kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

೨.೩ guNadharmagaLalli vyatyAsa ೪೧ ೨.೩.೧ nEravAda baLake ೪೧ ೨.೩.೨ arthadalli vyatyAsa ೪೫ ೨.೩.೩ hOlikeyannu sUcisuva vAkyagaLalli baLake ೪೬ ೨.೩.೪ AScaryavannu sUcisuva vAkyagaLalli baLake ೪೭ ೨.೩.೫ mArdani padagaLa baLake ೪೮ ೨.೩.೬ baLakeyalli svAtantrya ೪೯ ೨.೩.೭ sthAyi mattu asthAyi ೫೨ ೨.೪ padavargagaLa sadasyatva ೫೩ ೨.೫ sArAmSa ೫೪

adhyAya mUru : nAmapadagaLa oLaracane

೩.೧ hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu ೫೬ ೩.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu ೬೦ ೩.೩ vyatyAsagaLu ೬೩ ೩.೩.೧ tayArike mattu baLake ೬೩ ೩.೩.೨ guNadharmada Ayke ೬೪ ೩.೩.೩ arthadalli vyatyAsa ೬೭ ೩.೩.೪ parimitiyalli vyatyAsa ೬೯ ೩.೩.೫ badalAvaNeyalli vyatyAsa ೭೦ ೩.೩.೬ oLaracaneya niyamagaLalli vyatyAsa ೭೨ ೩.೩.೭ nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu ೭೩ ೩.೪ vibhajaneya kelavu samasyegaLu ೭೬ ೩.೫ hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli vayvidhya ೭೮ ೩.೬ rUDhanAmagaLu mattu ankitanAmagaLu ೮೦ ೩.೬.೧ arthadalli vyatyAsa ೮೧ ೩.೬.೨ sambandhadalli vyatyAsa ೮೨ ೩.೬.೩ gaNya mattu agaNya ೮೪ ೩.೭ sArAmSa ೮೫

anukramaNike

adhyAya nAlku : pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu

೪.೧ pIThike ೮೬ ೪.೨ pratyayagaLa svarUpa ೮೯ ೪.೩ kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu ೯೧ ೪.೩.೧ ike-ige pratyaya ೯೧ (ka) rUpabhEdagaLu ೯೨ (kha) arthabhEdagaLu ೯೪ (ga) nAmapadagaLondige baLake ೯೫ (gha) ike emba padarUpa pratyaya ೯೬ (Ga) kelavu vyatyAsagaLu ೯೭ ೪.೩.೨ ta-t pratyaya ೯೯ ೪.೩.೩ a pratyaya ೧೦೧ ೪.೩.೪ vu pratyaya ೧೦೨ ೪.೩.೫ vaLi pratyaya ೧೦೩ ೪.೩.೬ vaN pratyaya ೧೦೪ ೪.೩.೭ e pratyaya ೧೦೪ ೪.೩.೮ alu pratyaya ೧೦೫ ೪.೩.೯ ku pratyaya ೧೦೬ ೪.೩.೧೦ ‘sonne’ pratyaya ೧೦೬ ೪.೩.೧೧ bEre kelavu pratyayagaLu ೧೦೭ ೪.೪ nAmapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu ೧೦೯ ೪.೫ guNapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu ೧೧೨ ೪.೫.೧ nEravAda baLake ೧೧೨ ೪.೫.೨ pratyayagaLa baLake ೧೧೪ ೪.೬ sArAmSa ೧೧೬

kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

adhyAya aydu : jODupadagaLu

೫.೧ gondalavannu hOgalADisuvudu ೧೧೭ ೫.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu padagucchagaLu ೧೧೮ ೫.೩ jODupadagaLu mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLu ೧೨೨ ೫.೪ jODupadagaLa guNadharmagaLu ೧೨೪ ೫.೫ jODupadagaLa oLaracane ೧೨೬ ೫.೬ jODupadagaLa vibhajane ೧೩೦ ೫.೬.೧ sankhyeyannu baLasuva vibhajane ೧೩೨ ೫.೬.೨ padavargavannu baLasuva vibhajane ೧೩೨ (ka) modalaneya anga nAmapada ೧೩೩ (kha) modalaneya anga kriyApada ೧೩೬ (ga) modalaneya anga guNapada ೧೩೮ ೫.೬.೩ eraDaneya angadalli vayvidhya ೧೪೩ ೫.೬.೪ kEndrabinduvina sthAnavannu baLasuva vibhajane ೧೪೫ ೫.೭ sErikeya niyamagaLu ೧೪೮ ೫.೭.೧ eraDaneya padada badalAvaNegaLu ೧೪೮ ೫.೭.೨ modalaneya padada badalAvaNegaLu ೧೪೯ ೫.೮ kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajane ೧೫೩ ೫.೮.೧ vibhajaneya AdhAra ೧೫೪ ೫.೮.೨ padavargagaLa sankhye ೧೫೬ ೫.೮.೩ viSEShaNagaLu mattu viSEShyagaLu ೧೫೭ ೫.೮.೪ subanta pratyaya ೧೬೦ ೫.೮.೫ avyayibhAva samAsa ೧೬೨ ೫.೮.೬ dvandva samAsa ೧೬೪ ೫.೮.೭ gamaka samAsa ೧೬೪ ೫.೮.೮ kriyAsamAsa ೧೬೭ ೫.೯ sArASa ೧೬೮

anukramaNike

adhyAya Aru : kriyApadagaLa oLaracane

೬.೧ pIThike ೧೬೯ ೬.೧.೧ kriyApadagaLa kelasa ೧೬೯ ೬.೧.೨ kriyAsamAsa ೧೭೧ ೬.೨ oLaracaneyillada kriyApadagaLu ೧೭೨ ೬.೩ kelavu paLeyaLikegaLu ೧೭೪ ೬.೩.೧ cu pratyaya ೧೭೫ ೬.೩.೨ bEre kelavu pratyayagaLu ೧೭೬ ೬.೪ isu pratyayada baLake ೧೭೭ ೬.೫ kUDupadagaLu ೧೭೯ ೬.೫.೧ kUDupadagaLu mattu jODupadagaLu ೧೭೯ ೬.೫.೨ kUDupadagaLa racane ೧೮೦ ೬.೫.೩ bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa baLake ೧೮೬ ೬.೬ sArAmSa ೧೮೭

adhyAya ELu : guNapadagaLa oLaracane

೭.೧ pIThike ೧೮೮ ೭.೨ kelavu vyatyAsagaLu ೧೮೯ ೭.೩ guNapadagaLa svarUpa ೧೯೦ ೭.೪ pratyayagaLa baLake ೧೯೩ ೭.೫ sArAmSa ೧೯೪

adhyAya enTu : eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracane

೮.೧ eravalina svarUpa ೧೯೫ ೮.೧.೧ bhAShegaLoLage eravalinalli vayvidhya ೧೯೫ ೮.೧.೨ tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLu ೧೯೭ ೮.೧.೩ badalAvaNegaLige kAraNagaLu ೧೯೮ ೮.೧.೪ padagaLa vargabhEda ೨೦೦

kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

೮.೨ eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracane ೨೦೧ ೮.೨.೧ oLaracaneyalli vyatyAsa ೨೦೧ ೮.೨.೨ eravalu koTTa bhASheya niyamagaLu ೨೦೩ ೮.೨.೩ padagaLa vibhajane ೨೦೪ ೮.೩ samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu ೨೦೪ ೮.೩.೧ padavargadalli vyatyAsa ೨೦೬ ೮.೩.೨ pUrva mattu para pratyayagaLu ೨೦೭ ೮.೩.೩ dhAtugaLalli vyatyAsa ೨೧೦ ೮.೩.೪ tayArike mattu baLake ೨೧೧ ೮.೪ pratyayaviruva padagaLu ೨೧೭ ೮.೪.೧ pUrvapratyayagaLu ೨೧೭ ೮.೪.೨ parapratyayagaLu ೨೨೦ ೮.೪.೩ padagaLalli badalAvaNe ೨೨೪ ೮.೫ kriyApadagaLu ೨೨೫ ೮.೬ jODupadagaLu ೨೨೭ ೮.೭ sArAmSa ೨೨೯

adhyAya ombattu : muktAya ೨೩೧

granthasUci ೨೩೪ viShayasUci ೨೩೬

೧. munnOTa

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೧ oLaracane

kannaDada sollugaLalli mukyavAgi eraDu rItiya padagaLu baLakeyallive. oLaracaneyiruva padagaLu mattu oLaracaneyillada padagaLu. ettugegAgi, munnuDi emba padakke oLaracaneyide. munde mattu nuDi emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri I munnuDi emba pada tayArAgide; mattu hIge tayArAguvAga, munde emba pada adara mun emba aDaka rUpadalli bandide.

idakke badalu, tale emba padakke oLaracaneyembudilla. adu takAra, akAra, lakAra mattu ekAragaLa sErikeyinda tayArAgideyEnO nija; Adare, hIge oTTu sEriruva I uligaLannu munnuDi emba oLaracaneyiruva padadalli kANisuva hAge eraDu padagaLAgi, illavE kuNita emba innondu oLaracaneyiruva padadalli kANisuva hAge kuNi emba ondu pada mattu ta emba ondu oTTu (oTTu) embudAgi oDedu hELalArevu.

I pustakadalli mukyavAgi oLaracaneyiruva kannaDa padagaLannu pariSIlisabEkAgide. endare, antaha padagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu mattu oTTugaLu yAvuvu, avugaLa naDuve entaha sambandavide, mattu I rIti ondu padada angagaLAgi baruvAga avugaLalli entaha mArADugaLella naDeyuttave embudannu kanDuhiDiyabEkAgide.

ettugegAgi, mEle koTTiruva munnuDi emba padada angavAgi bandiruva nuDi embudu ondu esakapadavE illavE adE rUpada ondu hesarupadavE? adakkU munde emba innondu angakkU adakkU naDuva I padadalli entaha sambandhavide? nuDi embudu esakapadavAdare, adarinda munnuDi emba hesarupada hEge

tayArAguttade? adu hesarupadavAdare, munde emba paricepadadondige adu hEge sambandhisuttade? averaDara naDuve munnuDi emba padadalli kANisadiruva ondu illavE heccu esakapadagaLannirisi mundAgi hELuva nuDi embudarondige adannu sambandisabEkE, illavE munde embudannu mundina embudAgi mArpaDisikoLLabEkE? intaha halavAru kELvigaLu I padada oLaracaneyannu pariSIlisuvAga nammeduru nilluttave.

oLaracaneyiruva padagaLannu sollugaLalli baLasabEkAdAgalella nAvu avugaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLidiralEbEkendEnU illa. A padagaLa huruLEnu mattu sollugaLalli avugaLannu baLasuva bage hEge endiScannu mAtra tiLididdare sAku. I viShayadalli oLaracaneyiruva padagaLigU oLaracaneyillada padagaLigU naDuve heccina vyatyAsavEnU illa.

I kAraNakkAgi padaracaneyembudu sollarimeya angavallavembudAgi vAdisuvavarU kelavariddAre. hesarupadagaLa baLakeya maTTige hELuvudAdare idu ondu rItiyalli nijavendU anisadiradu. yAkendare avugaLa huruLEnu embudannu illavE sollugaLalli avannu baLasuva bage hEge embudannu oLaracaneya AdArada mEle mAtravE tiLidukoLLalu heccineDegaLallU sAdyavAguvudilla (೩.೩.೩ nODi).

hIgiddarU kUDa, halavAru kaDegaLalli padagaLa oLaracane namma sahAyakke baruttade. ettugegAgi namma nuDiyalli baLakeyAguva ellA padagaLannU nAvu tiLidiruvudilla. idallade gottiddarU nenapinalli uLiyuva padagaLa eNike obbobbaralli ondondu teranAgiruttade.

namage gottillada illavE nenapinallillada padagaLannu bEre yArAdarU baLasidalli adara huruLEnirabahudu embudannu svalpa maTTige adannu baLasida sandarhada sahAyadinda UhisikoLLaballevu mattu innu svalpa maTTige adara oLaracaneyEnu embudannu kanDuhiDiyaballevAdare adarindalU UhisikoLLaballevu.

bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLallU padagaLa oLaracane namage odaviyannodagisuttade. ettugegAgi, padagaLige hosa hosa baLakegaLannu unTumADikoDalu bayasuva mAtugArarige mattu barahagArarige avugaLa oLaracaneya arivu sahAyakavAgaballudu.

samSOdhanegaLalli toDagiruvavaru hosa hosa viShayagaLannu illavE vidAnagaLannu kanDuhiDidAga avannu hesarisuvudakkAgi hosa hosa padagaLannu tayArisikoLLabEkAguttade; bEre nuDigaLalliruva barahagaLannu tamma nuDige nuDimAra(anuvAdisa)bEkAdAgalU avugaLalli baruva padagaLige sarihonduva padagaLannu tamma nuDiyalli hosadAgi unTumADikoLLabEkAguttade.

idallade hosadAgi mUDibaruva suddigaLannu oDaneyE baredukoDabEkAgiruva dinapatrikegaLa varadigArarU hosa hosa padagaLannu AgAga unTumADikoLLabEkAguttade. intaha kaDegaLallella nuDiyannu baLasuvavarige tamma nuDiyalli baruva padaLa oLaracaneyantahadu mattu adara hindiruva kaTTaLe(niyama)gaLentahavu embudu tiLidideyAdare avara kelasa heccu sulabavAgaballudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೨ oLaracane mattu caritre

padagaLa oLaracaneyembudu mukyavAgi A padagaLa caritreya mEle avalambisiruttade. ettugegAgi, mEle vivarisiruva bEre bEre rItiya sandarbhagaLalli nuDiyondannu baLasuva janarige avareduriruva vastugaLannu illavE avara manassinalliruva viShayagaLannu hesarisalu sari yAda pada sigadiddAga, avaru tamma nuDiyalliruva eraDu (illavE heccu) padagaLannu oTTu sErisi, illavE padavondakke ondO eraDO oTTugaLannu sErisi hosa hesarugaLannu tayArumADirabEku. munde A hesarugaLu bEre bEre janara mAtinalli sErikonDu nuDiya padagaLAgi baLakege bandirabEku.

oLaracaneyiruva padagaLellavU idE rItiyalli bEre bEre janaru bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli unTumADi baLakege tandiruva padagaLembudaralli samSayavilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa oLaracaneyembudu yAru yAva kAraNakkAgi yAva rItiyalli avannu mEle hELidante unTumADi baLakege tandaru emba cAritrika amSada mEle avalambisiruttade.

padavondannu baLakege tandiruva samayadalli adara oLaracane mattu caritre iveraDU ondE Agiruttave. Adare, adara baLakeyAguttiddante, I caritregU oLaracanegU naDuve halakelavu vyatyAsagaLu mUDibaraballuvu. yAkendare, padavondakke nuDiyalli

ivattu entaha sthAnavide, adakkU nuDiya itara padagaLigU naDuve ivattu entaha sambandhavide embudara mElU adara oLaracane avalambisiraballudu.

ondu nuDiyalliruva padagaLu kAladinda kAlakke bEre bEre rItiya mArADugaLige oLagAguttiruttave. I mArADugaLindAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAgiruva padagaLalli kelavu moTakugonDu oTTugaLa rUpavannu paDeyuttave. ettugegAgi haLegannaDadalli isu embudu ondu esakapadavAgittu. Adare ivattu hosagannaDadalli adu mADisu, koDisu modalAda esakapadagaLondige baruva ondu oTTAgi mAtra baLakeyallide.

bEre kelavu padagaLu illavE oTTugaLu tamma bErpaDikeyannE kaLedukonDu avugaLu angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLige oLaracaneyideyemba viShayavE gottAgadantAguttade. endare, I eraDanE rItiya padagaLige oLaracaneyittu embudannu tOrisikoDalu A nuDiyalli yAva AdAravU illadAguttade.

ettugegAgi, eNNe emba pada eLLu mattu ney emba eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda unTAgideyendu hELalu caritreya AdAragaLive. Adare hosagannaDadalli eLLu emba padada huruLu I eNNe emba padadalli svalpavU uLidillavAda kAraNa ivattu adannu eNNe embudara oLaracaneyalli baruva padavendu hELuvudu kaSca.

idE rItiyalli tamma, tangi, tAyi, tande embantaha takAra dinda modalAguva nanTina padagaLige oLaracaneyondideyembudannu caritreya AdArada mEle mAtravE hELaballevu. kannaDakke hattirada nuDiyAgiruva tamiLinalli I padagaLige mUru mUru rUpagaLiddu, avugaLalli ondu mAtra takAradalli modalAguttade.

ತಮಿಳು	ಕನ್ನಡ	ತಮಿಳು	ಕನ್ನಡ
ಎಂದೈ	‘ನನ್ನ ತಂದೆ’	ಎಂಗೈ	‘ನನ್ನ ತಂಗಿ’
ನುಂದೈ	‘ನಿನ್ನ ತಂದೆ’	ನುಂಗೈ	‘ನಿನ್ನ ತಂಗಿ’
ತಂದೈ	‘ಅವನ ತಂದೆ’	ತಂಗೈ	‘ಅವನ ತಂಗಿ’

hAgAgi, kannaDadalliyU tande, tangi, tamma, tAyi modalAda padagaLa modalige baruva tam (illavE t) embudu tAnu emba tOruga padada aDaka rUpa embudAgi caritreya AdArada mEle hELalu baruttade. Adare ivattu I takAra tande, tangi, tamma modalAda padagaLalli ‘avana’ emba huruLannu koDuvudilla. modalidda mUru rUpagaLalli ondE uLidu adannu ellA kaDegaLallU baLasuva hAgAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa. hAgAgi, I padagaLige hosagannaDadalli mEle sUcisida oLaracaneyideyendu hELuvudu kaSca.

kannaDadalli baruva padagaLa caritreyantahadu embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli avu haLegannaDa mattu naDugannaDagaLalli hEge baLakeyAguttidduvu mattu kannaDada bEre bEre ADunuDigaLalli ivattu hEge baLakeyallive embudannu tiLiyabEkAguttade. idallade tamiLu, malayALa, telugu, tuLu, gOnDi, kuDukh modalAda bEre drAviDa nuDigaLalli avugaLa rUpa mattu baLake hEgideyembudannU tiLiyabEkAguttade.

idakke badalu kannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLiyabEkiddalli avu kannaDadalli ivattu hEge mattu entaha rUpagaLalli baLakeyAguttave embudannu tiLiyabEkAguttade. padagaLa caritregU avugaLa oLaracanegU naDuve I rIti ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavide embudannu gamanisabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೩ padagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu

sollugaLannu padagaLAgi oDeyaballevAda kAraNa avannu sollugaLa angagaLembudAgi kareyabahudu. Adare sollugaLalli padagaLu mAtravallade bEre angagaLU baruttave. ettugegAgi I keLagina sollannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧) baDa mudukanannu, rAju bisinIrinalli mellage muLugisida.

(೧)nE sollinalli baDa, muduka, rAju, bisi, nIru, mellage mattu muLugisu emba ELu padagaLu adara angagaLAgi bandive. I padagaLalli muduka embudarondige annu emba oTTu, nIru embudarondige alli emba oTTu, mattu muLugisu embudarondige d mattu a emba oTTugaLu bandive.

I oTTugaLalli kelavu sollinalli baruva padagaLa naDuve entaha sambandavideyembudannu tiLisuttave. ettugegAgi muduka padadondige bandiruva annu emba oTTu muLugisuva esakakkU A esakakkoLagAgiruva vyaktigU naDuviruva sambandhavannu sUcisuttade.

bEre kelavu oTTugaLu padagaLu tiLisuva esakada illavE avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa kuritAgi kelavu heccina sangatigaLannu tiLisuttave. ettugegAgi muLugisu padadondige bandiruva d oTTu A esaka yAvAga naDeyitu embudannu sUcisuttade mattu adara anantara bandiruva a oTTu A esakavannu naDesida vyakti yAru embudannu cuTukAgi sUcisuttade.

I ellA oTTugaLannU padarUpada oTTugaLendu kareyabahudu. yAkendare avu sollugaLalli baruva padagaLige bEre bEre rUpagaLannu koDuvalli baLakeyAguttave. I rUpagaLa mUlaka sollugaLalliruva padagaLannu ondaroDanondu sambandisalu sAdyavAguttade mattu avugaLa mUlaka (೧)nE sollu koDabEkAgiruva huruLannu paDeyalu sAdyavAguttade. padarUpagaLinda intaha oTTugaLannu bErpaDisidAga uLiyuva amSagaLE padagaLu.

vAkyagaLannu I rIti bEre bEre padagaLAgi oDeyuva badalu pada kantegaLAgiyU oDeyabahudu. ettugegAgi mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE sollannu ELu bEre bEre padagaLAgi oDeyuvava badalu baDa muduka, rAju, bisinIru mattu mellige muLugisu emba nAlku angagaLAgiyU oDeyabahudu. ivugaLalli baDa muduka mattu bisinIru embavugaLeraDu hesaru padakantegaLu mattu mellige muLugisu embudondu esaka padakante.

padagaLige oTTugaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu paDeyuvudu mattu eraDu illavE heccu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi padakantegaLannu paDeyuvudu iveraDU sollugaLa oLaracanege sambandhisida kaTTalegaLannavalambisive. hAgAgi avannu I pustakadalli vivarisilla.

padagaLannu innU cikka angagaLAgiyU oDeyabahudu. ettugegAgi muduka padavannu mudi mattu ka embudAgi, mellige embudannu mella mattu ge embudAgi mattu muLugisu embudannu muLugu mattu isu embudAgi oDeyabahudu.

intaha oDeyuvikegaLu sollinalli baruva padagaLa oDeyuvikegaLallade sollina oDeyuvikegaLalla. ivugaLalli kANisuva oTTugaLu padagaLannu unTumADuvalli baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa avannu padadoTTugaLendu kareyabahudu. avugaLa baLake mEle hELida sollugaLa oLaracaneya kaTTalegaLinda bErAgiruva padaracaneya kaTTalegaLannavalambiside.

nammeduriruva ondu anga padavE illavE padakanteyE emba viSayadalli sandEhavunTAgaballudu. ettugegAgi bisinIru embudu mElina sollinalli kANisuva hAge padakanteyAgi bandiraballudu, illavE jODupadavAgiddu ondu padavAgiyU bandiraballudu (೩.೪ nODi). sAmAnyavAgi sollugaLannu baLasiruva sandarbavE intaha sandEhagaLannu nivArisaballudu.

idallade, nammeduriruva ondu oTTannu padadoTTendu hELabEkE illavE padarUpada oTTendu hELabEkE emba viShayadallU sandEhavELaballudu (… nODi). Adare idu mukyavAgi obba sollarigana manassinalli ELabahudAda sandEhavAgiddu adannu Atanu tayArisuva sollarimeyE nivArisabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೪ padagaLu mattu oTTugaLu

padavondara angagaLAgi eraDu padagaLu bandirabahudu (cikka+amma

cikkamma), illavE ondu pada mattu ondu oTTu bandirabahudu (eccara+ike > eccarike) embudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu. idallade, padavondara angagaLAgi eraDu padagaLu mAtravallade ondu oTTu bandirabahudu (haNe+kaNNu+a > haNegaNNa). Adare, eraDakkinta heccu padagaLu illavE ondakkinta heccu oTTugaLu padavondara angagaLAgi baruvudu kannaDada maTTige aparUpavendE hELabahudu.

oLaracaneyiruva ondu padadalli eraDu padagaLu oTTusEriveyE illavE ondu pada mattu ondu oTTu sErikonDiveyE embudannu

tiLiyabEkiddalli modalige pada mattu oTTugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnu embudannu tiLidukoLLabEku. sAmAnyavAgi bEre kaDegaLalli baruva padagaLondige rUpa mattu huruLugaLalli sambandhavannu tOrisuva angagaLannu padagaLendu kareyabahudu mattu A rIti sambandhavannu tOrisadiruva angagaLannu oTTugaLendu kareyabahudu.

ettugegAgi, kAlmaNe emba padada modalaneya angavAda kAl embudu bEre kaDegaLalli baruva kAlu emba padakke sambandhiside, mattu adara eraDaneya angavAda maNe embudu bEre kaDegaLalli adE rUpadalli ondu hesarupadavAgi baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, kAlmaNe embudaralli eraDu padagaLu sErikonDive endu hELabahudu.

kuNita emba padadallU modalaneya angavAda kuNi embudu bEre kaDegaLalli esakapadavAgi baLakeyAguttade. Adare ta emba adara eraDaneya angakke bEre kaDegaLalli ondu padavAgi baLakeyilla. rUpa mattu huruLugaLalli adaroDane sambandavannu tOrisuva bEre padavU kannaDadallilla. hAgAgi, adannu ondu oTTu embudAgi kareyabEkAguttade.

Adare ellA kaDegaLallU padagaLa angagaLannu I rIti avugaLa baLakeya mEle oTTugaLinda bErpaDisalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi hAraysu emba padavannu gamanisabahudu. idaralli hAray mattu su emba eraDu angagaLiddu, avugaLalli modalaneyadu hArayke emba padadalli ke emba oTTinoDane baruttade, mattu eraDaneyadu kuNisu, baresu, naDesu, tiLisu modalAda padagaLalli kuNi, bare, naDe, tiLi modalAda bEre esakapadagaLoDane baruttade.

ivugaLalli eraDaneyadAda su embudannu ondu oTTu endu kareyuvalli yAva tondareyU illa. yAkendare, adu hosagannaDadalli baraballa yAva padadoDaneyU sambandisilla. cAritrikavAgi adannu haLegannaDada isu ‘ese’ emba esakapadadondige sambandisaballevAdarU hosagannaDada maTTige adu ondu oTTAgi mAtra baLakeyallide.

hArayyu emba padada modalaneya angavAda hAray embudU bEre kaDegaLalli ondu padavAgi baralAradu; hAgAgi, mEle

koTTiruva kaTTaleya prakAra adannu ondu padavendu hELalu baruvudilla. Adare, adannondu oTTendu kareyuvudU sariyalla. yAkendare, eraDu oTTugaLannu mAtravE oTTu sErisuvudara mUlaka padavondannu tayArisalu baruvudilla. antaha oTTugaLige AdAravannu koDaballa ondu padavannU avugaLondige sErisabEkAguttade.

hAgAgi, hAray embudannu su illavE ke oTTina neravillade baralAradantaha ondu horakuLi pada embudAgi hELabEkAguttade. cAritrikavAgi hAray embudu haLegannaDada pAr ‘nODu’ emba padakke sambandhiside.

nammeduriruva padada ondu angavannu padavendu hELabEkE illavE ondu oTTendu hELabEkE emba viSayadalli ondu tIrAnakke baruvudu kelavomme tumbA kaScavendu tOraballudu. ettugegAgi, ibbadi emba padadalli baruva ib emba modalaneya anga eraDu emba svatantra padakke sambandhisideyE illavE embudara mEle adu ondu padavE illavE oTTE embudu avalambiside.

Adare, ibbaru emba padadallU adE ib embudu bandide, mattu adarondige illi ba emba manuShyarannu sUcisuva oTTu mattu ru emba halaveNikeya oTTu - iveraDu oTTugaLu bandive; hAgAgi, I ibbaru emba padadalli modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva ib embudannu ondu padavendu kareyadiddalli mUru oTTugaLa sErikeyinda padavondannu unTumADalAgideyendu hELabEkAdItu. idu padagaLa kuritu namagiruva kalpanege hondikeyAguvudilla. hAgAgi, ibbadi mattu ibbaru iveraDarallU baruva ib embudu ondu padavallade oTTalla emba tIrAnakke barabEkAguttade.

I rItiyAgi pada mattu oTTugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsavannu eraDu bEre bEre paricegaLa mEle tIrmAnisabEkAguttade. bEre kaDegaLalli ondu padavAgi baraballudu embudu ondu pariceyAdare, padavondara angavAgi mAtravE baraballudAdarU bEre angagaLige (endare oTTugaLige) neleyAgaballudu (endare, padada mukya huruLannu koDaballudu) embudu innondu parice. I eraDu paricegaLannU tOrisadiruvantaha padagaLa angagaLu oTTugaLu endu hELabahudu.

mEle sUcisidante, cAritrikavAgi oTTugaLu padagaLinda beLeya balluvu. bEre padagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu sAmAnyavAgi tamma cuTuku rUpagaLalli baruvuvAda kAraNa, kelavomme avugaLa padarUpagaLu aLidu hOgi, intaha cuTukAgiruva rUpagaLu mAtravE nuDiyalli uLidukonDu oTTugaLenisaballuvu.

ettugegAgi mEle koTTiruva su emba oTTu modalige isu emba esakapadadondige sambandhisiddu, ondu padavAgittu. Adare, adara I esakapadada baLake aLidu hOgi, Iga hosagannaDadalli adu bEre padagaLa angavAgi mAtra baruttade. intaha padagaLalli (kuNisu, baresu) adakke padada mukya huruLannu tiLisuva aLavillavAda kAraNa, adannondu oTTendu mAtravE hELaballevu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೫ padadoTTugaLu mattu padarapadoTTugaLu

nuDigaLalli sAmAnyavAgi eraDu bageya oTTugaLu baLakeyalliruttave: padagaLannu tayArisuvalli (endare avugaLa oLaracaneyalli) baru vavugaLu ondu bageyavugaLAdare, padagaLa bEre bEre rUpagaLannu tayArisuvalli baruvavugaLu innondu bageyavu. ivannu ‘padadoTTu’ mattu ‘padarUpadoTTu’ embudAgi kareyabahudu.

ettugegAgi kuNita padada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva ta embudu padavondannu tayArisuvalli baLakeyAguva padadoTTu. I oTTannu kuNi esakapadakke sErisuva mUlaka kuNita hesarupadavannu tayArisalAgide. meTTalu embudaralli kANisuva alu embudu innondu padadoTTu. I oDDannu meTTu esakapadakke sErisuvudara mUlaka meTTalu hesarupadavannu tayArisalAgide.

meTTalu hesarupadakke kelavu padarUpadoTTugaLannu sErisi padarUpagaLannu tayArisaballevu. ettugegAgi, adakke gaLu oTTannu sErisi meTTalugaLu emba halaveNikeyalliruva padarUpavannu tayArisabahudu, mattu adE padakke annu, inda, ge, a modalAda bEre kelavu oTTugaLannu sErisi meTTalannu, meTTalininda, meTTalige, meTTalina modalAda pattugerUpagaLannu tayArisabahudu. I ellA oTTugaLU meTTalu padada bEre bEre padarUpagaLannu tayArisuvalli baruvuvAda kAraNa, avella padarUpadoTTugaLu.

esakapadagaLigU idE rItiyalli hottu, ADuga, gurta, eNike modalAduvannu tiLisuva padaropadoTTugaLannu sErisi avugaLa bEre bEre padaropagaLannu tayArisabahudu. ettugegAgi, kuNi esakapadakke mumbottina utta oTTannu mattu ADuga-gurta-eNikegaLa Ane oTTannu sErisi kuNiyuttAne emba rUpavannu paDeyabahudu, mattu himbottina da oTTannu, hAgU bErondu ADuga-gurta-eNikeya Lu oTTannu sErisi kuNidaLu emba rUpavannu paDeyabahudu. intahavE kuNiyuttAre, kuNiyuttade, kuNide, kuNiyali modalAda bEre bEre halavu rUpagaLU I esakapadakkide.

I eraDu bageya oTTugaLa naDuve halavAru mukyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. padadoTTugaLige ondu niScitavAda huruLannu koDuvudu kaSca. avu padagaLa tayArikege sambandisiduvAda kAraNa, avannu baLasi tayArisida padagaLu nuDiyalli baLakege banda mEle bEre bEre bageya badalAvaNegaLige oLapaDaballuvu. Adare, padarUpadoTTugaLige niScitavAda huruLiddu, nuDiyalli badalAvaNe naDedarU avu aShTu sulabavAgi tamma huruLannu biTTukoDuvudilla. padagaLondige padadoTTugaLu suLuvAgi bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi baraballuvu, Adare padarUpadoTTugaLu A rIti eravalAgi baruvudu bahaLa aparUpa. padadoTTu mattu padarUpadoTTugaLa naDuviruva intaha vyatyAsagaLalli kelavannu keLage svalpa vivaravAgi koDalAgide.

೧.೫.೧ tayArike mattu baLake

padadoTTu mattu padarUpadoTTugaLa naDuviruva ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, padadoTTu padada oLaracaneyalli baruttiddu adakke padada tayArikeyalli ondu mukyavAda jAgavide. Adare, padada dinanityada baLakeyalli adakke heccina mahatvavilla. sAmAnyavAgi nAvu namma nuDiyalliruva padagaLannella namma nenapinallirisikonDu hAgeyE iDi iDiyAgi baLasuttEve.

ettugegAgi, meTTalu padavannu gamanisabahudu: tayArikeya kAladalli adannu meTTu esakapadakke alu oTTannu sErisuvudara mUlaka paDeyalAgideyembudu spaShTa. hIgiddarU namma dinanityada baLakeyalli adu heccina maTTige ondu oLaracaneyillada padada hAgeyE kANisuttade. adannu baLasuvAga, meTTu esakapadakkU

adakkU naDuviruva sambandha sAmAnyavAgi namma gamanakkE baruvudilla.

padarUpadoTTugaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bErAdudu. pada vondannu adara bEre bEre rUpagaLalli baLasuvAgalella nAvu avugaLa racanege bEkAgiruva I padarUpadoTTugaLannu A padakke sErisuvudara mUlaka ondondu bAriyU avannu hosadAgi tayArisiyE baLasuttEve. I tayArike heccina maTTige namma gamanakke bAradiru vantaha miduLina ondu kelasadindAgi naDeyuttideyAdarU ondu padakkU adara bEre bEre rUpagaLigU naDuviruva sambanda heccinaDegaLallU namma gamanadalliruttade. mEle koTTiruva meTTalu mattu kuNi emba eraDu padagaLa bEre bEre padarUpagaLannu (meTTalannu, meTTalininda, kuNiyuttAne, kuNidanu modalAduvannu) vAkyagaLalli baLasuvAga avellavU A eraDu padagaLige sambandhisidavugaLemba viSaya spaShTavAgiyU namage tiLidiruttade.

೧.೫.೨ baLakeyalli kaDDAya

padadoTTu mattu padarUpadoTTugaLa naDuviruva innondu mukya vyatyAsavEnendare, padarUpadoTTugaLu niyamitavAgi ondu gumpige sErida ellA padagaLigU baraballa oTTugaLAgive, mattu pada gaLannu sollugaLalli baLasuvAgalella I padarUpadoTTugaLannu sandarbhakke takka hAge kaDDAyavAgiyU baLasalEbEkemba kaTTaleyiruttade.

ettugegAgi, ondu sollina ADuganannu sUcisuva ne emba padarUpadoTTannu ellA esakapadagaLigU sErisi hELaballevu, mattu ondu sollu tiLisuva esakavannu ADuganE naDesiruvanAdalli antaha esakavannu tiLisuva esakapadadondige I oTTannu baLasalEbEkemba kaDDAyavAda kaTTaleyU kannaDadallide. nAnu nALe beLigge baruttEne emba sollinalli baru esakapadavannu adarondige I ne emba oTTannu sErisade mukya esakapadavAgi baLasalArevu.

padadoTTugaLa baLakeyalli intaha kaTTaleyilla. modalaneyadAgi avu ondu gumpige sErida padagaLalli kelavE kelavu padagaLondige mAtra baruttave. A gumpinalliruva uLida padagaLannu intaha oTTugaLilladeyU baLasaballevu. ettugegAgi, ta padadoTTu kuNi, kuDi, nege, hoDe modalAda kelavu esakapadagaLondige mAtra

baraballudu. agi, tiLi, tere, bare modalAda antahavE bEre halavAru esakapadagaLondige adu baralAradu.

idara baLakeyU padaropadoTTugaLa hAge kaDDAyavalla. nagu, Odu, mincu modalAda esakapadagaLu I oTTina neravilladEnE hesarupadagaLAgi baruttave mAtravalla, bEre halavAru hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalliyU intaha oTTugaLu baralEbEkemba kaTTaleyilla. ettugegAgi oLaracaneyillada mara, giDa modalAda hesarupadagaLa baLakeyannu gamanisabahudu.

೧.೫.೩ rUpapaTTigaLu

padarUpadoTTugaLu rUpapaTTigaLa angagaLAgi baruttave. ettugegAgi sollondaralli baruva hesarupadagaLigU esakapadakkU naDuviruva sambandavEnembudannu tiLisuva pattuge oTTugaLadondu rUpapaTTiyide. mADugana (illavE Agugada) ADuga-gura- eNikegaLannu tiLisuva oTTugaLadondu rUpapaTTiyide, mattu hottugaLa naDuvina vyatyAsagaLannu tiLisuva hottina oTTugaLadondu rUpapaTTiyide.

I rUpapaTTigaLa baLake elli naDeyabEkembudannu tiLisuva solliTTaLada kaTTalegaLive, mattu hAge avannu baLasabEkAgiruvallella I rUpapaTTigaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva oTTugaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu baLasalEbEkemba kaDDAyavU ide. ettugegAgi, esakavondara mADuga illavE Agugavannu tiLisuvudakkAgi esakapadadondige baraballa Ene, Eve, I, Iri, Ane modalAda oTTugaLa rUpapaTTiyondide mAtravalla, tiLisuva sollugaLallella I rUpapaTTige sErida oTTugaLallondannu esakapadadondige baLasalEbEkemba kaDDAyavU ide.

padadoTTugaLannu I rIti bEre bEre rUpapaTTigaLalli hondisi hELalu baruvudilla. avu padarUpadoTTugaLa hAge ondakkondu hondikonDilladiruvudE idakke kAraNa. padadoTTugaLannu varisuvA nuDiyalli entaha oTTugaLella baLakeyallive embudAgi avugaLa ondu paTTiyannu koDalu mAtra baruttade. padarUpadoTTugaLa hAge avugaLalli ondannu baLasadiddalli innondannu baLasabEku embantaha kaDDAyavU kANisuvudilla.

೧.೫.೪ eravalu

padadoTTugaLannu bEre nuDigaLinda tumbA suLuvAgi eravalu paDeyabahudu. Adare, padarUpadoTTugaLannu A rIti eravalAgi paDeyuvudu kaSca. avannu eravalAgi paDeyalAgadendU hELaballevu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, mEle tiLisida hAge, padarUpadoTTugaLu accukaTTAgi ondu rUpapaTTiyalli hondikonDiruttave; nuDiyalli avugaLigiruva kelasavEnembudannu antaha rUpapaTTigaLE tIrAnisuttave. hAgAgi, avannu eravalAgi paDeyuvudiddalli iDI rUpapaTTiyannE eravalAgi paDeyabEkAdItu. idu asAdyavE.

ettugegAgi, kannaDadallilladiruva IreNikeya (dvivacanada) oTTannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi taruvudu asAdyavendE hELabahudu. yAkendare, samskxtadalli idu linga mattu vibaktigaLondige sEri ‘subanta’vemba ondu rUpapaTTiyalli baruttiddu, adakke I rUpapaTTiya horage tannadE Ada iruvikeyilla.

padadoTTugaLu I rIti ondakkondu sambandhisillavAda kAraNa, avu bEre nuDigaLinda suLuvAgi namma nuDige eravalAgi baraballuvu. intaha halakelavu padadoTTugaLu kannaDakke bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi bandiveyembudannu nAvu munde enTanE pasugeyalli nODaliruvevu. I rIti bEre padagaLondige eravalAgi banda I oTTugaLu nuDiyalliruva bEre padagaLigU sErikonDu nuDiyavE AgibiDuvudU ide.

ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli munnoTTu embudilladiddarU antaha oTTannoLagonDiruva samskxtada apajaya, apahAra, apavAda, apamAna, apamxtyu modalAda halavAru padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandive. idallade, I padagaLalliruva apa emba munnoTTu kannaDadavE Ada nambike embantaha padagaLigU (apanambike) sErikonDu hosa padagaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAgide. (Adare kannaDadalli I oTTu ondu ‘oTTA’gi uLiyuva badalu ondu horakuLi padada hAge baLakeyallide - ೮.೩.೭ nODi).

೧.೫.೫ huruLinalli vyatyAsa

padarUpadoTTugaLige ondu huruLu illavE uddESavannu koDalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, pattuge oTTugaLige hesarupadakkU esakapadakkU naDuviruva sambandhavannu tiLisuva uddESavide, mattu avugaLallondAda jAga oTTige ondu jAgavannu tiLisuva huruLide. hottina oTTugaLige esakapadavu tiLisuva esakada hottannu mAtanADuvavana hottige sambandisidante tiLisuva uddESa mattu huruLugaLive.

Adare, padadoTTugaLige heccineDegaLallU intaha ondu huruLannu koDalu baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, ike-ige oTTige adara bEre bEre baLakegaLalli bEre bEre huruLugaLu baruvuvembudannu munde ೪.೩ralli nODaliruvevu. kelavu baLakegaLalli adakke esakavannu hesarisuva huruLideyAdare (hogaLu-hogaLike, anju-anjike, meccu- meccuge), innu kelavu baLakegaLalli antaha esakada mUlaka tayArAda vastugaLannu hesarisuva huruLide (kettu-kettige, moLe-moLake). hAgAgi, avakke niScitavAgi intahadE embudAgi ondu huruLannu koDalu baruvudilla.

padagaLannu bEre padagaLinda bErpaDisuvudiShTE padadoTTugaLa mukya kelasa; hAgAgi, avakkondu niScitavAda huruLirabEkAguvudilla. idallade, avu padarUpadoTTugaLa hAge ondu gumpinalliruva ellA padagaLondigU baruvudillavAda kAraNa, avakke ella baLakegaLigU hondikeyAgaballa huruLannu koDalu baruvudilla.

padadoTTu mattu padarUpadoTTu emba I oTTugaLa oDeta mukyavAgi hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantahadu. padadoTTugaLannoLagonDiruva hesarupadagaLa huruLu avugaLa oLaracaneya mEle nintirade, avu entaha vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave embudara mEle nintide embudannu munde nAlkanE pasugeyalli nODaliruvevu. kAladinda kAlakke intaha padagaLallAguva huruLina badalAvaNegaLU avugaLalliruva oTTugaLannu avalambisiruvudilla. ondE padadoTTannoLagonDiruva padagaLellavakkU ondE rItiya huruLannu koDalu bAradiruvudakke idU ondu kAraNa.

೧.೫.೬ baLakeyallillada padagaLu

padadoTTugaLa baLakeyalli tayArike mattu baLake emba I eraDu kelasagaLu bEre bErAgiruttave. hAgAgi, avannoLagonDiruva padagaLu ondu kaTTaleganusAravAgi tayArAgiveyAdarU, avugaLa baLakeyalli A kaTTale kaTTuniTTAgi kANisadiraballudu. ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli ta emba padadoTTannu ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva esakapadagaLige sErisi hesarupadagaLannu unTumADaballevu (೪.೩.೨ nODi). I kaTTaleyante, kuDi-ta, duDi-ta, nege-ta, ode-ta modalAda baLakeyalliruva padagaLannu mAtravallade agi-ta, huri-ta, kare-ta, aLe-ta modalAda baLakeyallillada padagaLannU unTumADaballevu. Adare, baLakege bAradiruva padagaLannu nuDiyalliruva padagaLendu hELalArevAda kAraNa, avu kaTTalege horapaDikegaLAguttave.

I rIti padadoTTugaLannu baLasuvalli (೧) baLakeyalliruvavu (kuDita, nereta), (೨) baLakeyallilladavu (hurita, aLeta) mattu (೩) kaTTalege hondikeyAgadavu (*naDu-ta, *kollu-ta) embudAgi mUru bageyavannu kANaballevu; Adare, padarUpadoTTugaLannu baLasuvalli kaTTalege hondikeyAguvavu mattu hondikeyAgadavu embudAgi eraDu bageyavannu mAtra kANaballevu.

ettugegAgi ali emba padarUpadoTTannu esakapadagaLige mAtra sErisabahudu emba kaTTaleyondide. idarante, mADali, hOgali, barali, hELali modalAda padarUpagaLu kaTTalege hondikeyAguvavu; idE oTTannu hesarupadagaLige illavE esakapadagaLige sErisidalli (*hagala-li, kempa-li), antaha padarUpagaLannu kaTTalege hondikeyAgadavendu hELabEkAdItu. I padarUpadoTTina baLakeyalli tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuve vyatyAsavilla; tayArisalu baruva rUpagaLellavU baLakeyalliruvavugaLE.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೬ baLakege baruva oTTugaLu

padagaLa oLaracane padarUpagaLa oLaracaneyaShTu kaTTuniTTAdudallavembudannu mEle nODiruvevu. hIgiddarU padagaLalli kANisuva oLaracanegaLalli kelavannu baLakebaruvavendu mattu innu kelavannu baLakege bAradavendu gurutisaballevu. sAmAnyavAgi onderaDu padagaLalli mAtravE kANisuvantaha oLaracanegaLu baLakege

bAradavendu mattu jAsti padagaLalli kANisuvavugaLannu baLakege baruvavugaLendu hELabahudu.

hosa padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAga (ettugegAgi, hosa arimeya padagaLannu unTumADabEkAdAga) I rIti baLakege baruva oLaracanegaLannu baLasikonDevAdare, antaha padagaLu heccu suLuvAgi nuDiyalli baLakege baraballuvu. kelavE kelavu padagaLalli mAtravE baLakeyAgiruva racanegaLannu baLasi racisida padagaLu Odugarige tusu toDakinavendu tOraballuvu, mattu I kAraNakkAgi avu nuDiyalli rUDige baradiraballuvu.

ettugegAgi, kannaDada jODupadagaLalli eraDakkinta heccu angagaLiruvudu bahaLa kaDime. hAgAgi, antaha jODupadagaLa oLaracane kannaDada maTTige baLakege bAradavendu hELabahudu. ariveya padagaLannu racisuvavaru eraDakkinta heccu padagaLannu sErisi udduddavAda padagaLannu tayArisi hAkidalli, avu kannaDadalli baLakege baruvudu svalpa kaSca.

oTTugaLiruva padagaLallU idE rIti baLakege baraballa mattu baLakege baralArada racanegaLannu kANabahudu. kannaDadalli ike-ige, ta- te, vu modalAda kelavu oTTugaLu halavu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttiddu, avannu baLasi hosa padagaLannu tayArisidalli antaha padagaLu suLuvAgi nuDiyalli rUDige baraballuvu. bEre halavu oTTugaLu onderaDu padagaLalli mAtra kANisuttiddu (udA: Da, La, ha ityAdi), avannu baLasi tayArisida padagaLu aSSondu suLuvAgi baLakege baralAravu.

padagaLa oLaracanege avugaLa dinanityada baLakeyalli viSEShavAda sthAnavEnU illa embudannu nAvu mEle nODiruvevu. heccina kaDegaLallU padagaLannu baLasuvAga avugaLige oLaracaneyembu dondideyembudE namma gamanakke baruvudilla. Adare I viSayadalli baLakege baraballa racaneyiruva padagaLu baLakege baralArada racaneyiruva padagaLiginta svalpa maTTigAdarU bErAgiraballuvu. ettugegAgi, kaTTaDa, tinDi, bILalu, biruku modalAdavugaLannu baLasuvAga avugaLa oLa racaneyalli kaTTu, tinnu, bILu, biri modalAda esakapadagaLu baLakeyAguvuvemba viSaya namma gamanakke bAradiddarU, baLalike, nambike, hOlike modalAdavugaLannu baLasuvAga avugaLa oLaracane

yalli baLalu, nambu, hOlu modalAda esakapadagaLiruvudu namma gamanakke baraballudu.

I vyatyAsada mEle, baLasaballa oLaracaneyiruva padagaLannu mAtravE vyAkaraNadalli vivarisabEku, baLasalAgada oLaracane yiruvavugaLannu vivarisabEkAgilla endu kelavaru hELiddAre. Adare I pustakadalli iveraDu rItiya padagaLannU pariSIlanege tegedukonDiddu, eraDakkU oLaracanegaLannu mukyavAgi cAritrika amSagaLa mEle kalpisikoDalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೨ hesarupadagaLu mattu bEre padagaLu

padagaLa huruLannu tiLidukoLLuvalli oLaracaneya pAtraventahadu emba viShayadalli hesarupadagaLigU mattu bEre padagaLigU (esakapada mattu paricepadagaLigU) naDuve mukyavAda vyatyAsavideyembudannu illi gamanisabEku. padagaLa kuritAgi mEle hELiruva sangatigaLalli heccinavU hesarupadagaLige mAtra anvayisuvantahavugaLu. esakapada illavE paricepadagaLige anvayisuvantahavugaLalla.

ettugegAgi, oLaracaneyiruva hesarupadagaLa huruLu heccinaDegaLallU avugaLa oLaracaneyinda dorakuva huruLiginta bErAgiruttade. Adare, oLaracaneyiruva esakapada mattu paricepadagaLa huruLu heccineDegaLallU avugaLa oLaracaneyinda dorakuva huruLE Agiruttade. hAgAgi, hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha oLaracaneyiruva pada mattu padakante embavugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa esakapada illavE paricepadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla.

hesarupadagaLigU bEre padagaLigU naDuve intaha vyatyAsa kANisikoLLalu mukya kAraNavEnendare, hesarisuvudu mattu varisu vudu emba eraDu rItiya gurutisuva vidAnagaLu hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalli mAtra kANisikoLLuttavallade esakapada illavE paricepadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisikoLLuvudilla (೩.೧ nODi). yAkendare, vyakti, vastu, esaka, parice, modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu hesarupadagaLu mAtra mADaballuvu. esakapadagaLu esakagaLannu tiLisuttavallade gurutisuvudilla. idE rItiyalli, paricepadagaLu paricigaLannu sUcisuttavallade gurutisuvudilla. avu sUcisuva paricegaLa

sahAyadinda vyakti, vastu, esaka, parice modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu hesarupadagaLu naDesuttave.

padagaLa oLaracaneya kuritAgi mEle hELiruva paricigaLalli heccinavU I rIti avu hesarisuva vidAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva kaDegaLalli avakke anvayisuvantahavugaLu. hAgAgi, I paricigaLu hesarupadagaLige mAtra anvayisaballuvu. padagaLa paricigaLannu vivarisuvAga I rIti hesarupada mattu bEre padagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu gamanakke tegedukoLLadiralu nuDiyalli baruva padagaLalli heccinavU hesarupadagaLAgiruvudE mukya kAraNavendu hELabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೧.೯ pustakada svarUpa

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva padagaLa oLaracaneyannu kannaDadavE Ada sollarimeya kaTTalegaLa (illavE olavugaLa) mUlaka vivarisi hELuvudE I pustakada mukya uddESa. intaha niyamagaLannu kannaDakke mUlavAgiruva bhASeyondarinda iLidu bandiruva padagaLalli mattu bEre bhASegaLinda eravalAgi bandiddarU bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kannaDadavE Agiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu.

kannaDadalli baruva intaha padagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLiyalu avannu bEre bEre padavargagaLalli vingaDisikoLLuvudu avaSya. yAkendare, bEre bEre padavargagaLalli baruva padagaLu vAkyagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAgiddu, idakkanuguNavAgi avu bEre bEre oLaracanegaLannu paDedirabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, kannaDada padagaLu mukyavAgi mUru padavargagaLalli hEge sErikoLLuttave embudannu eraDaneya adhyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLembudAgi mUru mukya padavaragaLalli sEruva padagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli hesarupadavemba varakke sEruva padagaLallEnE heccina oLaracanegaLU kANisikoLLuttave. hAgAgi, mundina mUru adyAyagaLallU (೩-೫) hesarupadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannE vivarisalAgide. mUraneya adyAyadalli ivugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva kelavu vayyiScagaLannu pariSIlisalAgide, mattu mundina eraDu adhyAyagaLalli oTTugaLannu baLasi racisida hesarupadagaLannu mattu

eraDu padagaLannu oTTu sErisi racisida hesarupadagaLannu bEre bErAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

esakapada mattu paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyalli aSSondu vaydidyateyilla. avugaLa oTTu eNikeyU hesarupadagaLiginta bahaLa kaDime. Aru mattu ELaneya adhyAyagaLalli I eraDu vargagaLige sEruva padagaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva kelavu oTTugaLa baLakeyentahadembudannu pariSIlisalAgide.

bEre nuDigaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli ittIceginavu avannu eravalu koTTiruva nuDiya halavu vaydiSyagaLannu hAgeyE uLisikonDiruttave. bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka avu kannaDadavE endenisikoLLalu svalpa samaya bEkAguttade. hAgAgi, intaha padagaLa oLaracaneyannu bEreyE kelavu niyamagaLa mUlaka varisabEkAguttade. samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva intaha halavu padagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyalliddu, avugaLa oLaracaneyentahadu embu dannu enTanE adyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

pustakada koneyalli baruva ombattaneya adyAyadalli kannaDakke adaradE Ada sollarimeya parampareyondannu tayArisikoDuvalli I pustakada pAtravEnu embudannu vivarisalAgide. idallade, I pustakada tayArikeyalli sahAyakavAda kelavu pustakagaLa paTTiyannU mattu I pustakadalli baruva kelavu mukya viShayagaLa paTTiyannU koneyalli kANabahudu.

೨. kannaDada padagumpugaLu

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೧ munnOTa

nuDiyondaralli baruva padagaLannu avugaLa huruLu mattu sollugaLalli avu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa I eraDu viShayagaLa mEle kelavu mukyavAda gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu. kannaDa sollugaLalli baruva padagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudu, esakagaLannu tiLisuvudu mattu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa illavE avu naDesuva esakagaLa paricegaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru mukyavAda kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAgide. hAgAgi, I kelasagaLa mEle avannu hesarupada, esakapada, mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukya padagumpugaLAgi vingaDisaballevu.

ettugegAgi, rAju, huDugi, Ane, mane, Ase modalAda padagaLu vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi sollugaLalli baruvuvAda kAraNa, avu hesarupadagaLu; hELu, bILu, oDe, tinnu, oNagu, tirugu modalAda padagaLu esakagaLannu tiLisuvudakkAgi baruvuvAda kAraNa esakapadagaLu; biLi, oLLe, doDDa, tusu modalAda padagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa illavE avu naDesuva esakagaLa paricegaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi baruvuvAda kAraNa paricepadagaLu. ivu I mUru bageya kelasagaLannu naDesuvavembudannu keLagina ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

(೧) rAju doDDa huDuganige tusu hoDeda.

(೨) giri kappu citragaLannu kAgadadalli biDisuttAne.

(೩) vatsala ondu kappu bekkannu sAkuttiddALe.

(೪) saptavara mArgagaLalli vAhanagaLu ondE dikkinalli calisali.

mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE sollinalli hoDe emba pada ondu esakavannu tiLisuttideyAda kAraNa esakapada; huDuga mattu rAju emba padagaLu A esakadalli niratarAgiruva ibbaru vyaktigaLannu gurutisuttiveyAda kAraNa hesarupadagaLu; doDDa emba pada huDuga emba padavu gurutisuva vyaktiya pariceyondannu sUcisuttiyAda kAraNa paricepada; mattu tusu emba pada hoDe emba esakapadavu tiLisuva esakada pariceyondannu sUcisuttideyAda kAraNa adU ondu paricepadavE. ivugaLalli doDDa embudannu hesarupariceyendu mattu tusu embudannu esakapariceyendu kareyabahudu.

itara sollugaLallU idE rItiyalli I mUru kelasagaLannu naDesuvudakkAgi bEre bEre padagaLu bandiddu, avannu I kelasagaLa mEle mUru padavargagaLalli vingaDisi hELabahudu. ettugegAgi, (೨)nE sollinalli giri, kAgada mattu citra emba hesarupadagaLu, biDisu emba esakapada, mattu kappu emba hesaruparicegaLu bandive.

padagaLa oLaracaneyembudu svalpamaTTige avu yAva gumpinalli sEruttave embudara mElU avalambisiruttade. yAkendare, avu sollinalli entaha kelasavannu naDesabEkAguttadeyO adakke takkudAda oLaracaneyU avakkirabEkAguttade. ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli vyakti, vastu, viSaya modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi hesarupadagaLannu mattu avugaLa paricigaLannu sUcisuvudakkAgi paricepadagaLannu baLasalAguttade; I eraDu bageya padagaLa naDuve ondu mukyavAda vyatyAsavide:

vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi ‘hesarisuva hammuge’ mattu ‘varisuva hammuge’ embudAgi eraDu bageya hammugegaLannu baLasalu baruttade embudannu nAvu munde ೩.೧ralli nODaliruvevu. Adare, I eraDu hammugegaLalli ondannu mAtra (endare varisuva hammugeyannu mAtra) pariceyondannu sUcisuva kelasadalli baLasalu baruttade. I vyatyAsada pariNAmavannu nAvu hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyalli spaShTavAgi kANabahudu:

ettugegAgi, hesarupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli jODupada (samAsa) emba padaracane kANisikoLLuttade. idaralli eraDu (illavE heccu)

padagaLa jODaNeyinda hosa padavondannu tayArisalAguttade. Adare, paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyalli jODupadagaLu kANisuvudilla. intaha racane ‘hesarisuva’ hammugege sImitavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

hAgAgi, kannaDada padagaLannu entaha gumpugaLallella sErisi hELabahudu emba viSaya kannaDa padaracaneya pariSIlaneyalli mukyavAguttade. samskxtadalli hesarupada embudakkinta bErAgiruva paricepada emba padagumpilla. kannaDadalliruva I eraDu bageya padagaLige badalAgi adaralli hesarupadavemba ondu padagumpinalli sEruva padagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. idakke A nuDiya sollugaLalli I padagaLu naDesikoDabEkAgiruva kelasagaLu kannaDada sollugaLalli avu naDesikoDabEkAgiruva kelasagaLiginta bErAgiruvudE kAraNavembudannu munde (೨.೨ralli) nODaliruvevu. I vyatyAsavannu aritukoLLade, samskxtada hAge kannaDadallU paricepadagaLu hesarupadagaLiginta bEralla endu tappAgi tiLidukonDevAdare, kannaDadalli baruva hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvalli nAvu tappibILuttEve.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೨ padagumpugaLalli vyatyAsagaLu

mEle hELiruvante, ellA nuDigaLU tAvu baLasuva padagaLannu ondE rItiyAgi gumpugUDisuvudilla. idakke mukya kAraNavEnendare, sollugaLa racane nuDiyinda nuDige bEre bErAgiddu, avugaLalli padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasagaLU bEre bErAgiruttave. nuDiyondaralli padagaLu entaha kelasagaLannella naDesabEkAguttade embudara mEle adaralli baruva padagaLannu entaha gumpugaLalli sErisi hELabahudu embudu avalambiside.

bhAratadalli drAviDa, Arya (inDO-Aryan), TibeTO-barman mattu AsTO-ESiyATik embudAgi nAlku mukya nuDikuTumbagaLige sErida nuDigaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli sollugaLannu kaTTuva hammugegaLu bEre bErAgiddu, avugaLalli padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasagaLU bEre bErAgive. I kAraNakkAgi, I nAlku bageya nuDigaLalliruva padagumpugaLa eNike mattu paricegaLeraDU bEre bErAgive.

kannaDa nuDiyu tamiLu, telugu, tuLu, malayALa, gOnDi, kuDuk modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLondige ‘drAviDa’ emba hesarina nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDi. I ellA nuDigaLallU kannaDada hAge hesarupada, esakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukya padagumpugaLive, mattu avu sollugaLalli vyakti, vastu modalA duvannu gurutisuvudu, esakagaLannu tiLisuvudu mattu paricegaLannu sUcisuvudu embudAgi mUru kelasagaLannu naDesikoDuttave.

samskxta nuDiyu hindi, marATi, gujarAti, bangAli, kASmIri modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLondige Arya (illavE inDO- Aryan) emba nuDikuTumbakke sEriruva nuDi. I nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLu mukyavAgi hesarupada mattu esakapadagaLemba eraDu padagumpugaLalli sEruttave. ivugaLalli hesarupadagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuva kelasavannu, mattu esakapadagaLu esakagaLannu tiLisuva kelasavannu naDesuttave. paricepadagaLemba mUranE padagumpu I nuDigaLallilla. ‘biLI’, ‘doDDa’, ‘oLLE’ modalAda paricigaLannu sUcisabEkAgiruva padagaLu I nuDigaLalli hesarupadagaLAgi baruttave, mattu avu A paricigaLannu paDediruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave.

ettugegAgi, kannaDada kappu hAvu emba padakanteyalli baruva hAvu emba hesarupada ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttade, mattu kappu emba paricepada ondu pariceyannu sUcisuttade. iveraDu padagaLannu oTTige ondu padakanteyalli kappu hAvu embudAgi baLasidAga, kappu emba pada ondu paricevannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka hAvu emba hesarupadakke ondu viSiShTavAda (kappu baNNaviruva) hAvannu gurutisalu sahAya mADuttade.

samskxtadalli baruva kxShNaH sarvaH emba idE huruLina padakante idakkinta tIra bErAdudu. A padakanteya angagaLAgiruva kxShNaH mattu sarvaH emba I eraDu padagaLU svatantravAda hesarupadagaLu. kxShNaH emba hesarupada kappAgiruva ondu prANi (illavE vastuvannu) gurutisuttade, mattu sarvaH emba hesarupada ‘hAvA’giruva ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttade. I eraDu padagaLannu oTTige ondu padakanteya angagaLAgi (kxShNaH sarvaH embudAgi) baLasidAga, averaDu hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vastu illavE prANigaLu ondE emba

huruLu dorakuttade, mattu idarindAgi A padakante viSiShTavAdondu prANiyannu (endare kappu baNNada hAvannu) gurutisuvantAguttade.

kannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsa avu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi entaha hammugeyannu baLasuttave embudara mEle avalambiside embudannu gamanisabEku. kannaDadalli vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu hesarupadagaLa neravininda gurutisi, avugaLalli kelavannu mAtra pratyEkisi hELalu paricepadagaLannu baLasuva krama baLakeyallide. ettugegAgi, hAvu emba hesarupada halavAru rItiya prANi(hAvu)gaLannu gurutisaballudAgiddu, avugaLalli kelavannu kappu hAvu emba padakanteyindalU, bEre kelavannu hasuru hAvu emba padakanteyindalU, mattu innu kelavannu doDDa hAvu emba padakanteyindalU pratyEkisi hELalu baruttade. illi kappu, hasuru, doDDa modalAda paricepadagaLu bEre bEre paricegaLannu sUcisuttiddu, A paricegaLu hAvu emba padavu tiLisuva huruLige sEruvudara mUlaka mElina kelasa sAdyavAguttade.

samskxtadalli vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisalu, mEle vivarisidante, idakkinta bEreyE Agiruva ondu hammugeyannu baLasalAguttade. kxShNaH emba hesarupada kappu baNNaviruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttade (idaralli hAvugaLU sEruttave); sarvaH emba hesarupada bEre bEre baNNada mattu AkArada hAvugaLannu gurutisuttade (idaralli kappu baNNada hAvugaLU sEruttave); I eraDu hesarupadagaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu padakanteyAgi mADi baLasidAga A eraDu padagaLu gurutisuvavugaLalli samAnavAgiruvantaha kappu baNNada hAvu gurutisalpaDuttade.

samskxtadalli I rIti ‘parice’gaLa huruLannu koDuva hesaru padagaLannallade bEre hesarupadagaLannU innondu hesarupadadondige sErisi padakantegaLannAgi mADi hELalu baruttade. ettugegAgi, mxttikam ghaTam emba padakanteyalli mxttika ‘maNNu’ mattu ghaTa ‘koDa’ emba eraDu hesarupadagaLannu oTTige baLasalAgide. ivugaLalli modalaneyadu ‘maNNA’ giruva ondu vastuvannU mattu eraDaneyadu ‘koDa’vAgiruva ondu vastuvannU bEre bErAgi gurutisuttiddu, avu eraDU ondE padakanteya angavAgi bandiruva kAraNa ‘maNNina koDa’ vannu gurutisaballuvu. kannaDadalli I rIti eraDu hesarupadagaLannu

oTTige ondu padakanteya angagaLAgi baLasabEkiddalli, avugaLa naDu viruva pattugeyannu tiLisalu modalaneyadakke a oTTannu sErisi maNNina koDa embudAgi hELabEkAguttade.

padagumpugaLa maTTige kannaDa mattu samskxta nuDigaLa naDuviruva I mukyavAda vyatyAsadindAgi averaDu nuDigaLoLage padaracaneya hammugeyallU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLuttave embudannu nAvu munde nODaliruvevu. ettugegAgi, karmadAraya samAsavannu tatpuruSada ondu bageyendu samskxtada sollarigaru tiLiyalu A nuDiyalli viSEShaNa mattu viSEShyagaLa naDuvina pattugeyannu ….. sAdhyavAga diruvudE kAraNa. karmadhArayadalli antaha sambandhada badalu samA nAdhikaraNa (endare angagaLAgiruva eraDu padagaLU ondE vibhakti yalli baruttave) emba viShayavannu AdhAravAgirisikoLLabEkAguttade. kannaDadalli I samasyeyilladiddarU halavAru vayyAkaraNigaLu adarallU samskxtada hAge samAnAdhikaraNavE karmadhAraya samAsakke AdhAravendu tappAgi grahisikonDiddAre (೫.೬.೫ nODi).

bhAratada vAyavya gaDi pradESadalli ‘TibeTO-barman’ emba bhAShA kuTumbakke sErida maNipuri, bODO, luSAyi, sema, tAnkhur nAga modalAda nUrakkU jAsti nuDigaLu pracAradallive. ivu sollugaLa racanegAgi bEreyE ondu vidhAnavannu baLasuttave. I nuDigaLallU hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLemba eraDu mukhya pada vargagaLu mAtra kANisuttave. Adare, paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu I nuDigaLalli samskxtadalliruva hAge hesarupadagaLAgi bArade ‘sakapadagaLAgi baruttave.

ettugegAgi, I nuDigaLalli ‘sakapadagaLu ‘ODu’, ‘bILu’, ‘oDe’, ‘toLe’ modalAda esakagaLannu nirdESisuvudu mAtravallade bEre bEre rItiya ‘sthiti’gaLannU nirdESisuttiddu, ‘kappu’, ‘doDDa’, ‘oLLE’ modalAda paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLu I nuDigaLalli intaha sthitigaLannu nirdESisuva sakapadagaLAgi baruttave. hesarupadagaLondige I eraDu rItiya ‘sakapadagaLannU avugaLa kxdanta rUpadalli mAtravE baLasalu sAdhya.

maNipuri nuDiyalli esakagaLannu nirdESisuva cA (tinnu), cat (hOgu), modalAdavugaLa hAgeyE paricedharma (sthiti)gaLannu nirdE

Sisuva sAj (udda), mU (kappu) modalAdavugaLannU hesarupada gaLondige baLasabEkiddalli avugaLannu kxdantarUpakke badalAyisi koLLabEkAguttade embudarinda I viShaya spaShTavAguttade. udA:

ಅಬಾಬ ಮೀ	‘ತಿನ್ನುವ ಮನುಷ್ಯ’
ಅಚತ್‌ಪ ಮೀ	‘ಹೋಗುವ ಮನುಷ್ಯ’
ಅಸಾಬ್‌ಮೀ	‘ಉದ್ದ ಮನುಷ್ಯ’
ಅಮೂಬ ಮೀ	‘ಕಪ್ಪು ಮನುಷ್ಯ’

kannaDada hAge paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuva padagaLannu nEravAgi hesarupadagaLondige baLasalu I nuDiyalli sAdhyavAgadu. idallade bEre halavAru rItigaLallU I eraDu rItiya padagaLu maNipuri yalli ondE rItiyavAgive. ettugegAgi, kannaDadalli ‘sakapadagaLu kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige baraballuvallade (udA: baruttAne, banda, bandidda ityAdi) paricepadagaLu baralAravu. Adare maNipuri nuDiyalli ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLeraDU bEre bEre kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige baraballuvu. udA:

ಬಾಗನಿ	‘ತಿಂದಾನು’
ಚತ್‌ಕನಿ	‘ಹೋದಾನು’
ಸಾಜ್‌ಗನಿ	‘ಉದ್ದವಿದ್ದಾನು’
ಮೂರನಿ	‘ಕಪ್ಪಿದ್ದಾನು’

kannaDadalli udda mattu kappu emba paricepadagaLige kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakkAgi avugaLa munde iru emba ‘sakapadavannirisi A ‘sakapadakke kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade; Adare, maNipuriyalli I eraDu kannaDa padagaLige samAnavAgiruva padagaLigU (sAj mattu mU embantahavugaLigU) nEravAgi kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhya embudannu mElina ettugegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

bhAratadalli AsTO-ESiyATik emba innondu bhAShAkuTumbakke sErida munDAri, santAli, hO, khaDiyA sOrA modalAda bEre kelavu nuDigaLu baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli munDa emba upakuTumbakke sErida munDAri, santAli modalAda kelavu nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLella ondE padavargadalli sEruttave. I padavargavannu ‘sakapada illavE ‘AkhyAtapada’ embudAgi hesarisabahudu.

