagaLu pUrva (bhUta)kAlada kriyeyannU kettutte, parasutte, enute modalAdavugaLu vartamAna kAlada kriyeyannU sUcisuttaveyendu kESirAjanu (sU. ೨೪೯) hELiddAne.

Adare, mEle (೧೦.೨.೧)ralli sUcisida hAge, nijakkU ivu neccidam, meccidam modalAda bhUtakAlada kriyArUpagaLinda mattu neccidapam, meccidapam (illavE meccu vam, neccu vam) modalAda vartamAna kAlada kriyArUpagaLinda samaya sUcaneyalli tIra bhinnavAgive.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLannu pariSIlisabahudu:

(೧೭ka) antu drONAcAryan‌ pAnDava kavravarge upadESam geyyuttum ireyire nAnAdESa narEndrarum dhanurvEdamane kalal‌ bandALAdar‌ (೨.೫೫-೬)

“hAge drONAcAryanu pAnDava kavravarugaLige upadESa mADuttiruvAga, bEre bEre dESada rAjarU dhanurvidyeyannu kaliyalu bandu Atana SiSyarAdaru’

(೧೭kha) nImenna kALegamam pejagirdu nODim (೩.೬೯va)

“nIvu nanna yuddhavannu horage iddu nODi’

(೧೭ka)dalli geyyuttum embudaralli vartamAna kAlada utte pratyaya bandideyAdarU adu nijakkU “bhUta’kAladalli (endare A vAkyavannu ADiruva (illavE barediruva) samayakkinta modalu) naDediruva ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuttadeyallade “vartamAna’ kAladalli naDeyuva ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudilla. I ghaTane adara anantara bandiruva irdu kriyApada sUcisuva ghaTaneya samayadallEnE naDeyuttittu embudannu A jODisuva kriyArUpadalliruva utte (*um) pratyaya sUcisuttade. endare, illi utte pratyayakke “ondE samaya’ emba arthavideyallade

vartamAnArthavilla.

idE rItiyalli, (೧೭kha)dalli bandiruva peagirdu embudaralli bhUtakAlada da pratyaya bandideyAdarU, adu bhaviShyat‌ kAladalli naDeyabEkAgiruva ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuttadeyallade bhUtakAladalli naDediruva ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudilla. A vAkyavannu arjunanu hELiruva samayadalli I “horagiruva’ ghaTaneyinnU naDedilla. “nODuva’ ghaTaneginta modalu “horagiruva’ ghaTane naDeyabEku embudAgi illi d‌(*u) pratyayakke “modalina samaya’da arthavideyallade “bhUta’ kAlada (hindina samayada) arthavilla.

intaha baLakegaLannu vivarisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli eraDu rItiya samayabhEdagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLiveyendu hELabEkAguttade. kriyArUpagaLalli avu bandiruva vAkyavannu ADiruva samayakkU avu tiLisuva ghaTaneya samayakkU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu tiLisabEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi hindina samaya (bhUtakAla), mundina samaya (bhaviShyat‌ kAla) mattu Igina samaya (vartamAna kAla) emba pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide.

Adare, jODisuva kriyArUpagaLannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLalli idakkinta tIra bhinnavAda samayabhEdagaLannu sUcisabEkAguttade. antaha kaDegaLalli eraDu (athavA jAsti) kriyApadagaLu baLakeyAguttiddu, avu sUcisuva ghaTanegaLa naDuve samayada maTTige entaha sambandhavide (avugaLalli ondu innondara “modalu’ naDedideyE, “anantara’ naDedideyE athavA eraDU “ondE samaya’dalli naDediveyE) embudannu tiLisabEkAguttade.

I mUru rItiya samayagaLU mAtina samayakkinta hinde naDedirabahudu, illavE anantara naDeyuvantahavirabahudu. hAgAgi, ivu mUrU hindina (bhUta) illavE mundina (bhaviShyat‌) kAladavAgiralu sAdhyavide. I vyatyAsavannu jODisuva kriyArUpagaLannu baLasiruva vAkyagaLa koneyalli baruva kriyArUpagaLu tiLisuttavallade, jODisuva kriyArUpagaLu tiLisuvudilla.

I kAraNakkAgi, jODisuva kriyArUpagaLalli kanDubaruva samaya sambandhavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi modalina samaya, anantarada samaya mattu ondE samaya embudAgi bEreyE pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide (vivaragaLige ೯.೨.೩ nODi).

(೨) mADe, nODe, poamaDe modalAdavugaLa baLakeyannu “satisaptami’yendu kareyalAgide (kESirAja sU. ೨೬೦). Adare bEre halavu vidvAmsaru sUcisiruva hAge, haLegannaDada I racane samskxtada satisaptamiginta tIra bhinnavAgide (೧೦.೩.೪ nODi). kartxpada bhinnavAgirabahudemba ondu viShayadalli mAtra iveraDaroLage samAnateyide.

Adare, illU kartxpada embudakkintalU mADuga (svEccheyinda ghaTaneyalli toDagikonDiruvavanu) embudE haLegannaDada maTTige yOgyavAgiruva kalpane.

(೩) kartxpada bhinnavAgiruvalli Al‌ pratyayavannu baLasabAradu, aloDam embudannu baLasabEku embudAgi kESirAja (sU. ೨೬೦) hELiddA ne. al‌ pra tyaya sEriruva kriyArUpakke “anantarada’ ghaTaneyannu mAtravallade, “modalina’ ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva arthavU ideyembudannu (endare haLegannaDadalli al‌ rUpada eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLiveyembudannu) Atanu gamanisadiruvudE Ata hIge hELalu kAraNavirabEku.

yAkendare, “modalina’ ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvalli I kriyArUpakke mElina nirbandhavillavembudu halavu kavigaLa prayOgagaLinda spa ShTavAguttade (೧೦.೨.೪ nODi). aloDam embudaralli I pratyayada munde oDam “oDaneyE’ pada bandiddu, idarindAgi adakke “modalina’ ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva artha baraballudallade, “anantara’da ghaTaneyannu sUcisuva artha baralAradu. oDam embudu I pratyayakkiruva mElina eraDu arthagaLannu pratyEkisi, avugaLalli ondu mAtra sUcitavAguvante mADuttade.

kESirAjanu aloDam embudarallU al‌ ide embudannu gamanisi, al‌ pratyayada baLakeyalli arthada maTTige samSaya huTTuva sandarbhagaLalli mAtra adarondige oDam embudannu sErisi baLasabEku endu hELirabEkittallade, hAge oDam embudannu sErisade kelavaru baLasiruvudu “abaddha ‘ endu hELuva avaSyakateyiralilla.

venkaTAcala SAstri gaLu (೧೯೯೪:೧೨೧) hELiruva hAge, Atanu I rIti hELiruvudu Atana dhayrya mattu vicikitsaka buddhi gaLannu tOrisuvudilla; adakke badalu, Atana bhanDa dhayrya mattu ajYAnagaLannu tOrisuttade.