I nuDigaLalli baruva sollugaLu I ‘sakapadada mUlaka ondu esaka illavE sthitiyannu nirdESisuttiddu, A esakeyalli illavE sthitiyalli toDagiruva vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAduvannu sUkShmavAgi pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda ‘sakarUpadallEnE gurutisuttave. idallade intaha vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAdavugaLa viShayavAgi, mattu sollugaLu nirdESisuva esaka illavE sthitigaLa viShayavAgi heccina sangatigaLannu tiLisuvudakkAge I nuDigaLu bEre bEre rItiya ‘sakarUpagaLannE baLasuttave. hIge I nuDigaLu bEreyE ondu sollugaLa racaneya vidhAnavannanusarisuva kAraNa avakke ‘sakapadavemba ondE ondu padavargaviddare sAkAguttade; hesarupada mattu paricepada gaLemba bEre eraDu padavargagaLa avaSyakate baruvudilla.

bhAratada nuDigaLu hIge tammalliruva padagaLannu bEre bEre rIti yalli padavargagaLAgi vingaDisuva kAraNa avellavannU ondE rIti yalli (samskxtadalliruva hAge) varNisalu prayatnisidalli A nuDigaLa nijavAda svarUpaventahadu embudannu tiLiyalu namage sAdhyavAgadu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೩ paricedharmagaLalli vyatyAsa

kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukhya padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLiveyendu hELalu mEle sUcisidante avu sollugaLalli mUru bEre bEre kelasagaLannu naDesikoDabEkAguttade emba viShaya AdhAravAgaballudu mAtravalla, I mUru padavarga gaLalli sEruva padagaLu kannaDadalli bEre bEre rItiya paricedharmagaLannu tOrisuttave emba viShayavU AdhAravAgaballudu. iveraDakkU naDu viruva sambandhavEnendare, I mUru rItiya padagaLu tOrisuva paricedharmagaLu avu sollinalli naDesabEkAgiruva bEre bEre kelasagaLige sahAyakavAguvantahavugaLu.

kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLannu mUru bEre bEre padavargagaLalli vingaDisabEkembudakke AdhAravAgaballa I paricedharmagaLannu keLage svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

೨.೩.೧ nEravAda baLake

sAmAnyavAgi padagaLu tammavE Ada kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAdAgalella yAva pratyayavU sErirada ‘pratyayarahita’ rUpadalli baruttave. Adare bEre padavargagaLige sErida padagaLa kelasagaLannu naDesabEkAgi bandAga avu bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLondige sEruvudara mUlaka siddhavAda ‘pratyayayukta’ rUpagaLalli baruttave. kannaDadalli I rIti pratyayarahita rUpadalli baralu padagaLige mUru bEre bEre sandarbhagaLive. I viShayavannu kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru bEre bEre padavargagaLiveyembudakke AdhAra vAgi koDabahudu.

ettugegAgi, hesarupadagaLannu vibhaktipratyayagaLondige, ‘saka padagaLannu kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige, mattu paricepadagaLannu hesaru padagaLondige (illavE ‘sakapadagaLondige) nEravAgi baLasalu sAdhya vide. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, ‘sakapadagaLannu illavE paricepadagaLannu vibhaktipratyayagaLondige baLasabEkAdalli, hesarupadagaLannu illavE parice padagaLannu kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLondige baLasabEkAdalli, mattu hesaru padagaLannu illavE ‘sakapadagaLannu bEre hesarupadagaLondige illavE ‘sakapadagaLondige baLasabEkAdalli, avakke bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu (athavA padagaLannu) sErisuva avaSyakateyide.

kannaDadalli hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve avugaLa nEravAda baLakeyalli kANisuva I prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu keLagina ettugegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

(೧) vibhakti pratyayadondige baLake

hesarupada ‘sakapada paricepada kADa-nnu hADu-vu-da-nnu teLu-vinada-nnu mane-yannu bare-du-da-nnu haLe-yada-nnu

mara-vannu koDu-vu-da-nnu doDDa-da-nnu kivi-yannu kali-tu-da-nnu biLi-yada-nnu koraLi-ge horaDu-vu-da-kke mundi-nada-kke

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli hesarupadagaLu vibhakti pratyayagaLannu nEravAgi paDediruvudannu kANabahudu. I pratyayagaLa (annu mattu ige embavugaLa) modalige svara ideyAda kAraNa hesarupadagaLa koneyalliruva ukAra biddu hOgide mattu itara svaragaLa anantara yakAra illavE vakAragaLu heccuvariyAgi bandive. Adare ivella kannaDadalli naDeyuva sandhi niyamagaLiganusAravAgi naDeyuva badalA vaNegaLu.

‘sakapadagaLu I pratyayagaLondige baralu avugaLondige samayavannu sUcisuva v illavE d(t) emba pratyayavU mattu puruSha, vacana mattu lingagaLannu sUcisuva ud emba pratyayavU baruvudu avaSya embudannu eraDaneya kAlanna ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu. idE rItiyalli paricepadagaLu I vibhaktipratyaya gaLondige barabEkiddalli avakke ad (illavE in + ad) emba linga-vacanagaLannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisuvudu avaSya embu dannu mUraneya kAlanna ettugegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

kannaDadalli kelavu paricepadagaLu nEravAgi vibhaktipratyayagaLondige baraballuvembudannu kempa-nnu, hasuri-ge modalAda prayOgagaLalli kANabahudu. Adare intaha prayOgagaLalli I padagaLu hesaru padagaLAgiyE bandive. illi avakke ‘sonne’ pratyayavondannu sErisi hesarupadagaLannAgi badalisalAgideyendU kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. intaha prayOgagaLalli I padagaLu paricepadagaLa hAge paricedharma vondannu sUcisuva badalu hesarupadagaLa hAge adannu hesarisuttave embudannU gamanisabahudu.

(೫) idarinda svalpa kempannu kaDime mADalu sAdhyavAdItE?
(೫)nE sollinalli kempannu emba padakke ‘kempu baNNavannu’ emba
hesarupadakangida arthavideyembudannu gamanisabahudu.
(೨) samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baLake
kannaDadalli ‘sakapadagaLu mAtravE samayavannu sUcisuva pratyaya
gaLondige baraballuvu. hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLu avugaLondige
baralAravu. kelavu hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLannu I rIti samaya
vannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavideyAdarU
idakkAgi avakke isu emba pratyayavannAgalI (udA: hambala-
hambalisu, hesaru-hasarisu, ettara-ettarisu) illavE bEre kelavu
aniyamitavAda pratyayagaLannAgalI (udA: agali-agalu, oNa-
oNagu) sErisuvudara mUlaka avannu ‘sakapadagaLannAgi badalAyisi
koLLuva avaSyakateyide.
(೩) hesarupadagaLondige baLake
hesarupada ‘sakapada paricepada
kallina mane kaTTuva mane doDDa mane
baNNada kAgada bareyuva kAgada biLi kAgada
kAgadada hUvu bADida hUvu haLe hUvu
mAvina haNNu koLeta haNNu huLi haNNu
rAjuvina baTTe harida baTTe odde baTTe
mEle mUranE kAlannalliruva padakange’gaLalli doDDa, biLI, haLe
modalAda paricepadagaLu hesarupadagaLondige nEravAgi pratyayagaLa
sahAyavillade sErive. Adare eraDaneya kAlannalliruva padakange’gaLalli
kaTTu, bare, bADu modalAda ‘sakapadagaLu intaha baLakegAgi
samayavannu sUcisuva v illavE d(t) emba pratyayadondige
mattu avu viSEShaNagaLembudannu sUcisuva a emba pratyayadondige
barabEkAgide. idE rItiyalli, modalaneya kAlannalliruva padakange’
gaLalli kallu, baNNa, kAgada modalAda hesarupadagaLu intaha
baLakegAgi sambandhavannu sUcisuva a emba pratyayadondige
barabEkAgide.

kelavu hesarupadagaLu nEravAgi bEre hesarupadagaLondige bara balluvu. ettugegAgi, talegUdalu, hogesoppu, AnekAlu modalAda baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu. Adare intaha baLakegaLalli hesarupadagaLeraDu oTTu sEri ondE hesarupadavAgive. hAgAgi, ivannu padakange’gaLendu kareyuva badalu ‘jODupada’gaLendu kareyuva avaSyakateyide.

idE rItiyalli kelavu ‘sakapadagaLU nEravAgi hesarupada gaLondige baraballuvu. huTTuparice, bIsugallu, suLigALi moda lAda baLakegaLannu idakke ettugeyAgi koDabahudu. Adare intaha baLakegaLallU eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri jODupadagaLAgiveyallade, avu padakange’gaLAgi uLidilla. ‘sakapadagaLu hesarupadagaLondige ondu padakangida angavAgi barabEkiddalli mEle sUcisidante avakke samayavannu (illavE niShEdhArthavannu) sUcisuva pratyayavannU mattu avu viSEShaNagaLembudannu sUcisuva pratyayavannU sErisuva avaSyakate yide.

kannaDadalli kelavu paricepadagaLU hesarupadagaLondige sambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayadondige baraballuvu. ettugegAgi, ettara gODe ennuva badalu ettarada gODe embudAgiyU mattu kempu baTTe ennuva badalu kempina baTTe embudAgiyU hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare I eraDu rItiya baLakegaLa naDuve arthadalli vyatyAsavide. sambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayadondige bandAga ivu hesarupadagaLa hAge artha koDuttaveyallade paricepadagaLa hAge artha koDuvudilla. ettugegAgi I keLagina (೬-೭) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೬) A kallina gODeginta I kallina gODe nODalu cannAgide.

(೭) A ettarada gODeginta I ettarada gODe nODalu cannAgide.

(೬)nE sollinalli eraDu bEre bEre rItiya kallugaLinda (udA kaggallininda mattu murakallininda) kaTTida gODegaLannu hOlisalAgide; (೭)nE sollinallU idE rIti eraDu bEre bEre ettaragaLiruva (udA: Aru aDi mattu ArUvare aDi) gODegaLannu hOlisa

lAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. endare, ettara emba pada illi hesarupadavAgi bandide.

paricepadagaLige I rIti hesarupadagaLigiruvantaha artha avannu hesarupadagaLondige sambandhavannu sUcisuva pratyayadondige baLasi dAga mAtra baraballudu. avannu nEravAgi ettara gODe embudara lliruvante baLasidAga avakke I artha baralAradembudannu (೮)nE sollininda tiLiyabahudu.

(೮) A ettara gODe I ettara gODeginta nODalu cannAgide.

I (೮)nE sollige mEle (೭)nE sollige bandiruvante ‘eraDu bEre bEre ettaragaLiruva gODegaLu’ emba artha baralAradembudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

೨.೩.೨ arthadalli vyatyAsa

hesarupada, ‘sakapada, mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve avu koDuva artha dallU prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. sollugaLalli I mUru rItiya padagaLu naDesikoDabEkAgiruva kelasagaLu bEre bErAgiruvudE avakke I rIti bEre bEre rItiya arthagaLu baralu mukhya kAraNa. parice padagaLu hesarupadagaLondige sEri avugaLa arthavannu sankucita goLisabEkAgide. hAgAgi, avakke yAvudAdarU ondu niScitavAda paricedharmavannu mAtravE sUcisuvantaha arthaviruttade.

idakke vyatiriktavAgi, hesarupadagaLu bEre bEre rItiya vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisabEkAgide. hAgAgi, avakke sAmAnya vAgi antaha vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAduvakke sambandhisidantaha halavAru paricedharmagaLa ondu samUhavannE sUcisuva arthaviru ttade.

ettugegAgi kuruDu emba paricepadavannu kuruDa emba hesaru padadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. kuruDu emba paricepada ‘kaNNilla diruvike’ emba ondE ondu paricedharmavannu mAtra sUcisaballudu. Adare, kuruDa emba hesarupada I ondu

paricedharmavannu mAtra vallade, bEreyU halavu paricedharmagaLannu (udA: ‘ganDasu’, ‘betta hiDidu naDeyuvavanu’, ‘kivi bahaLa sUkShmavAgiruvavanu’, ityAdi) sUcisaballudu.

hesarupadagaLige I rIti bEre bEre paricedharmagaLa ondu samUha vannE sUcisuvantaha arthavide mAtravalla, antaha paricedharmagaLannu paDediruva obba vyakti, vastu illavE viShayavannu gurutisuvantaha heccina arthavU ide. nijakkU I eraDanE rItiya arthavannu koDuvudE hesarupadagaLa mukhya kelasa. ettugegAgi, kuruDa emba pada prAmukhyavAgi obba vyaktiyannu sUcisuttade. mEle sUcisida paricedharmagaLalli kelavu AtanallilladiddarU (udA: Ata ondu kOlannu hiDidillavAdarU) adu obba vyaktiyannu gurutisaballudu. paricepadagaLige I eraDanE rItiya arthavilla. idu hesarupadagaLigU mattu paricepadagaLigU naDuviruva atyanta prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsa.

hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLa naDuveyU arthada maTTige prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLive. hesarupadagaLu vyakti, vastu modalA duvannu gurutisuttiddu, avakke svatantravAda astitvavide. Adare ‘saka padagaLu ondu esakeyannu (illavE sthitiyannu) nirdESisuttiddu, sAmAnyavAgi avannu baLasabEkiddalli A esakeyalli toDagiruva vyakti, vastu, sthAna, kAla modalAduvannU sErisi hELuva avaSyakateyide. ettugegAgi, tinnu emba ‘sakapadavannu mAtinalli baLasidoDane yAru tindaru, yAvudannu tindaru, yAvAga tindaru, elli tindaru modalAda praSnegaLu ELadiruvudilla. hesarupadagaLu (udA: Ane, kADu, ityAdi) I rIti ‘sakapadagaLa hAge asvatantravAgillavAda kAraNa avannu baLasidAga intaha praSnegaLu ELadiralu sAdhyavide.

೨.೩.೩ hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli baLake

hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli paricepadagaLannu mAtravE baLasalu sAdhya emba niyama kannaDadallide. hesarupadagaLannAgalI illavE ‘sakapadagaLannAgalI antaha racanegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. ettugegAgi I keLagina (೯-೧೨) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೯) idu A maneginta doDDa mane.
(೧೦) avanaShTu bEga ODuvavanannu nAnu kANalilla.
(೧೧) I gODe A gODeginta ettara.
(೧೨) ellarigintalU heccu haNavannu tandavarige bahumAnavide.

mEle koTTiruva nAlku sollugaLallU hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLiddu, ivugaLallella paricepadavondu (doDDa, bEga, ettara illavE heccu embudu) khaDDAyavAgi bandideyembudannu gamanisa bahudu. intaha racanegaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu viSiShTavAda parice dharmavannu hOlikegAgi sUcisuvudu avaSya. ettugegAgi (೯)nE sollinalli eraDu manegaLannu avugaLa gAtrakke sambandhisidante hOlisa lAgide. I rIti viSiShTavAda ondu paricedharmavannu sUcisuva kelasavannu paricepadagaLu mAtra naDesaballuvu.

hesarupadagaLu ondakkinta jAsti paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuvu vAddarinda avannu intaha hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli ‘sakapadagaLu paricedharmavannu sUcisuva badalu esakeyannu sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa avannU intaha racanegaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೨.೩.೪ AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLalli baLake

AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLige AdhAravAgi paricepadavondara avaSyakateyideyembudu hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLannu paricepada gaLinda bErpaDisuva innondu sollugaLa racaneya niyama. kannaDadalli eShTu emba padada sahAyadinda AScaryasUcaka sollugaLannu racisa bEkAdAgalella adarondige paricepadavondannu baLasuva avaSyakateyide. ettugegAgi (೧೩-೧೫) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧೩) I Aneya kivi eShTu doDDadu!
(೧೪) avaLu eShTu jOrAgi hADuttiddALe!
(೧೫) I huDugiyadu eShTu oLLE parice!

idallade, Enu, hEge mattu entaha emba padagaLannu baLasiyU kannaDadalli AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLannu racisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLondige paricepadavondannu baLasadiralu sAdhyavideyAdarU antaha ondu padada artha ivugaLalli dhvanitavAgadiruvudillavembu dannu (೧೬-೧೮) sollugaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೬) avanu hEge ODida! (jOrAgi ODida)
(೧೭) avaru entaha mane kaTTisiddAre! (doDDa mane)
(೧೮) Enu sAmarthya avanadu! (heccina sAmarthya)

AScaryakke yAvudAdarU ondu paricedharma mUlavAgirabEku mattu antaha paricedharmavondannu paricepadagaLu mAtravE pratyEkisi sUcisa balluvu embudE I nirbandhakke kAraNavirabEku.

೨.೩.೫ mArdanisuva padagaLa baLake

padagaLondige avugaLa mArdaniyante kANisuva innondu padavannu baLasuva krama kannaDadallide. ettugegAgi, mane-gine, mArATa-gIrATa, kADu-gIDu, kuri-giri, emme-gimme, kOlu-gIlu modalAda baLakegaLalli intaha mArdanisuva padagaLannu kANabahudu. padada modalaneya akSharakke badalAgi adu giDDasvaradondigiddare gi emba akSharavannU mattu uddasvaradondigiddare gI emba akSharavannU baLasi I mArdanisuva padagaLannu racisabahudu.

ondu padadondige intaha mArdanisuva padavannu baLasidAga, A padavu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa viShayadalli aniScitate illavE aspaShTate sUcitavAguttade. ettugegAgi I (೧೯-೨೧) sollugaLalli bandiruva intaha mArdanisuva padagaLa arthavannu pari SIlisabahudu.

(೧೯) pETege hOgalu kArugIru iddare cennAgiruttade.

(೨೦) A hAdiyalli hAvugIvu irabahudu.

(೨೧) avaru manegin ellA kaLedukonDu kaShTadalliddAre.
(೧೯)nE sollinalli kAru embudannu baLasuva badalu kAru gIru
embudannu baLasiddarindAgi, adu gurutisuva vastuvina rUpa aspaShTa
vAgideyendu sUcitavAguttade. kAru, bayk, skUTar, saykal,
ityAdigaLalli yAvudu iddarU naDedu hOguvudakkinta illavE
bassige kAyuvudakkinta lEsu embartha I sollige baruttade.
kannaDadalli intaha mArdanisuva padagaLannu hesarupada mattu ‘saka
padagaLondige (udA: nODi-gIDi, tindare-nindare, hoDeyalu
giDayalu, ityAdi) baLasalu sAdhyavideyallade paricepadagaLondige
baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, paricepadagaLu ondu
viSiShTavAda paricedharmavannu sUcisuvudara mUlaka avugaLa anantara
baruva hesarupadada arthavannu sankucitagoLisabEkAguttade illavE
bEre rItiyalli badalAyisabEkAguttade. avugaLa I kelasakke avu
sUcisuva viShiShThavAda paricedharma atyanta prAmukhyavAdudAda
kAraNa, adannu aspaShTavAgi mADaballa mArdanisuva pada adarondige
bara lAradu.
೩.೬ baLakeyalli svAtantrya
hesarupadagaLigU paricepadagaLigU naDuve kANisuva innondu
mukyavAda vyatyAsavEnendare, hesarupadagaLige sollinalli heccina
svAtantryavide, Adare paricepadagaLige intaha svAtantryavilla. avu
yAvAgalU ondu hesarupadadondige hesarupadakam’da angavAgi
barabEkAguttade. I rIti I eraDu padavargagaLa naDuve kannaDadalli
avugaLa svAtantryada maTTigiruva vyatyAsavannu keLagina vyAkaraNa
niyamagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
(೧) kelavu pratyayagaLa baLake
ondu padavannu otti hELalu baLasuva E emba pratyaya, ‘mattu’
emba arthavannu koDuva U emba pratyaya, mattu ‘Adare’ emba
arthavannu koDuva O emba pratyaya I mUrannU kannaDa
sollugaLalli baruva hesarupadagaLondige (illavE

hesarupadakangigaLondige) sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide, Adare hesarupadakangigaLalli baruva paricepada gaLondige sErisi hELalu sAdhyavilla.

(೨೨) rAju hariyannu manege kareyalilla.
(೨೩) rAju hariyannE manege kareyalilla.
(೨೪) rAju hariyannU manege kareyalilla.
(೨೫) rAju hariyannO raviyannO manege karedAnu.
(೨೬) rAju doDDa kOlannU muridu hAkida.

(೨೬)nE sollinalli doDDa kOlannu emba padakangondige U emba pratyayavannu sErisi hELalAgide. Adare I pratyayavannu doDDa emba paricepadadondige sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. itara eraDu pratyayagaLU hIgeyE.

kannaDa sollugaLalli kANisuva I niyamakke kAraNavEnendare, paricepadagaLu hesarupadagaLondige avakke sahAyakagaLAgi baruttave mattu I kAraNakkAgi avakke sollinalli svatantravAda astitvavilla. mEle koTTa mUru pratyayagaLu avannu hesarupadagaLinda bErpaDisi svatantra padagaLannAgi mADaballuvAda kAraNa, mattu hIge mADuvudarinda avugaLa (endare paricepadagaLa) mukhya kelasakke aDDiyunTAguvudAda kAraNa avugaLondige I pratyayagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

(೨) solli nada modala sthAnakke taruvudu

sollina bEre bEre bhAgagaLalli baruva hesarupadagaLannu (illavE hesarupadakangegaLannu) sollina modala sthAnakke tandirisalu sAdhyavide. hIge mADuvudarinda A hesarupadavu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAduvakke sollina mukhya vyakti illavE vastu emba artha labhisuttade. ettugegAgi (೨೭-೨೯) sollugaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೨೭) rAju madumaganige kempu hU koTTa.

(೨೮) madumaganige rAju kempu hU koTTa.

(೨೯) kempu hUvannu rAju madumaganige koTTa.
(೨೭)nE sollinalli rAju emba hesarupadavU, (೨೮)nE sollinalli
madumaga emba hesarupadavU mattu (೨೯)nE sollinalli kempu hU
emba hesarupadakange’vU modalaneya sthAnadalli bandive.
Adare I rIti sollinalliruva paricepadagaLannu modalaneya
sthAnakke tandirisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avu yAvAgalU avakke sambandhisida
hesaru padadondige mAtravE baraballuvu. ettugegAgi (೨೯)nE
sollinalli kempu emba paricepada hU emba hesarupadadondige
modalaneya sthAnakke bandide. kempu embudannu mAtravE I rIti
modalaneya sthAnakke taralu sAdhyavAgadu embudannu kannaDada vyAkaraNa
niyamakke oLapaDada (೩೦)nE sollininda tiLiyabahudu.
(೩೦) *kempu rAju madumaganige hU koTTa.
(೩) sollu mugida mEle sUcisuvudu
hesarupadavondannu (illavE hesarupadakangi’vondannu) sollinalli
sUcisade sollina anantara sUcisalU sAdhyavide. Adare
paricepadavannu I rIti sollina horage nillisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu
embudannu (೩೪)nE sollu vyAkaraNa sammatavalla embudarinda
tiLiyabahudu.
(೩೧) madumaganige kempu hU koTTidda, rAju.
(೩೨) rAju kempu hU koTTidda, madumaganige.
(೩೩) rAju madumaganige koTTidda, kempu hU.
(೩೪) *rAju madumaganige hU koTTidda, kempu.
(೪) sollina eduru nillisuvudu
hesarupadavondannu sollininda bErpaDisi adakkedurAgi nillisalu
kannaDadallondu viSiShTavAda sollurUpada baLakeyide. idakkAgi
sollinalli baruva ‘sakapadavannu adara viSEShaNa rUpakke badalAyisa

bEkAguttade. Adare, paricepadagaLannu I rIti avu baruva sollina eduru nillisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

(೩೫) madumaganige kempu hU koTTaddu rAju.
(೩೬) rAju kempu hU koTTaddu madumaganige.
(೩೭) rAju madumaganige koTTaddu kempu hU.
(೩೮) *rAju madu maganige hU koTTaddu kempu.

hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve kANisuva I ellA vyatyAsagaLU sollinalli hesarupadagaLige svatantravAda sthAnavide, Adare paricepadagaLige antaha svatantravAda sthAnavilla, avu hesarupadagaLige sahAyakagaLAgi avugaLa adhInadalli baruvavugaLu embudarinda mUDibandive embuda nnilli gamanisabahudu.

೨.೩.೭ sthAyi mattu asthAyi

hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLa naDuve kannaDadalli ‘sthAyi’ mattu ‘asthAyi’ emba innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavide. hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLu badalAgade uLiyaballuvu mattu badalAdarU avugaLa mUlarUpa hAgeyE uLiyaballudu. hAgAgi avannu sthAyigaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare, ‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLu sAmAnyavAgi naDedu hOguvantahavugaLAda kAraNa asthAyigaLAgiruttave.

I vyatyAsakke anusAravAgi, hesarupadagaLondige baruva paricepada gaLu sAmAnyavAgi sthAyi paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuttiruttave mattu ‘sakapadagaLondige baruvavugaLu sAmAnyavAgi asthAyi paricedharma gaLannu sUcisuttiruttave.

‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLella naDedu hOguvantahavu gaLu. avugaLalli oDe, biDu, biri, muri modalAda kelavu ‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLu kShaNika esakagaLAdare, Odu, ODu, bare, iLi modalAda bEre kelavu ‘sakapadagaLu nirdESisuva esakagaLu svalpa kAla naDeyaballantahavugaLu. Adare I ellA esaka gaLU

naDeduhOguvantahavugaLE embudannu sollinalli avannu baLasa bEkAdAgalella sAmAnyavAgi avugaLondige kAlavAcaka pratyayagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade embudarinda tiLiyabahudu. kannaDadalli sthAyi ennisa bahudAda ‘sakapadagaLu bahaLa aparUpa. iru embudondu intaha sthAyi ‘sakapadavendu hELabahudu.

idallade, kannaDadalli ‘sakapadavondannu eraDu mUru bEre bEre sollugaLalli prayOgisideyAdare, A ‘sakapadavu nirdESisuva esaka eraDu mUru bAri naDedideyemba artha baruvudallade ondu bAri naDeda esakeyannu adu mUru bAri nirdESisuvantaha artha baruvudilla. ettugegAgi, (೩೯)ralli bandiruva sollugaLannu gamanisa bahudu.

(೩೯) rAju manege ODida. allinda ardha ganTe biTTu SAlege
ODida.
(೩೯)ralli banda ODu emba ‘sakapadada eraDu prayOgagaLu eraDu
bEre bEre esakagaLannu nirdESisuttiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.
idakke vyatiriktavAgi, hesarupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu
modalAdavugaLu sthAyigaLAgiddu, avugaLalli ondannE halavAru bAri
bEre bEre sollugaLalli puna: puna: gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide.
(೪೦) rAju kaLeda vAra ondu maduvege hOgidda. alli
rAjuvina tangiya kacEri ittu.
(೪೦)ralli banda rAju emba padada eraDU prayOgagaLU obbanE
vyaktiyannu gurutisuttave embudannu gamanisabahudu.
hesarupadavondu I rIti halavAru bAri sollugaLalli bandAga
adu ondE vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuttadeyE athavA bEre
bEre vyakti illavE vastugaLannu gurutisuttideyE embudannu sUcisu
vudakkAgi A, I modalAda nirdESaka padagaLa illavE sarvahesarugaLa
baLakeyAguttade.

‘sakapadagaLondige nEravAgi baraballa samayavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu hesarupadagaLondige baralAravu emba niyamakkU (೨.೩.೧ nODi) hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavE kAraNavirabEku.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೪ padavargagaLa sadasyatva

hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLemba mUru mukhya padavarga gaLu kannaDadalliveyembudannu I mUru rItiya padagaLa naDuve kannaDa sollugaLalli kANisuva mEle vivarisidantaha vyatyAsagaLu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttave. hesarupada mattu paricepadagaLa naDuve intaha vyatyAsagaLAvuvU samskxtadalli kANisikoLLuvudillavAda kAraNa, A bhASheyalli I rIti eraDu bEre bEre padavargagaLiruva badalu hesarupadavemba ondE padavargavideyendu hELuva avaSyakateyide. kannaDa mattu samskxta nuDigaLa naDuviruva I ondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavE avugaLa padaracaneyalli kANisuva halavAru vyatyAsagaLige mUla kAraNavembudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

kannaDa padagaLannella I rIti mUru mukhya padavargagaLalli vingaDisa horaTAga yAva yAva padagaLannu yAva yAva vargagaLalli sErisabEku emba viShayadalli sandEhavunTAgalu sAdhyavide, idakke ondu kAraNavEnendare, kelavu padagaLa baLake ondu padavargakke mAtravE sImitavAgirade eraDu illavE mUru padavargagaLigU vistarisiralu sAdhyavide.

ettugegAgi, udda emba pada ondu sollinalli paricepada vAgiyU baraballudu (udA: udda gODe), mattu hesarupada vAgiyU baraballudu (udA: gODeya udda); hADu emba pada hesarupadavAgiyU baraballudu (udA: avanondu hADannu bareda), ‘sakapadavAgiyU baraballudu (udA: avanondu kavite yannu hADida).

innondu kAraNavEnendare, kelavu padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli ondu padavargakke sEruvantiddare bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli innondu padavargakke sEruvantiruttave. ettugegAgi, nAlku emba sankhye yannu sUcisuva pada kelavu viShayagaLalli paricepadagaLa hAgide (udA:

nAlku pustaka emballi adu nEravAgi (endare, sambandhavannu sUcisuva a emba pratyayada sahAyavillade) hesarupadada munde bandide). Adare bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli adu hesarupadagaLa hAgide. (udA: nAlkakke, nAlkarinda, nAlkannu ityAdi vibhakti rUpagaLu adakkive). hAgAgi, intaha padagaLannu yAva padavargadalli sErisi koLLabEku emba viShayadalli sandEhavunTAgalu sAdhyavide.

Adare intaha paristhitiyiruvudu nuDigaLalli baruva padagaLa svAbhAvikavAda paricedharmavE Agide. padavargavondaralli sErikoLLuva padagaLalli ellavU ondE rItiyAgi A padavargada paricedharmagaLannu tOrisuvudilla. kelavu padagaLu ellA paricedharmagaLannU spaShTavAgi tOrisuttiddu, A padavargada ‘mAdari’ padagaLendenisikoLLuttave. Adare, bEre kelavu padagaLu antaha paricedharmagaLalli kelavannu mAtravE tOrisikoDuttiddu avu A padavargada ancinalli nillu vantahavugaLAgiruttave.

hAgAgi, padavargavondara paricedharmagaLu adara mAdari padagaLa paricedharmagaLu mAtra, A padavargadalli sEruva ellA padagaLU tOrisuva (illavE tOrisabEkAgiruva) paricedharmagaLalla embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೨.೫ sArAmSa

kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi mUru vargagaLige sEruva padagaLive. ivannu hesarupada, ‘sakapada mattu paricepadagaLendu kareyabahudu. ivugaLalli hesarupadagaLu vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvu dakkAgiyU mattu ‘sakapadagaLu esakagaLannu nirdESisuvudakkAgiyU sollugaLalli baLakeyAguttave. hesarupada illavE ‘sakapadagaLa artha vannu heccisi, avugaLa vyApti kaDimeyAguvante mADalu paricepadagaLu baLakeyAguttave.

padavargagaLa sankhye bEre bEre nuDigaLalli bEre bErAgiruttade. samskxtadalli hesarupada mattu ‘sakapadagaLemba eraDE padavarga gaLiddu, kannaDada paricepadagaLige samanAda padagaLu samskxtadalli hesaru padavargakke sEruttave. idakke badalu I padagaLu ‘sakapadavargakke sEruva maNipuriyantaha nuDigaLU mattu I mUru rItiya padagaLU ondE padavargadalli baruva munDAriyantaha nuDigaLU

bhAratadallive. I bEre bEre nuDigaLalli sollu racaneya niyamagaLu bEre bErAgiddu, sollugaLalli I padagaLu naDesabEkAguva kelasagaLU bEre bErAgiruvudE I rIti avugaLalli baruva padavargagaLa sankhye yalli vyatyAsa kANisalu mukhya kAraNa.

I mUru padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLa naDuve kannaDadalli halavu rItiya vyatyAsagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. I vyatyAsagaLu sollugaLalli I padagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva prAmukhyavAda kelasagaLu yAvuvu embudara mEle avalambisive. vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi hesarupadagaLannu hAgeyE nEravAgi baLasalu sAdhya vide, Adare ‘sakapada illavE paricepadagaLannu avugaLadallada I kelasa dalli baLasalu avakke kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisabEkAguttade. idE rItiyalli ‘sakapadagaLa kelasadalli hesarupada illavE paricepadagaLannu mattu paricepadagaLa kelasadalli hesarupada illavE ‘sakapadagaLannu nEra vAgi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu.

I mUru rItiya padagaLa naDuve avugaLa arthadallU vyatyAsa vide. paricepadagaLu ondE ondu viSiShTavAda paricedharmavannaShTE sUcisuvuvAdare, hesarupadagaLu halavu paricedharmagaLannu oTTAgi sUcisuttave mattu ivugaLa mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa llondannu gurutisuttave. paricedharmagaLannu sUcisuvudakkintalU antaha paricedharmavannu paDediruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa llondannu gurutisuvudE ivugaLa mukhya kelasa. hAgAgi, hesarupadagaLa baLakeyalli avugaLa oLaracanege illavE antaha racaneyinda dorakuva arthakke heccina prAdhAnyateyilla.

kannaDadalli baruva padagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu sari yAgi tiLidokoLLalu avu baruva I mUru padavargagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella kANisikoLLuttave embudannu tiLidukonDiruvudu atyavaSya.

adhyAya mUru nAmapadagaLa oLaracane

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೧ hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu

vAkyada mUlaka ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisabEkAdalli, illavE vidhisuvudu, niShEdhisuvudu, praSnisuvudu modalAda itara mAtina kelasagaLalli adannu toDagisabEkAdalli, antaha ghaTaneyalli nirata rAgiruva illavE niratarAgaliruva vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalA davugaLannu avu intahavE embudAgi gurutisi hELuva avaSyakate yide. hIge gurutisi hELuvudakkAgi nAvu nAmapadagaLannu illavE nAmapadagucchagaLannu baLasuttEve. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva (೧)nE vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

(೧) rAju avana henDatige maysUrininda rEShme sIre tandiddAne.

(೧)nE vAkyadalli rAju mattu avana henDati emba eraDu vyaktigaLannU, maysUru emba ondu sthaLavannU, mattu rEShme sIre emba ondu vastuvannU gurutisi hELalAgide. ivu taru emba kriyApadavu tiLisuva ghaTaneyalli toDagidda vyakti, sthaLa mattu vastu gaLAgive.

I rIti vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisi hELuva kelasa vannu nAmapadagaLu eraDu mukhyavAda vidhAnagaLa mUlaka naDesi koDaballuvu. A vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu hesarisuvudara mUlaka avannu gurutisuvudu ondu vidhAna, mattu avugaLalli

kANisuvuda viSiShTavAdondu guNadharmavannu varNisuvudara mUlaka avannu gurutisuvudu innondu vidhAna.

mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE vAkyadalli I eraDu rItiya gurutisuva vidhAnagaLannU baLasalAgideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. rAju mattu maysUru emba eraDu nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyakti mattu ondu sthaLavannu gurutisuttave. idakke badalu, avana henDati mattu rEShme sIre emba eraDu nAmapadagucchagaLu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka innobba vyaktiyannu mattu innondu vastuvannu gurutisuttave.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa ankita nAmagaLirabahudu illavE rUDhanAmagaLirabahudu (೩.೫.೧ nODi). mEle koTTiruva (೧)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva hesarisuva nAmapada gaLeraDU ankita nAmagaLE. Adare I kelasavannu rUDhanAmagaLU naDesaballuvembudannu keLage koTTiruva (೨)nE vAkyadinda tiLiya bahudu.

(೨) agasa kattege hoDeyuttiddAne.

I (೨)nE vAkyadalli agasa mattu katte emba eraDu rUDhanAmagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyakti mattu ondu prANiyannu gurutisuttave.

vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalliruva guNadharmavondannu varNisu vudara mUlaka avannu gurutisuvantaha nAmapadagucchagaLallU hesarisuva nAmapadagaLiraballuvu. Adare ivu bEre hesarisuva nAma padagaLondige, illavE guNapada, sankhyApada, sarvanAma modalAdavu gaLondige sErikonDu I rIti varNisuva kelasavannu naDesuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, rAjuvina aNNa emba nAmapadagucchadalli aNNa emba hesarisuva nAmapada(rUDhanAma)vu rAju emba innondu hesarisuva nAmapada(ankitanAma)dondige sEri, varNisuva kelasavannu naDesuttade. kempu gulAbi emba nAmapadagucchadalli gulAbi emba hesarisuva nAmapadavu kempu emba guNapadadondige sEri I kelasavannu naDesuttade.

varNisuva kelasavannu ondakkinta jAsti padagaLiruva ‘padaguccha’vE naDesikoDabEkemba niyamavEnU illa. ondE ondu nAmapadada

baLakeyAgiruvAgalU adu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu hesarisuva badalu varNisuttiralu sAdhyavide. Adare intaha baLakeyalli baruva nAmapadagaLu obba viSiShTavAda vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi keLage koTTiruva (೩)nE vAkyavannu gamanisabahudu.

(೩) Akege heppu hAkalu majjige bEkAgide.
I (೩)nE vAkyadalli bandiruva majjige emba nAmapada yAvudE
ondu viSiShTavAda vastuvannu gurutisuttilla. antaha vastuvina varNane
yannu mAtra adu koDuttide. A varNanege honduvantaha vastu
vondannu gurutisuva kelasa mAtanADuvavanadalla, bErobbanadu -
endare majjigeyannu koDabEkAgiruva vyaktiyadu - embudannilli
gamanisabahudu.
varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu
gurutisuva kelasavannu nAmapadagucchagaLu mAtravallade kriyApada
mattu guNapadagaLU naDesaballuvu. Adare idakkAgi kriyApadagaLige
mattu guNapadagaLige kelavu viSiShTavAda pratyayagaLannu sErisikoLLuva
avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi kriyApadagaLige -ike emba pratyaya
vannu sErisuvudara mUlaka doreyuva kriyArUpagaLu antaha kriyA
padagaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka
gurutisaballuvu.
(೪) avana bareyuvike innU mugidilla.
(೫) ajjana bayyuvikege yArU soppu hAkuvudilla.
idE rItiyalli guNapadagaLige -tana emba pratyayavannu sErisu
vudara mUlaka doreyuva guNapadarUpagaLu A guNapadagaLu
sUcisuva guNadharmagaLannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisa
balluvu.
(೬) avana doDDanatavannu ellarU ballaru.
(೭) avana oLLetanavannu kelavaru tamma lAbhakke baLasikonDi
ddAre.

kannaDa vAkyagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embu dannu tiLiyuvalli hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvantaha nAmapadagaLannu mAtravE gamanakke tegedukonDare sAku. yAkendare, varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvavugaLella nAmapadagucchagaLu (illavE kriyApada rUpagaLu athavA guNapada rUpagaLu). bariya nAmapadagaLu A rIti baLakeyAguvudilla.

varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa oLaracane vAkyaracaneya tatvagaLa nnanusarisideyallade padaracaneya tatvagaLannanusarisillavAda kAraNa pada racaneyannu viSlEShisuva I pustakadalli avannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakate yilla.

Adare, kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLalli heccinavarU I vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi gamanisidantilla. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli heccinavU mAvina mara, neremane suddi, keTTa buddhi, biLiya baTTe modalAduvannu samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koTTiruvudannu kANa bahudu. nijakkU ivu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vastu, viShaya modalAdannu gurutisuttaveyallade hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuttilla. endare, ivella nAmapadagucchagaLallade nAmapadagaLalla. hAgAgi, ivannu ‘samAsa’ emba padaracaneya vidhAnadinda siddhavAda nAmapadagaLendu hELuvudu tappu.

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu I rIti nAmapada mattu nAmapada guccha iveraDara naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu gamanisadiralu ondu mukhya vAda kAraNavide. avaru kannaDada samAsavannu nEravAgi kannaDadalli baruva padagaLa pariSIlaneya AdhArada mEle varNisuva badalu, samskxta samAsagaLannu modalu varNisi, anantara avakke sarihondu vante kannaDadalli udAharaNegaLannu kanDuhiDiyuva illavE tayArisi koLLuva prayatnavannu mADiruttAre. I paddhati kESirAjana kAla dindalU naDedu bandideyAda kAraNa, kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa maTTige samAsavembudu ondu arthavAgada kagganTAgide.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLu entahavu, avugaLa oLaracanegU mattu avugaLa baLakegU naDuve entaha sambandhavide embudannu sariyAgi tiLidukonDu, ‘samAsa’ emba vyAkaraNa vidhAnakke I nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli yAva sthAnavide embudannu pariSIlisi

dAga mAtra kannaDada samAsaventahadu emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu. intaha pariSIlanege anukUlavAguvante modalu hesarisuva mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuve entaha vyatyAsagaLella ive embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu avaSya. I eraDu rItiya vidhAnagaLannu baLasuva nAmapada mattu nAmapadagucchagaLannu bErpaDisuva bage hEge embu dannu anantara tiLidukoLLabahudu.

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೩.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu

hesarisuva vidhAna mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLa naDuvina mukhya vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva ‘jODupada’gaLigU (endare eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu ‘samAsa’ vemba vidhAnada mUlaka jODisuvudara mUlaka tayArAda pada gaLigU) mattu nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsaventahadu embudannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide. idakkAgi karihalage emba jODupadadondige biLisIre emba nAmapadagucchavannu hOlisi nODabahudu.

iveraDara naDuve baLakeyalli bahaLa vyatyAsavideyembudannu gamanisabEku. biLi sIre embudara mUlaka beLLagiruva yAvudE sIreyannu bEkiddarU gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare I sIre biLi baNNaddE Agiruvudu avaSya. kempu, kappu, nIli, haLadi modalAda baNNagaLalliruva sIregaLannu I padagucchada mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

idallade biLisIre embudu gurutisuva vastu ondu sIreyE AgiruvudU avaSya. biLi baNNadalliruva bEre vastugaLannu (udA: pance, TOpi, kAgada modalAduvannu) biLisIre emba I padagucchada mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. biLisIre embudu ondu viSiShTavAda guNadharmavannu paDediruva vastuvannu (biLiyAgiruva sIreyannu) varNisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

karihalage emba jODupadada baLake idarinda tIra bhinnavAdudu. adu SAleyalli upAdhyAyaru vidyArthigaLige kANisuvante doDDa akSharagaLalli bareyalu baLasuva ondu sAdhanavannu hesarisuttade. I sAdhana kappu baNNaddE AgirabEkemba niyamavEnU illa. hasuru, nIli modalAda itara baNNadavU Agirabahudu. endare, baNNa tappilladiddarU

I sAdhanavannu karidalige emba jODupadada mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

idallade, I sAdhanada racaneyalli halageya upayOgavAgira bEkemba niyamavU illa. adu raTTinadirabahudu, illavE plAsTik‌na dirabahudu. gODeya ondu bhAgakke baNNa hacci, sIme suNNadalli (illavE itara bareyuva sAdhanadalli) baredudu kANisuvante mADa lAgideyAdarU adannu karihalage emba jODupadada sahAyadinda gurutisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

intaha bareyuva sAdhanavondannu biTTu bEre vastugaLu kappu baNNadavAgiddu, halageyinda racitavAgiveyAdarU avannu karihalage emba I jODupadada mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavAgadu. antaha vastugaLannu gurutisalu kappuhalage emba bEreyE ondu nAmapada gucchavannu baLasabEkAdItu.

karihalage emba pada ondu viSiShTavAda vastuvannu hesarisuttiddu, A padakkU mattu adu hesarisuva vastuvigU naDuve rUDhimUlavAda ondu sambandhavErpaTTideyallade adu A vastuvannu varNisuttilla embudE A jODupadada angagaLAgiruva kari mattu halage emba padagaLigU mattu adu hesarisuva vastuvigU naDuve nEravAda sambandhavilla embudakke mukhya kAraNa.

hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva jODupadakkU mattu varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva nAmapadagucchakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu innondu udAharaNege mUlaka innaShTu spaShTavAguvante mADa bahudu. cikkamma embudu ondu jODupada. adu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka ondu viSiShTavAda sambandhavannu (mattu A sambandhadalliruva vyaktiyannu) gurutisuttade. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, cikka huDugi embudu ondu nAmapadaguccha. adu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade.

cikkamma emba jODupadada angagaLAgiruva cikka mattu amma emba eraDu padagaLu adu gurutisuva sambandha entahadu embudannu sUcisuttaveyEnO nija; Adare, cikkamma emba padada arthavannu nEravAgi I ଅଙ୍ଗgaLa arthadinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, obba vyaktiya cikkamma vayassinalli Atana tAyiginta doDDavaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. (Ake cikkappana maDadiyAgiddare sAku). aShTE alla, obba

vyaktiya cikkamma A vyaktiginta cikkavaLAgiyU iralu sAdhyavide. (Atana amma hIgiralu sAdhyavilla tAnE!).

idallade, cikka emba padakkiruva itara arthagaLU I jODu padada arthavannu sAdhisuvalli sahAyakavAgalAravu. udAharaNegAgi, obba vyaktiya cikkamma Atana ammaniginta gAtradalli cikkavaLAgira bEkendEnilla.

cikkamma emba pada ondu viSiShTavAda sambandhavannu hesarisuttiddu, adannu A sambandhadondige jODisuvudu bariya rUDhiyallade bErE nalla embudE adara arthadalli kANisuva I vaySiShTyagaLige kAraNa.

idakke vyatiriktavAgi, cikka huDugi emba nAmapadagucchada arthavannu nEravAgi adara angagaLAgi bandiruva cikka mattu huDugi emba padagaLa sahAyadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide. I eraDu padagaLu oTTAgi koDuva arthakke vyatiriktavAguvantaha artha I nAmapada gucchakke baralAradu. cikka huDugi embudu ondu viSiShTavAda guNa dharmavannu sUcisuttiddu, adu A guNadharmaviruva vyaktiyannu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuttiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

jODupadagaLu mAtravallade, terige, kaTTaDa, uDupu, meTTalu modalAda pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLU idE rItiyalli hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave. avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avakkU avugaLa arthakkU naDuviruva sambandha rUDhiyinda siddavAdudembudE idakke kAraNa.

idE rItiyalli yAva oLaracaneyU illada mara, Ane, giDa, gANa modalAda nAmapadagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlakavE vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuttave. avakke avu koDuva artha dondige rUDhiyinda doreta sambandhavannu mAtravE kalpisikoLLalu sAdhya embudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, mara emba nAmapadakke arthavannu koDaballa oLaracane A padadallilla. makAra, akAra, rakAra mattu akAragaLu sEri adu siddhavAgideyAdarU, adara racaneyalli baruva I varNagaLige athavA avugaLa bEre bEre sErikegaLige (ma, ra, mar, ar, ara ityAdigaLige) mara embudara arthavannu sAdhisuvalli sahAyakavAgu

vantaha svatantravAda astitvavilla. hAgAgi mara emba nAmapadakke oLa racaneya AdhArada mEle artha hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu I rItiyavallavEnO nija. yAvu dAdarondu padakke ondO eraDO pratyayagaLannu sErisi avannu tayArisalAgide. avugaLa racaneyalli baruva padagaLige mattu pratyaya gaLige artha hELalu sAdhyaviddu, I arthada AdhArada mEle avakkU arthavannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare nijakkU avugaLa baLake I rIti avugaLa oLaracaneyinda doreyuva arthada mEle avalambisiru vudilla. jODupadagaLa baLakeya hAge avugaLa baLakeyU avakkU avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAduvakkU naDuve rUDhiyalliruva sambandhada mEle mAtravE avalambisiruttade.

udAharaNegAgi naDate emba nAmapadada baLakeyannu pariSIlisa bahudu. I nAmapadavannu naDe emba kriyApadakke temba pratyaya vannu sErisi racisalAgide. Adare I nAmapadakke artha hELalu adara oLaracaneyannu mAtravE pariSIlisidare sAkAgadu. naDate emba pada obba vyakti hEge naDeyuttAne embudannu tiLisuvudakkintalU avanu bEre bEre rItiya kelasagaLannu hEge mADuttAne, bEre bEre sandarbha gaLalli hEge vartisuttAne embudannu tiLisuttade. endare, I pratyaya viruva nAmapadada artha hELalu adakke entaha baLake rUDhiyallide embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu atyavaSya.

pratyayaviruva padagaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvuvallade varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvudilla embudE avugaLa baLakeyalli mattu arthadalli kANisuva I vaySiShTyagaLige mUla kAraNa.

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೩.೩ vyatyAsagaLu

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvu dakkAgi hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. avugaLige artha hELuva kramadalli, vAkyagaLalli baLasa bEkAdAga avannu AydukoLLuva kramadalli, mattu avugaLa racaneyalli baruva niyamagaLa svarUpadalli bahaLaShTu vyatyAsagaLive. ivellavakkU avu baLasuva hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba I eraDu

vidhAnagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLE mUlakAraNavembudannu I vyatyAsa gaLa pariSIlaneyinda tiLiyabahudu.

೩.೩.೧ tayArike mattu baLake

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve avugaLa tayArike mattu baLakegaLalli vyatyAsavide. hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli pratiyondannU bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli avugaLa avaSyakate tOribandAga bhASheyannu baLasuva obba vyakti tayArisiru tAne illavE bEre bhASheyinda eravalAgi paDediruttAne. anantara samAjada mannaNe paDedu, intaha padagaLellavU ondondAgi bhASheyalli baLakege bandiruttave. idakke viruddhavAgi, varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLu avannu baLasabEkAgiruva pratiyondu sandarbha dallU vyAkaraNa niyamagaLiganusAravAgi punaH punaH racitavAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi ugibanDi emba hesarisuva nAmapadavannu pari SIlisabahudu. adu hesarisuva sAdhana namma gamanakke illavE upa yOgakke bandAga adannu hesarisuvudakkAgi yArO obbaru A padavannu racisirabEku. mattu anantara itararU A pada sariyAdu dendu adannu baLasatoDagidudarinda adu namma bhASheyalli baLakege bandirabEku. idakke badalAgi, bassu emba pada sUcisuva intahadE innondu sAdhanavannu nAvu baLasatoDagidAga adannu hesarisalu ingliSh bhASheyinda padavondannu eravalAgi paDediddu, A padavE rUDige bandirabEku. intaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLella ondalla ondu sandarbhadalli tayArAgi illavE eravalAgi bEre bhAShegaLinda bandu namma bhASheyalli rUDhiyAgiruva padagaLu.

varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa baLake I rItiyadalla. obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu gurutisabEkAdAga, avugaLalli kANisuva illavE bEre rItiyalli namma gOcarakke baruva guNadharmagaLa llondannu Arisi, adara mUlaka A vyakti illavE vastuvannu varNisi hELalu nAmapadagucchavondannu racisikoLLuttEve.

udAharaNegAgi mEjina mEle mUru nAlku cenDugaLiddu avallondannu gurutisi hELalu (endare itara cenDugaLinda adannu pratyEkisi hELalu) A cenDinalli kANisuva mattu itara cenDugaLalli kANisadiruva guNadharmavondannu ArisikoLLuttEve, mattu adannu sUcisuvantaha padagucchavondannu racisikoLLuttEve. I rIti, sandarbha

kkanusAravAgi, kempu cenDu, doDDa cenDu, oDeda cenDu modalAda padagucchagaLallondannu racisi, adu A guNadharmavannu varNisuvudara mUlaka nAvu gurutisabEkAgiruva cenDannu gurutisu vante mADuttEve.

೩.೩.೨ guNadharmada Ayke

mEle sUcisiruva vyatyAsada phalavEnendare, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva guNadharma avannu baLasuva sandarbhadalli avu gurutisa bEkAgiruva vastuvinalli iralEbEkendilla. Adare, varNisuva nAmapada gucchagaLu sUcisuva guNadharma avannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLallella avaSyavAgiyU avu gurutisabEkAgiruva vastuvinalli iralEbEkemba niyamavide. hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu sUcisuva guNadharma A hesarannu utpAdisuva samayadalli mAtravE avu gurutisuva vastu vinalli iddiralu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, hosamane emba nAmapada ondu vaThAradalli iruva ondu manege A vaThAradavaru koTTiruva mattu anantara rUDhige bandiruva hesarAgiralu sAdhyavide. A mane haLeyadAda mElU adannu adE hesarininda gurutisuttiralu sAdhyavide, mattu bEre halavAru hosa hosa manegaLannu adara sutta mutta kaTTalAgideyAdarU, A haLeyadAgiruva maneyannE hosamaneyemba hesarininda gurutisuttiralu sAdhyavide.

mEle koTTiruva karihalageyemba padada baLakeyU idE rIti yadu. A padavannu modala bArige tayArisi, baLasida samayadalli upAdhyAyaru klAsinalli bareyalu baLasuttidda sAdhana halagege kappu baNNa baLiyuvudara mUlaka racitavAgiddudAgirabEku. hAgAgi, karihalage emba hesaru Avattina kAladalli sariyAgiyE A sAdhanada guNadharmavondannu sUcisuttittu. Adare, anantara bEre bEre baNNada mattu bEre bEre dravyagaLinda mADida sAdhanagaLu A kAryakkAgi baLakege bandiveyAdarU karihalage emba A sAdhanada hesaru badalAgade hAgeyE rUDhiyalli uLidide.

illi gamanisabEkAda amSavEnendare, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagaLigU naDuve avu sUcisabEkAgiruva guNadharmavannu AydukoLLuva kramadalli vyatyAsavide. hesarugaLu sUcisuva guNadharma A padagaLannu tayArisuva samayadalli Ayke

goLLuttade, Adare varNanegaLu sUcisuva guNadharma avannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLallella pratiyondu bAriyU punaH punaH AykegoLa gAguttiruttade. I kAraNadindAgi, hesarannu baLasuva sandarbhagaLalli varNanegaLannu baLasuvAga iruva hAge avu sUcisuva guNadharma janara manassinalli iruvudilla.

udAharaNegAgi, karihalage emba padavannu prayOgisidAga, ondu viSiShTavAda sAdhana namma manassige baruvudallade, ‘kappu baNNa’ illavE ‘halageyinda racitavAda sAdhana’ emba amSagaLu namma manassige baruvudilla. kelavu viSiShTavAda sandarbhagaLalli mAtra ivu namma gamanakke bandu, illavE yArAdarU ivannu namma gamanakke tandu, antaha samayadalli A hesarigU mattu adu gurutisuva vastuvigU naDuve guNadharmada maTTige asAngatyavideyemba viShaya namma gamanakke baruttade.

guNadharmada Aykeyalli hesarugaLigU mattu varNanegaLigU naDuve innondu vyatyAsavide. ondu vastuvannu hesarisuvAga, adaralli kANisuva halavAru guNadharmagaLalli ondannu AydukoLLabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, jilijanaka embudu ondu viSiShTavAda anilada hesaru. idu nIrina ondu ghaTakavAgiddu, Amlajanakavemba innondu aniladoDane sEri nIrannunTumADuva guNadharma idakkide. I guNa dharmada AdhArada mEle idannu jilijanaka emba hesarininda kareyalAgide.

I ondu guNadharma mAtravallade bEreyU halakelavu guNa dharmagaLu jalijanakavemba I anilakkive. udAharaNegAgi, idu atyanta haguravAda, baNNavU vAsaneyU illada, kaNNige kANisada ondu mUla dhAtu. idannu hesarisalu I guNadharmagaLalli yAvu dannu bEkiddarU ArisikoLLabahudittu. Adare nIrina ghaTakavemba amSa mukhyavAgi tOrida kAraNa, adannE A hesarannu tayArisuvavaru ArisikonDirabEku. sAmAnyavAgi kaNNige athavA manassige eddu kANisu vantaha mattu SASvatavAgi uLiyabahudendu manassige anisuvantaha guNadharmavannu vastuvondakke hesariDuvAga ArisikoLLuvudu rUDhi.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa utpAdaneyalli kANisuva I Aykeyemba amSa varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa utpAdane illavE baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla. ondu vastuvinalli eShTellA guNadharmagaLiveyO avellavannU bEre bEre varNisuva padagucchagaLa mUlaka sUcisalu

sAdhyavide. I guNadharmagaLu SASvatavirabahudu, illavE kShaNikavira bahudu; kaNNige eddu kANisuvantahavirabahudu, illavE aspaShTavAdu vAgiralUbahudu.

idallade, hesarisuvudakkAgi guNadharmavondannu ArisuvAga, hesarisabEkAgiruva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu antahavE itara vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLiginta bhinnavAdavugaLembudannu tOrisa ballantaha guNadharmavannE ArisikoLLuva krama rUDhiyallide. udA haraNegAgi, yuddhadalli toDagiruva saynikaralli kAlinalli calisi kAdADuvavarannu hesarisalu kAlALu emba pada rUDhige bandide. I hesaru kudureya mEle illavE Aneya mEle kuLitu kAdADuva itara saynikariginta avaru bhinnarAgiruvudannu sUcisuttade. bEre sandarbha gaLalli kAlininda calisuvavarannu (udA: rasteyalli calisuvavarannu) kAlALu emba I pada gurutisalAradu. avaru saykal, skUTar, kAru modalAdavugaLalli calisuvavariginta bEre embudannu sUcisalu pAdacAri emba samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda bEreyE ondu hesaru rUDhige bandide.

೩.೩.೩ arthadalli vyatyAsa

varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLige artha hELuvudu sulabha. avugaLa anga gaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLinda siddhavAguva arthavE avugaLa arthavU Agiruvudarinda I kelasavannu bhASheyannu baLasu vavarellarU mADaballaru. udAharaNegAgi kempu cenDu emba varNisuva nAmapadagucchakke artha hELuvudu sulabha. kempu mattu cenDu emba eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda I padagucchavannu tayArisa lAgiddu, ‘kempAgiruva cenDu’ embudAgi idakke arthavannu hELa bahudu.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu ivakkinta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu. mEle sUcisidante, avugaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu A padagaLa oLa racane sahAyakavAgaballudAdarU adondE avugaLa arthakke AdhAra vAgalAradu. hesarisuva nAmapadavondu entaha vastugaLannu illavE vyaktigaLannu hesarisuttade, mattu avugaLalli samAnavAgiruva guNadharma gaLu yAvuvu embudannu pariSIlisida mElEnE A padakke sariyAda arthavannu hELalu sAdhyavAdItu.

udAharaNegAgi hogesoppu emba nAmapadavannu pariSIlisa bahudu. idondu hesarisuva nAmapada. hoge mattu soppu emba eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda I pada tayArAgide. adara I oLaracane adara arthavEnembudannu sUkShmavAgi tiLisaballudu, Adare spaShTavAgi tiLisalAradu. ellA rItiya elegaLannu urisidAgalU hoge horabaruttade. Adare avannella nAvu hogesoppu emba hesarininda kareyuvudilla. hoge sEduvudakkAgi bIDi, sigarET modalAduvannu tayArisalu baLasuva, mattu hogeyannu barisadEnE nEravAgi bAya lliTTu jagiyuva, illavE puDimADi nasyavAgi baLasuva ondu viSiShTa vAda giDavannu mattu adara eleyannu mAtravE adu gurutisuttade. I giDada guNadharmagaLannu mAtravE hogesoppu emba padakke artha hELuvAga baLasikoLLalu sAdhya.

mEle koTTiruva jalajanaka emba padada arthavU hIgeyE. ‘nIrannunTumADuva anila’ embudAgi bariya oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle adakke artha koTTevAdare adu tappAdItu. yAkendare, Amla janakavemba innondu anilavU (jalajanakada jate sEri) nIrannunTu mADaballudu. jalajanakavemba hesaru rUDhiyalli yAva anilavannu gurutisuttadeyO A anilada bEre bEre guNadharmagaLa AdhArada mEle mAtravE A padada arthavannu sariyAgi mattu spaShTavAgi vivarisi hELalu sAdhya.

pratyayaviruva padagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguttive yAdare, avakke artha hELabEkiddarU nAvu idE samasyeyannu edurisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, anjike, nambike, hodike, hELike, moLake, hiDike modalAda nAmapadagaLu ike emba pratyaya vannu anju, nambu, hode, hELu, moLe, hiDi modalAda bEre bEre kriyApadagaLige sErisuvudara mUlaka siddhavAgive. I ellA padagaLadU oLaracane ondE rItiyadAgideyAdarU ivugaLigiruva artha ondE rItiyadAgilla.

I padagaLalli kelavakke avugaLa angavAgi baruva kriyApadakke sambandhisidantaha bhAvArthavide (udA: nambike); Adare, innu kelavakke antaha kriyeyalli baLasuva (udA: hodike, hiDike) illavE antaha kriyeyinda dorakuva (udA: moLake) viSiShTavAda vastugaLannu gurutisuva arthavide (೪.೩.(೧) nODi). hAgAgi, jODupadagaLa hAge hesarisuva vidhAnavannu baLasuvantaha pratyayaviruva padagaLigU

artha hELabEkiddalli, bhASheyalli avugaLa baLakeyantahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudu atyavaSya.

I kAraNakkAgi, hesarisuva padagaLa sariyAda arthavannu bhAShA SAstrajYaru mAtravE nirdharisi hELaballaru. bhASheyannu baLasuva itara janarige A artha tiLidideyAdarU avara tiLuvaLike miduLinalli arivige bAradantaha (AdarU padagaLa prayOgavannu sariyAgi mADalu sahAyakavAguvantaha) sthitiyalliruttade.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa artha Urininda Urige mattu jAti yinda jAtige bEre bErAgiralu sAdhyavide. kAladinda kAlakkU idu vyatyAsagoLLuttA hOguttade. Adare varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa artha I rIti UrindUrige vyatyAsagoLLuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, biLisIre emba padagucchakke ellA UrugaLallU ‘beLLagina baNNaviruva sIre’ emba ondE arthavide. varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa arthadalli prAdESika illavE sAmAjika vyatyAsagaLu kANisikoLLabEkiddalli sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa arthadalli antaha prAdESika illavE sAmAjika vyatyAsagaLira bEkAguttade.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAmagaLendu eraDu vidhaviddu, ivugaLa naDuve arthadalli kelavu vyatyAsagaLive yembudannu munde (೩.೫)ralli nODaliruvevu. Adare I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLigU artha hELalu avu entaha vyakti, vastu, modalAduvannu gurutisuttave embudannu tiLidukoLLuvudu avaSya.

೩.೩.೪ parimitiyalli vyatyAsa

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuviruva innondu mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, bhASheyondaralli baLake yalliruva hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige avugaLa sankhyeya maTTige ondu parimitiyide, Adare varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLige intaha parimiti yilla. hosa hosa sandarbhagaLalli hosa hosa varNanegaLannu mAtanADuvavanE racisikoLLabEkAguvudAda kAraNa ondu bhASheyalli varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLu iShTE iveyembudAgi avugaLa sankhyeya mEle ondu parimitiyannirisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

idallade mAtanADuvavana kalpanASaktiyannanusarisi, hosa hosa rItiya varNanegaLannu tayArisi hELalu ellA bhAShegaLallU

AspadaviddE iruttade. I kAraNakkAgiyU varNisuva nAmapadagaLa sankhye aparimitavAdudendu hELuva avaSyakateyide.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannU hosadAgi racisikoLLalu sAdhyavide yEnO nija. Adare, I rIti avannu racisikoLLuvudu ondu bhASheyallAguva badalAvaNeyannu sUcisuttadallade adara dinanityada baLakeyannalla. bhASheyondannu baLasuttiruva samayadalli, adaralli AgalE racitavAgi rUDhige bandiruva nAmapadagaLannu mAtravE A bhASheya ‘hesarisuva nAmapada’gaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhya. intaha nAmapadagaLa sankhyege ondu parimitiyide. bASheyannu baLasuvavara nenapinalli uLiyaballaShTu nAmapadagaLu mAtra I vidhAnada mUlaka prayuktavAgaballuvAdudarinda bhASheyannu baLasuvavara nenapina SaktiyE I sankhyege parimitiyannu tandoDDuttade.

Adare idu iDI samAjada nenapina Saktiyannavalambisiruttadallade obba vyaktiya nenapina Saktiyannalla. yAkendare I nenapina Sakti ondu bhASheyannu baLasuva ellA janarallU ondE rItiyadAgiruvudilla. kelavarige heccu nenapina Saktiyiruttade mattu kelavarige kaDimeyiruttade. hAgAgi, kelavarige jAsti hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa jYAnaviruttade, mattu kelavarige kaDime padagaLa jYAnaviruttade. nenapina Sakti kaDime iruvavaru tamage tiLiyadiruva mattu bhASheyalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLannu bErArAdarU baLasidAga avugaLa arthavEnembudannu bEreyavarinda kELi tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade, illavE A bhAShege arthakOSa, vastu kOSa modalAdavugaLiddalli avugaLalli nODi tiLidukoLLabEkAguttade.

idallade, bEre bEre vyavahAragaLalliruva janaralli bEre bEre rItiya hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu baLakeyalliddu, I viShayadallU ondE bhASheyannADuva janaroLage vyatyAsa tOribaruttade. udA haraNegAgi, samudrada badiyalli vAsisuva mInugArara mAtinalli mInige mattu samudrakke sambandhisida hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu jAsti iruttave, mattu kADinalli bETeyADi badukuva bETegArara mAtinalli kADige mattu bETege sambandhisida hesarisuva nAmapadagaLu jAsti iruttave. intaha vyatyAsagaLAvuvU varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLalli kANisuvudilla.

bEre bEre SAstragaLige sambandhisidantaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLU bEre bErAgiddu, ivannu AyA SAstragaLannu kaliyuvavaru nenapinalli

irisikoLLabEkAguttade. intaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige ‘pAribhAShika pada’gaLemba hesaride. I padagaLannu avu hesarisuva vastugaLannu kanDu hiDidAga illavE tayArisidAga utpAdisi baLakege taralAgittu. intaha padagaLannella sangrahisi, bEre bEre SAstragaLige bEre bEre pAribhAShika padagaLa ‘kOSa’gaLannu racisalu sAdhyavideyembudarinda, antaha hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU ondu parimitiyideyemba viShaya spaShTa vAguttade. Adare, I SAstragaLalli baLakeyAguva varNisuva nAmapada gucchagaLige intaha parimitiyilla, mattu avannu arthakOSagaLalli sangrahisuva avaSyakateyU illa sAdhyateyU illa.

೩.೩.೫ badalAvaNeyalli vyatyAsa

bhASheyalli kAladinda kAlakke naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu adaralli baLake yAguva nAmapadagaLannU bAdhisuttave. Adare I badalAvaNegaLu entahavu emba viShayadalli hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNi suva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsa gaLigU avugaLa tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLE kAraNa embudannu gamanisabahudu.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige artha hELalu avugaLa oLaracane mukhyavalla. avu rUDhiyalli entaha vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige anvayisuttave embudu mukhya embudannu nAvu mEleyE nODiruvevu. I kAraNakkAgi, avugaLa oLaracaneyannu badalAgadante uLisikoLLuva avaSyakateyilla. idallade, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu nenapinalliTTukonDu baLasabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, avu sankShiptavAgi iddaShTU baLakege anukUla.

hAgAgi, antaha nAmapadagaLu samaya kaLedantella badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka sankShiptagoLLuttA hOguvudannu nAvu kANabahudu. pratyaya viruva padagaLalliruva pratyaya mattu padagaLu oTTusEri, pratyayada gurutilladantAguttade, mattu jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLu ondAgi, avu bEre bEre padagaLAgidduvemba viShayavE gOcarakke baradantAguttade. intaha padagaLa angagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondu sankShiptagonDu pratyayada hAge kANisatoDaguvudU intaha badalAvaNegaLallondu.

udAharaNegAgi, heggaDe, hejjenu, heddAri, hebbAvu modalAda padagaLalli hiri emba pada (per embudu idara haLeya

rUpa) modalaneya angavAgi bandideyemba viShaya I padagaLa cAritrika adhyayanadinda spaShTavAguttade. Adare, I padagaLa arthavEnembudannu tiLiyalu ivugaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu illavE A racane yalli hiri emba pada bandideyembudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyilla. hAgAgi, avu mEle sUcisidantaha badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgalu sAdhyavAgide. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, doDDa mane, doDDa mara, doDDa hAvu modalAda varNisuva padagucchagaLalli angavAgi baruva doDDa emba pada I rIti sankShiptagoLLade pratyEkavAgiyE uLiyabEkAgu ttade.

varNisuva padagucchagaLa arthavEnembudannu avugaLa oLaracane yinda mAtravE tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, avugaLa oLa racane yAvAgalU spaShTavAgi tiLiyuvantirabEkAguttade. I kAraNa kkAgi, avu yAvAgalU nAmapadagucchagaLAgiyE uLiyuttavallade padagaLAgi sankShiptagoLLuvudilla. avannu bAdhisuva badalAvaNegaLendare, avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva bEre bEre rItiya padagaLannu mattu pratyayagaLannu vayyaktikavAgi bAdhisuva badalAvaNegaLu mattu avugaLa racaneyalli baruva niyamagaLannu bAdhisuva badalAvaNegaLu mAtra.

೩.೩.೬ oLaracaneya niyamagaLalli vyatyAsa

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLigU mattu varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve avugaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva niyamagaLa maTTigU halavAru vyatyAsagaLu kANisuttave. varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLa racaneyalli baruva niyamagaLu vyavasthitavAgiddu, kelavE kelavu sArvatrika niyama gaLa mUlaka I padagucchagaLa racaneyannu vivarisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli halavAru niyamagaLu baLakeyalliddu, avugaLalli heccinavU bahaLa avyavasthitavAgiruttave mattu toDaku toDakAgiruttave. halavAru nAmapadagaLige avugaLavE Ada viSiShTa niyamagaLa avaSyakateyiddu, avugaLa racane aniyamitavendE hELalU baruttade.

mEleyE tiLisiruvante, hesarisuva nAmapadagaLa oLaracane avugaLa arthavannu tiLidukoLLuvalli avaSyavAdudalla mattu avannu hAgeyE nenapinalli irisikonDu baLasabEkAguttade emba I eraDu viShayagaLu avugaLa oLaracane mEle sUcisida hAge bhASheyallAguva bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kliShTavAguttA hOgalu sAdhyavAguvante

mADuttave. varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLannu pratiyondu bAri baLasu vAgalU hosadAgi tayArisikoLLabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, mattu avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyindalE sAdhisikoLLa bEkAguvudAda kAraNa, avu intaha badalAvaNegaLige oLagAgadiruttave.

udAharaNegAgi pUrvada haLegannaDadalli hosagannaDada hiriya emba pada piriya endittu. eraDaneya akSharadalli (ri embudaralli) ikAra bandudarindAgi A padada modalaneya akSharada ekAra ikAra vAyitu mattu hAgAgi adu haLegannaDadalli piriya endAyitu. anantara adara modalaneya akSharadalliruva pakAra hakAravAduda rindAgi adu anantara hosagannaDadalli hiriya endAyitu.

hosagannaDada nAmapadagucchagaLallella idu I hiriya emba hosa rUpadallE baruttade (udA: hiriya maga, hiriya vidvAmsaru, ityAdi). Adare kelavu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli idu ivattigU adara haLeya rUpavannu svalpamaTTige uLisikonDide. udAharaNegAgi, hebbAvu emba padada eraDanE akSharadalli ikAravillada kAraNa, modalaneya akSharada ekAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide. idallade eraDanE akSharadallidda rakAravu mUranE akSharada vyanjanadoDane sEri samAnateyannu paDedide. hebbAvu emba I padadoDane heddAri, hejjenu, heggaDe modalAda padagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I eraDaneya viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

idE rItiyalli haLegannaDada pakAra hakAravAgade uLidiruvantaha bEre kelavu baLakegaLu aniyamitavAgi hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttave. kaypiDi emba padadalli hiDi emba padavu piDi emba adara haLeya rUpadallE uLidide. kambani embudarallU hani emba pada adare haLeya pakAravannu hakAravAgi mADikoLLade bakAravAgi mADi uLisikonDide. hombaNNa, bengAvalu modalAda padagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva honnu, bennu modalAda padagaLu avugaLa haLeya EkAkShara rUpadallE uLidive. hosagannaDadalli ivu ukArada sErikeyindAgi eraDakSharadavugaLAgive mattu honnina baNNa, bennina kAvalu modalAda varNisuva nAmapadagucchagaLalli I hosa eraDakSharada rUpagaLE kANisikoLLuttave.

೩.೩.೭ nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu

varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisu vudakkAgi nAvu nAmapadagucchagaLannu baLasuttEvallade bariya nAmapada gaLannu baLasuvudilla embudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu. bariya nAmapadagaLannu varNisuva kAryadalli baLasaballevAdarU, vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu ‘gurutisa’bEkAdAgalella avannu hesarisuva vidhAna dalli mAtravE baLasuvudu rUDhi. I kAraNakkAgi, mEle nAmapada mattu nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavemntahadu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlaka, hesarisuva vidhAnakkU mattu varNisuva vidhAnakkU naDuvina vyatyAsagaLentahavu embudannu tiLiyalu sAdhya vAgittu.

Adare hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisalu kannaDadalli bariya nAmapadagaLannu mAtravallade nAmapada gucchagaLannU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, hUvina giDa emba nAmapadagucchada baLakeyannu pariSIlisabahudu. I padagucchada mUlaka nAvu ondu viSiShTavAda jAtige sErida giDavannu (endare adara hUvina andakkAgi sAkuva giDavannu) gurutisuttEve. hUvina giDadalli ellA samayagaLallU hUvirabEkendEnilla. A jAtige sErida giDa vondaralli hUvE AgadiralU sAdhyavide.

I kAraNagaLindAgi, I nAmapadagucchavannu, mattu intahavE bEre halavAru nAmapadagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvavugaLendu hELabEkallade varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvavugaLendu hELalu sAdhya vAgadu. hUvillada illavE hUvE Agada giDavannu hUvina giDavendu ‘varNisalu’ sAdhyavillavAda kAraNa hUvina giDa embudu ondu giDada varNaneyAgalAradu.

I rIti, hesarisuva vidhAna mattu varNisuva vidhAnagaLemba I eraDu vidhAnagaLallU nAmapadagucchagaLannu baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare, I eraDu vidhAnagaLalli baLakeyAguva nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuve oLa racaneyalli kelavu vyatyAsagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, eraDu nAmapada gaLannu a emba pratyayada mUlaka sambandhisi padagucchagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyaShTe. intaha nAmapadagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU baLasabahudu mattu varNisuva vidhAnadallU baLasa bahudu. Adare I eraDu rItiya baLakegaLa naDuve avu yAva arthadalli sambandhitavAguttave embudaralli vyatyAsavide. keLage

koTTiruva nAmapadagucchagaLannu hOlisi nODidAga I viShaya spaShTa vAguttade.

ShaShThi sambandhada artha hesarisuva vidhAna varNisuva vidhAna
(ka) Akara hAlina koDa koDada hAlu
pustakada kapATu kapATina pustaka
(kha) anga hUvina giDa giDada hUvu
bAlada huLa huLada bAla
(ga) oDetana haNada muduka mudukana haNa
Toppiya huDuga huDugana Toppi
(gha) guNadharma baNNada ciTTe ciTTeya baNNa
dhayryada huDuga huDugana dhayrya
(i) bhAvane hedarikeya huDuga huDugana hedarike
prItiya henDati henDatiya prIti

mEle eraDanE kAlannalli koTTiruva nAmapadagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU mattu mUranE kAlannalli koTTiruva nAma padagucchagaLannu varNisuva vidhAnadallU vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisalu baLasuvudu rUDhi. udAharaNegAgi, I hUvina giDadalli hUvE illa ennabahudu Adare nEravAgi I giDada hU giDaddalla ennalu sAdhyavAgadu (‘kAgadada hUvondannu I giDakke sikkisiddAre’ embantaha viSiShTavAda arthadalli mAtra antaha prayOga sAdhya). giDada hU emba padagucchavannu sAmAnyavAgi varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLasuvudE jAsti embudE idakke kAraNa.

I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuve bandiruva a emba pratyaya entaha sambandhavannu sUcisuttade emba viShayadalli vyatyAsa videyembudannu gamanisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi (ka)dalli bandiruva modalaneya kAlanna hAlina koDa mattu pustakada kapATu emberaDu nAmapadagucchagaLu vastugaLa mUlaka avannirisuva AkaragaLannu gurutisuvuvAdare, adE sAlina mUraneya kAlannalli

bandiruva koDada hAlu mattu kapATina pustaka emberaDu nAma padagucchagaLu AkaragaLa mUlaka avugaLallirisuva vastugaLannu gurutisu ttave. I eraDu rItiya Akara sambandhagaLalli modalaneyadannu sAmAnyavAgi hesarisuvudakkU mattu eraDaneyadannu varNisuvudakkU baLasuva rUDhi kannaDadallide.

mEle koTTiruva itara nAmapadagucchagaLalliyU idE rItiya viruddha prayOgagaLiruvudannu kANabahudu. (kha)dalli bandiruva hUvina giDa mattu bAlada huLa emberaDu padagucchagaLu angagaLa mUlaka A angagaLannu hondiruva sasya mattu prANigaLannu gurutisu vuvAdare, avugaLa eduru koTTiruva giDada hU mattu huLada bAla emberaDu padagucchagaLu angagaLannu hondiruva sasya mattu prANigaLa mUlaka avugaLa angagaLannu gurutisuttave. ivugaLalli modalaneya vannu hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu eraDaneyadannu varNisuvu dakkAgiyU baLasuvudu kannaDadalli rUDhiyAgide.

idE rItiyalli vastuvina oDeyanannu vastuvininda gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: haNada muduka mattu Toppiya huDuga) hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu oDeyaninda vastuvannu gurutisuva pada gucchavannu (udA: mudukana haNa mattu huDugana Toppi) varNisuvudakkAgiyU baLasuvudannu oDetanavemba sambandhavannu tOrisuva (ga)da sAlugaLalli kANabahudu, guNadharmadinda guNa dharmavuLLudannu gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: baNNada ciTTe mattu dhayryada huDuga) hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu guNadharma vuLLudarinda guNadharmavannu gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: ciTTeya baNNa mattu huDugana dhayrya) varNisuvudakkAgiyU baLasu vudannu guNadharmavemba sambandhavannu tOrisuva (gha)da sAlugaLalli kANabahudu mattu bhAvaneyinda bhAvisuvavanannu gurutisuva pada gucchavannu (udA: hedarikeya huDuga mattu prItiya henDati) hesarisuvudakkAgiyU mattu bhAvisuvavaninda bhAvaneyannu gurutisuva padagucchavannu (udA: huDugana hedarike mattu henDatiya prIti) varNisuvudakkAgi baLasuvudannu bhAvaneyemba sambandhavannu tOrisuva (i)da sAlugaLalli kANabahudu.

Adare I eraDu rItiya viruddha sambandhagaLalli baruva padaguccha gaLa baLake aShTondu kaTTuniTTinadEnalla. eraDanE kAlannalli baruva

padagucchagaLannu hesarisuva vidhAnadalli mAtravallade varNisuva vidhAna dallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi dhayryada huDuga emba padaguccha dhayryada huDugana dhayryavella ingihOgide emba vAkyadalli obba huDuganannu varNisuva badalu hesarisuttiruva hAge kANisuttade. idE rItiyalli mUranE kAlannalli baruva padaguccha gaLalli kelavannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka baLasalU sAdhyavide. Adare antaha prayOgagaLu bahaLa kaDime.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೩.೪ vibhajaneya kelavu samasyegaLu

kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu nirdharisalu horaDuva modalu nAmapadagaLannu itara vAkyAmSagaLinda (adarallU nAmapadagucchagaLinda) pratyEkisuvudu avaSya embudannu mEle nODiddevu. hIge pratyEkisuvalli kelavu samasyegaLive. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlakavU mattu nAmapada gucchagaLu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlakavU vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuttave. hAgAgi I vyatyAsada AdhArada mEle averaDannu heccina sandarbhagaLallU pratyEkisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

Adare mEle sUcisidante, kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli nAmapada gucchagaLannU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuva kAryadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. intaha sandarbhagaLalli I eraDu rItiya vAkyAmSagaLannu vAkyadalli avu naDesuva kelasavEnu embudara sahAyadinda bErpaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

nAmapada mattu nAmapadagucchagaLa naDuve avugaLa heccina baLakegaLallU kANisuva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, nAmapadagucchagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu bEre bErAgiruttave mattu avugaLalli ondaroDane innondannu sambandhisalu padarUpa pratyayagaLu (udA: a emba pratyaya) baLakeyAgiruttave. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, nAmapadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgiruttave, mattu avugaLa naDuve pratyayagaLAvuvU baruvudilla. hAgEnAdarU pratyaya gaLu baruvudiddarU avu padapratyayagaLAgiruttavallade padarUpa pratyayagaLAgiruvudilla.

Adare nAmapadagaLannu nAmapadagucchagaLinda pratyEkisalu I rIti oLaracaneyannu ellA sandarbhagaLallU baLasalu sAdhyavAgadu. udA haraNegAgi, kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLondige guNapadagaLannu baLasuvAga

avakke padarUpa pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla. guNapadagaLu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLa munde bandu nilluttave. kempu gODe, kappu baNNa, doDDa mane modalAda nAmapadagucchagaLalli I rIti padaga LeraDu padarUpa pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade nEravAgi sambandhita vAgiruvudannu kANabahudu. intaha vAkyAmSagaLu nAmapadagucchagaLE athavA bariya nAmapadagaLE (endare jODupadagaLE) emba viShaya dalli sandigdhateyunTAgalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, bisinIru emba vAkyAmSadalli bisi emba guNa padavannu nIru emba nAmapadadondige baLasalAgide. ivugaLa naDuve padarUpa pratyayavAvudU illa. hAgAgi illi angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLu bEre bErAgiveyE (endare idu ondu nAmapadagucchavE) athavA oTTu sEri ondE padavAgi bandiveyE (endare idu jODupadavE) embudannu I padada oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. I vAkyAmSavannu yAva rItiyalli baLasalAgide mattu baLasuvavana ASayavEnu embudannu tiLiyuva mUlaka mAtravE intaha sandarbhagaLalli ondu nirdhArakke baralu sAdhya.

bisinIru emba vAkyAmSakke kannaDadalli nAmapadagucchavAgiyU baLakeyide mattu bariya nAmapada (jODupada)vAgiyU baLakeyide. adakke ‘beccagiruva nIru’ emba arthavideyAdare adannu ondu nAma padagucchavendU mattu ‘omme bisimADida (endare kudisi Arisida) nIru’ emba arthavideyAdare jODupadavendU hELabahudu. modalaneyadu ondu vastuvannu varNisuttade mattu eraDaneyadu hesarisuttade. intaha arthasandigdhategaLiruvalli sAmAnyavAgi baLakeya sandarbhagaLE sariyAda arthavannu odagisikoDuttave. udAharaNegAgi, snAna mADalu horaTavanu bisinIru bEkendu hELidalli beccagina nIru bEkemba ASaya ADuganadAgirabEkAda kAraNa, illi bisinIru embudannu ondu varNaneyendu hELabEkAguttade. Adare, UTakke kuLitavanu bisinIru bEkendu hELidalli sAmAnyavAgi kuDiyalu bisimADi taNisiruva (endare byAkTIriyAgaLannu nASapaDisiruva) nIru bEkembudAgi ADugana ASayavirabEkAda kAraNa, bisinIru embudu illi ondu hesarisuva nAmapadavAgi (jODupadavAgi) bandideyendu hELabEkAguttade.

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೩.೫ hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli vayvidhya

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli bEre bEre tatvagaLa AdhArada mEle vibhajisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAmagaLemba vibhajane atyanta prAmukhyavAdudu. idu nAma padagaLu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLondige yAva rItiyalli sambandhitavAgive, endare avakke A hesarugaLu hEge bandive embudara mEle avalambiside. ankitanAmagaLu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLalli pratiyondakkU bEre bErAgi sambandhita vAgiruvuvAdare, rUDhanAmagaLu antahavugaLigella ondE bArige sambandhitavAgiruttave (vivaragaLige ೩.೫.೧ nODi).

sAmAnyavAgi ankitanAmagaLannu mAtravE ‘hesaru’ emba padada mUlaka gurutisuvudu rUDhi. Adare I pustakadalli hesarisu emba padavannu varNisu emba padakke edurAgi nillisiruva kAraNa, hesaru emba padakke I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLannU gurutisuvantaha artha bandide. idannu hesarisu mattu hesaru emba padagaLa pAri bhAShika prayOgavendu parigaNisabahudu.

hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mElU vibhajisalu sAdhyavide. Adare I vibhajane mEle koTTiruva rUDhanAma-ankitanAma emba vibhajaneyannu aDDakke kattarisuttade. I vibhajaneyalli yAva oLaracaneyannU tOrisadiruva nIru, giDa, mara, sIte modalAdavugaLadu ondu vibhAgavAdare, yAvudAdarU ondu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka siddhavAda ‘pratyayaviruva’ nAma padagaLadu (udA: anjike, kuNita, aLivu, taTTe ityAdi) innondu vibhAga, mattu eraDu (athavA jAsti) padagaLa sErikeyinda (endare samAsadinda) siddhavAda ‘jODupada’gaLadu (udA: kasabarike, kaNNIru, doDDamma, kaygamba ityAdi) mattondu vibhAga.

idallade nAmapadagaLa artha, avu vAkyadalli naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa, modalAdavugaLannAdharisiyU avannu bEre bEre pangaDagaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuva bhAvanAmagaLu, guNadharmagaLannu hesarisuva guNanAmagaLu, gaNya mattu agaNya nAmapadagaLu, sajIvi mattu nirjIvi nAmapadagaLu, manuShya- manuShyEtara nAmapadagaLu, sankhyApadagaLu, sarvanAmagaLu ityAdi vibhajanegaLannu illi udAharisabahudu.

kriyApadagaLige kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avu nirdESisuva kriyeyannu hesarisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi kuNi emba kriyApadavu nirdESisuva kriyeyannu kuNita emba nAmapada hesarisuttade; bedaru emba kriyApadavu nirdESisuva kriyeyannu bedarike emba nAmapadavu hesarisuttade. intaha pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLannu ‘bhAvanAma’gaLendu kareyuva rUDhiyide.

idE rItiyalli guNapadagaLige kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLannu hesarisuvantaha nAmapada gaLannu racisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi biLi emba guNapadavu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu biLupu emba nAmapada hesarisuttade; jANa emba guNapadavu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu jANme emba nAmapada hesarisuttade. intaha pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLannu ‘guNanAma’gaLendu kareyabahudu.

sankhyApadagaLondige baruva sAdhyateyannavalambisi nAmapadagaLannu ‘gaNya’ mattu ‘agaNya’gaLendu eraDu vibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhya vide. Adare I vibhajane rUDhanAmagaLige mAtra anvayisuttade. ankitanAmagaLella gaNyanAmapadagaLAgi mAtravE iraballuvembudannu munde (೩.೫.೧)ralli nODaliruvevu.

sajIvi mattu nirjIvi embudAgi nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu, prANi modalAduvannu eraDu mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, avannu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannU I eraDu vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idallade, manuShya-manuShyEtara emba innondu sajIvigaLa vibhajane mattu ganDu-heNNu emba mattondu sajIvigaLa vibhajane - ivU kUDa kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kANisuttave. vAkyadalli nAmapadagaLu naDesuva kelasavannAdharisiyU avannu bEre bEre vibhajanegaLige oLapaDisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, gaNya vastugaLa gaNaneyalli prayuktavAguva ondu, eraDu, mUru modalAduvannu sankhyApadagaLemba vibhAgadallU mattu mAtige sambandhisidante bEre bEre kelasagaLannu sAdhisikoDuva vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAnu, nInu, avanu, tAnu modalAduvannu ‘sarvanAma’gaLemba vibhAgadallU sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. intaha vibhajanegaLU rUDhanAmagaLalli mAtra kANisuttave.

nAmapadagaLa I bEre bEre rItiya vibhajanegaLalli atyanta prAmukhyavAgiruva rUDhanAma-ankitanAma emba vibhajaneyannu I keLage svalpa vistAravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

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೩.೬ rUDhanAmagaLu mattu ankitanAmagaLu

hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisaballa nAmapadagaLannu rUDhanAmagaLu mattu ankitanAmagaLu emba eraDu mukhya pangaDagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavembudannu mEle nODiruvevu. I eraDara naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, ankitanAmagaLu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu illavE sthaLagaLige pratyEka pratyEkavAgi sambandhita vAguttave, Adare rUDhanAmagaLu antahavugaLigella ondE bArige sambandhitavAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi basavappa emba ankitanAmavannu pariSIlisa bahudu. ondE Urinalli I hesarinavaru halavu mandi iralu sAdhyavide. Adare ivarellarigU ondE bArige I hesarannu koTTilla. pratiyobbanigU bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bEre janaru I hesaranniDalu nirdharisiruttAre. idallade, hesaru ondE AdarU I vyaktigaLoLage bEre yAva sAmyateyU irabEkAgilla.

rUDhanAmagaLa baLake idarinda tIra bhinnavAdudu. udAharaNegAgi baDagi emba rUDhanAmavannu pariSIlisabahudu. ondE Urinalli I nAmapada hesarisuva vyaktigaLu halavAru mandi iralu sAdhyavide yEnO nija. Adare, intaha vyaktigaLannella I padada mUlaka hesarisuva nirdhAravannu kannaDa bhASheyannADuva samAjadalli yAvAgalO omme mADirabEku. A nirdhArada phalavAgi Avattu jIvisuttidda kelavu viSiShTa vyaktigaLannu mAtravallade munde jIvisa liruva (mattu adakkinta hinde jIvisuttidda) antaha itara ellA vyaktigaLannU adu hesarisuvantAyitu. I pada hesarisuva vyaktigaLoLage ondu rItiya sAmyavU ide. avarella ondE rItiya (marada kelasa mADuva) vxttiyalliruvavaru tAnE!.

೩.೬.೧ arthadalli vyatyAsa

Adare I vyatyAsavannAdharisi rUDhanAmagaLige arthavide (A arthavu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLoLage samAnavAgiruva guNadharmavannavalambisiruttade) mattu ankitanAmagaLige (avu

hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa naDuve sAmyavirabEkAgilla embudarindAgi) arthavilla endu vAdisidevAdare, adu tappAdItu. yAkendare, eraDakkU avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmagaLannAdharisi artha hELalu sAdhyavide mattu eraDakkU nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle artha hELalu sAdhya villa.

arthada maTTige I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, ondu rUDhanAma adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLondige ondE bArige sambandhitavAguvudAda kAraNa, avellavugaLigU samAnavAgiruvantaha guNadharmagaLu adara arthavAga balluvu. Adare, ondu ankitanAma adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastugaLondige bEre bErAgi sambandhitavAguvudAda kAraNa, adu hesarisuva pratiyondu vyakti illavE vastuvigU sambandhisidante adakke halavAru bEre bEre arthagaLiruttave. I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa baLakegU arthada avaSyakateyideyembudannu I keLagina viShaya spaShTapaDisuttade.

rUDhanAmada arthavannAdharisi adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastu vannu gurutisalu sAdhyaviruvante, ankitanAmada arthavannAdharisi adu hesarisuva vyakti illavE vastuvannU gurutisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi naLini emba ankitanAma namage paricayaviruva huDugi yobbaLannu hesarisuvudiddalli, A huDugiya kelavu viSiShTavAda guNa dharmagaLannu adara arthavendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. naLini emba padada mUlaka nAvu A huDugiyannu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli - Ake langa hAkiruvAga, sIre toTTiruvAga, illavE kAyileyinda bahaLa kxSavAgi Aspatreyalli malagiruvAga gurutisabEkiddalli I viSiShTa guNadharmagaLu, endare naLini emba padakke nAvu koDabahudAda artha, sahAyakavAguttade.

huDugi emba rUDhanAmakkU adu hesarisuva vyaktigaLalli kANisuva kelavu viSiShTavAda guNadharmagaLa AdhArada mEle artha hELabEkAguttade, mattu I vyaktigaLannu bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli huDugi emba hesarina mUlaka gurutisabEkAdAga I guNadharmagaLu

endare avannAdharisi sAdhisalAgiruva huDugi emba padada artha sahAyakke baruttade. Adare ankitanAmada hAge illi ondE vyaktiya guNadharmada AdhArada mEle artha hELuvudilla. idakke badalu A

pada hesarisuva bEre bEre halavAru vyaktigaLige samAnavAgiruva guNadharmagaLa AdhArada mEle artha hELuttEve.

Adare, ondu ankitanAma I rIti halavAru vyaktigaLannu hesarisuttideyAdare (endare, naLini emba hesarina huDugiyaru halavariruvarAdare) avaralli pratiyobbarigU sambandisidante A padakke halavAru bEre bEre arthagaLannu sAdhisikoLLabEkAdItu. ankitanAma vannu I vyaktigaLige bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli bEre bErAgi sambandhisa lAgide mattu rUDhanAmavannu ondE sandarbhadalli ellarigU oTTAgi sambandhisalAgide embudE I vyatyAsakke mUla kAraNa.

rUDhanAmada arthavannu nEravAgi adara oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu mEleyE nODiruvevu. karihalage emba rUDhanAmavu gurutisuva sAdhana kappAgiyU ira bEkAgilla, halageyinda tayArisiddU AgabEkAgilla; UTada samaya dalli koDuva bisinIru taNNIrigintalU taNNagAgiralu sAdhyavide; cikkammanu prAyadalli mattu gAtradalli ammaniginta doDDavaLAgiralu sAdhyavide; intaha halavAru udAharaNegaLannu idakke AdhAravAgi koDabahudu.

ankitanAmada arthavannU idE rItiyalli nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle sAdhisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, kShIrasAgara emba hesaru (ankitanAma) iruva obba vyaktiya maneyalli svalpavU hAlilladiralu sAdhyavide; kariyappa emba hesarina vyakti beLLappa emba hesarina innobba vyaktiginta heccu beLLagiralu sAdhyavide; vidyASAstri emba huDugi nAlku bAri parIkSheyalli phElAgiralu sAdhyavide; ityAdi. I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLU hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa arthavannu avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLa guNadharmada AdhArada mEle mAtravE sAdhisalu sAdhya. I viShayadalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAmagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavilla embudannilli gamanisikoLLuvudu avaSya.

೩.೬.೨ sambandhadalli vyatyAsa

ondu bhASheyalli baruva rUDhanAmagaLa naDuve bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLannu kanDukoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare ankitanAmagaLa naDuve intaha sambandhagaLiruvudilla embudu I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa

naDuviruva innondu mukhya vyatyAsa. idakkU kUDa rUDhanAmagaLu tAvu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu oTTAgi hesarisuttave, mattu ankitanAmagaLu avannu pratyEka pratyEkavAgi hesarisuttave embudE mUla kAraNa.

obba vyakti bEre bEre vyaktigaLondige samAna guNadharmagaLannu tOrisuttiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, A vyaktiyannu bEre bEre rUDhanAmagaLa mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi obba vyaktiyannu muduka, baDava, kuLLa, mEShTru, brahmacAri, kuruDa modalAda halavAru rUDhanAmagaLa mUlaka gurutisi hELalu sAdhya vide. Atanige itara mudukarondige samAna guNadharmagaLiveyAdare Atanannu muduka emba rUDhanAmadinda gurutisabahudu, mattu adE vyaktige itara baDavarondige samAna guNadharmagaLiveyAdare Atanannu baDava emba rUDhanAmadinda gurutisabahudu, ityAdi.

idallade, rUDhanAmagaLu gurutisuva vyaktigaLu ententaha gumpu gaLallella sErikonDiraballaru mattu A gumpugaLa naDuve yAva yAva rItiya sambandhagaLella ive emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avarannu gurutisuva rUDhanAmagaLa naDuveyU bEre bEre rItiya sambandha gaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, ondu rUDhanAmavu gurutisuva vyaktigaLannella innondu rUDhanAmavU gurutisaballudAdare (udA: navkara mattu sEvaka) antaha eraDu padagaLu samAnArthakagaLu illavE ‘paryAya’ padagaLendu hELabahudu. eraDaneya pada bEreyU kelavu vyaktigaLannu gurutisaballudAdare (udA: ganDasu mattu manuShya) avugaLalli modalaneyadu eraDaneyadaralli ‘antargata’vAgiruva padavendu hELabahudu.

eraDu rUDhanAmagaLalli ondu gurutisuva vyaktigaLalli kelavarannu mAtra innondu gurutisuttiddu, adu bEre kelavu vyaktigaLannU gurutisuttideyAdare (udA: muduka mattu baDava) avugaLoLage ondannondu ‘sILuva’ sambandhavideyendu hELabahudu. mattu eraDu rUDhanAmagaLu gurutisuva vyaktigaLu bhinna bhinnarAgiruvarAdare (udA: ganDasu mattu hengasu) avugaLa naDuve ‘asangata’ sambandhavide yendu hELabahudu.

Adare, ankitanAmagaLa naDuve I rIti bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavAgadu. heccina ankitanAmagaLigU avu gurutisuva vyaktigaLu (illavE vastugaLu) halaviruvudu nijavAdarU

intaha vyakti illavE vastugaLoLage sAmyavEnU irabEkAgilla. I niyamakke kelavu apavAdagaLiveyEnO nija. udAharaNegAgi, ganDasarannu mattu hengasarannu gurutisuva ankitanAmagaLu sAmAnya vAgi bEre bErAgiruttave. jAnaki emba hesarannu ganDasarigAgalI illavE rAju emba hesarannu hengasarigAgalI koTTiruvudannu nAvu kANuvudilla. hAgAgi, I eraDu rItiya padagaLa naDuve ‘asangata’ emba sambandhavideyendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

Adare I niyamakke apavAdagaLiralU sAdhyavide. illi gamanisa bEkAgiruva mukhyavAda amSavEnendare, ankitanAmagaLa baLakege avu gurutisuva bEre bEre vyaktigaLa illavE vastugaLa naDuve sAmyaviruva avaSyakateyilla, mattu hAge iddarU adu avugaLa tayArike mattu baLakeya hindiruva mUla tatvagaLinda sAdhitavAdudalla.

೩.೬.೩ gaNya mattu aganya

rUDhanAmagaLannu gaNya mattu agaNyavendu eraDu vidhavAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. gaNyanAmagaLu gurutisuva vastugaLannu ondu, eraDu, mUru, nAlku embudAgi lekka hAki hELalu sAdhyavide (udA: bAlehaNNu) mattu agaNyanAmagaLu gurutisuva vastugaLannu I rIti lekka hAki hELalu sAdhyavilla (udA: nIru) embudE I eraDu rItiya rUDhanAmagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa. gaNyanAmagaLu gurutisuva vastugaLu namma kaNNige kANisuvante pratyEka pratyEkavAda astitvaviruva halavu vastugaLa samudAyavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa.

Adare, ankitanAmagaLannu I rIti gaNya mattu agaNya embudAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avugaLa mUlaka sAmAnyavAgi gaNyavastu gaLannu mAtravE gurutisalAguttade embudE idakke kAraNa. idu I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva innondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavendu hELabahudu. nIrinantaha agaNyavastugaLu avugaLa pAtregaLa AdhArada mEle pratyEkateyannu paDedu gaNyavastugaLAdAga mAtra avannu ankitanAmagaLa mUlaka gurutisalu sAdhyavAdItu. udAharaNegAgi ondu nadiyAgi hariyuva nIrannu kAvEri emba ankitanAmada mUlaka gurutisaballevu mattu ondu dESavAgi nilluva maNNannu bhArata emba ankitanAmada mUlaka gurutisaballevu, ityAdi.

ankitanAmagaLannu avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige pratyEka pratyEkavAgi anvayisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa mattu agaNya vastu

gaLu I rIti pratyEka pratyEkavAgi oDedukonDillavAda kAraNa, ankitanAmagaLu agaNyavastugaLige hesarugaLAgi baruvudillavendu hELa bahudu. hIge I mUraneya mukhya vyatyAsavU I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLu yAva rItiyalli avu gurutisuva vastugaLondige sambandhisuttave embudara mEle avalambitavAgide.

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೩.೭ sArAmSa

nAmapada illavE nAmapadagucchagaLannu prAmukhyavAgi vyakti, vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuvudakkAgi vAkyagaLalli baLasuttEve. I gurutisuva kelasavannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLa mUlaka naDesalu sAdhyavide. sAmAnya vAgi, nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu varNisuva vidhAnadallU baLakeyAguttave. Adare kelavu viSiShTavAda nAmapadagucchagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU baLakeyAgaballuvu. ida llade, varNisuva vidhAnadalli kriyApadagaLa mattu guNapadagaLa kelavu rUpagaLU baraballuvu.

kelavu sandarbhagaLalli nAmapadagaLannu nAmapadagucchagaLinda pratyE kisuvudu svalpa kaShTavendu tOrabahudu. Adare hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguva padakkU mattu varNisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAguva padaguccha illavE padarUpakkU naDuve halavu vyatyAsagaLiddu, I ellA vyatyAsagaLannU AdhAravAgirisikonDu avannu bErpaDisalu sAdhya. padagaLa oLaracaneyannu varNisuva I pustakadalli hesarisuva vidhAna dalli baLakeyAguva padagaLannu mAtra pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. varNisuva vidhAnadalli baruva padagucchagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu vAkyaracaneya niyamakke anusAravAgi tayArAguva kAraNa, avannu vAkyagaLa oLaracaneyemba bErondu pustakadalli pariSIlisabahudu.

hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baruva padagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. ivugaLalli rUDhanAma mattu ankitanAma emba vingaDane bahaLa prAmukhyavAdudu. ankitanAmagaLalli pratiyondannU avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu, sthAna modalAdavugaLige pratyEka pratyEkavAgi anvayisalAgide, mattu rUDhanAmagaLalli pratiyondannU avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige ondE bArige anvayisa

lAgide embudE I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsa.

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pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu

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೪.೧ pIThike

kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi mUru rItiya pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLu baLakeyallive. ivu anukramavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLige ondu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgiruttave. udAharaNegAgi gANiga emba pratyayaviruva nAma padavu gANa emba nAmapadakke iga emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgide; agalike emba nAmapadavu agalu emba kriyA padakke ike emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgide; mattu baDava emba nAmapadavu baDa emba guNapadakke va emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgide.

I mUru rItiya pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLalli kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArAgiruva eraDaneya rItiya nAmapadagaLE kannaDadalli jAsti. Adare kelavu sandarbhagaLalli intaha nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyE athavA adE rUpada nAmapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyE endu spaShTavAgi hELalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudU ide. udAharaNegAgi hiDike emba nAmapadavannu hiDi (udA: kattiyannu hiDi) emba kriyApadadindalAgali illavE adE rUpada hiDi (udA: kattiya hiDi) emba nAmapadadindalAgali tayArisiralu sAdhyavide. (hiDi emba nAmapadadalli ‘sonne’ pratyayavideyendu hELuvudu (೪.೩.೧೧

nODi) I samasyege vyayAkaraNigaLu kanDuhiDidiruva ondu parihAra.)

pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLalli heccinavU ondu padakke ondu pratyayavannu mAtra sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAdavugaLu. ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva nAmapadagaLa sankhye kannaDa dalli bahaLa kaDime. tiLuvaLike embudu I rIti ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLiruva nAmapada. idaralli tiLi emba kriyApadakke vaLi mattu ike emba eraDu pratyayagaLannu sErisalAgide. intaha ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLiruva nAmapadagaLalli heccinavU pratyayagaLannu ondondAgi endare, eraDu bEre bEre staragaLalli sErisuvudara mUlaka tayA rAgiruttave embudannu gamanisabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi mInugArike emba padadalli mInu emba nAma padadondige gAra mattu ike emba eraDu pratyayagaLu baruvu vAdarU adannu modalige mInu emba padakke gAra emba pratyaya vannu sErisi mInugAra emba padavannu tayArisi, anantara A padakke ike emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. tiLuvaLike embudara hinde tiLuvaLi emba padavilla diddarU adakke samanAgiruva hiDuvaLi, gottuvaLi modalAdavu gaLiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.

kannaDadalli baruva pratyayagaLellavU parapratyayagaLu, endare, nAma pada, kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLa anantara baruvavugaLu. udA: meccu-ge, naDa-te, aLi-vu ityAdi. pUrvapratyayagaLu endare padagaLa modala bhAgavAgi baruva pratyayagaLu kannaDadalli bEre bhAShe gaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli mAtra kANisuttave. udAharaNegAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda a-txpti, nir-bhAgya, vi-jYAna modalAda nAmapadagaLalli a-, nir-, vi- modalAda pUrva pratyayagaLu kANisuttave (೮.೩.೫ nODi). idallade, hIge eravalAgi banda padagaLalli kANisuva kelavu pUrvapratyayagaLu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLigU anTikoLLuvudannu apa-nambike embantaha pratyayaviruva padagaLalli aparUpavAgi kANabahudu.

ittIcege SrIdhar (೧೯೯೫:೧೩೩,೧೫೭) avaru kannaDadalli baruva hejjenu, hingAlu, ibbadi, kemmaNNu modalAda padagaLalli pUrvapratyayada prayOgavideyendu vAdisiddAre. sAmAnyavAgi intaha padagaLannu jODupadagaLendU mattu avugaLa Adiyalli

baruva hej, him, in, ib, kem modalAda angagaLannu padagaLendU parigaNisuvudu rUDhi. SrIdhar avaru idu sariyalla, ivugaLa Adiyalli baruva angagaLu pratyayagaLallade padagaLalla endu vAdisiddAre.

pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDuviruva vibhajane kelavondu sandarbha gaLalli aspaShTavAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, mattu cAritrikavAgi pratyayagaLu svatantravAgidda padagaLinda beLedu bandiralu sAdhyavide yAda kAraNa, intaha vAdagaLige kelavomme koneyE illavendAguvu dide. Adare I mElina vAda antahadallavendu toruttade. kannaDadalli svatantravAgi baruva hiridu, hinde, eraDu, kempu modalAda pada gaLigU mattu mEle koTTiruva hejjenu, hingAlu modalAda padagaLa Adiyalli baruva angagaLigU naDuve spaShTavAda sambandhavide. I sambandha entahadu embudannu nirdharisidAga hej, him modalAdavugaLu pratyayagaLE athavA padagaLE emba praSnege uttara doreyuttade.

hiridu embudaralli baruva du emba anga doDDadu, biLidu modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva napumsaka Ekavacana pratyaya; hiri embudu bEreDegaLalli svatantravAgi baraballa guNapada (udA: hiri magaLu); hinde embudannu de emba pratyayada mUlaka tayArisalu sAdhyaviddu, idaralli him emba modalaneya bhAgavE padavendu hELa bEkAguttade; eraDu embudarallU Du embudu ondu pratyaya mattu adara mundiruva era embudE pada; kempu embudaralli baruva pu emba anga tampu, nuNupu, biLupu, impu modalA davugaLalli kANisuva pratyayavAgiddu, adara mundiruva kem embudE padavAgide.

mEle koTTiruva hejjenu, hingAlu, innUru modalAda jODupadagaLalli I padagaLu modalaneya angavAgi bandiddu avu hiridu, hinde, eraDu modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLannu kaLedukonDu I jODupadagaLalli bandiveyendu hELuvudE sari yendu tOruttade. ivugaLalli hiri embudu her (hej) emba rUpadallU mattu era embudu ir (ij, in) emba rUpadallU baralu kannaDadalli naDeda eraDu dhvani badalAvaNegaLu kAraNa.

(೧) her embudara ekAra hiri embudaralli ikAravAgide. I padada eraDaneya akSharadalli ikAraviddudE I badalAvaNege kAraNa.

(idE badalAvaNeyannu beLLage-biLi embudarallU kANabahudu). (೨) ir embudara ikAra eraDu embudaralli ekAravAgide. I badalAvaNege eraDu emba padada eraDaneya akShadalli akAra bandiruvudE kAraNa (idE badalAvaNeyannu nillu-nelasu embudarallU kANabahudu).

I sandarbhadalli ondu mukhyavAda viShayavannu gamanakke tandu koLLuvudu avaSya. jODupadavondara oLaracaneyembudu mukhyavAgi adara cAritrika amSagaLa mEle avalambisiruttade. adannu tayArisi baLakege tandAga yAva guNadharmavannu ArisalAgittu mattu A guNadharmavannu sUcisalu yAva padagaLannu baLasalAgittu embudu adara oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu nirdharisuvalli sahAyaka vAguttade (munde ೫.೫ nODi). haLegannaDadallEnE kANisuva kemmaNNu, innUru modalAda padagaLannu cAritrikavAgi eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda (samAsadinda) sulabhavAgi sAdhisalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, ivannu jODupadagaLendu parigaNisuvudaralli yAva tondareyU illa. hAgAgi, ivugaLalli pUrvapratyayagaLiveyendu kalpisikonDu ivannu pratyayaviruva padagaLendu hELuvudu sariyAga lAradu.

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೪.೨ pratyayagaLa svarUpa

padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva padapratyayagaLalli heccinavU kelavE kelavu padagaLondige mAtra baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa svarUpavannu niyamagaLa sahAyadinda varNisuvudu kaShTa. AdarU kUDa, avugaLa prayOgadalli kelavu ‘olavu’gaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide yAda kAraNa antaha olavugaLannu niyamagaLa rUpadalli varNisuvu dara mUlaka I pratyayagaLa svarUpada mEle beLakannu cellalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi ike-ige emba pratyaya ellA rItiya kriyApada gaLondigU baraballudAdare, ta-te emba pratyaya sAmAnyavAgi ikArAnta mattu ekArAnta kriyApadagaLondige mAtravE bara balludu; alu emba innondu pratyaya ukArAnta kriyApada gaLondige mAtravE baraballudu. intaha halavu hELikegaLannu kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva nAmapadagaLannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka racisi hELalu sAdhyavideyAdarU ivakkella ondalla ondu apavAda

vannu kANalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa ivu olavugaLallade niyamagaLalla. padapratyayagaLu I rIti niyamabaddhavAgi illadiruvudakke avugaLa oLaracanege cAritrika mahatvavideyallade mAtina baLakeyalli heccina mahatvavillavembudE mukhya kAraNa.

padapratyayagaLa svarUpavEnembudannu varNisuvalli kANisikoLLuva innondu samasyeyEnendare, sAmAnyavAgi I pratyayagaLu padarUpa pratyayagaLa hAge ondakkondu sambandhitavAgiruvudilla. udAharaNe gAgi, padarUpapratyayagaLannu vacanapratyayagaLu, vibhakti pratyayagaLu, kAlapratyayagaLu, AkhyAtapratyayagaLu ityAdiyAgi bEre bEre gumpu gaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide, mattu kelavu sandarbhagaLalli intaha ondu gumpige sErida padarUpapratyayagaLalli yAvudAdarU ondannu khaDDAyavAgiyU baLasalEbEkemba niyamavannu mADalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi bande embantaha pUrNa kriyArUpagaLalli ghaTaneya samayavannu sUcisuva kAlapratyayagaLallondannu mattu adara anantara AkhyAta pratyayagaLallondannu baLasalEbEkemba niyamavide.

padapratyayagaLannu I rIti viSiShTavAda gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla, mattu avugaLa baLakeyalli khaDDAyavendu hELa bahudAda niyamagaLU illa. I kAraNakkAgi avugaLannu bariya ondu paTTiyalli koTTu, ondondAgi avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva olavugaLannaShTE varNisalu sAdhyavAguttade. padapratyayagaLa arthavU aniyamitavAdudAda kAraNa avannu avu koDuva arthada AdhArada mElU niyamitavAgi vargIkarisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

I pratyayagaLu entaha padagaLondige baruttave, endare nAmapada gaLondige baruttaveyE, kriyapadagaLondige baruttaveyE athavA guNapadagaLondige baruttaveyE embudara AdhArada mElU avannu vyavasthitavAgi vargIkarisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. avu prAmukhyavAgi yAva vargada padagaLondige baruttave endaShTE hELalu sAdhyavAgu ttade. udAharaNegAgi ike-ige emba pratyaya prAmukhyavAgi kriyA padagaLondige baruvudAdarU (udA: nambike, baLalike, ityAdi), billugArike, tiLuvaLike modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli nAmapada gaLondigU bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. illU padapratyayagaLa baLake yalli aniyamitateyE eddu kANisuttade.

I kAraNagaLigAgi, pratyayaviruva padagaLalli kANisuva padapratyaya gaLannu I keLage bariya paTTiya mUlaka mAtravE vivarisi hELalu

sAdhyavAgide. pratiyondu pratyayada keLagU adara baLakeyalli kANisuva kelavu olavugaLannu udAharaNegaLa mUlaka vivarisalu prayatnisa lAgide. I pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLannAgi parivartisalAgideyE athavA nAmapadagaLannE avakkinta bhinnavAda bEre nAmapadagaLannAgi badalAyisalAgideyE embudannu tiLisuvudakkAgi mAtra I pratyayagaLannu mUru bEre bEre vibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisalu prayatnisalAgide. keLage koTTiruva paTTigaLalli yAvudU sampUrNavAdudalla. I pratyayagaLa svarUpaventahadu embudannu tiLisalu sahAyakavAguvante jAsti baLakeyalliruva pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva padapratyayagaLannu mAtravE illi pariSIlisalAgide.

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೪.೩ kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu

kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva padapratyayagaLalli heccinavU kriyA padagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva pratyaya gaLu. guNapadagaLinda illavE nAmapadagaLinda bEre nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu baLasuva padapratyayagaLa sankhye kannaDadalli bahaLa kaDime. idakkAgi, kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudaralli baLake yAguva padapratyayagaLannu illi modalige pariSIlisalAgide.

೪.೩.೧ ike-ige pratyaya

kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu baLasuva padapratyaya gaLalli ike-ige mattu ke-ge emba rUpagaLalli baruva pratyayavE atyanta prAmukhyavAdudu. baLalu-baLalike, oppu-oppige, koDu- koDuge, hiDi-hiDike modalAda padayugdhagaLalli idu kriyApadagaLige sErikoLLuvudemba viShaya spaShTavAgiruvudAdarU, turisu-turike, bayasu-bayake, bEsarisu (bEsara)-bEsarike modalAdavugaLalli I viShaya aShTondu spaShTavAgilla. bayasu embudaralli su emba pratyaya mattu bayake embudaralli ke emba pratyaya yAva vargakkU sErada baya- emba asvatantra padavondakke sEriveyendu hELalU sAdhyavide. hIgiddarU ike-ige emba I pratyayavannoLagonDiruva heccina padagaLigU kriyApadavE mUla embudannu munde nODa liruvevu.

kriyApadagaLinda kriyArUpavondannu paDeyuvudakkAgi baLasuva ike emba pradarUpa pratyayavondide. idannu baLaluvike, oppuvike, hiDiyuvike, koDuvike modalAda padarUpagaLalli kANabahudu. idu rUpadalli mElina pratyayavannE hOluttideyAdarU adakkinta bhinna vAdudembudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda halavAru padagaLalli ike emba bErondu pratyaya kANisuttade. udA: pUrva-pUrvika, samAja- sAmAjika, kShaNa-kShaNika, varSha-vArShika ityAdi. idu sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLinda nAmaviSEShaNagaLannu sAdhisuvalli baLakeyAguttade. kannaDada ike-ige pratyaya samskxtadinda bandudEnO endu kiTTel (೧೮೯೪:೧೮೦,೪೬೨) avaru sUcisalu I eraDu pratyayagaLa naDuviruva sArUpya kAraNavirabahudu. Adare iveraDakkU naDuve halavAru vyatyAsagaLiddu, kannaDa nAmapadagaLa racaneyalli atyanta prAmukhyavAda sthAnavannu paDediruva ike-ige pratyaya kannaDaddE endu parigaNisuvudu heccu samanjasavendu tOruttade.

(ka) rUpabhEdagaLu

I pratyayakke ike, ke, ige mattu ge embudAgi nAlku bEre bEre rUpagaLive. ivugaLalli ike embudu mukhyavAgi ukAradalli kone goLLuva kriyApadagaLondige baruttade mattu I pratyaya (hAgU idara ige emba rUpa) sEridAga kriyApadada koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade. udA:

baLalu baLalike hELu hELike bedaru bedarike tOru tOrike hogaLu hogaLike anju anjike agalu agalike nambu nambike

mEle koTTiruva ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLalli mUrakSharadavugaLu (modalaneya kAlam) mattu eraDakSharadavugaLu (mUraneya kAlam) embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLive. ivugaLalli eraDakSharadavugaLu modalaneya akSharadalli uddasvaravuLLavugaLu (hELu mattu tOru) mattu giDDasvaraviddarU sonneyondige baruvavugaLu

(anju mattu nambu) embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLembudannu gamanisabahudu.

ukAradalli konegoLLuva mattu eraDakSharaviruva kriyApadagaLa modalaneya akSharadalli giDDasvara mAtra ideyAdare athavA giDDasvara dondige eraDaneya akSharadalli ottakSharavideyAdare, antaha kriyApada gaLondige I pratyaya ge illavE ige emba rUpadalli baruttade. udA:

ಕೊಡು	ಕೊಡುಗೆ	ಬಪ್ಪು	ಬಪ್ಪುಗೆ/ಬಪ್ಪಿಗೆ
ಉಡು	ಉಡುಗೆ	ಮೆಚ್ಚು	ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ
ತೊಡು	ತೊಡುಗೆ

ಹೆರು	ಹೆರಿಗೆ	ಮುಚ್ಚು
ಮುಚ್ಚಿಗೆ
ತೆರು	ತೆರಿಗೆ	ಮುತ್ತು ಮುತ್ತಿಗೆ

Adare ivugaLalli ige embudu elli baruttade mattu ge embudu elli baruttade endu hELuvudu kaShTa. idallade, I niyamagaLige bEreyU kelavu apavAdagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, ige mattu ge emba rUpagaLu kelavu uddasvaraviruva eraDakSharada kriyApadagaLondigU bara balluvu mattu bEre kelavu giDDasvaradondige sonneyiruva eraDakSharada kriyApadagaLondigU baraballuvu.

ನಾಚು	ನಾಚುಗೆ	ನಂಬು	ನಂಬುಗೆ
ಏಳು	ಏಳಿಗೆ	ಹೇಸು	ಹೇಸಿಗೆ

ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLu su (illavE isu) emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuvuvAdare avugaLondige ke emba rUpa dalliruva pratyaya baruttade, mattu I pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa kone yalliruva su emba pratyaya bidduhOguttade. udA:

ಬಯಸು	ಬಯಕೆ	ಹಾರೈಸು
ಹಾರೈಕೆ	ಮಡಿಸು	ಗದರಿಸು
	ಮಡಿಕೆ	ಗದರಿಕೆ

ಬೆರಸು	ಬೆರಕೆ	ಆಕಳಿಸು
ಆಕಳಿಕೆ
ತುರಿಸು	ತುರಿಕೆ	ಮೂದಲಿಸು ಮೂದಲಿಕೆ
ಬಳಸು	ಬಳಕೆ	ತೂಕಡಿಸು
ತೂಕಡಿಕೆ

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, illi su emba pratyayadalli kone goLLuva kriyApadakke ke emba pratyayavannu sErisi nAmapadavannu tayArisalAgide endu hELuva badalu, yAva padavargakkU sErada baya-, maDi-, bera-, baLa-, hara-, AkaLi- modalAda asvatantra padagaLige su emba pratyayavannu sErisi kriyApadavannU mattu ke emba pratyayavannu sErisi nAmapadavannU tayArisalAgide endu hELalu sAdhyavide.

idallade, su emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuva bEre kelavu kriyA padagaLige a illavE ke emba eraDu pratyayagaLalli ondannu sErisu vudara mUlaka (mattu avugaLa koneyalli baruva su embudannu tegedu hAkuvudara mUlaka) eraDu bEre bEre rItiya nAmapada gaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. a emba pratyaya sEridAga ivugaLa koneya ikAravU bidduhOguttade.