(೪) pakbArthavannu (Sharattannu) sUcisuva oDe pratyaya dhAtuvina koneyalli baruvudendu kESirAjanu hELiruttAne (sU. ೨೬೧ nODi). idu kAlatrayadallU baraballudembudakke prayOgagaLannu mAtra (pusidoDe biTTam, paTancidapoDe kondapam, citripoDe tULikeyam tarisuvam) koDuttAne.

bhaTTAkaLankanu I pratyayakke doDe mattu voDe rUpagaLive endu hELi, ivu bhUta mattu vartamAna kAladakriyegaLannu jYApisuvudakkAgi baruttaveyendu hELiddAne (sU. ೫೮೯-೯೦).

Adare, nijakkU ivu bhUta mattu vartamAna (illavE bhaviShyat‌) kAlagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva badalu, eraDu ghaTanegaLa naDuviruva samaya sambandhagaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgutta ve embudannu nAvu mEle (೧೦.೨.೩)ralli nODiruvevu.

idallade, haLegannaDadalli I pratyayagaLannu kriyApadagaLa kxdanta (sambandhisuva) rUpakke sErisalAguttadallade, dhAtuvige illavE dhAtuvina bhUta mattu bhaviShyat‌ rUpagaLigalla. allagaLeyuva Sharattina rUpagaLannu pariSIlisidAga I viShaya

allagaLeyuva rUpagaLive, mattu pETada emba allagaLeyuva kxdanta rUpavide. ivugaLalli allagaLeyuva rUpagaLinda ghaTakavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayavannu kaLedAga uLiyuvudu pEla (illavE pET‌) embudu.

Adare, pETadoDe emba pakbArthada rUpavannu I pETa embudarinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. pETada emba kxdanta rUpadindalEnE adannu sAdhisabEkAguttade.

oDe pratyaya hindina mattu mundina samayada sambandhisuva rUpagaLondige mAtravallade, allagaLeyuva sambandhisuva rUpadondigU baraballudu embudannu haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyyAkaraNigaLu gamanisadiddudE I rIti kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpadinda (endare kxdantadinda) I rUpagaLannu sAdhisabEkAguttade embudannu avaru gamanisadiralu kAraNavirabahudu.

೧೦.೫ sArAmSa

eraDu vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi haLegannaDadalli jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyAguttade. samskxtadallU intaha kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyAguttadeyAdarU haLegannaDadalli kANisuvantaha vyavasthe illavE accukaTTu samskxtada kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla.

samskxta tannallillada I vyavastheyannu drAviDa bhAShegaLa samparkavAdanantara tannalli aLavaDisikoLLalu prayatnisiruvudE I rIti A bhASheyalli haLegannaDada jODisuva kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha accukaTTu kANisadiruvudakke kAraNavirabEku.

samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu A bhASheya kuritAgi hELiruvudannu hAgeyE haLegannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisidudarindAgi, adara vayyAkaraNigaLige haLegannaDada I atyuttamavAda vyavastheyannu vivarisalu sAdhyavAgilla.

adhyAya ೧೧ — viShayavAkyagaLu

viShayavAkyagaLu

೧೧.೧ pIThike

haLegannaDadalli mukhyavAgi eraDu rItiya vAkyagaLu baLakeyallive. ivannu “kriyAvAkya’ mattu “viShayavAkya’ endu kareyabahudu. ivugaLalli kriyAvAkyagaLu ondu ghaTaneyannU, viShayavAkyagaLu ondu viShaya illa vE sangatiyannU tiLisuttave.

(೧ka) nIm IgaL‌ pETum “nIvu Iga hELi’ (೧kha) nIm AdityananaLipa tEjarir‌ “nIvu sUryanannu tiraskarisuva tEjassuLLavaru’

(೧ka) vAkya kELuga Enu mADabEku embudAgi Atanu naDesabEkAgiruva ondu ghaTaneyannu sUcisuvudAda kAraNa, kriyAvAkya, mattu (೧kha) vAkya kELuga entahavanu (“sUryanannu tiraskarisuva tEjassuLLavanu’) embudAgi ondu sangatiyannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa, viShayavAkya.

hindina adhyAyagaLallella nAvu mukhyavAgi haLegannaDada kriyAvAkyagaLu hEge samskxtada kriyAvAkyagaLinda bhinnavAgive embudannu pariSIlisiruvevu. idallade, haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLige I vyatyAsagaLa ariviralillavAda kAraNa, avaru hEge haLegannaDada kriyAvAkyagaLannu samskxta vAkyagaLa mAdariyallEnE varNisalu prayatnisiddaru, mattu idarindAgi, avaru hEge halavu samasyegaLige mattu gondalagaLige oLagAgiddaru embudannU pariSIlisiruvevu.

I adhyAyadalli haLegannaDada viShaya vAkyagaLigU samskxtada viShaya vAkyagaLigU naDuve mukhyavAgi entaha vyatyAsagaLive embudannu vivarisalAgide. ivannU haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu sariyAgi gamanisilla, mattu idarindAgi, haLegannaDada halavu vaySiShTa gaLannu vivarisalu avarige sAdhyavAgilla.

೧೧.೨ viShaya vAkyagaLa vibhajane

haLegannaDada viShaya vAkyagaLige mUru mukhya uddESagaLive: (೧) obba vyakti illavE vastuvina guNadharmavannu tiLisuvudu, (೨) AtanigU innobba vyakti illavE vastuvigU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLisuvudu, mattu (೩) ondu jAgadalli o

vyakti illavE vastuvina iravannu tiLisuvudu embuvE I mUru mukhya uddESagaLu.

ivannavalambisi, haLegannaDada viShayavAkyagaLannu anukramavAgi “guNavAkyagaLu’, “sambandha vAkyagaLu’ mattu “iruvikeya vAkyagaLu’ emba mUru gumpugaLalli vingaDisabahudu (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೪:೬೪ nODi).