ಹಂಬಲಿಸು	ಹಂಬಲ	ಹಂಬಲಿಕೆ
ಬೇಸರಿಸು	ಬೇಸರ	ಬೇಸರಿಕೆ
ಎಚ್ಚರಿಸು	ಎಚ್ಚರ	ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ
ಅಬ್ಬರಿಸು	ಅಬ್ಬರ	ಅಬ್ಬರಿಕೆ

ekArAnta kriyApadagaLige ke emba pratyayavannu sErisidAga avugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAra akAravAguttade embudannu moLe- moLake mattu bere-berake emba udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. Adare hode-hodike embudaralli I ekAra ikAravAgide (athavA mElina ike-ige pratyaya adara ike emba rUpadalli bandiddu, kriyApadada koneya ekAra bidduhOgide) mattu naDe-naDuge embudaralli ekAra ukAravAgide. idallade, I koneya padadalli keya badalu ge bandide.

ikAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya ge emba rUpadalli baruvudannu suli-sulige mattu holi-holige emba udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. Adare hiDi-hiDike embudaralli idu ke emba rUpadalli bandide. idallade, mEle sUcisidante hiDi embudu kannaDadalli kriyApadavU havdu, nAmapadavU havdu.

pratyayaviruva padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva niyamagaLu olavugaLu mAtra, avugaLige apavAdagaLiruvudu jAsti embudannu I ike-ige pratyayada baLakeya hindiruva ‘niyama’vannu bareyalu naDesida I prayatna spaShTapaDisuttade. idallade, kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli yAvavugaLondige I pratyaya baraballudu mattu yAvavugaLondige baralAradu emba viShayadallU bahaLaShTu aniyamitate ide. udA haraNegAgi, mADu, kuDi, bare, aDagu, horaDu, kollu, kaTTu, tumbu, Udu modalAda halavAru kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya baLakeyAgilla.

(kha) arthabhEdagaLu

kriyApadagaLige ike-ige emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAguva I pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLige artha hELuvudU bahaLa kaShTavAda kelasavAgide. sAmAnyavAgi I nAmapadagaLu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli bandiruva kriyApadagaLu yAva ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisu ttaveyO avannE hesarisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, keLage modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva kriyApadagaLu bEre bEre rItiya ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuttiddu, avannE eraDaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva nAmapada gaLu hesarisuttiveyembudannu gamanisabahudu.

anju anjike hogaLu hogaLike bayasu bayake tUkaDisu tUkaDike

Adare, I niyamakke halavAru bEre bEre rItiya apavAdagaLive. udAharaNegAgi, moLake, kettige, hAsige, terige modalAdavugaLu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva moLe, kettu, hAsu, teru modalAda kriyApadagaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuva badalu, A ghaTane

gaLinda siddhavAda vastugaLannu hesarisuttave; hiDike, hodike modalA davugaLu antaha ghaTanegaLannu naDesalu bEkAguva upakaraNagaLannu hesarisuttave. pratyayaviruva padagaLu ‘hesarisuva’ padagaLAgiddu, antaha hesarisuva padagaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisuva avaSyakateyillavembudE (೩.೩.೩ nODi) avugaLa artha dalli intaha aniyamitate kANisikoLLalu mukhya kAraNa.

(ga) nAmapadadondige baLake

ike-ige pratyayavu adara ike emba rUpadalli nEravAgi kriyApadada anantara baruva badalu vaLi illavE aLe emba pratyayada anantara baraballudu, mattu adara ige emba rUpadalli aNe emba pratyayada anantaravU baraballudu embudannu keLage koTTiruva padagaLalli kANabahudu.

ನಡೆ	ನಡವಳಿಕೆ	ಬರೆ	ಬರವಣಿಗೆ
ತಿಳಿ	ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ	ಬೆಳೆ	ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ
ಮುಚ್ಚು	ಮುಚ್ಚಳಿಕೆ	ಮೆರೆ	ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆ
		ಬೀಸು	ಬೀಸಣಿಗೆ

Adare, sAgaNike embudaralli I pratyaya aN (illavE aNe) embu dara munde ike emba rUpadalli bandide. dabbALike embudaralli I pratyayadondige ALe emba pratyaya bandiruva hAge kANisuttade.

mEle koTTiruva nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadavondakke eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyendu hELuva badalu aLi illavE aN emba pratyayagaLa baLakeyinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLige ike-ige pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgideyendU hELalu sAdhya vide. huTTuvaLi, sAguvaLi modalAda padagaLalli vaLi emba pratyayada mUlaka, mattu sAgaNe, tirugaNe modalAda padagaLalli aNe emba pratyayada mUlaka intaha nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgide.

ondu vyavasAya illavE guNadharmavannAdharisi vyaktigaLannu hesarisuvantaha (illavE antaha guNadharmavannE sUcisuvantaha) kelavu SabdagaLige ike emba pratyayavondannu sErisi A vyavasAya illavE guNadharmavannu hesarisuvantaha nAmapadavannu tayArisalu

sAdhyavide. intaha SabdagaLu nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandu virabahudu, illavE kannaDada SabdagaLige gAra (illavE vanta) emba pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisidavugaLirabahudu. udA:

madhyastha madhyasthike billugAra billugArike SrImanta SrImantike mInugAra mInugArike unnata unnatike maDivanta maDivantike

mAsTarik emba padadalli I pratyaya ingliSh‌ninda eravalAgi bandiruva mAsTar emba padadondige bandide.

intaha padagaLalli baruva ike emba pratyaya mEle vivarisiruva ike-ige pratyayakke sambandhisidudE athavA samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva bEre kelavu padagaLalli kANisuva ika emba innondu pratyayakke (udA: kShaNa-kShaNika, yantra-yAntrika ityAdi (vivaragaLige ೮.೩.೫ nODi)) sambandhisidudE emba viShayadalli ondu nirdhArakke baruvudu svalpa kaShTa.

(pha) ike emba padarUpa pratyaya

mEle koTTiruva ike-ige emba pratyayadinda bhinnavAgiruva mattu ellA sandarbhagaLallU ike emba ondE rUpadalliruva padarUpa pratyayavondu kannaDadalli baLakeyallide. idannu kriyApadagaLige sErisi avugaLa kriyArUpavondannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. idu kriyApada gaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLannu varNisuttadallade hesarisuvudilla. udA:

anju anjuvike bare bareyuvike mADu mADuvike kuDi kuDiyuvike hogaLu hogaLuvike iru iruvike bayasu bayasuvike tappu tappuvike

I pratyayavannu sErisidAga ukArAnta kriyApadagaLa koneyalli vakAra sErikoLLuttade, mattu ikArAnta mattu ekArAnta kriyApada

gaLa koneyalli vakAra mAtravallade ya emba akSharavU sErikoLLuttade embudannu mElina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

ike emba I pratyayavannoLagonDiruva kriyArUpagaLannu nAma padagaLa sthAnadalli baLasalu sAdhyaviddu, ivakke bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLannU sErisalu sAdhyavide. udA:

(೧ka) Akeya hADuvikeyannu ellarU hogaLuttiddAre.
(೧kha) nimma hogaLuvikeyinda avanu ubbihOgiddAne.
(೧ga) avaLa aLuvikege kallU karagItu.
(i) kelavu vyatyAsagaLu
kriyApadagaLinda kriyArUpagaLannu tayArisalu baLasuva I ike emba
pratyaya padarUpa pratyayavallade padapratyayavalla. adu mEle
vivarisiruva ike-ige emba padapratyayakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. pada
pratyayagaLigU mattu padarUpa pratyayagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa
gaLella kANisaballuvu embudannu mEle ೧.೬ralli vivarisalAgide.
intaha vyatyAsagaLu I ike-ige mattu ike emba eraDu pratyayagaLa
naDuveyU kANisuvuvembudannu avugaLa naDuviruva keLagina vyatyAsa
gaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.
(೧) ike emba padarUpa pratyaya ellA kriyApadagaLondigU
baraballudu. I viShayadalli ondU apavAdavilla. samskxtadinda
eravalAgi bandiruva mattu isu emba pratyayada mUlaka kannaDadalli
kriyApadavAgi baLakeyAguva padagaLondigU idu baraballudembu
dannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
anumatisu anumatisuvike
SikShisu SikShisuvike
virOdhisu virOdhisuvike
rakShisu rakShisuvike
idakke vyatiriktavAgi, ike-ige emba padapratyayada baLake kelavE
kelavu kriyApadagaLondige mAtra rUDhiyallide. udAharaNegAgi, bare,
kuDi, mADu, duDuku, tirugu modalAda halavAru kriyApada
gaLondige I pratyayada baLake rUDhiyallilla. ike emba padarUpa

pratyayavannu ivellavakkU sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idallade, samskxta dinda eravalAgi bandiruva anumatisu, SikShisu modalAda kriyApada gaLondige ike emba padarUpa pratyayavannu sErisi hELuva hAge ike-ige emba padapratyayavannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

(೨) ike emba padarUpa pratyayada baLakeyalli ike-ige emba padapratyayada baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha aniyamita badalAvaNega LAvuvU kANisuvudilla. ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLondigU adu ike emba ondE rUpadalli baruttade. mEle sUcisidante, ukArada anantara vakAra sErikoLLuvudu mattu ekAra hAgU ikAragaLa anantara yav embudu sErikoLLuvudu emba eraDu sandhiniyama gaLu mAtra ivugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu. I eraDu badalAvaNegaLu ellA sandarbhagaLallU niyamitavAgi baruttiddu, avakke yAva apavAdavU illa.

kriyApadagaLU kUDa, ike emba padarUpa pratyayadondige svalpavU badalAvaNeyillade sErikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kriyApada gaLa koneyalli baruva su emba pratyaya illavE u emba svara I pratyaya sEridAga biddu hOguvudilla, mattu kriyApadagaLa kone yalli baruva ekAra akAravAgi illavE ukAravAgi badalAguvudilla. ike-ige emba padapratyayakkU mattu ike emba padarUpa pratyayakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu keLage koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli kANa bahudu.

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ	ಇಕೆ-ಇಗೆ	ಇಕೆ
ಬಯಸು	ಬಯಕೆ	ಬಯಸುವಿಕೆ
ಬೆರಸು	ಬೆರಕೆ	ಬೆರಸುವಿಕೆ
ತುರಿಸು	ತುರಿಕೆ	ತುರಿಸುವಿಕೆ
ಅಂಜು	ಅಂಜಿಕೆ	ಅಂಜುವಿಕೆ
ಹೇಳು	ಹೇಳಿಕೆ	ಹೇಳುವಿಕೆ
ಹೊಗಳು	ಹೊಗಳಿಕೆ ಹೊಗಳುವಿಕೆ
ಬೆರೆ	ಬೆರಕೆ	ಬೆರೆಯುವಿಕೆ
ಹೊದೆ	ಹೊದಿಕೆ	ಹೊದೆಯುವಿಕೆ
ನಡೆ	ನಡುಗೆ	ನಡೆಯುವಿಕೆ

(೩) arthada maTTigU I eraDu pratyayagaLa naDuve vyatyAsavide. mEleyE vivarisidante, ike-ige pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLige avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle niyamitavAgi artha hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. avellavakkU oLaracane ondE rItiya dAdarU artha mAtra aniyamitavAgi bEre bErAgiruttade. Adare, ike emba padarUpa pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida ellA kriyArUpa gaLigU ondE rItiya arthavide. avella varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka avugaLalli bandiruva kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu gurutisu ttave.

bayasu bayake bayasuvike

kettu kettige kettuvike

hAsu hAsuge hAsuvike

hiDi hiDike hiDiyuvike

moLe moLake moLeyuvike

holi holige holiyuvike

I ellA vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle ike embudu kriyA padagaLinda kriyArUpagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLasuva padarUpa pratyayavendU mattu ike-ige embudu prAmukhyavAgi kriyApada gaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLasuva adakkinta tIra bhinnavAda padapratyayavendU hELabEkAguttade.

೪.೩.೨ ta-tE pratyaya

ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLige ta illavE te emba rUpadalliruva I pratyayavannu sErisi kelavu nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I eraDu rUpagaLalli te embudara baLake gintalU ta embudara baLakeyE jAsti. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudannu elli baLasabEku emba viShayadalli niyamavEnU iruva hAge kANisuvudilla. te embudarondige bandAga kriyApadagaLa koneya ekAra akAravAguttade (udA: naDe-naDate), Adare ta embuda rondige bandAga adu hAgeyE badalAgade uLiyuttade (udA: hoDe-hoDeta).

I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAda nAmapadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu illavE adarinda siddhavAguva guNadharmavannu hesarisuttave. udA:

ಕುಣಿ	ಕುಣಿತ	ಅಲೆ	ಅಲೆತ
ಕುಡಿ	ಕುಡಿತ	ನೆಗೆ	ನೆಗೆತ
ಹಿಡಿ	ಹಿಡಿತ	ಒದೆ	ಒದೆತ
ದುಡಿ	ದುಡಿತ	ಎಸೆ	ಎಸೆತ
ಉರಿ	ಉರಿತ	ಮೊರೆ	ಮೊರೆತ
ತುಳಿ	ತುಳಿತ	ಸವೆ	ಸವೆತ
ಕುದಿ	ಕುದಿತ	ಅಗೆ	ಅಗೆತ

ಅಳೆ	ಅಳತೆ	ನಡೆ	ನಡತೆ
ಅಗೆ	ಅಗತೆ	ಮಿಡಿ	ಮಿಡಿತೆ

aniyamitavAgi intaha nAmapadagaLu kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyalli baruva vastu, prANi modalAduvannu hesarisuttiralU sAdhyavide (udA: miDi-miDite). tappu-tappita embudaralli I pratyaya ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadadondigU bandiruva hAge kANisuttade.

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva kelavu nAmapadagaLalli te emba pratyayavondu kANisuttade. udA:

adhyakSha adhyakShate arha arhate kavi kavite dakSha dakShate

Adare I te emba pratyayavannu nAmapadagaLigallade kriyApadagaLige sErisuvudilla. vyaktiyobbanannu hesarisuva nAmapadadinda A vyaktiya guNadharmavannu hesarisuva bErondu nAmapadavannu sAdhisalu I pratyayada baLakeyAguttade. idu samskxtada tA emba pratyayada kannaDa rUpa. mEle vivarisiruva ta-te idakkinta bhinnavAdudu.

೪.೩.೩ A pratyaya

idu mukhyavAgi gu illavE Du emba akSharagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvalli baLakeyAguttade. I pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLa koneyalliruva gu mattu Du emba akSharagaLu k mattu T endAguttave (endare, gakAra, DakAragaLu kakAra, TakAragaLAguttave mattu avugaLa anantara baruva ukAra bidduhOguttade).

ನಡುಗು	ನಡುಕ	ಆಡು	ಆಟ
ತಿರುಗು	ತಿರುಕ	ಓಡು	ಓಟ
ಮರುಗು	ಮರುಕ	ನೋಡು	ನೋಟ
ತೂಗು	ತೂಕ	ಕಾಡು	ಕಾಟ
		ಮಾಡು	ಮಾಟ
		ಕೂಡು	ಕೂಟ

ADu embudaralli konegoLLuva halavu ‘kUDu’kriyApadagaLu kannaDadalliddu avugaLalli kelavu kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya bara balludu. intaha baLakeyallU kriyApadada koneya Du emba akShara T endAguttade. udA:

hOrADu hOrATa

tirugADu tirugATa

ODADu ODATa

baddADu baddATa

Adare I pratyaya intaha ellA kUDukriyApadagagaLondigU niyamitavAgi baruvudilla. udAharaNegAgi, bisADu, nagADu, mAta nADu modalAdavugaLondige idu baruvudilla, mattu I pratyayava nnoLagonDiruva mArATa, huDugATa modalAda bEre kelavu nAmapadagaLige samanAda kUDukriyApada kannaDadalli baLakeyallilla. idallade, taletiruka, dArihOka modalAda bEre kelavu nAmapada gaLalli I pratyaya bandiruva hAge kANisuttade, Adare ivannu tayArisalu bEkAguva kUDukriyApadagaLu kannaDadalli baLakeyallilla.

Udu emba kriyApadakke idE pratyayavannu sErisi Uta emba padavannu tayArisiruvalli dakAra takAravAgiruvudannu kANabahudu.

I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAguva nAmapadagaLa arthavU aniyamitavAdudu. heccineDegaLallU idu kriyApadavu nirdESisuva ghaTaneyannu hesarisuttade (udA: naDugu-naDuka, marugu-maruka). Adare, kelaveDegaLalli ondu viSiShTavAda ghaTaneyannu mAtravE hesarisu ttade (udA: mADu-mATa), mattu bEre kelavu kaDegaLalli antaha ghaTaneyannu naDesuva vyaktiyannu hesarisuttade (udA: tirugu-tiruka).

agalu-agali mattu tIru-tIra embavugaLalli idE pratyaya ru mattu lu emba akSharagaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLondige bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

೪.೩.೪ vu pratyaya

I pratyayavu prAmukhyavAgi ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLondige baruttade. ekAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLalli heccinavU I pratyaya sEridAga avugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAravannu akAravAgi badalAyisuttave. udA:

ಅಳಿ	ಅಳಿವು	ಮರೆ	ಮರೆವು
ದಣಿ	ದಣಿವು	ಕಳೆ	ಕಳವು
ಹಸಿ	ಹಸಿವು	ನೆರೆ	ನೆರವು
ತಿಳಿ	ತಿಳಿವು	ತೆರೆ	ತೆರವು
ಅರಿ	ಅರಿವು	ಸೆಳೆ	ಸೆಳವು
ಹರಿ	ಹರಿವು

olavu emba padadalli adara oLaracaneyalli baruva oli emba kriyApadada koneya ikAravU akAravAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadagaLallU kelavu I pratyayadondige sEri nAmapadagaLAgive. Adare, intaha padagaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLu kANisikoLLuttave. udAharaNegAgi, yu emba akSharadalli konegoLLuva mattu adare hinde uddasvaraviruva kelavu kriyApadagaLondige I pratyaya baralu sAdhyaviddu, hAge tayA rAgiruva padagaLalli A kriyApadada eraDaneya akShara biddu hOgide.

ಸಾಯು	ಸಾವು
ನೋಯು	ನೋವು
ಕಾಯು	ಕಾವು
ಮೇಯು	ಮೇವು

ukAradalli konegoLLuva nillu mattu gellu emba bEre eraDu kriyApadagaLondigU I pratyaya baruttiddu, I padagaLalliruva ottakSharada ondu vyanjana I pratyaya sEridAga biddu hOgide.

ನಿಲ್ಲು	ನಿಲುವು
ಗೆಲ್ಲು	ಗೆಲುವು

idallade iravu embudara oLaracaneyalli iru emba kriyApadada koneya ukAra akAravAgide, mattu tiruvu embudaralli tirugu emba kriyApadada mUraneya akShara biddu hOgide. biDuvu embudaralli mAtra I pratyaya biDu emba ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadadondige yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade bandide.

arthada maTTige I pratyayada baLakeyallU aniyamitateyide yembudannu gamanisabahudu. sAvu, nOvu, marevu modalAdavu gaLu ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuvuvAdare, mEvu embudu ghaTaneya sAdhana vannU mattu tiruvu embudu ghaTaneya sthAnavannU hesarisuttave.

೪.೩.೫ vaLi pratyaya

kriyApadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisidAga, avugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAra akAravAguttade, mattu ikAra ukAravAguttade. Adare ukAra mAtra badalAgade hAgeyE uLiyuttade. idallade, udA:

ಹಿಡಿ	ಹಿಡುವಳಿ	ಸಾಗು	ಸಾಗುವಳಿ
ತಿಳಿ	ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ	ಹುಟ್ಟು	ಹುಟ್ಟುವಳಿ
ನಡೆ	ನಡವಳಿಕೆ	ಆಳು	ಆಡಳಿತ

tiLuvaLike mattu naDavaLike emba eraDu padagaLalli I pratyaya ke emba innondu pratyayadondige bandide. mattu ADaLita emba padadalli ta emba pratyayadondige bandide. idallade, ADaLita emba

padadalli kriyApadadallidda LakAra DakAravAgide, mattu vaLi pratyayada vakAra biddu hOgide.

gottu emba AkhyAta padadondigU I pratyaya bandiruvudannu gottuvaLi emba nAmapadadalli kANabahudu. dabbALike embudarallU idE pratyaya (dabbu emba kriyApadadondige) bandiralu sAdhyaviddu, illi idakke ALi emba rUpavide.

aLi emba rUpadalliruva pratyayavondu AkaLisu, appaLisu, kuppaLisu, bikkaLisu modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLalli baruvudembu dannu munde AranE adhyAyadalli nODaliruvevu. adu I pratyayakke sambandhisiralu sAdhyavide. idE pratyaya heggaLike emba padadalli hiri emba guNapadada heg emba rUpadondige bandide.

೪.೩.೬ vaN pratyaya

I pratyaya adara ellA baLakegaLallU mEle ೪.೩.೧ralli vivarisida ike-ige pratyayada ige emba rUpadondige baruttade. kriyApadada koneya ekAra I pratyaya sEridAga akAravAguttade mattu ukAra biddu hOguttade. ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApadadondige idu aN emba rUpadalli baruttade.

ಬರೆ	ಬರವಣಿಗೆ	ಬೀಸು	ಬೀಸಣಿಗೆ
ಮೆರೆ	ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆ	ಬಾಚು	ಬಾಚಣಿಗೆ
ಬೆಳೆ	ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ

maduvaNiga emba nAmapadadalli I pratyaya kriyApadadondige baruva badalu maduve emba bErondu nAmapadadondige (mattu iga emba pratyayadondige) bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

tirugaNe, sAgaNe mattu badalAvaNe emba padagaLalli kANisuva aNe emba pratyaya mattu hondANike, sAgANike, tiddANike modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva AN emba pratyaya - ivugaLU I pratyayakke sambandhisidavugaLAgiralu sAdhyavide.

೪.೩.೭ e pratyaya

ukAradalli konegoLLuva kelavu kriyApadagaLige e emba I pratyaya vannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I pratyaya sEri

dAga kriyApadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguttade. Adare bALu emba kriyApadadalli mAtra, adu vakAravAgi badalAguttade. idallade, kollu emba kriyApadadalli baruva ottakSharadinda ondu vyanjanavU biddu hOguttade. udA:

ಕಟ್ಟು	ಕಟ್ಟೆ	ನಗು	ನಗೆ
ತಟ್ಟು	ತಟ್ಟೆ	ಹೊರು	ಹೊರೆ
ಕೊಲ್ಲು	ಕೊಲೆ	ಬಾಳು	ಬಾಳ್ವೆ
ಹರಟು	ಹರಟೆ

nele emba padadallU I pratyaya bandiddu, adaralli nillu illavE nela emba pada baLakeyAgirabEku.

೪.೩.೮ alu pratyaya

I pratyaya prAmukhyavAgi ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLondige baruttade. siDi embudarinda tayArAda siDilu embudu mAtra idakke apavAdavAgiruva hAge kANisuttade. I pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva ukAra biddu hOguttade. udA:

ಕೆಮ್ಮು	ಕೆಮ್ಮಲು	ಮಾಸು	ಮಾಸಲು
ಮೆಟ್ಟು	ಮೆಟ್ಟಲು	ಅಳು	ಅಳಲು
ಬೀಳು	ಬೀಳಲು	ಮೂಡು	ಮೂಡಲು

kelavu kriyApadagaLondige idakke ilu emba rUpavide.

ಕೊಯ್ಯು	ಕೊಯಿಲು
ಮಿಗು	ಮಿಗಿಲು

maDisu emba kriyApadadondige idu I eraDu rUpagaLallU baralu sAdhyaviddu, idarinda tayArAguva nAmapadagaLige bEre bEre arthagaLive: alu embudannu sErisi tayArisida maDalu emba padakke ‘tengina gari’ emba arthavU mattu ilu embudannu sErisi tayArisida

maDilu embudakke ‘uDi’ emba arthavU baruttade. bisilu emba padadalli I pratyaya bisi emba guNapadadondige bandide.

A.೨.೯ ku pratyaya

I pratyayavannu ikAra mattu ekAragaLalli konegoLLuva kriyApada gaLige sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu. I pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva ikAra ukAravAguttade mattu ekAra akAravAguttade. idallade, kelavu kriyApadagaLondige idakke ka emba akAradalli konegoLLuva rUpavide. udA:

ಬಿರಿ	ಬಿರುಕು	ಒಡೆ	ಒಡಕು
ಹರಿ	ಹರುಕು	ಕೊಳೆ	ಕೊಳಕು
ಮುರಿ	ಮುರುಕು	ಕರಿ	ಕರಕು
ಕುಡಿ	ಕುಡುಕ	ಎರೆ	ಎರಕ

೪.೩.೧೦ ‘sonne’ pratyaya

kannaDadalli kelavu padagaLannu avugaLalli yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nAmapadagaLannAgi illavE kriyApadagaLannAgi baLasalu sAdhya vide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva (೨ka-ga) vAkyagaLannu gamanisa bahudu.

(೨ka) avaLu ondu hADannu hADidaLu.
(೨kha) guDugu guDugitu, mincu mincitu.
(೨ga) avanu kaTTida kaTTu saDilAgide.

(೨ka)dalli hADu emba pada eraDu bAri bandiddu, modalaneya baLake yalli adu nAmapadavAgiyU mattu eraDaneya baLakeyalli kriyApada vAgiyU bandide. idE rItiyalli (೨kha)dalli guDugu mattu mincu emba padagaLu mattu (೨ga)dalli kaTTu emba pada yAva rItiya badalAvaNegU oLagAgade nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLAgi bandiru vudannu kANabahudu.

intaha padagaLu mUladalli kriyApadagaLendU, mattu avakkondu ‘sonne’ pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka avugaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalAgideyendU hELuva kramavide. kannaDadalli

sAmAnyavAgi kriyApadagaLinda pratyayagaLannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudE jAsti. isu emba pratyayavannu baLasi nAmapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyEnO nija. Adare idakke kannaDada nAmapada gaLigintalU samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda nAmapadagaLannu baLasu vudE jAsti (೬.೪ nODi). idakkinta bhinnavAda pratyayagaLu kannaDada kriyApadagaLalli cAritrika avaSEShagaLAgi mAtra kANisikoLLuttave (೬.೩ nODi).

I viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuve sambandhaviruvallella kriyApadavE mUlavendU mattu nAma pada kriyApadakke yAvudAdarondu pratyayavannu (illavE padavannu) sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAguvantahadendU vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

I rIti nAmapadagaLigU mattu kriyApadagaLigU ondE rUpa viruvudannu I keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

ನಗು	ಓದು	ಮಿಂಚು
ಅಳು	ಹಾಡು	ಗುಡುಗು
ನುಡಿ	ಕೆಮ್ಮು	ಬೆವರು
ಉರಿ	ತಪ್ಪು	ಬದುಕು
ಬೆಳೆ	ಕಟ್ಟು	ಉಗುಳು
ಕರೆ	ಗುದ್ದು	ಉರುಳು

intaha padagaLa prayOgadalli kriyApadagaLu niyamitavAgi ondu ghaTaneyannu nirdESisuvuvAdare, nAmapadagaLu aniyamitavAgi bEre bEre rItiya arthagaLannu koDuttave. udAharaNegAgi, Odu, aLu, kemmu modalAda nAmapadagaLu adE rUpada kriyApadagaLu nirdE Sisuva ghaTanegaLannu hesarisuvuvAdare, hADu, beLe, bevaru modalAda nAmapadagaLu antaha ghaTanegaLinda doreyuva phalitAmSavannu hesarisu ttave.

arthadalli aniyamitate mattu vayvidhyavannu nAvu sAmAnyavAgi pratyayaviruva nAmapadagaLallE kANuvevAda kAraNa, intaha nAmapada gaLalli kriyApadagaLondige ondu ‘sonne’ pratyaya bandideyemba mElina vAdakke I nAmapadagaLa arthadalli kANisuva aniyamitate yU ondu AdhAravAgaballudu.

೪.೩.೧೧ bEre kelavu pratyayagaLu

mEle vivarisiruva pratyayagaLu mAtravallade, onderaDu padagaLalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLu kannaDadalli kriyApadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. ivannu bEre bErAgi varNisuva badalu paTTimADi hELuvudE sulabha vAdudarinda antaha pratyayagaLiruva padagaLa paTTiyondannu keLage koDalAgide.

pratyaya kriyApada nAmapada
| :—: | :—: | :—: | :—: |
೧. Da kaTTu kaTTaDa
ottu ottaDa
heccu haccaDa
೨. pu hoLe hoLapu
uDu uDupu
nene nenapu
tIru tIrpu
೩. ane kettu kettane
bittu bittane
೪. ga kELu kELuga
Odu Oduga
nODu nODuga
೫. me tALu tALme
duDi duDime
uLu uLume
nali nalke
೬. aLa muccu muccaLa
heccu heccaLa
೭. ha bare baraha
೮. gaLu bayyu baygaLu
೯. cu gIru gIcu
೧೦. isu tinnu tinisu
muni munisu
೧೧. Aya ottu ottAya
೧೨. anda oppu oppanda

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
೧೩.	ಡಿ	ತಿನ್ನು	ತಿಂಡಿ
		ಹೆದರು	ಹೇಡಿ
೧೪.	ಇ	ಹಿಂಡು	ಹಿಂದಿ
		ಏರು	ಏರಿ
೧೫.	ದಿ	ಹಾಯು	ಹಾದಿ
೧೬.	ಗೆ	ನೇಯು	ನೆಯ್ಯೆ
೧೭	ಪೆ	ತಿರುಗು	ತಿರುಪ್

idallade, kEDu emba nAmapadavannu keDu emba kriyApadadinda adara modalaneya akSharadalli baruva svaravannu uddasvaravAgi mADuvu dara mUlaka tayArisalAgide embudannu gamanisabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೪.೪ nAmapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu

kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu bEre nAmapadagaLige yAvudAdarondu pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi, gANiga emba nAmapadavannu gANa emba bErondu nAma padakke iga pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide mattu mUguti emba nAmapadavannu mUru emba bErondu nAmapadakke ti emba pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisalAgide.

Adare kannaDadalli I rIti tayArisalAgiruva nAmapadagaLa sankhye jAsti illa. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadagaLannu bEre nAmapadagaLondige illavE kriyApada athavA guNapadagaLondige sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvudE kannaDadalli heccu baLakeyalliruva vidhAna. udAharaNe gAgi, kay emba nAmapadavannu baLasi halavu oLaracaneyiruva nAma padagaLannu tayArisalAgiddu, ivellavU jODupadagaLa rUpadalliruvu dannu gamanisabahudu.

kaykoDali kaygUsu kaygannaDi kaycIla kaygADi kaycaLaka kaygelasa kaypiDi kaygUli kaybaraha kaygaDa kaymagga, ityAdi

nAmapadagaLinda bEre nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLasuva pratyayagaLu kelavu kannaDadalli kANisuvuvAdarU, avugaLalli samskxta dinda eravalAgi bandavugaLu illavE samskxtada pratyayagaLa mAdari yalli siddhavAdavugaLE jAsti. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada kx ‘mADu’ emba kriyApadadinda siddhavAda kAra emba pratyaya (udA: citrakAra, namaskAra, balAtkAra ityAdi) kannaDadalli gAra emba pratyayavAgi halavu nAmapadagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade. udA:

ಬಳೆ	ಬಳೆಗಾರ	ಮೋಸ	ಮೋಸಗಾರ
ಮಾಲೆ	ಮಾಲೆಗಾರ	ಮಾಟ	ಮಾಟಗಾರ
ಕೊಲೆ	ಕೊಲೆಗಾರ	ಮಾತು	ಮಾತುಗಾರ
ಜೊತೆ	ಜೊತೆಗಾರ	ಎದೆ	ಎದೆಗಾರ
ಬಿಲ್ಲು	ಬಿಲ್ಲುಗಾರ	ಕಾವಲು	ಕಾವಲುಗಾರ
ಮೀನು	ಮೀನುಗಾರ	ಹಾಸ್ಯ	ಹಾಸ್ಯಗಾರ
ಸಾಲಿ	ಸಾಲಿಗಾರ	ಬೇಟೆ	ಬೇಟೆಗಾರ
ಹೊಣೆ	ಹೊಣೆಗಾರ

idE rItiyalli, mEle ೪.೩.೧ralli vivarisida hAge, samskxtada ike emba pratyayada mAdariyalli ondu vyavasAya illavE guNadharma vannAdharisi vyaktigaLannu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLinda A vyavasAya illavE guNadharmavannu hesarisuva nAmapadavannu tayArisalu kannaDadalli ike emba pratyayada baLakeyAguttade. kolegArike, billugArike, modalAda nAmapadagaLannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

kannaDadavE Ada kelavu padagaLalli kANisuva strI-puruSha lingabhEda vannu sUcisuva i mattu a emberaDu pratyayagaLigU (udA: muduka-muduki) samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva bEre halavu padagaLalli kANisuva idE rUpada pratyayagaLu (udA: naTa- naTi, lEkhaka-lEkhaki, SikShaka-SikShaki, ityAdi) mAdariyAgiralu sAdhya vide. Adare, ukAradalli konegoLLuva halavu guNapadagaLindalU vyavasthitavAgi I pratyayagaLannu baLasi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhya embudannu munde ೪.೫ralli nODaliruvevu.

ganDu-heNNu emba arthabhEdavannu sUcisuva bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLu kannaDadallive. udAharaNegAgi, mEle koTTiruva gAra

emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuva nAmapadagaLalli kelavakke ti emba pratyayavannu sErisi heNNu emba artha baruvante mADalu sAdhyavide. udA:

baLegAra baLegArti mAlegAra mAlegArti edegAra edegArti jotegAra jotegArti

vastu, viShaya, sthaLa modalAduvannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLige iga pratyayavannu sErisi, A vastu, viShaya, sthaLa modalAduvakke sambandhisiruva vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udA:

ಕನ್ನಡ	ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ	ಒಕ್ಕಲು	ಒಕ್ಕಲಿಗ
ಸಾಲಿ	ಸಾಲಿಗ	ಪಟ್ಟಣ	ಪಟ್ಟಣಿಗ
ಗಾಣ	ಗಾಣಿಗ	ಹೆಣ್ಣು	ಹೆಣ್ಣಿಗ
ದಾರಿ	ದಾರಿಗ	ಲೆಕ್ಕ	ಲೆಕ್ಕಿಗ

intahadE arthavannu koDuvudakkAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli ika emba ondu pratyaya kANisuttade (udA: dhana-dhanika, rasa-rasika, pUrva-pUrvika, lOka-lavkika, ityAdi). kannaDada iga pratyaya samskxtada I ika pratyayada mAdari yalli tayArAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLige tana emba pratyayavannu sErisi, antaha vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa svabhAvavannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLannu tayArisabahudu. udA:

ನಂಟ	ನಂಟತನ	ದಡ್ಡ	ದಡ್ಡತನ
ತುಂಟ	ತುಂಟತನ	ಗೆಳೆ(ಯ)	ಗೆಳೆತನ
ಜಾಣ	ಜಾಣತನ	ಮನೆ	ಮನೆತನ

I tana emba pratyaya guNapadagaLondigU baraballudembudannu munde ೪.೫ralli nODaliruvevu.

idallade, onderaDu padagaLalli mAtravE kANisuvantaha bEre kelavu pratyayagaLU kannaDadallive. ivugaLalli kelavannu keLage koTTiruva paTTiyalli kANabahudu.

೧.	ಎ	ನೆಲ ತಡ ಕೊಕ್ಕು ಮುಳ್ಳು	ನೆಲೆ ತಡೆ ಕೊಕ್ಕೆ ಮೊಳೆ
೨.	ಇತಿ	ಬೀಗ	ಬೀಗಿತಿ
೩.	ಳು	ಮಗ	ಮಗಳು
೪.	ತಿ	ಮೂಗು	ಮೂಗುತಿ
೫.	ಡು	ಕಿವಿ	ಕಿವುಡು
೬.	ಅಲು	ಗಂಟು	ಗಂಟಲು
೭.	ವು	ಗಡಿ	ಗಡುವು

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೪.೫ guNapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu

guNapadagaLige kelavu pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlakavU kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. idallade kelavu guNapadagaLu pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade hAgeyE nEravAgi nAmapadagaLAgiyU bara balluvu. (intaha guNapadagaLige ondu ‘sonne’pratyayavannu sErisa lAgideyendU hELalu sAdhyavide).

೪.೫.೧ nEravAda baLake

kannaDadalli baruva guNapadagaLalli halavannu avugaLalli yAva badalA vaNeyannU mADade nEravAgi nAmapadagaLa sthAnadalli baLasalu sAdhya vide. udAharaNegAgi, kempu emba pada guNapadavAgiyU baLakeyAga balludu mattu nAmapadavAgiyU baLakeyAgaballudu. udA:

(೩ka) I gODege kempu baNNa hAkiddu svalpa jAstiyAyitu. (೩kha) I gODege kempu hAkiddu svalpa jAstiyAyitu.

(೩ka)dalli kempu embudu guNapadavAgi bandide mattu (೩kha)dalli adE pada yAva badalAvaNeyU illade nAmapadavAgi bandide.

I rIti guNadharmavannu hesarisuva badalu antaha guNadharma vannoLagonDiruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgiyU kelavu guNapadagaLu pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade nAmapadagaLAgi bara balluvu. udA:

(೪ka) pArvatammanavaru ivattu ondu sihi tinDi mADiddare. (೪kha) pArvatammanavaru ivattu ondu sihi mADiddAre.

(೪ka)dalli sihi embudu ondu guNapadavAgi bandide mattu (೪kha) dalli adE pada ondu nAmapadavAgi bandide. Adare I eraDaneya baLakeyalli adu sihi emba guNapadavu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu hesarisuva badalu antaha guNadharmavannu paDediruva ondu vastuvannu (sihiyAgiruva tinDiyannu) hesarisuttade.

huLi, gaTTi, daDDa, jANa modalAda guNapadagaLU idE rItiyalli yAva badalAvaNeyU illade nAmapadagaLAgi guNadharma vannu paDediruva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisalu baraballuvu.

guNapadagaLannu avugaLa arthada AdhArada mEle aLate, prAya, bele, baNNa, bhavtika guNadharma, mAnavIya guNadharma mattu vEga embudAgi bEre bEre upavargagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyaviddu, ivugaLalli modalaneya nAlku upavargagaLalli baruva padagaLu mAdari guNapadagaLAgiruttave. uLida padagaLu kelavu viShayagaLalli guNapadagaLa hAgiddare, bEre kelavu viShayagaLalli nAmapadagaLa hAgiruttave. sAmAnyavAgi nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDU vargagaLalli baruva padagaLu intahavu.

mAdari guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLAgi baLasabEkiddalli avugaLalli EnAdarU badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLabEkAguttade, illavE bEre kelavu niyamagaLannu anusarisabEkAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, vyakti, prANi, vastu modalAdavugaLa aLate illavE parimANavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLannu udda-giDDa, ettara-taggu, agala-sapura, dappa-teLu, bhAra-hagura embantaha bEre bEre viruddhArthada jODigaLAgi sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

intaha guNapadagaLa pratiyondu jODiyallU modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva guNapadavannu mAtra nEravAgi ondu nAmapadada sthAnadalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. idallade, A eraDu padagaLU oTTAgi

sUcisuva aLateyannu I ondE guNapada hesarisuttade. udAharaNe gAgi keLage koTTiruva (೫ka-ga) vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(Aka) A kOlu I kOliginta udda.

(೫೨) I kOlu A kOliginta giDDa.

(೫ga) A kOlina udda nAlkaDi, mattu I kOlina udda mUraDi.

mEle (೫ka) vAkyadalli AkhyAtavAgi bandiruva udda emba guNapadakkU mattu (೫kha) vAkyadalli bandiruva giDDa emba guNapadakkU pratiyAgi (೫ga) vAkyadalli udda embudE nAmapadavAgi bandideyembudannu gamanisabahudu. kOlu udda iddarU giDDa iddarU adara aLateyannu sUcisalu udda emba padavannE nAmapadavAgi baLasabEkAguttade.

idE rItiyalli ettara mattu taggu emba guNapadagaLu sUcisuva aLateyannu hesarisalu ettara emba padavE nAmapadavAgi baLake yAguttade, mattu agali hAgU sapura emba guNapadagaLu sUcisuva aLateyannu hesarisalu agali embudE nAmapadavAgi baLakeyAguttade. mEle koTTiruva itara padagaLa baLakeyU intahadE embudannu gamanisabahudu.

೪.೫.೨ pratyayagaLa baLake

kuruDu, kivuDu, kuLLu, huccu modalAda manuShyaralli kANisuva guNadharmagaLannu (adarallU prAmukhyavAgi korategaLannu) sUcisuva kelavu guNapadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi ukAradalli konegoLLuttave. intaha guNapadagaLige a ‘ganDasu’ mattu i ‘hengasu’ emba pratyayagaLa llondannu sErisi nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I pratyayagaLannu sErisidAga guNapadagaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOgu ttade. udA:

ಗುಣಪದ	ನಾಮಪದಗಳು
ಗುಣಪದ	ಗಂಡಸು	ಹೆಂಗಸು
ಕುರುಡು	ಕುರುಡ	ಕುರುಡಿ
ಕಿವುಡು	ಕಿವುಡ	ಕಿವುಡಿ
ಕುಂಟು	ಕುಂಟ	ಕುಂಟಿ

ಕುಳ್ಳು	ಕುಳ್ಳ	ಕುಳ್ಳಿ
ಮರುಳು	ಮರುಳ	ಮರುಳಿ
ಹುಚ್ಚು	ಹುಚ್ಚ	ಹುಚ್ಚಿ
ತುಂಟು	ತುಂಟ	ತುಂಟಿ
ಬೆಲುವು	ಬೆಲುವ	ಬೆಲುವಿ
ಹೆಡ್ಡು	ಹೆಡ್ಡ	ಹೆಡ್ಡಿ

intaha guNapadagaLalli kelavu (udA: kuruDu, kivuDu) pratyayagaLa sahAyavilladeyU nAmapadagaLAgi baraballuvAgiddu, antaha baLake yalli avakke guNadharmaviruvavarannu hesarisuva badalu guNadharma vannE hesarisuva arthaviruttade.

(Taka) avanadu kuruDu buddhi.

(Tavi) avana kivudige maddilla.

kelavu guNapadagaLige tana emba pratyayavannu sErisi, avu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu hesarisalu sAdhyavide. udA:

ಬಳ್ಳೆ	ಬಳ್ಳೆತನ	ದೊಡ್ಡ	ದೊಡ್ಡತನ
ಬಡ	ಬಡತನ	ಹೊಸ	ಹೊಸತನ
ಮುದಿ	ಮುದಿತನ	ಹಿರಿ	ಹಿರಿತನ
ಎಳೆ	ಎಳೆತನ	ಮಂಕು	ಮಂಕುತನ

I pratyaya padapratyayavE athavA padarUpa pratyayavE (endare I pratyayaviruva padagaLu nAmapadagaLE athavA guNapadagaLa pada rUpagaLE) emba viShayadalli sandEhavide. I pratyaya ellA rItiya guNapadagaLondigU bAradiruvudu idannu padapratyayavendu hELalu AdhAravAgaballudu. udAharaNegAgi, kappu illavE kempu emba guNapadadondige I pratyaya baralAradu.

Adare idu baruvallella niyamitavAgi ondu guNadharmavannE sUcisuva kAraNa, idu varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka (೩.೧ nODi) A guNadharmavannu gurutisuvudendu hELalu sAdhyavide. I viShayada AdhArada mEle adannu guNapadada padarUpavendU hELalu sAdhyavide.

onderaDu nAmapadagaLalli mAtravE kANisuva bEre kelavu pratyaya gaLU kannaDadalli guNapadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisalu baLake yallive. intaha padagaLa paTTiyannu keLage koDalAgide.

	ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ	ಗುಣಪದ	ನಾಮಪದ
೧.	ಬ	ಹೊಸ ಹಳೆ	ಹೊಸಬ ಹಳಬ
೨.	ತು	ಹೊಸ ಹಳೆ ಎಳೆ	ಹೊಸತು ಹಳತು ಎಳತು
೩.	ಪು	ಬಿಳಿ ತೆಳು ಮುದಿ	ಬಿಳುಪು ತೇಳುಪು ಮುಪ್ಪು
೪.	ಮೆ	ಹಿರಿ ಜಾಣ	ಹೆಮ್ಮೆ ಜಾಣ್ಮೆ
೫.	ಗ	ಗಟ್ಟಿ	ಗಟ್ಟಿಗ
೬.	ಕ	ಮುದಿ	ಮುದುಕ
೭.	ಕೆ	ತುರಿ	ತುರಿಕೆ
೮.	ಇ	ಅಡ್ಡ	ಅಡ್ಡಿ
೯.	ಸೆ	ಹುಳಿ	ಹುಣಿಸೆ

೪. sArAmSa

pratyayagaLannu baLasi tayArisida nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli jAsti illa. padagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudakkintalU bEre padagaLannE sErisi jODupadagaLannu tayArisuvudE kannaDadalli heccu baLakeyalliruva vidhAna. idallade, pratyayagaLannu baLasuvallU ondu padakke ondakkinta jAsti pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida padagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa kaDime.

pratyayagaLannu baLasi tayArisida nAmapadagaLalli kriyApadakke pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLE kannaDadalli jAsti. intaha nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLalli ike-ige embudE prAmukhya vAdudu. nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida nAmapadagaLu kelavu kannaDadalli kANisuvuvAdarU intaha padagaLa sankhye bahaLa kaDime. idallade, nAmapadagaLondige baruva pada

pratyayagaLalli heccinavU samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLa mAdariyalli tayArAdavugaLa hAgive.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

adhyAya aydu jODupadagaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೧ gondalavannu hOgalADisuvudu

kESirAjana kAladindalU kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli samAsagaLa varNane yembudu ondu doDDa gOjalumaya viShayavAgide. samskxta samAsagaLa pariSIlaneya mUlaka kannaDa samAsagaLannu vivarisalu yatnisiruvudu idakke ondu kAraNavAdare, jODupadagaLigU mattu padagucchagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi tiLidukoLLadiru vudu innondu kAraNa. nAvu pariSIlisabEkAda vastu yAvudu embudannE sariyAgi tiLidukoLLade spaShTavAgi arthavAguvantaha varNaneyondannu koDalu sAdhyavilla tAne?

I gondalavannu hOgalADisalu nAvu mukhyavAgi mADa bEkAda kelasagaLivu: hosagannaDadalli baruva samAsagaLentahavu embu dannu tiLiyabEkiddare nAvu samskxtadalli baruva samAsagaLentahavu embudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyilla. samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLidukoLLuvalli mAtra samskxta samAsagaLa tiLuvaLike sahAyakavAgaballudAdarU alliyU adu atyavaSyavEnallavembudannu munde (೮.೩.೭ralli) nODa liruvevu. hAgAgi, hosagannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLa oLaracane yannu varNisuvalli samskxtada samAsagaLannu gamanakke tegedukoLLa diruvudE oLLeyadu.

idE rItiyalli, haLegannaDa illavE naDugannaDadalli mAtravE baLake yalliruvantaha jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannU hosagannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLannu varNisuvavaru gamanakke tegedukoLLabEkAgilla. kannaDa

bhASheyalli baruva padagaLa caritreyantahadu embudannu tiLiyubEkendi ruvavaru mAtra I rIti haLegannaDa mattu naDugannaDa padagaLa oLaracane yannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyide.

samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, dvandva, bahuvrIhi modalAda pAribhAShika padagaLannE kannaDada jODupadagaLannu (mattu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva ‘samAsa’ vemba hesarina vidhAnavannu) varNisuvudakkAgiyU baLasuvudu rUDhi. Adare I padagaLu nammeduru samskxta samAsagaLannE tandirisuva kAraNa, avannu baLasidalli kannaDa jODupadagaLa varNaneyalli samskxta samAsagaLindAgiruva gondalavannu hOgalADisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

hAgAgi, I adhyAyadalli kannaDada jODupadagaLannu nEravAgi kannaDadalli avakkiruva oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka varNisalAgide. haLegannaDa illavE naDugannaDadalli mAtravE kANisuva jODupadagaLannu illi gamanisilla. samskxtada samAsagaLannU I varNaneyalli pariSIlisilla. idallade, I varNaneyalli tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya modalAda samskxtada pAribhAShika padagaLannU baLasilla. kannaDada jODupadagaLannu nEravAgi A padagaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva padagaLa sankhye, padavarga, avugaLa naDuve kANisuva sambandha moda lAda viShayagaLannAdharisi varNisalAgide.

anantara bEreyE ondu vibhAgadalli (೫.೮ralli) ivattu kannaDada vyAkaraNa pustakagaLalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa (mattu kannaDa samAsa gaLa) varNanegaLu yAke iShTondu toDaku toDakAgive mattu kannaDada jODupadagaLannu sariyAgi mattu spaShTavAgi tiLisikoDuvalli asamartha vAgive embudannu vivarisalAgide. idallade, kannaDada jODupadagaLa varNaneyalli samskxtada tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya modalAda pAri bhAShika padagaLa baLake yAke samAdhAnakArakavalla embudannU vivarisa lAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu padagucchagaLu

eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu oTTAgi jODisi ondE padavAgi mADuva vidhAnakke samAsavendU mattu antaha vidhAnada mUlaka tayArAda padavannu jODupadavendU kareyabahudu. udAharaNe gAgi, keLaduTi embudu ondu jODupada. yAkendare, idaralli keLage mattu tuTi emba eraDu padagaLannu oTTAgi jODisi bEreyE

ondu padavannu tayArisalAgide, mattu I padada mUlaka bAyalli ruva eraDu tuTigaLalli keLaginadannu hesarisalAgide. kannaDadalli sAmAnya vAgi intaha padagaLalli eraDu padagaLu mAtravE sEriruttaveyAda kAraNa, jODupada emba I hesaru sUcisabahudAda ‘eraDu’ emba arthadindalU kannaDada maTTige tondareyAguvudilla.

kannaDadalli yAva rItiya jODupadagaLella baLakeyallive mattu avugaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu vivarisi hELuvudE I adhyAyada mukhya uddESa. I uddESavannu sariyAgi neravErisuvu dakkAgi modalige jODupadagaLigU mattu kelavu viShayagaLalli avugaLa hAgeyE kANisuva padagucchagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsa gaLive embudannu tiLiyuva avaSyakateyide. idallade, jODupada gaLigU mattu hindina (nAlkanE) adhyAyadalli vivarisiruva pratyaya viruva padagaLigU naDuve entaha vyatyAsavideyembudannU tiLidu koLLuva avaSyakateyide.

jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu tiLidu koLLuvudu kannaDada maTTige ondu prAmukhyavAda kelasa. yAkendare, kannaDada heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU I eraDu rItiya vAkyAmSagaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsa aspaShTavAgiyE uLidide mAtravalla, kelaveDegaLalli averaDU ondE emba bhAvaneyU baruvantide. udAharaNegAgi, A mane, bALeya haNNu, Oduva huDuga modalAdavugaLalli gamaka, tatpuruSha modalAda samAsagaLiveyembudAgi kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli barediruvudannu kANabahudu.

Adare nijakkU A mane embudaralli A emba nirdESaka pada dondige mane emba nAmapadavannu baLasalAgiddu, adondu padaguccha vAgide. idE rItiyalli bALeya haNNu embudaralli eraDu nAma padagaLannu a emba pratyayada mUlaka sambandhisalAgide, mattu Oduva huDuga embudaralli Odu emba kriyApadavannu adara sambandhaka kriyArUpada mUlaka huDuga emba nAmapadadondige sambandhisalAgide. I mUru kaDegaLallU eraDeraDu padagaLu bandiddu, avu padagucchagaLAgi uLidiveyallade ondE padavAgi oTTu sErilla.

jODupadagaLu eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAguvudara mUlaka siddhavAda sanjYegaLallade padagucchagaLalla. eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu oTTige bandiveyAdarU ondE sanjYe yAgade bEre bEre sanjYegaLAgi uLidiveyAdare adannu padagucchavennu

ttEve. jODupadagaLa racaneyalli padaracaneya niyamagaLu barutta vAdare, padagucchagaLa racaneyalli vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLu baruttave.

udAharaNegAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadavannu keLagina tuTi emba padagucchadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. ivugaLalli modalane yadannu tayArisuvalli keLage emba padada giDDarUpavAda keLa embu dannu baLasalAgide mattu tuTi emba padadalli modalige baruva takAravannu dakAravAgi badalAyisalAgide. kannaDadalli iveraDU pada racaneyalli baruva badalAvaNeya niyamagaLu (೫.೭ nODi). idakke badalu keLagina tuTi emba padagucchadalli I eraDu padagaLu badalAgade uLidive mAtravalla, avugaLalli ondannu innondaroDane sambandhisuvudakkAgi keLage emba padadondige a emba pratyayavannu baLasalAgide. idu vAkyaracaneya niyamavallade padaracaneya niyama valla.

jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuve innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli vivarisiruvante (೩.೩.೩ nODi), ondu nAmapadagucchada arthavEnembudannu nEravAgi adara oLaracaneyannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare, ondu jODupadada arthavannu I rIti nEravAgi adara oLaracaneya sahAyadinda tiLidukoLLalu sAdhyavAgadu. antaha pada gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmavEnu embudannu tiLiyuvudara mUlakavEnE adara arthavEnendu hELalu sAdhya. jODupadagaLa arthavannu avugaLa oLaracaneyinda Uhisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU heccina sandarbhagaLallU antaha Uhe tappAgalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadada oLaracaneyalli keLagina tuTi emba nAmapadagucchavannu kANuvevAdarU ‘keLagina tuTi’ gaLella keLaduTigaLAgirabEkAgilla. eraDu tuTigaLa ondu citradalli keLaginadu keLagina tuTiyAgideyAdarU keLaduTiyAgilladiralu sAdhya vide. yAkendare A citradalli ondara keLage ondAgi citrisiruva tuTigaLeraDU mElduTiya citragaLAgiralu sAdhyavide. idallade, innondu citradalli keLaduTiyannu mEle mattu mElduTiyannu adara keLage citrisiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, adaralli ‘mElina tuTi’yE keLaduTiyAgiralu sAdhyavide.

keLaduTi emba pada obba vyaktiya (illavE prANiya) mukha dalliruva eraDu tuTigaLalli keLaginadannu hesarisuttade. idu I jODu padakke namma bhASheyalli rUDhavAgi bandiruvantaha baLake. I baLakeya prakAra, mukhadalli keLagiruva tuTiya guNadharmagaLu yAvuvO avugaLa AdhArada mEle mAtra keLaduTi emba I jODupadada arthavannu nirdharisi hELabEkAguttade. A padada oLaracaneyalli baruva keLa mattu tuTi emba padagaLa arthadinda nEravAgi adara arthavannu paDeyalu sAdhyavAgadu.

jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuve I rIti bahaLa mukhyavAda mattu spaShTavAda vyatyAsagaLiveyAdarU, kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli avugaLannu bErpaDisi hELuvudu svalpa kaShTavendE tOralu sAdhyavide. idakke kAraNavEnendare, nammeduriruva ondu vAkyAmSa jODupadavE athavA padagucchavE embudannu bariya A vAkyAmSavannu mAtra nODi nirdharisalu baruvudilla. vAkyadalli adara baLakeyantahadu, adannu baLasiruva vyaktiya ASayavEnu embudannU gamanisikoLLuvudu avaSya. udAharaNegAgi, nAvu mEle mUranE adhyAyadalli (೩.೪ralli) nODiruvante, bisinIru emba vAkyAmSa kelavondu sandarbhagaLalli (udA: ADuganu snAna mADabEkendiruvAga) padagucchavAgiyU mattu bEre kelavu sandarbhagaLalli (udA: ADuganu UTakke kuLitiruvAga) jODupadavAgiyU baLakeyAgiralu sAdhyavide. modalaneya baLake yalli adara arthavannu adara angagaLAgiruva bisi mattu nIru emba eraDu padagaLa arthadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide, Adare eraDaneya baLakeyalli idu sAdhyavAgadu.

Adare idu bhASheya itara padagaLa illavE vAkyAmSagaLa baLake yallU kANisuva vaySiShTyavallade jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli mAtravE kANisikoLLuva samasyeyEnalla. ondu padavannu yAva sandarbhadalli baLasalAgide mattu hAge baLasida vyaktiya ASayavEnu embudannu tiLiyade A padada artha intahadu endu spaShTavAgi hELalu heccinaDe gaLallU sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDada halavu padagaLu (huTTu, taggu, dUru, solu, aLu, taDe ityAdi) nAmapadagaLE athavA kriyApadagaLE embudannu avugaLa baLakeyinda mAtravE nirdharisalu sAdhyavide.

(೧ka) avanu dUrida.

(೧kha) avana dUru kELisitu.

(೧ka)dalli dUru embudu kriyApadavAgiyU mattu (೧kha)dalli nAmapadavAgiyU bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. hIgiddarU nAma pada mattu kriyApadagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli ondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsa embudaralli samSayavilla.

padagaLa arthavannu nirdharisuvallU idE rItiyalli baLakeya sandarbha mattu baLasuvavana ASaya emberaDu viShayagaLu prAmukhya vAda pAtravannu vahisuttave. bhASheyondaralli baruva padagaLalli heccina vakkU ondakkinta jAsti arthagaLiddu, ondu baLakeyalli avakke yAva arthavannu koDabEku embudannu I eraDu viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisi hELalu sAdhya,

udAharaNegAgi, kare emba padake ‘barahELu’ emba arthavU ide, ‘hAlannu hinDu’ emba arthavU ide. I padavannu obba vyakti baLasiruvanAdare, avanu adannu yAva arthadalli baLasirabahudu embudannu A vyaktiya ASaya mattu adannu baLasiruva sandarbha - iveraDara AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisalu sAdhya. padagaLige I rIti arthagaLu halaviruvudu aparUpavEnalla embudu ondu artha kOSada hALegaLannu maguci nODidare sulabhavAgi manadaTTAga bahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೩ jODupadagaLu mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLu

jODupada mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavU kelavu viShayadalli mElina vyatyAsada hAgeyE aspaShTavAgide. Adare idakke bEreyE ondu kAraNavide. ondu padakke ondu athavA jAsti pratyaya gaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka pratyayaviruva pada tayArAguttade mattu eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLannu oTTige sErisi ondE padavAgi mADu vudara mUlaka jODupada tayArAguttade embudAgi ivugaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsavEnO spaShTavAgide, Adare pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDu viruva vyatyAsa aShTondu spaShTavAdudalla.

udAharaNegAgi, hingAlu emba padadalliruva him embudu hindu athavA hinde embudara giDDarUpavendu hELidalli adondu padavenisuttade. idakke badalu adu cAritrikavAgi mAtra hinde embu dakke sambandhiside endu vAdisidalli adondu pratyayavenisuttade.

idE rItiyalli hejjenu, kengaNNu, ibbadi modalAda padagaLalli kANisuva hej, ke, ib modalAda amSagaLu padagaLE athavA pratyayagaLE emba viShayadalli abhiprAyabhEdagaLu kANisalu sAdhyavide.

pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa I rIti aspaShTavAgi kANisalu mattu vivAdakke eDemADikoDalu mukhya kAraNavEnendare, cAritrikavAgi heccina pratyayagaLU padagaLinda beLedu bandavugaLu. modalige svatantravAgidda I padagaLu kramENa giDDavAgi tamma svAtantryavannu kaLedukoLLuttave mattu pratyayagaLAgi badalAguttave. sAmAnyavAgi intaha padagaLu bEre sandarbhagaLalli tamma uddarUpa dalli baruvuvAdare avannu pratyayagaLendu hELade padagaLendu hELu vudE rUDhi.

udAharaNegAgi, haLegannaDadalli isu embudu ondu svatantra pada (kriyApada)vAgi baLakeyallittu. adakkidda arthagaLalli ‘anumatisu’ embudU ondu embudannu kANalisade, sErisidare modalAda baLakegaLinda tiLiyabahudu. nEravAgi bEre kriyApadagaLondige sEri kUDupadagaLAgi bandAgalU (udA: mADisu, baresu, tinnisu, ityAdi) idakke I arthakke sambandhisidantaha arthavE baruttade. hAgAgi, haLegannaDada maTTige mADisu, tinnisu modalAda kriyA rUpagaLalli baruva isu embudannu ondu pratyayavendu hELuva badalu kriyApadavendu hELuvudE sari.

Adare, hosagannaDadalli isu (illavE su) embudakke svatantra kriyApadavAgi baLakeyilla. bEre kriyApadagaLondige baresu, karesu, mADisu modalAda kriyArUpagaLalli mAtravE adu baraballudu. hAgAgi, hosagannaDada maTTige adondu pratyaya mAtra endu hELa bEkAguttade.

mEle sUcisidante, cAritrikavAgi ondu padada amSa innondu padada giDDarUpavAgideyAdarU vartamAna kAladalli averaDaroLage yAva sambandhavU illa embudAgiyU vAdisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi, mEle modalaneya adhyAyadalli (೧.೧ralli) sUcisidante, eNNe emba padada eN emba amSa cAritrikavAgi eLLu emba padakke sambandhiside. Adare kannaDada Adhunika rUpadalli iveraDakke sambandhavannu kalpisi, eNNe embudu jODupada endu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

Adare intaha vivAdaviruva sandarbhagaLallella vayyAkaraNigaLu yAvudAdarondu nirdhArakke baruva avaSyakateyide. hAgAgi, avaru antaha ondu nirdhArakke bandAga, pada mattu pratyayagaLa naDuve kANisuva I aspaShTate mAyavAguttade mattu adarondige jODu pada mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLa naDuviruva aspaShTateyU mAya vAguttade.

jODupada mattu pratyayaviruva padagaLa naDuve innondu rItiya aspaShTateyiruvudannU illi gamanisabahudu. kelavu jODu padagaLa angagaLAgi eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu mAtravallade ondu athavA jAsti pratyayagaLU bandiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, kasabarike emba padadalli kasa mattu bari(du) emba eraDu padagaLu mAtravallade, ke emba pratyayavU bandide. hAvADiga emba padadalli hAvu mattu ADu emba eraDu padagaLu mAtravallade ira emba pratyayavU sErikonDide.

intaha padagaLannu jODupadagaLendU hELabahudu illavE pratyayaviruva padagaLendU hELabahudu. Adare sAmAnyavAgi vyAkaraNa gaLalli I rIti ondakkinta jAsti padagaLiruvavugaLannella (avugaLondige pratyayagaLu bandirali athavA bAradirali) jODupadagaLendE kareyu vudu rUDhi.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೪ jODupadagaLa guNadharmagaLu

jODupadagaLa eraDu mukhyavAda guNadharmagaLannu nAvu mEleyE nODiruvevu. padaracaneya niyamagaLige anusAravAgi eraDu athavA jAsti padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgive embudu avugaLa ondu guNadharma; mattu hIge tayArAda padagaLa arthavannu avu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmada AdhArada mEle mAtravE nirdharisalu sAdhya embudu avugaLa innondu guNadharma. jODu padagaLannu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLasabEkA gideyAda kAraNa, avugaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla.

I eraDu mukhyavAda guNadharmagaLu mAtravallade bEreyU kelavu guNadharmagaLannu jODupadagaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide. intaha guNadharmagaLU jODupadagaLannu padagucchagaLinda bErpaDisalu sahAyakavAgaballuvu. sAmAnyavAgi, padagucchagaLalli baruva padagaLu

bEre bEre svatantra padagaLAgiruttavallade ondE padavAgi oTTu sEruvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu sErisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare jODupadagaLalli baruva padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgiddu tamma svAtantryavannu kaLedukonDive. hAgAgi avugaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu nuggisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, keLagina tuTi emba padagucchadalli keLagina mattu tuTi emba eraDu svatantravAda padagaLu oTTige bandiveyAdarU bEre bEre padagaLAgi uLidive. hAgAgi, avugaLa naDuve kempu, oDeda modalAda bEre padagaLannu irisi, keLagina kempu tuTi, keLagina oDeda tuTi modalAda avugaLiginta jAsti uddavAda padagucchagaLannu tayArisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadadalli keLa(ge) mattu duTi (tuTi) emba eraDu padagaLu svatantra padagaLAgi uLidilla mattu I kAraNakkAgi, avugaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannirisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

heccina padagucchagaLU varNisuva vidhAnada mUlaka vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttave. Adare idakke apavAdavAgi kannaDadalli kelavu viSiShTavAda padagucchagaLu hesarisuva vidhAnadallU vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvalli baLakeyAgu ttave embudannu nAvu mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli (೩.೩.೭ralli) nODiruvevu. I rIti hesarisuva vidhAnadalli baLakeyAgiruva pada gucchagaLa naDuveyU bEre padagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udA haraNegAgi, hUvina giDa embudu ondu padagucchavAgideyAdarU adannu ondu viSiShTavAda giDavannu hesarisuva vidhAnada mUlaka gurutisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade. hAgAgi, adaralli baruva hUvina mattu giDa emba eraDu padagaLa naDuve bEre padagaLannu (udA: doDDa embudannu) sErisi hELalu (*hUvina doDDa giDa embudAgi hELalu) sAdhyavAgadu.

Adare innondu viShayadalli intaha hesarisuva padagucchagaLU jODupadagaLinda bhinnavAgive. avugaLalli baruva padagaLa arthavannu bEre bErAgi guNapadagaLa sahAyadinda badalAyisalu sAdhyavide, Adare jODupadagaLalli bandiruva padagaLa arthavannu I rIti bEre bErAgi badalAyisalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, hUvina giDa emba padagucchakke bEre padagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka adalli

bandiruva eraDu padagaLalli yAvudara arthavannu bEkiddarU badalA yisalu sAdhyavide.

(೨ka) kempu hUvina giDa
(೨kha) namma hUvina giDa
(೨ga) doDDa hUvina giDa

(೨ka)dalli bandiruva kempu emba pada hUvina giDa emba padagucchada modalaneya padada arthavannu hecciside. adu ‘ondu giDada hU kempAgide’yendu tiLisuttadallade, ‘giDavE kempAgide’yendu tiLisuvu dilla. Adare (೨kha)dalli namma emba padada mUlaka adE padagucchada eraDaneya padada arthavannu badalAyisalu sAdhyavAgide. (೨kha)kke ‘namma giDa’ emba arthavideyallade ‘namma hUvu’ emba arthavilla. (೨ga)dalli I eraDu rItiya arthagaLU baralu sAdhyavide. adakke ‘doDDa hU biDuva giDa’ emba arthavAgalI illavE ‘hU biDuva doDDa giDa’ emba arthavAgalI baralu sAdhyaviddu illi arthasandigdhate yide.

Adare, jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli intaha arthasandigdhategaLige avakASavilla embudannu gamanisabahudu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, jODupadadondige baruva padagaLu A padada oTTu arthavEnideyO adannu mAtra badalAyisaballuvallade adara angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa arthavannu bEre bErAgi badalAyisalAravu. udAharaNegAgi, muLLu handi emba jODupadakke cUpAda emba padavannu sErisi A jODupadada angavAgi bandiruva muLLu emba padada arthavannu heccisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli kaNNIru emba jODupadakke kempu emba guNapadavannu sErisidalli, adu iDI padavu sUcisuva arthavannu (‘kempAgiruva kaNNIru’ embudAgi) badalAyisaballudallade A padada ondu anga sUcisuva arthavannu mAtravE badalAyisa lAradu. kempu kaNNIru embudakke ‘kempAgiruva kaNNina nIru’ emba artha baralAradu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೫ jODupadagaLa oLaracane

pratyayaviruva padagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvalli mukhyavAgi eraDu sangatigaLannu pariSIlisidare sAkAgittu. avugaLalli yAva pratyayagaLannu

baLasalAgide embudannU mattu I pratyayagaLannu yAva vargakke sErida padagaLondige (endare nAmapada, kriyApada illavE guNapada gaLondige) baLasalAgide embudannU pariSIlisidare sAkAgittu. kelavu pratyayaviruva padagaLalli hIge pada mattu pratyayagaLannu oTTige sErisu vAga avugaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuvuvAda kAraNa, intaha badalAvaNegaLannU ‘sErikeya niyama’gaLu (illavE sandhiniyamagaLu) emba hesarinalli varNisuva avaSyakateyittu.

jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga I rIti avugaLa racaneyalli baLakeyAguva padagaLu, avugaLa padavarga mattu avugaLa racaneya hindiruva sErikeya niyamagaLu emba I mUru viShaya gaLannu mAtravallade, A padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavEnu embudannU vivarisi hELuva krama rUDhiyallide. padagaLeraDannu I rIti sambandhisalu ondu vAkya illavE vAkyAmSavannu baLasabEkAgiddu, idannu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli mattu avugaLannanusarisuva kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘vigraha vAkya’ endu kareyalAgide.

kannaDadalli ivu heccinaDegaLallU vAkyarUpadallirade ondu pada gucchada rUpadalliruttave. hAgAgi ivannu ‘vAkya’ endu kareyuvudu kannaDada maTTigantU aShTondu txptikaravAgilla. jODupadagaLa oLa racaneyannu sUkShmavAgi vivarisi hELuvudakkAgi ivu baLakeyAguttive yAda kAraNa I viShayavannu sUcisuva jODupadagaLa ‘oLanuDi’ emba hesarannu illi baLasalAgide.

udAharaNegAgi, mincuhuLa emba jODupadadalli mincu mattu huLa emba eraDu padagaLu oTTu sErive. I padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu mincuva huLa emba padagucchada vivarisa bahudu. I huLa mincuttade emba vAkya I sambandhavannu innaShTu spaShTavAgi tOrisikoDuttade. idE rItiyalli talegUdalu emba jODupadada angagaLAgi bandiruva tale mattu kUdalu emberaDu padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu taleya kUdalu illavE taleyalli beLeyuva kUdalu emba padaguccha tOrisikoDuttade. intaha padagucchagaLannu (illavE heccu vivaravAgi oLaracaneyannu tiLisuva vAkyagaLannu) A jODupadagaLa oLanuDigaLendu hELabahudu.

jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embudannu tiLiyalu I rIti avugaLalli bandiruva padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannU tiLiyuvudu yAke avaSya embudannu spaShTapaDisalu bEre kelavu udAharaNegaLannu

gamanisabahudu. naDuberaLu mattu naDuhagalu emba eraDu jODu padagaLallU mElininda mEle nODuvAga oLaracane ondE rItiya dendu anisuttade. eraDarallU naDu emba guNapadadondige nAma padavondannu (beraLu illavE hagalu embudannu) sErisi hELiruvu dannu kANabahudu.

Adare I eraDu padagaLa naDuviruva sambandha mAtra mEle koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli bEre bErAgide. naDuberaLu embudu kayyalli aydu beraLugaLa naDuvinalliruva beraLannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adaralli naDu emba guNapada beraLu emba padada arthavannu heccisuvudakkAgi bandideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi avugaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu naDuvina beraLu emba padaguccha sariyAgi sUcisaballudu. Adare naDuhagalu emba jODupada ‘naDuvinalliruva hagala’nnu sUcisuvudilla, idakke badalu adu ‘hagalina naDubhAgavannu’ sUcisuttade. hAgAgi, I jODupadadalli bandiruva naDu mattu hagalu emba padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu naDuvina hagalu emba padagucchada mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke badalAgi, hagalina naDubhAga emba bErondu rItiya padagucchavannu illi baLasabEkAgu ttade.

idE rItiyalli keLaduTi embudakke keLagina tuTi (illavE mukhadalli keLage iruva tuTi) emba oLanuDiyannu (vigrahavAkyavannu) koDalu sAdhyavide; Adare tudigAlu embudakke adE rItiyalli tudiya kAlu (illavE tudiyalliruva kAlu) embudAgi oLanuDinnu koTTalli adu sariyAgalAradu. I eraDaneya jODu padakke kAlina tudi illavE kAlina tudiyalliruva bhAga embudAgi oLanuDiyannu hELabEkAguttade. I eraDu jODupadagaLallU nAmapadavondakke guNapadavondannu sErisi hELalAgideyAdarU avugaLa naDuviruva sambandha ondE alla embudannu I eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda oLanuDigaLu tiLisuttave.

jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLannu I rIti oLanuDigaLa mUlaka sambandhisuvalli ondu mukhyavAda samasyeyide embudannilli gamanisuvudu avaSya. nAvu mUraneya adhyAyadalli (೩.೩.೧ralli) nODiruvante, jODupadagaLa tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuve asAngatyaviralu sAdhyavide. avannu tayArisuva samayadalli avu hesarisabEkAgiruva vyakti illavE vastuvinalli kaNNige eddu kANisu

vantaha yAvudAdarU ondu guNadharmavannu AdhAravAgirisikonDu avannu racisirabEku. Adare avugaLa baLakeyAguttiruva samayadalli I guNadharma A vyakti illavE vastuvinalli hAgeyE uLiyabEkendEnU illa.

udAharaNegAgi, hosamane emba pada bahaLa haLeyadAgiruva ondu maneyannu hesarisuttiralu sAdhyavide. A manege hosamane embudAgi hesaru koDuva samayadalli adu hattiradallidda uLida ellA manegaLindalU hosatAgiddirabEku; anantara A hesaru baLake yAguttiruva samayadalli adu kramENa haLeyadAguttA bandarU, mattu hattiravE bEre manegaLu hosadAgi mEleddiveyAdarU, hosamane emba adara hesarannu badalisi haLemane endu hELalu yArU prayatnisuvudilla. ondu hesarina baLakege (endare adara arthakke) adara oLaracaneyinda dorakuva artha AdhAravAguvudilla vembudE idakke kAraNa.

jODupadagaLa tayArike mattu A tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguva guNadharma iveraDU A padagaLa caritrege sambandhisida viShayagaLendu hELabahudu. avugaLa baLake mattu baLakege sambandhisida guNadharma (endare avugaLa Igina artha) iveraDU Igina kAlakke sambandhisida viShayagaLu. jODupadavondara oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga adaralli baruva padagaLannu sambandhisuvantaha oLanuDigaLannu iveraDu viShaya gaLalli yAvudara AdhArada mEle hELabEku (cAritrika AdhArada mElO athavA Igina kAlakke sambandhisida viShayagaLa AdhArada mElO) embudE illi taledOruva samasye. sAmAnyavAgi jODu padagaLa tayArikege sambandhisidantaha cAritrika amSagaLa AdhArada mElEnE oLanuDigaLannu hELuvudu rUDhiyAdarU, adu A padagaLa Igina baLakeyentahadu (endare adara arthaventahadu) embudannu sUcisuvantiddare oLLeyadu endU anisadiruvudilla.

kelavomme iveraDannU hondisikoLLalu sAdhyavAgadirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, hosamane emba jODupada bahaLa haLeyadAgiruva ondu maneyannu hesarisuvudAdarU adara oLanuDiyannu hosa dAda mane endE koDabEkAguttade. A maneyalli Iga kANisuva yAva guNadharmavU I oLanuDige AdhAravAgalAradu. idE rIti yalli ugibanDi emba jODupada ivattu ugiya badalu DIsel illavE vidyucchaktiyannu baLasi ODuva sAdhanavannu hesarisuvudE jAsti

yAgideyAdarU A padada oLanuDiyannu uriya sahAyadinda calisuva banDi endE koDabEkAguttade. oLanuDigaLu jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLannu sambandhisuvantirabEkembudE I rIti jODupadagaLa oLanuDigaLigU mattu avugaLa arthakkU naDuve kANisuva asAngatyavannu toDedu hAkalu sAdhyavilladante mADide.

bahuSaH intaha sandarbhagaLalli jODupadagaLige avugaLa ‘caritre yannu sUcisuva oLanuDi’ mattu ‘Igina arthavannu sUcisuva oLa nuDi’ embudAgi eraDu rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhya vAdItu. udAharaNegAgi hosamane emba padakke adara caritreyannu sUcisuva hosadAda mane emba oLanuDiyannU mattu adara ivattina arthavannu sUcisuva haLeyadAgiruva mane emba oLanuDi yannU hELalu sAdhyavAdItu. Adare intaha oLanuDigaLalli eraDaneyadu jODupadada ‘oLaracane’yannu vivarisuttade endu hELuvudu mAtra svalpa kaShTa. yAkendare, hosamane emba jODu padada oLaracaneyalli haLeyadAgiruva emba amSavannAgali, illavE ugibanDi emba jODupadada oLaracaneyalli DIsel athavA vidyucchaktiyannu baLasuva emba amSavannAgali kANisuvudu kaShTa.

ondu jODupadada caritreyannu sUcisaballantaha oLanuDiyannu kanDuhiDiyuvudarallU halakelavu samasyegaLELaballuvu. yAkendare, sAmAnyavAgi nAvu ondu jODupadada ivattina baLakeya AdhArada mEle mattu adara oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle, adara tayArikeyalli entaha guNadharma baLakeyAgiddirabEku endu UhisabEkAguttade. hIge UhisikoLLuvAga nAvu tappibILalu sAdhyavide mattu kelavomme ondakkinta jAsti oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu avugaLalli yAvudu jODupadada tayArikeyalli baLakeyAgidda nijavAda cAritrika ghaTaneyannu sUcisuttade embudannu nirdharisalu sAdhyavAga dirabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, ugibanDi emba jODupadakke ugiya sahAya dinda calisuva banDi endAgali, illavE ugiyannu uguLuttA calisuva banDi endAgali cAritrika oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. Adare ivugaLalli yAvudu sari embudannu nirdharisalu ugibanDi emba jODupadavannu tayArisidAga I eraDu oLanuDigaLu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLalli yAvudannu gamanadallirisikoLLalAgittu emba cAritrika amSa mAtravE AdhAravAgaballudu. Adare intaha

cAritrika amSagaLannu kanDuhiDiyuvudu kaShTasAdhyavAda kAraNa, I rIti ondakkinta jAsti oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyaviruva sandarbhagaLalli yAvudu sari mattu yAvudu tappu endu nirdharisalu sAdhyavAgadu.

೫. jODupadagaLa vibhajane

kannaDada jODupadagaLannu avugaLalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLa AdhArada mEle bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva vyatyAsagaLannE intaha vibhajanege AdhAravAgi tegedukoLLuvudu rUDhi. jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa sankhye mattu padavarga, I padagaLa naDuviruva sambandha, mattu jODupadagaLa kEndrabindu avugaLa oLageyE ideyE athavA horagideyE, oLagideyAdare yAva padada mElide (modalinadara mEleyE athavA koneyadara mEleyE) embantaha viShayagaLa AdhArada mEle kannaDada jODupadagaLannu bEre bEre gumpugaLAgi vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

illi gamanisabEkAgiruva ondu mukhya amSavEnendare, jODu padagaLa I vibhajanegaLella avugaLa oLaracaneya mEle mattu antaha racaneyalli baLakeyAguva padagaLa svabhAvada mEle avalambisideyAda kAraNa, ivu jODupadagaLa caritrege sambandhisida vibhajanegaLallade avugaLa Igina baLakege sambandhisiduvalla. baLakege sambandhisidante kannaDada nAmapadagaLannu hEge vibhajisabahudembudannu nAvu mEleyE (೩.೫ralli) nODiruvevu. jODupadagaLannU idE vidhAnada mUlaka ankitanAma, rUDhanAma ityAdiyAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. Adare idu jODupadagaLige mAtra anvayisuva vibhajaneyAgalAradu, mattu jODupadagaLa viSiShTa guNagaLa mEle avalambisuva vibhajaneyU Aga lAradu.

kannaDadalli ‘kriyAsamAsa’ embondu samAsavideyendu kESirAja ninda Arambhisi halavAru vayyAkaraNigaLu hELuttiddAre. hAgAgi, kannaDada jODupadagaLannu nAmapada mattu kriyApada embudAgi eraDu vidhadavugaLendu vingaDisalu sAdhya emba abhiprAya kelavaradira bahudu. Adare I ‘kriyAsamAsa’dinda tayArAguva vAkyAmSagaLella padagucchagaLallade jODupadagaLalla embudannu munde (೫.೮.೮ralli) nODaliruvevu. hAgAgi ‘kriyAsamAsa’vembudu kannaDadalli samAsa valla emba nirdhArakke barabEkAguttade. jODupadagaLigU mattu

padagucchagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsavannu nAmapadagaLalli mAtra kANaballevallade kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLalli kANalArevembudE I rIti jODupadagaLu nAmapadagaLAgi mAtra baraballuvembudakke mukhya kAraNa.

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva (‘samAsa’gaLemba hesarina) jODu padagaLa vibhajanege mEle sUcisida vyatyAsagaLalli halavannu oTTAgi baLasalAguttade. samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva vibhajaneyannu hAgeyE kannaDakke aLavaDisalAgideyAda kAraNa, kannaDada maTTige idu svalpavU txptikaravAgilla embudannu nAvu mundina ondu vibhAgadalli (೫.೮ralli) nODaliruvevu.

೫.೬.೧ sankhyeyannu baLasuva vibhajane

jODupadagaLannu avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa sankhyeya AdhArada mEle vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLalli heccinavU eraDu padagaLa sErikeyinda mAtravE tayArAdavugaLAda kAraNa intaha vibhajane kannaDada maTTige jAsti upayuktavalla. eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLinda tayArAda jODupada gaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpa.

jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli padagaLu mAtravallade pratyayagaLU baralu sAdhyaviddu, intaha jODupadagaLannu uLida jODupadagaLinda bErpaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, dArihOka embuda ralli dAri mattu hOgu emberaDu padagaLu mAtravallade a emba pratyayavU kANisuttade. (I pratyaya sEridAga hOgu embudara koneya ukAra bidduhOguttade mattu gakAra kakAravAguttade).

idE rItiyalli hAvADiga embudaralli hAvu mattu ADu emba padagaLu mAtravallade iga emba pratyayavU kANisuttade. kannaDadalli *hOka mattu *ADiga embavugaLu svatantra padagaLAgi baLakeyallillavAda kAraNa I rIti mElina jODupadagaLalli eraDu padagaLondige ondu pratyayavU sErikonDideyendu hELuva avaSya kateyunTAguttade. Adare bEre viShayagaLalli ivu eraDu padagaLinda tayArAda itara jODupadagaLa hAgeyE (udA: bayalATa, tale tiruka, ityAdi) kANisuvuvAda kAraNa, ivu tayArAguva samayadalli *hOka, *ADiga modalAdavugaLu svatantra padagaLAgidduvendu kalpisi koLLalU sAdhyavide.

೫.೬.೨ padavargagaLannu baLasuva vibhajane

jODupadagaLannu tayArisalu baLasiruva padagaLu yAva padavargakke sErive emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avannu mUru mukhya vibhAga gaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruttade. modalaneyadu mAtra nAma padavirabahudu, kriyApadavirabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu. I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLannU avugaLa modalaneya angavAgi baruva padagaLa vargavannAdharisi nAmapadaviruvavu, kriyA padaviruvavu mattu guNapadaviruvavu embudAgi mUru mukhya vibhAgagaLalli vingaDisi hELabahudu.

modalaneya angavAgi nAmapada bandiruva jODupadagaLu

ಆನೆಕಾಲು	ಬಯಲಾಟ
ಬೆಂಕಿಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ	ಕೈಮಗ್ಗ
ಕಾಲ್ಮಣೆ	ನೆಲಗಡಲೆ

ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಅಂಗವಾಗಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಬಂದಿರುವ ಜೋಡುಪದಗಳು
ಊರುಗೋಲು	ಕಡೆಗೋಲು
ತೂಗುದೀಪ	ಅರಳುಮೊಗ್ಗು
ಸಿಡಿಮದ್ದು	ಬಿಚ್ಚು ಕತ್ತಿ

ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಅಂಗವಾಗಿ ಗುಣಪದ ಬಂದಿರುವ ಜೋಡುಪದಗಳು
ದೊಡ್ಡಮ್ಮ	ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ
ಬಿಸಿನೀರು	ಕಿರುಬೆರಳು
ಮುಂಗಾಲು	ಹಿಮ್ಮೇಳ

jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi baruva pada nAmapada vAgiruva badalu kriyApadavAgiralU sAdhyavideyembudannu (udA: kaypiDi, bAnuli), munde (೫.೬.೩ralli) nODaliruvevu. adakke modalu kannaDadalli mukhyavAgi baruva mEle hELida mUru rItiya jODupadagaLa svarUpaventahadembudannu I keLage svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

(ka) modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAgiruva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli halavive. ivugaLalli heccinavU a emba sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisuvu dara mUlaka tayArAdavugaLu. udA:

ಒಳನುಡಿ	ಜೋಡುಪದ
ಬಯಲಿನ ಆಟ	ಬಯಲಾಟ
ಬೆಂಕಿಯ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ	ಬೆಂಕಿಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ
ನೆಲದ ಕಡಲೆ	ನೆಲಿಕಡಲೆ
ಕಾಲಿನ ಮಣೆ	ಕಾಲ್ಮಣಿ
ಕೈಯ ಮಗ್ಗ	ಕೈಮಗ್ಗ

I rIti sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka tayArAgiruva jODupada gaLa naDuveyU halakelavu vyatyAsagaLive. I vyatyAsagaLannu tOrisi koDalu ivakke sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka oLanuDigaLannu hELuva badalu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLannu baLasi oLanuDigaLannu hELa bEkAguttade, mattu idakkAgi I oLanuDigaLalli jODupadagaLalli kANisadiruvantaha bEre bEre kriyApadagaLannU baLasikoLLabEkAguttade. sAmAnyavAgi eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuvina sambandhavannu jAsti vivaragaLannu koDade cuTukAgi sUcisalu sambandhaka pratyayavannu baLasuttEve. I pratyaya eraDu nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi sambandhisu ttade. vibhakti pratyayagaLu I rIti eraDu nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi sambandhisuvudilla. idakke badalu avu yAvudAdarondu kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalA davugaLu yAva rItiyalli niratavAgive embudannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka antaha nAmapadagaLannu sambandhisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, kaNNina nIru embudaralli kaNNu emba pada dondige bandiruva sambandhaka pratyaya kaNNigU mattu nIrigU naDuviruva sambandhavannu nEravAgi sUcisuttade. idakke badalu, kaNNinalli baruva nIru embudaralli adE kaNNu emba padadondige bandiruva alli emba vibhakti pratyaya baru emba kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli kaNNu mattu nIru embavugaLu yAva

rItiyalli niratavAgive (kaNNu AkaravAgi mattu nIru antaha Akaradalli kANisuva vastuvAgi) embudannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka sambandhisuttade.

idE rItiyalli jEnina huLa embudaralli kANisuva sambandhaka pratyaya jEnu mattu huLa emba eraDu nAmapadagaLannu nEravAgi sambandhisuvudAdare, jEnannu sangrahisuva huLa embudaralli baruva annu emba vibhakti pratyaya sangrahisu emba ghaTaneyalli jEnu mattu huLa emba padagaLu yAva rItiyalli sangrahisu emba kriyApadadondige sambandhisive embudannu tiLisuvudara mUlaka A eraDu nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu suttu baLasi hELuttave.

I rIti sambandhaka pratyayada badalu bEre bEre vibhakti pratyaya gaLannu (kriyApadagaLondige) baLasuvudara mUlaka eraDu nAmapada gaLiruva jODupadagaLalli heccina vayvidhyateyannu tOrisalu sAdhyavide mattu I vayvidhyateya AdhArada mEle avannu bEre bEre gumpugaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. intaha oLanuDigaLalli yAva vibhakti pratyaya bandide embudu I vibhajanege ondu AdhAravAgaballudu.

jODupada sambandhaka pratyaya vibhakti pratyayagaLu jEnuhuLa jEnina huLa jEnannu sangrahisuva huLa aDakattari aDakeya kattari aDakeyannu kattarisuva kattari benkipeTTige benkiya peTTige benkiyannu mADalu baLasuva peTTige kaNNusanne kaNNina sanne kaNNininda mADida sanne nUlENi nUlina ENi nUlininda mADida ENi kaykoDali kayya koDali kayyinda kaDiyalu baLasuva koDali mUrudAra mUgina dAra (ettina) mUrige kaTTida dAra tappu kANike tappina kANike tappige koDuva kANike kaynIru kayya nIru (maduveyalli) kayge ereyuva nIru kaNNIru kaNNina nIru kaNNinalli baruva nIru talegUdalu taleya kUdalu taleyalli beLeyuva kUdalu kALLiccu kADina kiccu kADinalli uriyuva kiccu (benki)

mEle modalaneya kAlannalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLigella a emba sambandhaka pratyayavannu baLasi ondE rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavideyembudannu eraDaneya kAlannindalU mattu annu, inda, ge mattu alli emba bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLallondannu baLasi avakkEnE bEre bEre rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavide yembudannu mUraneya kAlannindalU tiLiyabahudu.

I rIti bEre bEre vibhakti pratyayagaLalli yAvudara mUlaka I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva nAmapadagaLannu sambandhisabahudu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle avannu vingaDisuva badalu, hAge sambandhisuvudakkAgi baLasuva kriyApadagaLu yAvuvu emba viShayada AdhArada mElU ivannu vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva jODupadagaLigella mADu emba kriyApadavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide.

ಕಣ್ಣುಸನ್ನೆ	ಕಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಮಾಡುವ ಸನ್ನೆ
ನೂಲೇಣಿ	ನೂಲಿನಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಏಣಿ
ಮರಗಾಲು	ಮರದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾಲು
ಮರಗಾಣ	ಮರದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಗಾಣ

eraDu nAmapadagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva ellA jODupada gaLigU sambandhaka pratyayavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhya vAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, AnekAlu emba jODupadakke kAlugaLu Aneya kAlina hAge dappavAguva ondu rOgavannu hesarisuva artha videyAda kAraNa, adakke Aneya kAlu embudAgi sambandhaka pratyaya viruva oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. idE rItiyalli ilikivi emba jODupadakkU iliya kivi emba oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, adu iliya kiviya hAge kANisuva elega Liruva ondu giDavannu hesarisuttade.

kannaDadalli intaha mUru rItiya jODupadagaLu baLakeyallive. AnekAlu, ilikivi, kaygombe modalAdavugaLa hAge angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli eraDU upamAnakke sambandhisidavugaLu, kallede, tAyibEru, kaygamba modalAdavugaLa hAge modalaneya pada mAtra upamAnakke sambandhisi iruvavugaLu, mattu jEnutuppa, neladAvare, maygaLLa modalAdavugaLa hAge eraDaneya pada mAtra upamAnakke

sambandhisi iruvavugaLu embudAgi I mUru vidhada jODupada gaLannu varNisabahudu. udA:

(೧) angagaLeraDU upamegaLu
ilikivi iliya kiviyantiruva elegaLiruva giDa
kaygombe kayya gombeyante vaSadalliruvavanu
(೨) modalaneya anga upame
kallede kallina hAge kaThiNavAgiruva ede
kaygamba kayyinda tOrisuva hAge dAri tOrisuva kamba
(೩) eraDaneya anga upame
neladAvare neladalli beLeva tAvareyantiruva hU
jEnutuppa jEnuhuLa tayArisuva tupnadantiruva drava

(kha) modalaneya anga kriyApadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

modalaneya anga kriyApadavAgiyU mattu eraDaneya anga nAma padavAgiyU iruva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli kelavive. ivugaLalli baruva kriyApadavu ondu ghaTaneyannu tiLisuttiddu, jODupadavannu tayArisuva samayadalli A ghaTaneyannu jODupadavu hesarisabEkA giruva vyakti illavE vastuvina guNadharmavannAgi ArisalAgittendu nAvu Uhisabahudu. udA:

suLigALi suLiyuva gALi surimaLe suriyuva maLe siDimaddu siDiyuva maddu bIsugallu (dhAnyavannu) bIsuva kallu nilugaDe (vAhanavannu) nillisuva kaDe jArubanDi (makkaLu) jAruva (ATavADuva) banDi cuccumaddu cuccuva (cuccikoDuva) maddu UrugOlu Uralu baLasuva kOlu tOruberaLu (yAvudannAdarU) tOrisalu baLasuva beraLu

intaha jODupadagaLalli modalaneya angavAgi baruva kriyA padakkU mattu eraDaneya angavAgi baruva nAmapadakkU naDuve bEre bEre rItiya sambandhagaLiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, suLigALi, siDimaddu modalAdavugaLalli kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTaneyalli nAmapadavu gurutisuva vastu toDagikonDiruvudannU mattu tUgudIpa, cuccumaddu modalAdavugaLalli bErArAdarU avannu A rIti toDagisiruvudannU kANabahudu. nAmapadavu gurutisuva vastu kriyApadavu sUcisuva ghaTanege bIsugallu, kaDegOlu moda lAdavugaLalli karaNavAgideyAdare, suDugADu, jArubanDi modalA davugaLalli AkaravAgide. jODupadagaLa naDuve kANisuva I vyatyAsada AdhArada mElU avannu bEre bEre gumpugaLalli hanci hELalu sAdhyavide.

jODupadada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva ghaTane halavu sandarbha gaLalli naDeyuvantahadAgirabahudu illavE ondu bAri mAtravE naDedudAgirabahudu. I vyatyAsavannu jODupadada oLanuDiyalli baruva kriyApadadondige va illavE da emba kAlavAcaka pratyaya vannu baLasuva mUlaka sUcisalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage (೩ka)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli halavu sandarbha gaLalli naDeyuva ghaTaneyU mattu (೩kha)dalli koTTiruva jODupada gaLa oLaracaneyalli ondu bArige mAtravE naDeyuva ghaTaneyU bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

(೩ka) jArubanDi makkaLu jAruva banDi nilugaDe vAhanavannu nillisuva jAga siDimaddu siDiyuva maddu UrugOlu Uralu baLasuva kOlu

(೩kha) biDumuDi biTTa (kedarida) muDi (kUdalu) kaDiyakki kaDida (tunDAda) akki huTTuhabba huTTida (dinada) habba biccugatti biccida katti

jODupadada oLaracaneyalli kANisuva kriyApadavu nijavAgiyU naDediruva ghaTaneyondannu sUcisuva badalu upameyAgiralU sAdhya vembudannu hAsugallu (hAsida hAge kANisuva kallu) embudaralli nODabahudu.

modalaneya angavu kriyApadavE athavA nAmapadavE emba viShayadalli sandEhavELuvantaha jODupadagaLU kelavive. udA haraNegAgi, huTTukuruDa emba jODupadadalli baruva huTTu emba padavannu kriyApadavendu parigaNisi, huTTuvAgalE kuruDanAgidda vanu embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDabahudu, illavE adannu nAma padavendu parigaNisi, huTTinallE kuruDanAgiddavanu embudAgiyU oLanuDiyannu koDabahudu. idE rItiyalli huTTuguNa (huTTu vAgalE paDedidda guNa illavE huTTinallE paDedidda guNa), kaccu gAli (kacci hiDiyuva gAli illavE kaccugaLiruva gAli) embavu gaLa oLaracaneyallU modalaneya padavAgi kriyApada illavE nAma padavannu kANalu sAdhyavide.

(ga) modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

kannaDadalli guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi racisida jODu padagaLE jAstiyendu hELabahudu. ivugaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLu obba vyakti illavE ondu vastu athavA viShayavannu gurutisuttiddu, guNapadagaLu avugaLalli kANisuva bEre bEre rItiya guNadharmagaLannu sUcisuttave. udAharaNegAgi, kendALi emba jODupadakke (kempu tALi (tengu)) emba oLaracaneyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. idaralli kem (kempu) emba guNapadavU mattu tALi (tengu) emba nAmapadavU kANisuttiddu, nAmapadavu gurutisuva marada guNadharmavondannu guNapada sUcisuttide.

intaha jODupadagaLalli baruva guNapadagaLa naDuve bEre bEre rItiya vyatyAsagaLannu kANalu sAdhyaviddu, antaha vyatyAsagaLannAdharisi guNapadaviruva jODupadagaLannu bEre bEre rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. intaha vingaDanegaLalli mukhyavAduvannu keLage svalpa vivaravAgi koDalAgide.

(೧) nAmaviSEShaNa mattu kriyAviSEShaNa

guNapadagaLu keLage (೪ka)dalli tOrisiruvante nEravAgi jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva nAmapadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgirabahudu illavE (೪kha)dalli tOrisidante antaha nAmapadagaLige sambandhisidantaha kriyApadavondara viSEShaNagaLAgirabahudu.

(೪ka) hebberaLu hiri (doDDa) beraLu cikkAsu cikka kAsu kendALi kempu tALi (tengu) karituLasi kari (kappu) tuLasi

(೪kha) mungaDa (kelasakke) mundAgi koDuva kaDa (sAli) aDDadAri aDDalAgi (aDDakke) hOguva dAri baLakONe (maneya) oLagiruva kONe horabAgilu (maneya) horagiruva bAgilu

mEle (೪ka)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli kANisuva hiri, cikka, kem(pu) mattu kari emba guNapadagaLu nEravAgi A jODupadagaLalli bandiruva beraLu, kAsu, tALi mattu tuLasi emba nAmapada gaLondige sambandhisive. Adare (೪kha)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli kANisuva munde, aDDalAgi, oLage mattu horage emba guNapadagaLu avugaLalliruva nAmapadagaLondige I rIti nEravAgi sambandhisuva badalu avugaLa oLaracaneyalli mAtravE kANisuva koDu, hOgu mattu iru emba kriyApadagaLa mUlaka sambandhisive embudannu avugaLa eduru koTTiruva oLanuDigaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

mEle (೪ka)dalli koTTiruvantaha jODupadagaLige oLanuDigaLannu sUcisuvAga guNapadagaLannu baLasuva badalu adE rUpada nAma padagaLa sambandhaka rUpavannu (illavE kriyApadadondige baruva guNapadarUpavannu) baLasalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi karituLasi emba jODupadakke oLanuDiyannu kari (kappu) tuLasi endaShTE koDuva badalu kariya tuLasi (illavE kappAda tuLasi) endAgali, mattu hebberaLu emba jODupadakke hiri (doDDa) beraLu endaShTE koDuva badalu hiridAda beraLu endAgali koDalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu padagucchagaLalli nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige

baraballuvAda kAraNa, oLanuDigaLallU antaha nEravAda sambandhavannu sUcisalu sAdhyaviruvallella adannE sUcisuvudu oLLeyadu.

(೨) jODupadada oLagina illavE horagina padada viSEShaNa
guNapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva innondu vyatyAsavEnendare, avu
gaLalli kelavu nEravAgi obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvina guNadharma
vannu sUcisuvuvAdare bEre kelavu A vyakti illavE vastuvigU mattu
bErobba vyakti illavE vastuvigU naDuve antaha guNadharmada maTTige
entaha vyatyAsavideyembudannu tiLisuttave.
udAharaNegAgi, karituLasi embudaralli bandiruva kari emba guNa
pada nEravAgi tuLasi emba nAmapadavu gurutisuva giDada guNadharma
vannu sUcisuttade, Adare doDDacenDu embudaralli bandiruva
doDDa emba guNapada I rIti nEravAgi cenDu emba vastuvina
guNadharma vannu sUcisuva badalu bEre cenDugaLigU adakkU naDuve
gAtradalli ruva vyatyAsavannu sUcisuttade.
nAmaviSEShaNagaLa hAge kriyAviSEShaNagaLa baLakeyalliyU intaha
vyatyAsavannu kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi sthAnasUcakagaLAda mEle,
keLage, naDuve, oLage modalAdavugaLu nEravAgi ghaTaneyondara
guNa dharmavannu sUcisuva badalu yAvudAdarondu sthAnakke
sambandhisi dante ghaTaneya sthAnavannu sUcisuttave.
I rIti eraDu bEre bEre padagaLige sambandhisiruvantaha guNa
padagaLannu jODupadagaLalli baLasuvAga avu antaha jODupada
dallEnE bandiruva padada guNadharmavannu bEre padada guNadharmakke
sambandhisidante sUcisuvudE athavA A padakke sambandhisidante bEre
padada guNadharmavannu sUcisuvudE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle
jODupadagaLannu eraDu gumpugaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.
udAharaNegAgi cikkAsu emba jODupadavannu cikkamma emba
jODupadadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. cikkAsu embudakke cikka
kAsu endare ‘bEre kAsugaLinda cikkadAgiruva kAsu’ emba arthavide.
Adare, cikkamma embudakke I rIti cikka amma illavE ‘itara
ammandiriginta cikka amma’ emba arthavilla. idakke badalu adakke
ammaniginta cikka hengasu endare ‘ammana tangi’ emba arthavide.
cikkAsu embudaralli cikka emba guNapada nEravAgi A jODupadada
angavAgi bandiruva kAsu embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttade,

Adare cikkamma embudaralli adE guNapada jODupadada horagiruva hengasu emba pada sUcisuva vyaktiya guNadharmavannu jODupada dalli bandiruva amma embudakke sambandhisiruvante sUcisuttade.

I rIti sambandhitavAguva nAmapadagaLu oLanuDiyalli modala neyavAgi baruvuvAdarU jODupadadalli eraDaneyavAgi baruttave. hAgAgi, intaha jODupadagaLalli avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgiruva hAge tOruttade. udAharaNe gAgi, ammaniginta cikka hengasu emba oLanuDiyalli amma emba pada cikka embudakkinta modalu bandide, Adare adarinda tayArAda cikkamma emba jODupadadalli cikka embudu modalu bandide. idE rItiyalli doDDappa emba jODupadadalli appaniginta doDDa ganDusu emba oLanuDiyalli bandiruva appa mattu doDDa emba eraDu padagaLa sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgive. Adare, guNapadavannu nEravAgi sambandhisiruva doDDamane emba jODupadadalli I rIti padagaLa sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgilla.

kriyAviSEShaNagaLAgi baruva guNapadagaLannu baLasi tayArisida jODupadagaLannU idE rItiyalli vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. udA haraNegAgi, naDuberaLu emba jODupadavannu naDuhagalu emba jODupadadondige hOlisi nODabahudu. naDuberaLu embudu kayyalliruva itara beraLugaLa naDuve iruva beraLannu gurutisuttade. hAgAgi A jODupadadalli naDu emba guNapada (iru emba kriyApadada mUlaka) A padada eraDaneya padavAda beraLu embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttade.

Adare naDuhagalu embudu I rIti itara hagalugaLa naDuviruva hagalannu sUcisuvudilla. idakke badalu adu hagalina naDuvinalliruva ondu bhAgavannu sUcisuttade. endare, iru emba kriyApadada mUlaka adu A jODupadadallilladiruva bhAga embudara guNadharma vannu sUcisuttadallade hagalu embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuvu dilla. hagalina naDuvinalliruva bhAga emba oLanuDiyalli hagalu embudu naDu embudakkinta modalu bandide mattu naDu hagalu embudaralli iveraDara sthAnagaLu adalu badalAgive, Adare naDuberaLu embudaralli I rIti padagaLa sthAna adalu badalAgilla embudannU illi gamanisabahudu.

intahadE vyatyAsavannu tOrisuva bEre kelavu jODupadagaLannu I keLage koDalAgide.

(೫ka) kaDehallu (bAyiya) kaDeyalliruva hallu
(೫kha) kaDegaNNu kaNNina kaDeyalliruva (bhAga)
(೬ka) mumbAgilu (maneya) mundiruva bAgilu
(೬kha) mungay kayyalli mundiruva (bhAga)
(೭ka) himmELa (nartakara) himbadiyalliruva mELa
(೭kha) hingAlu kAlina himbadiyalliruva (bhAga)
(೮ka) oLakONe (maneya) oLabhAgadalliruva kONe
(೮kha) oLadavaDe davaDeya oLagiruva (bhAga)

mEle (ka)dalli koTTiruva jODupadagaLalli bandiruva guNapadagaLu nEravAgi avugaLallEnE bandiruva nAmapadada guNadharmavannu sUcisuttave, Adare (kha)dalli koTTiruva guNapadagaLu jODupadagaLa llilladiruva mattu oLanuDigaLalli kamsadoLage koTTiruva bhAga embudara guNadharmavannu sUcisuttave embudannu gamanisabahudu.

nAlku kAliruva dana, nAyi modalAdavugaLa bagge hELuvAga hingAlu embudu ‘hindiruva kAla’nnu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, antaha sandarbhagaLalli adu (kha) vibhAgada badalu (ka) vibhAgakke sEruttade. Adare, manuShyara kAlige sambandhisidante A padavannu baLasidAga, adu mEle sUcisidante (kha) vibhAgadalli baruttade. mungAlu emba jODupadakkU idE rItiyalli sandarbhakkanusAra vAgi I eraDu bEre bEre rItiya oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhya vide.

೫.೬.೩ eraDaneya angadalli vayvidhya

mEle vivarisida jODupadagaLallella eraDaneya angavAgi nAmapada mAtravE baLakeyAgiddu, modalaneya angavAgi mAtra nAmapada, kriyApada, illavE guNapadada baLakeyAgide. kannaDada jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgiyU nAmapada mAtravallade kriyApada mattu

guNapadagaLu baraballavE emba praSneyannu illi pariSIlisuva avaSyakate yide.

guNapadagaLiruva jODupadagaLige eraDu rItiya oLaracanegaLiralu sAdhya embudannu nAvu hindina vibhAgadalli nODiruvevu. I vyatyAsa vannu avugaLigi koDabahudAda oLanuDigaLalli kANabahudu. udA haraNegAgi, mumbAgilu emba jODupadakke (maneya) mundiruva bAgilu embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adaralli mum(de) emba guNapada bAgilu emba nAmapadada eDakke bandide. Adare mungay emba jODupadakke kayyalli mundiruva (bhAga) embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adaralli mum(de) emba guNapada kay emba nAmapadada balakke bandide. I rIti oLanuDi yalli guNapada nAmapadada modalu illavE anantara baraballu dAdarU jODupadadalli adu sAmAnyavAgi nAmapadada modali gEnE (eDakke) baruttade.

Adare kriyApadagaLa viShaya idakkinta svalpa bhinnavAdudu. oLanuDi yalli nAmapadada anantara (adara balakke) bandiruva kriyApada guNa padada hAge nAmapadadondige tanna sthAnavannu adalu badalu mADi koLLuvudilla; idakke badalu, heccina sandarbhagaLallU A kriyApadavE nAmapadavAgi badalAguttade. udAharaNegAgi, hAvADiga emba jODupadakke hAvannu ADisuva manuShya embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu idaralli ADu emba kriyApada hAvu emba nAmapadada anantara baruttade; Adare jODupadadalli I kriyApadadondige iga emba pratyaya sEri adu nAmapadavAgide.

I rIti oLanuDiyalli eraDaneya padavAgi banda kriyApadavu jODupadadalli nAmapadavAgi badalAgiruvudannu I keLagina udA haraNegaLallU kANabahudu.

taletiruka tale tirugida vyakti dArihOka dAriyalli hOguva vyakti kallu kuTiga kallannu kuTTuva vyakti nADADi nADinalli ADuva (tirugADuva) vyakti kasabarike kasavannu baridu mADuva sAdhana bayalATa bayalinalli ADuva nxtyanATaka talehore taleyalli horabahudAda mUTe

intaha jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli eraDaneya padavAgi kriyA padavondu bandideyendu hELuva badalu, nAmapadavE bandide yendU hELalu sAdhyavide. hAgiddalli adu nAmapadagaLeraDannu sErisi tayArisida jODupadavAdItu. udAharaNegAgi, talehore embudakke taleyalli horabahudAda mUTe emba oLanuDiyannu koDuva badalu taleya hore illavE taleyalli horabahudAda hore embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli haNe baraha embudakke haNeya baraha endAgalI illavE haNeyalli barediruva baraha endAgali oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavide. tale nOvu, hullugAvalu, hoTTenOvu modalAduvakkU idE rItiyalli eraDaneya anga kriyApadadinda illavE nAmapadadinda siddhavAgiruvante oLanuDigaLannu koDalu sAdhyavide.

Adare ellA sandarbhagaLallU I rIti kriyApadada badalu nAma padavannu baLasi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyavAgadu. idakke kAraNa vEnendare, hosagannaDadalli -hOka, -aDiga, -ADi modalAdavugaLu svatantra nAmapadagaLAgi baLakeyallilla. idallade bEre kelavu jODu padagaLalli baruva nAmapadagaLige (udA: taletiruka embudaralli baruva tiruka emba padakke illavE bayalATa embudaralli baruva ATa emba padakke) jODupadagaLalli koDabEkAgiruva arthadalli svatantravAda baLakeyilla.

oLanuDiyalli baruva kriyApadavu hAgeyE uLidiruvantaha jODupadagaLU kannaDadalli kelavive. udAharaNegAgi kaypiDi emba padakke kayyalli piDi(hiDi)yuvaShTu cikka pustaka embudAgi oLanuDi yannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, piDi emba haLeya kriyApada A jODu padadalli hAgeyE uLidide. bAnuli emba padakke bAnininda uliyuva samsthe embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, illU uli emba kriyApada jODupadadalli hAgeyE uLidide. Adare intaha jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpavAgi mAtra kANisikoLLuttave.

innu kelavu jODupadagaLalli eraDaneyadAgi baruva anga kriyA padadantiddarU adannu adE rUpadalliruva nAmapadavendu parigaNi salu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi edegudi emba jODupadakke ede yalli Aguva kudi embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koTTu adaralli baruva

eraDaneya pada ondu nAmapadavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli kaNNuri (kaNNinalli Aguva uri), kambani (kaNNinalli baruva hani), nANNuDi (nADinalli rUDhiyAgiruva nuDi) modalAdavuga LallU eraDaneya angavannu kriyApadavendu hELuva badalu nAma padavendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

modalaneya anga kriyApada illavE guNapadavAgiddu, eraDaneya anga kriyApadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpa. iLijAru embudaralli iLi mattu jAru emba eraDu kriyApadagaLu angagaLAgi bandiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavideyAdarU, jAru emba padakke ‘jAruva sthaLa’ emba arthadalli nAmapadavAgi baLakeyide. idE rItiyalli oDahuTTu embudaralli oDa(ne) emba guNapadadondige huTTu emba kriyApada bandiruvante kANisuvudAdarU huTTu embudakke ‘huTTiruvike’ emba arthadalli nAmapadavAgi baLakeyide. hAgAgi, intaha jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya angavAgi nAmapadavE bandideyendu vAdisalu sAdhyavide.

೫.೬.೪ kEndra binduvina sthAnavannAdharisida vibhajane

jODupadagaLu entaha vyakti illavE vastuvannu gurutisuttave embu dara AdhArada mEle avugaLigondu kEndra binduvannu kalpisikoLLalu baruttade. I kEndra bindu jODupadada oLagEnE irabahudu illavE adare horagirabahudu. jODupadada oLagEnE ideyAdare, adara modalaneya angavAgiruva padada mEle biddirabahudu illavE eraDaneya angavAgiruva padada mEle biddirabahudu. I bEre bEre sAdhyategaLa AdhArada mEle jODupadagaLannu bEre bEre vargagaLalli vingaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide.

udAharaNegAgi, keLaduTi emba jODupadakke keLagiruva tuTi emba oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adu eraDu rItiya tuTi gaLalli (mElduTi mattu keLaduTi embavugaLalli) ondannu gurutisu ttade. I rIti adu hesarisuvudu ondu tuTiyannAda kAraNa, adara kEndra bindu tuTi emba adara eraDaneya angada mElideyendu hELabahudu. idakke vyatiriktavAgi AnekAlu emba jODupadakke Aneya kAlinantiruva kAlannu honduva rOga embudAgi oLanuDiyannu koDalu sAdhyaviddu, adu ondu rItiya rOgavannu hesarisuvudAda kAraNa (mattu ondu rItiya AneyannAgalI illavE

kAlannAgalI hesarisuvudillavAda kAraNa) adara kEndra bindu jODu padada horagiruva rOga emba padada mElideyendu hELabEkAgu ttade.

kannaDadalli baruva heccina jODupadagaLigU avugaLa kEndra bindu jODupadadallE iddu, adu avugaLa eraDaneya angavAda nAma padada mEle biddiruttade. nAvu mEle (೫.೬.೨ralli) nODiruvante, kannaDada jODupadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi nAmapada, kriyApada illavE guNapada baraballudu, Adare eraDaneya angavAgi heccineDe gaLallU nAmapada mAtravE baraballudu. modalaneya anga kriyApada illavE guNapadavAgiruvantaha jODupadagaLalli A kriyApada illavE guNapada eraDaneya angavAgiruva nAmapadavu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmavondannu sUcisuvuvAda kAraNa, antaha jODupadagaLa kEndra bindu eraDaneya angavAgiruva nAmapadada mEle bILuvudu svAbhAvika.

udAharaNegAgi, cuccumaddu emba jODupadadalli baruva cuccu emba kriyApadavu A jODupadavu gurutisuva maddina guNa dharmavondannu (cucci koDuva maddu embudAgi) sUcisuttide. cuccumaddu embudu ondu rItiya maddannu (endare avShadhavannu) hesarisuttideyallade ondu rItiya cuccuvikeyannalla. hAgAgi, idara kEndra bindu maddu embudara mElideyendu hELabEkAguttade.

idE rItiyalli aDDahesaru emba jODupadadalli baruva aDDa emba guNapadavu hesarina guNadharmavondannu sUcisuttide; aDDahesaru embudu viSiShTavAdondu rItiya hesarannu gurutisu ttade. hAgAgi, illU kUDa jODupadada kEndra bindu adara eraDaneya angavAda hesaru emba padada mEle bILuttadeyendu hELabEkAguttade.

Adare I niyamakke apavAdavAgaballa guNapadagaLiruva jODu padagaLu kelavu kannaDadalli baLakeyallive. udAharaNegAgi, nAvu mEle (೫.೬.೨(೩)ralli) nODiruvante, cikkamma, doDDappa, mungAlu, hingAlu modalAda kelavu guNapadagaLiruva jODupadagaLalli eraDaneya angavAgi baruva amma, appa, kAlu modalAda nAma padagaLu oLanuDiyalli modalaneya padavAgi baruttave. intaha jODupadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastu I nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti illavE vastuviginta bhinnavAgiruvudAda kAraNa, I

jODupadagaLa kEndra binduvannu avugaLa oLagEnE kANalu sAdhya vAgadu.

udAharaNegAgi, cikkamma emba jODupada ammaniginta cikkava LAgiruva hengasannu endare ammana tangiyannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adara kEndra bindu A jODupadada horagiruva hengasu (illavE tangi) emba padada mEle bILuttadallade adara oLagiruva amma (illavE cikka) emba padada mEle bILuvudilla.

idE rItiyalli hingAlu embudu kAlina hindiruva ondu bhAgavannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adara kEndra bindu jODupadada horagiruva bhAga emba ondu padada mEle bILuttadallade, adara angagaLAgiruva him(de) illavE kAlu emba padada mEle bILuvu dilla. avakkU mattu kEndra bindu jODupadada oLagEnE baru vantaha keLaduTi, kaDehallu, oLakONe modalAduvakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnembudannu nAvu mEleyE vivaravAgi pariSIlisiruvevu.

eraDu angagaLU nAmapadagaLAgiruva jODupadagaLalli sAmAnya vAgi kEndrabindu eraDaneya padada mElEnE bILuttade. udAharaNe gAgi, kaNNIru emba jODupadakke kaNNinalli baruva nIru embudAgi vigrahavAkyavannu hELalu sAdhyaviddu, adu ondu rItiya nIrannu gurutisuttadeyendu hELabahudu. hAgAgi, I jODupadada kEndra bindu adara eraDaneya angavAgiruva nIru emba padada mElide.

idE rItiyalli hogesoppu emba pada ondu rItiya soppannu (endare eleyannu) gurutisuttade, mattu benkikaDDi emba pada ondu rItiya kaDDiyannu gurutisuttade. hAgAgi illU kUDa kEndra bindu jODupadada eraDaneya angavAgiruva padada mEle bILuttade.

I niyamakke apavAdagaLAgiruva jODupadagaLu kelavu kannaDa dallive. udAharaNegAgi, eraDaneya pada upamAnavagiruvantaha kay gombe, ilikivi modalAda kelavu jODupadagaLalli kEndra bindu jODupadagaLa horage bILuttadallade avugaLa oLagiruva padagaLa mEle bILuvudilla. kaygombe emba pada ondu gombeyannu gurutisuva badalu gombeya hAge vaSavartiyAguva obba vyaktiyannu gurutisuttade. ilikivi emba pada ondu rItiya kiviyannu gurutisuva badalu iliya kiviya hAge kANisuva elegaLiruva ondu rItiya giDavannu gurutisuttade. hAgAgi, intaha jODupadagaLalli kEndra

ondu A jODupadagaLa horagiruva vyakti, giDa modalAdavugaLa mEle bILuttadeyendu hELabEkAguttade.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೫.೭ sErikeya niyamagaLu

jODupadagaLalli eraDu padagaLu oTTu sEri ondE padavAguvuvAda kAraNa, hIge oTTu sEruva padagaLalli prAmukhyavAgi modalaneya padada koneya bhAgadalli mattu eraDaneya padada modala bhAgadalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave. Adare I badalAvaNegaLu niyamitavAgi ellA padagaLallU naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLalla. kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuttave Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuvudilla. padaracaneyalli ‘niyama’gaLigintalU ‘olavu’gaLiruvudE jAsti embudE idakke kAraNa.

jODupadagaLa racaneyalli kANisuva intaha badalAvaNegaLalli kelavu prAmukhyavAduvannu I keLage vivarisalAgide.

೫.೨.೧ eraDaneya padadalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu

jODupadagaLa eraDaneya padadalli ondu mukhyavAda badalAvaNe mAtra kANisikoLLuvudAda kAraNa, adannu modalige pariSIlisabahudu. I padagaLa modalige baruva k, t, p illavE s emba vyanjana g, d, b illavE j embudAgi badalAguvudE I badalAvaNe. I badalAvaNeya mUlaka kakAra gakAravAguvudannu halavAru jODu padagaLalli kANabahudu. takAra dakAravAguvudU uLida eraDu badalAvaNegaLiginta jAsti padagaLalli kANisikoLLuttade.

(೧) jODupadadalli baruva modalaneya padada koneya akShara bidduhOgi, sonne mAtra uLidideyAdare, intaha badalAvaNegaLu ellA padagaLallU naDeyuva hAge kANisuttade. udA:

sonneya anantara badalAvaNeyAgiruvudu

ಹಿಂ(ದೆ) + ತಲೆ	ಹಿಂದಲೆ
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಕತ್ತಲೆ	ಮುಂಗತ್ತಲೆ
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಕಾಲು	ಮುಂಗಾಲು
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಕುರುಳು	ಮುಂಗುರುಳು
ಹಿಂ(ದೆ) + ಸರಿ	ಹಿಂಜರಿ
ಮುಂ(ದೆ) + ಪರಿ	ಮುಂಬರಿ

kam(Nu) + pani (hani) kambani

(೨) jODupadadalli baruva modalaneya padada koneya svara
uLidideyAdare, mElina badalAvaNe kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuttade,
Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli naDeyuvudilla. udA:
(ka) svarada anantara badalAvaNeyAgiruvudu
mane + kelasa managelasa
nela + kaDale nelagaDale
kay + kaDa kaygaDa
Uru + kOlu UrugOlu
suDu + kADu suDugADu
huri + kaDale hurigaDale
ede + kudi edegudi
nela + tAvare neladAvare
keLa(ge) + tuTi keLaduTi
(kha) svarada anantara badalAvaNeyAgadiruvudu
oLa(ge) + kONe oLakONe
kay + kelasa kaykelasa
Ane + kAlu AnekAlu
tale + terige taleterige
kari + tuLasi karituLasi
I rIti svarada anantara badalAvaNeyAgadiruvudakke kakAra, takAra
modalAdavugaLa hinde athavA munde ottakSharaviruvudU ondu
kAraNavirabahudu embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu sUcisuttave.
hoTTe + kiccu hoTTekiccu
biccu + Sakti biccukatti
aNe + kaTTu aNekaTTu
baTTa + tale baTTatale
೭.೨ modalaneya padadalli naDeyuva badalAvaNegaLu

jODupadagaLa modalaneya pada halavu bEre bEre rItiya badalA vaNegaLigoLagAguttade. ivugaLalli mukhyavAdudendare avugaLa koneya svaradalli kANisuva badalAvaNegaLu.

(೧) koneya svara ukAra illavE akAravAgiddalli
modalaneya padada koneyalli ukAra illavE akAra bandideyAdare,
adarondige svaradalli suruvAguva eraDaneya pada sEridAga modala
neya pada tanna koneya svaravannu kaLedukoLLuttade. udA:
ukAra biddu hOguvudu
kallu + iddalu kalliddalu
nUlu + ENi nUlENi
kaNNu + uri kaNNuri
bayalu + ATa bayalATa
kallu + ede kallede
akAra biddu hOguvudu
cikka + amma cikkamma
huDura + ATa huDugATa
(ka) kaDu, naDu mattu niDu emba mUru guNapadagaLu modalaneya
padavAgi bandiddu, avugaLondige svaradalli suruvAguva eraDaneya
padavondu sEridAga avugaLa koneya ukAra biddu hOguvudu
mAtravallade, DakAra Ts emba ottakSharavAguttade. udA:
kaDu + iruve kaTTiruve
kaDu + ALu kaTTALu
niDu + usiru niTTusiru
naDu + aDavi naTTaDavi
naDu + iruLu naTTiruLu
kaDu emba pada samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLondige
sEridAgalU (A padagaLu svaradalli suruvAgiveyAdare) I rIti kaT

embudAgi badalAguvudannu kaTTAjYe, kaTTappaNe modalAda padagaLalli kANabahudu.

(kha) eraDaneya pada vyanjanadalli suruvAguvudAdare sAmAnyavAgi
I padagaLu badalAguvudilla. Adare A vyanjana kakAra illavE gakAra
vAgideyAdare, kaDu embudu kar endAguttade mattu adara
anantara baruva kakAra gakAravAguttade. udA:
badalAvaNeyilladiruvudu
naDu + hagalu naDuhagalu
naDu + beraLu naDuberaLu
kaDu + bisilu kaDubisilu
kaDu + baDava kaDubaDava
kakAra illavE gakAradeduru badalAvaNe
kaDu + kattale kaggattale
kaDu + ganTu kagganTu
(ga) kempu mattu tampu emba eraDu padagaLu aniyamitavAgi kelavu
jODupadagaLalli kem mattu tam emba giDDarUpavannu paDeyuttave.
idE rItiyalli bennu embudu bem emba rUpavannU, kaNNu
embudu kam emba rUpavannU mattu honnu embudu hom emba
rUpavannU kelavu jODupadagaLalli paDeyuttave. udA:
kempu + tALi kendALi
tampu + gALi tangALi
bennu + kAvalu bengAvalu
kaNNu + pani (hani) kambani
honnu + baNNa hombaNNa
(೨) koneya svara ikAra illavE ekAravAgiddalli
modalaneya padada koneyalli ikAra illavE ekAra bandideyAdare,
adu svaradalli suruvAguva eraDaneya padadeduru biddu hOguvu

dilla. idakke badalu A eraDu svaragaLa naDuve yakAra ondu sEruttade.

koneyalli ikAra bandAga kaDi + akki kaDiyakki

koneyalli ekAra bandAga nere + Uru nereyUru mane + ALu maneyALu

(ka) munde mattu hinde emba eraDu padagaLu jODupadagaLa
modalaneya angavAgi baruvAga mum mattu him emba giDDarUpa
vannu paDeyuttave. ivugaLa koneyalliruva sonne eraDaneya pada
nakAra illavE makAradalli suruvAgiruvudAdare nakAra mattu makAra
vAgi badalAguttade. udA:
munde + gENi
mungENi
munde + kattale
mungattale
munde + tale
mundale
munde + nuDi
munnuDi
hinde + kALu
hingAlu
hinde + tale
hindale
hinnOTa
himmELa
(kha) biLi emba pada jODupadagaLalli beL illavE beN endAguvu
dannu I keLagina padagaLalli kANabahudu.
biLi + tingaLu
beLLengaLu
biLi + kallu
beLLallu, beNNallu
(ga) hiri emba pada adara mundiruva vyanjanavannanusarisi heg, hej,
hed, illavE heb embudAgi badalAguvudannu I keLagina jODu

padagaLalli kANabahudu. adara mundiruva kakAra mattu pakAragaLu gakAra mattu bakAragaLAguttave.

hiri + kaDe heggaDe
hiri + jEnu hejjenu
hiri + dAri heddAri
hiri + puli (huli) hebbuli
hiri + bAgilu hebbAgilu

(gha) kari emba padavU kakAra mattu gakAragaLeduru kar embudAgi badalAguttade mattu adara mundiruva kakAra gakAravAguttade. udA:

kari + gavi

kaggavi

kari + kallu

kaggallu

(೩) mEle vivarisiruva ‘badalAvaNe’gaLalli kelavu jODupadagaLa anga gaLAgi bandiruva padagaLu haLegannaDadalli athavA adakkU hinde ava kkidda rUpavannu jODupadagaLalli mAtra hAgeyE uLisikonDudarinda kANisikoLLuttive. udAharaNegAgi, hiri emba pada pUrvada haLegannaDa dalli peri emba rUpadallittu. anantara I padada svatantra prayOga dalli (endare padada koneyalli ikAraviddaga) piri endu badalAgi anantara hosagannaDadalli hiri endAyitu. heggaDe, heddAri modalAda jODupadagaLalli I ikAra bidduhOgideyAda kAraNa, I padada modalaneya akShara p endE uLidu anantara hosagannaDadalli he emba rUpavannu paDeyitu. biLi emba padadallU intahadE badalAvaNe naDedideyembudannu beLudingaLu, beNyallu modalAda jODupadagaLondige adannu hOlisuvudara mUlaka tiLiyabahudu.

bennu, kaNNu, honnu modalAda padagaLu avugaLa ellA baLake gaLallU ben, kaN, pon emba koneyalli vyanjanaviruva rUpada llidduvu. hosagannaDadalli avu svatantra prayOgadalli mAtra ukAra dalli konegoLLuttave, jODupadagaLalli baruvAga avugaLige I ukAra sEruvudilla.

intaha jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyannu vivarisuvAga avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa svatantra prayOgadalli badalAvaNeyAgide yendu hELuva badalu, jODupadadalli badalAvaNeyAgideyendu hELuvudu rUDhi. Adare idu cAritrika badalAvaNegaLa varNaneyalla embudannilli gamanisuvudu avaSya.