(ka) guNadharmavannu tiLisuva viShayavAkyagaLu (೨ka) avar‌ piriyar‌ “avaru hiriyaru’ (೨kha) ivaL‌ gandharva vanite ivaLu gandharva strI’ (೨ga) Atane valam takkam “avanu nijavAgiyU takkavanu’ (೨gha) I banam hiDimbavanam “I bana hiDimbavana’

(kha) sambandhavannu tiLisuva viShayavAkyagaLu (೩ka) enage ayvar‌ makkaL‌ oLar‌

“nanage ayvaru makkaLu iddA dhe (೩kha) kAryasiddhi prAdurbhAvakke vighnam palavu oLavu

“phalaprAptiyAguvudakke halavu vighnagaLu ive’ (೩ga) enage gandharvara kApasadaLam unTu

“nanage gandharvara rakShakadaLa ide’

(ga) iruvikeyannu tiLisuva viShayavAkyagaLu (೪ka) ayhikada toDarpu enniravinoL‌ unTu “ihalOkada bandhana nanna sthitiyalli ide’ (೪kha) mEruva pon‌ bhanDAradoL‌ unTu “mEruparvatada cinna bhanDAradalli ide’ (೪ga) innum pAnDavar‌ oLar‌ : “pAnDavaru innU iddAre’

೧೧.೩ guNavAkyagaLa racane

guNadharmavannu sUcisuva viShaya vAkyagaLalli mukhyavAgi obba vyakti, vastu, illavE sangatiyannu sUcisuva ondu ghaTakavU, adara guNadharmavannu sUcisuva

ondu AkhyAta padavU iruttave.

mEle (೨ka)dalli bandiruva guNavAkyadalli avar‌ embudu obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuva ghaTaka, mattu piriyar‌ “hiriyaru’ embudu A vyaktiya guNadharmavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pada. (೨gha)dalli I banam embudu ghaTaka mattu hiDimbavanam embudu AkhyAta pada. ghaTakada guNadharmagaLallondannu (adara hesarannu) AkhyAta pada sUcisuttade.

keLagina vAkyagaLalli I rIti obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvina guNadharmavannu sUcisuva badalu, ondu sangati illavE ghaTaneya guNadharmavannu sUcisalAgide.

(೫ka) Ikeyam kaykoLvude kajjam “Ikeyannu svIkarisuvudE (ninage yOgyavAda) kArya’ (೫kha) ennoLAda kisur‌ ennoDavOpudu oLLitu “nannalli huTTida I jagaLavu nanna joteyalliyE hOguvudu oLLeyadu’

(೫kha)dalli Ikeyam kaykoLLudu emba ghaTaneya guNadharmavannu kajjam “(ninage yOgyavAda) kArya’ emba AkhyAta pada sUcisuttade.

೧೧.೩.೧ linga-vacana pratyayagaLu

guNapadagaLu guNavAkyada AkhyAta padavAgi barabEkiddalli , avugaLondige ghaTakada lingavacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyaya barabEku embadondu niyama haLegannaDadallide. hAgAgi, nijakkU guNapadagaLu illi avugaLa nAmarUpadalli baLakeyAguttave.

idallade, intaha vAkyagaLalli guNadharmavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi nAmapadagaLU AkhyAta padagaLAgi baraballuvu, mattu I AkhyAta padagaLa koneyalli linga- vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu bAradeyU iralu sAdhyavide:

(೬ka) chatravatiyembudu dxpadana polal‌

“chatravati embudu dxpadana vAsasthaLa (rAjadhAni)’ (೬kha) idu ninna koTTa tale

“idu nInu koTTa (badukisi uLisida) tale’

೧೧.೩.೨ AkhyAta pratyayagaLu

haLegannaDada guNavAkyagaLalli avugaLa ADuga illavE kELugana guNadharmavannu sUcisalAgideyAdare, avugaLa AkhyAta padadondige A eraDu puruShagaLannu (uttama mattu madhyama puruShagaLannu) mattu avugaLa vacanavannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLannU baLasabEkAguttade. I pratyayagaLu ghaTakada linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayada

anantara baruttave:

(೬ka) An‌ vividha gandhangaLanu avayavadoL‌ mADuva phaTTivaLtiyen‌ “nAnu vividha gandhagaLannu Sramavillade tayArisuva ghaTTivalli’ (೬kha) nIm uditOditanay‌ “nInu abhivxddhiyAguvavanu’ (೬ga) bharatakulatiLakarir‌, varaSarAsanavyagrahastarir‌, baLayutarir‌ “(nIvu) bharatavamSatilakaru, bilvidyeyalli pariNataru, (mattu) baliShTharu’ (೬gha) nAmellamonde garuDiyoLOdida mAnasarevu “nAvella ondE garaDiyalli kalita manuShyaru’

(೬ka) vAkyadalli AkhyAta padavAgi ghaTTivaLti embudu bandiddu, adara koneya ikAra ghaTakada linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuttade, mattu ADuganannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyaya (en‌ embudu) I ikArada anantara bandide; (೬kha) vAkyadalli AkhyAta padavAgi uditOdita embudu bandiddu, adara koneyalli ghaTakada linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva an‌ pratyaya bandide, mattu adara anantara kELuganannu sUcisuva Ay‌ AkhyAta pratyaya bandide.

(೬ga) vAkyadalli mUru AkhyAta padagaLu bandiddu, A mUru padagaLa koneyallU ghaTakada linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar‌ pratyaya, mattu adara anantara kELugarannu sUcisuva bahuvacanada ir‌ AkhyAta pratyayagaLu bandive; (Ogha) vAkyada AkhyAta pada mAnasarevu embudarallU ghaTakada linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva ar‌ pratyayada anantara ADuganondige itararannU sErisi sUcisuva bahuvacanada evu AkhyAta pratyaya bandide.

ADuga mattu kELugarannu biTTu, itara vyaktigaLu ghaTakagaLAgi bandiveyAdalli, I rIti AkhyAta padadondige AkhyAta pratyaya baruvudilla, linga-vacana pratyayagaLu mAtra baruttave (೨ka-gha nODi).

guNavAkyagaLu sUcisuva sangatiyannu (endare, vyakti, vastu modalAduvakkU guNadharmakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu) allagaLeyuva alla pada intaha vAkyagaLa koneyalli bandideyAdare, ADuga illavE kELuganannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyaya alla padadondige mAtra baraballudu, illavE AkhyAta padadondigU baraballudu.

udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೭ka) kaNNaNuyada beLLanallen‌ (೪.೭೬)

“(nAnu) dxShTiya marmavannu tiLiyada beppanalla’ (೭kha) An‌ ganDavaLtiyen‌ allem (೮.೫೬)

“nAnu ganDaniruvavaLu alla’

(೭ka)dalli vAkyada ADuganannu sUcisuva en‌ pratyaya alla padadondige mAtra bandide; Adare, (೭kha)dalli adu ganDavalli emba AkhyAta padadondigU bandide.

viShayavAkyagaLu 8s

kelavomme ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu I rIti linga- vacana pratyayagaLa anantara baruva badalu, nEravAgi guNa padagaLa anantaravU baLakeyAguvudide. kESirAjanu (sU. ೨೩೦) uttama puruSha mattu madhyama puruShagaLalli eraDeraDu rUpagaLannu (pejanen‌-peaken‌, pajakivu-pearevu, oLLidanay‌-oLLiday‌, oLLidarir‌-oLLidir‌, ityAdi) koTTiruvudannu gamanisabahudu (venkaTAcala SAstra e ೧೯೯೪:೧೦೭ nODi).

intaha prayOgagaLu kESirAjanannu mattu itara viddA rimsarannu dAritappisiruva hAge kANisuttade. yAkendare, kESirAjanu mEle vivarisidantaha vAkyagaLa AkhyAtagaLAgi baruva oLLidan‌, oLLidar‌ modalAdavugaLallU AkhyAta(vibhakti) pratyayagaLu bandiveyembudAgi prayOgagaLannu udAharisiddAne.

Adare, nijakkU I AkhyAta padagaLalli kANisuva an‌, ar‌ modalAda pratyayagaLu linga-vacana pratyayagaLallade, prathama puruShada AkhyAta pratyayagaLalla. yAkendare, avu I jAgadalli mAtravallade bEre jAgagaLallU baruttave. I guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLa jAgadalli baLasabEkAgiruvallella avakke I linga-vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade (೪.೨.೧ nODi).

idallade, oLLidanen‌, oLLidarevu, oLLidanay‌, oLLidaray‌ modalAda uttama mattu madhyamapuruSha AkhyAta padagaLallU I pratyayagaLa baLakeyAguvudAda kAraNa, avannu AkhyAta pratyayagaLinda bhinnavAda linga-vacana pratyayagaLendu parigaNisade bEre dAriyilla.

೧೧.೩.೩ kriyApadada baLake

haLegannaDada guNavAkyagaLalli Agu kriyApadada mundina samayada rUpagaLannu Igina samayada arthadalli baLasalu sAdhyaviddu, idakke vAkya tiLisuva sangatiyannu otti hELuva arthavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva pampabhAratada vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu:

(೮) akhiLAstra viSAradanappanum gelalkariyanum ondi bAradanum ankada karNane (೯.೬೧) “ellA astagaLallU viSAradanAgiruvavanU, jayisuvudakke asAdhya(nAgiruvavanU) mattu namma joteyalli bAradava (nAgiruvavanU) prasiddhanAda karNanE’

(೮)nE vAkyadalli mUru guNavAkyagaLannu um pratyayada mUlaka oTTige sErisi hELalAgide. I mUru guNavAkyagaLalli modalaneyadu mAtra appan‌ kri yApadadondige baLakeyAgide. adilladeyU (akhiLAstra viSAradanum karNane embudAgi) I vAkyavannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

೧೧.೪ sambandha vAkyagaLa racane

haLegannaDada sambandha vAkyagaLalli mukhyavAgi eraDu ghaTakagaLu bandirutta ve. ivugaLalli ondu ghaTaka ge pratyayadondige baruttiddu, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuttade, mattu innondu ghaTaka yAva pratyayavU illade baruttiddu, antaha vyakti, vastu modalAduvugaLige sambandhisiruvantaha bErondu vyakti illavE vastuvannu sUcisuttade.

idallade, intaha sambandha vAkyagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi oL‌ (uL‌) kriyApadada ondu rUpavU baruttade. I kriyApadavu sambandhisiruva vyaktiya puruSha-linga- vacanagaLannu sUkShmavAgi sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva sambandha vAkyavannu pariSIlisabahudu:

(೯ka) enage Ayvar‌ makkaL‌ oLar‌ “nanage ayvaru makkaLu iddA re”

(೯ka)dalli enage ghaTaka ADuganannU, aytar‌ makkaL‌ ghaTaka ADuganondige sambandhisiruva vyaktigaLannU sUcisuttave. intaha vAkyagaLalli oL‌ kriyApada bAradiralU sAdhyavide.

(೯kha) enage nIne pati “nanage nInE pati’

೧೧.೫ iruvikeya vAkyagaLu

sambandha vAkyagaLa hAge iruvikeya vAkyagaLallU mukhyavAgi eraDu ghaTakagaLu mattu oL‌ (uL‌) kriyApada baLakeyAguttave. ivugaLalli baruva eraDu ghaTakagaLalli ondu iruvikeya jAgavannu sUcisutti ddu, oL‌ pratyayadondige baruttade:

(೧೦ka) mEruva pon‌ bhanDAradoL‌ unTu “mEruparvatada cinna bhanDAradalli ide’

(೧೦kha) aDavigaLoL‌ paNbalam oLavu “kADugaLalli haNNuhampalugaLu ive’

intaha vAkyagaLalli oL‌ (uL‌) kriyApadavannu baLasadeyU iralu sAdhyavide embudannu keLage koTTiruva (೧೦ga) vAkyadalli kANabahudu:

(೧೦ga) emma maneyoL‌ Anum emma dharmapatniyum maganum magaLum intI nAlvare mAnasar‌ “namma maneyalli nAnu, nanna henDati, maga, magaLu, hIge nAlku janaru mAtra (iddAre)’

haLegannaDadalli oL‌ (uL‌) kriyApadada arthadallE baLakeyAguva ir‌ emba innondu kriyApadavU ide. I eraDu kriyApadagaLa naDuvina mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, oL‌ kriyApadadondige samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu baruvudilla, Adare ir‌ kriyApadadodige hindina samayavannu sUcisuva d‌ pratyaya mattu mundina (illavE Igina) samayavannu sUcisuva p‌ pratyaya iveraDU baruttave.

(೧೧ka) anibarum mavnavratade irdar‌ “aShTu mandiyU mavnavAgiddaru’ (೧೧kha) kuDal‌ irpam baladEvanennanujeyam duryOdhanange “balarAmanu nanna tangiyannu duryOdhananige koDaliddAne’ (೧೧ga) piridum poTTu taDedirpevu “bahaLa hottu taDedidde ave”

I kAraNakkAgi, haLegannaDadalli ir‌ kriyApadaviruva vAkyagaLannu (avu iruvikeyannu sUcisuttiveyAdarU) kriyAvAkyagaLendu, mattu oL‌ kriyApadaviruva vAkyagaLannu viShayavAkyagaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.