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೫.೮ kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajanegaLu

kannaDada heccina vyAkaraNagaLallU ‘samAsagaLu’ emba ondu adhyAya viddu, adaralli kannaDada jODupadagaLa vibhajane mattu varNane yiruttade. Adare I vibhajane heccina maTTige samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu A bhASheyalli baruva jODupadagaLa vibhajanegAgi baLasida vidhAnavannE avalambiside. samskxtada samAsagaLu yAvuvu, avugaLalli yAvuvu kannaDadallU kANisuttave, mattu samskxtadallilladantaha bEre yAva samAsagaLu kannaDadallive embantaha praSnegaLige uttaravannu huDukutta I vibhajane sAguttade.

Adare I rIti samskxta samAsagaLa dxShTikOnada mUlaka kannaDada jODupadagaLannu varNisuvudarindAgi A varNane anavaSyakavAgi bahaLa kliShTavAguttade mAtravalla, nijakkU kannaDada jODupadagaLu yAva rIti yavu emba praSnege nEravAda uttara siguvudE illa. mEle (೫.೬ralli) I toDaku toDakAda vidhAnavannu toredu, kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva jODupadagaLannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuva vaySiShTya gaLa AdhArada mEle vibhajisi vivarisalAgide.

I rIti kannaDada jODupadagaLa nEravAda pariSIlaneyinda sidda vAda vibhajane ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajaneginta yAva rItiyalli bhinnavAgide embudannu svalpa skUlavAgiyAdarU pari SIlisuvudu avaSya. yAkendare, hAge mADuvudarinda I kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva vibhajanegaLu yAva rItiyallella asamarpaka vAgive emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, bahuvrIhi, dvandva mattu avyayibhAvagaLemba Aru samskxta samAsagaLannU mattu ivakkinta bhinnavAda kriyAsamAsa mattu gamakasamAsagaLemba bEre eraDu rItiya samAsagaLannU tOrisuva jODupadagaLu kannaDadalliveyembu dAgi hadimUraneya SatamAnada SabdamaNidarpaNavemba vyAkaraNadalli hELalAgide. idu haLegannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLa vibhajane

yAgideyAdarU hosagannaDakkU idannE anvayisi hELuvudu rUDhi. ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli heccinavugaLallU I vibhajaneyannE alpasvalpa vyatyAsagaLannu mADi hosagannaDaddendu hELiruvudannu kANa bahudu.

೫.೮.೧ vibhajaneya AdhAra

I vibhajanege AdhAravAgi jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa varga, avugaLa naDuviruva sambandha, mattu jODupadagaLalli kEndra binduvina sthAna emba I mUru viShayagaLannU oTTAgi baLasikoLLa lAgide. udAharaNegAgi, jODupadada modalaneya anga sankhyA vAcakavAgiddare adannu dviguvendU, mattu eraDaneyadu kriyApada vAgiddare adannu kriyAsamAsavendU kareyalAguttade. idu jODu padagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa vargavannAdharisida vibhajane.

jODupadada angagaLeraDu nAmapadagaLAgiddu bEre bEre vibhakti gaLalliddare adannu tatpuruShavendu kareyalAguttade, mattu ondE vibhaktiyalliddare adannu karmadhArayavendu kareyalAguttade. idu jODupadada angagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannAdharisida vibhajane.

jODupadada kEndra bindu eraDaneya angada mEliddare adannu tatpuruShavendU, modalaneya angada mEliddare avyayibhAva (illavE amSi samAsa) endU, eraDara mElU iddare dvandva vendU mattu kEndra bindu jODupadada yAva angada mElU bILade adara horagiruva ondu padada mEle biddideyAdare adannu bahuvrIhiyendU kareyalAguttade. idu jODupadadalli kEndra binduvina sthAnavannAdharisida vibhajane. (jODupadada kEndra bindu vinalliruva padavannu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘pradhAna pada’ embudAgi kareyuvudu rUDhi).

kannaDada jODupadagaLa vibhajaneyannu I rIti mUru bEre bEre viShayagaLannu oTTige AdhAravAgi irisikoDu tayArisiruva kAraNa anavaSyakavAgi gondalakkeDeyAgide. udAharaNegAgi, kEndra bindu eraDaneya angada mEliruva karmadhAraya, dvigu, kriyAsamAsa mattu gamakasamAsagaLu tatpuruShada prabhEdagaLendu hELabEkAgu ide, mattu angagaLeraDU ondE vibhaktiyalli baruva dvigusamAsa vembudu karmadhArayada prabhEdavendu hELabEkAguttade. yAvu

dAdarondu sankhye modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva jODupada dviguvAgiralU sAdhyavide, gamakavAgiralU sAdhyavide; hAgAgi, nijakkU averaDara naDuvina vyatyAsavEnu, gamakavemba samAsa vidhAna kannaDakke avaSyavE endella vAda vivAdagaLu idarindAgi mUDi bandive.

idallade, kEndra binduvina sthAnavannAdharisida vibhajane kannaDada maTTige aShTondu upayuktavAdudalla. yAkendare, kannaDada heccina jODupadagaLallU eraDaneya anga nAmapadavAgiddu, kEndra bindu A eraDaneya padada mEleyE bILuttade. kelavu jODupadagaLalli (prAmukhyavAgi guNapadagaLiruvavugaLalli) mAtra kEndra bindu adara horagiralu sAdhya (೫.೬.೪ nODi). Adare samskxtada jODupada gaLannu vibhajisuvalli kEndra binduvina sthAnavemba I viShaya prAmukhya vAda pAtravannu vahisuttade. I kAraNakkAgiyU samskxtada samAsa gaLannu alpasvalpa badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kannaDakke aLavaDisuva prayatna dindAgi gondalavunTAgide.

jODupadagaLa vibhajanege AdhAravAgaballa bEre bEre viShaya gaLannu I rIti oTTu sErisalu yatnisade avannu bEre bErAgi irisi konDu, avu jODupadagaLa vibhajanege yAva rItiyallella sahAyaka vAgaballuvu embudannu pariSIlisi, anantara avugaLalli atyanta heccu sahAyakavAgaballa viShayavannu vibhajanege AdhAravAgi tegedukoLLu vudE sariyAda dAri. kannaDada maTTige mEle (೫.೬.೪ralli) vivarisi dante, jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa vargavannAdharisida vibhajaneyE atyanta upayuktavAda vibhajane.

೫.೮.೨ padavargagaLa sankhye

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa vibhajanegaLu padavarga gaLa viShayadalli kannaDakkU mattu samskxtakkU naDuviruva prAmukhya vAda ondu vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi gamanisadiruvudarindAgi bahaLa maTTige tappu hAdi hiDidive. samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApada gaLemba eraDE eraDu mukhya padavargagaLiddu, guNapadagaLa artha koDuva padagaLalli heccinavU nAmapadavemba padavargadallEnE sEri koLLuttave.

idakke vyatiriktavAgi kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLemba mUru bEre bEre mukhya padavargagaLive embudannu nAvu mEle eraDaneya adhyAyadalli (೨.೨ralli) nODiruvevu.

guNapadagaLa artha koDuva nAmapadagaLannu innondu nAmapada dondige sErisi padagucchavondannu tayArisabEkiddalli, adakke A nAma padada linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayavannu sErisikoLLa bEku embudu samskxtada vAkyaracaneya ondu niyama. udAharaNe gAgi, I keLagina samskxta vAkyagaLannu gamanisabahudu.

(೯ka) tatra EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH asti.
alli ondu kappu hAvu ide.
(೧೦ka) hariH Ekam kxShNam sarpam apaSyat.
hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida.
(೧೧ka) hariH EkEna kxShNEna sarpENa daShTaH.
hari ondu kappu hAvininda kaccalpaTTa.

mEle koTTiruva (೯ka) vAkyadalli EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH ‘ondu kappu hAvu’ emba nAmapadaguccha bandiddu, adaralliruva mUru padagaLU pullinga-Ekavacana-prathamAvibhakti pratyayadondige bandive.

idE nAmapadaguccha (೧೦ka) mattu (೧೧ka) vAkyagaLallU bandiddu, adaralliruva mUru padagaLU (೧೦ka) vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana- dvitIyAvibhakti pratyayadondigU (Ekam kxShNam sarpam embudAgi), mattu (೧೧ka) vAkyadalli pullinga-Ekavacana-txtIyA vibhakti pratyaya dondigU (EkEna kxShNEna sarpENa embudAgi) bandive.

illi mukhyavAgi gamanisabEkAda viShayavEnendare, I padagucchada mUraneya angavAda sarpaH ‘hAvu’ emba pada mAtravallade adara modalaneya angavAda EkaH ‘ondu’ emba pada mattu eraDaneya angavAda kxShNaH ‘kappu’ emba pada - iveraDU I rIti linga- vacana-vibhakti pratyayadondige barabEkAgide. idu samskxtadalli padagucchagaLannu tayArisuva ondu niyama.

kannaDa padagucchagaLa racane idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. avugaLalli baruva padagaLalli koneyadakke mAtra vibhakti pratyayagaLannu mattu vacana pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavide. mEle koTTiruva samskxta vAkyagaLa kannaDa anuvAdagaLannu gamanisidevAdare I viShaya spaShTavAdItu. EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH emba samskxta padagucchada

modalaneya padada kannaDa anuvAda ondu embudu. I pada mEle koTTiruva mUru vAkya gaLallU ondE rUpadalli bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.

idE rItiyalli adE padagucchada eraDaneya padada anuvAdavAda vAgiruva kappu emba padavU kannaDada I mUru vAkyagaLallU ondE rUpadalli bandide. annu mattu inda emba vibhakti pratyayagaLannu (೧೦ka) mattu (೧೧ka) vAkyagaLalli I padagucchada mUraneya padavAda hAvu embudakke mAtravE sErisalAgideyallade, samskxtadalliruva hAge modalaneya mattu eraDaneya padagaLige sErisilla embudannu gamanisabahudu.

kannaDadalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLiginta bhinnavAda bEreyE ondu padavargadalli baruttave mattu nAmapadagaLondige avannu nEravAgi (vibhakti pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade) baLasalu sAdhya emba kannaDa vAkyaracaneya niyama mEle koTTiruva samskxta vAkyaracaneya niyamakkinta bhinnavAgiruvudE I vyatyAsakke kAraNa.

samskxtadalli EkaH kxShNaH sarpaH emba padagucchada badalu EkaH kxShNasarpaH embudAgi adaralliruva eraDaneya mattu mUraneya pada gaLannu oTTu sErisi ondu jODupadavannAgi mADi baLasalu sAdhya vide. intaha jODupadadalli modalaneya angavAgi baruva pada tanna linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayavannu kaLedukoLLuttade embudu samskxtada ondu padaracaneya niyama. I kAraNakkAgi, kxShNaH emba padavannu ondu jODupadada angavAgi baLasidAga adu ellA rItiya vAkyagaLallU ondE rUpadalli baruttade. idannu keLage koTTiruva (kha) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೯kha) tatra EkaH kxShNasarpaH asti.
alli ondu kappu hAvu ide.
(೧೦kha) hariH Ekam kxShNasarpam apaSyat.
hari ondu kappu hAvannu nODida.
(೧೧kha) hariH EkEna kxShNasarpENa daShTaH.
hari ondu kappu hAvininda kaccalpaTTa.

mElina kannaDa vAkyagaLalli bandiruva kappu hAvu emba padaguccha samskxtada I kxShNasarpaH emba jODupadavannu hOluvudAda kAraNa (eraDarallU modalina angavAgi baruva padadondige vibhakti pratyaya bandillavAda kAraNa) adU karmadhArayavemba samAsadinda tayArAda jODupadavembudAgi kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLellarU tappAgi grahisikonDiddAre. nijakkU kappu hAvu embudu kannaDada vAkya racaneya niyamagaLa prakAra tayArAda padagucchavallade jODupada valla. jODupadagaLalli kANisuva guNadharmagaLAvuvU adaralli kANi suvudilla.

idE rItiyalli nAmapadadondige guNapadavondannu sErisi tayArisida doDDa mane, cikka pustaka, kempu SAyi, biLi kAgada modalAdavugaLalli modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva pada vibhakti pratyayadondige bandillavAdarU kannaDadalli jODupadagaLalla, bariya padagucchagaLu.

illi gamanisabEkAgiruva viShayavEnendare, angagaLAgi baruva eraDu padagaLannu vibhakti pratyayavondu pratyEkisuttadeyE athavA illavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle samskxtadalli padagucchagaLannu jODupadagaLinda bErpaDisi hELalu sAdhyavide, Adare kannaDadalli idu sAdhyavilla.

೫.೮.೩ viSEShaNagaLu mattu viSEShyagaLu

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLemba eraDu bEre bEre padavargagaLige sEruva padagaLillavAda kAraNa, adara padagucchagaLalli baruva padagaLoLage viSEShaNa-viSEShya sambandhavannu kalpisuvudu bahaLa kaShTa. udAharaNegAgi mEle koTTiruva kxShNaH sarpaH emba padaguccha dalli yAvudu viSEShaNa mattu yAvudu viSEShya embudannu niShkxShTa vAgi tiLisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

padagucchagaLa modalaneya sthAnadalli baruva pada viSEShaNavendu hELuvudAdare, sarpaH kxShNaH embudAgi A padagucchadalliruva padagaLa sthAnavannu badalisi hELalu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, sarpaH emba padavU modalaneya sthAnakke bandu viSEShaNavendenisaballudu. I kAraNakkAgi, yAvudu viSEShaNa mattu yAvudu viSEShya embudu intaha padagucchagaLannu baLasuvavara dxShTikOnavannavalambisideyallade avugaLalli angagaLAgi baruva padagaLa svarUpa illavE guNadharma

vannavalambisilla embudAgi patanjaliyantaha samskxta vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

kannaDada padagucchagaLu idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdavugaLu. kannaDada kappu hAvu emba padagucchadalli kappu embudu viSEShaNavAgi mAtravE nillaballudu mattu hAvu embudu viSEShavAgi mAtravE nillaballudu. adaralliruva padagaLa sthAnavannu badalAyisi hAvu kappu endu hELidevAdare adu samskxtadalliruvante ondu padagucchavAgi uLiyade ondu vAkyavAgibiDuttade.

kannaDadalli modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva kaydIpa, tAyi mane modalAda jODupadagaLigU mattu modalaneya anga guNa padavAgiruva doDDamma, beNkallu modalAda jODupadagaLigU naDuve spaShTavAda vyatyAsagaLive. Adare samskxtada jODupadagaLalli intaha vyatyAsavannu kANalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, guNadharmavannu sUcisuva padavondannu baLasi racisida kxShNasarpaH embantaha jODu padagaLannu mAtravallade vastuvannu sUcisuva padavondannu baLasi racisida candramukham, gOgarbhiNI embantaha jODupadagaLannU samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu karmadhArayavendu parigaNisabEkAgide.

nijakkU kxShNaH emba pada samskxtadalli kannaDada kappu emba padada hAge ondu guNadharmavannu sUcisuvudilla. idakke badalu A guNadharmavannu paDediruva obba vyakti illavE ondu vastuvannu adu sUcisuttade (೨.೨ nODi). hAgAgi, samskxtadalli eraDu nAmapadagaLa sErikeyinda tayArAda tatpuruShakkU mattu I karmadhArayakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsa avugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLu oLanuDiyalli (vigrahavAkyadalli) yAva vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhitavAguttave embudu mAtra. avu prathamA vibhaktiya mUlaka sambandhitavAguvu vAdare karmadhArayavenisuttave mattu itara vibhaktigaLa mUlaka sambandhitavAguvuvAdare tatpuruShavenisuttave.

kannaDakkU mattu samskxtakkU naDuve intaha joDupadagaLa racane yalli bahaLa mukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiveyAda kAraNa, kannaDada jODu padagaLu samskxtada jODupadagaLa hAgeyE embudAgi bhramisi avannu vivarisalu yatnisidalli, mattu avannu samskxtada tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya mattu dvigugaLemba samAsagaLemba hesarugaLannu baLasi vingaDisalu yatnisidalli anavaSyakavAgi gondalavunTAgadiradu.

೫.೮.೪ subanta pratyaya

samskxtada nAmapadagaLu manuShyarannu gurutisuttirali, illavE bEre prANi, mara-giDa, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu gurutisuttirali, avugaLa lingavembudu A padagaLa koneya akSharaventahadu mattu avugaLondige baruva vibhakti pratyayagaLige entaha rUpavide emba viShayada mEle avalambiside. A padagaLa arthavEnu embudu illi prAmukhyavAda viShayavalla. keLage koTTiruva samskxtada pullinga, strIlinga mattu napumsaka lingada padagaLannu pariSIlisidalli I viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

pullinga strIlinga napumsaka linga nxpaH ‘arasu’ jananI ‘tAyi’ jYAnam ‘tiLuvaLike’ vxkShaH ‘mara’ mAlA ‘mAle’ udakam ‘nIru’ aSvaH ‘kudure’ AjYA ‘AjYe’ brahma ‘paramAtma’ anilaH ‘gALi’ dhanU ‘billu’ kalatram ‘henDati’ dArAH ‘henDati’ patni ‘henDati’ puram ‘paTTaNa’

ivugaLalli dArAH ‘henDati’ emba pada bahuvacanadalli mAtra baruttade.

samskxtada innondu vaySiShTyavEnendare, adaralli linga, vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisalu kannaDadalliruva hAge bEre bEre pratyaya gaLilla. ivu mUrannU padada koneyalli baruva subanta emba hesarina ondE pratyaya sUcisuttade. udAharaNegAgi mEle koTTiruva padagaLellavU (dArAH embudannu biTTu) alli sUcisiruva lingavannu mAtravallade Ekavacana mattu prathamA vibhaktigaLannU sUcisuva pratyaya vondarondige bandive.

kannaDada nAmapadagaLa linga bhEda I rIti koneya akSharavannu illavE vibhakti pratyayada rUpavannu avalambisirade avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa svarUpavannavalambiside. sAmAnyavAgi ganDasarannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLu pullingadallU, hengasarannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLu strIlingadallU mattu uLida nAmapadagaLu napumsaka lingadallU baruttaveyendu kannaDadalli ondu niyamavannu mADalu sAdhyavide. idakke kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLu mAtra ive.

I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada arthakOSagaLalli nAmapadagaLa linga yAvudu embudannu sUcisuva avaSyakateyilla. Adare samskxtada arthakOSadalli pratiyondu nAmapadadeduru adara linga yAvudu embudannu sUcisuvudu atyavaSya.

kannaDadalli bahuvrIhi emba hesarina samAsavideyE athavA illavE, mattu ideyAdare adakke kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu koDuva cala vAdi, haNegaNNa, geDDemUga modalAda jODupadagaLu udAharaNe gaLAgaballuvE embudannu tiLiyalu kannaDakkU mattu samskxtakkU naDuve linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLa prayOgadalli kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu gamanadallirisikoLLuvudu avaSya. ondu jODupadada kEndra bindu A padada angagaLAgiruva padagaLa mEle bILade horagiruva padavondara mEle biddideyAdare (endare horagiruva pada ‘pradhAna pada’vAgideyAdare), antaha padada tayArikeyalli bahu vrIhi emba samAsa vidhAna baLakeyAgideyendu hELabahudu.

samskxtadalli pItAmbaraH emba jODupada pIta ‘haLadi’ mattu ambara ‘baTTe’ emba eraDu padagaLa jODaNeyinda tayArAgiddu, adara koneyalli bandiruva visarga as emba pullinga-Ekavacana- prathamAvibhakti pratyayavannu sUcisuttade. vacana mattu vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu padarUpa pratyayagaLallade padapratyayagaLalla. hAgAgi pItAmbaraH emba padadalli pIta mattu ambara emba eraDu padagaLu mAtra ive. Adare, ivugaLalli ondU I padada kEndra binduvAgiralu sAdhyavAgadu. yAkendare, I padakke ‘haLadi baTTeyannu uTTiruva vyakti’ emba arthavideyallade ‘haLadi baTTe’ emba arthavilla. hAgAgi, idara kEndra bindu jODupadada horagiruva vyakti emba padada mEle bILuttadallade pIta ‘haLadi’ illavE ambara ‘baTTe’ emba jODupadada angavAgiruva padada mEle bILuvudilla. hAgAgi idu bahuvrIhi emba samAsakke udAharaNeyAgaballudu.

Adare kannaDadalli idakke samAnavAgi tOruva haNegaNNa, calavAdi modalAda jODupadagaLa koneyalli baruva a illavE i emba pratyayagaLu padapratyayagaLallade padarUpa pratyayagaLalla. hAgAgi ivu I jODupadagaLa angagaLAgiruttave. calavAdi emba jODupadadalli cali mattu vAdi emba eraDu padagaLannu sErisalAgiddu, kEndrabindu vAdi eraDaneya padada mEle bILuva kAraNa adu tatpuruShakke udAharaNeyAgaballudallade bahuvrIhige udAharaNeyAgalAradu.

haNegaNNa emba padavU hIgeyE. hosagannaDadalli ‘kaNNiruvavanu’ emba arthadalli svatantravAgi kaNNa emba padada prayOgavilladiddarU, I jODupadadalli antaha padada prayOgavAgideyendU mattu A padavE adara kEndra binduvAgideyendU illi hELabEkAguttade.

೫.೮.೫ avyayIbhAva samAsa

samskxtadalli ondu avyayadondige nAmapadavondannu sErisi racisida yathASakti, upakxShNam, pratidinam, parOkSham modalAda jODupada gaLannu avyayibhAvavemba samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDuvudu krama. I jODupadagaLu avyayagaLAgi baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa, avugaLa kEndra bindu avugaLa modalaneya angavAgiruva avyayada mEle bILuttadeyendu hELabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, upakxShNam emba padakke ‘kxShNana hattira’ emba arthaviddu, adara kEndra bindu upa ‘hattira’ emba padada (avyayada) mEle bILuttade.

kannaDadalli I rIti ‘avyaya’gaLAgi baruva hAgU kEndra bindu modalaneya padada mEle bILuva jODupadagaLilla. Adare, samskxda avyayIbhAva samAsada innondu vaySiShTyada AdhArada mEle kannaDa dallU avyayIbhAva samAsavannu kANalu kannaDada kelavaru vayyA karaNigaLu prayatnisiddAre. yathASakti, upakxShNam modalAda jODu padagaLa oLanuDiyalli (vigrahavAkyadalli) avyaya nAmapadada balakke baruttade, Adare jODupadagaLalli ivugaLa sthAnapallaTavAgi, avyaya nAmapadada eDakke baruttade.

kannaDadalli I rIti jODupadagaLigU mattu avugaLa oLanuDi gaLigU naDuve angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa sthAnadalli badalAvaNe yannu tOrisuva tudinAlige (nAligeya tudi), hingAlu (kAlina himbhAga), naDuhagalu (hagalina naDubhAga) modalAdavugaLannu avyayIbhAva samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi hELabahudendu kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

Adare, I padagaLu samskxtadalli kANisuva hAge avyayagaLalla, avyayagaLa artha koDuva guNapadagaLU alla. kannaDadalli ivu nAma padagaLAgi mAtravE baLakeyallive. hAgAgi, ivugaLalli avyayi bhAvavemba samAsavideyendu vAdisuvudu svalpa kaShTa. I padagaLalli ondu anga innondu angada ‘amSa’ (bhAga)vondannu sUcisuvudAda

kAraNa ivugaLalliruva samAsavannu ‘amSi’ embudAgi kareyabahudendu bEre kelavaru abhiprAyapaTTiddAre.

Adare, idarallU kelavu samasyegaLive. kannaDadalli baruva intaha ellA jODupadagaLallU I rIti modalaneya anga eraDaneya angada ‘amSa’vondannu gurutisuvudilla. udAharaNegAgi cikkamma emba pada oLaracaneyalli tudinAlige embudara hAgeyE ide yAdarU adara modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva cikka emba pada amma emba eraDaneya pada sUcisuva vyaktiya amSavondannu sUcisuvudilla (೫.೬.೨(ga) nODi).

eraDaneyadAgi, ‘amSi’ emba samAsakke kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu udAharaNegaLAgi koDuva jODupadagaLalli kelavannu mAtra (udA: tudinAlige) ‘modalaneya pada pradhAnavAgiruvavugaLu’ embudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhya. uLidavugaLalli pradhAna pada eraDaneyadirabahudu illavE averaDu padagaLigintalU bhinnavAgiruva horaginadondu pada virabahudu. hAgAgi, intaha padagaLannu karmadhAraya illavE bahu vrIhi emba samAsakke mAtravE udAharaNegaLendu hELalu sAdhya.

keLaduTi emba jODupadadalli eraDaneya anga pradhAna pada vAgide embudannu sAdhisuvudakkAgi kelavaru vayyAkaraNigaLu adakke tuTiya keLagu embudAgi vigrahavAkyavannu koTTiddAre. Adare nijakkU kannaDada keLaduTi emba pada bAyiyalliruva eraDu tuTigaLalli keLaginadannu sUcisuvudallade, tuTiya keLabhAgavannu sUcisuvudilla. hAgAgi adakke tuTiya keLagu embudakkintalU keLagina tuTi emba oLanuDiyE sari, mattu I kAraNakkAgi adu karmadhArayakke udAharaNeyAgaballudallade amSi illavE avyayibhAvakke udA haraNeyAgalAradu. horabAgilu emba padavU idE rItiyadu.

hingAlu, horamay, naDuhagalu modalAda bEre kelavu jODupadagaLalli kANisuva angagaLalli yAvudU avugaLa pradhAna padavAgi illavAda kAraNa, avU kUDa amSi illavE avyayibhAva samAsakke udAharaNegaLAgalAravu. naDuhagalu emba pada hagalina naDuviruva ondu bhAgavannu gurutisuvudAda kAraNa, adara anga gaLAgi bandiruva naDu illavE hagalu emba eraDu padagaLalli yAvudU adara pradhAna padavenisalAradu. averaDakkintalU bhinnavAda bhAga emba padada mEle A jODupadada kEndra bindu bILuttade. hAgAgi adannE A padada pradhAna padavendu parigaNisabEkAguttade,

mattu I kAraNakkAgi adannu bahuvrIhi emba samAsakke udAharaNe yAgi koDabEkAguttade.

೫.೮.೬ dvandva samAsa

kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli ‘dvandva’ emba samAsakke koTTiruva udAharaNe gaLella padagucchagaLallade jODupadagaLalla. samskxtadalli rAma lakShmaNa, mAtApitara modalAdavugaLannu jODupadagaLendu kareyalu avugaLa angagaLAgiruva padagaLalli koneyadarondige mAtra vibhakti pratyayagaLu baruvuvembudE kAraNa. kannaDada rAmalakShmaNaru, aNNatammandiru embantahavugaLalli idE rItiyalli vibhaktipratyaya koneya padadondige mAtra baruvudAda kAraNa (udA: rAmalakShmaNa rannu) avannu dvandvasamAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

Adare kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge vibhakti pratyayada baLakeya AdhArada mEle jODupadagaLannu padagucchagaLinda bErpaDisalu sAdhya vAgadembudannu nAvu mEleyE (೫.೮.೨ralli) nODiruvevu. kannaDada rAmalakShmaNaru embantaha baLakegaLalli eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisi bahuvacana pratyayadondige hELalAgideyallade avannu ondE padavAgi parivartisilla. avugaLa arthavannU nEravAgi avugaLa oLa racaneyindalEnE paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi ivu jODupadagaLalla.

೫.೮.೭ gamaka samAsa

kannaDakkEnE viSiShTavAduvendu hELuva gamaka mattu kriyAsamAsagaLa avastheyU idE rItiyadu. avugaLige vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva ippattaydu, kiriya maga, tUguva toTTilu, kanDa vicAra moda lAda udAharaNegaLella bariya padagucchagaLallade jODupadagaLalla. avugaLalli eraDu padagaLu oTTige bandiveyEnO nija; Adare avu oTTu sEri ondE padavAgilla. endare, avu kannaDada vAkyaracaneya niyamagaLige anusAravAgi oTTu sEriveyallade, padaracaneya niyama gaLige anusAravAgi oTTu sErilla.

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu illiyU mEle karmadhAraya samAsada viShayadalli mADiruvantaha tappannE mADiddAre (೫.೮.೨ nODi). kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve vAkyaracaneyalli kANisuva atyanta prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavondannu avaru sariyAgi artha mADikonDilla embudE idakke kAraNa. kriyApadagaLa sambandhaka rUpa

vannu (mADuva, mADida, mADada embantaha kriyArUpagaLannu) baLasuvalli I eraDu bhAShegaLu hEge bhinnavAgive embudannu keLagina vAkyagaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

(೧೨ka) tatra EkaH mxtaH sarpaH asti.
alli ondu satta hAvu ide.
(೧೩ka) rAmaH Ekam mxtam sarpa೦ apaSyat.
rAma ondu satta hAvannu nODida.
(೧೪ka) rAmaH EkEna mxtEna sarpENa bhItaH.
rAma ondu satta hAvige hedarida.
(೧೫ka) rAmaH Ekasya mxtasya sarpasya upari pAdam nikShipat.
rAma ondu satta hAvina mEle kAlirisida.

mElina vAkyagaLalli mxtaH embudu samskxtada ‘kxdanta’ emba hesarina sambandhaka kriyArUpa (adu sAyuva ghaTaneyannu sarpaH ‘hAvu’ embudarondige sambandhisuttade); idE kelasavannu mADuvuda kkAgi kannaDadalli satta emba rUpa baLakeyallide. ivugaLalli samskxtada mxtaH embudu bEre bEre vAkyagaLalli bEre bEre linga-vacana- vibhaktigaLondige bandideyAdare, kannaDada satta embudu ellA vAkya gaLallU ondE rUpadalli bandide.

kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge sambandhakagaLige linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisuva avaSyakateyilla mAtravalla, hAge sErisalu sAdhyavU illa. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli sambandhakagaLu guNapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAguttavallade samskxtadalliruvante nAma padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguvudilla. nAmapadagaLa hAge baLakeyAgalu avakke avanu, adu modalAda sarvanAmagaLannu sErisikoLLabEkAgu ide (udA: sattudannu, sattudakke, sattudarinda, sattudaralli, ityAdi).

samskxtada sambandhaka kriyArUpagaLannu avakke linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisadeyU baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare antaha baLake gaLannu mEle koTTiruva baLakegaLinda bhinnavAdavugaLendu tOrisuvu

dakkAgi jODupadagaLendu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide. intaha baLake gaLannu keLagina (kha) vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧೨kha) tatra EkaH mxtasarpaH asti.
alli ondu satta hAvu ide.
(೧೩kha) rAmaH Ekam mxtasarpa೦ apaSyat.
rAma ondu satta hAvannu nODida.
(೧೪kha) rAmaH EkEn mxtasarpENa bhItaH.
rAma ondu satta hAvige hedarida.
(೧೫kha) rAmaH Ekasya mxtasarpasya upari pAdam nikShipat.
rAma ondu satta hAvina mEle kAlirisida.

mEle (೧೨kha-೧೫kha)gaLalli koTTiruva ellA samskxta vAkya gaLallU mxta emba sambandhaka (kxdanta) rUpa linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayavillade nEravAgi sarpa emba nAmapadadondige bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. idakke modalE koTTiruva (೧೨ka-೧೫ka) vAkyagaLalli I padadondige bEre bEre vibhaktipratyayagaLu bandiddu, avu illi biddu hOgiruvudu samskxtada maTTige ondu padaracaneya niyamavendu vayyAkaraNigaLa abhiprAyapaTTiddAre, mattu I kAraNakkAgi mxtasarpa emba padadalli mxta mattu sarpa emba eraDu padagaLu samAsavemba padaracaneya vidhAnada mUlaka oTTusEriveyendu avaru vAdisu ttAre.

kannaDada satta hAvu embudu (೧೨kha-೧೫kha)gaLalli idara hAgeyE kANisuvudAdarU adu ondu padagucchavallade jODupada valla. yAkendare, illi satta emba pada linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyaya gaLondige bAradiruvudakke mEle sUcisiruvante kAraNa bEreyE ide. kannaDakkU samskxtakkU naDuviruva I prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavannu sariyAgi arthamADikoLLadiruvudE I rIti kriyApadagaLa sambandhaka rUpagaLannoLagonDiruva padagucchagaLannu gamaka samAsadalli bandiruva jODupadagaLendu bhAvisalu kAraNavirabEku.

೫.೮.೮ kriyAsamAsa

samskxtadallillada kriyAsamAsavemba innondu rItiya padaracaneya vidhAnavU kannaDadallideyendu adare vayyAkaraNigaLu hELiruvudu intahadE kAraNadinda endu hELabahudu. maravEru, kaymugi, nidde mADu modalAdavugaLannu I samAsakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDa lAgide. Adare illi modalaneya padadondige bandidda annu emba vibhakti pratyaya bidduhOgiruvudu kannaDada ondu vAkyaracaneya niyamada AdhArada mElallade, padaracaneya niyamada AdhArada mElalla.

idallade, kriyApadadondige baruva I nAmapadagaLannu vAkyada itara sthAnagaLige vargAyisidAga, illavE avugaLondige ottihELuva arthaviruva U emba pratyayavannu baLasidAga, hIge biddu hOda annu emba pratyaya punaH kANisikoLLuttade. udA:

(೧೬ka) rAju ninne sariyAgi nidde mADiralilla.
(೧೬kha) rAju ninne niddeyannu sariyAgi mADiralilla.
(೧೭ka) rAju dEvarige hUhAki kaymugida.
(೧೭kha) rAju dEvarige hUvannU hAkida, kayyannU mugida.

jODupadagaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLannu I rIti vAkyadalli bEre sthAnagaLige vargAyisalu illavE avugaLalli modalinadarondige U emba ottihELuva pratyayavannu sErisi baLasalu sAdhyavAgadembudannu illi gamanisabahudu.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLalli (udA: marehogu) I rIti modalaneya angadondige annu emba pratyaya vannu baLasalu sAdhyavAgadirabahudu. Adare ivannu jODupadagaLendu parigaNisade nuDigaTTugaLendu parigaNisuvudE uttama. samAsavemba padaracaneya vidhAnada mUlaka ‘jODu’kriyApadagaLannu tayArisa diralu kAraNavEnembudannu Araneya adhyAyadalli vivarisalAgide.

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೫.೯ sArAmSa

eraDu padagaLannu oTTige sErisi ondE padavAgi mADiruva nAmapada gaLannu jODupadagaLendu kareyabahudu. kannaDadalli intaha padagaLu

halaviddu, avugaLalli eraDaneya anga heccina kaDegaLallU nAmapada vAgiruttade. modalaneya anga mAtra nAmapadavirabahudu, kriyApada virabahudu illavE guNapadavirabahudu. I viShayavannu baLasi kannaDada jODupadagaLannu mUru mukhya gumpugaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide.

ivattina kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa varNane gaLu (mattu avugaLa tayArikeyalli baLasiruva samAsa emba pada racaneya vidhAnada varNanegaLu) I viShayakke jAsti gamana koTTilla. idakke badalu, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLannanusarisi, jODupadada anga gaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli yAvudu ‘pradhAna pada’ emba viShayakke avu heccina gamana koTTive. idarindAgi avugaLalli baruva jODupada gaLa varNane kannaDada maTTige aShTondu txptikaravAgilla.

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adhyAya Aru

kriyApadagaLa oLaracane

O.೧ pIThike

kannaDada kriyApadagaLannU nAmapadagaLa hAge oLaracaneyiruvavugaLu mattu illadavugaLu embudAgi eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhya vide. udAharaNegAgi, mundAgu emba kriyApadadalli munde emba guNapadavU mattu Agu emba kriyApadavU sErikonDive; hambalisu emba kriyApadadalli hambala emba nAmapadavU mattu isu emba pratyayavU sErikonDive.

nAmapadagaLigU mattu kriyApadagaLigU naDuviruva ondu mukhya vyatyAsavEnendare, oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLa arthavannu heccina sandarbhagaLallU nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLa illavE pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda paDeyalu sAdhyavide. idakke kelavE kelavu apavAdagaLiddu, avannu ‘nuDigaTTu’gaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhya vide. oLaracaneyiruva nAmapadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha jODu pada mattu padaguccha emba bhEda (೫.೨ nODi) oLaracaneyiruva I kriyApadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvudilla.

೬.೧.೧ kriyApadagaLa kelasa

nAmapadagaLigU mattu kriyApadagaLigU naDuve avugaLa oLaracane yalli kANisuva I prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsakke avu vAkyadalli naDesa bEkAgiruva kelasagaLu bEre bErAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNa. nAmapada gaLu vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisabEkAgideyAda kAraNa, avugaLannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu embudAgi eraDu bEre

bEre vidhAnagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAguttade. sAmAnyavAgi, avannu nEravAgi baLasidAgalella avu hesarisuva kelasavannU mattu padaguccha gaLa rUpadalli baLasidAga varNisuva kelasavannU naDesuttaveyembudannu nAvu mUraneya adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu.

vAkyagaLalli kriyApadagaLu naDesabEkAgiruva kelasa idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. avu vAkyada pradhAna padavAgi bEre bEre rItiya ghaTane gaLannu varadi mADabEkAguttade, illavE kELuvudu, bEDuvudu, bayasuvudu, allagaLeyuvudu modalAda bEre bEre rItiya ‘mAtina kelasa’gaLalli avannu toDagisabEkAguttade. kriyApadagaLu naDesa balla intaha bEre bEre rItiya kelavu mAtina kelasagaLannu keLagina vAkyagaLalli kANabahudu.

(೧ka) rAju pETege hOgiddAne.
(೧kha) rAju pETege hOgiddAnO?
(೧ga) rAju pETege hOgali.
(೧gha) rAju pETege hOgalilla.
(೧ja) rAju pETege hOgabAradu.

intaha bEre bEre rItiya mAtina kelasagaLalli baruva ghaTanegaLu vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa hAge sthAyi (endare badalAgada) rUpada lliruva badalu asthAyi rUpadalliruttave. hAgAgi, vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLige nAmapadagaLa mUlaka hesarugaLannu koDuva hAge, ghaTanegaLige kriyApadagaLa mUlaka hesarugaLannu koDalu sAdhya vAguvudilla. varNaneyembudondE avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisi koLLuva vidhAna. I kAraNakkAgi oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLa artha vannu heccina sandarbhagaLallU nEravAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva pada mattu pratyayagaLa arthadindalEnE paDeyalu sAdhyavAguttade.

nAmapadagaLannu prAmukhyavAgi ankitanAma mattu rUDhanAma embudAgi eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisalu sAdhya embudannu nAvu (೩.೫)ralli nODiruvevu. avu hesarisuva pratiyondu vyakti, vastu modalAduvakkU bEre bEre sandarbhagaLalli sambandhitavAgiveyAdare ankitanAmagaLu mattu oTTige ondE bAri sambandhitavAgiveyAdare rUDhanAmagaLu embudAgi I eraDu rItiya nAmapadagaLa naDuviruva mukhya vyatyAsavannu vivarisi hELabahudu.

Adare kriyApadagaLannu I rIti ankitakriye mattu rUDhakriye embudAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavAgadu. avu kriyegaLannu hesarisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguva badalu nirdESisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAguttiruvudE I rIti eraDu rItiya kriyApadagaLilladiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.

೬.೧.೨ kriyAsamAsa

kannaDadalli kriyAsamAsa embudAgi ondu viSiShTavAda samAsavide yendu kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTiddAre. Adare I abhi prAyakke AdhAravAgi avaru koDuva kaymugi, maravEru modalAda udAharaNegaLella nijakkU jODupadagaLalla, bariya padagucchagaLu mAtra embudannu hindina adhyAyadalli (೫.೮.೮ralli) nODiruvevu. samAsavemba vyAkaraNa vidhAnavannu nAvu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi mAtra baLasuttEve. kriyApadagaLa mUlaka ghaTane gaLannu hesarisabEkAguvudillavAda kAraNa avugaLa tayArikeyalli samAsavemba vidhAnakke yAva sthAnavU illa.

kriyApadagaLu tiLisuva ghaTaneyinda bAdhitavAguva vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu sUcisuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli nAmapadadondige annu emba vibhakti pratyayavannu baLasuva kramavide. Adare, I pratyaya vannoLagonDiruva nAmapada kriyApadada hattira bandAgalella kriyA padakkU nAmapadakkU naDuve hattirada sambandhaviruvudannu sUcisalu A pratyaya biddu hOguvudE jAsti. vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAmapada gaLalli mAtra I rIti annu emba pratyaya biddu hOguvudilla.

(೨ka) sarale maguvannu tUguttiddALe.
(೨kha) Ake akkiyinda kallu hekkuttiddALe.
(೨ga) avanu maysUrininda ondu Ane tandiddAne.

(೨ka)dalli annu emba pratyaya vyaktiyondannu sUcisuva magu emba padadondige bandideyAda kAraNa kriyApadada hattiravE iddarU biddu hOgilla. Adare (೨kha-ga)gaLalli kallu mattu Ane emba padagaLinda idu biddu hOgide.

I nAmapadagaLannu vAkyadallEnE bEre kaDegaLige vargAyisidAga (keLage koTTiruva (೩ka-kha) vAkyagaLannu nODi), illavE avu gaLondige ottukoDuva E emba pratyaya athavA ‘mattu’ emba

arthada U emba pratyayavannu sErisi hELidAga (೪ka-ga nODi), biddu hOgiruva I vibhakti pratyaya punaH kANisikoLLuttade.

(೩ka) rAju ondu lOTa nIru kuDida.
(೩kha) ondu lOTa nIrannu rAju kuDida.
(೪ka) rAju svalpa hottu pATha Odali.
(೪kha) rAju svalpa hottu pAThavannE Odali.
(೪ga) rAju svalpa hottu pAThavannU Odali.

I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDadalli kaymugi (kayyannu mugi), maravEru (maravannu Eru), karenIDu (kareyannu nIDu) embantaha kriyApada gaLalli annu emba vibhakti pratyaya biddu hOgiruvudu samAsavemba padaracaneya niyamadindalla, mEle sUcisiruva vAkyaracaneya niyama dinda endu hELalu sAdhyavide.

nAmapada illavE guNapadadondige kriyApada sEri jODupada vAgiruvante kANisuva bEreyU kelavu padagaLu kannaDadallive. ivannu jODupadagaLendu kareyuvudakkintalU ‘kUDupada’vemba bErondu hesarininda kareyuvudE oLLeyadembudannu munde ೬.೪ralli nODaliru vevu. jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva atyanta prAmukhyavAda guNadharmagaLAvuvU I kUDupadagaLa baLakeyalli kANisadiruvudE avannu I rIti jODupadagaLinda bhinnavAdavugaLendu parigaNisalu kAraNa.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೬.೨ oLaracaneyillada kriyApadagaLu

mEle sUcisiruvante, kannaDadalli baLakeyAguva kriyApadagaLige oLa racaneyirabahudu athavA illadirabahudu. ivugaLalli oLaracaneyilla diruva aLu, koDu, kali, mare modalAda kriyApadagaLannu ‘kriyAdhAtu’gaLendu kareyabahudu. intaha padagaLannu avugaLalli baruva akSharagaLa sankhye mattu svarUpagaLa AdhArada mEle mattu avugaLa koneya svarada AdhArada mEle bEre bEre vibhAgagaLAgi vingaDisalu sAdhyavide. intaha vingaDaNe avugaLondige barabahudAda pratyayagaLa svarUpavannu mattu I rIti pratyayagaLu sEridAga avu

gaLalli illavE pratyayagaLalli kANisikoLLuva badalAvaNegaLannu varNisu valli sahAyakavAguttade.

kriyAdhAtugaLannu ekAradalli konegoLLuvavu, ikAradalli kone goLLuvavu mattu ukAradalli konegoLLuvavu embudAgi mUru vargagaLalli vingaDisuvudu kannaDada maTTige ondu prAmukhyavAda vingaDaNe. ekAra mattu ikAradalli konegoLLuva kriyAdhAtugaLella eraDakSharadavugaLAgiddu avugaLalli baruva akSharagaLeraDU laghuvAgiru ttave (endare, avugaLalli uddasvara, ottakShara illavE sonne kANisuvu dilla). udA:

(೧) EkAradalli konegoLLuva kriyAdhAtugaLu


ಅಗೆ	ನಡೆ	ಒದೆ	ಕೊರೆ	ಅಲೆ	ಮಸೆ
ಒಗೆ	ತಡೆ	ನೆನೆ	ಮರೆ	ಬೆಳೆ	ಎಸೆ
ನೆಗೆ	ಒಡೆ	ಹೆಣೆ	ಬರೆ	ಕೊಳೆ	ಸವೆ

(೨) ಇಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುವ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಧಾತುಗಳು
ಅಗಿ	ಕಡಿ	ತಣಿ	ಹರಿ	ಕಲಿ	ಸವಿ
ಜಿಗಿ	ಕುಡಿ	ಮುನಿ	ಮುರಿ	ಉಳಿ	ಕವಿ
ಬಿಗಿ	ಕುದಿ	ಹನಿ	ಬಸಿ	ಇಳಿ	ತಿವಿ

ukArAnta kriyAdhAtugaLalli mAtra akSharada sankhyeyalli mattu svarUpadalli vayvidhyate kANisuttade. ivugaLalli akSharagaLu eraDira bahudu illavE mUrirabahudu; akSharagaLu eraDE iddalli, averaDU laghuvAgirabahudu illavE avugaLalli modalaneyadu guruvAgira bahudu; I rIti modalaneya akShara guruvAgiruvudakke adara svara uddavAgiruvudu, A svarada anantara sonne baruvudu mattu eraDaneya akShara ottakSharavAgiruvudu embudAgi mUru bEre bEre kAraNagaLiralu sAdhyavide. mUru akSharagaLiruva ukArAnta kriyAdhAtu gaLalli mAtra ellA akSharagaLU laghuvAgiyE iruttave.

I bEre bEre sAdhyategaLa AdhArada mEle ukAradalli kone goLLuva kriyAdhAtugaLannu keLage tOrisiruvante eraDu mukhya vargagaLalli mattu avugaLalli eraDaneya vargadavannu nAlku upavarga gaLalli vingaDisabahudu. pratiyondu varga illavE upavargadalli baraballa kriyAdhAtugaLigU illi udAharaNegaLannAgi koDalAgide.

(೩) ukAradalli konegoLLuva kriyAdhAtugaLu
(೧) eraDu laghu akSharaviruvavugaLu
nagu koDu iru aLu
sigu suDu baru uLu
sigu suDu taru
(೨) ukAradalli konegoLLuva itara kriyAdhAtugaLu
(ka) modalaneya akSharadalli uddasvara iruvavugaLu
ODu hOgu bIsu
sAyu tElu kELu
(kha) sonneyiruvavugaLu
nungu mincu nambu hondu
anju hancu tumbu kunTu
(ga) ottakSharaviruvavugaLu
hekku cuccu guddu oppu kollu
ujju meTTu tinnu habbu taLLu
cimmu ettu kuggu bayyu uNNu
(gha) mUru akSharagaLiruvavugaLu
aDagu kadaDu bevaru araLu
kirucu talipu eDavu baLalu
maDacu duDuku keDavu kadalu
amuku horaDu ciguru hogaLu

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೬.೩ kelavu paLeyuLikegaLu

hosagannaDa kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli isu emba ondu pratyaya vannu biTTare (idU kUDa haLegannaDada kAladalli ondu kriyApada vAgittu), bEre pratyayagaLa baLakeyE illavendU hELalu sAdhyavide.

I mAtige apavAdavAgi kelavu paLeyaLikegaLannu mEle koTTiruva ‘kriyAdhAtu’gaLalli kANabahudu. ivella kannaDa, tamiLu, telugu, gOnDi, kuyi, kuDukh modalAda bhAShegaLige mUlavAgidda

‘drAviDa’bhASheya kriyApadagaLalli iddirabahudAda oLaracaneya paLe yaLikegaLu. ivugaLalli kelavannu pratyayagaLendu hELalu kannaDadallEnE adhAra siguvudAdarU kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli ivakke heccina prAdhAnya villa.

I mUla bhASheyalli kriyAdhAtugaLella ondE akSharadavugaLAgi iddirabEkendu bEre bEre drAviDa bhAShegaLannu hOlisi naDesida cAritrika abhyAsada AdhArada mEle hELalu sAdhyavide. I ondakSharada dhAtugaLalli heccinavU bEre bEre pratyayagaLondige sErikonDu eraDu mattu mUru akSharadavugaLAgive. haLegannaDadalli intaha kelavu ondakSharada dhAtugaLu kANisuttaveyAdarU hosagannaDadalli avellavU eraDakSharadavugaLAgive (udA: ir-iru, sOl-sOlu, kAy- kAyu, ityAdi).

hosagannaDadalli baruva kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyantahadu embu dannu vivarisuvAga, avu I rIti ondakSharada dhAtugaLige pratyayagaLu sEruvudara mUlaka beLedu bandavugaLemba cAritrika viShayavannu pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyillavAdarU, adannu pratibimbisuvantaha kelavu amSagaLannu gamanisadiralu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi, mUru akSharagaLiruva kriyAdhAtugaLalli kelavu eraDu akSharaviruva kriyAdhAtu gaLige illavE bEre mUru akSharagaLiruva kriyAdhAtugaLige sambandhisi dantiddu, avugaLalli baruva mUraneya akShara ondu pratyayavAgiru vante tOruttade. intaha kelavu pratyayagaLannu keLagina vibhAgagaLalli koDalAgide.

Ta.kha.ga cu emba pratyaya

cu emba akSharadalli konegoLLuva tirucu, nuNucu, eracu, kaLacu modalAda kelavu kriyApadagaLa koneyalli kANisuva cu embudu ondu pratyayavirabahudu endu vAdisalu I keLagina hOlikegaLu AdhAravAgaballuvu. illi hOlikegAgi kriyApadagaLannu mAtravallade nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLannU koDalAgide.

ತಿರುಗು	ತಿರುಚು	ಎರೆ	ಎರಚು
ನುಣುಪು	ನುಣುಚು	ಕಳೆ	ಕಳಚು
ಕೀರು	ಕಿರುಚು	ಮೊನೆ	ಮೊನಚು
ಮಡಿಕೆ	ಮಡಿಚು

eraDu akSharagaLiruva kriyApadagaLallU koneyalli cakAraviruva kelavu padagaLu I rIti cu emba pratyayavannu baLasi tayArisidavugaLa hAge kANisuttave. udA:

gIru gIcu biri biccu tOru tOcu minugu mincu

೬.೩.೨ bEre kelavu pratyayagaLu

idE rItiyalli bEre kelavu pratyayagaLannu tOrisuva kriyApada gaLannu I keLagina hOlikegaLalli kANabahudu.

	ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ	ಆಧಾರವಾಗಬಲ್ಲ ಪದಗಳು
೧.	ಗು	ಬಣ ಕೊರತೆ ಬೆಳಕು ತಿರಿ ತೊಲೆ ಹೆಣ ತಾಳು	ಬಣಗು ಕೊರಗು ಬೆಳಗು ತಿರುಗು ತೊಲಗು ಹೆಣಗು ತಗ್ಗು
೨.	ಕು	ತೂರು ದೊರೆ ನಿಲ್ಲು ಕುಟ್ಟು ಕಲೆ ಹಿಸಿ	ತುರುಕು ದೊರಕು ನಿಲುಕು ಕುಟುಕು ಕಲಕು ಹಿಸುಕು
೩.	ಡು	ಕದಲು ಹೊರ ಹಬ್ಬು ಕಲೆ	ಕದಡು ಹೊರಡು ಹರಡು ಕಲಿಡು
೪.	ಳು	ಉಗಿ ನುಸಿ ಸಿರಿ	ಉಗುಳು ನುಸುಳು ಸೀಳು
೫.	ಬು	ಅಲೆ	ಅಲುಬು

		ಹರಡು ಊದು	ಹಬ್ಬು ಉಬ್ಬು
೬.	ಯು	ನೋವು ನೇಕಾರ	ನೋಯು ನೇಯು
		ಎಡರು ಎಡವು	ಎಡವು ತಿರುವು

idallade, kriyApadagaLa koneyalli baruva ikAra, ekAra mattu ukAragaLU mUlabhASheyalli pratyayagaLE Agiddiralu sAdhyavide. kannaDada ekArAnta kriyApadagaLalli kelavu mUladalli ay embuda rallU mattu bEre kelavu a embudarallU konegonDidduvendu vAdisuvudakke bEre drAviDa bhAShegaLa AdhAravide. udAharaNegAgi, keLage koTTiruva kannaDada kriyApadagaLannu tamiLu bhASheya kriyApada gaLondige hOlisi nODabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ	ತಮಿಳು	ಕನ್ನಡ	ತಮಿಳು
ಅಳೆ	அள	ಬೆಳೆ	விಳಯ್
ಮರೆ	மఱಿ	ಕೊರೆ	ಕುಅಯ್
ನಡೆ	நட	ಒಡೆ	ಉಡಯ್
ಕರೆ	கఱ	ಕರೆ	ಕರಯ್

kannaDada kare embudakke hAlannu, kare mattu Atanannu, kare emba eraDu baLakegaLalli kANisuvante eraDu bEre bEre arthagaLiddu, nijakkU A rUpadalli eraDu eraDu bEre bEre kriyApadagaLive. ivugaLalli modalaneyadara koneya ekAra akAradindalU mattu eraDaneyadara koneya ekAra ay embudarindalU bandideyembudannu avugaLa eduru koTTiruva tamiLu padagaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೬.೪ isu emba pratyayada baLake

mEle koTTiruvantaha paLeyaLikegaLAgi uLidiruva pratyayagaLannu biTTare, kannaDa kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli pratyayagaLa baLakeyE illavendU hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare idakke apavAdavAgi, kannaDada kelavu kriyApadagaLalli isu emba ondu pratyaya kANisikoLLuttade.

sAmAnyavAgi I pratyayavannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda nAma padagaLannu kriyApadagaLa sthAnadalli irisuvudakkAgi baLasalAguttade yAdarU (೮.೩.೬ nODi), kannaDadavE Ada kriyApadagaLallU kela vondu sandarbhagaLalli ivugaLa baLakeyannu kANabahudu. udA:

ಅಬ್ಬರ	ಅಬ್ಬರಿಸು	ಹಂಗು	ಹಂಗಿಸು
ಹಂಬಲ	ಹಂಬಲಿಸು	ತುಂಡು	ತುಂಡಿಸು
ಬೇಸರ	ಬೇಸರಿಸು	ಹೆಸರು	ಹೆಸರಿಸು
ಕನ್ನಡ	ಕನ್ನಡಿಸು	ಮುದ್ದು	ಮುದ್ದಿಸು
ಒತ್ತಾಯ	ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸು	ನೆಲೆ	ನೆಲಸು

guNapadagaLindalU kriyApadagaLannu I rIti tayArisalu sAdhyavide yembudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu tOrisikoDuttave. Adare kannaDa davE Ada guNapadagaLondige I isu pratyayada baLake aparUpa.

ಎತ್ತರ	ಎತ್ತರಿಸು	ತಂಪು	ತಂಪಿಸು
ಇದಿರು	ಇದಿರಿಸು	ಬೋಳು	ಬೋಳಿಸು

yAvudAdarondu Sabdavannu aNakisi hELuva baDabaDa, caTacaTa, gahagaha embantaha padagaLige, mattu bEre kelavu anubhavagaLannu sUcisuva taLataLa, gamagama, embantaha padagaLige isu pratyayavannu sErisi kriyApadagaLannU mattu ne emba pratyayavannu sErisi guNapadagaLannU tayArisalu sAdhyavide.

ಬಡಬಡಿಸು	ಬಡಬಡನೆ	ತಳತಳಿಸು	ತಳತಳನೆ
ಚಟಚಟಿಸು	ಚಟಚಟನೆ	ಗಮಗಮಿಸು	ಗಮಗಮನೆ
ಗಹಗಹಿಸು	ಗಹಗಹನೆ	ಬಗಬಗಿಸು	ಬಗಬಗನೆ

kelavu padagaLu ike athavA ke emba pratyaya sEridAga nAmapada gaLAgiyU mattu isu emba pratyaya sEridAga kriyApadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAguttave. ivugaLalli ke emba pratyayaviruva padagaLeduru isu emba I pratyayakke su emba rUpavide. udA:

ಆಕಳಿಕೆ

ಆಕಳಿಸು

ಬಯಕೆ

ಬಯಸು

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
ಬೆದರಿಕೆ	ಬೆದರಿಸು	ಹರಕೆ	ಹರಸು
ಮೂದಲಿಕೆ	ಮೂಡಲಿಸು	ಬಳಕೆ	ಬಳಸು

innu kelavu isu embudaralli konegoLLuva padagaLu kriyApada gaLAgi mAtra baLakeyallive. ivugaLalli kelavakke cAritrikavAgi bEre padagaLondige sambandhavideyAdarU hosagannaDadalli intaha sambandha uLidilla. udA:

I keLagina kriyApadagaLalli isu emba pratyaya bErondu pratyayadondige illavE bErondu kriyAdhAtuvina sankShipta rUpa dondige bandiruva hAge kANisuttade.

capparisu appaLisu Olaysu muggarisu kuppaLisu kOraysu kEkarisu bikkaLisu AkaLisu

kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli baruva I isu emba padapratyaya vannE hOluva padarUpa pratyayavondu kannaDadalli baLakeyallide. idannu kriyApadavondakke sErisi, ‘adu sUcisuva kelasavannu bEre yavara mUlaka naDesalAgide’ emba ‘prEraNArtha’vannu paDeyalu sAdhya vAguttade (udA: mADu-mADisu, tinnu-tinnisu, bILu-bILisu, ityAdi). I eraDu pratyayagaLa rUpa ondE AdarU avugaLalli modalaneyadu mAtra padaracanege sambandhisidudu embudannu illi gamanisuvudu avaSya.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೬.೫ kUDupadagaLu

Agu, ADu, koDu, biDu, kaccu, bILu, mADu, hAku modalAda kelavu viSiShTavAda kriyApadagaLondige itara kriyApadagaLannu sErisi ‘kUDupada’gaLannu tayArisuva vidhAnavondu kannaDadalli baLakeyallide. I kriyApadagaLondige bEre kriyApadagaLannu mAtravallade, nAmapada

illavE guNapadagaLannu sErisiyU intaha kUDupadagaLannu tayAri salu sAdhyavide. I keLagina kelavu oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLannu I vidhAnakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

hoDedADu bobbehAku aDDabILu kanDubaru mAtukoDu mundUDu ODADu bErubiDu hALAgu

೬.೫.೧ koDupadagaLu mattu jODupadagaLu

intaha oLaracaneyiruva kriyApadagaLannu jODupadagaLendu kareyade ‘kUDupada’gaLemba bEreyE ondu hesarininda kareyalu jODupada gaLigU mattu nAmapadagucchagaLigU naDuve arthadalli illavE baLake yalli kANisuvantaha vyatyAsagaLu (೩.೨ nODi) I kriyApadagaLigU mattu kriyApadagucchagaLigU naDuve kANisadiruvudE mukhya kAraNa. nijakkU ivannu kriyApadagaLendu kareyade kriyApadagucchagaLendu kare yalU sAdhyavide.

mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli vivarisiruvante, jODupadagaLa arthavannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle nirdharisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. avu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmada AdhArada mEle mAtravE avugaLa arthavannu nirdharisalu sAdhya. Adare kUDupadagaLAgi baruva kriyApadagaLa arthavannu nirdharisuvalli intaha samasyeyilla. heccinaDegaLalliyU avugaLa artha vannu nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mElEnE nirdharisi hELalu sAdhyavide. idakke kelavu apavAdagaLiveyEnO nija; Adare illU jODupada mattu padagucchagaLa naDuve avugaLa baLakeyalli kANisuvantaha vyatyAsavilla.

kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli I rIti jODupadagaLiginta bhinna vAda ‘kUDupada’ embudara baLake kANisuvudakke nAmapadagaLa hAge avannu hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba eraDu vidhAnagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudE mukhya kAraNa. kriyApadagaLu ghaTanegaLannu nirdESisuttavallade gurutisuvudilla. avu EnAyitu (yAva ghaTane jaragitu) embudannu nEravAgi tiLisuttavallade, ghaTaneyondannu gurutisi (hesarisi illavE varNisi), anantara A ghaTaneya kuritAgi EnAyitu (adu naDeyitE, naDeyalillavE, naDeyabahudE, ityAdi

yAgi) embudannu tiLisalu prayatnisuvudilla. hAgAgi, avugaLa baLake yalli hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu emba vyatyAsa kANisalu sAdhya villa.

Ta.ji.೨ koDupadagaLa racane

kUDupadagaLalli eraDu (athavA jAsti) padagaLu oTTu sEriruttave. ivugaLalli yAvAgalU koneya pada kriyApadavAgiruvudu avaSya. mEleyE sUcisiruvante, ivugaLa modalaneya pada kriyApadavira bahudu, nAmapadavirabahudu, illavE guNapadavirabahudu.

idallade, ivugaLa modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva kriyApadavu dhAtu rUpadallirabahudu, illavE adara yAvudAdarondu kriyA padarUpadallirabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, kuNidADu, kanDubaru, tEli biDu, hOgalADisu modalAda kUDupadagaLalli kuNidu, kanDu, tEli, hOgalu modalAda kriyApadarUpagaLu modalaneya angavAgi bandive. aparUpavAgi nAmapadagaLU avugaLa vibhakti rUpadalli intaha kUDupadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi baraballu vembudakke mAtanADu (mAtannu ADu) emba udAharaNeyannu koDabahudu.

kUDupadagaLa modalaneya angavAgi baruva nAmapada kannaDaddE irabahudu, athavA ingliSh modalAda bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandudirabahudu. bandAgu, sTArT‌mADu, duHkhavAgu modalA duvannu idakke udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu. I rIti eravalAgi banda padagaLu bahaLa sulabhavAgi intaha kUDupadagaLalli sErikoLLu ttaveyembudu avakkU mattu jODupadagaLigU naDuviruva innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsa.

kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva kUDupadagaLannu I keLage avugaLa koneyalli baruva kriyApadagaLa pariSIlaneya mUlaka vivarisalu yatnisalAgide.