I viShayadalli hosagannaDa haLegannaDakkinta bhinnavAgideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. hosagannaDadalli iru kriyApadavE intaha iruvikeya vAkyagaLalli baLakeyAguttiddu, adakke hindina, mundina mattu Igina embudAgi mUru rItiya samayagaLannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLive:

(೧೨ka) nAnu ninne maneyallE idde (೧೨kha) nAnu nALe maneyallE iruttEne (೧೨ga) nAnu Iga maneyallE iddEne

Adare, haLegannaDadalli ir‌ kriyApadakke eraDu samayagaLannu sUcisuva kriyArUpagaLu mAtra ive; hAgAgi, mundina samayavannu sUcisuva irpan‌, irpen‌ modalAda rUpagaLannE Igina samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgiyU baLasalAguttade (೧೧ga nODi).

Adare mEle sUcisida hAge, ir‌ embudakkinta bhinnavAda oL‌ (uL‌) emba bErondu kriyApadavU haLegannaDadalli baLakeyAguvudAda kAraNa, ghaTane mattu sangatigaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu I kriyApadagaLallina vyatyAsavE sUcittadeyendu hELuva sAdhyateyide. Adare, I viShayadalli heccina samSOdhane naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

೧೧.೬ samskxtada viShayavAkyagaLu

haLegannaDada hAge samskxtadallU mUru rItiya viShayavAkyagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೩ka) aham vxddhOsmi “nAnu muduka’

(೧೩kha) tasya bhUpatEH catvAraH putrAH santi “A rAjanige nAlvaru huDugaru iddA re’

(೧೩ga) asti gangAtIrE pATaliputra nAmadhEyam nagaram “gangAnadiya daDadalli pATaliputravemba hesarina nagaravide’

sambandhisuva vAkyagaLalli haLegannaDada ge (caturthI) pratyayada badalu samska tadalli ShaShThI vibhaktiya baLakeyAguvudembudannu (೧೩kha)dalli kANabahudu. I vAkyagaLalli baruva kriyApadavannu baLasadeyU iralu sAdhyavide (೧೪ka-ga nODi). Adare, haLegannaDada hAge samskxtada guNavAkyagaLalli ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLu baruvudilla |

(೧೪ka) vxddho ೀham “nAnu muduka’

(೧೪kha) tasya bhUpatEH catvAraH putrAH “A rAjanige nAlvaru huDugaru’

(೧೪ga) gangAtIrE pATaliputra nAmadhEyam nagaram “gangAnadiya daDadalli pATaliputravemba hesarina nagara’

(೧೪ka) vAkyadalli ADuganannu sUcisuva aham “nAnu’ ghaTaka bandideyAdarU, guNadharmavannu sUcisuva vxddha padadondige uttama puruShada AkhyAta pratyaya bandilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.

೧೧.೬.೧ guNavAkyagaLalli vyatyAsa

haLegannaDada guNavAkyagaLigU samskxtada guNavAkyagaLigU naDuviruva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, samskxtada guNavAkyagaLalli, haLegannaDadalliruva hAge, ghaTaka mattu AkhyAtagaLemba bhEdavilla. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva samskxta vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu:

(೧೫ka) idam mama gxham “idu nanna mane’

(೧೫kha) iyam‌ gavH SuklA “I dana biLi’

(೧೫ga) sarvam khalvidam brahma “idellavU brahma’

mEle koTTiruva (೧೫ka-ga) vAkyagaLalli eraDeraDu vAkyAmSagaLiddu, ivugaLalli yAvudu obba vyakti illavE vastuvannu sUcisuva ghaTaka, mattu yAvudu adara guNadharmavannu sUcisuva “AkhyAta pada’ embudAgi nirdharisuvudu kaShTa.

haLegannaDada guNavAkyagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi modalu baruva vAkyAmSavannu A vAkyada ghaTakavendu, mattu adara anantara baruva vAkyAmSavannu AkhyAta padavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. idallade, ADuga mattu kELugarannu sUcisuva AkhyAta pratyayagaLa baLakeyAgiruvalli, antaha pratyayaviruva vAkyAmSavE AkhyAta pada endu hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare, samskxtada guNavAkyagaLalli I rIti ghaTaka mattu AkhyAta padagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavilla. I viShayavannu vEda, upaniShattu modalAdavugaLannu ingliSh‌, phrenc‌, jarman‌ modalAda pAScAtya bhAShegaLige anuvAdisalu naDesiruva vidvAmsara prayatnagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu.

I pAScAtya bhAShegaLa guNavAkyagaLalli, haLegannaDada hAge, ghaTaka mattu AkhyAta padagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide. vAkyadalli modalu baruvudu ghaTaka mattu anantara baruvudu AkhyAta pada. idallade, I eraDu vAkyAmSagaLa naDuve (haLegannaDadalliruva hAge) avugaLa svarUpadallU vyatyAsagaLive.

Adare, samskxtadalli intaha vyatyAsagaLilla, mattu intaha vAkyagaLalli baruva vAkyAmSagaLa jAgavannu hEge bEkiddarU adalu badalu mADuva svAtantrya samskxtadallide. hAgAgi, intaha vAkyagaLa eraDu vAkyAmSagaLalli yAvudannu ghaTakavembudAgi anuvAdisabEku, mattu yAvudannu AkhyAta padavembudAgi anuvAdisabEku embudu I vidvAmsarige ondu doDDa samasyeyAgide.

samskxtada I vaySiShTyavannu gayn‌-ektunD‌ (೧೯೭೮) avaru kUlankaSavAgi carcisiddA re. kelavaru anuvAdakaru intaha vAkyagaLalle lla eraDaneya vAkyAmSavE akhyAta padavembudAgi parigaNisiruvarAdare, bEre kelavaru elleDeyallU modalaneya vAkyAmSavannE AkhyAta padavendu parigaNisiddAre. innu kelavaru tamma anukUlakke sariyAgi (endare tAvu pratipAdisuva tatvajYAnakke anukUlavAguvante) kelavu kaDegaLalli modalaneya vAkyAmSavannU, bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli eraDaneya vAkyAmSavannU AkhyAta padavembudAgi parigaNisiddAre.

udAharaNegAgi, mEle (೧೫ga)dalli koTTiruva sarvam khalvidam brahma emba vAkyavannu gayn‌-eklunD‌ (೧೯೭೮) avaru pariSIlisida hadinaydu anuvAdagaLalli hattu anuvAdagaLu “idellavU brahma’ embudAgi, endare brahma padavannu AkhyAta padavembudAgi parigaNisi anuvAdisive; Adare, uLida aydu anuvAdagaLu “brahmanE idella’ embudAgi, endare (sarvam khalu) idam embudannu AkhyAta padavembudAgi parigaNisi anuvAdisive.

೧೧.೬.೨ guNavAkya mattu nAmapadakante

samskxtada nAmapadakantegaLallU intahadE samasyeyide. avugaLalli eraDu padagaLiddu, ondu innondara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttideyAdare, yAva pada guNadharmavannu sUcisuva “viSEShaNa’ pada, mattu yAvudu antaha guNadharmaviruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuva “viSEShya’ pada embudAgi nirdharisuvudu bahaLa kaShTa.

udAharaNegAgi, kxShNaH sarpaH emba padakanteyannu “kappAgiruva sarpa’ endAgali, illavE “sarpavAgiruva kappu (prANi)’ endAgali anuvAdisalu sAdhyaviddu, A eraDu padagaLalli yAvudu viSEShya, mattu yAvudu viSEShaNa embudannu nirdharisuvudu kaShTa (jOSi ೧೯೬೭ nODi). I padakanteyannu sarpaH kxShNaH embudAgiyU badalAyisalu sAdhyaviddu, hIge mADuvudarinda I padakanteya arthadalli badalAvaNeyAgabEkendEnU illa. intaha padakantegaLa eraDu angagaLa naDuve yAva vyatyAsavU illadiruvudu, mattu avugaLannu yAva anukramadallU baLasalu sAdhya embudE illi samasyeyAgide.

idallade, samskxtadalli ondu padakanteya eraDu angagaLa naDuve A padakantege sambandhisada bEre padagaLannu irisi hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, sarpaH mxtaH kxShNa H embudu “kappu hAvu satti tu’ emba arthada ondu vAkyavAgiralu sAdhyaviddu kxShNaH sarpaH emba padakanteya horagirabEkAda mxtaH pada adaroLage bandiralu sAdhyavAgide.

haLegannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuve intaha vAkyagaLa racaneyalli kANisuva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, haLegannaDadalli padakante mattu guNavAkyagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide, Adare samskxtadalli illa. kriyApadagaLa sambandhisuva rUpagaLannu baLasuvalli I vyatyAsa spaShTavAgi kANisikoLLutta deH

(೧೬ka) mahAgrahArangaLa mahAjanangaLa koTTa ponna jannavirangaL‌ “SrEShThavAda agrahAragaLa mahAjanagaLu koTTantaha cinnada yajYO pavItagaLu’

(೧೬kha) tirasamidu dharaNIndrana koTTudu “I mUreLeya hAra dharaNIndranemba (sarparAjanu) koTTudu’

(೧೬ka) ondu padakante mattu (೧೬kha) ondu viShaya vAkya (guNavAkya). (೧೬ka)dalli kuDu kriyApadada sambandhisuva rUpa(kxdanta)vAda koTTa bandide, mattu (೧೬kha)dalli adE kriyApadada nAmarUpavAda koTTudu bandide.

Adare, samskxtadalli I rIti padakante mattu guNavAkkagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. mEle guNavAkyagaLige udAharaNegaLAgi koTTiruva vAkyagaLella padakantegaLAgiralU sAdhyavide.

(೧೭ka) sarpaH mxtaH “sarpa sattudu’ (೧೭kha) sarpaH mxtaH atrAsti “satta sarpa illi de’

(೧೭ka)dalli sarpaH mxtaH embudu ondu guNavAkyavAgi baLakeyAgide; Adare (೧೭kha)dalli adE bErondu viShayavAkyada vAkyAmSavAgi, endare padakanteyAgi baLakeyAgide. mEle (೪.೨.೨)ralli sUcisida hAge, haLegannaDadalli kxdantagaLigU kxllingagaLigU naDuve vyatyAsavide, Adare samskxtadalli antaha vyatyAsavilla embudE I rIti guNavAkya mattu padakantegaLu haLegannaDadalli bhinnavAgiddu samskxtadalli bhinnavAgilladiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.

೧೧.೭ sArAmSa

viShaya vAkyagaLa racaneyalli haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve halavu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsagaLive. ivannu gamanisada kAraNa, haLegannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLige haLegannaDada viShayavAkyagaLannu spaShTavAgi varNisalu sAdhyavAgilla - nijakkU haLegannaDada viShaya vAkyagaLu entahavu embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLabEkidda lli innU bahaLaShTu samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide.

adhyAya ೧೨ — muktAya

muktAya

೧೨.೧ haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa vimarSegaLu

haLegannaDada mEle kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu barediruva vyAkaraNagaLu nijakkU A bhASheya vyAkaraNaventahadu embudannu vivarisi hELalu SaktavAgiveyE embudannu pariSIlisuvudE I pustakada uddESavAgide. haLegannaDada I prAcIna vyAkaraNagaLannu hindeyU halavu mandi vidvAmsaru pariSIlisiddaru (kiTTel‌ ೧೯೦೩, biLigiri ೧೯೬೯, kuLLi ೧೯೭೬, sItArAmayya ೧೯೭೯, venkaTAcala SAstri ೀ ೧೯೯೪).

Adare, hindinavara pariSIlanegaLigU, I pustakadalli naDesiruva pariSIlanegU naDuve ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide: hindina pariSIlanegaLannu naDesidavaru prAcIna vyAkaraNagaLu, adarallU kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNa, haLegannaDakke takkudAda vyAkaraNa endu bhAvisiddaru. hAgAgi, A vyAkaraNada niyamagaLalli kANisuva avyApti, ativyApti modalAda kelavu dOShagaLannu tOrisikoDuvudaShTE avara pariSIlaneya uddESavAgittu.

intaha halakelavu dOShagaLannu nivArisidalli kESirAjana Sabda maNidarpaNavE haLegannaDakke bEkAgiruva ondu atyuttama vyAkaraNavAgaballudu embudu A vidvAmsara abhiprAyavidda hAge kANisuttade.

nanna pustakada uddESa idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. nijakkUhaLegannaDakke kESirAjanE modalAdavaru racisiruva vyAkaraNagaLu takkuvAdavugaLalla emba abhiprAya nannallideyAda kAraNa, avu yAke haLegannaDakke takkuvalla embudannu tOrisikoDuvudE I pustakada mukhya uddESavAgide. haLegannaDadavallada halavAru vyAkaraNada mUlatatvagaLannu I vyAkaraNagaLalli haLegannaDadavendu bhramisi baLasalAgide. hAgAgi, avu nijavAda haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLAgalAravu embudannu I pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.

kESirAjanE modalAda haLegannaDada prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLige samskxta vyAkaraNavE mAdariyAgittu. Agina kAladalli vidvAmsarellarU samskxtadalli pariNatarAgiruvudu avaSyavAgiddudu idakke ondu kAraNa; yAva bhAShege vyAkaraNa bareyuvudiddarU modalige samskxta vyAkaraNavannu arthamADikoLLuvudu avaSyavAgiddudu innondu kAraNa.