(ka) Agu

I kriyApadavannu mukhyavAgi nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLondige baLasi kUDupadagaLannu racisalu sAdhyavide. intaha kUDupadagaLallella Agu emba kriyApadakke adaradE arthaviddu, kUDupadagaLa arthavannu

nEravAgi avugaLa oLaracaneya sahAyadindalE paDeyalu sAdhya embudannu gamanisabahudu.

ukAradalli konegoLLuva padagaLondige I kriyApada bandAga avugaLa koneyalliruva ukAra biddu hOguttade. Adare itara pada gaLondige bandAga I rIti koneya svara biddu hOguvudilla. idakke badalu, avugaLa koneyalli ikAra illavE ekAravideyAdalli A eraDu padagaLa naDuve yakAra bandu sErikoLLuttade, mattu avugaLa koneyalli akAravideyAdalli vakAra sErikoLLuttade. guNapada gaLondige I kriyApada bandiruvAga mAtra kelavomme I niyamakke apavAdavAgi guNapadagaLa koneya akAra illavE ekAra bidduhOgu vudannu kANabahudu.

(೧) nAmapadagaLondige baLake
peTTAgu baliyAgu guNavAgu
siTTAgu guriyAgu taDavAgu
nIrAgu eDeyAgu mAyavAgu
ondAgu
(೨) guNapadagaLondige baLake
hALAgu baDavAgu mundAgu
kappAgu kappagAgu mElAgu
idirAgu aDDAgu
(೩) itara padagaLondige baLake
Agu emba I kriyApada sAmAnyavAgi bEre kriyApadagaLondige
kUDupadagaLalli baLakeyAguvudilla. Adare, aniyamita rUpagaLiruva
bEku, bEDu, sAku, illi embantahavugaLondige, mattu kriyApada
gaLa sthAnadalli baruva sari, tappu, suLLu embantahavugaLondige sEri
idu kUDupadagaLalli baraballudu. udA:
bEkAgu tappAgu
sAkAgu sariyAgu
bEDavAgu suLLAgu
illavAgu unTAgu

ingliSh‌nantaha bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi banda kriyApada gaLannu kriyApadada sthAnadalli baLasuvudakkAgi kannaDadalli avugaLondige Agu mattu mADu emba eraDu kriyApadagaLannu sErisi kUDupada gaLAgi mADi baLasuva vidhAna baLakeyallide. ivugaLalli Agu embudu ondu ghaTaneyannU mattu mADu embudu ondu kelasavannU tiLisu ttave. (udA: sTArTAgu, sTArT‌mADu, dipressAgu, kavnT mADu, ityAdi).

(kha) ADu

I kriyApadavannu baLasi racisuva kUDupadagaLannu kriyApada, nAma pada illavE guNapadagaLinda tayArisalu sAdhyavide. kriyApadagaLannu sAmAnyavAgi avugaLa ‘bhUtanyUna’ rUpadalli baLasuvudu rUDhi. intaha kUDupadagaLalli ADu emba kriyApadakke ondu ghaTane halavu bAri athavA bahaLa hottu naDeyuvudemba artha baruttade. sAmAnyavAgi idu calaneyannu sUcisuvantaha nali, kuNi, tirugu, hAru, ODu, tElu, tUgu, horaLu modalAda kriyApadagaLondige baruttade. udA:

ಕುಣಿ	ಕುಣಿದಾಡು	ಎಳೆ	ಎಳೆದಾಡು
ಸುಳಿ	ಸುಳಿದಾಡು	ಅಲೆ	ಅಲೆದಾಡು
ನಲಿ	ನಲಿದಾಡು	ಹೊಡೆ	ಹೊಡೆದಾಡು

ukAradalli konegoLLuva ODu, tirugu, horaLu modalAda kriyApadagaLige ikAradalli konegoLLuva ODi, tirugi, horaLi embantaha bhUtanyUna rUpagaLiddu, I kriyApadagaLondige ADu emba pada sEridAga avugaLa koneya ikAra biddu hOguttade. hAgAgi, I kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda kUDupadagaLalli ivu nEravAgi dhAturUpadallE bandiveyEnO endu tOruttade. udA:

ಓಡು	ಓಡಾಡು	ತಿರುಗು	ತಿರುಗಾಡು
ತೂಗು	ತೂಗಾಡು	ಹೊರಳು	ಹೊರಳಾಡು
ಕಚ್ಚು	ಕಚ್ಚಾಡು	ಹೆಣಗು	ಹೆಣಗಾಡು
ಗುದ್ದು	ಗುದ್ದಾಡು	ಹುಡುಕು	ಹುಡುಕಾಡು

Adare, nagu emba kriyApadakke nakku emba bhUtanyUna rUpavide yAdarU adara kUDupadavAda nagADu embudaralli adu dhAtu rUpadallE bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu.

ADu emba I kriyApadavannu kelavu nAmapadagaLondigU baLasi kUDupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhya embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave. Adare kriyApadagaLa bhUtanyUnarUpadondige baLasi dAga doreyuva artha (halavu bAri illavE bahaLa hottu embudu) adakke I baLakeyalli baruvudilla. udA:

jUju jUjADu

usiru usirADu

jagaLa jagaLADu

mAtanADu emba kUDupadadalli mAtu emba nAmapada annu (an) emba vibhakti pratyayadondige bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. idondu aniyamitavAda baLake.

ADu emba kriyApada guNapadagaLondigU kUDupadagaLalli bara balludu embudakke keLagina udAharaNegaLannu koDabahudu.

aDDa aDDADu baDane baDanADu

(ga) koDu

I kriyApadavannu niyamitavAgi ellA rItiya kriyApadagaLondigU kUDupadagaLalli baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare, ondu kelasavannu innobbana hitakkAgi mADuvudemba artha idakkideyAda kAraNa, antaha arthavannu koDaballa kriyApadagaLondige mAtra idu baraballudu. idarondige kriyApadagaLu avugaLa bhUtanyUnarUpadalli baruttave. udA:

ಮಾಡು	ಮಾಡಿಕೊಡು	ತರು	ತಂದುಕೊಡು
ಹುಡುಕು	ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಡು	ಬರೆ	ಬರೆದುಕೊಡು
ತಿದ್ದು	ತಿದ್ದಿಕೊಡು	ಸುಲಿ	ಸುಲಿದುಕೊಡು

idallade aniyamitavAgi bILkoDu embudaralli idu nEravAgi ondu kriyAdhAtuvinondigU, baragoDu embudaralli baru emba kriyApadada bara(lu) emba rUpadondigU mattu kivigoDu, belekoDu embavugaLalli nAmapadagaLondigU bandiruvudannu kANa bahudu.

(pha) kokku

kannaDadalli I kriyApadakke svatantravAda baLakeyilla. Adare kUDupadagaLalli idannu heccu kaDime ellA rItiya kriyApadaga LondigU baLasalu sAdhyavide. intaha kUDupadagaLalli kriyApadagaLu avugaLa bhUtanyUna rUpadalli baruttave, mattu I kUDupadagaLige ondu ghaTane tAnAgi naDedide illavE ondu kelasavannu obba vyakti tanagAgi naDesiddAne emba artha baruttade. udA:

ಮಾಡು	ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳು	ಬರೆ	ಬರೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳು
ತಿನ್ನು	ತಿಂದುಕೊಳ್ಳು	ಕುಡಿ	ಕುಡಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳು
ಅಡಗು	ಅಡಗಿಕೊಳ್ಳು	ಇಡು	ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಳ್ಳು

koLLu emba asvatantra kriyApadavU konDukoLLu emba kUDu padadalli modalaneya (nyUnarUpada) kriyApadavAgi bandiruvudannu kANabahudu. idallade bEreyU kelavu kriyApadagaLu I rIti asvatantra kriyApadagaLAgi intaha kUDupadagaLalli bandiruvudannu kaddukoLLu, kuLitukoLLu embantahavugaLalli kANabahudu.

kelavu nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLondigU koLLu emba I kriyApadavannu sErisi kUDupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhya embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLu spaShTapaDisuttave.

ನೆಲೆ	ನೆಲೆಗೊಳ್ಳು	ಇದಿರು	ಇದಿರುಗೊಳ್ಳು
ಮೋಸ	ಮೋಸಗೊಳ್ಳು
ಸಿಟ್ಟು	ಸಿಟ್ಟುಗೊಳ್ಳು
ಕೈ	ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳು

hadagoLisu mattu sajjugoLisu embavugaLalli kANisuva kUDu padagaLu isu emba pratyayadondige mAtra baraballuvu.

(ja) baru

I kriyApadavannU bEre kriyApadagaLa bhUtanyUna rUpadondige sErisi kUDupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. kelavu baLakegaLalli baru embudakke adara nEravAda arthavideyAdare, innu kelavu baLakegaLalli I arthakkEnE sambandhisida bEre arthagaLu bandive. udA:

ಓಡು	ಓಡಿಬರು	ಕಾಣು	ಕಂಡುಬರು
ಇಳಿ	ಇಳಿದುಬರು	ಕೂಡು	ಕೂಡಿಬರು
ಬೆಳೆ	ಬೆಳೆದುಬರು	ತೋರು	ತೋರಿಬರು

kelavu nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLondigU I kriyApadavannu sErisi kUDupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. udA:

ಹೆಸರು	ಹೆಸರುಬರು	ಅಡ್ಡ	ಅಡ್ಡಬರು
ಅಡ್ಡಿ	ಅಡ್ಡಿಬರು	ಮುಂದೆ	ಮುಂದೆಬರು

barabaruttA embudaralli I kriyApadadondige baru emba kriyA padavE adara bara(lu) emba rUpadalli bandide.

೬.೫.೩ bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLa baLake

intaha kUDupadagaLalli eraDaneya kriyApadavAgi kANisuva itara kriyApadagaLalli prAmukhyavAdavugaLu I keLaginavu. ivugaLalli kelavu (udA: mADu, keDu, ettu) nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLondige mAtra baraballuvendu tOruttade.

ಬಿಡು	ಕಟ್ಟು	ಇಡು
ಬೀಳು	ಹಾಕು	ಕೆಡು
ಮಾಡು	ಎತ್ತು	ಹೋಗು

kUDapadagaLalli I kriyApadagaLa baLakeyannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.

kaybiDu

aDDa kaTTu

bAyibiDu

kaNNeDu

belekaTTu

hesariDu

tElibiDu

heppugaTTi

mucciDu

eDabiDa(de)

etti kaTTu

barediDu

aDDabILu

bobe hAku

andageDu

hindebILu

tegeduhAku

kangeDu

ganTubILu

tUgahAku

edegeDu

tirugibILu

kayhAku

hadageDu

kaymADu

usirettu

mOsahOgu

hALumADu

kaNNettu

ODihOgu

taDamADu

taleyettu

sOtuhOgu

UTamADu

kayyettu

sattuhOgu

I kriyApadagaLalli keDu embudara modalaneya akSharadalliruva kakAra gakAravAgiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. intaha sErikeya badalA vaNegaLu bEre kelavu kUDupadagaLallU kANisuttave. kelavu kriyApada gaLalli ivu niyamitavAgi ellA kUDupadagaLallU kANisuvuvAdare (udA: kANu-gANu, kuTTu-guTTu, kedaru-gedaru), bEre kelavu kriyApadagaLalli aniyamitavAgi kANisikoLLuttave (udA: kaTTu-gaTTu, kaLe-gaLe, tirugu-dirugu). udA:

kiruguTTu konegANu kaLegundu busuguTTu managANu edegundu

baDambaDu taDegaTTi hindirugu baLapaDu aDDakaTTu taletirugu

mEle koTTiruva kriyApadagaLu mAtravallade bEreyU halavAru kriyApadagaLu intaha kUDupadagaLa eraDaneya padavAgi baraballu vembudannu I keLagina udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

bAyAru kayyoDDu kAlataLLu

ಕೈಯಿಕ್ಕು	ಜಗಳಕಾಯು	ತಲೆದೂಗು
ಕುಳ್ಳಿರಿಸು	ಹಲ್ಲುಕಿರಿ	ಮುಂದೂಡು
ಬೇರೂರು	ಕಸಗುಡಿಸು	ಮುನ್ನಡೆ
ಈಡೇರು	ಹರಟೆಕೊಚ್ಚು	ಹಾರಿನೋಡು
ಗುಲ್ಲೆಬ್ಬಿಸು	ತಲೆಕೊಡು	ತಲೆಬಾಗು
ಕವಲೊಡೆ	ಕೈಬಾಚು	ಕೈಮುಗಿ
ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿ	ಕೈಸೇರು	ಒರೆಹಚ್ಚು
ಕೈಹಾಕು	ಹಿಮ್ಮೆಟ್ಟು	ಮೊರೆಹೊಗು

O.O sArAmSa

kannaDada kriyApadagaLa oLaracaneyalli isu embudannu biTTare bEre pratyayagaLa baLake bahaLa aparUpa. paLeyaLikegaLAgiruva kelavu pratyaya gaLannu mAtra avugaLalli kANalu sAdhyavide. idallade nAmapadagaLa oLaracaneyalli kANisuvantaha jODupadagaLa baLakeyU kriyApadagaLa llilla. kannaDa vayyAkaraNigaLu varNisuva kriyAsamAsavembavugaLu nijakkU padagucchagaLallade jODupada(samastapada)gaLalla.

kriyApadagaLa bhUtanyUna rUpadondige mattu kelavu nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLondige kelavu viSiShTavAda kriyApadagaLannu baLasi ‘kUDupada’gaLemba aDakavAda padagucchagaLannu tayArisi baLasuvudu kannaDada kriyApadagaLa innondu vaySiShTya.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

adhyAya ELu guNapadagaLa oLaracane

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೭.೧ pIThike

nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva ‘guNapada’gaLemba bEreyE ondu padavargakke sEruva padagaLu kannaDadalliveyembudannu nAvu eraDaneya adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. I padagaLu vAkyadalli baruva vidhAna, tegedukoLLuva pratyayagaLu mattu sUcisuva artha emba I mUru viShayagaLallU nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiveyembudannU nODiruvevu. oLaracaneyallU I padagaLu nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLiginta bhinnavAgiveyembudannu I adhyAya dalli nODaliruvevu.

kannaDa vAkyagaLalli mukhyavAgi eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLu baLake yAguttave. avugaLalli kelavu nAmapadagaLondige baraballuvu mattu innu kelavu kriyApadagaLondige baraballuvu. nAmapadagaLondige baraballa udda, biLi, doDDa, modalAda guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharmagaLannu sUcisu vuvAdare, kriyApadagaLondige baraballa mEle, hinde, mellage, modalAda guNapadagaLu kriyApadagaLu nirdESisuva ghaTanegaLa guNa dharmagaLannu sUcisuttave.

(೧) doDDa peTTigeyannu keLage irisiddEne.

(೨) hosa baTTeyannu haLE baTTeya hAge jAsti nenasabEDa.

mEle koTTiruva (೧-೨) vAkyagaLalli doDDa, hosa mattu haLE emba guNapadagaLu avugaLa anantara bandiruva nAmapadagaLa guNa

dharmagaLannU mattu keLage mattu jAsti emba guNapadagaLu avugaLa anantara bandiruva kriyApadagaLa guNadharmagaLannU sUcisuttave.

I eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLa naDuve avugaLa arthadalli mAtra vallade, oLaracaneyalli mattu vAkyadalli avakkiruva svAtantryadalli vyatyAsagaLiveyembudannu munde nODaliruvevu.

idallade, guNapadagaLondige baraballa bahaLa, barI, balu, modalAda bEre kelavu guNapadagaLU kannaDadalli baLakeyallive. ivu guNapadagaLu sUcisuva guNadharmagaLa pramANavannu tiLisuttave. udA:

(೩) I baTTe bahaLa teLLagide.

(೪) avanu bhArI doDDa mane kaTTisuttiddAne.

Adare intaha guNapadagaLa sankhye jAstiyilla. idallade, ivugaLa oLaracaneyalli hELuvantaha viSiShTavAda sangatiyEnU illavAda kAraNa, nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLondige baraballa eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLa oLaracaneyannu mAtravE I adhyAyadalli svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೭.೨ kelavu vyatyAsagaLu

nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLu sAmAnyavAgi bEgane badalAgadiruva ‘sthAyI’ guNadharmagaLannU mattu kriyApadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLu aShTondu sthiravalladiruva ‘asthAyI’ guNadharma gaLannU sUcisuttave. vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa AkAra (udda, ettara, teLu, agali, ityAdi), bhavtika mattu mAnasika avasthegaLu (cikka, gaTTi, oNa, medu, kuruDu, jANa, ityAdi), baNNa (kempu, biLI, kappu, ityAdi), prAya (hosa, hiri, ityAdi) modalAdavu gaLannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLondige baruttave, mattu ghaTanegaLa vidhAna, samaya mattu jAgagaLannu sUcisuva girane, sarane, taTakkane, mellane, mEle, munce, hinde modalAda guNapadagaLu kriyApadagaLondige baruttave.

kannaDadalli I rIti mukhyavAgi eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLive yAdarU sAmAnyavAgi guNapada (illavE ‘guNavAcaka pada’) embu dannu I eraDu rItiya guNapadagaLannu oTTige sUcisuvudakkintalU nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLannu mAtravE sUcisuvudakkAgi

baLasuvudu jAsti. mEle eraDaneya adhyAyadalli koTTiruva guNapada gaLa guNadharmagaLalli ellavannU tOrisuvudu nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLu mAtra. kriyApadagaLondige baraballa guNapada gaLu avugaLalli kelavannu mAtra tOrisuttave.

udAharaNegAgi, nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLannu nAmapadagaLinda bErpaDisi vAkyadallEnE bEre kaDegaLige vargAyisalu sAdhyavAgadu. Adare kriyApadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLannu vAkyadalli elli bEkiddarU baLasalu sAdhyavide. avu kriyApadada hattiravE irabEkemba niyamavilla. udA:

(೫ka) rAju maDikeyannu nelada mEle mellage irisida.
(೫kha) rAju maDikeyannu mellage nelada mEle irisida.
(೫ga) rAju maDikeyannu nelada mEle irisida, mellage.

mellage emba guNapada (maDikeyannu) irisiruvudu hEge embudAgi irisuvike emba ondu ghaTaneya guNadharmavannu tiLisuttideyAdarU adu (೫ka)dalli mAtra A kriyApadada hattira bandide. (೫kha)dalli adu nelada embudarondigU mattu (೫ga)dalli vAkyada horagU bandiru vudannu kANabahudu.

kriyApadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLigiruva I svAtantryavannu bEreyU kelavu viShayagaLalli kANabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, avakke ottukoTTu, avannu vAkyadinda pratyEkisi hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare nAmapadagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLannu I rIti pratyEkisi hELalu sAdhyavAgadu.

(Ta) rAju maDikeyannu, nelada mEle mellage irisaballi.

(Tavi) rAju maDikeyannirisiddu mellage.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೭.೩ guNapadagaLa svarUpa

kannaDadalli oLaracaneyillada guNa(pada) dhAtugaLu halavive. ivugaLalli ondE akSharaviruva dhAtugaLella asvatantra padagaLAgiddu, jODupada gaLalli (nAmapadagaLAgi) illavE pratyayaviruva padagaLalli (guNapada gaLAgi) baLakeyaguttave. udAharaNegAgi, kem emba asvatantra guNa dhAtu kendALi, kemmaNNu modalAda jODupadagaLalli bEre pada

gaLondige sEri nAmapadavAgi baLakeyAguttade, mattu kempu mattu kencu embavugaLalli pratyayagaLondige sEri guNapadavAgi baLake yAguttade. hin, taN, mun, nuN, her (hiri) modalAdavugaLu intaha ondakSharaviruva guNadhAtugaLu.

ondakkinta jAsti akSharaviruva guNadhAtugaLU kannaDadalli halavive. cAritrikavAgi I dhAtugaLU ondakShara dhAtugaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisu vudara mUlaka siddhavAdavugaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, biLi, bisi mattu kari embavugaLa koneya ikAra, sihi mattu kahi embavugaLalli baruva hi emba eraDaneya akShara, eLe, haLe, oLLe modalAdavugaLa koneyalli baruva ekAra, modalAdavugaLu I rIti pratyayagaLAgiralu sAdhyavide.

kannaDadalli kriyAdhAtu mattu nAmadhAtugaLiginta binnavAgiruva halavAru guNadhAtugaLiveyembudannu keLagina kelavu udAharaNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

ಕರಿ	ಒಳ	ಎಳೆ	ತೋರ	ಅಡ್ಡ	ಮೊಂಡು
ಬಿಳಿ	ಹೊರ	ಹಳೆ	ನೇರ	ಉದ್ದ	ದುಂಡು
ಸಿಹಿ	ಎಡ	ತೆಳು	ಕೀಳು	ದೊಡ್ಡ	ಡೊಂಕು
ಕಹಿ	ಬಲ	ನಡು	ಮೇಲು	ದಪ್ಪ	ಕುಂಟು

nAmapadagaLa badalu kriyApadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baraballa guNa dhAtugaLu kannaDadalli jAstiyilla. Adare Sabda illavE anubhavavannu aNakisi hELuva halavu padagaLu ane illavE ne emba pratyaya dondige sEri I rIti kriyApadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi baraballuvu. ivannu asvatantra guNadhAtugaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. ivu mukhya vAgi mUru rItiya rUpagaLalli baruvuvembudannu keLagina udA haraNegaLinda tiLiyabahudu.

ಸರನೆ	ಜಮ್ಮನೆ	ಬಗ್ಗನೆ
ಗಿರನೆ	ತಟ್ಟನೆ	ದಿಗ್ಗನೆ
ಬರನೆ	ದೊಪ್ಪನೆ	ಜಗ್ಗನೆ
ಸರಕ್ಕನೆ	ತಟಕ್ಕನೆ	ಜಗ್ಗನೆ
ಕಿಸಕ್ಕನೆ	ಗುಳಕ್ಕನೆ

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
ಗಬಕ್ಕನೆ	ಪಚಕ್ಕನೆ
ಸರಸರನೆ	ಕತಕತನೆ	ಗಣಗಣನೆ
ಮಿರಮಿರನೆ	ಗಡಗಡನೆ	ಕಿಲಕಿಲನೆ

kelavu aNakisuva padagaLu I rIti ana emba pratyayada sahAya villadeyU nEravAgi kriyApadagaLondige avugaLa viSEShaNagaLAgi bara balluvu. udAharaNegAgi, gaDagaDa naDugu, gusu gusu mAta nADu, paLapaLa hoLe modalAda baLakegaLannu gamanisabahudu. ida llade, endu emba padada sahAyadinda aNakisuva kelavu padagaLannu etti hELalu sAdhyavide (udA: jO jO endu hADu). Adare I eraDaneya vidhAnadalli baruva aNakisuva padagaLannu guNapadagaLendu kareyuvudu kaShTa.

kelavu aNakisuva padagaLu ane emba pratyayada sahAyadinda guNa padagaLAgiyU mattu isu emba pratyayada sahAyadinda kriyApada gaLAgiyU baLakeyAgaballuvu (೬.೪ nODi). intaha asvatantra dhAtu gaLu kriyAdhAtugaLE athavA guNadhAtugaLE embudannu niShkxShTavAgi hELalu sAdhyavilla.

gamagamane gamagamisu taLataLane taLataLisu baDabaDane baDabaDisu gahagahane gahagahisu

kannaDadalli baLakeyAguvantaha aNakisuva padagaLa akShara svarUpa dalli kelavu vaySiShTyagaLive. avugaLallella modalige ondu vyanjana bandiruttade. modalige svara bandiruva aNakisuva pada kannaDadalli bahuSaH illavendE hELalU sAdhyavide. idallade, jODiyAgi baruva padagaLalli (udA: kaTakaTane, caTacaTane, ityAdi) ottakSharavAgali, udda svaravAgali kANisuvudilla, mattu I rIti jODiyAgi bAradiruva padagaLalli (udA: barane, Dabbane, paTArane, kabakkane, sarakkane, ityAdi) ottakSharavAgali, uddasvaravAgali kANisadiruvudilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೭.೪ pratyayagaLa baLake

asvatantra guNadhAtugaLinda guNapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi kelavu pratyayagaLu aniyamitavAgi baLakeyAguttave. kem-kempu, kari-kappu, taN-tampu embavugaLalli kANisuva pu emba pratyaya intahadu. Adare, hoLe-hoLapu, biLi-biLupu, mudi-muppu embavugaLalli idE pratyaya guNapadagaLinda nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi baLakeyAgide embu dannu gamanisabahudu.

kem-kencu embudaralli cu emba pratyaya baLakeyAgide, mattu idE pratyaya mune-monacu embudaralli nAmapadadinda guNapada vondannu tayArisalu baLakeyAgide. mum-munce embudaralli ce emba innondu pratyaya baLakeyAgide, mattu idE pratyaya koLe- koLace embudaralli kriyApadadinda guNapada (illavE nAmapada)vannu tayArisalu baLakeyAgide. tumbu-tumba (tumbA), agalu-agali embavugaLalli kriyApadadinda guNapadavannu tayArisalu a (illavE A) emba pratyaya bandiruvudannu kANabahudu.

nAmapadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgiyU kelavu pratyayagaLa baLakeyAguttade. ivugaLalli age embudE prAmukhyavAdudu. I pratyayada baLakeyannu keLagina guNapadagaLalli kANabahudu.

ತೆಳು	ತೆಳ್ಳಗೆ	ಬಿಳಿ	ಬೆಳ್ಳಗೆ
ಕರಿ	ಕರಗೆ	ಬಿಸಿ	ಬೆಚ್ಚಗೆ
ಸಪ್ಪೆ	ಸಪ್ಪಗೆ	ಮಿದು	ಮೆತ್ತಗೆ
ಒಳ	ಒಳಗೆ	ಮೆಲು	ಮೆಲ್ಲಗೆ
ಹೊರ	ಹೊರಗೆ	ಗುಂಡು	ಗುಂಡಗೆ
ಕೆಳ	ಕೆಳಗೆ	ಕೆಂಪು	ಕೆಂಪಗೆ
ತಣ್	ತಣ್ಣಗೆ	ದುಂಡು	ದುಂಡಗೆ
ನುಣ್	ನುಣ್ಣಗೆ	ನೀಟ	ನೆಟ್ಟಗೆ

I pratyayavannu sErisidAga guNapadadalli aniyamitavAgi bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttave. udAharaNegAgi, biLi, bisi mattu midu embavugaLa modalaneya akSharadalliruva ikAra ekAra vAguttade. (nijakkU illi naDediruva cAritrika badalAvaNe idakke viruddhavAdudu: pUrvada haLegannaDadalli I svara ellA kaDegaLallU ekAravAgittu; Adare anantara biLi, bisi modalAdavugaLa eraDaneya

akSharadalli ikAra bandideyAda kAraNa adu ikAravAgittu, mattu beccage, beLLage modalAda padagaLa eraDaneya akSharadalli ikArada badalu akAravideyAda kAraNa, A ekAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLi dittu.)

age emba pratyayavannoLagonDiruva bEreyU kelavu guNapada gaLu kannaDadalliveyAdarU avakke nEravAgi bEre guNapadagaLondige sambandhavannu sAdhisalu sAdhyavAguvudilla. udAharaNegAgi teppage emba padavannu teravu emba nAmapadadondige hOlisidAga adaralli I pratyayavideyendu anisuttade. I age emba pratyaya nAmapada gaLondige baruva ge emba vibhakti pratyayakke sambandhiside embudannu kone emba nAmapadadinda tayArAgiruva konege emba pada sUcisu ttade.

nijakkU vibhakti pratyayagaLondige baruva nAmapadagaLigU mattu kriyApadagaLondige baruva guNapadagaLigU naDuve hattirada sambandha vide. vibhakti pratyayagaLu nAmapadagaLannu kriyApadagaLondige sambandhi suttave mattu I kAraNakkAgi, avu ondu rItiyalli guNapadagaLa hAge kriyApadagaLa viSEShaNagaLAgiveyendU hELalu sAdhyavide.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೭.೫ sArAmSa

guNapadagaLa racaneyallU pratyayagaLa baLake jAstiyilla. nAmapada gaLondige baraballa guNapadagaLinda kriyApadagaLondige baraballa guNa padagaLannu tayArisuvudakkAgi mAtra, halavu padagaLalli kANisikoLLuva age emba pratyaya baLakeyAguttade. idannu biTTare pratyayagaLa baLake heccAgi kANisikoLLuvudu SabdagaLannu illavE anubhavagaLannu aNakisu vantaha padagaLa baLakeyalli mAtra.

English →

ಕನ್ನಡ →

adhyAya enTu

eravalu padagaLa oLaracane

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೧ eraDaneya svarUpa

kannaDadalli samskxta, ingliSh, hindi, parSiyan modalAda bEre bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu halavive. ivugaLa oLaracane hindina adhyAyagaLalli vivarisida kannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneginta bhinna vAgiruvudAda kAraNa avannu pratyEkavAgi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. antaha pariSIlaneyannu I adhyAyadalli mADalAgide. Adare kannaDadavE Ada padagaLu mattu bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu embudAgi kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva pada gaLannu eraDu bEre bEre vargagaLalli vibhajisi hELuvudu mAtra aShTondu sulabhada kelasavEnalla. yAkendare anAdi kAladindalU intaha padagaLa eravalu namma bhASheyalli naDeyuttiddu, I prakriyeya mUlaka adaralli sErikonDiruva padagaLalli bahaLa ittIcege bandavugaLu mAtra tammatanavannu uLisikonDu bEre rItiya padagaLa hAge kANisuttave. uLiduvella bEre bEre badalAvaNegaLa mUlaka kannaDadavE AgibiTTive.

೮.೧.೧ bhAShegaLoLage eraDalinalli vayvidhya

ellA bhAShegaLigU ondalla ondu vidhadalli bEre bhAShegaLondige samparkaviddE iruttadeyAda kAraNa, ellA bhAShegaLallU eravalAgi banda padagaLu iddE iruttave. kelavu bhAShegaLalli intaha padagaLu jAsti iruttave, mattu bEre kelavu bhAShegaLalli kaDime iruttave

embudE I viShayadalli bEre bEre bhAShegaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa. I vyatyAsakke halavu kAraNagaLive.

padagaLannu eravalu koDuva bhAShegU mattu eravalu paDeyuva bhAShegU naDuve bahaLa hattirada samparkavideyAdare, mattu eravalu koDuva bhAShe heccu pratiShTheyadAdare, heccu heccu padagaLu adarinda eralAgi bandu eravalu paDeyuva bhASheyalli sErikoLLalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada maTTige samskxta bahaLa pratiShTheya bhASheyAgittAda kAraNa adarinda doDDa sankhyeyalli padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandive. ivattu ingliSh bhAShe antahadE pratiShTheya sthAnadallideyAda kAraNa adarindalU padagaLu heccina sankhyeyalli eravalAgi baruttive.

idallade, ondu bhASheyannADuva janara manasthitiyantahadu, avaru sulabhavAgi padagaLa eravalige marehoguvavarE athavA hosa hosa padagaLannu baLasabEkAguva sandarbha bandAgalella tammavE Ada padagaLannu sxShTisikoLLuvavarE embudu I vyatyAsakke innondu AdhAravAguttade. tamma bhASheya kuritAgi jAsti abhimAnavannu hondiruva mandi eravaligintalU hosa padagaLa tayArikegEnE kay hAkuvudu jAsti.

bhASheyallillada hosa padagaLa avaSyakate bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi kANisikoLLuttade. bErondu bhASheyannADuva janaralli baLakeyalliruva vastugaLu nammalli baLakege bandAga, antaha vastugaLannu hesarisuvu dakkAgi namage hosa padagaLa avaSyakate kanDubaruttade. intaha sandarbhagaLalli A vastugaLondige avugaLa hesarugaLannU nAvu Amadu mADikoLLabahudu, illavE nammavE Ada hesarugaLannu tayArisi avakke koDabahudu.

udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh bhASheyannADuva samAjadinda nAvu rEDiyO, Ti.vi., bassu, kAru, pennu, raylu, kampyUTar modalAda halavAru vastugaLannu baLakege paDediddu, avugaLondige A vastugaLa hesarugaLannU eravalAgi paDedukonDiddEve. intaha vastugaLalli kela vakke (udA: ugibanDi) nammavE Ada hesarugaLannu koTTiruvevAdarU bEre kelavakke avugaLa hesarugaLannE alpa svalpa badalAvaNegaLondige uLisikonDiddEve.

I rIti hosa hosa rItiya vastugaLannu baLakege paDedukoLLu vudu mAtravalla, hosa hosa viShayagaLannU nAvu bEre bhAShegaLa nnADuva janarinda tiLidukoLLuvavAddarinda antaha viShayagaLannu

hesarisuva padagaLU namma bhAShege eravalAgi baruttave. I rItiyalli eravAlAgi bandiruva nUrAru padagaLannu SAstrIya granthagaLalli kANa bahudu. namma dinanityada baLakeyalliruva bhASheyallU intaha hala vAru padagaLu bEre bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandu sErikonDiruttave.

A.೧.೨ tattva mattu tadbhava padagaLu

I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli samskxta bhASheyinda bandavu gaLannu mAtra avugaLa svarUpavannAdharisi tadbhava mattu tadbhava embudAgi vingaDisi hELuva krama kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli mattu arthakOSagaLalli baLakeyallide. samskxtadalli iruva hAgeyE baLake yAguva padagaLu (endare samskxtada padagaLige samAnavAda padagaLu) tadbhavagaLu mattu antaha padagaLalli bEre bEre rItiya badalAvaNe gaLAdudarindAgi avugaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva padagaLu tadbhavagaLu (endare samskxtadinda janisida padagaLu) embudAgi I vibhajaneyannu varNisabahudu. Adare, sAmAnyavAgi padagaLa koneya bhAgadalli mAtravE badalAvaNeyAgideyAdare, antaha padagaLannu tadbhavagaLendu hELade tadbhavagaLendu hELuvudE rUDhi (SrIkanThayya ೧೯೫೨:೧೯೬ nODi).

udAharaNegAgi, yAva badalAvaNeyannU tOrisadiruva satya, dharma, adhikAri, kapi modalAdavugaLannu mattu koneyalli mAtravE badalAvaNeyannu tOrisuva SAle (SAlA), janani (jananI), manassu (manas) modalAdavugaLannu tatsama padagaLendU mattu itara bhAgagaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu tOrisuva Ase (ASA), nidde (nidrA), huNNime (pUrNimA), batti (varti) modalAda padagaLannu tadbhava padagaLendU kareyuva krama rUDhiyallide.

intaha padagaLa vibhajane inDO-Aryan emba bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva prAkxta, pAli, hindi, marAThi, gujarAti modalAda bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNa mattu arthakOSagaLa maTTige bahaLa upayuktavAdudendu hELalu sAdhyavide. nijakkU I bhAShegaLalli tatsama mattu tadbhava emba eraDu rItiya padagaLu mAtra ive. ivugaLalli tadbhava padagaLella cAritrikavAgi samskxtakkU mattu avakkU oTTige mUla bhASheyA giruva inDO-Aryan‌ninda beLedubandavugaLu. samskxtada padagaLi ginta bhinnavAgilladiruva tatsama padagaLu mAtra nEravAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandavugaLu embudAgi parigaNisalu sAdhyavide.

Adare kannaDa bhAShe idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa bhAShA kuTumbakke sEriruva kAraNa, adaralli tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLu mAtravallade mUla bhASheyinda beLedu bandiruva drAviDa padagaLU halavive. nijakkU kannaDadalli kANisuva tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLeraDU samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLE. avugaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare, tatsama padagaLalli kaDime badalAvaNegaLu naDedive mattu tadbhava padagaLalli jAsti badalAvaNegaLu naDedive. hAgAgi, kannaDada vyAkaraNa illavE arthakOSada maTTige tatsama- tadbhavavemba eravalu padagaLa vibhajaneyinda viSiShTavAda prayOjana vEnU illa. kannaDada maTTige samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLa nnella ondE vibhAgadalli irisi pariSIlisidare sAkAguttade.

A.೧.೩ badalAvaNegaLige kAraNagaLu

eravalAgi banda padagaLu bEre bEre kAraNagaLigAgi badalAvaNegaLige oLagAguttave. avannu eravalAgi koTTa bhAShegU mattu eravalAgi paDedukonDa bhAShegU naDuve varNagaLa sankhyeya maTTige mattu varNagaLu padagaLalli baruva kramada maTTige vyatyAsagaLiveyAdare, padagaLannu eravalAgi paDeyuva bhAShe tanna varNavyavasthege hondi koLLuvante avugaLalli badalAvaNegaLannu mADikoLLuttade. udAharaNe gAgi kannaDadalli mahAprANAkSharagaLu mUlataH iralillavAdudarinda, samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda halavAru padagaLalli mahAprANakSharagaLu alpaprANAkSharagaLAgi badalAgive. udA: bIdi (vIthi), sante (samsthA), dAre (dhArA), bandi (bandhi), ityAdi.

innondu bhASheyinda jAsti padagaLannu eravalu paDediruva bhAShe avugaLondige kelavu hosa varNagaLannU paDedukonDiralu sAdhyavide, mattu anantara A bhASheyinda eravalAgi baruva padagaLalli antaha varNagaLu badalAgade uLiyalu sAdhyavide. kannaDada kelavu prabhEda gaLalli (udA: barahada kannaDa) I rIti heccu heccu mahA prANAkSharagaLiruva padagaLu eravalAgi bandudarindAgi antaha akShara gaLu A prabhEdada varNagaLAgibiTTive. tatsama mattu tadbhavagaLemba eraDu rItiya eravalAda padagaLu kannaDadalli kANisalu idU ondu kAraNa. tadbhavagaLu badalAvaNe avaSyavendu kANisuva samayadalli banda padagaLu, mattu tatsamagaLu A avaSyakate illavAdAga eravalAgi banda padagaLu. Adare I rItiya vayvidhyate ingliSh, hindi

modalAda bhAShegaLinda kannaDakke eravalAgi banda padagaLallU kANisuttade.

bhASheya varNagaLalli mattu avugaLa vyavastheyalli kAladinda kAlakke badalAvaNegaLu naDeyuttA iruttave. I badalAvaNegaLu A bhASheyavE Agiruva padagaLalli mAtravallade, A bhAShege bEre bhAShe gaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLallU naDeyuttave. eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli kANisuva halavu vyatyAsagaLige intaha cAritrika badalAvaNe innondu mukhya kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli sumAru ondu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde padagaLa Adiyalli baruva pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe yondu naDeyitu. I badalAvaNeya phalavannu kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli mAtravallade, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva pada gaLallU kANabahudu.

(೧) kannaDada padagaLalli pakAra hakAravAgiruvudu
haLegannaDa hosagannaDa
pAl hAlu
paN haNNu
puli huli
pO hO(gu)
(೨) samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli pakAra hakAra
vAgiruvudu
samskxta kannaDa
pakShi hakki
paSu hasu
parva habba
piShTa hiTTu

idE rItiyalli giDDasvarada anantara baruva rakAravu, adara anantara vyanjanavondu bandiddAga, A vyanjanadondige sEri ottakShara vAguva badalAvaNe kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli mAtravallade samskxta dinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLallU naDedide.

ಹಳೆಗನ್ನಡ	ಹೊಸಗನ್ನಡ	ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ	ಕನ್ನಡ
ಸೊರ್ಕು	ಸೊಕ್ಕು	ವರ್ಣ	ಬಣ್ಣ
ಪರ್ಬು	ಹಬ್ಬು	ವರ್ತಿ	ಬತ್ತಿ
ಪೆರ್ಮೆ	ಹೆಮ್ಮೆ	ಕರ್ತರಿ	ಕತ್ತರಿ
ಬಿರ್ಚು	ಬಿಚ್ಚು

bhAShegaLalli naDeyuva intaha cAritrika badalAvaNegaLalli prati yondakkU sAmAnyavAgi ondu avadhiyiruttade. I avadhi dATida mEle hosadAgi bhASheyoLakke eravalAgi baruva padagaLu A badalAvaNege oLagAguvudilla. udAharaNegAgi kannaDadalli pakAra hakAravAguva badalAvaNe hadinAlku-hadinaydanE SatamAnada hottige pUrNagonDirabEkendu tOruttade. adara anantara samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli pakAra hAgeyE uLidiruvudannu pakSha, paTTi, patni, padArtha, pustaka, pUrva modalAda padagaLalli kANa bahudu. tatsama mattu tadbhava padagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsakke I rIti bEre bEre kAlagaLalli samskxtadinda padagaLu eravalAgi bandiruvudu innondu kAraNa.

bhASheyondannu baLasuva janaru adakke eravalAgi baruva pada gaLannu bEre bEre vidhAnagaLa mUlaka paDeyuttArembudu A padagaLalli kANisuva (illavE kANisadiruva) badalAvaNegaLige innondu kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, kannaDadalli samskxta padagaLannu baLasuva jana ralli kelavaru samskxta bhASheyalli cennAgi paLagidavarirabahudu mattu bEre kelavaru samskxta bhASheya alpa svalpa jYAnaviruvavarirabahudu. innuLidavarige samskxtada jYAna svalpavU illadirabahudu. samskxta ballavaru A bhASheya padagaLannu adaralliruvanteyE baLasaballarAdare, uLidavarige idu sAdhyavAgadu.

eravalAgi banda padagaLu yAva rItiyalli mattu yAva rUpadalli baLakege baruttave embudu hIge A bhASheyannADuvavarige eravalAgi padagaLannu koDuva bhASheya jYAna hEgide embudU AdhAravAgiruttade. idu samskxta mAtravallade ingliSh, hindi modalAda bhAShegaLigU anvayisuvantaha sangati.

A.೧.೪ padagaLa vargabhEda

bhASheyondakke eravalAgi baruva padagaLalli heccinavU prANi, vastu, viShaya modalAduvannu hesarisuvantaha rUDhanAmagaLAgiruttave. kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLantaha bEre padavargagaLige sErida pada gaLu I rIti nAmapadagaLa hAge nEravAgi bhASheyondakke eravalAgi baruvudu kaDime. baruvudiddarU ivu nAmapadagaLa angagaLAgi bandu anantara bEre padagaLondige baruvAga avugaLinda bErpaTTu kriyApada illavE guNapadagaLAgi rUDhige baruva sAdhyateyide.

idE rItiyalli padagaLa angagaLAgi baruva pratyayagaLU nEravAgi ondu bhASheyinda innondu bhAShege eravalAgi baruvudilla. ondu pratyayavannoLagonDiruva halavAru padagaLu eravalAgi bandalli, avugaLalliruva pratyaya kAlakramENa A padagaLinda bErpaTTu bhAShe yavE Ada bEre padagaLondige sEruva mUlaka A bhASheya pratyayavendenisaballudu.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva naTa-naTi, lEkhaka-lEkhaki, SikShaka-SikShaki modalAda padayugagaLalli kANisuva a mattu i emba lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLa mAdariyalliyE kannaDada huDuga-huDugi, kuruDa-kuruDi, muduka-muduki modalAdavugaLalli kANisuva pratyayagaLu tayArAgiruvante tOru ttade. idE rItiyalli samskxtada dhana-dhanika, rasa-rasika, tarka- tArkika embantaha padayugagaLalli kANisuva ika emba pratyayavannanu sarisi, kannaDada gANa-gANiga, heNNu-heNNiga, sAli-sAliga embantaha padayugagaLalli kANisuva iga emba pratyaya tayArAgiruva hAge kANisuttade.

Adare, sAmAnyavAgi eravalAgi banda intaha pratyayaviruva padagaLella itara oLaracaneyillada padagaLa hAge baLakeyAguvudE jAsti.

A.೨ eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracane

padavondara oLaracane entahadu embudannu nirdharisuvalli sAmAnya vAgi adannu tayArisuvudakkAgi entaha racaneyannu baLasikoLLalAgittu emba cAritrika amSakke heccina prAdhAnyateyannu koDabEkAguttade embudannu nAvu mEle mUraneya adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu. kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLa oLaracanegintalU nAmapadagaLa oLa racaneyalli I viShaya eddu kANisuttade. hesarisuvudu mattu varNisu

vudu emba eraDu rItiya baLakegaLige nAmapadagaLu mAtra oLagAgu ttaveyembudE idakke mukhya kAraNa.

೮.೨.೧ oLaracaneyalli vyatyAsa

Adare eravalAgi banda padagaLigU mattu bhASheyalliyE beLedu banda padagaLigU naDuve I viShayadalli ondu mukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. mEleyE sUcisiruvante, eravalAgi banda padagaLige avugaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva bhASheyalli oLaracaneyideyAdarU eravalAgi paDediruva bhASheyalli avu oLaracaneyillada padagaLa hAge baLakeyAgu vudE jAsti. udAharaNegAgi, rujuvAtu emba pada parSiyan bhASheyalli ruju emba padakke vAt emba bahuvacana pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyAdarU, kannaDadalli adu oLaracaneyillada padada hAgeyE baLakeyAguttade. A padakke bahu vacanArthavU kannaDadallilla.

eravalAgi koDuva bhASheyalli oLaracaneyiruva halavAru pada gaLu I rIti innondu bhAShege eravalAgi bandiveyAdare, antaha padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhavannu pariSIlisuvudara mUlaka avakke oLaracaneyannu eravalu paDeda bhASheyallU kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate kANisabahudu. udAharaNegAgi, ingliSh‌ninda AkTar (AkT mADu vavanu), DAnsar (DAns mADuvavanu), SEvar (SEv mADuva sAdhana), modalAda halakelavu padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiddu, ivannu AkT, DAns, SEv, modalAda AkhyAta padagaLige ar emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArAdavugaLendu hELalu sAdhya vide.

Adare kannaDadalli AkT, DAns, SEv modalAdavugaLu kriyApada gaLAgi baLakeyallillavAda kAraNa (avu mADu emba kriyApada dondige ‘AkhyAta’padagaLAgi mAtra baLakeyAguvuvAda kAraNa) inglISh‌nalliruvante kannaDadallU avugaLa oLaracaneyalli kriyApada gaLiveyendu hELalu sAdhyavAgadu. endare, cAritrikavAgi I padagaLa tayArikeyalli entaha racaneyannu baLasikoLLalAgittu embudakkintalU sadyakke I padagaLalli entaha racane kANisuttide embudE illi mukhya vAda sangati.

idE rItiyalli samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracane entahadu embudannu tiLiyalu avu samskxta

dindalEnE eravalAgi bandiruva bEre padagaLondige sambandhagaLannu tOrisuttiveyE, mattu hAge tOrisuttiveyAdare A sambandhagaLu entahavu embudE AdhAravAgaballudallade, antaha padagaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva samskxta bhASheyalli avakke entaha oLaracane yide embudu AdhAravAgalAradu.

udAharaNegAgi, kxShNasarpa emba padakke samskxtadalli ondE vibhaktiyiruva eraDu nAmapadagaLannu (kxShNaH mattu sarpaH embavu gaLannu) karmadhArayavemba samAsada mUlaka sErisi tayArisiru vantaha jODupada embudAgi oLaracaneyannu hELalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli I padakke koDabahudAda oLaracane idakkinta tIra bhinnavAdudu. idakke kAraNavEnendare, kannaDadalli ‘kappu’ embarthada kxShNa emba pada guNavAcakavAgi baLakeyallideyallade nAmapadavAgi baLakeyallilla. samskxtada hAge kannaDadalli adakke vibhakti pratyayagaLannu sErisalu sAdhyavAgadu. hAgAgi, kannaDada maTTige hELuvudAdare, kxShNasarpa emba jODupadadalli kxShNa emba ondu guNapadavU mattu sarpa emba ondu nAmapadavU sErikonDive.

kannaDadalli I rIti ingliSh, samskxta, hindi, marAThi modalAda halavAru bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu baLakeyalliddu avellavU eravalAgi banda mEle kannaDadavE AgibiTTive. hAgAgi avugaLa oLaracaneyannu varNisuvAga kannaDadavE Ada padaracaneya niyamagaLannu anusarisabEkallade I padagaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva bEre bEre bhAShegaLalli baLakeyalliruva padaracaneya niyamagaLannu anusarisuvudu sariyalla. Adare intaha eravalAgi banda padagaLindAgi kannaDada padaracaneya niyamagaLu bEre bEre rItiyalli badalAgiru vudannu mattu avugaLondige bEre kelavu hosa padaracaneya niyamagaLu sErikonDiruvudannu gamanisuvudu avaSya.

A.೨.೨ eravalu koTTiruva bhASheya niyamagaLu

eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa mUlaka bhASheyondaralli I rIti hosatAda padaracaneya niyamagaLu sErikonDiveyAdare, avugaLa svarUpavEnu embudannu tiLiyalu antaha padagaLa oLaracane eravalu koTTiruva bhASheyalli hEgittu embudannu tiLiyuvudu svalpa maTTige sahAyakavAgaballudu.

udAharaNegAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva halavu padagaLalli ane mattu aNe emba eraDu bEre bEre rUpagaLalliruva pratyayavondannu kANabahudu. (udA: prArthane-prakaTaNe, varNane- smaraNe, kalpane-rakShaNe, AlOcane-AkarShaNe, ityAdi). I eraDu rUpagaLa hindiruva niyamavEnu embudannu tiLiyuvalli samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu I padagaLa oLaracaneyannu hEge vivarisiddAre embudannu tiLidukonDalli sulabhavAdItu (keLage ೮.೩.೬ nODi).

idE rItiyalli samskxtadindalEnE eravalAgi bandiruva rAjya, Savrya, vaycitrya modalAda bEre kelavu padagaLalli ya emba ondu pratyayada baLakeyannu kANabahudu. I pratyaya sEridAga kelavu padagaLa svaradalli (udA: SUra-Savrya, malina-mAlinya, ityAdi) badalAvaNeyAguttade, Adare bEre kelavu padagaLa svaradalli (udA: rAja-rAjya, pada-padya, ityAdi) yAva badalAvaNeyU Aguvudilla. ika emba pratyayada baLakeyallU idE paristhitiyide (udA: nisarga- naysargika, mantra-mAntrika, lOka-lavkika, ityAdi). I badalAvaNe gaLa hindiruva padaracaneya niyamaventahadu embudannu tiLiyuvalli samskxta vyAkaraNagaLa pariSIlane sahAyakavAgaballudu.

A.೨.೩ padagaLa vibhajane

eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracane entahadu embudannu pari SIlisuva modalu avannu yAva yAva bhAShegaLinda eravalAgi paDe yalAgide emba viShayada AdhArada mEle bEre bEre gumpugaLAgi vingaDisikoLLuvudu avaSya. yAkendare, ondaroDanondu sambandha vannu tOrisuva padagaLellavU ondE bhASheyinda eravalAgi bandavu gaLAgiruvudE jAsti.

udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLu avugaLoLagEnE ondaroDanondu sambandhisiralu sAdhyavideyallade, ingliSh illavE parSiyan‌ninda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLondige sambandhavannu tOrisuvudu bahaLa aparUpavendE hELabahudu. padagaLa oLaracaneyannu intaha sambandhagaLa AdhArada mEle sAdhisa bEkAgideyAda kAraNa, eravalu koTTa bhAShegaLa AdhArada mEle avannu vingaDisikoLLuvudarinda avugaLannu varNisuva kelasa heccu sulabhavAgaballudu.

keLagina kelavu vibhAgagaLalli (೮.೪-೬ralli) samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige kannaDadalli entaha oLaracaneyide embudannu svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide. idakke modalu kannaDadalli I padagaLi giruva oLaracane avakkEnE samskxtadalliruva oLaracaneginta yAke bhinna vAgide embudannu (೮.೩ralli) svalpa vivaravAgi pariSIlisalAgide.

ingliSh, hindi, marAThi, parSiyan, tamiLu modalAda bEre halavu bhAShegaLindalU kannaDakke padagaLu eravalAgi badiddu, ivannU idE rItiyalli bEre bErAgi pariSIlisuva avaSyakateyide. Adare antaha prayatnavannu I pustakakkAgi naDesalu sAdhyavAgalilla.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೩ samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu

kannaDadalli samskxtadinda eravalAgi banda padagaLu halavive. ivugaLa sankhye kannaDada bEre bEre prabhEdagaLalli bEre bErAgide. SAstrIya barahagaLalli intaha padagaLu jAsti ive Adare bEre rItiya baraha gaLalli kaDime ive. eravalAgi banda I padagaLa svarUpavU prabhEda dinda prabhEdakke bhinna bhinnavAgide. kelavu prabhEdagaLalli ivu mUla samskxta rUpadallE uLidiveyAdare, innu kelavu prabhEdagaLalli halavAru badalAvaNegaLige oLagAguvudara mUlaka mUla samskxta padagaLiginta tIra bhinnavAgive.

samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLellavU samskxta dalli oLaracaneyuLLavugaLE Agiruttaveyendu hELabahudu. avellakkU mUladalli bEre bEre kriyAdhAtugaLE AdhAravAgiddu, A dhAtugaLige bEre bEre pratyayagaLannu illavE itara dhAtugaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka samskxtadalli I padagaLannu racisalAgide.

Adare kannaDada maTTige ivugaLalli kelavannu mAtra oLaracaneyiru vavugaLendu parigaNisalu sAdhyavide. yAkendare, I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padavondakke oLaracaneyideyendu hELabEkAdare, kannaDa dallE bEre padagaLondige adu rUpa mattu arthagaLalli sambandha vannu tOrisuttiruvudu avaSya.

I kAraNakkAgi eravalAgi bandiruva ondu padakke oLaracane yideyE athavA illavE embudu nAvu pariSIlisuttiruva kannaDada prabhEdavannanusarisi bEre bErAgiralu sAdhyavide. udAharaNegAgi, satya emba padakke kelavu prabhEdagaLalli oLaracaneyilla endu hELalu sAdhya vide, Adare bEre kelavu prabhEdagaLalli (endare sat emba padavannU

eravalAgi paDediddu, adakke ya emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka satya emba padavannu tayArisalu sAdhyaviruvantaha prabhEda dalli) adakke oLaracaneyideyendU vAdisalu sAdhyavAdItu. samskxta dinda jAsti padagaLannu eravalAgi paDediruva kannaDada prabhEdagaLalli jAsti padagaLige oLaracaneyideyendu parigaNisalu sAdhya emba viShaya idarinda spaShTavAguttade.

hIgiddarU mEle sUcisidante, eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLa racane avakke mUla bhASheyalli (endare samskxtadalli) iruva oLa racaneginta tIra bhinnavAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli avannu pratyEkavAgi pariSIlisuvudu avaSya, mattu antaha pariSIlaneya AdhArada mEle avakke kannaDadavE Ada pada racaneya niyamagaLannu tayArisikoLLuvudu avaSya.

samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu koDuva padaracaneya niyamagaLannu hAgeyE kannaDada vyAkaraNadoLage tandu hAkidalli avu I eravalAgi banda padagaLa oLaracaneyannu sariyAgi tiLisihELalAravu. kannaDa mattu samskxta vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve halavAru prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsagaLiddu, eravalAgi banda padagaLu kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannanusarisuvudE hIge mADalu sAdhyavAgadiruvudakke mukhya kAraNa.

samskxta mattu kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLa naDuve padaracanege sambandhisi dantaha vyatyAsagaLalli prAmukhyavAda kelavannu keLagina vibhAgagaLalli paricayisalAgide. samskxdadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLa racane kannaDadalli samskxtadalliruvudakkinta yAke bhinnavAgide mattu yAva rItiyalli bhinnavAgide embudannu tiLiyalu I vyatyAsagaLa arivu sahAyakavAgaballudu.

A.kha.೧ padavargadalli vyatyAsa

kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLembudAgi mUru mukhyavAda padavargagaLiveyendU mattu ivugaLalli guNapadagaLu nAmapadagaLondige sErihOguvuvAda kAraNa samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra ive yendU nAvu eraDaneya adhyAyadalli nODiruvevu.

samskxtakkU mattu kannaDakkU naDuviruva I vyatyAsada pariNAma vAgi, samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli halavakke

samskxtadalli kANisuva oLaracaneginta bhinnavAda oLaracaneyannu kalpisi koDuva avaSyakate kanDubaruttade.

samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli heccinavU nAmapadagaLE. avugaLalli kelavu guNapadagaLAgiyU mattu bEre kelavu nAmapadagaLAgiyU kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttave. udAharaNe gAgi, nIli, bEga (vEga), mukhya, uttama, yOgya modalAda samskxtada nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli guNapadagaLAgiyU mattu grAma, kavi, pATha, vidye, sEvaka, yantra modalAda nAmapadagaLu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAguttave.

samskxtada kriyApadagaLu nEravAgi kriyApadagaLAgiyE kannaDakke eravalAgi baruvudilla. idakke badalu avu bhUtakxdanta (sambandhaka) rUpadalli guNapadagaLAgi nAmapadagaLondige (udA: dxDha manassu, gupta jIvana, bhagna kanasu, SAnta cahare, ityAdi), illavE iru emba kriyApadadondige (udA: dxDhavAgu, guptavAgu, SAnta vAgu, hitavAgu, ityAdi) baruttave.

samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDu mukhya pada vargagaLu mAtravallade, avyayavemba innondu amukhya padavargavU ide. I padavargakke sErida padagaLU kannaDakke guNapadagaLAgi eravalAguttave. (udA: punaH, vxthA, nAnA, ityAdi).

samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracane yemhadembudannu nirdharisuvallU padavargagaLa maTTige ivugaLa naDuve kANisuva I vyatyAsavannu parigaNisuva avaSyakateyide. idannu mukhyavAgi jODupadagaLa oLaracaneyalli kANabahudu. samskxtada jODupadagaLige tatpuruSha, karmadhAraya, dvigu, dvandva, bahuvrIhi mattu avyayibhAvagaLemba Aru mukhyavAda oLaracane (samAsa)gaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyideyendu samskxtada vayyAkaraNigaLu abhi prAyapaTTiddAre. Adare kannaDada jODupadagaLige idakkinta tIra bhinna vAda oLaracanegaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakateyideyembudannu nAvu mEle Araneya adhyAyadalli nODiddEve.

kannaDada jODupadagaLige mAtravallade samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva jODupadagaLigU kannaDadalli samskxtada Aru oLaracane (samAsa)gaLiginta bhinnavAgiruva oLaracanegaLannu kalpisikoLLuva avaSyakate yide. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtadalli tatpuruSha mattu karmadhAraya gaLemba eraDu rItiya jODupadagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsavEnendare,

tatpuruShadalli oTTu sEruva nAmapadagaLu bEre bEre vibhaktigaLalliru ttave (rAjYaH ‘rAjana’ puruShaH ‘jana’ rAjapuruShaH), mattu karma dhArayadalli oTTusEruva nAmapadagaLu ondE vibhaktiyalliruttave (kxShNaH ‘kappu’ sarpaH ‘hAvu’ kxShNasarpaH).

Adare kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva intaha jODupadagaLalli karmadhAraya samAsavannu tOrisuva halavu padagaLige kannaDadalli bEreyE ondu oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoDabEkAguttade. yAkendare, vibhaktiyondige baralArada guNapadadondige nAmapadavondannu sErisuvantaha oLaracane ivugaLigide. mEle koTTiruva kxShNasarpa emba pada mAtravallade, paramAnna, sadguNa, mandabuddhi, mUla dhana, SuklapakSha modalAdavugaLU kannaDadalli intaha oLaracaneyannu tOrisuttave.

A.vi.೨ pUrva mattu parapratyayagaLu

samskxtadalli baLakeyalliruva padagaLalli heccinavannU (kelavara abhi prAyadante ellA padagaLannU) kriyApadavemba ondE ondu pada vargakke sErida dhAtugaLinda tayArisalAgide. bahuSaH idE kAraNakkAgi samskxtada padagaLalli kANisikoLLuva pratyayagaLa sankhye bahaLa doDDadu. I pratyayagaLu dhAtuvina eDakke sEruvuvAdare avannu pUrvapratyaya (illavE upasarga)gaLendU mattu balakke sEruvu vAdare avannu parapratyayagaLendU kareyuvudu rUDhi.

(೧) pUrvapratyayagaLa baLake

ಹಾಸ್ಯ	ಅಪಹಾಸ್ಯ
ಅಪರಾಧಿ	ನಿರಪರಾಧಿ
ವಿವೇಕಿ	ಅವಿವೇಕಿ
ನಗರ	ಉಪನಗರ
ಶಬ್ದ	ನಿಶ್ಯಬ್ದ

(೨) parapratyayagaLa baLake

(೨) ಪರ್ಯಾಯಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ
ಅಧಿಕಾರ	ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ
ಪ್ರಾಂತ	ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯ
ಕೃತಜ್ಞ	ಕೃತಜ್ಞತೆ
ಕ್ಷಣ	ಕ್ಷಣಿಕ

vidyArthi vidyArthini

kannaDadalli nAma, kriye mattu guNagaLemba mUru bEre bEre padavargagaLige sEruva dhAtugaLiveyAda kAraNa adakke aShTondu pratyayagaLa avaSyakateyillavendu hELalu sAdhyavide. idallade kannaDadalli parapratyayagaLu mAtra iveyallade pUrvapratyayagaLilla. I kAraNakkAgi samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli pUrvapratyayaviruvavu gaLu kannaDadalli bEre bEre rItiya oLaracanegaLannu tOrisuttave.

intaha padagaLalli kelavannu kannaDadalli jODupadagaLendu kareyu vudE oLLeyadendu tOruttade. ivu kannaDadalli guNapada mattu nAma padagaLannu oTTu sErisi racisida jODupadagaLa hAge kANisuvudE idakke mukhya kAraNa. udAharaNegAgi, samskxtada ati emba pUrva pratyaya kannaDadalli ati doDDa, atiyAgi modalAda kaDegaLalli guNa padada hAge svatantravAgi baLakeyAguttade. hAgAgi, atikramaNa, atyAsa, atyanta modalAdavugaLalli samskxtadalliruvante pada vondakke pUrva pratyaya sErideyendu hELuva badalu, guNapada vondakke nAmapada sEri jODupadavAgideyendu hELuvudE kannaDada maTTige heccu sari.

idE rItiyalli prati emba pUrvapratyayavU kannaDadalli ondu svatantravAda padavAgi baLakeyalliddu (udA: pratiyAgi, pratiyobba), adarondige baruva padagaLannU jODupadagaLendu kareyalu sAdhya vide. I rIti svatantravAgi baradiddarU padagaLa hAge mukhyavAda arthavannE koDaballa upa, dur, sva modalAdavugaLannU kannaDadalli asvatantra padagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyaviddu, avannoLagonDiruva pada gaLannU kannaDadalli samskxtada hAge pUrvapratyayagaLiruva padagaLendu hELade, jODupadagaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. udA:

prati kriye pratikriye sthApane pratisthApane dhvani pratidhvani pAlane pratipAlane kxti pratikxti

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
ಉಪ:	ಗ್ರಹ ನಗರ ಆಹಾರ ಜಾತಿ ಭಾಷೆ	ಉಪಗ್ರಹ ಉಪನಗರ ಉಪಾಹಾರ ಉಪಜಾತಿ ಉಪಭಾಷೆ
ದುರ್:	ಅಭಿಮಾನ ಆಲೋಚನೆ ಅಹಂಕಾರ ಬುದ್ಧಿ ಭಾಗ್ಯ	ದುರಭಿಮಾನ ದುರಾಲೋಚನೆ ದುರಹಂಕಾರ ದುರ್ಬುದ್ಧಿ ದುರ್ಭಾಗ್ಯ
ಸ್ವ:	ರೂಪ ಆಧೀನ ಇಚ್ಛೆ ರಾಜ್ಯ ದೇಶ	ಸ್ವರೂಪ ಸ್ವಾಧೀನ ಸ್ಟೇಚ್ಛೆ ಸ್ವರಾಜ್ಯ ಸ್ವದೇಶ

Adare itara kelavu eravalAgi banda padagaLannu pUrvapratyaya viruva padagaLendu hELuvudE oLLeyadendu tOruttade. udAharaNe gAgi, prakhyAta, prayatna, modalAduvannu khyAta, yatna modalAda vugaLondige hOlisi nODidAga avugaLa modalaneya angavAda pra embudu ondu pUrvapratyayavAgi kANisikoLLuttade. idE rItiyalli, vikhyAta, vivAda, vijYAna, vinASa, viyOga modalAdavugaLannu khyAta, vAda, jYAna, nASa modalAdavugaLondige hOlisi nODidAga, avugaLallU vi emba modalaneya anga pUrvapratyaya vAgi kANisikoLLuttade. kannaDadalli ivannu svatantra illavE asvatantra padagaLendu hELuvudu kaShTavAda kAraNa ivugaLindAgi kannaDadallillada pUrvapratyayagaLu eravalinindAgi bandiveyendu hELabEkAguttade.