Adare, nijakkU haLegannaDakke samskxta vyAkaraNa uttamavAda mAdariyalla. yAkendare, haLegannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLu bEre bEre bhAShAmUlagaLinda beLedu bandiddu, A mUlagaLinda averaDU tIra bhinnavAda vyAkaraNa tatvagaLannu paDedukonDive. I eraDu bhAShegaLalli padagaLu, padarUpagaLu, padakantegaLu mattu vAkyagaLu hEge racitavAguttave embudannu pariSIlisidAga, averaDara naDuviruva vyatyAsa I rIti mUlabhUtavAdudu emba viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtakke avaSyaviruva varNagaLalli halavu (mahAprANAkTara gaLu, khakAra, Sa, Sha modalAdavugaLu) haLegannaDakke bEkAgilla, mattu samskxtadalli illadiruva kelavu varNagaLu (akAra-TakAragaLu, ekAra-okAragaLu) haLegannaDakke bEkAguttave. I viShayavannu halavaru vidvAmsaru gamanisiddAre. kESirAjanE modalAdavarU idannu kanDukonDiddA re.

Adare, varNagaLa baLakeyalli idakkintalU mukhyavAda, mattu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsa I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuve ide. hAgAgi, pANinige SivanE tOrisikoTTavendu hELalAguva mAhESvara sUtragaLu samskxta vyAkaraNakke takkuvAgiveyAdarU, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke takkuvAgilla. yAkendare, avugaLa mUlaka sidda vAguva svara mattu vyanjanagaLa pAThakrama samskxta vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgideyallade, haLegannaDa vyAkaraNakke anukUlavAgilla. adu “arNavavxta dhAtriyoL‌ prasiddha ‘vAdudAgi iddarU (kESirAja, sU. ೧೪) haLegannaDa vyAkaraNa adannu biTTukoTTu tannadE Ada pAThakramavannu sxShTisikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu koTTiruva vibhaktipratyayagaLa varNaneyalliyU idE rItiyalli alpasvalpa badalAvaNegaLannu mADidare sAkAguvudilla, mUlabhUtavAda badalAvaNegaLannE mADabEkAguttade. nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve halavAru rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyaviddu, pratyayagaLa mUlaka sUcisuvudakkAgi ivannu kelavE kelavu gumpugaLalli vibhajisuva avaSyakateyide. I vibhajane ellA bhAShegaLallU ondE teranAgiruvudilla.

samskxtadalli pA sambandhagaLannu kartx, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna mattu adhikaraNagaLemba Aru gumpu(kAraka)gaLalli vibhajisalAgideyAdare, haLegannaDadalli Aguga, mADuga, suru, kone mattu jAgagaLemba aydu gumpugaLalli vibhajisalAgide. iveraDu tIra bhinnavAda vibhajanegaLAda kAraNa, samskxtada kArakagaLa mUlaka haLegannaDa vAkyagaLannu txptikaravAgi varNisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli vAkyagaLannu jODisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva mADi, kanDu modalAda kriyArUpagaLa baLakeyannu “Ekakartxka’ emba kalpaneya sahAyadinda vivarisuva haLegannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLa prayatna saphalavAgilla. adakke badalu, kriyApadagaLannu aycchika (mADuga iruva kriyApada) mattu anaycchika (mADuga illada kriyApada) embudAgi vingaDisuva avaSyakateyide. hIge mADidalli, antaha

vingaDaNeya AdhArada mEle, jODisuva vAkyagaLalli I kriyApadagaLu hEge baLakeyAguttave embudannu sulabhavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavAguttade (೧೦.೪ nODi).

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra ive; Adare, haLegannaDadalli nAmapada, guNapada, mattu kriyApada embudAgi mUru mukhya padavargagaLive. idu I eraDu bhAShegaLa naDuviruva innondu mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsa. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavannu samskxta mattu haLegannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa halavAru niyamagaLalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu.

idE rItiyalli, I eraDu bhAShegaLu kriyApadagaLa mUlaka ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuvudakkAgi yAva dxShTikOnavannu avalambisive embudarallU mUlabhUtavAda vyatyAsavide. haLegannaDa samaya sambandhakke mahatvavannu koDuvudAdare, samskxta samaya vyavasthe ge mahatvavannu koDuttade. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavannU vyAkaraNada halavu bhAgagaLalli kANabahudu.

I rIti, vyAkaraNada mUla tatvagaLallEnE haLegannaDa samskxtakkinta bhinnavAgideyAda kAraNa, samskxta vyAkaraNada niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalu prayatnisiruva kESirAjanE modalAdavara vyAkaraNagaLalli alpasvalpa badalAvaNegaLannu mADuvudara mUlaka avannu haLegannaDada sariyAda vyAkaraNagaLannAgi mADalu sAdhyavAgadu.

I vyAkaraNagaLannu ondu kaTTaDakke hOlisidevAdare, mEle sUcisiruva dOShagaLu adara taLapAyadallEnE kANisuvantaha dOShagaLu endu hELabahudu. hAgAgi, ivannu nivArisabEkidda lli, A kaTTaDavannu sampUrNavAgi muridu, taLapAyavannE badalAyisi, bErondu hosa kaTTaDavannu kaTTuva avaSyakateyide.

೧೨.೨ vyAkaraNada sankIrNate

ondu bhASheya vyAkaraNavembudu bahaLa sankIrNavAda viShaya. adannu pariSIlisidaShTU adara kuritAgi hosa hosa sangatigaLu gamanakke baruttalE iruttave. idakke koneyE illavendU tOruttade.

udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh‌ bhASheya vyAkaraNada mEle sumAru innUru varShagaLindalU nUrAru mandi vidvAmsaru samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuttalE bandiddAre. adara mEle nUrAru granthagaLU prakaTavAgive. hIgiddarU, adara vyAkaraNada vaySiShTyagaLella sampUrNavAgi mattu sariyAgi namma gamanakke bandiveyendu ivattigU hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

yAkendare, adara vyAkaraNada kuritAgi ivattigU hosa hosa sangatigaLannu samSOdhakaru horageDahuttalE iddAre, mattu hindinavara vyAkaraNagaLalli uLidukonDiruva tappugaLannU tOrisikoDuttiddAre. idakke nAnE naDesiruva samSOdhaneya ondu udAharaNeyannu koDaballe:

sarvanAmagaLa kuritAgi nAnu ittIcege ingliSh‌nalli ondu pustakavannu barediddu, adannu inglenDina Aks‌pharD‌ viSvavidyAlaya prakaTiside (bhaT‌ ೨೦೦೪ka). I pusta kavannu bareyuvudakkAgi, prapancada bEre bEre bhAgagaLalli baLakeyalliruva nAnnUrakkintalU heccu bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLannu pariSIlisidde . I bhAShegaLalli entaha sarvanAmagaLella baLakeyallive, avugaLa mEle yAva rItiya nirbandhagaLannella hEralAguttade, mattu sarvanAmagaLa maTTige prapancada bhAShegaLu yAva rItiyallella bhinnavAgiralu sAdhya embudannu I pustakadalli vivarisalAgide.

I samSOdhaneya AdhArada mEle, ingliSh‌ vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva kelavu dOShagaLannu mattu samasyegaLannU tOrisikoDalu nanage sAdhyavAgide. udAharaNegAgi, anirdiShTa mattu aniScita emba eraDu tIra bhinnavAda baLakegaLannu I vyAkaraNagaLalli indefinite emba ondE tatvada (pAribhAShika padada) mUlaka vivarisuva prayatna naDedide, mattu idarindAgi ingliSh‌ vyAkaraNagaLalli halavu samasyegaLu mattu gondalagaLu sxShTiyAgive.

ingliSh‌na ೩ bmmk embudondu anirdiShTa padakante, mattu any book embudondu aniScita padakante. I eraDu padakantegaLa naDuve baLakeyalli halavu vyatyAsagaLive. ingliSh‌ vayyAkaraNigaLu iveraDannU 17668116 padakantegaLendu parigaNisidudarindAgi halavu samasyegaLannedurisabEkAgide. anirdiShTa mattu aniScita padakantegaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannu sariyAgi gaNanege tegedukonDalli, I samasyegaLella mAyavAgibiDuttave embudannu nAnu mElina pustakadalli tOrisikoTTiddEne.

idallade, praSnArthakagaLendu hELalAguva ೪/8೦, what, when modalAda sarvanAmagaLu nijakkU aniScitArthagaLu mAtra; avannu praSnArthaka sarvanAmagaLendu parigaNisidalli halavu samasyegaLu mUDibaruttave; Adare, aniScita padagaLendu parigaNisidalli antaha samasyegaLu udbhavisuvudilla. intaha bEreyU halavu hosa vyAkaraNa viShayagaLannu nAnu A pustakadalli prastA pisiddu , avu ingliSh‌ vyAkaraNakkU sambandhisidavugaLAgive.

ingliSh‌na mEle naDediruva vyAkaraNAbhyAsagaLige hOlisidevAdare, haLegannaDada (illavE hosagannaDada) vyAkaraNada mEle iduvarege naDediruva samSOdhane atyalpa endu yArigU anisadiradu. A vyAkaraNada nijavAda svarUpa entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu nAvu innU bahaLaShTu samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuva avaSyakateyide embudu idarinda spaShTavAguttade.

kESirAjana vyAkaraNadalli haLegannaDada vyAkaraNaventahadu embudannu tiLiyalu namage bEkAguva viShayagaLellavU ive; A vyAkaraNavannu arthamADikoLLuvudaShTE ivattu (athavA innu munde) nAvu mADabEkAgiruva kelasa endu yArAdarU bhAvisuvudiddalli adu entaha humbatanavAgaballudu embudu I mElina udAharaNeyinda spaShTavAgadiradu.

೧೨.೩ vyAkaraNada vayvidhya

he bhASheya nA mAdariyAgirisikonDu innondu bhASheya vyAkaraNavannu bareya hoDa rala. rU edurisabEkAgiruva sa samasyeyondide. mAdariyAgiruva bhASheya vyAkaraNa tAvu vivarisa bEkAgiruva bhASheya vyAkaraNakkinta tIra bhinnavAgideyAdare, A bhinnateyentahadu embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudE I samasye. heci klinavarigU idu biDisalAgada samasye yAgiruttade.

samskxtakke vyAkaraNavannu barediruva jA t‌ modalAda samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLigAgali, illavE grIk‌ mattu lyATin‌ bhAShegaLige vyAkaraNagaLannu bareda pAScAtya vidvAmsarigAgali I samasye yiralilla. yAkendare, avarige vyAkaraNavannu bareyalu bE honda bhASheya mAdariyiralilla. ellavannU avaru varNisabEkAgiruva bhASheya sa rUpavannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka kAgi kanDuhiDiyabEkAgittu.

monne monnevaregU I samasye ya ondu samasye yembudE vidvAmsara arivige bandiralilla. avTa yAguva rR vyA karaNakki ka tamma kalpa the mIridantaha bhinnateyannu tOrisuva navahO, hOpi, gi Am mUlanivAsigaLa bhAShegaLannu varNisahoraTAga, mattu AphrikAda banTu, dsulu, AsTrEliyAda dkirbal‌, philipayns‌na tagalOg‌ modalAda jagattina itara rAShTra gaLalli baLakeyalliruva bhAShegaLannu varNisa nga I samasye eShTu doDDadu emba viShaya vidvAmsara gamanakke bantu.

bEre bEre bhAShegaLa naDuve vyAkaraNadalli entaha ve vidhyategaLella iralu sAdhya embudannu kanDuhiDiyuvudakkAgi bhAShAvijYAnadalli Iga language typology emba ondu hosa SAkheyE beLedu bandide. idu intaha ondakkinta ondu tIra bhinnavAgiruva bhAShegaLa abhyAsada phalavAgi huTTikonDide. I SAkheyalli nAnu kaLeda naluvattu varShagaLinda samSOdhane naDesuttiddEne. haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada nijavAda svarUpa kESirAjanE modalAda prAcIna vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu emba viShaya nanna gamanakke baralu I samSOdhaneyE mukhya kAraNa.

haLegannaDadalli nijakkU padagaLa, padarUpagaLa, padakantegaLa mattu vAkyagaLa racane hEge naDeyuttade embudannu ALavAgi abhyAsamADuva avaSyakateyide emba viShaya I pustakadinda spaShTavAgirabahudu. intaha abhyAsakke kESirAjana vyAkaraNa mAdariyAgalAradu. nEravAgi pampa, ranna modalAdavara barahagaLalli pada, padarUpa, vAkya modalAduvannu hEge racisalAgide embudannu pariSIlisuvudondE namagiruva mArga.

haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle intaha halavAru ALavAda samSOdhanegaLannu naDesuva avaSya kateyide. ivugaLa mUlaka haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada svarUpaventahadu embudannu ~~ sAdhyavAguttade. idalla dya hosa gannaDa vyA karaNavannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLuvalli yU intaha haLegannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle naDe ka ka kOdanigaLu sahAyakavAgaballuvu. yAkendare, hosagannaDa vyAkaraNa niyamagaLa mUla haLegannaDa vyAkaraNadalli av.

AkarasUci