A.kha.kha dhAtugaLalli vyatyAsa

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, samskxtadalli baLakeyAguva padagaLellavU oLaracaneyuLLavugaLE Agiddu, avannella ondalla ondu kriyAdhAtu vininda sAdhisalu sAdhya embudAgi vayyAkaraNigaLu abhiprAyapaTTi

ddAre. idakke vyatiriktavAgi, kannaDadalli oLaracaneyilladantaha halavAru nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLu baLakeyallive. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli ‘dhAtu’ emba pada ‘kriyAdhAtu’ emba ondu arthadalli mAtra baLakeyAgaballudAdare, kannaDadalli nAmadhAtu, kriyAdhAtu mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru bEre bEre arthagaLalli baLakeyAgaballudu.

samskxtada padaracaneyalli baLakeyAguva pratyayagaLannu mukhyavAgi eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisuva kramavide. nEravAgi kriyAdhAtuga Londige baruva pratyayagaLannu kxt pratyayagaLendU mattu antaha pratyayagaLannu sErisi tayArisida padagaLondige baruva pratyayagaLannu taddita pratyayagaLendU kareyuvudu rUDhi. udAharaNegAgi, dhan emba kriyAdhAtuvininda dhana emba nAmapadavannu tayArisalu baLasuva a emba pratyaya ondu kxt‌pratyaya mattu dhana emba A nAmapadadinda dhanavat (dhanavAn) emba bErondu nAmapadavannu tayArisalu baLasuva vat emba pratyaya ondu taddita pratyaya.

idallade upasargagaLemba pUrvapratyayagaLU samskxta padagaLa tayArikeyalli baLakeyAguttave. ivu kxt mattu taddhita pratyayagaLa hAge padagaLa anantara (balakke) baruva badalu avugaLa modalige (eDakke) baruttave. udAharaNegAgi, jYAna emba padakke a emba upasargavannu sErisi ajYAna emba padavannU, svapna emba padakke dur emba upasargavannu sErisi dusvapna emba padavannU mattu jIvana emba padakke upa emba upasargavannu sErisi upajIvana emba padavannU tayArisabahudu.

kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu samskxtada I vidhAnavannE anusarisi kannaDadavE Ada padagaLa oLaracaneyannu kxt‌pratyaya mattu taddhita pratyayagaLemba eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLa sahAyadinda varNisalu prayatnisiddAre. Adare I prayatna kannaDa padagaLa maTTige yaSasviyAga lAradu. yAkendare, kannaDadalli nAmadhAtu, kriyAdhAtu mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru rItiya dhAtugaLiddu, kannaDada padagaLannu I mUru rItiya dhAtugaLige bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka sAdhisabEkAguttade.

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannU kannaDadavE Ada oLaracaneya vidhAnagaLa mUlaka varNisabEkAguttadallade samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli baLakeyalliruva vidhAnagaLa mUlaka varNisalu sAdhya

vAgadu. yAkendare, mEle (೮.೩)ralli sUcisidante I padagaLa oLaracane mukhyavAgi avakkU kannaDadalli baLakeyalliruva itara pada gaLigU naDuviruva sambandhada mEle Adharisiruttadeyallade samskxta dalli I padagaLigiruva oLaracaneya AdhArada mElalla.

udAharaNegAgi kannaDakke samskxtadinda kriyApadagaLu nEravAgi eravalAguvudilla. avugaLondige kxt illavE taddita pratyayagaLu sEriruva rUpadallAgali, illavE kannaDada isu emba pratyaya dondigAgali avu baLakege baruttave (udA: rakShaNe-rakShisu, ASraya- ASrita-ASrayisu, ityAdi). hAgAgi, kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa oLaracaneyannu sandarbhakkanusAravAgi kelavu asvatantravAda dhAtugaLannu kalpisuvudara mUlaka varNisabEkAguttade. heccinaDegaLallU I dhAtugaLu yAva vargakke sEruttave embudannu nirdharisalu kannaDadalli yAva AdhAravU doreyuvudilla (೮.೫ nODi).

A.vi.A tayArike mattu baLake

kannaDa mattu samskxta padagaLa naDuve innondu prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsavide. kannaDada nAmapadagaLige tayArike mattu baLake embudAgi eraDu bhinna bhinnavAda avasthegaLiddu, I padagaLu yAvudAdarondu sandarbhadalli tayArAda baLika, baLakege bandu uLidare mAtra bhASheya padagaLendenisaballuvu (೧.೬.೧ nODi). I kAraNakkAgi, oLaracaneya maTTige ‘niyamabaddha’vAgi kANisuva pratyayaviruva nAmapada illavE jODupadagaLellavU kannaDadalli bhASheya padagaLAguvudilla. antaha padagaLu ondu niScitavAda arthadalli rUDhige bandAga mAtra avu bhASheya padagaLendenisaballuvu.

idallade, bhASheyalli rUDhige bandiruva kannaDada padagaLu oLa racaneya maTTige ‘niyamabaddha’vAgi illadiralU sAdhyavide. padakkondu niyama ennuvaShTara maTTige kannaDadalli pratyayaviruva padagaLa mattu jODupadagaLa oLaracane aniyamitavAgiralu sAdhyavide. idakke kAraNa vEnEndare, kannaDa bhASheya nijavAda svarUpa mAtina baLakeyallEnE siddhavAguvantahadu. barahadalli adannu baLasuttiruvevAdarU, mAti giruvaShTu mahatva barahakkilla. kaLeda ondUvare-eraDu sAvira varSha gaLalli kannaDa bhAShe eShTondu badalAvaNegaLigoLagAgide (pUrvada haLegannaDaviddudu haLegannaDavAgi, naDugannaDavAgi anantara hosagannaDa

vAgide mattu hosagannaDadallU UrindUrige mattu jAtiyinda jAtige adu bhinna bhinnavAgide) embudannu pariSIlisidevAdare mAtina baLakege I bhASheya svarUpavannu nirdharisuvalli entaha mahatvavide emba viShaya spaShTavAdItu.

I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDada vyAkaraNa niyamagaLannu racisuvavaru adu barahadalli mAtravallade mAtinallU yAva rUpadallide embudannu gamanisuvudu avaSya. innondu prAmukhyavAda sangatiyEnendare, barahagaLu bhASheya ondu cikka amSavannu mAtravE pratinidhIkarisa balluvu. udAharaNegAgi, tinnu emba kriyApadakkiruva halavu rUpa gaLalli (tinnuttAne, tinda, tinnali, tinnuttEne, tinnaliddEne, tinnuttiddALe, ityAdi) kelavE kelavannu mAtra barahagaLalli kANa ballevu. uLida rUpagaLannu paDeyalu mAtina marehogabEkAguttade.

idallade bhAShe mAtinalli badalAdante barahadallU badalAgu ttiddu, I viShayadalli baraha mAtannanusarisuvudallade, mAtu baraha vannanusarisuvudilla. kAladinda kAlakke barahada bhASheyalli badalAvaNe gaLunTAgalu adakke modalu mAtinalli badalAvaNegaLunTAgiruvudE mukhya kAraNavAgiruttade.

I viShayadalli samskxta bhAShe kannaDakkinta (mattu sAvirAru itara bhAShegaLiginta) bahaLa maTTige bhinnavAgide. kaLeda eraDu sAvira varSha gaLalli (pANiniya kAladindIcege) samskxta bhAShe svalpavU badalAgade hAgeyE uLidide. I dIrghavAda avadhiyalli adara prayOgagaLigella barahada bhAShe mUlAdhAravAgiddudE idakke mukhya kAraNa. eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu hinde racitavAgidda pANiniya vyAkaraNa niyama gaLu ivattigU A bhASheyalli padagaLannu mattu padarUpagaLannu tayArisalu AdhAravAgiruttave. I niyamagaLannu mIruva padagaLu illavE padarUpagaLu sAdhuvenisabEkAdare, avu mahAkavigaLa illavE vidvAmsara barahagaLalli kANisabEku, endare mAnyavAda barahagaLalli rUDhige bandirabEku.

pANiniya kAlada samskxtadalli padagaLa tayArike mattu baLake gaLemba eraDu ghaTTagaLa naDuve spaShTavAda vyatyAsavittu. Atana vyAkaraNa dalli onderaDu padagaLa racanege mAtravE anvayisuvantaha niyama gaLU halaviveyembudu I viShayavannu spaShTapaDisuttave. Adare Atana kAlada anantarada kAladalli samskxta bhAShe bariya barahada bhASheyAgi uLidu, adakke mAtina baLakeya AdhAra tappihOyitu.

mAtinalli A bhAShe pAli, prAkxta, apabhramSa ityAdiyAgi badalAguttA hOdarU barahadalli mAtra antaha badalAvaNegaLannu anusarisade iddudiddanteyE uLidukonDudE idakke kAraNa. endare, kannaDa baraha haLegannaDaviddaddu naDugannaDavAgi anantara hosagannaDavAgi badalAgide, Adare samskxta baraha samskxtaviddaddu prAkxtavAgi anantara hindi, marAThi modalAdavugaLalli ondAgalilla, idakke badalu adu samskxtavAgiyE uLidukonDide.

bhASheya maTTige hIge kAladinda kAlakke badalAgade uLiyuvudu ondu asvAbhAvika ghaTaneyendu hELabahudu. I kAraNakkAgi samskxtada vyAkaraNavU kelavu asvAbhAvika guNadharmagaLannu tOrisu ide. adara nAmapadagaLalli tayArike mattu baLake emba I eraDu ghaTTagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa heccina maTTige illavAgiruvudu intaha guNadharmagaLalli prAmukhyavAdudu. kannaDa mattu samskxta bhAShegaLa naDuve I viShayadalli bahaLa spaShTavAda vyatyAsavide. idannu I eraDu bhAShegaLalli baLakeyAguva jODupadagaLa pariSIlaneyinda tiLidukoLLa bahudu.

kannaDadalli jODupadagaLannu tayArisida kUDalE avu bhASheya padagaLAguvudilla. hAge tayArisida padagaLu idakkAgi bhASheyalli rUDhige baruva avaSyakateyide. udAharaNegAgi, eraDu nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi tayArisiruva bayalATa, neligaDale, jEnuhuLa, tAyimane modalAda jODupadagaLannu gamanisabahudu. bayalina ATa, nelada kaDale, jEnina huLa, tAyiya mane modalAda padagucchagaLalli modalaneya padadondige bandiruva a emba sambandhaka pratyayavannu tegedu hAki I jODupadagaLannu tayArisa lAgide.

Adare ellA rItiya padagucchagaLindalU I rIti modalaneya padadondige baruva sambandhaka pratyayavannu tegedu hAki avannu kannaDada jODupadagaLendu kareyalu sAdhyavAgadu. udAharaNegAgi bayalina OTa, nelada baNNa, marada huLa, tAyiya sIre, modalAda padagucchagaLinda avugaLa modalaneya padadondige baruva sambandhaka pratyayavannu tegedu hAki bayalOTa, nelabaNNa, marahuLa, tAyisIre embudAgi padagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyadarU avu nijakkU kannaDada jODupadagaLalla. antaha padagaLannu nAvu kannaDada arthakOSagaLalli kANuvudU illa.

bayalATa, nelagaDale modalA davugaLa hAge avakkondu viSiShTavAda artha dorakida mEle mattu A arthadalli avu bhASheyalli baLakege banda mEle mAtravE avannu kannaDada jODupadagaLendu hELalu mattu kannaDada arthakOSagaLalli avannu sErisikoLLalu sAdhyavAdItu.

kriyApadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva jAru banDi, cuccumaddu, hurigaDale, biccugatti, huTTuhabba modalAda jODupadagaLa baLakeyU idE rItiyadu. sAmAnyavAgi kriyApada vondannu nAmapadadondige baLasabEkiddalli adannu sambandhaka rUpa dallirisabEku. jAruva nela, cuccuva muLLu, biccida kUdalu, huTTida rAtri modalAda padagucchagaLalli intaha racaneyannu kANa bahudu. intaha padagucchagaLalli jAruva banDi, cuccuva maddu, hurida kaDale modalAda kelavu padagucchagaLu mAtra avugaLa modalaneya padadondige bandiruva kAlapratyaya mattu sambandhaka pratyayagaLannu kaLedukonDu jODupadagaLAgi kannaDadalli baLakege bandive.

jAruva nela, cuccuva muLLu modalAda itara padaguccha gaLindalU jAruneli, cuccumuLLu modalAda intaha jODupada gaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavideyAdarU avu kannaDada jODupadagaLu endenisabEkiddalli avakke mEle hELidante viSiShTavAdondu artha sigabEku mattu A arthadalli avu baLakege barabEku.

guNapadagaLondige nAmapadagaLannu sErisi tayArisiruva doDDaNNa, aDDadAri, beNkallu modalAda jODupadagaLa baLake idakkinta svalpa bhinnavAgideyAdarU tayArike mattu baLakegaLa naDuviruva antara illU spaShTavAgiyE kANisikoLLuttade. kannaDadalli guNapadagaLannu nEravAgi nAmapadagaLondige baLasalu sAdhyavide. Adare intaha baLakegaLu bariya padagucchagaLAgiruttavallade jODupadagaLendenisuvu dilla. udAharaNegAgi, doDDa mane, aDDagODe, biLikallu modalA davugaLu bariya padagucchagaLu mAtra.

ivu kannaDadalli jODupadagaLendenisabEkAdare, mEle hELidante ivakkU ondu viSiShTavAda artha labhisabEku mattu A arthadalli avu baLakege barabEku. Adare I rIti padagucchagaLu jODupadagaLAgi badalAguvAga ivugaLalli pratyayagaLAvuvU bidduhOguvudilla (ivu gaLalli bidduhOguvantaha pratyayagaLE illa) embudE ivugaLigU

mattu mEle koTTiruva bEre eraDu rItiya jODupadagaLigU naDuviruva vyatyAsa. Adare intaha guNapadagaLiruva jODupadagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi padagucchagaLalli kANisadiruva kelavu sandhiya niyama gaLannu kANabahudu (udA: biLi-beL, kappu-kari, kar ityAdi).

samskxtadalli kANisuva jODupadagaLa baLake idakkinta tIra bhinna vAdudu. adara kelavu jODupadagaLige padagucchagaLiginta bhinnavAda artha ideyAdarU, avannu antaha arthadalli mAtravallade bariya padagucchada arthadallU baLasalu sAdhyavide. nijakkU ‘samAsa’vemba vyAkaraNa vidhAna samskxtadalli eraDu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sankShipta rUpadalli baLasuva ondu sAdhana mAtra. adannondu padaracaneya vidhAnavannunnuvudakkintalU vAkyavannu sankShiptagoLisuva sAdhanavendu hELuvudE heccu samanjasavAgaballudu.

sandhikAryagaLa mUlaka padagaLa naDuve baruva akSharagaLannu tegedu hAki illavE badalAyisi A padagaLu ondaroDanondu jODikoLLu vante mADuva hAgeyE samskxtadalli samAsa kAryagaLa mUlaka padagaLa naDuve baruva linga-vacana-vibhakti pratyayagaLannu tegedu hAki avu innaShTu hattira bandu jODikoLLuvante mADalu sAdhyavAguttade. I eraDu vyAkaraNa kriyegaLallU samskxtadalli padagaLa ananyate naShTa vAguvudilla. samskxtada I samAsa vidhAna kannaDadalli kANisuva samAsa vidhAnadinda tIra bhinnavAdudu.

samskxtada jODupadagaLa baLakeyalli tayArike mattu baLake emba eraDu ghaTTagaLilla emba viShaya bANabhaTTana kAdambariyalli kANisi koLLuva jODupadagaLannu pariSIlisidalli bahaLa spaShTavAgaballudu. ippattu-mUvattu padagaLannu oTTusErisi tayArisida udduddavAda jODupadagaLu halavu A granthadallive. intaha jODupadagaLige tayArikeyemba ondE ondu ghaTTaviralu sAdhyavideyallade adakkinta bhinnavAda baLakeyemba eraDaneya ghaTTaviruvudu asAdhya. yAkendare antaha udduddavAgiruva jODupadagaLannu punaH punaH baLasuva sandarbhagaLE baralAravu.

samskxta bhASheyalli I rIti hosa hosa padagaLannu tayArisi hELalu mAtina baLakeya AdhAra bEkAgillavAda kAraNa, mattu antaha padagaLige artha hELalu avugaLa oLaracane mAtravE AdhAravAgiralu sAdhyavideyAda kAraNa, kannaDadalli hosa hosa pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasabEkAgiruva sandarbhagaLallella samskxta bhAShege marehoguva krama

rUDhige bandide. (ingliSh‌nallU idE rItiyalli hosa hosa pAribhAShika padagaLannu baLasabEkAdAgalella lyATin illavE grIk bhAShege mare hoguva krama rUDhiyallittembudannu illi gamanisa bahudu.) pAribhAShika padagaLige avugaLa oLaracaneyindalEnE nEra vAgi artha siguvantiddare oLLeyademba anisikeyE hIge mADalu ondu kAraNavirabEku.

sumAru eraDu sAvira varShagaLaShTu dIrghavAda avadhiyalli samskxta bhAShe mAtina baLakeya AdhAra tappihOgi bariya barahada baLakeya AdhArada mEle mattu vidvAmsaru racisida vyAkaraNa niyama gaLa AdhArada mEle mAtravE nillabEkAgi bandide. I kAraNakkAgi I bhAShe harivu ninta nIrina hAge jaDavAgide mattu tanna jIvantikeyannu bahaLa maTTige kaLedukonDide. adara vyAkaraNada halavu bhAgagaLalli idarindAgi kxtakate eddu kANisuttade. mEle vivarisidante tayArike mattu baLakegaLemba eraDu ghaTTagaLa naDuviruva vyatyAsa adara nAma padagaLa baLakeyalli kANisadiruvudu intaha kxtakatege ondu udA haraNe.

kelavaru vidvAmsaru samskxtada I kxtakate A bhAShe itara illA bhAShegaLigintalU ‘SrEShTha’vAgiruvudara dyOtakavendu bhramisidantide. udAharaNegAgi samskxtavannu itara bhAShegaLiginta heccu sulabhavAgi kampyUTar‌nalli aLavaDisikoLLalu sAdhyavAguttadeyemba viShayavannu pariSIlisabahudu. samskxtada vyAkaraNavannu vivaravAgi mattu vistAra vAgi varNisalAgideyembudu idakke ondu kAraNavAdare, samskxtada nAmapadagaLalli heccinavakkU avugaLa oLaracaneya AdhArada mEle artha hELalu sAdhya embudu innondu kAraNa. ivugaLalli eraDane yadu A bhASheya SrEShThateyannu tOrisuva badalu adara jaDatvavannu (illavE jIvantikeya abhAvavannu) tOrisuttade.

A.೪ pratyayaviruva padagaLu

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLige oLaracaneyideyE athavA illavE embudannu, mattu ideyAdare adu entahadu embudannu mukhyavAgi I rIti eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLa naDuviruva sambandhaventahadu emba viShayada AdhArada mEle nirdharisabEkAguttade. A padagaLige samskxta

vyAkaraNadalli koTTiruva oLaracanegaLannu hAgeyE nEravAgi kannaDada vyAkaraNadalli tandu sErisuvudu sulabhavAdarU adu sariyalla.

samskxtadalli heccu kaDime ellA nAmapadagaLannU kriyAdhAtugaLige pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka, illavE eraDu athavA jAsti nAmapadagaLannu oTTige sErisi jODupadagaLannu racisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide. Adare samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli halavu kannaDada maTTige oLaracaneyillada padagaLendE hELabEkAguttade. avugaLondige sambandhavannu tOrisuva bEre samskxta padagaLu kannaDakke eravalAgi bandillavembudE idakke kAraNa.

udAharaNegAgi, anna emba nAmapadavannu samskxtadalli ‘tinnu’ emba arthadalliruva ad emba kriyAdhAtuvige kxt‌pratyayavondannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgide. Adare, kannaDakke I ad emba kriyApada samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandillavAda kAraNa (೮.೫ nODi), anna embudakke kannaDadalli oLaracaneyillavendE hELabEkAguttade. idE rItiyalli kShI emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda kShINa emba nAma pada, nad emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda nadi emba nAmapada, muh emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda mUDha emba nAmapada, Sudh emba dhAtuvininda tayArAda Suddha emba nAmapada, modalAdavu gaLigU kannaDadalli oLaracaneyideyendu hELalu AdhAra kANisuvudilla.

A.೪.೧ pUrvapratyayagaLu

samskxtadalli pUrvapratyaya (upasarga) mattu parapratyayagaLemba eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva padagaLiddu, kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLallU I eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLannu kANabahudu. Adare mEle (೮.೩.೨ralli) sUcisiru vante, kannaDadavE Ada padagaLalli pUrvapratyayagaLa baLakeyillavAda kAraNa, samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva I padagaLallU kelavu pUrva pratyayagaLu svatantra illavE asvatantra padagaLa hAge baLakege bandive, mattu antaha pratyayagaLannoLagonDiruva padagaLu jODu padagaLa hAge kANisuttave.

Adare bEre kelavu pUrvapratyayagaLu pratyayagaLa hAgeyE vartisuttiddu, avannoLagonDiruva padagaLannu pratyayaviruva pada gaLendu hELalu sAdhyavide. intaha pUrvapratyayagaLalli a, nir, vi, sam mattu su embavugaLu mukhyavAdavugaLu.

(೧) a pratyaya
I pratyayavannu ondu nAmapadadondige baLasidAga, A padada
viruddhArtha siguttade. idakke svaradalli prArambhavAguva padagaLeduru
an emba rUpavide. udA:
a emba rUpadalli
txpti atxpti
sAdhya asAdhya
himse ahimse
kAla aSAli
jYAna ajYAna
nyAya anyAya
(೨) nir pratyaya
I pUrvapratyaya mElinadara hAge viruddhArthavannu koDuva badalu
niShEdhArthavannu koDuttade. udA:
daye nirdaye
bhaya nirbhaya
bhAgya nirbhAgya
jIvi nirjIvi
ASrita nirASrita
udyOgi nirudyOgi
aparAdhi niraparAdhi
upayukta nirupayukta
(೩) vi pratyaya
idu ondu padakke ‘viSEShavAda’ illavE ‘heccina’ emba arthavannu
koDaballudu. udA:
khyAta vikhyAta
jiya vijaya
mukti vimukti
nASa vinASa
jYAna vijYAna
vidha vividha
lIna vilIna
nUtana vinUtana
ondu svaradalli prArambhavAguva padagaLeduru idara ikAra yakAra
vAguttade. udA:

ಅಖ್ಯಾನ	ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ	ಅತಿರಿಕ್ತ	ವ್ಯತಿರಿಕ್ತ
ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ	ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿ	ಆಸಂಗ	ವ್ಯಾಸಂಗ

(೪) sam pratyaya
I pratyayakke ‘oLLeya’ illavE ‘SubhakaravAda’ emba arthavide. udA:
rakShaNe sanrakShaNe pUrNa sampUrNa
ghaTane sanghaTane gIta sangIta
bandha sambandha tApa santApa
(೫) su pratyaya
I pratyayakkU mElinadara hAge ‘oLLeya’ illavE ‘SubhakaravAda’
emba arthavide. udA:
gandha surandha rakShita surakShita
prabhAta suprabhAta varNa suvarNa
svAgata susvAgata jana sujana
SikShita suSikShita hxdaya suhxdaya
svaradalli prArambhavAguva padagaLeduru I pratyayada ukAra vakAra
vAguttade. udA:
alpa svalpa
Agata svAgata
mEle koTTiruva arthagaLu I pUrvapratyayagaLa baLakeyalli kANisuva
prAmukhyavAda arthagaLu. kelavu padagaLalli ivu yAva viSiShTavAda
arthavannU koDuvudilla. innu kelavu padagaLalli aniyamitavAgi bEre
kelavu arthagaLannU koDaballuvu embudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli
kANabahudu.
AyAta niryAta kraya vikraya
jYAna vijYAna rasa virasa

ಯೋಗ	ವಿಯೋಗ	ವಾದ	ಸಂವಾದ
ಸ್ಥಾನ	ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ	ಭಿಕ್ಷೆ	ಸುಭಿಕ್ಷೆ

A.೪.೨ parapratyayagaLu

samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli kANisuva para pratyayagaLalli te, i, ya mattu ika embavugaLu prAmukhyavAdavu gaLu. idallade lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva kelavu pratyayagaLU samskxta dinda eravalAgi banda padagaLalli kANisuttave. I pratyayagaLalli kelavannu (prAmukhyavAgi ya mattu ika emba pratyayagaLannu) baLasidAga padagaLalli kelavu badalAvaNegaLAguttave. I badalAvaNe gaLannu keLage (೮.೪.೩ralli) vivarisalAgide.

(೧) te pratyaya

(೧) ta pratyaya
I pratyayada mUlaka nAmapadagaLu hesarisuva vyakti, vastu modalA
davugaLa guNadharmavannu hesarisuvantaha bErondu nAmapadavannu
tayArisabahudu. udA:
adhyakSha adhyakShate
kxtajYa kxtajYate
arha arhate
aspxSya aspxSyate
yOgya yOgyate
tIkShNa tIkShNate
(೨) i pratyaya
I pratyayakke eraDu rItiya baLakegaLiveyendu (illavE i emba
rUpadalliruva eraDu bEre bEre pratyayagaLiveyendu) hELalu
sAdhyavide. I eraDu baLakegaLallU idu akAradalli konegoLLuva
nAmapadadondige avugaLa koneya akArakke badalAgi baruttade.
vastu, viShaya modalAdavugaLannu hesarisuva nAmapadagaLige I
pratyayavannu sErisi avakke sambandhisiruva vyaktigaLannu hesarisalu sAdhya
vide. idu I pratyayakkiruva modalaneya baLake. udA:
adhikAra adhikAri jIva jIvi

ArOpa ArOpi dhana dhvani aparAdha aparAdhi prANa prANi viraha virahi rOga rOgi vyApAra vyApAri dAna dAni

vyaktigaLannu gurutisuva nAmapadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi antaha vyaktigaLa guNadharmavannu hesarisalu sAdhyavide. idu I pratyayakkiruva eraDaneya baLake. udA:

ಅತೃಪ್ತ	ಅತೃಪ್ತಿ	ಭಕ್ತ	ಭಕ್ತಿ
ಆಸಕ್ತ	ಆಸಕ್ತಿ	ಅಶಕ್ತ	ಅಶಕ್ತಿ
ನಿವೃತ್ತ	ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ	ತೃಪ್ತ	ತೃಪ್ತಿ

I eraDaneya baLakeyalli baruva nAmapadagaLallella koneya vyanjanavAgi takAra bandiruvudannu gamanisabahudu. hAgAgi I nAmapadagaLalli vyaktigaLannu gurutisuvavugaLu ta emba pratyaya dondigU mattu vyaktigaLa guNadharmavannu gurutisuvavugaLu ti emba pratyayadondigU baruvuvendU kUDa hELalu sAdhyavide. idE rItiyalli idakke hinde koTTiruva nAmapadagaLalli vyakti, vastu modalAduvannu gurutisuvavugaLu a emba pratyayadondigU mattu antaha vyakti, vastu modalAduvakke sambandhisidavarannu gurutisu vavugaLu i emba pratyayadondigU baruvuvendU kUDa hELalu sAdhyavide.

(೩) ya pratyaya

I pratyayakkU eraDu prAmukhyavAda baLakegaLive. hesarisuva nAma padagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi, avugaLige sambandhisiruva vastu, viShaya illavE guNadharmavannu hesarisuva nAmapadavannu tayArisu vudu I pratyayada modalaneya baLake. udA:

ಕವಿ	ಕಾವ್ಯ	ವೇದ	ವೈದ್ಯ
ರಾಜ	ರಾಜ್ಯ	ದೇಶ	ದೇಶ್ಯ
ಗ್ರಾಮ	ಗ್ರಾಮ್ಯ	ಚರಿತ್ರೆ	ಚಾರಿತ್ರ್ಯ

guNadharmavannu sUcisuva guNapadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi, avu sUcisuva guNadharmavannu hesarisuvantaha nAmapadagaLannu tayArisuvudu I pratyayada eraDaneya baLake. udA:

ಪ್ರಧಾನ	ಪ್ರಾಧಾನ್ಯ	ಶಿಥಿಲ	ಶೈಥಿಲ್ಯ
ಉಚಿತ	ಔಚಿತ್ಯ	ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ	ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ
ಉನ್ನತ	ಔನ್ನತ್ಯ	ಪ್ರಮುಖ	ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯ
ಕ್ರೂರ	ಕ್ರೌರ್ಯ	ಸಮರ್ಥ	ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ

mEle koTTiruva guNapadagaLalli kelavu (udA: taruNa, samartha) kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyalliveyAda kAraNa, antaha sandarbhagaLalli ondu nAmapadadinda innondu nAmapadavannu tayArisuva modalaneya baLake bandideyendU hELalu sAdhyavide. (I padagaLannu eravalAgi koTTiruva samskxtadalli intaha guNapada - nAmapada bhEdavillavAda kAraNa idu kannaDadalli kANisikoLLuva vaySiShTya mAtra embudannilli gamanisabahudu).

kelavu baLakegaLalli I pratyayavannu sErisuvudarinda nAmapadakke yAva hosa arthavU sErikoLLuvudilla. udA:

pada padya prAnta prAntya

(A) ika pratyaya

I pratyaya prAmukhyavAgi nAmapadagaLinda guNapadagaLannu tayArisu vudakkAgi kannaDadalli baLakeyAguttade. Adare, kelavu nAmapadagaLu mAtra I pratyaya sEridAgalU nAmapadagaLAgiyE uLidukoLLuttave. (samskxtadalli I pratyayada mUlaka tayArAguva padagaLellavU nAma padagaLE embudannu bEre hELabEkAgillavaShTe!)

nAmapadagaLu gurutisuva vyakti, vastu modalAdavugaLa guNadharma vondannu antaha nAmapadagaLige I pratyayavannu sErisi tayArisida guNapadagaLu sUcisuttave. udA:

ಸಮಾಜ	ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ	ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ
ಲೋಕ	ಲೌಕಿಕ	ಧರ್ಮ	ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ

ನಿಸರ್ಗ	ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ	ವರ್ಷ
ದೇಹ	ದೈಹಿಕ	ವಿವಾಹ
ವೈವಾಹಿಕ	ಯಂತ್ರ	ವ್ಯವಹಾರ
ವೈವಾಹಿಕ	ಯಾಂತ್ರಿಕ	ವ್ಯಾವಹಾರಿಕ

kelavu baLakegaLalli I pratyayavannoLagonDa padagaLu kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAgaballuvu mattu guNapadagaLAgiyU baLakeyAgaballuvu. udA:

ರಸ	ರಸಿಕ	ವಿಮಾನ	ವೈಮಾನಿಕ
ಮಂತ್ರ	ಮಾಂತ್ರಿಕ	ವೇದ	ವೈದಿಕ
ಧರ್ಮ	ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ	ಪ್ರಮಾಣ	ಪ್ರಾಮಾಣಿಕ
ಪೂರ್ವ	ಪೂರ್ವಿಕ	ತರ್ಕ	ತಾರ್ಕಿಕ

vaydikana, vaydikanige embantaha vibhakti pratyayavannoLagonDiruva rUpagaLalli vaydika emba pada nAmapadavAgiyU mattu vaydika vxtti emba padagucchadalli adu guNapadavAgiyU bandiruvudannu kANa bahudu. itara padagaLa baLakeyU hIgeyE ide.

(೫) lingabhEdavannu sUcisuva pratyayagaLu

mEle vivarisida pratyayagaLu mAtravallade, ‘ganDasu-hengasu’ emba arthavyatyAsavannu tOrisuva kelavu padayugmagaLu samskxtadinda kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiddu, a ‘ganDasu’ mattu i ‘hengasu’ emba eraDu pratyayagaLalli konegoLLuvuvu avugaLalli prAmukhyavAdavugaLu.

ತರುಣ	ತರುಣಿ	ಬಾಲಕ	ಬಾಲಕಿ
ನಟ	ನಟಿ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಕಿ
ಲೇಖಕ	ಲೇಖಕಿ	ಸುಂದರ	ಸುಂದರಿ
ಸೇವಕ	ಸೇವಕಿ	ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕ	ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕಿ

I arthavyatyAsavannu tOrisuva bEreyU kelavu pratyayagaLannu samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva vidyArthi-vidyArthini, sanyAsi- sanyAsini, adhyakSha-adhyakShiNi, adhikAri-adhikAriNi, kategAra-kate

gAri, buddhivanta-buddhivante, vaydya-vaydye, modalAda padayugma gaLalli kANabahudu.

೪.೩ padagaLalli badalAvaNe
nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLige ya illavE ika emba pratyayavannu
sErisidAga avugaLa modalaneya akSharadalli baruva svaragaLu
aniyamita vAgi keLage koTTiruva mUru mukhyavAda badalAvaNegaLige
oLagAgu ttave.
(೧) akAra AkAravAguvudu
modalaneya akSharadalliruva akAra kelavu padagaLalli AkAravAgi
badalAguttade. udA:
ya pratyaya
capali cApalya
samEpa sAmIpya
sama sAmya
sadxSa sAdxSya
malina mAlinya
ika pratyaya
mantra mAntrika
marma mArmika
prakxti prAkxtika
manassu mAnasika
yantra yAntrika
Adare bEre kelavu padagaLalli I akAra badalAgade hAgeyE uLidiru
vudannu keLagina udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu.
pada padya
vana vanya
rasa rasika
kShaNa kShaNika
(೨) i, I mattu E emba svaragaLu ay endAguvudu
nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLa modalaneya akSharadalli baruva i, I
mattu E emba svaragaLu A padagaLondige ya illavE ika emba
pratyaya sEridAga, aniyamitavAgi ay emba svaravAgi badalAguttave.
udA:
ya pratyaya
Siva Sayva
vicitra vaycitra
ika pratyaya
nisarga naysargika
linga layngika

ದೀನ	ದೈನ್ಯ	ನೀತಿ	ನೈತಿಕ
ಶೀತ	ಶೈತ್ಯ	ವೀಣೆ	ವೈಣಿಕ
ಚೇತನ	ಚೈತನ್ಯ	ದೇಹ	ದೈಹಿಕ
ಏಕ	ಐಕ್ಯ	ದೇವ	ದೈವಿಕ

intaha badalAvaNe ellA padagaLallU kANisuvudillavembudakke dESa- dESya, diva-divya embantaha baLakegaLannu udAharaNeyAgi koDa bahudu.

(೩) u, U mattu av emba svaragaLu av endAguvudu

nAmapada illavE guNapadagaLa modalaneya akSharadalliruva u, U mattu O emba svaragaLu A padagaLondige ya illavE ika emba pratyaya sEridAga aniyamitavAgi av emba svaravAgi badalAguttave. udA:

ya pratyaya ika pratyaya udAra avdArya purANa pavrANika sukha savkhya mukha mavkhika mUla mavlya pUrvAhna pUrvAhnika sOma savmya lOka lavkika dUta davtya dEva dayvika

I badalAvaNegaLU aniyamita embudakke pUje-pUjya mattu pUrva-pUrvika embavugaLannu udAharaNegaLannAgi koDabahudu.

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೫ kriyApadagaLu

mEleyE sUcisiruvante, samskxtadinda kriyApadagaLu nEravAgi kannaDakke eravalAgi baruvudilla. idakke badalAgi, avugaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLige kannaDada isu emba pratyayavannu nEravAgi sErisi illavE avugaLa koneyalli kANisuva pratyayada badalu I pratyaya vannu baLasi, kriyApadagaLannu tayArisabEkAguttade.

udAharaNegAgi, ane illavE aNe emba pratyayadalli kone goLLuva halavu nAmapadagaLu A pratyayada badalu isu emba pratyayadalli konegonDAga nAmapadagaLAgi kANisikoLLuttave. udA:

ಆಲೋಚಿಸು	ಆಲೋಚನೆ	ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸು	ಆಕರ್ಷಣೆ
ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು	ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆ	ಆಚರಿಸು	ಆಚರಣೆ
ಕಲ್ಪಿಸು	ಕಲ್ಪನೆ	ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು	ನಿರಾಕರಣೆ
ಚಲಿಸು	ಚಲನೆ	ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸು	ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ
ನಟಿಸು	ನಟನೆ	ಮನ್ನಿಸು	ಮನ್ನಣೆ
ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸು	ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ	ವಿಚಾರಿಸು	ವಿಚಾರಣೆ
ಭಜಿಸು	ಭಜನೆ	ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸು	ಸ್ವೀಕರಣೆ
ಸಹಿಸು	ಸಹನೆ	ಸ್ಮರಿಸು	ಸ್ಮರಣೆ
ವರ್ಣಿಸು	ವರ್ಣನೆ	ರಕ್ಷಿಸು	ರಕ್ಷಣೆ

I eraDu rItiya pratyayagaLalli nakAra elli baruttade mattu NakAra elli baruttade embudakke samskxtadalli niScitavAda niyamavide. Adare I niyama kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli aShTondu niScitavAgi uLidilla. sAmAnyavAgi pratyayada eDagaDege rakAra illavE ShakAra bandideyAdare pratyayadalli nakArada badalu NakAra baruttade embudAgi kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLalli ondu niyama illavE olavannu kANalu sAdhyavide. Adare mannaNe mattu prakaTaNe embavugaLalli kANisuva NakAra I niyamakke apavAdavAgaballudu.

eravalAgi banda nAmapadagaLige nEravAgi isu emba pratyayavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kriyApadagaLannu tayArisuvalli eraDu vidhAna gaLive. A padagaLa koneya akSharada hindina akSharadalli (endare avugaLa upAntAkSharadalli) uddasvaraviddalli adannu giDDasvaravannAgi mADi anantara isu pratyayavannu sErisuvudu ondu vidhAna; mattu antaha yAva badalAvaNeyannU mADade nEravAgi isu pratyayavannu sErisu vudu innondu vidhAna. udA:

ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ	ಎರಡನೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ
ಉಪಚಾರ	ಉಪಚರಿಸು	ಉಪಯೋಗ	ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸು
ವ್ಯವಹಾರ	ವ್ಯವಹರಿಸು	ಅನುವಾದ	ಅನುವಾದಿಸು
ಪರಿಣಾಮ	ಪರಿಣಮಿಸು	ಅನುಮಾನ	ಅನುಮಾನಿಸು
ಸಂಚಾರ	ಸಂಚರಿಸು	ಸಂತೋಷ	ಸಂತೋಷಿಸು
ಉಚ್ಚಾರ	ಉಚ್ಚರಿಸು	ಸನ್ಮಾನ	ಸನ್ಮಾನಿಸು
ನಿರ್ಧಾರ	ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸು	ವಿಭಾಗ	ವಿಭಾಗಿಸು
ವಿಸ್ತಾರ	ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸು	ನಿರ್ದೇಶ	ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸು
ನಾಶ	ನಶಿಸು	ವಾಸ	ವಾಸಿಸು
ಲಾಭ	ಲಭಿಸು	ವಾದ	ವಾದಿಸು

samskxtadalli kx ‘mADu’ emba kriyApadadinda tayArAda halavu padagaLu kannaDada nAmapadagaLalli kAra embudarallU mattu kriyApada gaLalli kara embudarallU konegoLLuttave. udA:

ಅಲಂಕಾರ	ಅಲಂಕರಿಸು	ಉಪಕಾರ	ಉಪಕರಿಸು
ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ	ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು	ಬಲಾತ್ಕಾರ	ಬಲಾತ್ಕರಿಸು
ಸತ್ಕಾರ	ಸತ್ಕರಿಸು	ಸ್ವೀಕಾರ	ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸು

Adare, ane illavE aNe emba pratyayadalli konegoLLuva nAma padagaLalli intaha padagaLU kara emba rUpadallE baruttave. udA:

anukaraNe anukarisu nirAkaraNe nirAkarisu niShkramaNa niShkramisu

isu emba pratyaya sEridAgalella nAmapadagaLa koneya svara bidduhOguvudembudannu mEle koTTiruva udAharaNegaLalli mattu keLage koTTiruva bEre kelavu udAharaNegaLalli kANabahudu. I svara akAra, ikAra illavE ekAravAgiralu sAdhya.

ಕೋಪ	ಕೋಪಿಸು	ದ್ವೇಷ	ದ್ವೇಷಿಸು
ಜಪ	ಜಪಿಸು	ಸ್ಪರ್ಷ	ಸ್ಪರ್ಷಿಸು

ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ	ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸು	ಪ್ರೀತಿ	ಪ್ರೀತಿಸು
ಸ್ತುತಿ	ಸ್ತುತಿಸು	ರುಚಿ	ರುಚಿಸು
ಪೂಜೆ	ಪೂಜಿಸು	ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ	ಶಿಕ್ಷಿಸು
ಚರ್ಚೆ	ಚರ್ಚಿಸು	ಕ್ಷಮಮೆ	ಕ್ಷಮಿಸು

ಕನ್ನಡ →

೮.೬ jODupadagaLu

kannaDakke samskxtadinda halavAru jODupadagaLU eravalAgi bandive. mEle (೮.೨)ralli sUcisiruvante, I padagaLa oLaracaneyannu kannaDa dalli ivugaLa angagaLAgi baruva padagaLige entaha baLakegaLive embudara AdhArada mEle hELabEkallade, samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli ivakke entaha oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoDalAgide embudara AdhArada mEle hELuvudu sariyalla.

I kAraNakkAgi kannaDadalli kANisuva kelavu eravalAgi banda pada gaLu samskxtadalli jODupadagaLAgiveyAdarU (kannaDadalli avugaLa angagaLu svatantra illavE asvatantra padagaLAgi baLakeyallillavAdare) avannu jODupadagaLendu kareyade oLaracaneyillada padagaLendE kareyabEkAguttade.

oLaracaneyannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyaviruvantaha eravalAgi banda padagaLu kannaDadalli prAmukhyavAgi eraDu vargagaLalli kANisuttave. modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruvavugaLu mattu modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruvavugaLu embudAgi mEle (೨.೬.೫)ralli kannaDada jODupadagaLannu hesarisida hAgeyE ivannU hesarisalu sAdhyavide.

ivugaLalli modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu avugaLa eraDu angagaLannu sambandhaka pratyayada mUlaka jODisidavu gaLAgiruttave, mattu modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruva jODupada gaLu antaha guNapadavannu nAmapadada eDakke nillisi tayArisidavugaLA giruttave. udA:

(೧) modalaneya anga nAmapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

mAnahAni mAnada hAni mUrtipUje mUrtiya pUje lagnapatrike lagnada patrike vidyAbhyAsa vidyeya abhyAsa

ಕನ್ನಡ ಪದಗಳ ಒಳರಚನೆ
ಯುಗಾದಿ	ಯುಗದ ಆದಿ
ಸೂರ್ಯಗ್ರಹಣ	ಸೂರ್ಯನ ಗ್ರಹಣ
ದೇಹಾವಸಾನ	ದೇಹದ ಅವಸಾನ
ಗ್ರಾಮದೇವತೆ	ಗ್ರಾಮದ ದೇವತೆ
ಪಾದಪೂಜೆ	ಪಾದದ ಪೂಜೆ
ಗ್ರಂಥಕರ್ತೃ	ಗ್ರಂಥದ ಕರ್ತೃ
ಚಂದ್ರೋದಯ	ಚಂದ್ರನ ಉದಯ
ಜಗದ್ಗುರು	ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಗುರು

(೨) modalaneya anga guNapadavAgiruva jODupadagaLu

ಕೃಷ್ಣಸರ್ಪ	ಗಾಢನಿದ್ರೆ
ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ	ದೀರ್ಘಾಯುಷ್ಯ
ಪರಲೋಕ	ದೃಢಮನಸ್ಸು
ವಕ್ರಬುದ್ಧಿ	ಪೂರ್ಣವಿರಾಮ
ಮೂಲವ್ಯಾಧಿ	ಮೂಲನಿವಾಸಿ
ಮಹಾನಗರ	ಮಂದಬುದ್ಧಿ
ಶುಭಕಾರ್ಯ	ಸದ್ಗುಣ

I jODupadagaLalli kelavakke Ada emba kriyArUpavannu baLasi vigraha vAkyavannu hELalu sAdhyavide (udA: dxDhavAda manassu, gADhavAda nidre). Adare intaha oLaracaneyallU modalaneya angavAgi ondu guNapadavE kANisikoLLuttade. adu vigrahavAkyadalli nEravAgi nAmapada deduru baruva badalu AkhyAtada sthAnadalli bandide, aShTe.

eraDakkinta jAsti padagaLinda tayArAgiruva jODupadagaLa baLake kannaDadalli bahaLa aparUpa. Adare samskxtadalli intaha jODupada gaLu hEraLavAgiddu, avugaLalli kelavu kannaDakkU eravalAgi bandive. ivu sAmAnyavAgi eraDeraDu padagaLannu sErisuvantaha eraDu athavA jAsti staragaLalli tayArAguttave.

udAharaNegAgi, ariShaDvarga emba padavannu pariSIlisabahudu. modalaneya staradalli ShaT ‘Aru’ mattu varga ‘gumpu’ emberaDu padagaLannu sErisi ShaDvarga emba padavannu tayArisi, anantara eraDaneya staradalli A padakke ari ‘Satru’ emba padavannu sErisi I padavannu tayArisalAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

idE rItiyalli kuSAgramati emba padavannu modalige kuSAgra emba padavannu tayArisi, anantara eraDaneya staradalli adakke mati emba padavannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisalAgideyendu hELalu sAdhyavide.

a.೭ sArAmSa

kannaDakke samskxtadinda eravalAgi bandiruva padagaLannu kannaDada vyAkaraNagaLalli sAmAnyavAgi avakke samskxta vyAkaraNagaLalli koTTiruva oLaracanegaLannE koTTu vivarisuvudu rUDhi. Adare idu sariyalla. I padagaLige kannaDadalli kannaDadavE Ada oLaracanegaLive.

samskxtadalli pUrvapratyayaviruva padagaLu kannaDadalli jODu padagaLAgi kANisikoLLabahudu, illavE pratyayaviruvavugaLAgi kANisi koLLabahudu. parapratyayaviruva padagaLannu samskxtadalli kxt mattu taddita pratyayaviruvavugaLendu vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. Adare kannaDada maTTige I vingaDaNegintalU nAmapada illavE guNapadakke bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu sErisi nAmapadavannu tayArisalAgideyE athavA guNapadavannu tayArisalAgideyE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle I padagaLannu varNisuvudE heccu upayuktavAda vidhAna.

jODupadagaLannu samskxtadalli prAmukhyavAgi avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva padagaLalli pradhAna pada yAvudu (endare, kEndra bindu yAva angada mEle bILuttade) emba viShayada AdhArada mEle, tatpuruSha, bahuvrIhi, avyayIbhAva, dvandva modalAda samAsagaLAgi vingaDisuvudu rUDhi. Adare, kannaDakke eravalAgi bandiruva samskxtada jODupadagaLannu I rIti vingaDisuva badalu, avugaLa modalaneya angavAgi bandiruva pada nAmapadavE athavA guNapadavE emba viShayada AdhArada mEle vingaDisuvudE heccu txptikaravAda vidhAna.

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ಕನ್ನಡ →

adhyAya ombattu

muktAya

pratiyondu bhAShegU adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyondu beLedu baruva avaSyakateyide. illavAdare adara vyAkaraNada mEle bareda barahagaLu A bhASheya mUlasUtragaLannu pratibimbisuva badalu bEre bhASheya mUlasUtragaLannu adara mEle hEruvantAguttade. intaha mUlasUtragaLu bErondu bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva bhAShe yavAgiddare avugaLindAguva tondare innaShTu heccinadu.

kannaDa vyAkaraNada mEle bareda barahagaLalli heccinavU intaha tondarege silukikonDive. avu prAmukhyavAgi samskxta bhASheya vyAkaraNa parampareyinda prabhAvitavAgiruvudE idakke kAraNa. samskxta bhAShe inDO-Aryan emba bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva bhAShe, mattu kannaDa idakkinta tIra bhinnavAgiruva drAviDa bhAShAkuTumbakke sEriruva bhAShe. I eraDu bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLu bahaLa maTTige ondarinda ondu bhinnavAgiruvuvAda kAraNa, samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareyalli barediruva I barahagaLella kannaDa vyAkaraNada nijasvarUpa vannu tiLisi hELuvalli bahaLa maTTige asamarthavAgive.

I pustakadalli nAnu prayatnisiruva kannaDa padagaLa oLaracaneya pariSIlane, adarallU kannaDadalli baruva jODupadagaLa oLaracaneya pariSIlane, I viShayavannu spaShTamADikoTTide. samskxtakkU kannaDakkU naDuviruva vyatyAsagaLalli padavargagaLige sambandhisida vyatyAsa bahaLa prAmukhyavAdudu. kannaDadalli nAmapada, kriyApada mattu guNapada gaLemba mUru mukhya padavargagaLive; Adare samskxtadalli nAmapada mattu kriyApadagaLemba eraDE eraDu mukhya padavargagaLu mAtra ive. kannaDada padagaLannu samskxtakke anuvAdisuvAga, adaralliruva

guNapadagaLalli heccinavannU nAmapadagaLAgiyE anuvAdisabEkAguttade embudarinda I viShaya spaShTavAguttade.

I prAmukhyavAda vyatyAsada pariNAmavannu I eraDu bhAShegaLalli kANisuva padagaLa oLaracaneyalli bahaLa spaShTavAgi kANabahudu. udA haraNegAgi, samskxtadalli baruva jODupadagaLalli heccinavU eraDu (athavA jAsti) nAmapadagaLannu oTTu sErisi tayArisidantahavugaLu. Adare kannaDadalli nAmapadagaLondige bEre nAmapadagaLannu mAtra vallade kriyApada mattu guNapadagaLannu sErisiyU jODupadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. I kAraNakkAgi padavargagaLa AdhArada mEle tayArisida jODupadagaLa vibhajane samskxtada maTTige aShTondu prAmukhyavendu tOruvudillavAdarU kannaDada maTTige idu atyanta prAmukhyavAda vibhajane.

samskxtadalli jODupadagaLannu padagucchagaLinda bErpaDisalu hecci neDegaLallU avugaLa angagaLAgi bandiruva nAmapadagaLalli koneya dannu biTTu itara nAmapadagaLondige) linga-vacana-vibhaktigaLannu sUcisuva pratyaya bandideyE athavA illavE emba viShayavannu AdhAravAgi irisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. Adare kannaDadalli idu heccineDe gaLallU sAdhyavAgadu. guNapadagaLu kannaDada padagucchagaLalli nEravAgi (endare pratyayagaLa sahAyavillade) nAmapadagaLondige baruvuvAda kAraNa, antaha padagucchagaLannu jODupadagaLinda bErpaDisalu bEreyE vidhAnagaLannu baLasabEkAguttade. kannaDa mattu samskxtagaLa naDuviruva I vyatyAsavannu gamanisada kannaDada vayyAkaraNigaLu kannaDada padagucchagaLalli halavannu jODupadagaLendu kareyahOgi gondalakkeDemADiddAre (೫.೬.೫ nODi).

samskxtadalli baruva oLaracaneyillada padagaLellavU kriyAdhAtu gaLE. adaralli baruva nAmapadagaLalli heccinavannU intaha kriyA dhAtugaLige bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka tayArisabEkAguttade. hAgAgi, samskxtadalli baruva pratyayagaLannu kxt‌pratyaya (endare kriyAdhAtuvinondige nEravAgi sEruva pratyaya) mattu taddita pratyaya (endare hAge sEruvudara mUlaka tayArA giruva padagaLondige baruva pratyaya) embudAgi eraDu vargagaLalli vingaDisuvudara mUlaka adara padagaLa oLaracaneyannu spaShTavAgi vivarisalu sAdhyavAguttade.

Adare kannaDadalli kriyAdhAtu, nAmadhAtu mattu guNadhAtu embudAgi mUru bEre bEre rItiya dhAtugaLiddu, avu mUrakkU bEre bEre rItiya pratyayagaLannu sErisuvudara mUlaka kriyApada, nAmapada mattu guNapadagaLannu tayArisalu sAdhyavide. hIge tayA risuvAga ondu vargada dhAtuvininda innondu vargada padavannU (udA: kriyAdhAtuvininda nAmapadavannu illavE guNadhAtuvininda kriyApadavannu) paDeyalu sAdhyavide. hAgAgi, kannaDada pratyayagaLannu samskxtada pratyayagaLa hAge kxt mattu taddita emba eraDu varga gaLalli vibhajisuvudu adara padagaLa oLaracaneya varNanege aShTondu upayuktavAguva vibhajaneyalla.

samskxtada vyAkaraNa parampareya hAgeyE lyATin mattu ingliSh bhASheya vyAkaraNa paramparegaLU A bhAShegaLa vyAkaraNagaLannu varNisu valli upayOgakke baraballallade kannaDada vyAkaraNavannu varNisuvalli heccige prayOjanakke baralAravu. kannaDa vyAkaraNadalli adaradE Ada halavAru vaySiShTyagaLiddu, avannu kanDukoLLalu adaradE Ada vyAkaraNa parampareyondannu beLesikoLLuva avaSyakateyide.

manuShyaru prANigaLinda bhinnavAda vyaktigaLAgi vikAsagonDAga avarondige avara bhASheyU vikAsagonDirabEku; mattu manuShyaru anantara bEre bEre samAjagaLAgi vibhajitarAdAga idarondige avarADuva bhASheyU bEre bEre bhAShegaLAgi vibhajitavAgirabEku. hAgAgi, manuShyaroLagella hEge sAmyavideyO hAgeyE avarADuva bhAShegaLa naDuveyU sAmyaviddE irabEku. I kAraNakkAgi, kannaDa, samskxta, lyATin, ingliSh mAtravallade jagattinalliruva itara sAvirAru bhAShegaLa naDuveyU bEre bEre rItiya sAmyagaLannu kANalu sAdhyavide. intaha sAmyagaLa AdhArada mEle I ellA sAvirAru bhAShegaLigU anvayisuvantaha vyAkaraNa parampareyondannu kalpisikoLLalu sAdhyavide. intaha vyAkaraNa parampareyannu kalpisikoLLuva prayatna Iga halavu daSakagaLindalU naDeyuttA ide.

Adare I bhAShegaLoLage sAmya mAtravallade vyatyAsavU ideyAda kAraNa, avugaLa naDuviruva sAmyavannu pratinidhIkarisuva vyAkaraNa parampare mAtravallade vyatyAsavannu tOrisikoDuva vyAkaraNa parampare yU atyavaSya. kannaDada maTTige I eraDanE rItiya vyAkaraNa parampareyinnU siddhavAgilla. adakkAgi nAvu heccina gamana koDuva

avaSyakateyideyembudE I pustakavannu bareyuvudarallidda mUla uddESa.

kiTTel, eph. ೧೯೦೩. A grammar of Kannada. mangaLUru: bAsel miSan. —- ೧೮೯೪. A Kannada dictionary. mangaLUru: bAsel miSan. kuLLi, je.es. ೧೯೭೬. Keshiraja’s Shabdamanidarpana. dhAravADa: karNATaka viSvavidyAnilaya. gOpAlakxShNa bhaT, tekkunje. ೧೯೭೦. kannaDa samAsagaLu. maysUru: Di.vi.ke. mUrti. narasimhAcAr, Ar. ೧೯೨೪. History of Kannada language. maysUru: maysUru viSvavidyAnilaya. bhaT, Di.en.es. ೧೯೭೮. kannaDa vAkyagaLu. maysUru: gItA buk havs. —- ೧೯೭೮. The referents of noun phrases. puNe: Dekkan kAlEj. —- ೧೯೯೪. The adjectival category. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. —- ೧೯೯೫. kannaDa bhASheya kalpita caritre. hampi: kannaDa viSva vidyAlaya.

—- ೨೦೦೦. kannaDakke bEku kannaDaddE vyAkaraNa. maysUru: bhAShA prakASana. rAmacandrarAv, bi. ೧೯೭೨. A descriptive analysis of Pampa Bharata. maysUru: maysUru viSvavidyAnilaya. rAjagOpAlAcArya, em. ೧೯೯೦. SuddhASuddha kannaDa. mumbayi: kannaDa vibhAga, mumbayi viSvavidyAlaya. kedilAya, e.es. ೧೯೭೦. Foreign loan words in Kannada. cennay: University of Madras. vAsu, SrI candra. ೧೯೬೨. bhaTTOji dIkShitara siddhAnta kavmudiya ingliSh bhAShAntara. dilli: mOtilAl banArsIdAs. SrIkanThayya, tI. nam. ೧೯೫೨. kannaDa madhyama vyAkaraNa. maysUru: vidyAbhyAsada ilAkhe. SrIdhar, es. en. ೧೯೯೫. indina kannaDa: racane mattu baLake. hampi: kannaDa viSvavidyAlaya. sItArAmayya, em.vi. prAcIna kannaDa vyAkaraNagaLu. maysUru: maysUru viSvavidyAnilaya.

kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

pariviDi

adhyAya ondu : pIThike

adhyAya eraDu: kannaDada padavargagaLu

kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

adhyAya mUru : nAmapadagaLa oLaracane

anukramaNike

anukramaNike

adhyAya Aru : kriyApadagaLa oLaracane

kannaDa padagaLa oLaracane

೧.೧ oLaracane

೧.೨ oLaracane mattu caritre

೧.೩ padagaLu mattu padarUpagaLu

೧.೪ padagaLu mattu oTTugaLu

೧.೫ padadoTTugaLu mattu padarapadoTTugaLu

೧.೫.೧ tayArike mattu baLake

೧.೫.೨ baLakeyalli kaDDAya

೧.೫.೩ rUpapaTTigaLu

೧.೫.೪ eravalu

೧.೫.೫ huruLinalli vyatyAsa

೧.೫.೬ baLakeyallillada padagaLu

೧.೬ baLakege baruva oTTugaLu

೧.೨ hesarupadagaLu mattu bEre padagaLu

೧.೯ pustakada svarUpa

೨.೧ munnOTa

೨.೨ padagumpugaLalli vyatyAsagaLu

೨.೩ paricedharmagaLalli vyatyAsa

೨.೩.೧ nEravAda baLake

೨.೩.೨ arthadalli vyatyAsa

೨.೩.೩ hOlikeyannu sUcisuva racanegaLalli baLake

೨.೩.೪ AScaryavannu sUcisuva sollugaLalli baLake

೨.೩.೫ mArdanisuva padagaLa baLake

(೨) solli nada modala sthAnakke taruvudu

೨.೩.೭ sthAyi mattu asthAyi

೨.೪ padavargagaLa sadasyatva

೨.೫ sArAmSa

೩.೧ hesarisuvudu mattu varNisuvudu

(೨) agasa kattege hoDeyuttiddAne.

೩.೨ jODupadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu

೩.೩ vyatyAsagaLu

೩.೩.೧ tayArike mattu baLake

೩.೩.೨ guNadharmada Ayke

೩.೩.೩ arthadalli vyatyAsa

೩.೩.೪ parimitiyalli vyatyAsa

೩.೩.೫ badalAvaNeyalli vyatyAsa

೩.೩.೬ oLaracaneya niyamagaLalli vyatyAsa

೩.೩.೭ nAmapadagaLu mattu nAmapadagucchagaLu

೩.೪ vibhajaneya kelavu samasyegaLu

೩.೫ hesarisuva nAmapadagaLalli vayvidhya

೩.೬ rUDhanAmagaLu mattu ankitanAmagaLu

೩.೬.೧ arthadalli vyatyAsa

೩.೬.೨ sambandhadalli vyatyAsa

೩.೬.೩ gaNya mattu aganya

೩.೭ sArAmSa

adhyAya nAlku

೪.೧ pIThike

೪.೨ pratyayagaLa svarUpa

೪.೩ kriyApadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu

೪.೩.೧ ike-ige pratyaya

(ka) rUpabhEdagaLu

(kha) arthabhEdagaLu

(ga) nAmapadadondige baLake

(pha) ike emba padarUpa pratyaya

೪.೩.೨ ta-tE pratyaya

೪.೩.೩ A pratyaya

೪.೩.೪ vu pratyaya

೪.೩.೫ vaLi pratyaya

೪.೩.೬ vaN pratyaya

೪.೩.೭ e pratyaya

೪.೩.೮ alu pratyaya

A.೨.೯ ku pratyaya

೪.೩.೧೦ ‘sonne’ pratyaya

೪.೩.೧೧ bEre kelavu pratyayagaLu

೪.೪ nAmapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu

೪.೫ guNapadagaLinda tayArAda nAmapadagaLu

೪.೫.೧ nEravAda baLake

೪.೫.೨ pratyayagaLa baLake

(Taka) avanadu kuruDu buddhi.

(Tavi) avana kivudige maddilla.

೪. sArAmSa